339 10 3494 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/d80b0f2939694a2a47bddace6cdd974b.docx fcb0d8bdb99c483f6d27cb1c033c527d https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/630f88a1ecf98af7429b74e8c06c1ee6.pdf 2492590d0e4cb251d4b2498a66a9b276 PDF Text Text The Impact of Literature On Linguistics: ″A rabbit, an elf, and some horrorshow droogs″ Milak , Eldin and Baştuğ, Harun (2012) Abstract Main goal of the article is the establishment of common ground between two fields of language study; Linguistics and Literature, since the common links that connect these branches not only exist, but are strongly present in many areas of each field. However, they are misconstrued and underestimated, which leads to an incomplete understanding of both. We have used three main arguments, from a certain point of view, to gradually form a strong proof of the interdependency which governs the relation: contribution of Literature to the theory of Linguistics, contribution of Literature to specific branches, and contribution of Literature to Language. Using a considerate amount of written evidence, as well as exploring the history of both fields, it should be evident that the relationship which exists requires a different approach to studies. Saussure’s demarcation might be idealized, as the synchronic primacy might not uphold in the present, as everyday written records are becoming closer to the level that spoken language has in the linguistic development process. This area may require more exploration. The result might be general, and need to be specified, so that it can be used in the field of ELT, as a manner of teaching foreign languages. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 3242 Title A name given to the resource The Impact of Literature On Linguistics: ″A rabbit, an elf, and some horrorshow droogs″ Author Author BASTUG, Harun MILAK, Eldin Abstract A summary of the resource. Main goal of the article is the establishment of common ground between two fields of language study; Linguistics and Literature, since the common links that connect these branches not only exist, but are strongly present in many areas of each field. However, they are misconstrued and underestimated, which leads to an incomplete understanding of both. We have used three main arguments, from a certain point of view, to gradually form a strong proof of the interdependency which governs the relation: contribution of Literature to the theory of Linguistics, contribution of Literature to specific branches, and contribution of Literature to Language. Using a considerate amount of written evidence, as well as exploring the history of both fields, it should be evident that the relationship which exists requires a different approach to studies. Saussure’s demarcation might be idealized, as the synchronic primacy might not uphold in the present, as everyday written records are becoming closer to the level that spoken language has in the linguistic development process. This area may require more exploration. The result might be general, and need to be specified, so that it can be used in the field of ELT, as a manner of teaching foreign languages. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2016 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed PE English,PR English literature Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 3448 Title A name given to the resource THE PERFORMANCE OF NATIVE AND NON-NATIVE SPEAKERS OF ENGLISH ON A UNIVERSITY ENTRANCE EXAM (GRE) Author Author BASTUG, Harun A Ahmad, sanna Abstract A summary of the resource. College entrance exams are known to be one of the most nerve-racking steps a student has to cross for a better future. These exams measure students’ collective knowledge in different skill areas and predict what potentials they have for future performances in different fields. This study will examine the differences in performance between native and non-native speakers of English in the English section of the Graduate Record Examination (GRE). It is the one test written in English that applicants from all around the world take on the same date and with the same copy, and this study aims to help the students in their preparation to predict what their weaknesses are, and find a common ground between each category in the GRE test. The results of the research are based on the case study of students' performance in the test and will involve 60 students, 30 native and 30 non-native speakers of English. The participants will be given the same written test in order to separate the mistakes found in different linguistic categories Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2016 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed PE English https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/2e3f08fa2df733c5db8714670a84f351.pdf a4579d547e3860dc15829c2df629e230 PDF Text Text Journal of Economic and Social Studies The Monetisation of Assets through Concession and Applicability in the Sector of Energy in Bosnia and Herzegovina Izet Bajrambašić Ministry of the Transport and Communication of Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnia and Herzegovina bajrambasic.izet@bih.net.ba Abstract: Financial effects of monetisation through concession in the sector of energy in Bosnia and Herzegovina (B&H) may well increase the level of domestic investments, production, exports, employment and general economic growth, without additional higher borrowings and loss of ownership in these strategically important industries. These new financial opportunities are necessary for faster economic development of the country, especially in the transitional period, as this development process is a great challenge in modern world economy. It requires significant commitment and coordinated efforts of the public and private sector. The case study of Terminal Kakanj Power Plant (KPP) presented in this paper show that it is possible to implement monetization of assets through concession in the energy sector in B&H. Keywords: Monetization, Concession, Development, Financial Effects, Energy Sector JEL Classification: O16, H54 Article History Submitted:15 May 2015 Resubmitted:11 August 2015 Resubmitted: 23 October 2015 Accepted: 4 December 2015 http://dx.doi.org/10.14706/JECO SS16612 The empirical results provide evidence of positive correlations between monetisation through concession process and economic development in B&H or other transition and development countries. Volume 6 Number 1 Spring 2015 43 �Izet Bajrambašić Introduction Due to the lack of investment funds the economies of many countries are often in unfavorable and seemingly hopeless situations, where incomes are insufficient for necessary new investment, which slows the growth of capital and production and finally results in slowing of the income growth. Such economic situation is very difficult and depressing, and the way out of this situation is not easy and requires adequate knowledge and hard work. One of the possible way-outs is through new investments, which can change and direct a vicious circle of this situation towards the revival and development of the economy and overall society. The question is how to acquire new investments, i.e. how to ensure the necessary funds for this purpose? In this regard, the governments have an important task, especially in providing funds, which is not easy. Public infrastructure in many countries, because of their high value, may be the basis for new investments, because this potential can be exploited so that the existing resources and assets available in the network industries can provide fresh money. This can be achieved by monetization of assets through concessions. The government’s funding source of increased importance is the "monetization" or insuring the cash flow from existing public assets. Revenues made by the monetization may be used for: new infrastructure funds directly, or for other purposes. On the other hand, this process is a good opportunity for the government to gain the capacity of new technologies, increase production and exports, achieve stability in the energy system, and to avoid possible risks of worn out and technologically obsolete capacities or losses, etc. A new concession management structures, in partnership with the public sector, with an agreed concession fee, receive infrastructure to manage, which in long-term involves: investment, exploitation, maintenance, sale of services and all other that is related to the specific activity and agreement. The process of monetization has to take in account large interests of stakeholders, this is especially true for the public sector, concessionaires, financial institutions and service users. Their interests are different, but they are strongly connected to each other. The implemented project which presented in this paper (page 4.) and experiences of countries show different interests of stakeholders and main reason for 44 Journal of Economic and Social Studies �The Monetisation of Assets through Concession and Applicability in the Sector of Energy in Bosnia and Herzegovina monetization through concessions in network industries. These practical examples of projects and results of research presented in book “Achievement in Finance of Infrastructure, PFI/PPP”, Izet Bajrambasic, 2004, (chapter: “Participants and the interest of the participants in the PPP Projects”) give very clear explanation of stakeholders different interests. The interests of the public sector are: new financial resources, continuous provision of public services, faster development of infrastructure and economy, allocation of risks, safety in the delivery of public services, quality of services, market competition and others. Interests of concessionaires are: long-term investments, an increase in the volume of business, applying experience and knowledge in the field of work, protection of property and copyright, freedom of financial transfers and alike. The interests of financial institutions are: long-term borrowings, safety in money return (guarantees for the return of money) and to ensure the priorities of payments compared to other costs in the operational work of the concessionaire. The interests of service users are: to have developed network industry (infrastructure) and services, to have adequate service quality and price, to have the option of investing in these industries and alike. Interests of all stakeholders must be met, achieved and to be sustainable for a longer period of time, because it is the greatest guarantee for the success of the project. This is often politically more acceptable option than the full privatization, since the government can exercise control of public property operators, and at the end of a long-term concession contract assets are returned to public ownership. This shows that there are political, economic and financial reasons for the monetization of assets through concessions, and therefore it is important to research and study this financial instrument in B&H. According to result of the case study presented in this paper, it is clear that there are great opportunities for the application of this model in the energy sector in B&H. The study was conducted on the most complex production facility of KPP, Public Enterprise Elektroprivreda (PEEP). It is possible to apply monetization of public assets through concessions, where the government would remain the owner and the Volume 6 Number 1 Spring 2016 45 �Izet Bajrambašić concessionaire would operatively manage an independent enterprise KPP. Such an approach will greatly enhance and accelerate investment in the energy sector, while at the same time create new opportunities for the implementation of other planned investments, such as revitalization of the relevant coal mines. Literature review and experience of other countries One of the important segments of economic development is investing in infrastructure. Infrastructure of a country is understood as the fundamental service foundation of the economy, society and overall development. It is well known that, for the development of the economy, the adequate services are necessary, including transport, electric power, telecommunications, water and waste water etc. Larger investment in this sector produces higher market demand, and it implies that there is an increase in production, which enhances employment and gross domestic product. These economic relations and results are particularly significant for developing and transition countries, which in this process see a good opportunity for economic and social progress. Large number of authors in economic literature confirms the need to invest for faster economic growth, and great contribution to that is provided by international trade and free movement of capital. The capital investments depend on many factors including the accumulation and savings. The amount of capital determines the volume of domestic product and domestic product determines the amount of savings and investment. On this way domestic product determines the amount of accumulated capital (Blanchard, 2005). This cycle is very important for each economy and expected capital increase. Public infrastructure investments in network industries have large investment share and capital increase. It was pointed out that the investments are planned according to the assessment of expected cost and benefit, and that relationship, including amortization which significantly affects the level of investment. Assessing of investment, interest and risks are important factors that are taken into account, because refund depends on that. It is especially important to examine this in public investment, due to the mostly high investment volume and long-term financial burden, which is not easy for public sector. Public investments are specific and require special analysis and calculation of costs and benefits, but not for an 46 Journal of Economic and Social Studies �The Monetisation of Assets through Concession and Applicability in the Sector of Energy in Bosnia and Herzegovina individual or a small group, but for all potential users and entire society. The realization of these efforts is not simple because financial resources for these investments determine plans and possibilities. For this analysis, the state employs large teams in order to prove the need and cost effectiveness of investment (Mankiw, 2004). Government support is mostly expected in terms of new investments and ensuring the funding. The main problems arise when the accumulation is not sufficient, and credit debts are not possible or are at risk. This can be partially avoided, because it is possible to obtain funding in other ways, beside from own accumulation and no debt. One of these ways is partnership to private sector with different possibilities to invest. Financing and development of infrastructure on the basis of the Private Finance Initiative (PFI) and the Public Private Partnership (PPP) means introducing the private sector into financing and management of public services and physical infrastructure aimed to increase financial possibilities, improve the quality of public sector, develop infrastructure and introduce the business principle into the public sector. The partnership of the public and private sector in the PFI/PPP systems is, with the common interest, directed towards long-term contracts for sustainability of the relationship and the infrastructure system (Bajrambasic, 2004). Monetization of assets through concession is one of the PPP models, which is very relevant in recent years. “An increasingly important source of government financing is from the monetization, or securitization of cash from existing public assets. This is often a more politically acceptable option than outright privatization, since the government can exercise a degree of control over the asset operator, and at the end of the long-term contract the assets will revert back into public ownership. The proceeds from such transaction can be used to fund new infrastructure directly, or for other purposes” (Colchester, 2005). This is why the public sector increasingly desires private investment in public assets. A finance market is open and private investments have no restrictions and all investment forms are available: bonds, option, futures, derivatives, real estate and even fine artwork ... (Armstrong III, 2004). Relate to this large possibilities of private investment, the public sector may have to prepare an attractive project if they would like to have private investment in public infrastructure. Volume 6 Number 1 Spring 2016 47 �Izet Bajrambašić It is not easy, but practice has shown that many countries need partnerships to private sectors and monetization of assets through concession. There are many cases of this monetization model around the world. The experiences of other countries in terms of monetization through concessions in network industries are positive, and reasons and interests for these processes are various. Examples of projects in the USA and South East Europe region are listed below. • The first concession in the USA for already constructed infrastructure facility was awarded in 2005 for the Chicago Skyway Bridge, which was built in 1958. The bridge is 12 km long, and the annual number of vehicles is around 19 mils. The annual income from the collection is approximately $ 45 mils. The bridge was operated (operations and maintenance) by the City of Chicago Department of Streets and Sanitation for more than 50 years. The concession was awarded to the Sky Concession Company, LLC for 99 years, and the company paid $ 1.83 mil. In this case the government justified concession by the fact that they need funding for new infrastructure projects in Chicago, and that this was the easiest way to get fresh money. (http://www.chicagoskyway.org/) • Indiana is the first US state, which monetized the road Indiana Toll Road by collection through concession for a period of 75 years, with the offered value of $ 3.85 bn. The concession was awarded to Spanish investor Macquarie Infrastructure Group and Cintra. Analyst Richard Beales (Financial Times, 2006) claims that this example could open the door for other financial constrained countries to invite private investors to roads and bridges for resources/assets that are traditionally owned and operated by state and local governments. This is monetization through concessions of previously constructed motorways. The state of Indiana has constructed this motorway much earlier with its own funds and loans and it has already been used for a fee. The reason for such move by the government was financial problems and high maintenance costs, as a result of the infrastructure management by the state.