197 10 3494 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/bdfcc3eea12b47d5b26d9714005eb6dd.pdf 34ada08ad773fc3737c8010ac43e6f5c PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo The Effects of Free Trade Agreements on Turkish Foreign Trade; The analysis of the Bosnian and Herzegovinian case Aslıhan Kocaefe Cebeci Gediz University, İzmir, Turkey aslihan.kocaefe@gediz.edu.tr Ali Rıza Sayın Gediz University, İzmir, Turkey ali.sayin@gediz.edu.tr Begüm Maral Gediz University, İzmir, Turkey begum.maral@gediz.edu.tr According to the Customs Union Agreement effectuated on January 1, 1996 between Turkey and the European Union (EU), Turkey has undertaken the EU’s Common Trade Policy and its preferential trade system towards the countries outside the Union which are called the third countries. Within this scope Turkey can sign similar agreements with other states which were present during the signing of the Free Trade Agreement with the EU on the mutual benefit basis. In other words, Turkey can sign Free Trade Agreements only with the countries with which the EU carries out Free Trade Negotiations. In the Free Trade Agreement, different from the Customs Union, the signatory parties remove the customs duties and limitations among themselves but they do not develop a common tariff policy towards the third countries. Therefore each member country is free to impose its own tariff schedule. Furthermore, while free circulation is acceptable according to the Customs Union in the Free Trade Agreements the rules of origin is applied. In this respect, by means of Free Trade Agreements particular targets such as improving our foreign trade activities with neighboring and surrounding countries, maintaining a fair competition environment in the foreign markets in particular in the European market for our import goods, increasing the volumes of mutual investments, increasing the international competitive power of Turkey in joint ventures, improving the economic cooperation between the countries, removing the obstacles preventing the circulation of goods and services and at the same time improving the 42 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo political, technological and social relations between the signatory parties, constitute the main focus as a principle. Within this scope, our country is not obliged to accept the content of the Free Trade Agreements signed between the EU countries and the related negotiations should be carried out by taking our industrial and trade policy priorities into consideration. In this respect Turkey has signed Free Trade Agreements with 19 countries in total except for the 10 Central and Eastern European countries with which the signed FTAs have been terminated due to their membership to the EU. 13 of the abovementioned agreements have been signed after 2000. In this study the impact of the Free Trade Agreements signed by Turkey on the Turkish Foreign Trade has been evaluated in terms of both import and export issues. With this purpose, the trade relations between Turkey and the other countries with which FTAs have been signed have been scrutinized by analyzing the pre and post agreement conditions. Finally the bilateral trade relation between Turkey and Bosnia and Herzegovina has been evaluated within the scope of the signed Free Trade Agreement and the pre and post Agreement conditions have also been analyzed. Keywords: Free Trade Agreements, Foreign Trade, Turkish Foreign Trade, Export and Import, Bosnia and Herzegovina 43 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1489 Title A name given to the resource The Effects of Free Trade Agreements on Turkish Foreign Trade; The analysis of the Bosnian and Herzegovinian case Author Author KOCAEFE CEBECI, Aslihan RIZA SAYIN, Ali MARAL, Begüm Abstract A summary of the resource. According to the Customs Union Agreement effectuated on January 1, 1996 between Turkey and the European Union (EU), Turkey has undertaken the EU’s Common Trade Policy and its preferential trade system towards the countries outside the Union which are called the third countries. Within this scope Turkey can sign similar agreements with other states which were present during the signing of the Free Trade Agreement with the EU on the mutual benefit basis. In other words, Turkey can sign Free Trade Agreements only with the countries with which the EU carries out Free Trade Negotiations. In the Free Trade Agreement, different from the Customs Union, the signatory parties remove the customs duties and limitations among themselves but they do not develop a common tariff policy towards the third countries. Therefore each member country is free to impose its own tariff schedule. Furthermore, while free circulation is acceptable according to the Customs Union in the Free Trade Agreements the rules of origin is applied. In this respect, by means of Free Trade Agreements particular targets such as improving our foreign trade activities with neighboring and surrounding countries, maintaining a fair competition environment in the foreign markets in particular in the European market for our import goods, increasing the volumes of mutual investments, increasing the international competitive power of Turkey in joint ventures, improving the economic cooperation between the countries, removing the obstacles preventing the circulation of goods and services and at the same time improving the political, technological and social relations between the signatory parties, constitute the main focus as a principle. Within this scope, our country is not obliged to accept the content of the Free Trade Agreements signed between the EU countries and the related negotiations should be carried out by taking our industrial and trade policy priorities into consideration. In this respect Turkey has signed Free Trade Agreements with 19 countries in total except for the 10 Central and Eastern European countries with which the signed FTAs have been terminated due to their membership to the EU. 13 of the abovementioned agreements have been signed after 2000. In this study the impact of the Free Trade Agreements signed by Turkey on the Turkish Foreign Trade has been evaluated in terms of both import and export issues. With this purpose, the trade relations between Turkey and the other countries with which FTAs have been signed have been scrutinized by analyzing the pre and post agreement conditions. Finally the bilateral trade relation between Turkey and Bosnia and Herzegovina has been evaluated within the scope of the signed Free Trade Agreement and the pre and post Agreement conditions have also been analyzed. Keywords: Free Trade Agreements, Foreign Trade, Turkish Foreign Trade, Export and Import, Bosnia and Herzegovina Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-10 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-4564 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/bfee1248319b03c62ac478d57ed2f40e.pdf 34ada08ad773fc3737c8010ac43e6f5c PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo The Effects of Free Trade Agreements on Turkish Foreign Trade; The analysis of the Bosnian and Herzegovinian case Aslıhan Kocaefe Cebeci Gediz University, İzmir, Turkey aslihan.kocaefe@gediz.edu.tr Ali Rıza Sayın Gediz University, İzmir, Turkey ali.sayin@gediz.edu.tr Begüm Maral Gediz University, İzmir, Turkey begum.maral@gediz.edu.tr According to the Customs Union Agreement effectuated on January 1, 1996 between Turkey and the European Union (EU), Turkey has undertaken the EU’s Common Trade Policy and its preferential trade system towards the countries outside the Union which are called the third countries. Within this scope Turkey can sign similar agreements with other states which were present during the signing of the Free Trade Agreement with the EU on the mutual benefit basis. In other words, Turkey can sign Free Trade Agreements only with the countries with which the EU carries out Free Trade Negotiations. In the Free Trade Agreement, different from the Customs Union, the signatory parties remove the customs duties and limitations among themselves but they do not develop a common tariff policy towards the third countries. Therefore each member country is free to impose its own tariff schedule. Furthermore, while free circulation is acceptable according to the Customs Union in the Free Trade Agreements the rules of origin is applied. In this respect, by means of Free Trade Agreements particular targets such as improving our foreign trade activities with neighboring and surrounding countries, maintaining a fair competition environment in the foreign markets in particular in the European market for our import goods, increasing the volumes of mutual investments, increasing the international competitive power of Turkey in joint ventures, improving the economic cooperation between the countries, removing the obstacles preventing the circulation of goods and services and at the same time improving the 42 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo political, technological and social relations between the signatory parties, constitute the main focus as a principle. Within this scope, our country is not obliged to accept the content of the Free Trade Agreements signed between the EU countries and the related negotiations should be carried out by taking our industrial and trade policy priorities into consideration. In this respect Turkey has signed Free Trade Agreements with 19 countries in total except for the 10 Central and Eastern European countries with which the signed FTAs have been terminated due to their membership to the EU. 13 of the abovementioned agreements have been signed after 2000. In this study the impact of the Free Trade Agreements signed by Turkey on the Turkish Foreign Trade has been evaluated in terms of both import and export issues. With this purpose, the trade relations between Turkey and the other countries with which FTAs have been signed have been scrutinized by analyzing the pre and post agreement conditions. Finally the bilateral trade relation between Turkey and Bosnia and Herzegovina has been evaluated within the scope of the signed Free Trade Agreement and the pre and post Agreement conditions have also been analyzed. Keywords: Free Trade Agreements, Foreign Trade, Turkish Foreign Trade, Export and Import, Bosnia and Herzegovina 43 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1488 Title A name given to the resource The Effects of Free Trade Agreements on Turkish Foreign Trade; The analysis of the Bosnian and Herzegovinian case Author Author KOCAEFE CEBECI, Aslihan RIZA SAYIN, Ali MARAL, Begüm Abstract A summary of the resource. According to the Customs Union Agreement effectuated on January 1, 1996 between Turkey and the European Union (EU), Turkey has undertaken the EU’s Common Trade Policy and its preferential trade system towards the countries outside the Union which are called the third countries. Within this scope Turkey can sign similar agreements with other states which were present during the signing of the Free Trade Agreement with the EU on the mutual benefit basis. In other words, Turkey can sign Free Trade Agreements only with the countries with which the EU carries out Free Trade Negotiations. In the Free Trade Agreement, different from the Customs Union, the signatory parties remove the customs duties and limitations among themselves but they do not develop a common tariff policy towards the third countries. Therefore each member country is free to impose its own tariff schedule. Furthermore, while free circulation is acceptable according to the Customs Union in the Free Trade Agreements the rules of origin is applied. In this respect, by means of Free Trade Agreements particular targets such as improving our foreign trade activities with neighboring and surrounding countries, maintaining a fair competition environment in the foreign markets in particular in the European market for our import goods, increasing the volumes of mutual investments, increasing the international competitive power of Turkey in joint ventures, improving the economic cooperation between the countries, removing the obstacles preventing the circulation of goods and services and at the same time improving the political, technological and social relations between the signatory parties, constitute the main focus as a principle. Within this scope, our country is not obliged to accept the content of the Free Trade Agreements signed between the EU countries and the related negotiations should be carried out by taking our industrial and trade policy priorities into consideration. In this respect Turkey has signed Free Trade Agreements with 19 countries in total except for the 10 Central and Eastern European countries with which the signed FTAs have been terminated due to their membership to the EU. 13 of the abovementioned agreements have been signed after 2000. In this study the impact of the Free Trade Agreements signed by Turkey on the Turkish Foreign Trade has been evaluated in terms of both import and export issues. With this purpose, the trade relations between Turkey and the other countries with which FTAs have been signed have been scrutinized by analyzing the pre and post agreement conditions. Finally the bilateral trade relation between Turkey and Bosnia and Herzegovina has been evaluated within the scope of the signed Free Trade Agreement and the pre and post Agreement conditions have also been analyzed. Keywords: Free Trade Agreements, Foreign Trade, Turkish Foreign Trade, Export and Import, Bosnia and Herzegovina Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-10 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-4564 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/f10b9af08cd8da12c52063ab80756aa7.pdf 5eb4a4459a4856a2571869f3ef5ee4fc PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Effects of Openness of Leaders in Success of Organizations Amine Khadyr International Burch University, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina khadir.amine@yahoo.com Edin Smajic International Burch University, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina esmajic@ibu.edu.ba Nowadays many seminars, conferences and courses held and books written in order to improve leadership skills of different kinds of leaders from all over the world. However the openness of leaders in the organization has not been mentioned seriously as it is one of the main skills that successful leaders should have. In this research paper my intention was to demonstrate the idea that openness of leaders is directly related with the success of organization. With the present study, I argue that the characteristic of leaders that is openness of leader’s plays as big role for the effectiveness of employees as well as success of the organization. It is very important because many organizations nowadays fail to operate because of its leader’s lacked skills. Keywords: Openness, Leaders, Organization, Success, Effect, Relationship, Communication, Criteria, Effective. 