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                    <text>A STUDY ON MICROPROPAGATION AS A TOOL FOR SUSTAINABLE
UTILIZATION OF JUJUBE (ZIZYPHUS JUJUBA MILL.) GENOTYPES
Bekir San
Süleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
Adnan Nurhan Yıldırım
Süleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
Fatma Yıldırım
Süleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
Fevzi Mustafa Ecevit
Süleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
Keywords: jujube, micropropagation, thidiazuron, benzylaminopurine, in vitro rooting.
ABSTRACT
Micropropagation is a very important propagation technique for fruit trees based on especially
obtaining virus free sapling. In the present study, shoot tips of two selected jujube genotypes (20Ç-10 and 20-Ç-22) were used as a material. The effects of different growth regulator
combinations, carbon sources (sucrose, glucose and fructose) and silver nitrate concentrations on
in vitro propagation of jujube were investigated. Shoot formation was observed on the medium
containing TDZ alone as a cytokinin, but shoots were very short and unhealthy. In addition that,
when the medium supplemented with BAP alone was used, new shoot regeneration from
explants was not observed. Therefore, MS medium supplemented with both TDZ and BAP as a
cytokinin was used for in vitro micropropagation of jujube genotypes. The highest percentage of
explants forming shoots (93.3 %) and the highest number of shoots per explant (5.7) were
obtained on the MS medium containing 0.1 mg/l TDZ+0.5 mg/l BAP+0.1 mg/l IBA+0.3 mg/l
GA3 in 20-Ç-10 jujube genotype. Different amounts of carbon source and silver nitrate did not
increase the percentage of explant forming shoots and the number of shoots per explants in the
both genotypes compared to control treatment. The highest rooting percentages of 20-Ç-10 and
20-Ç-22 jujube genotypes (83.3 % and 80.0 %, respectively) were obtained on half-strength MS
medium supplemented with 2.0 mg/l IBA.

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                <text>SAN, Bekir
NURHAN YILDIRIM, Adnan
YILDIRIM, Fatma
ECEVIT MUSTAFA, Fevzi</text>
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                <text>Keywords: jujube, micropropagation, thidiazuron, benzylaminopurine, in vitro rooting.  ABSTRACT  Micropropagation is a very important propagation technique for fruit trees based on especially obtaining virus free sapling. In the present study, shoot tips of two selected jujube genotypes (20-Ç-10 and 20-Ç-22) were used as a material. The effects of different growth regulator combinations, carbon sources (sucrose, glucose and fructose) and silver nitrate concentrations on in vitro propagation of jujube were investigated. Shoot formation was observed on the medium containing TDZ alone as a cytokinin, but shoots were very short and unhealthy. In addition that, when the medium supplemented with BAP alone was used, new shoot regeneration from explants was not observed. Therefore, MS medium supplemented with both TDZ and BAP as a cytokinin was used for in vitro micropropagation of jujube genotypes. The highest percentage of explants forming shoots (93.3 %) and the highest number of shoots per explant (5.7) were obtained on the MS medium containing 0.1 mg/l TDZ+0.5 mg/l BAP+0.1 mg/l IBA+0.3 mg/l GA3 in 20-Ç-10 jujube genotype. Different amounts of carbon source and silver nitrate did not increase the percentage of explant forming shoots and the number of shoots per explants in the both genotypes compared to control treatment. The highest rooting percentages of 20-Ç-10 and 20-Ç-22 jujube genotypes (83.3 % and 80.0 %, respectively) were obtained on half-strength MS medium supplemented with 2.0 mg/l IBA.</text>
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                    <text>RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES
Semir Sakanovic
International Burch University, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
symorgh13@gmail.com
Keywords:magneto-hydro-dynamic (MHD), electricity, energy sources, applications, power
generation.
ABSTRACT
The electricity requirements of the world are increasing at alarming rate and the power demand
has been running ahead of supply. It is also now widely recognized that the fossil fuels (i.e., coal,
petroleum and natural gas) and other conventional resources, presently being used for generation
of electrical energy, may not be either sufficient or suitable to keep pace with ever increasing
demand of the electrical energy of the world. Also generation of electrical power by cold based
steam power plant or nuclear power plants causes pollution, which is likely to be more acute in
future due to large generating capacity on one side and greater awareness of the people in this
respect.
The recent severe energy crisis has forced the world to develop new and alternative methods of
power generation, which could not be adopted so far due to various reasons. The magneto-hydrodynamic (MHD) power generation is one of the examples of a new unique method of power
generation. The other non-conventional methods of power generation may be such as solar cells,
fuel cells, thermo-electric generator, thermionic converter, solar power generation, wind power
generation, geo-thermal energy generation, tidal power generation etc.
This paper elucidates about Different Energy sources, why we are going for non-conventional
energy sources, Different non-conventional energy sources &amp; comparison between them, about
fuel cells and their applications.