(http://www.governing.com/topics/mgmt/indiana-toll-road-modelprivatization.html) 48 Journal of Economic and Social Studies �The Monetisation of Assets through Concession and Applicability in the Sector of Energy in Bosnia and Herzegovina • Road Alligator Alley was constructed in 1964 with two lanes, and enhanced with two more lanes, which financed from the bonds issued. The owner and operator was a state-owned company Florida DOT. Due to the high costs and financial needs, it was decided that the road will be given under concession. In this concession, revenue collection did not follow the growth of operating costs (management and maintenance) of the road, and transformation was done through the concessions, as in the case of Indiana Pay Toll. (http://inthepublicinterest.org/case/proposed-privatization-alligator-alley) • The Government of Macedonia in 2008 awarded concession to the Turkish company TepeAkfen Ventures (TAV) for two airports in Macedonia: Alexander the Great - Skopje and St. Paul -Ohrid. The concession period is over 20 years, and mandatory total investment is Euro 200 mil and the annual concession fee to the Government of Macedonia is Euro 30 to 40 mil. The government made this decision due to the need of large investments and large debts for airports. All these investments and debts were transferred to the concessionaire by the transformation.(http://www.mtc.gov.mk) • The Government of Montenegro in 2008 decided that the Port of Bar is not to be privatized but to carry out the restructuring, and that the port should be given under concession. After restructuring, concession agreements to 30 years were signed, at an annual fixed concession fee in the amount of Euro 27,500 and a variable fee of 1.5% of the annual income of the concessionaire. The essential decision of the Government is that the infrastructure remains in state ownership as a national interest, and that it can be given under concession. The Government’s stake of the operating companies can be sold as well, because it is not of the national interest. Therefore, the Government of Montenegro sold majority stake in operating companies related to the port of Bar. This project combines the privatization in the part of the operational work and monetization via concessions in the part of infrastructure. (http://www.minsaob.gov.me) • The Republic of Croatia Government in 2011 awarded concession for Zagreb Airport to the French consortium Zagreb Airport International Company (AIC) for 30 years to construct new passenger terminal and for management of existing and newly constructed terminal and associated infrastructure. Within three years’ period the ZAIC should construct a terminal for the capacity of five Volume 6 Number 1 Spring 2016 49 �Izet Bajrambašić million passengers per year, the total capital investment in the first phase amount to Euro 236 mil., with an additional Euro 88 mil for regular maintenance. (http://www.mmpi.hr) The ratio of ownership is not changed: 55% of the state, 35% of the city of Zagreb, 5% of Velika Gorica and 5% of Zagreb County. The topic of this paper is very specific and it request research methodology which covers comprehensive area and specific research parts. Research methodology of this paper is descriptive in next article. Methodology The overall aim of this study was to research applicability for the monetization of assets through concession in the energy sector in Bosnia and Herzegovina. In particular, the focus of this study is to solve the problem of finance and risk in investing in public infrastructure, and exploring the possibility to establish a new financial resource based on the existing public assets. Research methodology of this paper covers the process of the whole research activity and essentially is the core component of the research paper itself. It includes the following parts: descriptive microeconomic and investment status of the countries, generally; investment and concession approach in theory and practice; the primary and secondary data capture methods; case study of the monetization of KPP including mathematic operation (BCR, NPV, IRR, Payback method) and graphic presentation; discussion and results and conclusion with recommendations. The contents of this research process were used in order to determine the basis and assumptions for this paper and achieve the overall aim of the study. In order to provide the appropriate data, case study and analysis to evidence an acceptable solution for the current finance problem, the most appropriate methods for this paper is the data collection method and analysis including case study method. There are four main action areas recommended to cover all activities: data capture, case study, data analysis and result. Data captured from different resources: internal and external. Internal data used for this paper are from: books, laws, studies, magazines, etc. (specified on the end of this 50 Journal of Economic and Social Studies �The Monetisation of Assets through Concession and Applicability in the Sector of Energy in Bosnia and Herzegovina paper). External data used are from: business plan, annual business report, technical and finance studies, investment plan and the internet, etc. (specified on the end of this paper). Case study prepared base on technical and finance studies, published information, experience of other countries and author's knowledge and experience. Data analysis is done as narrative description and through result of the case study. The case study presented main results to achieve the overall aim of the study. Macroeconomic aspects and assumptions of the study have been described only partially to the extent necessary, and which is linked to the developing countries and transition economies. This aspect is not presented comprehensively, because it is a specific topic of the paper. The information captured on needs and financial status of these countries clearly indicates the urgency for investing, but also a great debt and significant difficulties in repaying debts. Additionally, these countries need new investment and fresh money for economic development. An analytical approach was used for the main part of the study, and an example of possible way to address these issues in B&H and other countries in the region was presented. Strategic plans for the development of the energy sector in B&H have not been agreed or operationally synchronized. However, it is known that for planned investment the accumulation of enterprises is nowhere near enough, and other forms of investing and plan implementation are considered. A key unresolved question is: which investment models should be applied and which funding sources should be used to develop production capacity. Investment programs and technical study, which are still valid, were used as the basis for new investment model, and they were prepared for the traditional method of implementation based on finance borrowing. Predicted method of implementation was faced with serious financial difficulties, and the project stalled. Besides traditional modes of investment, it is necessary to consider other known forms as well. Technical and financial data from the mentioned documents have been used to model the monetization through concessions as a basis for investment, business plans and calculation in the concession period of 30 years. Volume 6 Number 1 Spring 2016 51 �Izet Bajrambašić The presented case study is related to monetization through concession of KPP, which is belonging to the Public Enterprise Elektroprivreda B&H (PEEP). Previous business analysis and planned investments of KPP are the basis for assessing the operations in the concession period, which is analytically, with investment dynamics, presented in the following four separately business periods: 2015-2019; 2020-2026; 2027-2032 and 2033-2045. These analytical business periods are operating in continuity, varying according to the level and type of investment, and different business results. This analytical approach enables to calculate the profit and net profit, with included cost of concession fees, as well as net present value, which is essential for the analysis of concession relations between government and the concessionaire, and the evaluation of overall management transformation of KPP. Case study: Monetization of KPP KPP capacities developed in stages, based on the large deposits of coal in this area, from the initial 32 MW in1947 to 578 MW of total installed capacity, concluding with block 7 from 1988. In addition to production and selling of electricity KPP produces and sells thermal energy, slag and ash. Financial operations of KPP is not individually stated and publicly disclosed, but it is a part of overall PEEP business, which is a certain limitation for analysis. However, there is more data on the operations, such as: production volume, costs and resources of business, so it is possible to calculate the basic business elements and indicators. New investments in KPP are given in a separate document Investment Program 2010 (Technical Study). Current operations and planned investments provide the necessary data for evaluation of possibilities of KPP monetization through concession, and therefore in the continuation of the text separate analysis of these two important segments are listed. Business data of KPP Known elements of KPP business for 2010 are: total costs (207.878 mil KM i), total assets (964.630 mil KM), number of employees (663), total production (1,831 GWh) and investments (56.041milKM). Other elements of business are not known, but elements of PEEP business operations are known. 52 Journal of Economic and Social Studies �The Monetisation of Assets through Concession and Applicability in the Sector of Energy in Bosnia and Herzegovina Detailed and systemized PEEP business results from 2009 and 2010 are suitable for calculation of the missing elements of KPP business for 2010. KPP participation in electricity production in total production of PEEP can serve as a key to calculate the total revenue of KPP. The volume of PEEP production in 2009 is 6926.50 GWh, out of which KPP produced 1907.97 GWh. In 2010 PEEP production volume was 7181.40 GWh, out of which KPP produced 1831.00 GWh. Participation of KPP in total production of PEEP in 2009 is 27.55 %, and in 2010 amounts 25.50 %. Basic calculated elements of KPP business statement, as "independent company" for 2010 would be as shown in the following Table 1. Table 1: Basic calculated elements of KPP business statement Description Amount (mil KM) Total revenue 235.000 Total costs 210.590 Profit before tax 24.409 Tax 10% 2.440 Netprofit 21.968 Number of employees 663 Source: Authors’ own work and Anual Business Statement of the KPP 2009 Analysis of recent investments in KPP Significant investments in existing capacity in PEEP are completed in the previous period. PEEP has invested 1.056 million KM in the development by 2010, and planned investment for the period 2011 to 2015 is 970 million KM, and for the period 2016 to 2020.811 million KM. The first investments according to the overall KPP plan are related to the construction of Block 8, for which the preliminary Design and Environmental Study have been completed. Block 8 (300 MW) is the first block in the gradual transition to the new technology. Continuity of replacing the existing installation is planned for a longer period, so that full energy stability is achieved in 2030, with the planned installation of Block 9 (300 MW). Volume 6 Number 1 Spring 2016 53 �Izet Bajrambašić The completion of construction and commissioning of the regular operation of new block 8 in power plant Kakanj is planned (the traditional construction approach) for 2018 (Investment Program). The study envisages total investment and required work resources as well as operating costs. The total investment in fixed assets (Block 8) at constant prices amounts to 945.267 mil KM. Table 2: Business and Investment Forecast in Concession Period Description Contracted concession fee Total Profit Tax 10% Total Netprofit Total discounted value Operative capacity(MW) Operative capacity (block) 2015.-2019. - Business period (mil. KM) 2020.-2026. 2027.-2032. 140.000 130.000 Total 2033.-2045. 