36 � https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/ed2c2f51a10fe1eb071e3275b8b148ba.docx 865257800c8c34dfc9fcc8d2293debdb https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/195c55b9d37b03af8bfc0dc84bc54383.pdf dcbe8c13603637b2f007161ec11c7f79 PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Effects of Openness of Leaders in Success of Organizations Amine Khadyr International Burch University, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina khadir.amine@yahoo.com Edin Smajic International Burch University, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina esmajic@ibu.edu.ba Abstract Nowadays many seminars, conferences and courses held and books written in order to improve leadership skills of different kinds of leaders from all over the world. However the openness of leaders in the organization has not been mentioned seriously as it is one of the main skills that successful leaders should have. In this research paper my intention was to demonstrate the idea that openness of leaders is directly related with the success of organization. With the present study, I argue that the characteristic of leaders that is openness of leader‘s plays as big role for the effectiveness of employees as well as success of the organization. It is very important because many organizations nowadays fail to operate because of its leader‘s lacked skills. Keywords:Openness, Leaders, Organization, Success, Employee, Motivation, Effectiveness. Introduction Openness has been defined as willingness, readiness to receive impressions and ideas also characterized by an attitude of ready accessibility about ones actions and purposes. In organizations leaders are defined as the most influential people. So in order to communication be strong and information to flow effectively inside of the organization, influence of leaders openness would be a worth topic to study. In this research paper, research questions as ‗What is openness?‘, ‗What are the criteria of successful leaders?‘, ‗Are openness of leaders and success of the organization are related‘, ‗Whether motivation of employees depend on the openness of leaders ?‘ has been demonstrated in order to identify what openness is, to establish suitable effectiveness criteria of successful leaders, to determine what place does openness takes in these criteria, to measure the exact relationship between leaders openness and organizations success and to develop an explanatory idea that shows the importance of being open in success of organizations. In the rest of this paper there is a literature review of this topic which includes different scholar‘s opinions, writings about this topic. Later the method used to conduct this research paper and survey has been displayed. Each question that has been asked to demonstrate the opinions of people has been discussed, and then results been shown. Later on discussions and conclusions have been included in the detailed form. Literature Review Many organizational theorists suggest that openness is very important factor for effective and successful leadership. For instance Charlene Li (2010)) research shows that the most affecting factor of organizations success is not the number of employees neither their 61 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo knowledge but an open mind-set—openness that is very right in terms of time, place, and amount. Also Scott Cambell and Ellen Samiec, (2005) state that there are 2 excellent two-way communications between leaders and members, and also among members. People can speak openly, without fear of being thought critical. Facilitating consensus decision making depends on a wide range of activities and skills which are building trust and openness among group members. All that matters is to ensure that the best decisions are taken. James M. Kouzes, (2007) corroborates this interpretation by saying that trusting leaders nurture openness, involvement, personal satisfaction, and high levels of commitment to excellence. They are willing to ante up first in the game of trust, they listen and learn from others, and they demonstrate their trust by sharing information and resources with others. According to Mai, Robert, and Alan Akerson, (2003) since the mistrust inside of the organization has been increased vastly in recent times, once trust is gone later it would be very difficult to get it back , loyalty toward their leaders will be less possible, so it will require more deep revelation of leadership honesty and openness than it was before. Being informal can allow leaders to communicate with employees freely, support their contribution and build trust. It will make the bond stronger between leaders and employees. So openness is very valued inside of organizations communication. It has several scopes, which are answering to the questions what, when, to whom and how to speak with particular employee. When leaders speak employees will want to believe them, which mean if they trust them they can follow and do their jobs in a complete way. They also state that trust and openness is needed mostly in bureaucratic organizations. Most of the time organizations hierarchy constitutes the distance between top, middle managers and employees, which later may reduce the honesty and openness of each worker in the organization independent from the authority he or she has. If leader‘s communication is in the dangerous part of process of making healthy environment inside of the organization, leaders should assess values in use which are trust and openness by which they can observe how well they are doing in communication. John Adair(2007) contributes to the topic by listing criteria of a great, high performance group. One of them is atmosphere of openness which states that there is brilliant shared communication among leader and associates, and between associates. Persons can speak openly, with no fright of being thought critical. All that a matter is to make sure that the best decisions are taken. Warren Bennis, Daniel Goleman(2008)contribute to the topic by writing in their book ―Transparency; How Leaders Create a Culture of Candor‖ that in order to have an effective information sharing, employees must be open and be able to speak freely and their leaders must always be available to listen them. Even if they have also included it in their mission and vision statement, most of the time many companies fail to value the openness. If culture of fairness in any organization does not work because of some secret agreements between employees, they will not directly consider rules of a company seriously and find other regulations for themselves that are secure. Fairness and clearness can be a major rule only when leaders explain it clearly and show its importance that openness is very highly valued and awarded in the end. So openness can be taken place in an organization only when leaders importune it. 62 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo The research project that has been done by Niels Van, Quaquebeke, Knippenberg Daan Van, and Eckloff Tilman says that there are two steps of becoming one of the best leaders. First one is awareness of ones self. Second one is openness to change. Change is unavoidable factor of all companies. So it is very important for leaders to recognize and adjust to changes and making changes when necessary. Resisting to change is very known because most of the time persons are afraid of it and look for ways of denying it. In order to recognize the changes opportunities leaders should be open to change. If leaders don‘t want bankrupt they should make this approach work. Leaders should always look for new opportunities and it can be done by openness to change. Pearce, Craig L., Joseph A. Maciarello, and Hideki Yamawaki‘s book infers when work is devoted to purposes of valuable services, it has been seen that it is critical for the significant life. They say that there are three key roles however unacknowledged roles at the same time in making a work life of people more meaningful. Third one of these roles is employee‘s knowledge of themselves, which has direct relationship with organizations performance. Such environment will create courage, dedication and openness to new ideas that are vastly important for the establishment of critical information. More dedication creates less turnover rates, large number of constant communication and inferior of small selfishness when it comes to united concern of the whole organization. If the lines between nearby the self become leakier, borders between persons will be destroyed and faith increased. Anne T. McCart (1995) states today GDSS applications became more popular and they change the process of managements functions in the scope of testing openness to change in minimum number of experimenting the new technology. They studied the effective connection between the introduction of GDSS ( Group Decision Support System) by questionnaire of 26 meetings which took place in Decision Techtronic‘s Group of State University of New York. As there is strong need of modifying technology, in order it fits the incomparable requirements of each organization, each company also has to be able to alter its defined structures and tactics to acquire new technology. Openness to change, (L.M., 1991) in management world enables managers to utilize the alternative even though its unknown and acquires consideration. (Bass, 1990) Working on issues related to leadership soon becomes very mixed and dimensioned concept. For Keits de Vries (2006) there is only one describer of the effective leadership, it depends on traits, values, communication and the perceptions of follower. Behavior is something that person does in a way that others can see and record, on the other hand attribute means characteristics that is in other peoples mind which results from their perception (Luthans, 2008). Another definition suggests that personality is the organization together with individual psychological systems which gives us the description of adapting to the environment (Allport, 1937). In 1961 Five Factor model of personality which was founded by Ernest Tupes and Raymond Christal has become very popular in today‘s business world. Fifth of this model is Openness to experience other 4 being extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness and emotional stability. Openness to experience means being open to different kinds of interests. People who are open experience are innovative, curious and have intelligence of art (Robbins, S.P, Judge, T.A, 2007). 63 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo In the analysis which measured the connection between leadership and personality; extraversion, conscientiousness, openness and neurotics were the most connected characteristics of leaders and agreeableness was in the least connection. Openness to experience and conscientiousness got same rates after extraversion in the most important traits of effective leader (Judge, T.A., Bono, J.E., Ilies, R. and Gerhardt, M.W., 2002). For Tapscott and Williams (2006) today‘s new thinking comes into view which is concept of peering, openness, moving and sharing globally. In the outcome of it previous managerial aspects like closed and centralized systems, perception of the physical assets s main success indicator is given place to the new concept of organizations as open systems, sharing knowledge, leadership, relation and communication skills. Biology and complexity theories agree on the emergence of new concepts as organizations being perceived like alive sets and systems which depends on interdependencies. Cartwright and Cooper (1992) say that good middle management leaders are usually quickly lessen the employees negative reactions to change and inspire and motivate them to effectively implement the decisions that are made by top managers. Definition of openness to change is a wish to abide and hold change and it is not the same as the readiness to change says Wanberg and Banas (2000). In the words of Edwards W.R (2003) openness to change may be affected by not positioned stability of emotions and openness to experience. This kind of openness is valuable and it prepares the appropriate condition for successful inside change and includes good affect on the results and sustain for change (Miller V.D etc, 1994). People who are open to change react to the change normally and offer opportunities for development, not danger to the security say Kobasa, S.C (1982). Chernyshenko, Stark et.al (2011) say that people who are good in openness to experience are usually high at being imaginative, exploratory and unusual. In previous views, creativity has been defined as one of the valuable characteristics of an effective leader (Bass, B.M, 1990), and openness to experience tightly related with differing thought and creativity (Feist, G.J, 1998). This view suggests an opinion that openness to experience is linked with ranking of leadership. They also have broadmindedness of vagueness and predilection for complication which are the traits are effective guidance of followers in the attainment of the goal. (McCrae, R.R., Costa P.T., JR, 1997). Expressions of characteristics are thought to be contributed to the success of the group. Together with being creative and divergent thinking, people who are good in openness to experience are seems to create more ideas that qualified during the task of group (McCrae, R. R.,& Costa, P. T., Jr., 1997). Together with other studies that have been done by S.K. Ghosh and B.R. Shejwal (2006), shows that attribute to a certain circumstances affect styles of leadership management. If managers think that organizations should take serious values like belief, honesty, reliability, broadminded; they are more likely to involve employees in making decisions and care for them. If organizations are thought like formal, centralized institution, 64 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo managers become more power-centered and self oriented. Surroundings which is thought and processed as open, creative, rising, then managers choose to lead by leading, screening warmth to the employees to make them attain the top of the effective productivity. Methodology The problem was that in today‘s open world we have thousands of companies that strive to survive in this fast growing business world. People become more need able for the motivation and inspiration for them to work better. Everyone relies or is guided by someone or wants to be so. So the main reason of not being able to survive in business world for the most of the companies is that effectiveness of leaders, especially subordinates perception of leaders. So what I did is review on relationship between leaders and openness. Then I have prepared a questionnaire which contains 27 questions about relevant topics to leader‘s openness and organizations success. It was placed in different social network sites and respondents were chosen randomly. 51 people responded and questionnaire did not need any specific types of respondents so any person who is above the age of 18 can fill it out. Data was analyzed according to the majority of the respondents in the SPSS program and Google drive summary application. Some questions were asked twice, in the beginning and at the end to measure the validness of respondents. 