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                <text>Keywords:magneto-hydro-dynamic (MHD), electricity, energy sources, applications, power generation.  ABSTRACT  The electricity requirements of the world are increasing at alarming rate and the power demand has been running ahead of supply. It is also now widely recognized that the fossil fuels (i.e., coal, petroleum and natural gas) and other conventional resources, presently being used for generation of electrical energy, may not be either sufficient or suitable to keep pace with ever increasing demand of the electrical energy of the world. Also generation of electrical power by cold based steam power plant or nuclear power plants causes pollution, which is likely to be more acute in future due to large generating capacity on one side and greater awareness of the people in this respect.  The recent severe energy crisis has forced the world to develop new and alternative methods of power generation, which could not be adopted so far due to various reasons. The magneto-hydro-dynamic (MHD) power generation is one of the examples of a new unique method of power generation. The other non-conventional methods of power generation may be such as solar cells, fuel cells, thermo-electric generator, thermionic converter, solar power generation, wind power generation, geo-thermal energy generation, tidal power generation etc.  This paper elucidates about Different Energy sources, why we are going for non-conventional energy sources, Different non-conventional energy sources &amp; comparison between them, about fuel cells and their applications.</text>
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                    <text>A NEW APPROACH TO WATER QUALITY TESTING FOR
SUSTAINABLE WATERWAY MONITORING
Lejla Ridanovic, Sanel Ridanovic
Džemal Bijedić University of Mostar, Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina
ABSTRACT
Water is a basic requirement for survival of all living beings, and one of the most precious
natural resources. Hence, as environmental standards in the world are becoming more
demanding, the water quality issues hold a special significance. Potential water usage depends on
its quality - the physical, chemical and biological composition and concentration of certain
substances in the water. Water quality varies, as well as the criteria used to evaluate it. For
Bosnia and Herzegovina, with its abundant water resources, the challenges of preserving surface
water quality and the issues of water resources management are becoming increasingly
pronounced. In this paper, the overall stream water quality was estimated by the Neretva Water
Quality Index (NWQI). The grouping of selected quality parameters, each representing a specific
impairment category, allows efficient and precise estimation of the overall quality of water.
This simple and quick method is suitable for routine monitoring of water quality and can be
conducted entirely on site. The composite index was calculated as the harmonic mean of
analytical values of: water temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, oxygen saturation, nitrogen,
total phosphorus, and faecal coliforms. These parameters, crucial for the assessment of water
quality have been selected according to the major criteria of stream health, whilst taking into
account the hydrological and climatic factors specific to the studied area. Analysis of
environmental impacts on
water quality in the Neretva River can serve as the basis for an accentuated need for
implementation and management of monitoring programmes aimed at protection and
sustainabiliy of waterways. NWQI allows the most impaired variable to make the largest impact
on the value of the index, and takes into account the spatial and temporal differences that a
variable will exert on the overall water quality.

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RIDANOVIC, Sanel</text>
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                <text>Water is a basic requirement for survival of all living beings, and one of the most precious natural resources. Hence, as environmental standards in the world are becoming more demanding, the water quality issues hold a special significance. Potential water usage depends on its quality - the physical, chemical and biological composition and concentration of certain substances in the water. Water quality varies, as well as the criteria used to evaluate it. For Bosnia and Herzegovina, with its abundant water resources, the challenges of preserving surface water quality and the issues of water resources management are becoming increasingly pronounced. In this paper, the overall stream water quality was estimated by the Neretva Water Quality Index (NWQI). The grouping of selected quality parameters, each representing a specific impairment category, allows efficient and precise estimation of the overall quality of water.  This simple and quick method is suitable for routine monitoring of water quality and can be conducted entirely on site. The composite index was calculated as the harmonic mean of analytical values of: water temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, oxygen saturation, nitrogen, total phosphorus, and faecal coliforms. These parameters, crucial for the assessment of water quality have been selected according to the major criteria of stream health, whilst taking into account the hydrological and climatic factors specific to the studied area. Analysis of environmental impacts on  water quality in the Neretva River can serve as the basis for an accentuated need for implementation and management of monitoring programmes aimed at protection and sustainabiliy of waterways. NWQI allows the most impaired variable to make the largest impact on the value of the index, and takes into account the spatial and temporal differences that a variable will exert on the overall water quality.</text>
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                    <text>SYNTHESIS, STRUCTURAL, SPECTROSCOPIC AND
ELECTROCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF NOVEL S, O-SUBSTITUTED PBENZOQUINONES
ZelihaÖzsoy-Güneş
Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
ozsoyz@Istanbul.edu.tr
Cemil İbiş
Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
ibisml@Istanbul.edu.tr
Keywords:Quinones compounds, spectroscopic and electrochemical properties, isomeric
compounds.