390.000 660.000 136.445 163.688 176.666 645.671 1.122.470 13.645 16.366 17.666 64.571 112.248 122.800 147.322 159.000 581.100 1,010.222 97.645 74.573 49.149 88.405 309.772 450 340+300 600 600 _ 5,6 and 7 6 ,7 and 8 8 and 9 8 and 9 _ Source: Authors’ own work In the first year of work required current assets amounts 20.830 mil KM. The cost of financing the investment amounts 59.948 mil KM, and total investment at constant prices is 1,035.046 mil KM. Total investment at current prices amounts to 1,106.338 mil KM. Block 9 has same price amounts (investment calculation). It is important to note the need for rehabilitation and modernization of three aforementioned mines that production and future of KPP depends on. These mines are the basis of development and operation of KPP, and it is therefore necessary to 54 Journal of Economic and Social Studies �The Monetisation of Assets through Concession and Applicability in the Sector of Energy in Bosnia and Herzegovina simultaneously invest in the mines. Investment indicators are satisfactory and the Technical Study is the basic document for making a decision on the future status and operation of KPP. Also, this document is a solid source of data for analysis of monetization possibilities through concessions. Given the large number of tables and calculations of separately periods of business and investments, below is the table presenting in the aggregate profit and net profit, with concession fees according to the calculation and capacity of KPP, for aforementioned periods of business. Discussion and Results The table shows that the aggregate net profit is 1,010.222 mil KM, and the discounted value of the net profit is 309.772 mil KM, and that the aggregate contracted installment fee is 660 mil KM, while the immediate fee of 200 mil KM is not shown in the table. In the part of compulsory investment for the concessionaire it is important to note that the last two periods of operation is shown with capacities of new technologies and that it is possible to achieve the goal of replacing old plants according to the planned schedule. Net present value according to calculation and immediate concession fee, is positive and amounts 109.772 mil KM (309.772-200.000), which is an indicator of the success and feasibility of monetization of assets through concession in KPP. The calculation of discounted value is per discount rate of 8 %. It is important to note that the costs include: operating, maintenance, costs for environmental protection measures, financing costs, a 10% tax (profit/net profit), and costs of concession fees. We have taken into consideration the conditions of IFI's, ii where the grace period is five years, the loan repayment period is 20 years and the interest rate up to 4.5 %, and it would be a financial support to the concessionaire. Operating of KPP, according to the Technical Study, shows a high amortization, which exceeds the amount of the (credit) annuity, which is important for the financial cash flow in the company. Further, the aggregate business results according to the previous table show significant net profit, as well as the discounted value. It is good financial framework for the concessionaire, which provides good possibilities for company reform, investing and making profit. The ratio of net profit and Volume 6 Number 1 Spring 2016 55 �Izet Bajrambašić contracted installment concession fees from Table 2 is important, so it is presented in the following Figure1. Figure 1: The Ratio of Net Profit and Concession Fees Source: Authors’ own work Developments in these two values in concession period (30 years) show that the fees are stable at certain periods, and that the net profit is stabilized in the last decade. Presented monetization of KPP shows that there are good assumptions for this process and that the application is possible and acceptable. The analysis shows financial and other benefits for the government and the concessionaire and achievement of a common goal, and that would be the production of electricity. Besides the benefits, each partner in this process would have to accept important responsibilities in order to make the project successful. For example, the government must take on the responsibility of modernization of mines, which are relevant for KPP and the obligation to secure supplies of coal. In this regard, the government would use contracted immediate concession fee to modernize the primary mines Kakanj, Breza and Zenica. On the other hand, the concessionaire would accept an obligation to deliver electrical energy e.g. priority for B&H. Of course, partners in this process agree on all details and sign the concession contract on monetization of KPP. 56 Journal of Economic and Social Studies �The Monetisation of Assets through Concession and Applicability in the Sector of Energy in Bosnia and Herzegovina Conclusion All defined activities of the research methodology used for this paper have been done and a final result is very clear and visible. The research results and experience of other countries shows that it is possible to monetize an existing, constructed infrastructure asset, i.e. certain capacities as an example of KPP. The research results with emphasis on KPP indicate that the energy infrastructure in B&H has great value and is mainly owned by the state and that the monetization of assets through concessions is possible. The presented case study showed that interests of all stakeholders had been met and had been achieved. It also showed that was sustainable for concession period of 30 years, because it was guaranteed by the financial success of the project. Resources and needs of B&H are great in all segments of network industries, which definitely should be used, bearing in mind that, generally, these are complex strategic industries that require special attention and sustainability of the system. It is the reason why the monetization process is much better option than privatization, because it is based on changing the management structure, but not changing of ownership as well, which remains with state (public). Monetization of assets through concessions in the strategic industries sector is possible in the economies of countries, if there are clear benefits and if such model of monetization is acceptable, with regard to the legal and business environment. In these national economies that requires significant commitment and coordinated efforts of public and private sector. Generally, exploring new financial opportunities is necessary for faster economic development of the country, especially in the transitional period, as this development process is a great challenge in the modern world economy. This monetization process is common job for the public and private sector to have a mutual interest and risks in realization of long-term contract. There are many different risks for both partners. The basic risks in this process are: political, legal, commercial, operational and maintenance risks, then income and financial risks. All the risks have to be included in the risk analysis. The risks are disadvantage of this monetization process, because each of them can make implementation problem. High quality risk management and contracting are requested for successful monetization process. Volume 6 Number 1 Spring 2016 57 �Izet Bajrambašić Recommendation: Taking into account results of this study and risks in this process it is necessary to continue exploring, preparation and implementation projects of the monetization of public assets through concessions in B&H. References Armstrong F. III, 2004, The Informed Investor, USA, American Management Association, 1601 Broadway, New York. Bajrambasic, I., 2004, Achievement in Finance of Infrastructure, PFI/PPP, Saran, Sarajevo Beales R., 2006, Financial Times, 24. January 2006 Blanchard O., 2005, Macroeconomics, 3rd edition, Mate, Zagreb Colchester, UK, 2005. Transportation Finance Review, Euromany Institutional Investor. Consortium:Economists Institute Hrvoje Požar, Institute from Banja Luka, Mining Institute from Tuzla nad Soluziona, Spain, 2008, Energy Sector Study in B&H, The World Bank. IBE d. d. Ljubljana, 2010. Feasibility Study (Investment Program), book no. 8 TKAKB8-4X/01. Knox P. J. Agnew & L. McCarthy, 2003. The Geography of the world economy, London: Hodder Arnold PFI Intelligence Bulletin 2001, London, UK. Public Enterprise Elektroprivreda BiH, 2010, Annual Business Report for 2010 and 2009. Public Private Partnerships News, 2000, Dublin, Ireland. 58 Journal of Economic and Social Studies �The Monetisation of Assets through Concession and Applicability in the Sector of Energy in Bosnia and Herzegovina RBS North American Infrastructure Advisory and Finance (Global Banking & Markets), 2006. Public Private Partnership (PPP) in North America, USA. Samuelson P.A. & Nordhaus W. D., 2007. Economy, 18th ed., Mate, Zagreb Saunders M., 2007, The Role of PPPs in Addressing Congestion, U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration. Skypala P., 2008, Financial Times, 17. November 2008 Stiglitz J.E. & Walsh C.E., 2005, Principles of Macro-Economics, IV edition New York. The World Bank Group, 2004, Public Policy for the Private Sector. UNICITRAL, 2001, Legislative Guide on Privately Financed Infrastructure Projects, New York. http://nwfinancial.com/pdf/Indiana-Toll Roads%20Report.pdf http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-01172009-185137/unrestricted/ Final_02_10_09.pdf https://www.ferrovial.com/memoria2005/EN/08_infrastructure.html https://www.macquarie.com/dafiles/Internet/mgl/com/mqa/investor-centre/docs/mqa2012-analyst-pack.pdf?v=6 file:///C:/Users/izet.bajrambasic/Downloads/13845_GSY_BGP_Privatization%20and% 20PPP%20Review_June%202007.pdf i 1,9558 Convertible Mark (KM, ISO CODE: BAM)= 1 EUR (Currency Exchange of the Central Bank of B&H, No.092) ii International Finance Institution (WB, EIB, EBRD) Volume 6 Number 1 Spring 2016 59 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2970 Title A name given to the resource The Monetisation of Assets through Concession and Applicability in the Sector of Energy in Bosnia and Herzegovina Author Author BAJRAMBAŠIĆ, Izet Abstract A summary of the resource. Financial effects of monetisation through concession in the sector of energy in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) may well increase the level of domestic investments, production, exports, employment and general economic growth, without additional higher borrowings and loss of ownership in these strategically important industries. These new financial opportunities are necessary for faster economic development of the country, especially in the transitional period, as this development process is a great challenge in modern world economy. It requires significant commitment and coordinated efforts of the public and private sector. The case study of Terminal Kakanj Power Plant (KPP) presented in this paper show that it is possible to implement monetization of assets through concession in the energy sector in BiH. The empirical results provide evidence of positive correlations between monetisation through concession process and economic development in BiHor other transition and development countries. Key words: monetization, concession, development, financial effects, energy sector. JEL classification: O–Economic Development Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2016 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed DOI Digital object identifier doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.14706/JECOSS16612 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 1986 – 8502 HB Economic Theory Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 3444 Title A name given to the resource SOCIAL SELF-ESTEEM AND EFL Author Author Aydogan, Hakan Akbarov, Azamat Abstract A summary of the resource. This study has been an attempt to investigate the learning styles and strategies, word learning strategies and social self-esteem of students in EFL classes at Intermediate level in the Sarajevo International Colleges in Vraca and Ilıdža in Sarajevo, Bosnia-Hercegovina. For this purpose, 100 students at two colleges have been applied a questionnaire containing various vocabulary learning strategies and their learning preferences, styles and social self-esteems have been examined. SPINO instrument (PANAS - Positive and Negative Affective Schedule, SOSA scales Social Self-Esteem Scale, The Learning Style Inventory (LSI 2011), and Inventory for Vocabulary Learning Strategies were used to carry out the implementation part of our study. In order to collect the data, this study was based on a design including quantitative data analysis by using questionnaires. The study intends to describe an experience connected to the systematic use of vocabulary learning activities connected with the learning styles to enhance students’ self- esteem and thus, promote language learning. The correlations between active learning strategies, emotional states and social self-esteem have been significant and positive. In our study, it has been concluded that vocabulary learning strategies produce positive emotions and there is a positive correlation between these two variables.Positive emotions and higher social self-esteem give rise to more usage of different learning strategies. As teachers, we are in a constant search to work on the social-emotional development of students. By developing a feeling of social self-esteem in what they learn lexically, they build self-acceptance and trust through expanding their vocabulary knowledge. The content relates real life situations to their own feelings, beliefs, needs, values and experiences. It is worth mentioning the fact that the students were observed to get in touch with the positive qualities of themselves with self-esteem and introspection, learning unknown words emphasizing selfdiscovery and their own strengths concretely. The results of learning styles identification instruments showed that learning styles of students can be diagnosed quite reliably. The research proved that students can learn better when they are taught through the certain methods that reflect their specific learning styles. In this paper we are discussing the pedagogical implications of this work and offering a model for the EFL teachers to manage this field in their work. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2016 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed PE English https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/7e5648bc2dbc1d9777d9b8f984b44f79.pdf 959ffbd8b1113ffa934e93c6679e5ae0 PDF Text Text FORMATION OF A HIGHER EDUCATION ORGANIZATION IDENTITY BETWEEN IMAGINATIONS AND STANDARDS: THE CASE OF TURKISH UNIVERSITIES SYSTEM Atay Erhan Suleyman Sah University Turkey eatay@ssu.edu.tr Zehra Topal Suleyman Sah University Turkey ztopal@ssu.edu.tr Abstract: Nowadays universities on the one hand try to survive and handle to their managerial system on the other hand cope with constrains from their institutional environment. The constrains are multilateral and including organizational demands, increasing competition in the market, national and international standardization however which are comprise of responding to demands of the students who are grown up in the technological era. Hence, universities are increasingly facing a double-sided pressure: to be innovative with a specific organizational duty while at the same time being an embedded part of a growing, and highly interconnected, internationalized and standardized higher education ‘industry’. This dilemma has both theoretical and practical interest, and is explored in this paper through an empirical study of how one university has dealt with these challenges of innovation and standardization. In this paper it is investigated that the processes involved in forming an organizational identity, which it is studied during the founding of a distinctive new college by using an interpretive, insider-outsider research approach. It aimed that to identify elements that constitute the identity. It is considered a dilemma that imaginations and innovations attitudes of entrepreneurs of university such as struggles to be innovative and authentic on the other hand centralized structure of state, national and international standardizations and especially idiosyncratic context of Turkey. By studying a Turkish foundation university from its establishment in 2007 to present, and by extensive triangulation of more qualitative studies on this university in this period, the paper concludes that higher education institutions may handle this dilemma by relating it to the continuous struggle for organizational identity. As methodologically has done per deep interview with founding members and content analysis to archive documents since its establishment. Key Words: Higher Education, Organizational Identity, Standardization, Innovative Entrepreneurship, Institutional Isomorphism, Autonomy Introduction In the social life we are living with diverse institutions as in embedded and significant sense the life. Sometimes old institutions weaken by way of loss of legitimacy and meaning although many of their properties of alive. Vice versa is possible; a new social arrangements, agreements and perspectives may be given the outward form of an institution. ICESoS 2016 - Proceedings Book 265 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’16) Otherwise, function as one of its member finds little or no inner meaning inside it (Beteille, 1995:563). Institutions have in general a longer life span than people. Even if some institutions by the time they can transform into a new formations. If they do not adapt to recent development they have may conflict. Universities are one of the most extended institutions in the world. On the other hand, the role and character of universities around the world is rapidly changing, with an increasing number of countries witnessing the rise of a market-based model of higher education and a rapid expansion of student enrolments. The world-wide trend in higher education is to push for enhanced student outcomes, accountability and innovation (Shaw et all., 2013:992). In Turkey as our case, this emphasis has been encapsulated in the some formation process. In this paper it is investigated that the processes involved in forming an organizational identity, which it is studied during the founding of a distinctive new college by using an interpretive, insider-outsider research approach. It aimed that to identify elements that constitute the identity. It is considered a dilemma that imaginations and innovations attitudes of entrepreneurs of university such