3 to 4 weeks were given to respondents to fill and inside the questionnaire since it was very only background information about research has been given as instruction. After the respondents responded the questionnaire according to each of the response the expanded theory of openness was defined. Results After the questionnaires findings we can clearly see that almost every person who responded care about characteristics of their leaders especially about their openness. For instance for the question number 1 most of the respondents answered that employees motivation would result from the openness of their leaders. This shows that if their leaders are closed to themselves and to the environment employees will not be motivated to do their work efficiently and effectively. Motivation of the employees is the first thing to take into consideration when measuring success of the organization. For the second question most of the respondents think that leaders play big role which is 60-80 percent in the success of the organization which means each of the characteristic that leader has is important. In any organization freedom of expressing ideas is important and most of the respondents say it depends on the openness of leaders. In opposite means if leaders are not open employees will have difficulties in expressing their ideas. And who knows maybe some of them have extraordinary ideas, new thoughts that can lead to success and only because of their leaders they don‘t say it. Being intellectual is very important for the leaders today since high quality of characteristics needed in order to be effective leaders and majority of respondents say that being open means being intellectual. When an employee made mistake only an open leader can show him\her how to not repeat that mistake, and majority thinks that it is the best solution for this matter. Respondents said that effective leaders should be curious which means on the other hand being open to new ideas, searching for new ideas, looking for new information etc. People by their will follow their leaders with great empathy if their leaders are respectful, honest and open, the respondents say. It appears that informal meetings, picnics and barbeques are very important according to the 58 percent of respondents. Only open leaders can organize those informal activities. For the closed leaders it would be very difficult and impossible to spend their spare time with their subordinates and share anecdotes, jokes. This are the things that every employee wants in 65 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo an organization it strengthens the bond between people in the organization. Since it is stronger they can work together, share their ideas freely and work to achieve the common goal which in the end will lead to success. As a final majority of respondents which is 68 percent think that there is a direct relationship between leader‘s openness and organization's success. Discussion After the literature review and survey responses and results that we have been collected, we had redefined openness in 5 different factors which are; openness to information and knowledge, openness to mistakes and critics, openness to change, openness to new ideas and openness to religion and culture. We believe that organizations fail because their leaders usually lack skills in these 5 factors. Openness to Information and Knowledge: It is the first factor that is about sharing the information and knowledge with subordinates. Workers would not be favor of following leaders who know less than them. Since in today‘s world the education background has been one of the important things that define person, leaders everyday have to try to learn new things, improve their skills and increase their knowledge. After they should share them with subordinates, if subordinates are convinced that their leader is knowledgeable and learn from them new things ever day, they will be more likely to follow and motivated. Openness to Mistakes and Critics: One of the things that all people in organizations should understand is that we are people, not machines. Human beings can make mistakes and it should be reacted normally. We learn by doing mistakes, we get experienced by doing mistakes. Leaders as well as the subordinates should be open to mistakes of each other. When we asked a question which says ―What would you do if your worker made a mistake?‖ and gave some options like firing him, cutting his salary etc, majority of respondents answered that they would show a worker how not to repeat the mistake. So leaders should have more empathy towards workers mistakes and their mistakes as well. In most organizations when leaders make mistakes it is seen like impossible thing, and leaders in order to be not embarrassed, hide their mistakes. Later that mistake becomes bigger and leads to the chaos in the organization. If leaders do the opposite by being open to their mistakes and admit their mistakes majority of surveyors think that it would not lead to entrust or negative thoughts. Oppositely subordinates will trust more and would not repeat their leader‘s mistakes. Also being open to the critics is important to understand where leaders are doing mistakes. Because our enemies are the best people who recognize our mistakes and let us know about them. So if leaders are open to the critics they can know themselves more. Openness to Change: Today world, technology, environment, economy and many other factors are changing every day because of the globalization. For organizations to get well with all these fast changing factors, have to be open to the change. Organizations that resist to the change are perceived as old fashioned and in the end of the day they just cannot follow the new changing world with existing strategies and resources. So it is important for leaders to walk in the same line with its external and internal environment. Openness to New Ideas: Every person, subordinate is unique in organizations. Their opinions, new ideas should carefully listened by their leaders whatever it is. We believe that the strangest ideas are worth listening because the things that were strange for us 5 years 66 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo ago are the trends of today. People are very awake today and they always seek for something new and different. So if every idea of each subordinate is taken into consideration, there can be very light new innovations may come. Openness to Religion and Culture: Subordinates are motivated when there is a respect to their beliefs and values. Today in one organization there can be many people with different religious and cultural background. Different cultures have different point of view, which is an opportunity for leaders and organizations. Because Japanese may see the picture differently, and American differently. If leader combine two of them they will be able to see both sides of the picture. Conclusion This research project mainly met my research objectives and answered almost all of my research questions. I have found out that for every employee, not important in where they work openness of their leaders is important. By their leaders openness employees feel more motivated to work, follow their leaders, trust them. Most of the characteristics of being open has been verified by the scholars who wrote previous studies about leaders openness and also by the respondents that responded to the questionnaire. All these activities and characteristics that open leader has will obviously lead any organization in the success. There is a saying that how is your leader you can only be good as him. Leaders play big role in the success but their characteristics more. As a overall conclusion on the research process I can say that it was worth studying. Further leaders should ask themselves whether they are open enough if they are having any problems in the success of the organization. In my opinion further research may expand this topic area and some experimental research should be done in order to have broader understanding of the importance since this project was only conducted with few numbers of respondents and literature review. References Allport, G., 1937. A Psychological Interpretation. Personality. Anne T. Mccart, John Rohrbaurgh, 1995. Managerial Openness to Change and the Introduction of GDSS.. Organization Science, Volume 6, pp. 569-584. Bass, B. M., 1990. A Survey Theory and Research. New York : Free Press. Bass, B. M. (1990). Bass and Stogdill's handbook of leadership. New York: Free Press. Cartwright, S., and C.L. Cooper. 1992. Mergers and acquisitions: The human factor. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. Charlene Li. Open Leadership How Social Technology Can Transform theWay You Lead. Altimeter Group. 2010 Chernyshenko, O. S., Stark, S., & Drasgow, F. (2011). Individual differences: Their measurement and validity. In S. Zedeck (Ed.), Handbook of industrial andorganizational psychology, Vol. 1. (pp. 117–151). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. 67 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Edwards,W.R. 2003. Openness to change: Correlates and organizational consequences. Dissertation Abstracts International, 63(10): 4950B. Feist, G. J. (1998). A meta-analysis of personality in scientific and artistic creativity. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 2, 290–309. S.K. Ghosh and B.R. Shejwal, 2006. Relationship between Perceived Organisational Values and Leadership Styles. Indian Journal of Industrial Relations, Volume 42, pp. 57-72. Investigating Levels of Openness and Trust between Principals and their Teachers, Southern Regional Council on Educational Administration. 2001 John Adair, Develop your leadership skills, Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data, 120 Pentonville Road London N1 9JN United Kingdom,2007 Judge, T.A., Bono, J.E., Ilies, R. and Gerhardt, M.W., 2002. Personality and leadership:a qualitative and quantitative review. Journal of Applied Psychology, Volume 87, pp. 765-780. Kets de Vries and M.F.R, Vrignaud, P., Korotov, K., Engellau, E.,Florent Treacy, 2006. The development of the personality audit: a psychodynamic multiple feedback. International Journal of Human Resource Management, Volume 17, pp. 898-917. Kobasa, S.C. 1982. Commitment and coping in stress resistance among lawyers. Journal of Personality andSocial Psychology 42(4): 707–17. Kouzes, James, and Barry Z. Posner. The Leadership Challenge. 4th ed. 989 Market Street, San Francisco: John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 2007. L.M., A., 1991. Technology Support for Cooperative Work: A Framework for Studying Introduction and Assimilation in Organizations. Journal of Organizational Computing, Volume 1, pp. 11-39. Luthans, F., 2008. Organizational Behavior. 11th ed. McGraw Hill, Boston, MA: s.n. Mai, Robert, and Alan Akerson. The Leader as Communicator. 1601 Broadway, New York: American Management Association, 2003. McCrae, R. R.,& Costa, P. T., Jr. (1997). Conceptions and correlates of openness to experience. In R. Hogan, J. A. Johnson, & S. R. Briggs (Eds.), Handbook of personalitypsychology (pp. 825–847). San Diego: Academic Press. Miller, V.D., J.R. Johnson, and J. Grau. 1994. Antecedents to willingness to participate in a plannedorganizational change. Journal of Applied Communication Research 22(1): 59–80. 68 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Niels Van, Quaquebeke,Knippenberg Daan Van, and Eckloff Tilman. ―Individual Differences in the Leader Categorization to Openness to Influence Relationship‖, n.d. Pearce, Craig L., Joseph A. Maciarello, and Hideki Yamawaki. The Drucker Difference. American Bar Association and a committee of publishers, 2010. Robbins, S.P, Judge, T.A, 2007. Organizational Behavior. 12th ed. Englewood Cliffs, NJ.: Prentice Hall. Scott Cambell, Ellen Samiec, 5-D Leadership: Key Dimensions for Leading in the Real World, 1st ed. Davies-Black Publishing, a division of CPP, Inc, Joaquin Road, 2nd Floor, Mountain View,2005 Scott, Shane. Born Entrepreneurs, Born Leaders. 198 Madison Avenue, New York: Oxford University Press, 2010. Tapscott, D., Williams, A.D, 2006. Wikinomics. London: s.n. Warren Bennis, Daniel Goleman, James O‘Toole ―Transparency; How Leaders Create a Culture of Candor‖,2008 Wanberg, C.R., and T.J. Banas. 2000. Predictors and outcomes of openness to changes in a reorganizingworkplace. Journal of Applied Psychology 85(1): 132–42. 69 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1479 Title A name given to the resource Effects of Openness of Leaders in Success of Organizations Author Author KHADYR, Amine SMAJIĆ, Edin Abstract A summary of the resource. Nowadays many seminars, conferences and courses held and books written in order to improve leadership skills of different kinds of leaders from all over the world. However the openness of leaders in the organization has not been mentioned seriously as it is one of the main skills that successful leaders should have. In this research paper my intention was to demonstrate the idea that openness of leaders is directly related with the success of organization. With the present study, I argue that the characteristic of leaders that is openness of leader’s plays as big role for the effectiveness of employees as well as success of the organization. It is very important because many organizations nowadays fail to operate because of its leader’s lacked skills. Keywords: Openness, Leaders, Organization, Success, Effect, Relationship, Communication, Criteria, Effective. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-10 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 978-9958-834-23-3 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/3c3be5b7ac01d6060481a64ad11e3e30.pdf 70f7ebf4094240f6fd08dcb29f861b0a PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Relationship between Machiavelism and Ethical Leadership and an Application Mustafa Kemal Demirci Dumlupınar University, Kütahya, Turkey mkdemirci26@hotmail.com Gülten Eren Gümüştekin Dumlupınar University, Kütahya, Turkey ggumustekin@hotmail.com Nuray Mercan Dumlupınar University, Kütahya, Turkey snmmercan@yahoo.com Bayram Alamur Balıkesir University, Balıkesir, Turkey alamur_bayram@hotmail.com Süleyman Tiryaki Dumlupınar University, Kütahya, Turkey tiryaks06@hotmail.com Machiavelli has emphasized and defended to the brutality of competition, which happens in both political and organizational life, selfishness and has taken account of the fact that the every unethical way can be try to reach the purpose. 21. Century is the information age. Besides, different management models and leadership characteristics have discussed in this age as well. In recent years, the scandals which emerged in businesses Enron, WorldCom, Parmalat etc. have caused to become importance for the ethical behavior of leaders and began to be questioned the role of leader in formation of ethical behavior. Ethical leadership is the integration of ethic and leadership, and is an example for employees. Ethical leadership shows the way to the employees to reach the goals, it is the way which has only ethical principles and methods. The purpose of this resource is to determine the level of Machiavellian tendencies and to determine its statistical relationship between the ethical leadership. The resource questionnaire method was applied to 127 teachers who work in Altintas. As a result of this resource teachers’ average score was calculated 90, 9. The high and low limit that separating of Machiavellian behavior is 100 point. 