ABSTRACT
Quinones are naturally occurring compounds with specific characteristics that have a great
impact on the living cell. The ability to carry electrons makes them an important component of
photosynthetic and respiratory electron transfer chain. They are considered as components of
biological electron transfer chains located in the membranes of mitochondria, bacteria and
chloroplasts. Quinones are useful compounds for preparation of superconducting materials.
Quinones are good electron acceptors and are known to be efficient quenchers of singlet state
donor fluorescence of various fluorophores. The current data are consistent with an electron
transfer mechanism, and the quenching efficiency is dependent on the redox potentials of the
corresponding quinone–hydroquinone system. From the perspectives of designing magnetic
materials and understanding photo-physical properties, the co-ordination chemistry of quinones
is also very important. The quinones also find application as electrode material. In present study,
from the reaction of 2,3,5,6-tetrachloro-1,4-benzoquinone with difunctional thiols were
synthesized heterocyclic isomer p-benzoquinone compounds. The synthesized compounds were
characterized by fourier transform-infrared, proton and carbon nuclear magnetic resonance, mass
spectroscopic techniques, as well as elemental analysis and ultraviolet–visible spectra. The
synthesized isomer compounds were identified by the carbon nuclear magnetic resonance
spectra.

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IBIS, Cemil</text>
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                <text>Keywords:Quinones compounds, spectroscopic and electrochemical properties, isomeric compounds.  ABSTRACT  Quinones are naturally occurring compounds with specific characteristics that have a great impact on the living cell. The ability to carry electrons makes them an important component of photosynthetic and respiratory electron transfer chain. They are considered as components of biological electron transfer chains located in the membranes of mitochondria, bacteria and chloroplasts. Quinones are useful compounds for preparation of superconducting materials. Quinones are good electron acceptors and are known to be efficient quenchers of singlet state donor fluorescence of various fluorophores. The current data are consistent with an electron transfer mechanism, and the quenching efficiency is dependent on the redox potentials of the corresponding quinone–hydroquinone system. From the perspectives of designing magnetic materials and understanding photo-physical properties, the co-ordination chemistry of quinones is also very important. The quinones also find application as electrode material. In present study, from the reaction of 2,3,5,6-tetrachloro-1,4-benzoquinone with difunctional thiols were synthesized heterocyclic isomer p-benzoquinone compounds. The synthesized compounds were characterized by fourier transform-infrared, proton and carbon nuclear magnetic resonance, mass spectroscopic techniques, as well as elemental analysis and ultraviolet–visible spectra. The synthesized isomer compounds were identified by the carbon nuclear magnetic resonance spectra.</text>
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                    <text>TURKEY AND EU RELATIONS ON REALISTIC TEORY PERSPECTIVE
Metin Özkan
Dumlupınar University, Kütahya, Turkey
Fevzi Kaya
Dumlupınar University, Kütahya, Turkey
Keywords: International Relations, Realist theory, the balance of power, EU, Turkey-EU
relations.
ABSTRACT
In this study, critique of realist approach, which has shaped the discipline of İnternational
Relations has been argued. The discipline that mentioned above, emerged mostly as a result of
Realist Theory contribution has been critiqued to explain toda’s complex World is one of the
basic theses defended in this case study. Realist Theory is concentrated on power emphasis only
on the nation-state as an actor, and being very simple and such features have been explained and
critiqued in details.
Relations with the EU has always been very important for Turkey, and refered to be tough
process. Altought from the signing of the ankara agreement and continuing in diffrent stages to
the present day, developments in vorious stages have caused different expectations fort he both
parties , neither Turkey has given up to the membership decision, nor European Union has
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Metin Özkan
Dumlupınar Üniversitesi, Kütahya, Turkey
Fevzi Kaya
Dumlupınar Üniversitesi, Kütahya, Turkey
Keywords: International Relations, Realist theory, the balance of power, EU, Turkey-EU
relations.
ABSTRACT
In this study, critique of realist approach, which has shaped the discipline of İnternational
Relations has been argued. The discipline that mentioned above, emerged mostly as a result of
Realist Theory contribution has been critiqued to explain toda’s complex World is one of the
basic theses defended in this case study. Realist Theory is concentrated on power emphasis only
on the nation-state as an actor, and being very simple and such features have been explained and
critiqued in details.
Relations with the EU has always been very important for Turkey, and refered to be tough
process. Altought from the signing of the ankara agreement and continuing in diffrent stages to