as struggles to be innovative and authentic on the other hand centralized structure of state, national and international standardizations and especially idiosyncratic context of Turkey. Theoretical Framework In the statement of DiMaggio and Powell (1983:150), organizational adaptation as determined by external forces where organizations have to adapt to economic, societal and cultural demands for reasons of legitimacy and survival. A representative theory here is the sociological version of neo-institutionalism, where a central thesis is that due to external political pressure, increased professionalization within a societal sector, or organizational uncertainty, organizations will become increasingly similar. In other words, organizational adaptation is a change towards standardization within a given organizational sector, e.g. higher education. Also, organizations are dependent on external forces, but argues that each organization still has certain discretion left when it comes to how they should respond to external pressures. The concepts of strategic choice or critical decisions are in this perspective important, along with a view that organizations must find their environmental niche in order to successfully compete for customers, students or markets shares, improve financial support or relations with society at large (e.g., Selznick 1957; Clark 1998; Sporn 1999). At this point our question research is arise, how universities cope with the external pressures by making their own shape organizational identities? For clear understanding we should briefly sort out condition of universities in the context of Turkey. Condition of Universities in the Context of Turkey The Council of Higher Education (CoHE) consult, supervise and control to universities in Turkey. The CoHE is an autonomous institution which is responsible for the planning, coordination and governance of higher education system in Turkey. CoHE is established in 1982 and has a constitutional and centralized structure. The number of universities has been increasing by times. Regarding of CoHE’s statistics there are two break point have seen in this duration. One of them is in the year of 1992 and other one is in 2006 and after. The count has increased approximately three times in this process. Especially foundation and private universities have establishes intensively in the term. 266 ICESoS 2016 - Proceedings Book �Regional Economic Development: Entrepreneurship and Innovation While the number of non government universities was only one before 1982, they were 16 in 1997, 30 in 2007 and 63 in 20111. Recently the update number is 76. Conjunction with this increasing, a competitive market has raised between universities. The rising competition in higher education and the mass demands for education prompt to universities to get seeking differentiation for fixing their strategic situation, and hit them transforming into organizational identity(Sakinc and Bursalioglu, 2012:93). In this case, our question research made out; formation by CoHE and differentiate organization identity of universities has presented a contradiction and how universities cope and deal with between imaginations and standards in their way. Organizational Identity Universities as an organization are dependent on external forces while each one still has specific discretion. They should respnd and manage this dependency with concept of strategic choice or critical decisions. They are in a challenge market and they must find their niche in order to prospering compete for their stakeholders (Stensaker and Norgard, 2001:479). In this case organizational identity should be dynamic concept where identity tags last. Organizational identity in relation to both culture and image in order to understand how external and internal definitions of organizational identity interact and commit. Accordig to Whetten (2006) this commitment the identity claims or referents that signify the organization’s self determined and self defining position in social space. From this perspective organizations are more than a social collectives they are social actors (Gioia et all. 2010:6). However structure of centralized system of higher education in Turkey caused isomorphism (Stensaker and Norgard, 2001:476) and lead to rationalized formal structures (Meyer and Rowan, 1977:342). In this study we investigated that the processes involved in forming an organizational identity, which it is studied during the founding of a distinctive new college by using an interpretive, insider-outsider research approach. We aimed that to identify elements that constitute the identity. Methodology Our unit of observation is a foundation university which is established in 2007. In the academic meaning, there are two faculties and eight departments. University take position and differentiate itself social science. In the scope of our study we used a qualitative methods find out an embedded meaning of identity and perception of centralized system by employees in the university. Our sample consist of 32, and we did per deep interview each one by recording during one hour. We did discourse analysis to dechipred text and content analysis to archive documents since its establishment. Our analysis table is still in progress. Refernceces • Gioia, D. A., Price, K. N., Hamilton, A. L., & Thomas, J. B. (2010). Forging an identity: An insider-outsider study of processes involved in the formation of organizational identity. Administrative Science Quarterly, 55(1), 1-46 • Beteille, A. (1995). Universities as institutions. Economic and Political Weekly, 563568. • Barnett, R. (2011). The idea of the university in the twenty-first century: where’s the imagination?. Yükseköretim Dergisi, 1, 88-94. 1 http://www.yok.gov.tr/en/web/uluslararasi-iliskiler/turkiye-de-yuksekogretim-sistemi ICESoS 2016 - Proceedings Book 267 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’16) • DiMaggio, P. J., & Powell, W. W. (1983). The iron cage revisited: Institutional isomorphism and collective rationality in organizational fields. American sociological review, 147-160. • Erdem, A. R. (2012). Küreselleşme: Türk yükseköğretimine etkisi. Yükseköğretim Dergisi, 2(2), 109-117. • Stensaker, B., & Norgård, J. D. (2001). Innovation and isomorphism: A case-study of university identity struggle 1969–1999. Higher Education, 42(4), 473-492. • Gioia, D. A., Patvardhan, S. D., Hamilton, A. L., & Corley, K. G. (2013). Organizational identity formation and change. The Academy of Management Annals, 7(1), 123-193 • Meyer, J. W., & Rowan, B. (1977). Institutionalized organizations: Formal structure as myth and ceremony. American journal of sociology, 340-363. 268 ICESoS 2016 - Proceedings Book � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 3324 Title A name given to the resource FORMATION OF A HIGHER EDUCATION ORGANIZATION IDENTITY BETWEEN IMAGINATIONS AND STANDARDS: THE CASE OF TURKISH UNIVERSITIES SYSTEM Author Author Atay, Erhan Topal, Zehra Abstract A summary of the resource. Abstract: Nowadays universities on the one hand try to survive and handle to their managerial system on the other hand cope with constrains from their institutional environment. The constrains are multilateral and including organizational demands, increasing competition in the market, national and international standardization however which are comprise of responding to demands of the students who are grown up in the technological era. Hence, universities are increasingly facing a double-sided pressure: to be innovative with a specific organizational duty while at the same time being an embedded part of a growing, and highly interconnected, internationalized and standardized higher education ‘industry’. This dilemma has both theoretical and practical interest, and is explored in this paper through an empirical study of how one university has dealt with these challenges of innovation and standardization. In this paper it is investigated that the processes involved in forming an organizational identity, which it is studied during the founding of a distinctive new college by using an interpretive, insider-outsider research approach. It aimed that to identify elements that constitute the identity. It is considered a dilemma that imaginations and innovations attitudes of entrepreneurs of university such as struggles to be innovative and authentic on the other hand centralized structure of state, national and international standardizations and especially idiosyncratic context of Turkey. By studying a Turkish foundation university from its establishment in 2007 to present, and by extensive triangulation of more qualitative studies on this university in this period, the paper concludes that higher education institutions may handle this dilemma by relating it to the continuous struggle for organizational identity. As methodologically has done per deep interview with founding members and content analysis to archive documents since its establishment. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2016 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/fab097c6d36a2057e35a6b0f5067c064.pdf ea88a7de3e2cd244c4c84dfb5bfc5aaa PDF Text Text SECURITY IN EUROPEAN TOURISM WITH PARTICULAR ATTENTION PAID TO THE REPUBLIC OF CROATIA Romina Alkier Department of Tourism University of Rijeka , Faculty of Tourism and Hospitality Management Opatija, Croatia rominaa@fthm.hr Korana Radović Nimac Department of Quality and Controlling University of Rijeka, Faculty of Tourism and Hospitality Management Opatija, Croatia koranarn@fthm.hr Sanja Lipovac University or Rijeka, Faculty of Tourism and Hospitality Management Abstract: Security and the sense of being secure represent an important component in choosing a tourist destination, but also the quality of life of domestic population and stay of tourists in a tourist destination. Therefore, in cooperation with participants in tourism, destinations must enable safe and adequate surrounding for its visitors, and encourage the coexistence with the domestic population. Protection and security in tourism are becoming complex multidimensional terms which cover a great number of components among which are political security, public security, health and sanitation security, protection of personal data, legal protection of tourists, protection of consumers, security in communication, getting authentic data, ensuring the quality of services, etc. Croatia is a member of the European Union, and it monitors trends in the development of tourism on the European Union level and Europe in whole. Personal safety is an important component of choosing Croatia as a destination, and is one of the advantages of Croatia in relation to the competitive countries. Within the research conducted in the paper the focus is on the analysis of safety in tourism of Europe and the Republic of Croatia. The goal is understanding the significance which “sense of safety” has on the choice of European destinations and the necessity of establishment of security measures and the protection of tourists during tourist travel on all levels. Based on the conducted analysis, measures of improvement of security and protection of tourists in European and Croatian tourist destinations will be suggested. Keywords: Security, tourism, tourist protection, Republic of Croatia, Europe JEL Classification: L83 Introduction European Union, as an economic community of twenty-eight states, is the biggest tourist destination in the world. Tourism as a phenomenon which stimulates the development of various economic activities directly and/or indirectly connected with providing services in tourism, and the image of cities, can produce various forms of crimes. Destinations must, in cooperation with stakeholders in tourism, enable safe and appropriate surroundings for its visitors, and encourage coexistence with the ICESoS 2016 - Proceedings Book 353 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’16) domestic population. As important factors in choosing a destination, safety and sense of security are crucial for the quality of life in tourist destinations. This was particularly visible after 11th of September in 2001 when there was a decrease of international tourist travels due to the terrorist attacks in the United States of America, and European tourists avoided distant destinations, respectively, travelling by plane. Besides that, the quality of life was disturbed in cities exposed to the terrorist attacks (New York, London, Madrid, etc.). Croatian tourism also registered a decrease, and the drastic fall in tourist movements due to the warfare on the area of the Republic of Croatia, as well as the neighboring countries. But, apart from these extreme security problems which had negative consequences on tourism, there are various security problems in tourism such as various threats for life and health of tourists, threats conditioned by thefts, criminal acts, violence on cultural monuments in the tourist destination, threats due to the vessels, and some activities on sea and mainland, etc. The subject of research of this paper is security in tourism of the European Union and the Republic of Croatia. The purpose and the goal of the paper are following: to present theoretical characteristics of tourists and security measures, to analyze security in tourism of the European Union with reference on the Republic of Croatia, and the effects which insecurity and sense of insecurity have on international tourist movements. Safety and tourism development on the European Union level Tourist policy of the European Union has a goal to maintain the position of the European Union as one of the leading world destinations and maximizing the industry contributes to the growth, employment and promotion of cooperation among European Union countries, particularly through exchange of good practice. The main challenges in tourism of the European Union have been identified among which security and protection have a special place. The challenges are following (Overview of EU Tourism Policy, European Commission): 1. 2. 3. 