18, 8% of teachers has been received high Machiavellian behavior score. Positive correlation was found between negative tendency to the Machiavellism and ethical leadership. In this resource are not differences between the perspectives to ethical leadership and the Machiavellian level of men and women. Keywords: Machiavelism, Ethical Leadership. 215 � https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/08d19d7d3c69941850a509f4c6e52fa3.docx 620e6e13c5f78a32ab50682e8371b8c0 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/f7dca47b304a3aae03fa21df870a0e3f.pdf 18362bc52a69759df79a7d697368fb9a PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Machiavellianism in Relation to Ethical Leadership and a Practice Mustafa Kemal Demirci Dumlupınar University,Kütahya, Turkey mkdemirci26@hotmail.com Gülten Eren Gümüştekin Dumlupınar University,Kütahya, Turkey ggumustekin@hotmail.com Nuray Mercan Dumlupınar University,Kütahya, Turkey snmmercan@yahoo.com Bayram Alamur Balıkesir University, Balıkesir, Turkey alamur_bayram@hotmail.com Süleyman Tiryaki Dumlupınar University,Kütahya, Turkey tiryaks06@hotmail.com Abstract Machiavelli emphasized and asserted the idea that any unethical way to fulfill a goal can be put into practice as well as ruthlessness of rivalry and selfishness both in political and organizational life. The 21st century is a period in which a variety of management models and leadership qualifications has been discussed besides being information age. At the heart of these discussions, recent business scandals such as Enron, WorldCom, Parmalat etc. paved the way for leadership behavior to gain importance and the role of leader modeling the “ethical behavior” has begun to be argued. Ethical leadership is the integration of ethics and leadership issues as well as serving to the employees as a model. Ethical leadership is to enable the employees only with the ethical principles and procedures on the way to achieve their aims. The objective of this research is to determine the levels of Machiavellianist tendencies and relationship with ethical leadership statistically. A survey method has been applied to 127 teachers working in Altıntaş. According to survey results, the average score of the teachers included is 90,9 points. The boundary line separating high and low Machiavellianist attitude is 100 points. It has been seen that 18,8 % of the teachers scored points of high Machiavellianist attitude. It has been confirmed by the results that there is a positive correlation between negative Machiavellianist tendency and ethical leadership. There is no difference determined between Machiavellianist levels and ethical leadership perspectives of men and women. Key words: Machiavellianism, Ethical Leadership Introduction Theoretically, Machiavellianism, including alienation from the influence of interpersonal relationships and indifference to traditional ethical values, is to reach individual targets by manipulating persons. 1 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo In cases of collaboration, Machiavellianists share information, however in highly competitive environments; they keep the information to their selves. Generally, the concepts of Machiavellianism and ethics are regarded as two poles of an axis. It can be said that this is based upon Machiavelli’s notion : “If an administrator seeks to realize an ambition, being ethical shall not always be found rational, on the contrary the whole consistent attempts providing social approval of people, shall be seen as irrational policy”. (Skinner 2002: 60). Machiavellianism is among the basic personality traits which affect the organizational behavior. The belief of experimenting any way to fulfill the objective turns these individuals into more Machiavellianist ones in cases of negotiation necessity with less rules. In their book “ Studies in Machiavellianism” published in 1970, Richard Christie and Florence Geis , who developed a psychometric scale, with reference to Machiavelli’s notions, to scale Machiavellianist attitude, described the qualifications of Machavellianists with high tendencies and low tendencies as follows : Individuals with high Machiavellianist tendencies are described as target-oriented, coldblooded, objectiveminded, cheater, team leader, a good handler of interaction with all process, manager, power-oriented, authoritative, not open to manipulations, skeptical, not trustworthy, success-oriented, selfish, opportunist, judicial, arrogant, aggressive, limit-pusher, performance-oriented rather than justice-oriented. On the other hand, individuals with low Machiavellianist tendencies are described as not confident, inclined to be managed and dominated easily, sympathizer and sympathetic, friendly, sensible, prone to collaboration, self-sacrificing, thoughtful and with ethical values (Ergeneli, 2006). The concept of ethical leadership shapes the attitudes of people in many fields of communal living. Besides some qualifications such as truthfulness and honesty, ethical leadership features the concept of psychic leadership concentrating on values. The values such as loyalty, truthfulness or vice versa can be seen as a part of ethical leadership values (Plinio, 2009:278). Harvey, as a result of researches on ethical leadership, introduced the ten-item ethical leadership (Harvey, 2004:23): 1. Ethical leaders regularly make reference to common values, business principles and ethical standards and ensure that they are understood, supported and adopted. 2. Ethical leaders hold themselves and other people responsible for behaving in accordance with ethical values. 3. Since ethical leaders speak and act with integrity, they have the right to expect the others to do so. 4. Ethical leaders take into consideration others and guiding principles at the decision making stages. They manifest their values in all their deeds. 5. Ethical Leaders take pains so that policies and practices are in harmony. 6. Ethical leaders allocate time and resources to help people acquire confidence and skills that are required to transform correct beliefs into good behavior. 7. Ethical leaders attach importance to the feelings, views and reactions of their colleagues, employees and all the others who fall in their sphere of influence. 8. Ethical leaders make large numbers of small improvements in many fields. They easily adapt to ethical values and rules thanks to their sophistication. 9. While they are making decisions about choosing and promoting people who they will work with, ethical leaders use their mission, vision and values as criteria. 10. Ethical leaders motivate followers to take initiative and act as guides rather than making complaints, accusing some others, or waiting for others to take lead. 2 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo In the first part of this research, the relationship between Machiavellianism and ethical leadership, literature search as the second part and research findings and analysis as the conclusion part will take place. The Relationship between Machiavellianism and Ethical Leadership According to the results of a survey relating to ethical perception difference between Machiavellianist individuals in comparison with the others, those ,who have high ethical perceptions, have less Machiavellianist tendencies compared to the ones who have low ethical perceptions. For Christie and Geis, social pressure affects highly Machiavellianist individuals less, thus these individuals obey the social norms less than the others (Skinner 2002: 60). Moreover, Christie and Geis stated that Machiavellianist individuals are deprived of the concept of traditional ethics and in their perspectives of seeing the individuals, they are pragmatist. According to them these individuals are not deprived of ethics, yet they abide by some ethical principles which are not in accordance with traditional ethics. Furthermore, Mahciavellianist leaders can be exceptionally successful and useful in terms of the other organizations in cases of negotiation and persuasive skills are required. As a matter of fact, Machiavellianist individuals are exceptionally good at developing competitive strategies to succeed by concentrating on cognitive analysis of the cases. However, it is the best way for the business organizations to keep the Machiavellianist perspective limited. Thus; not only achievement motivation, the motive power and being aim-oriented can be preserved, but also the opportunist, selfish and deceitful sides of Machiavellianists can be prevented. (Mandacı, 2007: 54). Highly Machiavellianists think first and act accordingly while lowly Machiavellianists act first and then shape their cognition. Although Machiavellianism is not directly associated with any general intelligence testing scale, highly Machiavellianists are found out to be smarter and more charming compared to the lowly Machiavellianists. (Ural, 2003: 102). Literature Review According to Atakan (2002), mass media news programs cannot reach any difference in business levels among different age groups. The profession of a doctor is another occupation which has been searched in terms of the relationship with Machiavellianism. By using average score of Mach IV Scale, Bakır (1992) found out that the more age and term of office increases , career status progresses or academic title is gained, the more positive social values become and the less the tendency of looking out own profits becomes. In his research, Bakır (1993) carried out a survey among the students of Gulhane Military Medical Academy. According to survey results, once the students are closer to complete their education, Mach IV scores significantly increase, marital status affects social values and married doctors have less Machiavellianist tendencies. As for Abdul Aziz (2004), there has been found out a strong positive relationship between Machiavellianism and absenteeism. Abdul Aziz found out that part-time employees have higher Machiavellianism levels compared to full-time employees. In her studies in banking sector Mandacı (2007) found out that there is not a difference between marriedsingle,experienced or age groups in terms of Machiavellianism and ethical perception. Although marital status andage changes, Machiavellianist features including more individualistic attitudes are not shown. Research results show that there is not a significant difference between private and public sectors in terms of Machiavellianism and ethical perception levels. Tekin (2008) found out that Machiavellianist notions are common 3 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo among sales representatives and such attitudes as favoring some clients, not granting a discount of credit sales, dealing with personal issues during work hours, tolerating nonobeyers of ethical rules, increasing prices for foreigners, exploiting the organization’s equipment’s, forcing the clients to purchase the item are Machiavellianist features. Arslan (2004), in her research attended by 403 adults living in Ankara, Istanbul, Izmir and Mersin, found out that there is not a significant relationship between sex and Machiavellianism, there is a positive relationship between Machiavellianism and high level of alienation, as well as a negative relationship between his level of education and Machiavellianism. Bakır (2003) searched out that there is a negative relationship between Machiavellianism and job satisfaction in a survey among doctors. Jelinek (1985), in a research for students, reached the results that those who have had high scores of Machiavellianism are less stressful than the ones who have not. Barlow (2010) in a research aimed at students, found out that there is a negative relationship between Machiavellianism and emotional intelligence and that female students are less Machiavellianist in comparison to male students as female students are prone to use their emotions more. Paulhus, in a research aimed at employees about Machiavellianism and five-factor personality, found out a positive relationship between Machiavellianism and narcissism; and a negative one between Machiavellianism and psychopathic personality. Paul and Bereczki (2007), in a research aimed at employees, found out that there is a negative relationship between Machiavellianism and social co-operationRayburn (2003), in a research aimed at employees, found out that there is a positive relationship between Machiavellianism, Type A personality and academic success, and a negative one between ethical perception, Type A personality and academic success. Liu (2008), in a research aimed at employees, found out that there is a negative relationship between Machiavellianism and information sharing. Latif (2000) searched out that there is a negative relationship between Machiavellianism and ethical perception. Cyriac and Dharmaraj (1994) analyzed Indian businessmen in detail in terms of Machiavellianism levels and found out that administrators working in large cities of India have been affected by Machiavellianism as the ones in most European countries. Moreove, in a research carried out in China; although negative relationship between Machiavellianism levels and job satisfaction has been uttered in literature, Siu (1998) stated that the more Machiavellianism levels of bankers working in Hong Kong increase, the more satisfaction they get. Corzione and Buntzman (1999), in their research to analyze the Machiavellianism levels of employees in American Banks, found out that Machiavellianism levels do not differ intersexual. They also found that there is not a significant difference between the Machiavellianism levels of American banks and Hong Kong Banks. Also, they could not find any relationship between Machavellianism and salary. The Objective and Importance of the Research The objective of the research is to examine the relationship between ethical leadership and Machiavellianist features and attitudes which are effective on people to behave unethically. Research Method,Sampling and Data Collection Tools The research will be carried out by method of survey to the employees of Kutahya Altintas Distcirct Governorship. The data of research has been provided by surveys based on the literature. 