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parties , neither Turkey has given up to the membership decision, nor European Union has
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country’s name among the canditaes for full membership was not included , and as a result of
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pre-accession strategy and accession partnership document showed some easygoings in the
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                    <text>DEVELOPMENT OF A HEAT TRANSFER MODEL FOR CALCULATİON
OF OVERALL HEAT BALANCE OF BİOGAS REACTORS
Emrah Onursal
Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
emrah.onursal@gmail.com
Kamil Ekinci
Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
Mustafa Acar
Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
Ahmet Süslü
Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
ABSTRACT
Heating requirements of a biogas reactor requires advanced calculations based on environmental
conditions like; temperature, solar irridance and etc. Thus a computer simulation program was
developed to calculate the overall heat balance on 5 different scenarios of reactor design concept
for Isparta (Turkiye) conditions. Moreover model includes gained solar energy amount relevant
to diameter, location of reactors (longittude, altitude), under ground reactor construction.
Obtained data is not validated with an experimental data but model results give some detailed
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EKINCI, Kamil
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                    <text>MODELLİNG AND SİMULATİON OF A WASTE TO ENERGY SYSTEM
WİTH IPSEPRO™ SOFTWARE: BİOGAS GENERATİON
Emrah Onursal
Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
Kamil Ekinci
Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
Mustafa Acar
Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
Keywords: Biogas, Modelling, IPSEpro, Reactor.
ABSTRACT
The main objective of this work is to evaluate the steady-state modeling solution for a single
stage thermophilic biogas reactor using animal manure as substrate. Thus software package
IPSEpro™ from SimTech Simulation Technology, Austria was used. IPSEpro is a highly
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for energy and chemical engineering. Besides the standart power plant library which includes
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mechanical mixer with an heat exchanger inside of the reactor. The results of the study include;
software efficiency on modeling of a complex biochemical reaction, the amount of generated
biogas, reactor energy use per dry matter of substrate added.

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A FEASİBİLİTY STUDY
Emrah Onursal
Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
emrah.onursal@gmail.com
A.Kamil Bayhan
Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
Serkan Boyar
Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
Gökhan Gülşen
Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
ABSTRACT
This study includes using photovoltaic solar panels as a power source for milking systems.
Milking system consist of 1x4 units. The data of energy requirements of a such systems were
collected through milking system legal testing procedure thorough ISO test standarts.
Second step of the study involves using solar panels to run the milking system. For this purpose;
technical and economical characteristics of a solar electric energy system was calculted in terms
of following design units: solar panel size, battery, panel inclination angle, solar tracking unit.

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BAYHAN, A.Kamil
BOYAR, Serkan
GULSEN, Gokhan</text>
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A FEASİBİLİTY STUDY
Emrah Onursal
Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
emrah.onursal@gmail.com
A.Kamil Bayhan
Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
Serkan Boyar
Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
Gökhan Gülşen
Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
ABSTRACT
This study includes using photovoltaic solar panels as a power source for milking systems.
Milking system consist of 1x4 units. The data of energy requirements of a such systems were
collected through milking system legal testing procedure thorough ISO test standarts.
Second step of the study involves using solar panels to run the milking system. For this purpose;
technical and economical characteristics of a solar electric energy system was calculted in terms
of following design units: solar panel size, battery, panel inclination angle, solar tracking unit.

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BAYHAN, A.Kamil
BOYAR, Serkan
GOKHAN, Gulsen</text>
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                <text>This study includes using photovoltaic solar panels as a power source for milking systems. Milking system consist of 1x4 units. The data of energy requirements of a such systems were collected through milking system legal testing procedure thorough ISO test standarts.  Second step of the study involves using solar panels to run the milking system. For this purpose; technical and economical characteristics of a solar electric energy system was calculted in terms of following design units: solar panel size, battery, panel inclination angle, solar tracking unit.</text>
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