4. Security and protection – environment, politics and social security, food and accommodation safety, and socio-cultural threats to sustainability; Economic competitiveness – seasonality, regulatory and administrative obstacles, relation of tax system and tourism, difficulties in finding and keeping professional personnel; Technological – keeping up with the information–technological development caused by globalization of information and progress of technology (IT tool for holiday reservation, provision of information through social networks about tourist services, etc.). Market and competition – growing demand for individual experiences, new products, growing competition from other EU destinations. In June 2010 the European Commission has launched an initiative for adoption of a new joint tourist policy in Europe under the name “Europe world tourist destination No.1”. That initiative launched a new strategy and action plan of European Union tourism. Four priorities of actions have been identified (Overview of EU Tourism Policy, European Commission): • • encouraging competitiveness of European tourism, promotion of development of sustainable, responsible and quality tourism; 354 ICESoS 2016 - Proceedings Book �Regional Economic Development: Entrepreneurship and Innovation • consolidation of image of Europe as a collection of sustainable, high-quality destinations, maximizing potential of financial policy of the European Union for tourism development. Safety of tourists is included in development of European brand “Quality tourism” in which increasing security of tourists and trust in a tourist product is pointed out as a value of brand. Necessity of further cooperation of the European Commission with state members, tourism industry and other stakeholders is especially pointed out in order to improve security in accommodation facilities, especially considering the fire risks (Overview of EU Tourism Policy, European Commission). Previously mentioned indicates that the European Commission pays great attention to safety and protection in tourism, in order to improve quality of tourism on the European Union level. Safety as a motive of arrival in the European Union Motive is defined as a stimulation of a person on a certain activity due to the satisfaction of a created need (Pirjavec, 1998). From the stated definition it can be concluded that tourist motives are an internal stimulation to a person to include in tourist flows, so tourist motivation as well is an internal impulse for inclusion in tourist flows. One of the most numerous reasons for inclusion of a person in tourist flows is certainly a vacation. It is the most frequent motive. Besides this motive, motives that encourage people on temporary leave and stay outside domicile place are, i.e., hunting, navigation, sports show, visit to a sanctuary, congress, music events, exhibitions, gastronomy, entertainment, relaxing, etc. Motives for travel have changed its character throughout the history. However, security also has a greater significance as an element of tourist offer in motivation of tourist arrivals to a destination. “Personal safety” and “sense of safety in a country” are not motives which trigger tourists on tourist travel, but can be sorted in key factors which influence tourist´s decision about the choice of a tourist destination (Mansfeld and Pizam, 2006). Research conducted by the European Commission in 2005 has shown a decrease of crime, such as auto theft, burglary, robbery, sexual and other assaults in the period from 1995 until 2004 in the majority of the European Union member states, except Belgium, where the research registered growth of number of robberies and thefts (European citizens and the feeling of insecurity, 2006). Out of 15 “old” member countries, and Estonia, Poland and Hungary which were included in the research, 15% of the respondents claimed they were victims of a crime in 2004, which is a reduction in relation to 1995 for 21%. Furthermore, research has shown that the citizens of Great Britain, Estonia, Netherlands and Denmark have identified their countries as countries with higher crime rate for 30% than the European Union average. In the frame of countries of Eastern and Middle Europe, the report has shown high crime rate and bad opinion about the police and Estonia; three countries, Estonia, Hungary and Poland reported about a high number of pickpockets, robberies and auto thefts. Road safety is one of the causes for concern for about 30% of interviewed Europeans (European citizens and the feeling of insecurity, 2006). In 2015, Eurobarometer research has pointed out on safety challenges which the European Union is facing. Approximately half of the respondents (49%) identified terrorism as one of the most important security challenges. This is a substantial increase from 33% of respondents who mentioned terrorism in 2011 (Internal Security, 2011). Among the most significant security challenges the citizens of EU also pointed out economic and financial crisis (27%), organized crime (23%), ICESoS 2016 - Proceedings Book 355 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’16) poverty (23%), corruption (23%) religious extremism (20%) and irregular immigration (19%) (European Commission, Europeans’ Attitudes towards Security, 2015). Bearing in mind that in some European Union countries domestic tourists make over 90% of total tourist turnover, it can be concluded that is also the perception of tourists on the tourist travel within the European Union. Terrorism as a security problem of tourists in the European Union In the recent years terrorism has been profiled as one of the most difficult security problems in the European Union, but also around the world (Bilandžić, 2011). However, it is necessary to point out that this is not a new phenomenon in Europe. In the period from 2009 until 2013 in the European Union member states there was 1.010 of unsuccessful, disabled or conducted attacks in which thirty-eight people were killed (EU fighting against terrorism, 2014). Considering the threats which in terms of terrorism are present in the European Union, terrorism needs to be combated on the national and international level. In 2005 the European Council has adopted strategy for fighting of European Union against terrorism. It is focused in 4 main directions of action: prevention, protection, prosecution and response. Prevention determines and solves factors which contribute to the radicalism and processes in which individuals are recruited with a goal of conducting terrorist actions. Protection of citizens and infrastructure is the second pillar in fighting against terrorism. It includes protection of external borders of the European Union, improvement of security in traffic, protection of goals of strategic importance and reduction of exposure of critical infrastructure. Third pillar on which fighting against terrorism in the European Union is based is prosecution. In order to reduce capability of terrorists in planning and organizing terrorist activities, European Union is working on bringing them to justice. In realization of these goals it is focused on strengthening capabilities of national institutions, improving cooperation among countries and information exchange between judicial authorities and the police, through Eurojust and Europol, fighting against financing terrorism and deprivation of terrorists of their financial funds for organization and conducting attacks and intercommunication. In 2014 Council and the Parliament of the European Union brought a set of rules about prevention of money laundry and financing terrorism. The fourth pillar of fighting against terrorism is preparation for managing and reducing consequences of terrorist attacks. It is operated in this direction by strengthening the capability to respond on consequences, by coordinating and satisfying the victim´s needs. Priorities in this direction are developing an arrangement of the European Union for coordination of the response on crisis, audit of the mechanism for civil protection, development of risk assessment or exchange of the best practice in providing help for the victims of terrorism. Particular significance is given to the cooperation with the third countries, i.e. USA, and other international and regional organizations which act in fighting against terrorism. Security and health of passengers in the European Union UNWTO expressed its attitude about the safety of health of passengers in the manual “Tourist protection and safety, Practical measures for the destination” wherein the following is: “Health risks connected with travels are a problem of divided responsibility of all participants in tourism (health care, tourism industry and passengers)…” Key factors of health risks on a journey are: destination, duration of a visit, purpose of travel, traveler’s behavior and reliability/local/health care and standards of accommodation, food and water quality, as well as sanitation and hygiene of the 356 ICESoS 2016 - Proceedings Book �Regional Economic Development: Entrepreneurship and Innovation destination´s environment (Gotovac, 2007). In order to reduce health risks of tourists in the European Union, information is placed on national webpages of health institutions about possible health risks in the countries visited. For example, Croatian Institute for Public Health reported about risks of a disease of Ebola in Guinea, Liberia, Sierra Leone and Nigeria, and localized transmission of Ebola on the area of the European Union, in Spain and Great Britain. European Union citizens and citizens of third world countries (if they have a right on health protection in the European Union countries) which travel to the European Union countries with the necessary certificate (European health insurance card and temporary substitute of a receipt) can get the necessary services directly without the compensation, except paying the administrative costs for public hospital protection in a private arrangement with national health services. Citizens which come from countries that are not included in the agreement about health protection must pay for health services in the European Union member countries according to the price list of health services. Safety problems and security measures in the accommodation facilities European Commission is trying to minimize security problems in the accommodation facilities with various measures. These measures include recommendation of the Council 86/666/EEZ about the safety of the existing hotels in terms of fire risks, Directive 90/314/EEZ about package travels, package holidays and package tours (in the process of the audit) and Directive 2008/122/EZ about using real estates for temporary lease (European Parlament, Sektorske politike - turizam). Security measures in accommodation facilities also relate on the application of hotel standards during building the hotel facility, as well as standards related with accommodation services in a hotel, food services in a hotel, etc. In order to guest´s health in a hotel facility, HACCP (Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point) is used, which implies the analysis of dangers and critical control points. It is a preventive and systematic system for ensuring food safety, based on the application of correct technological processes and their control and supervision of the whole system (Mogorović, 2005). It is about the system which enables managing food safety, and is based on control of the production process in order to reduce occurrence of risks to the lowest possible level, from which arises the purpose of this system. Besides threats of guests safety which arise from the construction itself, equipment and providing food and beverage services in the accommodation facility, threats occur as criminal actions as well, such as thefts in accommodation facilities, assaults, etc. For this purpose security measures are undertaken, which are related with legislation and institutions in charge of safety in certain countries. In 2014, the European Commission conducted a research about the safety of tourists in the accommodation facilities in the European Union (Green paper Safety of Tourism Accommodation Services, 2014). In the context of the existing instruments and implementation on the national level, when it comes to accommodation services in tourism in a wider sense, politics of certain countries significantly varies in terms of security. From twenty-four member states which delivered the data to the European Commission in 2014, twenty-one reported about the existence of the general law which covers services such as categorization of accommodation facilities (or general regulations about safety of services, or safety of products, or protection of consumers, or safety at work), and seventeen member states gave a thorough report about ICESoS 2016 - Proceedings Book 357 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’16) sector regulations which refer to the accommodation services, supplemented with self-regulation in six cases (Green paper - Safety of Tourism Accommodation Services, 2014). The obligation of the Member States is to provide information about the risks which are threatening health and safety (article 29.3). Considering the safety of tourist services, there is no comprehensive legislation on the European Union level. The only instrument related to safety in the accommodation facility is the recommendation of the Council of Europe 86/666 about the fire safety in the existing hotels which defines minimum security standards for all the hotels in the European Union (capacity of at least 20 rooms), and it is recommended that all member states undertake all the necessary measures of insurance and application of safety standards when the existing laws are not sufficient. Besides that, numerous instruments of the European Union and initiatives in the area of various politics (i.e. building products, safety on work place, professional qualification, environment and travel) can contribute directly or indirectly to the safety of services in the accommodation facilities. In the context of monitoring and implementation, the unique existing European instrument which regulates fire protection in the tourist accommodation is not obligatory, so it is without the mandatory implementation. In the mid-year of 2011, the European Commission presented the report about the application of recommendations in the member countries. In the report it was concluded that, even though recommendations contribute to the increasing of the level of safety in hotels throughout the European Union, minimum security standards prescribed in the recommendation were not totally achieved. Safety in tourism of the Republic of Croatia As already pointed out in the paper, the element of safety is one of the most significant elements of the tourist offer which influences on the decision of tourists when choosing a tourist destination. The basic preconditions of appearance of tourist travels are undoubtedly a certain level of everyday settlement of basic physiological needs, and adequate level of safety. It is understandable by itself that the same level of settlement of these two basic needs in the place of temporary tourist stay must not be brought to question in any way, because that in the same extent reduces “space” for achieving all those needs whose satisfaction is the basic motive of a tourist travel. In order to highlight the perception of tourists on safety as an element of tourist offer in a destination, in this part of the paper the authors will research the satisfaction of tourists with safety in the Republic of Croatia, and provide a comparative review with the competitive countries. Satisfaction of tourists with the safety in the Republic of Croatia With comparative advantages of the Republic of Croatia, such as: natural beauties of the Adriatic Coast, islands and tourist potential of a Continental part (thermal springs, castles, protected area, etc.), ecologically clean natural surroundings, geographical position, rich cultural-historical heritage, etc., personal safety also finds its place, as in accommodation facilities and in destinations (Strategy of Development of Tourism of the Republic of Croatia until 2020, 2013). Results of the research Tomas indicate that in the period from 2004 until 2010 the level of satisfaction of guests with the element of personal safety was increased in coastal 358 ICESoS 2016 - Proceedings Book �Regional Economic Development: Entrepreneurship and Innovation destinations of the Republic of Croatia (seven coastal counties). In 2004 the element “personal safety” was in sixth place, while in 2010 it took fourth place (Tomas - Attitudes and Consumption of Tourists in Croatia, 2004, 2007, 2010). It is also necessary to point out that in 1987 and 1989 this element of tourist offer of Croatia was in third place, while in 1994 it took sixth place (Tomas trends – Attitudes and Consumption of Tourists in Croatia 1987-2008, 2009). In 1994 “personal safety” was graded with a low level of satisfaction in the Republic of Croatia, which is understandable considering that war operations still lasted in its area. Improving the level of satisfaction of tourists with “personal safety” is an indicator that Croatia is working intensively on creating an image of a safe destination; it takes care about the safety of its visitors. The majority of guests in the Republic of Croatia separates the sense of safety as an element with high or very high influence when choosing a destination for spending a summer vacation (57,6% in the year 2010). Thereby the influence of this element on the majority of tourists was higher than the average. It has the highest impact on the guests from Poland (67,2%), followed by guests from Netherlands (64,6%), and the domestic guests (62,7%). Tourists from Serbia (41,7%) were the least influenced by the “sense of security” when choosing a destination. By analyzing the trends in the period from 2004 until 2010 it has been noticed that the “sense of security” became more important for almost all of the guests. In 2004 the “sense of safety” as an element of tourist offer has influenced the most on the choice of tourists who visited the Dalmatian counties: Zadar, SplitDalmatia, Šibenik-Knin and Dubrovnik-Neretva. County of Dubrovnik-Neretva still has a high influence of “sense of safety” (63% in the year 2010). Research of Institute for tourism Tomas Summer Attitutes and Consumption of Tourists 2014 has shown that in the Adriatic coastal destinations tourists’ grade “personal safety” with a high grade. As an element of offer of a tourist destination, it is placed on the fourth place behind “beauty of nature and landscape”, “kindness of personnel in the accommodation facilities” and “suitability for spending a family vacation”. In relation to the researches which were conducted in years 2004, 2007 and 2010, satisfaction of tourists with this element of tourist offer hasn´t changed. “Sense