4 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo As a data collection tool, survey form has been used. On this form,respectively demographic information and 20-items about Machiavellianist personality take part. While preparing the survey form, Mach IV version developed by Christie and Geis to scale Machiavellianist personality, has been used. 20 items of Mach IV Scale have been adapted to Turkish. Half of the items reflect Machiavellianist personality (positive) whereas the other half is against Machiavellianist personality (negative). Positive items are respectively as follows: (1, 3,4, 6,7, 9, 12, 16, 18, 19), and the negative items are as follows : (2, 5, 8, 10,11, 13,14,15,17, 20). These items take part in five-Likert type scale on the survey form. On the form 5-point represents “strongly agree”, 1-point represents “strongly disagree”. Machiavellianist Personality Score = Total Positive Points -Total Negative Points + 100 It is known by the researcher which of the questions is positive and negative. On this survey high score shows highly Machiavellianist personality and low score shows lowly Machiavellianist personality. By determining 100 points as criteria, over 100 points showing high, below 100 showing low Machiavellianist personality is determined as the standard. Ethical Leadership Scale is a scale developed on social learning theory grounds. There are 10 items about ethical leadership (Tuna vd. 2012). Hypotheses ofthe Research The hypotheses of this research are mentioned as follows: H1: There is not a statistically significant relationship between the levels of Machiavellianism and sex factor of the teachers who have taken the survey. H2: There is a statistically significant relationship between the levels of negative tendency to Machiavellianism and ethical leadership perceptions of the teachers who have taken the survey. H3: There is not a statistically significant difference between the negative and positive perceptions of Machiavellianism and ethical leadership perceptions of the teachers who have taken the survey. Findings and Analysis In this part, the data of the teachers, which have been participated, collected by means of survey method, necessary statistical processes to work out sub-problems and comments are included 1 Survey Reliability Table-1: Internal Consistency of Surveys Scale Positive Machiavellianism Item Scale Negative Machiavellianism Item Scale ETHICAL LEADERSHIP SCALE Number of Items 10 Cronbach‟s Alpha 0,782 10 0,732 10 0,796 5 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Having analyzed the reliability of answers given to Machiavellianism Scale by academicians participated, reliability coefficient is r= 0,832. Ethical Leadership has been proved to have r= 0, 70 reliability coefficient. Table 2. Arithmetic Mean, Standard Deviation and Factor Load Values POSITIVE ITEMS ABOUT MACHIAVELLIANISM 1. The best way to handle people is to tell them what they want to hear. 3. Anyone who completely trusts anyone else is asking for trouble. 4. It is hard to get ahead without cutting corners here and there. 6. It is safest to assume that all people have a vicious streak and it will come out when they are given a chance. 7. Never tell anyone the real reason you did something unless it is useful to do so. 9. It is wise to flatter important people. 12.People suffering from incurable diseases should have the choice of being put painlessly to death. 16.Most people forget more easily the death of a parent than the loss of their property. 18.Generally speaking, people won’t work hard unless they’re forced to do so. 19.The biggest difference between most criminals and other people is that criminals are stupid enough to get caught. NEGATIVE ITMES ABOUT MACHIAVELLIANISM 2. When you ask someone to do something for you, it is best to give the real reasons for wanting it rather than giving reasons which might carry more weight. 5. Honesty is the best policy in all cases. 8. One should take action only when sure it is morally right. 10. All in all, it is better to be humble and honest than to be important and dishonest. 11. Barnum was very wrong when he said there’s a sucker born every minute. 13. It is possible to be good in all respects. 14. Most people are basically good and kind. 15. There is no excuse for lying to someone else. 17. Most people who get ahead in the world lead clean moral lives. 20. Most people are brave. ETHIC LIDER 1. My manager listens to what employees have to say 2. My manager disciplines employees who violate ethical standards. 3. My manager conducts his/her personal life in an ethical manner 4. My manager has the best interests of employees in mind 5. My manager makes fair and balanced decisions 6. My manager can be trusted 7. My manager discusses business ethics or values with employees 8. My manager sets an example of how to do things the right way in terms of ethics 9. My manager defines success not just by results but also the way that they are obtained 10. My manager when making decisions, asks “what is the right thing to do?” Arithmetic Mean Standard Deviation ALPHA VALUE 3,24 3,23 3,85 3,47 1,348 1,340 1,241 1,174 ,715 ,703 ,739 ,721 2,98 1,472 ,784 1,96 2,35 1,353 1,504 ,781 ,740 2,95 1,356 ,734 3,01 1,312 ,731 2,56 1,395 ,787 4,43 ,905 ,685 4,58 4,38 4,28 ,849 ,854 1,046 ,793 ,729 ,771 4,14 1,014 ,694 3,72 3,80 4,07 3,11 3,50 ,997 ,937 ,961 1,370 1,221 ,671 ,690 ,784 ,751 ,687 4,02 3,80 4,23 4,23 4,27 4,39 4,35 4,24 1,000 1,115 ,977 ,875 ,791 ,768 ,802 ,742 ,774 ,819 ,774 ,764 ,766 ,772 ,783 ,781 4,31 ,684 ,777 4,39 ,691 ,770 Cronbach Alpha Coefficient is referred to test the inter-consistency of the scale item in scope of Machiavellianism Scale and reliability study, and test-retest reliability coefficients are referred to test the time consistency in terms of scaled quality. The internal consistency 6 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo coefficient related to 20-items of the scale α=.7320 olarak hesaplanmıştır. The internal consistency coefficient related to 10 item Ethical Leadership Scale is α=.796. In the literature, internal consistency values over .70 are suitable. Table-3 Demographic Variables AGE VARIABLE AGE FREQUEN CY 20-25 29 26-30 55 31-35 26 36-40 9 41-45 3 46 AND OVER TOTAL SEX MALE FEMALE % 22,8 43,3 20,5 7,1 2,4 5 3,9 127 100,0 106 122 46,5 53,5 TERM OF SERVICE 1-5 95 YEARS 5-10 23 YEARS 10-15 6 YEARS 15-20 2 YEARS OVER 20 1 YEARS TOTAL 127 74,8 18,1 4,7 MARITAL STATUS FREQUENC Y MARRIED 68 SINGLE 59 TOTAL 127 JOB POSITION KINDERGAR 8 TEN TEACHER CLASS 92 MASTER DIRECTOR24 VICE DIR. CLERK 3 TOTAL 127 EDU. LEVEL HIGH SCH. UNIVERSIT Y MASTER’S DEGR. TOTAL % 53,5 46,5 100,0 6,3 72,4 18,9 2,4 100,0 6 117 4,7 92,1 4 3,1 127 100 1,6 ,8 100,0 Analyses of Research Table 4: Average Scores of Machiavellianism Levels of Participants LEVELS MACHIAVEL LIANIST LEVELS N 127 Min. 69 Max. 122 Ave.. 90,9 S.s 9,983 According to Table-4, regarding the scores got by participants, it can be seen that the minimum average score is 69 and maximum average score is 122. Accordingly the average score of the teachers appears to be 90, 9. 7 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Table 5: Perspectives of Females and Males in Terms of Machiavellism and Ethical Leadership NEGATIVE TENDENCY TO MACHIAVELLIANISM POSITIVE TENDENCY TO MACHIAVELLIANISM ETHICAL LEADERSHIP SEX N T P 53 74 ARITHMETIC MEAN 40,4906 39,6757 FEMALE MALE 1091 289 FEMALE MALE 53 74 42,5094 42,0135 ,541 ,580 FEMALE MALE 53 74 29,5283 29,6486 ,125 ,920 As the result of t-test to determine whether there is a significant difference between the scores of females and males about their negative and positive tendencies to Machiavellianism as well as ethical leadership, the difference between the arithmetic means of the groups has not been found statistically significant. Table6: The Perspectives of Higly/Lowly Machiavellianists into Ethical Leadership LEVELS HIGHLY MACHIAVELLIANISTS LOWLY MACHIAVELLIANISTS N 1,00 X 24 ss 41,5833 2,00 103 42,3689 t p ,021 ,886 Table7: Correlation Analysis Determining the Difference between Negative/Positive Tendency To Machiavellianism, Ethical Leadership And Marital Status VARIABLES POSITIVE TENDENCY TO MACHIAVE LLIANISM NEGATIVE TENDENCY TO MACHIAVE LLIANISM ETHICAL LEADERSHIP Pearson Correlat ion 0,037 Sig. (2tailed) Pearson Correlat ion ,682 0,280** Sig. (2tailed ,001 Viewing Table-7, as a result of correlation analysis to determine the relationship between positive tendency to Machiavellianism and ethical leadership , no statistically significant relationship between the scores has been worked out (r= 0, 037 ; p>.05). As a result of correlation analysis to determine the relationship between negative tendency to Machiavellianism and ethical leadership , a low level of statistically significant relationship between the scores has been worked out (r= ,154; p<.05). 8 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Conclusion Regarding the scores got by participants, it can be seen that the minimum average score is 69 and maximum average score is 122. Accordingly the average score of the teachers appears to be 90, 9. Yıldız (1998) found out that the average Machiavellianist tendency score of Turkish administrators is 94. 35, which is not too low taking the boundary line score 100 separating high and low Machiavellianist level into consideration. When examining the percentages of participants’ Machiavellianist tendency levels, it can be seen that 18,8 % of the teachers scored high Machiavellianist tendency levels. Kavak (2001), in her research, found out the country-wide level of Machiavellianist attitude as 97.13 (center 100 point). In this research, 100 points as center, the Machiavellinist levels of individuals in public sector is approximately 86, in private sector approximately 85. Kavak’s (1999) research shows that the level of Machiavellism in Turkey is higher than America (84,5), and lower than Australia (98. 6) which is valid also fort his research. In this research it has been showed that the perspectives of those who have scored high/low Machiavellianism levels do not differ in ethical leadership. This conclusion indicates that Machiavellianist attitude is personalized and even if a person does not behave ethically, he/she expects ethical attitudes from the others. In this research, the conclusion of previous researches indicating females are fewer Machiavellianist could not be reached. References Arslan Serap (2004).“Makyavelizmle Yabancılaşma, Bireycilik/Toplulukçuluk Eğilimleri Ve Bazı Demografik Değişkenler Arasındaki İlişki” Http://Www.Metvedu.Tr/Psi/Obildiri.Html. Atakan, Şirin (2002). “İşletme Etiğinde Makyavelizm: Görsel Basın Haber Programları İşgörenlerinin Makyavelizm Düzeylerini Belirlemeye Yönelik Bir Çalısma”,Hacettepe Üniversitesi İşletme Anabilim Dalı Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ankara. Aziz Abdul (2004), “Relationship Between Machiavellianism And Absence Rate:An Emprical Study” International Journal Of Management, Vol: 21: 445. Bakır, Bilal (1993). “Gülhane Askeri Tıp Fakültesinde Mezuniyet Öncesi Tıp Egitimi” Uzmanlık Tezi Ankara. Bakır Bilal- Özer Mustafa, Uçar Muharrem-Güleç Mahir- Demir Cesim- Hasde Metin. (2003).“Relation Between Machiavellianism And Job Satisfaction İn A Sample Of Turkish Physicians”Psychological Reports, Vol. 92(3), Pp. 1169-1175. Barlow Alexandra- Qualter-Stylıanou Maria (2010). “Relationships Between Machiavellianism, Emotional Intelligence And Theory Of Mind İn Children”Personality And Individual Differences,Vol. 48, Issue 1, Pp. 78-82. Corzıone, Janice C Buntzman, Gabriel F. Busch Edgar T.(1999). “Machiavellianism İn U.S.Bankers” TheJournal Of Organisational Analysis, Vol.7, Pp. 72-83. 9 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Cyrıac K. Joseph Dharmaraj Raja (1994). “Machiavellianism İn Indian Management” Journal Of Business Ethics, Vol. 13, Pp. 281-280. Ergeneli, Azize (2006) “Örgüt Ve İnsan” Hacettepe Üniversitesi Yayınları, Hacettepe Üniversitesi Hastaneleri Basımevi, Ankara. Harvey, Eric, (2004), “Liderlik Ve Etik”, Executive Excellence. Yıl:8, Sayı:87, S. 23 Kavak, Bahtışen. (1999). “Makyavelizm İle Tüketicinin Ahlaki Yargıları Arasındaki İlişkiye Yönelik Amprik Bir İnceleme” Ev Ekonomisi Dergisi. Latıf David A. (2000).”The Relationship Between Pharmacy Students’ Locus Of Control, Machiavellianism, And Moral Reasoning”American Journal Of Pharmaceutical Education, Vol. 64, Spring, Pp. 33-37. Lıu Chung C. (2008). “The Relationship Between Machiavellianism And Knowledge Sharing Willingness”J Bus Psychol, Vol. 22, Pp. 233-240. Jellınek Roberta (1985). "Machiavellianism, Organizational Structure And Principals' Occupational Stress (Job Satisfaction)" Etd Collection For Fordham University.Paper Aaı8508118. Http://Fordham.Bepress.Com/Dissertations/Aaı8508118 Mandacı Gamze (2007). “Makyavelist Tutumların Etik Algısı Ve DemografikFaktörler Açısından Değerlendirilmesi:BankacılıkSektöründe Bir Araştırma” Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü İşletme Anabilim Dalı Yönetim Organizasyon Ve Örgütsel Davranıs Bilim DalıYüksek Lisans Tezi, Ankara. Paal Tunde, Bereczkeı Tamas (2007). “Adult Theory Of Mind, Cooperation, Machiavellianism: The Effect Of Mindreading On Social Relations” Personality And Individual Differences, Vol. 43 , Pp. 541–551. Plınıo, Alex J., (2009), “Ethics And Leadership”, International Journal Of Disclosure And Governance, Vol:6, No:4, S. 277-283 Rayburn Mike- Overby John- Hammond Kevin (2003). “Differences İn Charisma, Ethics,Personality, And MachiavellianCharacteristics Of Male And FemaleMarketing Students” Academy Of Marketing Studies Journal, Vol. 7, No. 2, Pp. 107-125. Skınner, Quentin (2002). “Düşüncenin Ustaları: Machiavelli” Türkçesi: Cemal Atilla AltınKitaplar Yayınevi İstanbul. Sıu ,Wai-Sum (1998). “Machiavellianism And Retail Banking Executives İn Hong Kong” 10 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Journal Of Managerial Psychology ,Vol. 13:28. Ural, Tülin. İşletme Ve Pazarlama Etiği. Ankara: Detay Yayınları, 2003. Tekin Zeliha (2008).“Pazarlama Etiğinde Makyavelizm Ve İstanbulMahmutpaşa’da Bir Uygulama” Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü İşletme Anabilim Dalı İşletme Programı, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İstanbul. Tuna Muharrem, Bircan Hüdaverdi,Yeşiltaş Murat (2012) “Etik Liderlik Ölçeği’nin Geçerlilik Ve Güvenilirlik Çalışması: Antalya Örneği” Atatürk Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, Cilt: 26, Sayı: 2. Yıldız Gültekin- Erdoğmuş Nihat (1998).”Toplulukçu Kültürde Makyavelist Davranış Ve Bir Uygulama” Siyasette Ve Yönetiminde Etik. Adapazarı. Www.Nihaterdogmus.Com/.../6toplulukau-Kaoeltaoerde-Makyavelast-DavraniazVe-Bar-Uygulama1.Doc 11 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1632 Title A name given to the resource Relationship between Machiavelism and Ethical Leadership and an Application Author Author KEMAL DEMIRCI, Mustafa EREN GUMUSTEKIN, Gulten MERCAN, Nuray ALAMUR, Bayram TIRYAKI, Suleyman Abstract A summary of the resource. Machiavelli has emphasized and defended to the brutality of competition, which happens in both political and organizational life, selfishness and has taken account of the fact that the every unethical way can be try to reach the purpose. 21. Century is the information age. Besides, different management models and leadership characteristics have discussed in this age as well. In recent years, the scandals which emerged in businesses Enron, WorldCom, Parmalat etc. have caused to become importance for the ethical behavior of leaders and began to be questioned the role of leader in formation of ethical behavior. Ethical leadership is the integration of ethic and leadership, and is an example for employees. Ethical leadership shows the way to the employees to reach the goals, it is the way which has only ethical principles and methods. The purpose of this resource is to determine the level of Machiavellian tendencies and to determine its statistical relationship between the ethical leadership. The resource questionnaire method was applied to 127 teachers who work in Altintas. As a result of this resource teachers’ average score was calculated 90, 9. The high and low limit that separating of Machiavellian behavior is 100 point. 18, 8% of teachers has been received high Machiavellian behavior score. Positive correlation was found between negative tendency to the Machiavellism and ethical leadership. In this resource are not differences between the perspectives to ethical leadership and the Machiavellian level of men and women. Keywords: Machiavelism, Ethical Leadership. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-10 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 978-9958-834-23-3 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/84a15811707e3c1d810edbce2f556df1.pdf efc5a43f98e8d61cfb1aefcd46b60bbc PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Control and Conflict in Managing Foreign Equity Ventures: The Case of Turkish FDI Firms Harun Kaya İstanbul University, İstanbul, Turkey harun.kaya@İstanbul.edu.tr dr.hrn.ky@gmail.com Control and conflict within emerging market-based multinational enterprises (MNEs) and their subsidiaries are scarcely researched topic in the field of international business. This study attempts to fill this gap by providing empirical investigation of the nature and extent of management control and conflict experienced by Turkish firms and their foreign affiliates. We intend to identify differences in the relative extent of control and conflict over decision making within wholly owned subsidiaries and joint ventures. We review the extant literature on control and conflict between MNEs and their subsidiaries. Then, we formulate and test hypotheses on the relationship between the relative extent of parent company control and conflict over 13 critical decision making areas and the subsidiary and parent characteristics such as age, size, industry sectors and host country type. Finally, we provide summary, conclusions and future research directions of the study. Keywords: Control, Conflict, MNEs, Turkish FDI Firms. JEL Classificiation: M19-Other 149 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1593 Title A name given to the resource Control and Conflict in Managing Foreign Equity Ventures: The Case of Turkish FDI Firms Author Author KAYA , Harun Abstract A summary of the resource. Control and conflict within emerging market-based multinational enterprises (MNEs) and their subsidiaries are scarcely researched topic in the field of international business. This study attempts to fill this gap by providing empirical investigation of the nature and extent of management control and conflict experienced by Turkish firms and their foreign affiliates. We intend to identify differences in the relative extent of control and conflict over decision making within wholly owned subsidiaries and joint ventures. We review the extant literature on control and conflict between MNEs and their subsidiaries. Then, we formulate and test hypotheses on the relationship between the relative extent of parent company control and conflict over 13 critical decision making areas and the subsidiary and parent characteristics such as age, size, industry sectors and host country type. Finally, we provide summary, conclusions and future research directions of the study. Keywords: Control, Conflict, MNEs, Turkish FDI Firms. JEL Classificiation: M19-Other Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-10 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-4564 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/c389941594470332999e8d5bc3245198.pdf 9081a01f290a37dce5bf5405e87a739f PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Strategic Motives and Foreign Direct Investment Activities of Turkish Manufacturing Firms: An Empirical Study Harun Kaya İstanbul University, İstanbul, Turkey harun.kaya@İstanbul.edu.tr dr.hrn.ky@gmail.com This paper aims to determine and assess strategic motives of Turkish manufacturing firms’ (TMFs) foreign direct investment (FDI) involvement by the use of a broad set of factual and perceptual measures. Relying on the past research we have developed a number of hypotheses relating to firm characteristics and motives. Based on the analysis of 94 parent firm managers’ responses to a survey, first, we find that market-related motives (such as market potential, market access) appear to be the most important motives. Second, the results show that the relative importance of TMFs’ strategic motives does not vary with parent firm age; but, to a limited degree, they vary depending on subsidiary firm age. Third, strategic motives, to some extent, differ based on the size of the sampled firms and the size of their foreign subsidiaries. Fourth, motives of TMFs do not vary based on their sub-sector and entry mode. Finally, the results suggest that favorable business environment seeking and strategic asset seeking motives are significantly associated with investment in developed countries (DCs); and, cultural asset exploiting and efficiency seeking motives are significantly associated with investment in less developed countries (LDCs). Keywords: Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), Strategic FDI Motives, Emerging Market-Based FDI Firms, Turkish Manufacturing Firms, Entry Modes, Host Country Selection. 150 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1639 Title A name given to the resource Strategic Motives and Foreign Direct Investment Activities of Turkish Manufacturing Firms: An Empirical Study Author Author KAYA, Harun Abstract A summary of the resource. This paper aims to determine and assess strategic motives of Turkish manufacturing firms’ (TMFs) foreign direct investment (FDI) involvement by the use of a broad set of factual and perceptual measures. Relying on the past research we have developed a number of hypotheses relating to firm characteristics and motives. Based on the analysis of 94 parent firm managers’ responses to a survey, first, we find that market-related motives (such as market potential, market access) appear to be the most important motives. Second, the results show that the relative importance of TMFs’ strategic motives does not vary with parent firm age; but, to a limited degree, they vary depending on subsidiary firm age. Third, strategic motives, to some extent, differ based on the size of the sampled firms and the size of their foreign subsidiaries. Fourth, motives of TMFs do not vary based on their sub-sector and entry mode. Finally, the results suggest that favorable business environment seeking and strategic asset seeking motives are significantly associated with investment in developed countries (DCs); and, cultural asset exploiting and efficiency seeking motives are significantly associated with investment in less developed countries (LDCs). Keywords: Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), Strategic FDI Motives, Emerging Market-Based FDI Firms, Turkish Manufacturing Firms, Entry Modes, Host Country Selection. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-10 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-4564 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/606d6fcf3b8b19267bcea94cf72d4355.pdf f917df82cd04ba534aa1af0fae73aab9 PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo The Importance of Sustainable Living for the Well-Being of the Older Adults: U.S. Case Fevzi Kaya Dumlupınar University, Kütahya, Turkey kaya_fevzi@hotmail.com Metin Özkan Dumlupınar University, Kütahya, Turkey camulog43@gmail.com Sustainable living is the idea of preserving national resources and helping to preserve ecological balance in the world. The main purpose of this struggle is to create a more sustainable world. İn order to make a significant contribution for the well-being of people around us, sustainable living is a crucial point to consider. As you know, the U.S. population is getting older, and it is estimated by 2030, approximately 70 million individuals would be 65 or older in the U.S., so as the population of older people increase, the need for the adults intensifies. İn order to increase the quality life of older adults: what type of sustainable housing would be conducive, what type of housing material should be used for the inside and outside of the home, what type of sustainable clothing should be used, and what type of an environment should be constructed are going to be the main questions addressed in this research. Keywords: Sustainable Living, Sustainable Housing, Housing Material, Sustainable Clothing, Co-Housing and Shared Living. 121 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1564 Title A name given to the resource The Importance of Sustainable Living for the Well-Being of the Older Adults: U.S. Case Author Author KAYA, Favzi OZKAN, Metin Abstract A summary of the resource. Sustainable living is the idea of preserving national resources and helping to preserve ecological balance in the world. The main purpose of this struggle is to create a more sustainable world. İn order to make a significant contribution for the well-being of people around us, sustainable living is a crucial point to consider. As you know, the U.S. population is getting older, and it is estimated by 2030, approximately 70 million individuals would be 65 or older in the U.S., so as the population of older people increase, the need for the adults intensifies. İn order to increase the quality life of older adults: what type of sustainable housing would be conducive, what type of housing material should be used for the inside and outside of the home, what type of sustainable clothing should be used, and what type of an environment should be constructed are going to be the main questions addressed in this research. Keywords: Sustainable Living, Sustainable Housing, Housing Material, Sustainable Clothing, Co-Housing and Shared Living. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-10 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-4564 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/363a8d6154b2743e4df55a4e29c49d7f.pdf 924c0b771c25bfd5c2b796f31d5ce3f6 PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Relationship between Families’ and Schools in Battling Narcotics and Drugs Fatima Karišik International University in Novi Pazar, Novi Pazar, Serbia fatimakarisik@yahoo.com Alarming data about the number of young people who abuse drugs and drug clearly indicate the topicality of studying this subject. There is more meaning to this topic and also is socially important because the youth is the pillar of any society. Social significance is reflected in the fact that society has an important role in reducing substance abuse and drugs. Studying and developing cooperation with families and schools to fight substance abuse and drug use is very important for pedagogy as a science of education, especially for the families and school counselors. The situation as it is now in our society unambiguous and clearly shows that have already matured enough to form its own sub discipline pedagogical way to deal with the phenomenon of combating substance abuse and drugs. To achieve success in solving the problem of family and school cooperation has to be at a high level, it must be continuous with continuous exchange of views and ideas on solving it. Educational influences of family and school are a very powerful tool when it comes to the formation of a healthy personality and quality, which will be capable of resisting the most difficult types of voices. Until recently even in pedagogical circles, they supported the view that it is best not to talk about drugs in the school, because it was thought that people would be awakened and deepened curiosity. It is important to emphasize that this is a very wrong attitude; on the contrary we believe that children need to talk openly about it, both with their families and at school. Because the family and school environment conducive to the creation of a free individual, the freeing of his creative potential and self-confidence, we believe that an institution of vital importance to the individual and are essential for solving an instance of such a complex problem. Keywords: Family, School, Education, Drugs and Drug Community. 116 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1549 Title A name given to the resource Relationship between Families’ and Schools in Battling Narcotics and Drugs Author Author KARIŠIK, Fatima Abstract A summary of the resource. Alarming data about the number of young people who abuse drugs and drug clearly indicate the topicality of studying this subject. There is more meaning to this topic and also is socially important because the youth is the pillar of any society. Social significance is reflected in the fact that society has an important role in reducing substance abuse and drugs. Studying and developing cooperation with families and schools to fight substance abuse and drug use is very important for pedagogy as a science of education, especially for the families and school counselors. The situation as it is now in our society unambiguous and clearly shows that have already matured enough to form its own sub discipline pedagogical way to deal with the phenomenon of combating substance abuse and drugs. To achieve success in solving the problem of family and school cooperation has to be at a high level, it must be continuous with continuous exchange of views and ideas on solving it. Educational influences of family and school are a very powerful tool when it comes to the formation of a healthy personality and quality, which will be capable of resisting the most difficult types of voices. Until recently even in pedagogical circles, they supported the view that it is best not to talk about drugs in the school, because it was thought that people would be awakened and deepened curiosity. It is important to emphasize that this is a very wrong attitude; on the contrary we believe that children need to talk openly about it, both with their families and at school. Because the family and school environment conducive to the creation of a free individual, the freeing of his creative potential and self-confidence, we believe that an institution of vital importance to the individual and are essential for solving an instance of such a complex problem. Keywords: Family, School, Education, Drugs and Drug Community. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-10 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-4564 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/e2abb8406c1a0782c223599b3faa2668.docx 099ccf516d53890b3983a418c77ccbbc https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/a7c1572626415fa526d040c9bca8bd69.pdf 48c9452800b982c340e13e3fd9d7e5aa PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Correlation Effects of Family and School in Combating Resources and Drugs Fatima Karišik International University in Novi Pazar, Novi Pazar, Serbia fatimakarisik@yahoo.com Abstract Alarming data about the number of young people who abuse drugs and drug clearly indicate the topicality of studying this subject. There is more meaning to this topic and also is socially important because the youth is the pillar of any society. Social significance is reflected in the fact that society has an important role in reducing substance abuse and drugs. Studying and developing cooperation with families and schools to fight substance abuse and drug use is very important for pedagogy as a science of education, especially for the families and school counselors. The situation as it is now in our society unambiguous and clearly shows that have already matured enough to form its own sub discipline pedagogical way to deal with the phenomenon of combating substance abuse and drugs. To achieve success in solving the problem of family and school cooperation has to be at a high level, it must be continuous with continuous exchange of views and ideas on solving it. Educational influences of family and school are a very powerful tool when it comes to the formation of a healthy personality and quality, which will be capable of resisting the most difficult types of voices. Until recently even in pedagogical circles, they supported the view that it is best not to talk about drugs in the school, because it was thought that people would be awakened and deepened curiosity. It is important to emphasize that this is a very wrong attitude; on the contrary we believe that children need to talk openly about it, both with their families and at school. Because the family and school environment conducive to the creation of a free individual, the freeing of his creative potential and self-confidence, we believe that an institution of vital importance to the individual and are essential for solving an instance of such a complex problem. Keywords: Family, School, Education, Drugs and Drug Community. Introduction Mankind knows that there are drugs from prehistory to the present. The first record of contact by man and drugs comes from the late Pal Eolithic era. There is no way to determine exactly when the people used intoxicants and drugs, but it's safe to say that it was quite a long time ago. Those who are familiar with the issue believe that resources should be sought first and foremost in psychic immaturity of personality, in people's serious mental condition, and find a way out of the crisis. 