of safety” as an element of tourist offer of coastal destinations still has a high level of guest´s satisfaction, and in 2014 it was placed on the very top of the elements of tourist offer that tourists were most satisfied with. 80,7% of tourists who stayed in Croatia in summer 2014 were satisfied with “personal safety” as an element of tourist offer. The most of them were satisfied in the County of Dubrovnik-Neretva (86,7%) and the least in the County of Šibenik-Knin (72,9%) (Tmas - Summer Attitudes and Consumption of Tourists, 2014). Comparative review with the competitive countries Safety in a country is one of the competitive advantages of Croatia, along with the beauty of landscape and cleanliness of place. By comparing tourist´s grades of elements of tourist offer in Croatia with the competitive countries (picture 1) it has been registered that the sense of safety in the country was graded significantly better in 2010. For 31,2% of tourists this element is better in Croatia than in France, and for 53,4% of them it is better than in Turkey. ICESoS 2016 - Proceedings Book 359 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’16) Picture 1: Grade of the element “sense of safety in a country” in relation to the competitive countries in year 2010 Source: Tomas Summer-Attitudes and consumption of tourists in Croatia, Institute for Tourism, Zagreb, 2010. According to the results of Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report (Strategy of Development of Tourism of the Republic of Croatia until 2020, 2013), in 2011 Croatian tourism took 34th place according to its international competitiveness in the world, wherein it significantly lags behind other developed tourist countries of the Mediterranean (France, Spain, Italy, Greece, Cyprus, Malta). Among other elements, Croatia also achieved average competitiveness in the quality of personal safety (range 33) (Strategy of Development of Tourism of the Republic of Croatia until 2020, 2013). This is also contributed by the measures undertaken by all the stakeholders in the tourist destination, and it relates on increasing the safety in the destination, from tourists themselves, hotel facilities, local government and state measures. Security problems in Croatian tourism Various security problems are present in Croatian tourism, which can be comprehensively divided on threats conditioned by thefts, felonies, and violence on cultural monuments. One of the negative phenomena in tourism is crime. Very often, tourists are victims of criminal acts conducted because of greed. I.e., in parallel with the growth of tourist turnover in coastal destinations of the Republic of Croatia also grew the problem of so called tourist crime, respectively, criminal acts in which the victims are mostly tourists. Tourists and their asset and destination in which they are spending their holiday become the place where forms of thefts connected to the tourist season manifest (Matika and Gugić, 2007) . It is important to point out that some forms of criminal acts, which are present during the whole year on a certain area, more frequently appear during the tourist season, so the growth of such criminal acts conditioned by the tourist season is called Seasonal crime (Matika and Gugić, 2007). During the tourist season an increase of the number of criminal acts was registered against the assets, security in road traffic, in the area of the economic crime, against life and body, dignity of a person and moral, for example, indecent acts, rape, pedophilia, etc. Tourism creates a large number of opportunities for conducting criminal acts, but also in a large number of cases tourists themselves create “opportunities” of conducting such offenses, and the perpetrator in such case doesn´t choose the way 360 ICESoS 2016 - Proceedings Book �Regional Economic Development: Entrepreneurship and Innovation how to commit the offense, but the way of committing is conditioned by the caught situation, or the situation is the consequence of the specific conditions brought by tourism. There are no special statistics about tourist crime, so it is difficult to determine whether criminal acts committed during the summer were only on tourists. The data is sporadic and presented only in order to point out the problem of crime during the summer stimulated by the influx of a large number of tourists, but also the reduction of tourist´s caution during the vacation. So in the County of Primorje-Gorski kotar during June and July in 2013 there was a significant growth of criminal acts of burglaries and thefts. Seventy-three thefts and burglaries were reported in residential buildings, which in comparison to the same period in 2012 is an increase of 64%. Burglaries occur mostly during the day, when there is no one in the residential building, and the object of thefts is mostly gold and jewelry (The Voice of Istria, 2013). Car burglaries were also increasing; twenty-six in relation to sixteen in June and July in 2012, which is a growth of 62,5%. The objects of car burglaries are handbags, cell phones and portable computers which the owners usually leave in a visible place. The burglar´s targets are most frequently cars parked along the beach and public places. On the beaches in the County of Primorje-Gorski kotar in June and July in 2013 forty - one reported theft have occurred and in relation to the same period in 2012, that is an increase of 10% (The Voice of Istria, 2013). Based on the stated it is visible that during the tourist season in Croatian coastal destinations there is an increase of criminal acts, so it is necessary to increase security measures in that part of the year, especially in the context of creating an image of Croatia as a safe tourist destination. Threats conditioned by violence of cultural monuments As an example of tourist crime in Croatia criminal acts could be stated in which the victim is not a tourist, but in which artistic and cultural values are being attacked. Croatia is rich in monumental and cultural heritage, especially in its coastal area. This area registers a large number of immovable and movable cultural heritage, nonmaterial cultural heritage, and archeological cultural heritage. The excavations of contractors in historical destinations are very frequently accompanied by the findings of old graves, the remains of stone walls, processed stone blocks or objects made of ceramic, copper and other materials, or materials which have a monumental value (Matika and Gugić, 2007). Numerous sites which are situated in the coastal area of the Republic of Croatia are partially explored, and they possess archeological and artistic value which is under the protection of the state, regulated by the law about protection of cultural monuments. In towns and settlements there are numerous cultural monuments of high value: sacral objects, fortresses, summer houses, palaces, village houses and objects of everyday use, which provide tourists the local atmosphere, enable acquisition of historical findings about the destination they are visiting, and offer responses on numerous questions regarding the destination´s history. The desire of tourists for owning a little part of that history is completely understandable, the objects such as stone, ceramics, and similar archeological findings. Usually, the archeologists leave for the visitors something they can bring to their homes, which won´t call in question the research or reduce archeological and artistic value of a particular archeological locality. However, usually it doesn´t end with that, so small petty thefts turn into devastation, violence and crime. So, protection of monumental culture is a big problem. In favor of that, a fact can be stated that all objects of monumental ICESoS 2016 - Proceedings Book 361 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’16) value are not registered in the registers, partially due to the number, and partially due to the negligence and disorganization (Matika and Gugić, 2007). Considering that monumental culture provides Croatia special value, it is an important component of its tourist development, attractiveness with individual tourists and positioning on the tourist market. Characteristic forms of endangerment of cultural monuments are manifested in the following activities (Matika and Gugić, 2007): 1. Underwater activities on forbidden places where ship wrecks are situated, with the cargo from which various objects are extracted and illegally carried out of the country. These activities are usually lead by domestic people who know underwater and present themselves as guides or scuba-diving instructors; 2. Breaking into objects, of which the most endangered are churches, convents, chapels and similar objects, and the objects of theft are artistic pieces, paintings, sculptures, chalices, candlesticks, and similar. The perpetrators of criminal offenses over cultural monuments are usually organized groups of foreign tourists who arrive to Croatia, with all the necessary equipment (i.e. for scuba-diving in great depths), then they associate with good connoisseurs of underwater archeological localities or art in churches and galleries, and jointly approach to their robbery. Even though the number of such criminal acts is not high, it causes priceless and irreparable damage to the Croatian cultural-historical treasure, especially since the experience shows that numerous desolations of underwater treasure (stealing of amphora, antique dishes etc. from underwater findings) were never revealed or the true extent of illicit activities is never determined. Even if the felony is discovered, its perpetrator usually stays unknown, and stolen art usually irretrievably end up in antique shops or private galleries abroad. Statistical data point out on significantly smaller state than the real one. Namely, reviews of the collections are irregular, incomplete and imprecise. Detected thefts are often in a large time gap from their commission. A great number of accidently discovered thefts show that there is a significantly larger number of those that are never discovered, and very often are not reported so unconcern of those who take care of the art would not be discovered. These cases are most frequent in the archives, galleries, holdings and other institutions. Lack or evasion is very often discovered after the implementation of the inventory which is, as it is already pointed out, irregular. Besides in the tourist season, more frequent are attacks on naval localities of sunken ships outside the tourist season, as well as stealing amphora and other objects from the Adriatic Sea (Matika and Gugić, 2007). Based on the mentioned, it can be concluded that stealing of cultural asset is a frequent problem in the Republic of Croatia, and must be given an undivided attention. Security measures in Croatian Tourism Tourism crime present in Croatia effects negatively on the image of a tourist destination and has a negative promotion. So, various measures are undertaken in order to reduce it to the minimum, with a goal of protecting personality and tourist´s asset. Preventive activities of the police, but also the local community and the tourists themselves have a special meaning. 362 ICESoS 2016 - Proceedings Book �Regional Economic Development: Entrepreneurship and Innovation Measures which the Republic of Croatia is conducting with a purpose of increasing safety of tourists consist of three elements: preventive security measures, providing help to the tourists and international cooperation in tourism. Within the frame of preventive security measures of Croatia, and according to the instructions of the World Tourism Organization, a whole set of projects was designed, which influenced on increasing the level of security during the tourist season (brochures about self-protective behavior for tourists, bicycle patrols, police water scooters, etc.). Units of traffic youth, contact police officers and complete police operating system in the field are trying to preserve a favorable state security within their regular tasks. Since 1994, an action Tours is continuously conducted in Croatia due to the raising of security during the tourist season, through prevention of crime and offenses, and increased security measures in traffic and on border crossings, in order to enable for tourists a safe arrival and stay in Croatia (Ministry of the Internal Affairs of the Republic of Croatia). In 2006 this action was expanded by adding new contents, modeled by long-standing practice in the European Union countries, and a pilot project was started – International police cooperation “Police in uniform” which was during the time renamed into “Safe tourist season”. During June in 2006 the Ministry of the Internal Affairs was the host of the meeting of principles of 12 European countries whose citizens are the most frequent and the most numerous tourists in the Croatian Adriatic. During that period of time, a Plan of measures and activities within the action Tours was presented, experiences were exchanged, police cooperation was concretized in order to enable top quality stay for tourists from the European countries, a Memo about understanding and cooperation was signed, and the right of pre-emption with the Croatia was shared by the Hungarian police. Considering the data which showed that the majority of Hungarian guests stayed in Zadar area, and based on the memo about the understanding between Hungarian and Croatian police, it was decided that during the summer season four Hungarian police-officers will stay in the area of police department of Zadar. Their role was to establish the highest quality communication with the Hungarian tourists. In 2007 an interest was shown by the Austrian, Italian, Czech and German police, so a memo about cooperation was signed with the police of these countries for that year. From year 2009 Ministry of Tourism was also included, and in 2012 it co-financed a project with 200.000 Croatian Kuna (Ministry of the Internal Affairs of the Republic of Croatia). The fact is, however, that security in tourism is not achieved only through activities of police officers, but it must also comprehend all participants in tourism, and especially tourist employees. Conclusion Independently whether it is about safety of tourists or service providers, safety in tourism is the basic need and assumption of an effective tourist activity. Even though it is not the primary, but the secondary motive of tourist arrivals in a certain tourist destination, it is one of the important elements of tourist offer, by which an image of a tourist destination is created, and competitiveness on the tourist market is achieved. So, tourist destinations are trying to ensure stay of tourists with a high level of security and create an image of a safe tourist destination. State takes over the obligation to protect the public good, to create general level of safety of population and tourists, and regulation of relations and conditions in the area of private protection. Responsibility for safety, however, is distributed on an individual, organizers and tourist employees, tourist communities, local and regional community. Only through systematic actions it is possible to act preventively and increase safety in the destination. Safety is an important factor of tourist development in the European Union. Special significance has been given to it in the proposition of the Strategy of development of the European ICESoS 2016 - Proceedings Book 363 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’16) Union. European Union doesn´t have a joint policy of security and protection of tourists in its area, it is mostly left to the individual states within their national legislation. The fact is, however that the European Union meets with numerous security problems, so various measures are undertaken in order to reduce these security problems to a minimum. This is particularly related to the problem connected with terrorism, on which area there is a joint policy of member countries in fighting against terrorism. In the area of Croatia significant measures are undertaken with a goal of tourist´s safety, such as increased police patrols, participation of foreign tourists during the tourist season, printing flyers with warning, greater ensuring of forest protection, greater safety on the roads, etc. By increasing the level of safety, an image of a safe tourist destination, gladly visited by the tourists, will be formed. References • Bilandžić, M. (2011). Terorizam u teorijama i teorijskim perspektivama. Društvena istraživanja. 