1 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo According to the World Health Organization's dependence on drugs (psychoactive substances) especially the mental condition, and often the physical condition that occurs, this means that the action is addictive to the body and the body reacts to it. Dependence is characterized by the experience of coercion to occasionally or regularly take the medication that is addictive or not, and that you either get the experience on the desired effect or to avoid the inconvenience of taking the resources. Some children in the opinion of many experts still have characteristics of small behaviors that are almost a sure sign that will become addicted to some sort of drug. Such children do not behave from their toddler years and on, they are very sensitive in the foreground emphasize themselves. It is very easy to disappoint people, and finding meaning in life. Those who study these issues generally believe that parents should bear the greatest responsibility. All professionals and the public warn parents to constantly monitor the child the must check who they hang out with, and monitor how they behave. However, the truth is that a large quantity of narcotics and drugs found in school yards and satchel directly in the process of solving problems with their personal lives and school issues as well. Schools can play a significant role in reducing the risk of substance abuse and drug used among students. In particular, it is of great importance in areas of cooperation of family and school when it comes to solving this complex problem. Family Enables adoption of values and the formation of a world view, On the other hand, the schools provide education for children's educational contents and encourage them to self-study. The school greatly influences the formation of attitudes of young people, so together with our families we can make a complete system that can help young people to overcome the addiction. In order to resolve the problem with addiction the problem and to achieve success it is necessary to educate parents, teachers and students. In the process of educating and providing information on the problem of addiction and its prevention in addition educational institutions can participate in media, society, nongovernmental organizations ...The media should be more open to the problem of addiction, it needs to be more talk about the primary prevention and education on preventing youth, parents and teachers. The media approach with this problem should be systematic and must start with more sides to the problem, as sources multidimensional. Important role in the education of parents, students and teachers can have an impact on the community. Society cannot just restrictive its attitude towards substance abuse and drug legislation to combat this phenomenon. It is clear that they must undertake some activities that will interest young people and involve them directly in combat substance abuse and drug use. Developing prevention programs are opening roads conversation, understanding and acceptance of young people. According to the OUN Prevention there are more forms and activities:  Through education - awareness, awareness affect changes on production, trade and drug abuse, the mental attitude and behavior 2 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo  Radical changes in attitudes towards drugs and the creation of new ones  Adequate drug treatment and social reintegration Successful implementation of prevention of addiction involves the knowledge of parents and teachers about the hazards of smoking tobacco, drinking alcohol, and the first signs of substance abuse and drug use. Parents and teachers need to know and implement prevention programs to give the children the basic information about substance abuse and addiction and the consequences of their use. It is the duty of the parents and teachers to talk openly about substance abuse with children. Tell the truth to young people means to convince them to short-term pleasure, relaxation and forget problems that they allow intoxicants are not worth the agony of acting and ruins their lives. Schools and families must face the problem, if it should come. If signs lead to the realization that a child uses the drug, it's time to take appropriate action. Directly facing the fact that the child uses intoxicants and drugs increases the chances of success and recovery. We should not waste time, hiding behind the problem we should act quickly and have an efficient operation of educational influences through family and schools they are the safe path to solving the problem. The child should be able to speak freely and openly to express doubts about his behavior in school and at home. Teachers and family members must first jointly consider all the ways that might be helpful. We believe that the cooperation between families and schools play an important role in regaining control over risk substance abuse and drugs. Students who are most at risk are those who are pushed into the background. However, schools with the support of parents and their actions can provide a secure environment, can promote a sense of belonging and create opportunities for success in school, and at home. Well-trained teachers and parents can help in informing the professional level, of presentations the problem. It can encourage the willingness to talk at any time; can empower parents to show maximum skill in solving the addiction problem, because in such situations, parents need the most composure and absolute correctness of each of the following actions or gestures. We believe that modern society should strive to achieve the modern concept of education. Therefore this process must involve the inclusion of families in the school. In solving the problem of addiction quality family-school communication can be extremely helpful. It is commendable that parents and teachers make the compensation plan as it is rewarding and powerful tool, it increases motivation, and if foreign, but later when the child is capable of understanding the significance of learning to upgrade their future, it will be very awaken internal motivation. On the basis of the stated above, we conclude that it is best for the youth to be well educated and to have the correct information. Of course, that may have an important role of families and schools, as well as the two most important links in the growing and 3 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo maturing each individual. Talk openly about drugs does not mean to advocate drugs. The priority of our schools and families should be teaching young people a healthy lifestyle, reducing the interest of young people for substance abuse and drug abuse, and should be carried out as often as I pursue a variety of tasks through which young people develop mutual and good communication with teachers, parents and friends. References Babsssovic, M. (1987). Legal aspects of drug abuse prevention and nikotizma Titograd City. Backovic, A. (2003). Drug addiction. Belgrade: IP "Zarko Albulj". Bojanin, S. (2002). The role of schools in the primary prevention of youth delinquency and dependency, ECPD, internationally graduate school primary prevention of substance abuse, Proc. Bukelić, J. (2002). Drugs in the school bench. Belgrade. IP "Velarta." Kacapor, S., Vilotijevic, M. (2005). Family and school pedagogy, Belgrade: Teachers College. Korac, H. (2003). The role of families in preventing abuse. Novi Pazar: El Kelimeh. Mandic, P. (1975). Cooperation between home and school, Sarajevo light. Krulj, R., Kacapor, S., Kulić, R. (2002). Pedagogy. Belgrade: World Book. Potkonjak, N. (1980). Cooperation between families and schools. Sarajevo IGKRO, "Light." Vojic, J. (2003). Training of Trainers as a form of primary prevention, ECPD, internationally graduate school primary prevention of substance abuse, Proceedings, Belgrade. 4 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2332 Title A name given to the resource Correlation Effects of Family and School in Combating Resources and Drugs Author Author KARIŠIK, Fatima Abstract A summary of the resource. Alarming data about the number of young people who abuse drugs and drug clearly indicate the topicality of studying this subject. There is more meaning to this topic and also is socially important because the youth is the pillar of any society. Social significance is reflected in the fact that society has an important role in reducing substance abuse and drugs. Studying and developing cooperation with families and schools to fight substance abuse and drug use is very important for pedagogy as a science of education, especially for the families and school counselors. The situation as it is now in our society unambiguous and clearly shows that have already matured enough to form its own sub discipline pedagogical way to deal with the phenomenon of combating substance abuse and drugs. To achieve success in solving the problem of family and school cooperation has to be at a high level, it must be continuous with continuous exchange of views and ideas on solving it. Educational influences of family and school are a very powerful tool when it comes to the formation of a healthy personality and quality, which will be capable of resisting the most difficult types of voices. Until recently even in pedagogical circles, they supported the view that it is best not to talk about drugs in the school, because it was thought that people would be awakened and deepened curiosity. It is important to emphasize that this is a very wrong attitude; on the contrary we believe that children need to talk openly about it, both with their families and at school. Because the family and school environment conducive to the creation of a free individual, the freeing of his creative potential and self-confidence, we believe that an institution of vital importance to the individual and are essential for solving an instance of such a complex problem. Keywords: Family, School, Education, Drugs and Drug Community. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-10 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 978-9958-834-23-3 H Social Sciences (General),HB Economic Theory,HG Finance,HJ Public Finance https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/5e3eb4798d80b512d810b8592ab8bf02.pdf 6e2d663a48d9f4da3a967b63d084b976 PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Usability of the Concept of Local Democracy in Achieving Democratic Process at Local Level Fatih Kırışık Dumlupınar University, Kütahya, Turkey fatihkirisik@gmail.com Democracy is advocated by the majority of societies and countries today. The dictators of the past were an important factor in adoption of democracy. Such administration types in which certain individuals, groups or classes make the decisions and seize the power in their hands shifted to dictatorship. Democracy has been adopted instead of these administration types. In democratic administration, certain rules and principles are actualised some of which are achieving public participation into administration activities, assuring fundamental rights and freedoms for everyone, adoption of principles of the state of law by the state, not destroying the rights of the minority for the sake of the majority and vice versa. Achieving the public participation that is required in democracy is discussed at local level. There is a close relation between local administrations and democracy. However, there are controversies in defining this close relation conceptually which centre around such concepts as democratisation of local administrations, democratic local administration and local democracy. In the literature, whether these concepts can be used interchangeably has been discussed and it has been decided that one can be used for another. However, preference of one gives the understanding of democracy a different dimension at local level. Therefore, a conceptual preference is a factor in achieving democracy at a local level. Local democracy can be understood as validation of democratic values in local administrations. In this sense, concepts of local democracy, democratic local administration and democratisation of local administrators are considered to be very close, but at the same time, they also appear to have different meanings. In order to determine which of these concepts will be used, these concepts should be defined clearly first. After that, the main elements of these concepts should be put forward analytically. Afterwards, the differences between these concepts should be revealed. Subsequently, different approaches to the problem of applying local democracy at local level should be put across. Also, what kind of a 113 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo local administration does applying each concept at local level stipulate? What role do these concepts play in achieving democratic participation at local level? Answers to such questions will not only enable sorting out the problem of conceptual expression but also give an idea about which concept is more appropriate to use. Keywords: Local Administration, Democracy, Democratisation of Local Administrations, Administration. 