20, 3, 837-859, DOI: 10.5559/di.20.3.12 • Dobranović, Ž. (2003). Opći pristup sigurnosti u turizmu, Defimi, Zagreb. • Efus. European citizens and the feeling of insecurity, Retrieved 15 December 2015 from http://efus.eu/en/topics/risks-forms-of-crime/fear-of-crime/partners/629/ • European Commission. Green paper Safety of Tourism Accommodation Services, Retrieved 13 September 2015 from http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/health_foodsafety/dgs_consultations/ ca/docs/cons_ 2014 1130_tourism_gp_en.pdf • European Commission. Internal Security, Retrieved 13 September 2015 from http://ec.europa.eu/ public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_371_en.pdf • European Commission. Overview of EU Tourism Policy, Retrieved 16 March 2015 from https://ec.europa.eu/growth/sectors/tourism/policy-overview_en • European Commission. Special Eurobarometer 432. Europeans’ Attitudes Towards Security. Report, European Union, 2015, Retrieved 5 January 2016 from http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/ archives/ ebs/ebs_432_en.pdf • Glas Istre Rijeka. (2013.) Porast krađa i provala tijekom sezone, Retrieved 17 February 2015 from http://www.glasistre.hr/vijesti/specijalna/rijeka-porastkradja-i-provala-tijekom -sezone-419964 • Gotovac, P. (2007). Turizam i zdravlje: Što uspješan menadžment lokalne destinacije treba znati o sigurnosti zdravlja kao elementu pouzdanosti turizma?, Acta Turistica Nova. 1, 1, 61-85. • European Parlament. Sektorske politike – turizam, Retrieved 27 March 2015 form http://www. europarl.europa.eu/atyourservice/hr/displayFtu. html?ftuId=FTU_5.6.13.html. • Mansfeld, Y. & Pizam, A. (2006). Tourism Security & Safety:From Theory to Practice, Elsevier. Oxford. • Matika, D. & Gugić, A. (2007). Turizam i sigurnost, Adriatica.net, Zagreb. • Ministarstvo unutarnjih poslova Republike Hrvatske. Sigurna turistička sezona, Retrieved 7 May 2015 from http://www.policija.hr/96913.aspx • Mogorović, M. (2005). Implementacija sustava sigurnosti namirnica na primjeru opatijskih hotela, Zbornik radova 6. Hrvatske konferencije o kvaliteti, 18 – 20 May, Opatija. • Pirjevec, B. (1998). Ekonomska obilježja turizma, Golden marketing, Zagreb. • Strategy of Development of Tourism of the Republic of Croatia until 2020, Retrieved 28 March 2015 from http://www.mint.hr/UserDocsImages/Strategijaturizam-2020-editfinal.pdf • Tatalović, S. & Bilandžić, M. (2005). Osnove nacionalne sigurnosti, Ministarstvo unutarnjih poslova Republike Hrvatske, Zagreb. 364 ICESoS 2016 - Proceedings Book �Regional Economic Development: Entrepreneurship and Innovation • Tatalović, S. (2006). Nacionalna i međunarodna sigurnost, Politička kultura, Zagreb. • Tomas (2004). Stavovi i potrošnja turista u Hrvatskoj, Institut za turizam, Zagreb. • Tomas (2007). Stavovi i potrošnja turista u Hrvatskoj, Institut za turizam, Zagreb. • Tomas (2010). Stavovi i potrošnja turista u Hrvatskoj, Institut za turizam, Zagreb. • Tomas (2014). Stavovi i potrošnja turista u Hrvatskoj, Institut za turizam, Zagreb. • Vijeće Europske unije. Borba EU-a protiv terorizma, Retrieved 17 March 2015 from http://www.consilium.europa.eu/hr/policies/fight-against-terrorism/ ICESoS 2016 - Proceedings Book 365 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 3333 Title A name given to the resource SECURITY IN EUROPEAN TOURISM WITH PARTICULAR ATTENTION PAID TO THE REPUBLIC OF CROATIA Author Author Alkier, Romina Radovic Nimac, Korana Lipovac, Sanja Abstract A summary of the resource. Abstract: Security and the sense of being secure represent an important component in choosing a tourist destination, but also the quality of life of domestic population and stay of tourists in a tourist destination. Therefore, in cooperation with participants in tourism, destinations must enable safe and adequate surrounding for its visitors, and encourage the coexistence with the domestic population. Protection and security in tourism are becoming complex multidimensional terms which cover a great number of components among which are political security, public security, health and sanitation security, protection of personal data, legal protection of tourists, protection of consumers, security in communication, getting authentic data, ensuring the quality of services, etc. Croatia is a member of the European Union, and it monitors trends in the development of tourism on the European Union level and Europe in whole. Personal safety is an important component of choosing Croatia as a destination, and is one of the advantages of Croatia in relation to the competitive countries. Within the research conducted in the paper the focus is on the analysis of safety in tourism of Europe and the Republic of Croatia. The goal is understanding the significance which “sense of safety” has on the choice of European destinations and the necessity of establishment of security measures and the protection of tourists during tourist travel on all levels. Based on the conducted analysis, measures of improvement of security and protection of tourists in European and Croatian tourist destinations will be suggested. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2016 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/f881f5cae3e8b6f4a25d2f1612bc62b4.pdf 965e41813aa2dc561f70852e63449177 PDF Text Text MEVLÂNÂ’NIN MESNEVÎ'SİNE GÖRE XIII. YÜZYILA AİT BAZI ADET VE GELENEKLER Doç. Dr. Şadi Aydın Özet Mevlânâ Celaleddin-i Rumî, bir takım siyasi ve toplumsal sebeplerle ayrıldığı Harezm, Belh ve Horasan’dan sonra kaderin kendisine çizdiği rotayla nihayet o gün için adeta bir sulh adacığı olan Anadolu’yu mesken tutmuştur. Devir itibarıyla Moğol tehdidi önüne kattığı toplulukları o zamanki Orta Asya ve İran coğrafyasından sürüyordu. Neredeyse bütün bu toplulukların sığındığı Anadolu gelenlere ana gibi kucağını açmıştır. Elbette gelen topluluklar kendi dil ve kültür varlıklarıyla geliyordu ve Anadolu kültürel olarak yeniden harmanlanıyordu. Göçenler sadece insanlar değil aynı zamanda dil ve kültürdü. Anadolu adeta bir kültürler mozaiği halini alıyordu. İşte böyle kültür taşıyıcıları arasında entelektüel bir yapıya sahip olan Mevlânâ ve ailesi de coğrafyamıza farklı renkler ve anlayışlar getirmiştir. Daha sonra Mevlevilik olarak adlandırılacak bu düşünce ve fikir yapısı temelinde Harezm, Belh ve Horasan kültürünü barındırmaktadır. Selçuklu kültürünü besleyen bu göçler, zihni ve entelektüel zenginleşmeyi de beraberinde getirmiştir. Biz bu çalışmamızda hissi bir tarih ve kültür belgesi olarak adlandırdığımız Hz. Mevlânâ’ya ait Mesnevî-i Şerif adlı hacimli eserde, yazıldığı devre yani XIII. asra ait bazı adet ve gelenekleri şahitleriyle birlikte inceleyeceğiz. Anahtar Kelimeler Mevlânâ Celaleddin-i Rumî, Mevlevilik, Mesnevî, XIII. Yüzyıl, Gelenek. SOME CUSTOMS AND TRADITIONS OF THE 13TH CENTURY ACCORDING TO MATHNAWI Abstract Mawlana Jalaluddin Rumi, who had to leave Khwarezm, Balkh and Khorasan due to various political and social reasons took shelter in erstwhile island of peace – Anatolia. The  Mevlana Üniversitesi, Eğitim Fakültesi, Türkçe Eğitimi Bölümü Öğretim Üyesi. �threats posed by Mongols drove communities out of the then Central Asian and Iranian geography. Anatolia welcomed all these communities wholeheartedly. These communities obviously brought their own languages and cultures with them and Anatolia’s diversity was increasing. It was becoming a melting point of cultures. In such a diverse society, Rumi and his family brought different ideas and understandings to our geography with their intellectual abilities. These ideas and understandings which would later be known as Mevlevilik trace its roots in Khwarezm, Balkh and Khorasan. These immigrants who fostered Seljuk culture had brought scholarly and intellectual richness with them. In this paper, we, along with the witnesses, would analyse the customs and traditions of the 13th century which are described in Rumi’s glorious and most renowned book, Mathnawi. Key Words Mawlana Rumi, Mevlevilik, Mathnawi, 13th Century, Tradition. Giriş Binlerce yıldır edindiğimiz tarihi ve kültürel birikim hazinemiz kendi tabii coğrafyamızın en batısını teşkil eden Anadolu’ya yığılmıştır. Kaşgar, Balasagun, Hoten, Tıraz, Harezm, Belh, Horasan, Merv, Semerkant, Buhara, Herat, İsfahan, Rey ve Tebriz adeta Anadolu’ya taşınmıştır. Bunlarla birlikte Anadolu’daki kültür yeniden harmanlanmış büyük bir medeniyet haline gelmiştir. Moğol ve haçlı istilası sonrası Anadolu’nun çok kısa denebilecek bir süre zarfında yeniden ayağa kalkması işte bu yoğun kültürel birikimin neticesindedir. Kültür mirası ne kadar derin ve geniş ise bir milletin çeşitli sebeplerle düştükten sonra yeniden dirilmesi o kadar rahat olur. Anadolu’da yaklaşık XIII. asrın ortasında yıkılan Anadolu Selçuklu devletinin geride bıraktığı kültürel ve medeni mirastan hemen yarım asır sonra kuvvetli yeni bir devlet teşekkül etmiştir. Henüz rüştünü ispat eden bu devlet yani Osmanlı, yaklaşık bir asır sonra yine büyük bir hezimete uğrayarak perişan olmuştur. Timur saldırısından yarım asır sonra İstanbul’u fethedecek bir güç ve kuvvet toplamıştır. Bütün bu yeniden dirilme ve fetihlerin temelinde kültür mirasımız bulunmaktadır. Kendi devirlerinde birer kültür taşıyıcı insan olarak niteleyebileceğimiz Mevlânâ Celaleddin, Hacı Bektaş-ı Veli ve Yunus Emre, Türkistan, Harezm, Horasan ve Belh’i Anadolu’ya aktaran büyük şahsiyetlerin başında gelirler. Bunlar gibi onlarcası bu kültür ve medeniyet naklini gerçekleştirmişler ve bu coğrafyanın İslamlaşmasına büyük katkıda bulunmuşlardır. �Anadolu’yu yurt yapmışlardır. Yesevilik, Mevlevilik ve Bektaşilik tarihsel süreç içinde Anadolu’yu mükemmel bir şekilde mayalamıştır. Şimdi bize düşen Anadolu’da yaşanan bu kültürün izlerini sürmek, bu kültüre ait her türlü unsuru tespit edip onları yaşanabilir ve anlaşılabilir kılmaktır. Gelecek nesillere aktarılması gereken bu unsurları ortaya koymak ve gerekli araştırmaları yapmak da bu işin ehlinin vazifesidir. İşte bu düşünceden yola çıkarak XIII. yüzyıla mührünü vuran ve bu asrı ihya eden Hz. Mevlânâ’nın meşhur eseri Mesnevî-i Şerif’i inceleyerek ortaya koyduğumuz o devre ait Anadolu ve Selçuklu kültüründen bazı adet ve gelenekleri tespit ettik. Çalışmamızda esas tuttuğumuz eser, rahmetli Abdulbaki Gölpınarlı’nın Mesnevî tercüme ve şerhidir. Nezr-i Mevlânâ Mevlevilerde nezr-i Mevlânâ, dokuz, on sekiz, yirmi yedi, otuz altı gibi dokuzun misli olan sayılardır ve bilhassa on sekiz sayısı kutsaldır. Herhangi bir yoksula, bir dergâha, bir dervişe niyaz olarak verilen para on sekiz sayısınca verilir; on sekiz kuruş, on sekiz lira gibi. Derviş bin bir gün çile çıkardıktan sonra hücre sahibi olur, hücrede on sekiz gün hücre çilesi çıkarması şarttır. Çile çıkarmayan fakat şeyh olan kişi de Konya’ya gider, Mevlânâ dergâhında on sekiz gün hizmet eder, ondan sonra kendisine icazet verilir. Hizmetler de on sekize ayrılır.1 Yangın Söndürme “Akılları başlarında olanlar, ateşe kovalarla sular, varillerle sirke döküyorlardı.”2 Bu ifadelerden anlaşılacağı üzere o devirde ateşi söndürmek için sirke kullanılmaktaydı. İnci Tanesi “İnci tanesini havanda döverler ama göz ışığı olur, gönül ışığı kesilir, gene yücelik elde eder.”3 “İnci öğünür, ufalanır ama gözü ağrıyan hastanın gözüne de tutya olur.”4 (İnci) dövülüp toz haline getirildikten sonra sürme gibi göze çekilir, göz ağrısını giderir ve görüşe kuvvet verir.5 Manaya derin bir mecaz gizleyen Mevlânâ, ezilsek de bir işe 1 - Abdulbaki Gölpınarlı, Mesnevî ve Şerhi, Başbakanlık Kültür Müsteşarlığı, Kültür Yayınları, 1. Bs., Milli Eğitim Basımevi, İstanbul, 1973, Cilt I, s. 28. 2 - a.g.e., Cilt I., s. 599. 3 - a.g.e., Cilt I., s. 530. 4 - Abdulbaki Gölpınarlı, Mesnevî ve Şerhi, Başbakanlık Kültür Müsteşarlığı, Kültür Yayınları, 1. Bs., Milli Eğitim Basımevi, İstanbul, 1974, Cilt IV, s. 52. 5 - a.g.e., Cilt IV, s. 63. �yaramalıyız ve insanın ancak ezilmekle ehil hale gelebileceğini ima eder. Zira ezilen üzüm ayakaltından başa çıkar. İncinin bu şekilde kullanılması bir gelenek ve bir tedavi yöntemi olması hayli ilginç olmasıyla birlikte bugün bu kullanım tedavülde değildir. Tutya “Tez iyileştiren, inatçı karanlıkları sürüp götüren ululuk tutyasını sür. O tutyayı sür ki körün gözüne sürüldü mü, yüzyıllık karanlığı bile giderir.”6 Tutya, Rumca’dan Farsça’ya geçmiş bir addır. Koyu gök renginde bir taştır ki dövülür, toz haline getirilir, bir mille gözlere çekilir. Gözün görme gücünü artırır.7 Tas Çalmak “Nöbetimi, Allah diye, padişah diye çalıyorlar ama gerçekte ay tutulmuş, halk tas çalıyor. O tası çalıp duruyorlar, gürültü ediyorlar ama o vuruşlarla ayı rezil ediyorlar.”8 Ay, eski bir inanca göre şeytanlar tarafından tutulurmuş. Ay tutulunca tas, kap, kacak, çalınırsa şeytanlar korkup kaçarlarmış. Ay da kurtulurmuş. Bu gelenek Anadolu’da hala vardır.9 Gölpınarlı bu âdetin yetmişli yıllarda Anadolu’da bulunduğunu söylüyor. Ancak bir hurafe olan bu gelenek sanırız şimdilerde unutulmuş haldedir. Padişahların Bir Âdeti Selçuklu asrına ayinedarlık eden Mesnevî-i Şerif, padişahların mühim bir âdetini zikrediyor ve bu âdeti hikmet nazarıyla yorumluyor. “Bunu işitmişsindir, hatırındadır, padişahların âdetiydi. Sol yanlarında yiğitler dururlardı, çünkü kalp bedenin sol yanındadır. Defterdarlar, kalem erbabı sağ yanında dururlardı, çünkü yazı bilgisi, sağ elle kazanılır, yazı sağ elle yazılır. Sofilereyse karşılarında yer verirlerdi, çünkü onlar can aynasıdır; hatta aynadan da iyidir onlar. ”10 Tersine Çakılmış Nal 6 - Abdulbaki Gölpınarlı, Mesnevî ve Şerhi, Başbakanlık Kültür Müsteşarlığı, Kültür Yayınları, 1. Bs., Milli Eğitim Basımevi, İstanbul, 1973, Cilt II, s. 176. 7 - a.g.e., Cilt II, s. 191. 8 - a.g.e., Cilt I, s. 442. 9 - a.g.e., Cilt I, s. 498. 10 - a.g.e., Cilt I, s. 529. �“A bön kişi, bunlar tersine çakılmış nallardır.”11 “Fakat yüce Allah, kahrı lütufta gizlemiştir, lütufları da kahırda. Bu, tersine çakılmış naldır, Allah’ın mekridir.”12 Tersine çakılmış nal, izi kaybetmek, kovalayanı şaşırtmak için atın nallarını tersine çaktırmak adetmiş.13 Mevlânâ, harp esnasında kullanılan bir savaş hilesine tasavvufi bir anlam yükleyerek Allah’ın mekrini tefsir sadedinde bu âdeti kullanıyor. Efsun “Efsuncu, düşman gibi efsun okur yılana, fakat yılan da onu efsunlar.”14 Bu beyitlerden, yılan oynatmanın adet olduğunu aynı zamanda yılana ve zehirli hayvanlara karşı efsunlanmanın bir gelenek halinde yayılmış bulunduğunu anlıyoruz.15 Çevgen Klasik kültür ve edebiyatımızın önemli bir ayrıntısı olan aynı zamanda adına “Guy u Çevgen” Mesnevîleri yazılan top ve çevgen Mevlânâ’nın Mesnevî-i Manevî’sinde şöyle yer alır; “Emriyle varlığı yaratanın emir çevgenine uymuşuz, o çevgenin önünde, mekân âleminde de koşup yuvarlanıyoruz, mekansızlık âleminde de.”16 “Biz avlarız, bu çeşit tuzak, kimlerin tuzağıdır? Çevgenin topuyuz biz, çevgen vuran nerde?”17 Kader, irade ve itaat bahsi işte bu özlü sözlerle rahat anlaşılır hale geliyor. Esirci O devirde esirci ve onun esirleri satarken yaptığı davranışı bizlere şöyle nakleder; “Esirci, cariyeyi göstereceği vakit üstündeki ayıpları örten elbiseyi soyar. Ama cariyenin ayıbı, kusuru varsa hiç onu soyar mı? Bir düzene başvurur da onu elbiseyle gösterir.”18 11 - a.g.e., Cilt I, s. 445. - Abdulbaki Gölpınarlı, Mesnevî ve Şerhi, Başbakanlık Kültür Müsteşarlığı, Kültür Yayınları, 1. Bs., Milli Eğitim Basımevi, İstanbul, 1974, Cilt V, s. 77. 13 - a.g.e., Cilt I, s. 499. 14 - a.g.e., Cilt I, s. 430. 15 - a.g.e., Cilt I, s. 494. 16 - a.g.e., Cilt I, s. 443. 17 - a.g.e., Cilt II, s. 202. 18 - a.g.e., Cilt I, s. 431-32. 12 �Dilenciler “Aşağılık kişiler dilenmek için yünden arslan yaparlar, Ebu Müseyleme’ye Ahmed adını takarlar.”19 Bu beyitte dilenmek için yünden arslan yapmayı Şarih-i Ankaravî, dünyayı elde etmek için gerçek erlerin, yol arslanlarının şekline bürünürler tarzında anlıyor. Üstad Füruzanfer bu beyti, dokunmuş bezden arslan şeklinde bir şey yapıp içini yünle doldurduklarını söyleyerek Mevlânâ’nın yün hırkaya bürünüp şeyhlik iddia edenleri kastettiğini bildiriyor. Sanırız ki yünden arslan şeklinde bir şey yapıp onunla hünerler göstererek, ona bazı hareketler yaptırarak dilenenler de vardı ve Mevlânâ, hem yol arslanlarını taklit edenleri söylüyor hem de bu âdeti anlatıyor.20 Posta Güvercinleri Mevlânâ’nın hikmet şiirinin malzemesi, kâinat ve tabiatta bulunan her şeydir. Kadim zamanlarda günlük hayatın bir unsuru olan posta güvercinleri mühim bir mananın anlatılmasında şöyle kullanılıyor; “Güzel olsun, çirkin olsun, sabah çağında sanatlarla huylar, nereden gittilerse gene oraya gelirler. Hani haber götüren güvercinler gibi şehirlerden uçar giderler, mektupları götürürler, gene dönerler, kendi şehirlerine gelirler.”21 Satranç ve Tavla Edebiyatımızdaki mühim metaforlardan birisi de satranç ve tavladır. Hz. Mevlânâ, hikmetlerle dolu şiirine çevresinde bulunan imgeleri başarıyla yerleştirir ve böylece bu vesilelerle hikmete kapı aralar; “Âşık, satrançtaki ruh (kale) gibi bir adımını ta yukardan aşağıya atar, öbür adımını fil gibi eğri-büğrü basar.”22 “Yaya, yolculuğa düşer de satrançta, yüce vezir olur. Yusuf, yolculukta yüzlerce murada erer.”23 “Şahı vezir hanesine kondurur, ahmak kişinin ihsanı işte böyle olur.”24 “O çağ gelip çatınca o padişah doğdu, padişahlık satrancını oynamaya 19 - a.g.e., Cilt I, s. 110. - a.g.e., Cilt I, s. 126. 21 - a.g.e., Cilt I, s. 340. 22 - a.g.e., Cilt II, s. 278. 23 - Abdulbaki Gölpınarlı, Mesnevî ve Şerhi, Başbakanlık Kültür Müsteşarlığı, Kültür Yayınları, 1. Bs., Milli Eğitim Basımevi, İstanbul, 1973, Cilt III, s. 65. 24 - a.g.e., Cilt IV, s. 215. 20 �koyuldu.”25 “Böylece gözünü yönlerden yönlere çevir de karşındakini mat edinceye dek oynayacağın oyunları gör.”26 “A satranç oynayan, sen oyununu oynadın, şimdi enine boyuna, düşmanın oyununu seyret.”27 “Sufiler, birer birer onu ağırlamadaydı, güzel güzel izzet, ikram ediş tavlasını oynuyorlardı.”28 “Cehennem köprüsünün üstüne bir mescit kurdular, Allah’la azgınlık tavlası oynamaya giriştiler.”29 “Yalnız savaşta Allah’a dayanmaktan ne çıkar? Bu, tavla oynayanların, oyunda Allah’a dayanmalarına benzer.”30 “O, dostu düşmandan ayırt edemiyordu, tavlayı körcesine, eğri-büğrü oynuyordu.”31 “Kulluk tavlasını yersiz oynamış da taştan arslanı, sahici arslan sanmış.”32 “Arif, şeşten de geçmiştir, beşten de. Bu tavladan çekinmededir o.”33 Hacamat Günümüzde alternatif tıp hekimlerinin de önerdiği hacamat şeklindeki tedavi yöntemi tarihsel süreçte halkın sıkça başvurduğu bir yoldu. Mevlânâ eserinde bu adeti şöyle anlatır; “Bize kastetmiş keskin bir hançersin sen, bizi hacamat etmek için zehirli bir neştersin sen.”34 “Çocuklar, hacamattan ağlarlar, çünkü işin sonunu bilmez onlar. Adamsa hacamatçıya altın verir, kan içen hançeri okşar.”35 Remil Bugünlerde epeyi revaçta olan fal ve fala bakma-baktırma eski dönemlerin vazgeçilmez bir geleneğiydi; “Kimi de olur, toprağa halini yazar, hani kum üstüne remil döken remilci gibi.”36 Kapı Dibinde Durmak 25 - a.g.e., Cilt IV, s. 265. - a.g.e., Cilt IV, s. 400. 27 - a.g.e., Cilt V, s. 462. 28 - a.g.e., Cilt II, s. 111. 29 - a.g.e., Cilt II, s. 411. 30 - a.g.e., Cilt IV, s. 401. 31 - a.g.e., Cilt IV, s. 379. 32 - a.g.e., Cilt IV, s. 135. 33 - Abdulbaki Gölpınarlı, Mesnevî ve Şerhi, Başbakanlık Kültür Müsteşarlığı, Kültür Yayınları, 1. Bs., Milli Eğitim Basımevi, İstanbul, 1974, Cilt VI, s. 689. 34 - a.g.e., Cilt II, s. 339. 35 - a.g.e., Cilt II, s. 282. 36 - a.g.e., Cilt II, s. 278. 26 �“Babandan öğrensene, Âdem, suç işleyince bir hoşça ta kapı dibine, ayakkabı çıkarılan yere geldi. O sırları bilenin gücünü gördü de iki ayağının üstünde durdu, suçunun bağışlanmasını dilemeye koyuldu.”37 Kapı dibi, ayakkabı çıkarılan yer. Mevlânâ kafiye dolayısıyla “pay-ı gâh” diyor; terim olarak “pay-ı mâçân”dır ki odanın eşiğinden içeriye girilince, kapının kıyısıdır. Ayakkabı, terlik, eşiğin dışında çıkarılır ve odaya girilir. Bir suç bir yolsuzluk yapan salik, yerinden kalkıp yüzünü dönmeden geri geri oraya gider, sağ ayağının başparmağını sol ayağının başparmağı üstüne kor, ayak mühürler. Sağ eli üstte olmak, parmaklar düz ve açık bulunmak üzere ellerini çaprazvari göğsüne kor, parmak uçları omuz başlarını biraz geçer, buna “niyaza durmak” denir. Bu vaziyette suçunu söyler, cezasına razı olduğunu bildirir. Suçu bağışlanırsa yürüyüp şeyhe niyaz ederek, yani dizini öperek yerine oturur. Kalenderiler, ayak mühürleyip sağ eliyle sol, sol eliyle de sağ kulaklarını tutarlarmış. Pay-ı mâçân, bilhassa Mevlevilerle, Bektaşilerde vardır ve buna “peymançeye durmak” denir.38 Kılıç-Kefen “Saygı yolunu vurduysam a ay yüzlüm, kılıçla, kefenle geldim.”39 Bağışlanması mümkün olmayan bir suç yapan kişi, çırçıplak soyunur, bir kefene bürünür, eline kınsız bir kılıç alır. Hüküm sahibinin önüne gidip diz çöker, kılıcı, onun önüne kor, başını eğer, bu hareketiyle, istersen başımı kes, istersen bağışla demek isterdi.40 Eşekbaşı Türkçede yaygın olarak kullanılan “eşekbaşı” deyiminin anlamını açıklayan aşağıdaki bilgi oldukça önemlidir; “Harfin görünüşünü, sözün duyuluşunu, mana bağına, o güzelim bahçeye dikilmiş eşekbaşı bil. Ey Hak ziyası Hüsameddin, şu eşekbaşını getir de o kavun, karpuz bostanına dik. Eşek yüzüldüğü yerde ölüp gitti, sen de onun başını getir, dik de bostana başka bir gelişme bağışlasın.”41 37 - a.g.e., Cilt IV, s. 50. - a.g.e., Cilt IV, s. 62. 39 - a.g.e., Cilt IV, s. 49. 40 - a.g.e., Cilt IV, s. 61. 41 - a.g.e., Cilt IV, s. 531. 38 �Bu beyitlerde korkuluk olarak bostanlarda bir sopaya geçirilen eşekbaşını, manayı gizleyen harfe, söze benzetiyor.42 Hikâyeci “Ağzından ballar akan hikâyeci, gaddar terzilerin hikâyelerini geceleyin anlatır. Hani, hiç işitmedin mi sen? Geceleyin hikâyecinin biri, gene bir terzi hikâyesi anlatıyordu, kalabalık bir halk yığınını çevresine toplamıştı.”43 Hikâyecilere, eskiden “kıssa-han” derlerdi ki Farsça olan bu söz, hikâye okuyan, anlatan anlamına gelir. Sonradan bilhassa oruç ayında ve uzun kış geceleri mahalle kahvelerinde, bazen de boş arsalara kurulan çadırlarda, çeşitli milletlerle bölgeler halkının taklitlerini de yaparak hikâye söyleyenlere, övücü anlamına gelen ve Arapça bir söz olan “meddah” denmişti. Meddah yükseğe konmuş bir sandalyeye oturur, taklidini yapacağı bölge halkının baş giysilerini de yanındaki torba veya çantadan çıkarır, onu giyip taklide başlar, halkı gülmekten kırar geçirirdi. Mevlânâ’nın bu beyti, Anadolu ve İran Selçukluları devrinde hikâyecilerin bulunduğunu gösteriyor.44 Hırka Atmak “Bizler sofileriz derler, hırkalarımızı attık, değil mi ki oynadık, utulduk, geri almayız artık.”45 “O, bir sofi, vecde gelmiş de hırkasını atmış, artık bir daha o hırkayı alır mı o? Attığı hırkayı tekrar almak, pişman oldum, aldanmışım ben, arkadaş ver o hırkayı bana, ulaştığım vecd, bu hırkaya değmez demektir.”46 Sofilerde bir adet varmış. Vecde gelip sema’ya kalkan sofinin hırkası sırtından düşerse, o hırkayı bir daha almazmış. O hırka parça parça kesilir, o parçalardan seccade yapılırmış. Mevlânâ’nın bu beytinden, o zamana, ondan önceki zamanlara ait bir gelenek olduğunu anlıyoruz. Başka metinlerde de bu geleneğe rastlamaktayız. Ankaravî de bunu belirtiyor.47 Baş Sağlığı Mektubu 42 - a.g.e., Cilt IV, s. 538. - a.g.e., Cilt VI, s. 240. 44 - a.g.e., Cilt VI, s. 257. 45 - a.g.e., Cilt V, s. 176. 46 - a.g.e., Cilt VI, s. 657. 47 - a.g.e., Cilt V, s. 182. 43 �“Bir kul kıyamete uyanır, eline kapkara amel defteri verilir. Başsağlığı mektubu gibi üstü kapkara amel defteri verilir.”48 Beyitten, başsağlığı mektuplarının üstünün siyah renkte olduğunu ve bunun o zamana ait bir adet olduğunu anlıyoruz.49 Tavus Tüyü “Hafızlar, her tüyünü, her kanadını üstün görüyorlar, beğeniyorlar da Mushaf arasına koyuyorlar. Halk, havalanmak, serinlemek için kanadından yelpazeler yapıyor.”50 Gölpınarlı diyor ki; bu adet, bizim çocukluğumuzda da vardı. Kuran sahifelerinin arasına tavus kuşunun tüyünü koyar, hatta her nedense, tüy parlaklığını korusun diye ekmek içini çiğner, sap tarafını o çiğnenmiş ekmekle sarardık. Her halde, mushafın tezhibi ve yazısı bozulmasın diye tavus tüyü, mıklep yani sahifeleri çeviren alet olarak kullanılmış, sonradan da Mushaf içine konması, adet olup kalmış olsa gerek. Tavus tüyünden yelpaze yapıldığını da bu beyitten öğreniyoruz. Minyatürlerde de bu yelpazeleri görmekteyiz.51 Nahl “Senin de yoksul huyun hünerle sıvanmış, mumdan yapılmış nahl gibi hani; ne yaprağı var, ne meyvesi.”52 Eskiden, düğün alayının önünde, üstüne kumaşlar örtülmüş, kumaşlara çiçekler, mücevherler takılmış iki yahut daha fazla hususi olarak balmumundan dökülmüş mum götürülürdü. Bu mumlara “nahl” halk deyimiyle “nakıl” denirdi. İstanbul’daki “Nakılbent mahallesi”, nahl dökenlerin dükkânlarının bulunduğu yermiş. Gene İstanbul’da, süslü püslü şeye yaprak ve meyveyle dolu ağaca “pür-nakıl” denirdi ki bu benzetiş de “nahl” âdetinden dile geçmiştir. “Nahl”in ibtidai inançlardan olan Falizm’den kaldığını sanıyoruz. Konya’da genç ve evlenmemiş erkeklerin cenazelerinin önünde götürülen kesilmiş iki dal da bu inançtan kalma bir gelenek olsa gerektir.53 Muarrif 48 - a.g.e., Cilt V, s. 345. - a.g.e., Cilt V, s. 355. 50 - a.g.e., cilt V, s. 100. 51 - a.g.e., Cilt V, s. 115. 52 - a.g.e., Cilt V, s. 71. 53 - a.g.e., Cilt V, s. 76. 49 �“Can gözü açık olmayan, sarıktan sakaldan başka bir şey görmez, adamın ileri yahut geri olduğunu muarriften sorar. Ey arif, sen muarrife aldırış bile etmezsin, sen görüp durursun, çünkü sen doğan, parıl parıl parlayan ışıksın.”54 “Şehzade, padişahın tapısında diz çöktü, on tane muarrif, onun halini anlatmaya koyuldu. Padişah, önceden bütün halini, fazlasıyla biliyordu ama muarrif de kendi işini görüyordu. A temiz kişi, içindeki bir zerrecik anlayış ışığı, yüz muarriften yeğdir. Muarrife kulak vermek, perde altında kalışa, çekinişe, zamana düşüşe delildir. Muarrif, seçilmiş padişaha karşı, onun halini anlatmak için dudağını açtı.”55 Muarrif, tarif eden, anlatan anlamına gelir. Törenlerde, gelen kişileri, derecelerine, mevkilerine göre vasıflarla anan ve halka tanıtan memurlara denirdi. Anadolu Selçuklularında olan bu memuriyet İran Selçuklularından kalmadır. Sipehsalar, Mevlânâ’nın cenaze töreninde, muarrifin, cenaze namazını kıldırması için Şeyh Sadreddin-i Konevî’yi, “Melikü’l-Meşayıh” yani “şeyhlerin padişahı, buyurunuz” diye çağırdığını, Ekmeleddin Tabib’in, “Muarrif, edebe riayet ediniz, Sultan-ı meşayıh-ı hakiki Hz. Mevlânâ idi, rıhlet buyurdu” dediğini nakleder. 941 hicride (1531) Kalkanelenli Fakirî, “Tarifât” risalesinde, “muarrif”i şu beyitlerle anlatır; Muarrifler nedir devr içre daim Gehî mahfil-nişin u gâh kâim Hudâ ile Râsul’ü yâd iderler Ânı gûş ideni dil-şâd iderler Selâtini gehi tarif iderler Şerif ismin anup teşrif iderler Bu beyitlerden anlıyoruz ki Osmanoğulları devrinde muarrifler, meclislerde belki tekkelerde, kahvelerde, tahmid, na’t v.s. okuyan, padişahı, her halde büyükleri öven bu suretle geçinen bir taife haline gelmişlerdir.56 Sonuç 54 - a.g.e., Cilt VI, s. 55 - a.g.e., Cilt VI, s. 656-57. 56 - a.g.e., Cilt VI, s. 64. 55 �Mevlânâ Celaleddin-i Rumî’nin Mesnevî adlı dünya çapında maruf olan tasavvufi ve edebi şah eseri görüldüğü gibi hissi bir tarihi vesika ve belge niteliğini de haizdir. Bütün edebi eserlerimize bu zaviyeden bakmak gerekir. Onlar sadece bir edebiyat ürünü değil aynı zamanda bir tarih, coğrafya, sosyoloji ve folklor kaynağıdır. Malum olduğu üzere XIII. yüzyıl Anadolu Selçukluları devrine ait elimizde bulunan tarihi belge oldukça azdır. Lakin o dönemde kaleme alınan edebi eserlerin sayısı epey kabarıktır. O devre ait sadece Mevlevi kaynaklarının sayısı dahi yirmi civarındadır. Bu malzeme o devir edebiyat, tarih, sosyoloji ve folkloru için bir hazine değerindedir. Ancak maalesef bu hazinenin tüm eserleri henüz günümüz Türkçesine aktarılmamıştır. Edebi ve tarihi miras bakımından Karun kadar zengin olmamıza rağmen bu hazinenin henüz layık-ı veçhiyle farkında değiliz. KAYNAKÇA Gölpınarlı, Abdulbaki, Mesnevî ve Şerhi, Başbakanlık Kültür Müsteşarlığı, Kültür Yayınları, 1. Bs., Milli Eğitim Basımevi, Cilt I-III, İstanbul, 1973. ________, ________, Mesnevî ve Şerhi, Başbakanlık Kültür Müsteşarlığı, Kültür Yayınları, 1. Bs., Milli Eğitim Basımevi, Cilt IV-VI, İstanbul, 1974. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 3601 Title A name given to the resource MEVLÂNÂ’NIN MESNEVÎ'SİNE GÖRE XIII. YÜZYILA AİT BAZI ADET VE GELENEKLER Author Author AYDIN, Şadi Abstract A summary of the resource. Özet Mevlânâ Celaleddin-i Rumî, bir takım siyasi ve toplumsal sebeplerle ayrıldığı Harezm, Belh ve Horasan’dan sonra kaderin kendisine çizdiği rotayla nihayet o gün için adeta bir sulh adacığı olan Anadolu’yu mesken tutmuştur. Devir itibarıyla Moğol tehdidi önüne kattığı toplulukları o zamanki Orta Asya ve İran coğrafyasından sürüyordu. Neredeyse bütün bu toplulukların sığındığı Anadolu gelenlere ana gibi kucağını açmıştır. Elbette gelen topluluklar kendi dil ve kültür varlıklarıyla geliyordu ve Anadolu kültürel olarak yeniden harmanlanıyordu. Göçenler sadece insanlar değil aynı zamanda dil ve kültürdü. Anadolu adeta bir kültürler mozaiği halini alıyordu. İşte böyle kültür taşıyıcıları arasında entelektüel bir yapıya sahip olan Mevlânâ ve ailesi de coğrafyamıza farklı renkler ve anlayışlar getirmiştir. Daha sonra Mevlevilik olarak adlandırılacak bu düşünce ve fikir yapısı temelinde Harezm, Belh ve Horasan kültürünü barındırmaktadır. Selçuklu kültürünü besleyen bu göçler, zihni ve entelektüel zenginleşmeyi de beraberinde getirmiştir. Biz bu çalışmamızda hissi bir tarih ve kültür belgesi olarak adlandırdığımız Hz. Mevlânâ’ya ait Mesnevî-i Şerif adlı hacimli eserde, yazıldığı devre yani XIII. asra ait bazı adet ve gelenekleri şahitleriyle birlikte inceleyeceğiz. Anahtar Kelimeler Mevlânâ Celaleddin-i Rumî, Mevlevilik, Mesnevî, XIII. Yüzyıl, Gelenek. SOME CUSTOMS AND TRADITIONS OF THE 13TH CENTURY ACCORDING TO MATHNAWI Abstract Mawlana Jalaluddin Rumi, who had to leave Khwarezm, Balkh and Khorasan due to various political and social reasons took shelter in erstwhile island of peace – Anatolia. The threats posed by Mongols drove communities out of the then Central Asian and Iranian geography. Anatolia welcomed all these communities wholeheartedly. These communities obviously brought their own languages and cultures with them and Anatolia’s diversity was increasing. It was becoming a melting point of cultures. In such a diverse society, Rumi and his family brought different ideas and understandings to our geography with their intellectual abilities. These ideas and understandings which would later be known as Mevlevilik trace its roots in Khwarezm, Balkh and Khorasan. These immigrants who fostered Seljuk culture had brought scholarly and intellectual richness with them. In this paper, we, along with the witnesses, would analyse the customs and traditions of the 13th century which are described in Rumi’s glorious and most renowned book, Mathnawi. Key Words Mawlana Rumi, Mevlevilik, Mathnawi, 13th Century, Tradition. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2016 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed PI Oriental languages and literatures https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/ae760bcc64fc733745ec7b5baef73d66.docx ab615d25daf13070d55cafb0a4e7290a https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/33489811e5b31e0465dae2ac1cdc1013.pdf ec01677412eb62f95349e7994c7d4fc7 PDF Text Text Listening activities: teachers and students think the same in Sarajevo? Mehmet Akdoğan Harun Baştuğ � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 3239 Title A name given to the resource Listening activities: teachers and students think the same in Sarajevo? Author Author AKDOGAN, Mehmet BASTUG, Harun Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2016 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed PE English,PR English literature https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/a825e1a3cd919b2be013525ee7feb10e.docx 01fbb5d75e36d8e138d831d271c76956 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/0747b118738ed954f8840b3e0ed81d76.pdf 465a24c2755f705851cd212afd3df1c2 PDF Text Text Bosansko-englesko-turska knjiga fraza A Akbarov, H Baştuğ, S Djemaili – 2011 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 3246 Title A name given to the resource Bosansko-englesko-turska knjiga fraza Author Author AKBAROV, Azamat BASTUG, Harun DJEMAILI, S Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2016 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed PE English,PR English literature https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/bfad84c430a7801a70ed7b77ab3e316b.docx 9528b833a1202bff5fc6df765f3a5bf0 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/4c47575128503bcdff39abc33c1b0a8f.pdf 4086b277b31c17c882c602875e7fc082 PDF Text Text Providing Learner’s Motivation By Effective Usage Of Visual Aids In Foreign Language Teaching Azamat Akbarov. Mustafa Arslan Bastug, Harun � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 3243 Title A name given to the resource Providing Learner’s Motivation By Effective Usage Of Visual Aids In Foreign Language Teaching Author Author AKBAROV, Azamat BASTUG, Harun Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2016 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed PE English,PR English literature