114 Local Democracy, Democratic Local � https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/ebdd85fe45ef907ce8acb2b2cf13b704.docx 2e07ffa8802f5d3db3878bca9b0b996b https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/9431b487eed8950ad5ced9c27a3b05c8.pdf a9803b87050d48ca437d1085464af44b PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Usability of the Concept of Local Democracy in Achieving Democratic Process at Local Level Fatih Kırışık Dumlupinar University, Kutahya, Turkey fatihkirisik@gmail.com Abstract Democracy is advocated by the majority of societies and countries today. The dictators of the past were an important factor in adoption of democracy. Such administration types in which certain individuals, groups or classes make the decisions and seize the power in their hands shifted to dictatorship. Democracy has been adopted instead of these administration types. In democratic administration, certain rules and principles are actualised some of which are achieving public participation into administration activities, assuring fundamental rights and freedoms for everyone, adoption of principles of the state of law by the state, not destroying the rights of the minority for the sake of the majority and vice versa. Achieving the public participation that is required in democracy is discussed at local level. There is a close relation between local administrations and democracy. However, there are controversies in defining this close relation conceptually which centre around such concepts as democratisation of local administrations, democratic local administration and local democracy. In the literature, whether these concepts can be used interchangeably has been discussed and it has been decided that one can be used for another. However, preference of one gives the understanding of democracy a different dimension at local level. Therefore, a conceptual preference is a factor in achieving democracy at a local level. Local democracy can be understood as validation of democratic values in local administrations. In this sense, concepts of local democracy, democratic local administration and democratisation of local administrators are considered to be very close, but at the same time, they also appear to have different meanings. In order to determine which of these concepts will be used, these concepts should be defined clearly first. After that, the main elements of these concepts should be put forward analytically. Afterwards, the differences between these concepts should be revealed. Subsequently, different approaches to the problem of applying local democracy at local level should be put across. Also, what kind of a local administration does applying each concept at local level stipulate? What role do these concepts play in achieving democratic participation at local level? Answers to such questions will not only enable sorting out the problem of conceptual expression but also give an idea about which concept is more appropriate to use. Keywords: Local Administration, Democracy, Local democracy, Democratisation of local administrations, Democratic local administration. Introduction Oppressive and centralist administration models have lost their functions today, having been replaced by an administration model based on strong local administration and 1 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo democracy. A perception consensus has occurred about strengthening local administration and democracy on national and global level. Therefore, the relation between democracy and local administration, its foundation stone, has gained importance each day(Yıldırım, 1993). Principle of separation of powers is sought in limiting the government, in which judicial body limits executive body. A state of law is achieved through preventing the intervention of the state to basic rights and freedoms and separating judicial body, which is in charge of saying what law is, from executive body. However, adoption of principle of separation of powers hasn’t been found to be adequate in limiting executive power completely and forming a democratic life. In order for democracy to take root and to diffuse in the society, administration, rather than being concentrated in one person, is considered to have to involve multiple people in administrative activities, in which people can influence the administrative decisions and join in decision making processes. Local administrations, therefore, have appeared as the most crucial democracy tool in achieving people’s participation in administration and spreading democracy amongst people. The role local administrations have taken on in achieving democracy and spreading it amongst people has increased their importance in terms of democracy. The indispensable role local administrations have taken on in achieving the functionality of democracy has caused local administrations to be called local democracy. Particularly those local administrations in countries with strong local administrations and local autonomy where democratic culture has taken root have been named local democracy thanks to their strong democratic structure and culture(Görmez, 1997). The Relation between Local Administration and Democracy Today, in almost all the countries, local administrations are regarded among the prominent democratic institutions. This is because local administrations enable the public to rule themselves and to participate in administration. The people determine the head of local administration organs through elections. However, this is not enough for these institutions to be called democratic local administrations because, in order to democratise local administrations, the people have to be made sure to participate in administration (Keleş, 1992). There are three different opinions that explain the relation between local administrations and democracy(Hill, 1974). One of them, Toulmain Smith, Moulin, e.g., argues that local administration, conflicting with democracy, is a sacred institution that has its power only from traditions. The second is Langrod’s opinion. Langrod states that there isn’t a cause and effect relation between democracy and local administration and that when and where one does not exist, the other can(Langrod, 1953). The third opinion advocates the fact that there is an imperative relation between democracy and local administration. For instance, according to John Stuart Mill, tax liabilities should by all means have a say in administration; they should always be consulted in administration and these people should be informed about the proceedings(Keleş, 1992). Like Mill, Tocqueville also regards local administrations as the main units of democracy and political education tools. Tocqueville states that local administration institutions form the actual power of free nations and that local councils have a crucial contribution to freedom(Yıldırım, 1993). 2 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Usability of the Concept of Local Democracy For decades, democracy crisis, mostly known as liberal democracy crisis or representative democracy crisis, has caused a new democracy pursuit during which local democracy concept has been put forward as a model suggestion(Üskül, 1993). There are other scientific opinions that look into local administration concept from a different perspective one of which mentions about a pursuit of a new democracy definition. It is believed that today’s classic liberal democracy perception is insufficient in solving social problems and the suggestion of electronic democracy as a solution to sort out this insufficiency cannot solve these problems. In this context, it is stated that democracy is being redefined and the main action point of this redefinition effort has to be reversal of political and administrative decision making mechanisms on top-base plane. Accordingly, the core of a new democracy perception is thought to be the fact that sovereignty should not be based on nation but on the people and that the one higher authority should take action when the people do not decide at local level(Üskül, 1993). In another study on the concept of local administration, a different emphasis stands out. Accordingly, local democracy exists before the state appears as a sovereign order which is a self-governance form per se and takes its shape through the needs of the society and contributions. Local power is meant by local democracy; however, in the concept of democratic local administration, democracy of local administration system is emphasized. In the concept of local democracy, democratic culture- defined as local democratic valuesare emphasized whereas, in democratic local administration concept, democracy of administration processes and administration function is emphasized(Pustu, 2005). In the literature, the use of local democracy concept is controversial because in the literature, there are opinions that the concept of local democracy is wrong and that the concept of democratic local administration can be used instead(Görmez, 1997). Hill states that it sounds artificial when democracy is separated as national and local(Hill, 1974) and uses the concept of democratic local administration instead of local democracy. Using the concept of democratic local administration instead of local democracy arises from the idea that local administrations cannot be named as local democracy. However, in local autonomy, local people are supposed to govern themselves within the borders laid by a central authority, in which case local power isn’t meant by the concept of local democracy. Local democracy means that democratic values are valid in local administrations(Görmez, 1997). The idea that local administrations can be used as a suitable tool to develop the quality of representative democracy(Ertan, 2004) also refers to the relation between local administration and representative democracy. The importance of the function of local administrations in the development of democracy is addressed here. While evaluating the quality of the relation between local administration and democracy, we see that the difference between local administration and democracy isn’t put forward and that a conceptual definition as local democracy isn’t made. Local democracy is nothing more than validating democratic values in local administrations(Görmez, 1997). When defined as such, the concepts of local democracy, democratic local administration and democratisation of local administrations appear to have very close meanings to one another but in fact have different meanings. Democratisation of local administrations denotes the process of making democratic 3 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo principles dominant in local administrations. This process will end by applying all the democratic principles in local administrations. By ending the process of democratisation of local administrations, that is applying all the democratic principles in local administrations, democratic local government will be achieved. Local democracy, on the other hand, will appear when democratic principles are applied at local level. The institutions that will make sure that democratic principles are applied at local level are local administrations. If a distinction between democracy and local democracy is to be made, it can be said that local democracy will appear by applying the principles of democracy, which are adopted and applied at national level, at local level. In this perspective, democracy and local democracy match up with each other and belong to the same root, but settling of democratic institutions and rules at local level and at national level will show different characteristics. Therefore, it can be argued that these two concepts rely on the same principles but these principles appear in different appearances in local and national areas. Another idea in defining local democracy emphasizes that local democracy occurs when democracy principles are applied local level(Çelik et al., 2008). In this definition, it is stated that there is no differentiation between local democracy and democracy and local democracy doesn’t have a different conceptual dimension from democracy. The concept of local democracy is used as much for the local administrations of certain federal states as those of the unitary states. In this context, it is seen that the concept of local democracy is used for the local administrations in such federal states as the USA, Germany and Sweden and for those in such states with strong local administration tradition as England and Holland(Görmez, 1997). This shows that the concept of local democracy doesn’t have any relation with federal-unitary state structure. The basic principles of local democracy can be exemplified as formation of decision bodies through elections, decision making processes and public participation, sharing of responsibility and income between central and local administrations and the relation between local and central administrations(Görmez, 1997). Conclusion Although there are cases determined as the crisis of representative democracy, no local democracy model involving a political and administrative structure that can solve this crisis of representative democracy has been put forward. In this context, it is seen that the concept of local democracy neither has a meaning itself and different from democracy nor provides a new democracy model. There is a close relation between local administrations and democracy that has led to such debates as democratisation of local administrations, democratic local administration and local democracy. In the literature, whether these concepts can be used interchangeably has been discussed and become a matter of preference. In my opinion, democratisation of local administrations takes us to a process in this context, while democratic local administration takes us to the result in this process and achieving democracy principles at local level and in local administration perspective, on the other hand, takes us to local democracy. In this perspective, these three concepts can be regarded as various expressions of achieving democracy at local level. 4 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo References Çelik, V., Çelik, F., Usta, S., (2004). “Yerel Demokrasi ve Yerel Özerklik İlişkisi”, Niğde Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, Cilt: 1, Sayı: 2, Aralık 2008. Ertan, B. (2004). “Demokrasi ve Yerel Yönetimler” Review of Social, Economic & Business Studies, Vol.2. Görmez, K. (1997). Yerel Demokrasi ve Türkiye, Vadi Yay., 2.b. Hill, D. M. (1974). Democratic Theory and Local Government, London. Keleş, R. (1992). Yerinden Yönetim ve Siyaset, Cem Yayınevi, İstanbul. Langrod¸ G. (1953). “Local Government&Democracy”, Public Administration, Vol.31, Spring. Pustu, Y. (2005). “Yerel Yönetimler ve Demokrasi”, Sayıştay Dergisi, S.57, NisanHaziran. Üskül, Z. (1993). “Yeni Bir Demokrasi Arayışı: Yerel Demokrasi”, Anayasa Yargısı Dergisi, C.10. Yıldırım, S. (1993). Yerel Yönetim ve Demokrasi: Kavramlar, Yaklaşımlar, TC Başbakanlık Toplu Konut İdaresi Başkanlığı ve IULA-EMME, İstanbul. 5 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1575 Title A name given to the resource Usability of the Concept of Local Democracy in Achieving Democratic Process at Local Level Author Author KARISIK, Fatih Abstract A summary of the resource. Democracy is advocated by the majority of societies and countries today. The dictators of the past were an important factor in adoption of democracy. Such administration types in which certain individuals, groups or classes make the decisions and seize the power in their hands shifted to dictatorship. Democracy has been adopted instead of these administration types. In democratic administration, certain rules and principles are actualised some of which are achieving public participation into administration activities, assuring fundamental rights and freedoms for everyone, adoption of principles of the state of law by the state, not destroying the rights of the minority for the sake of the majority and vice versa. Achieving the public participation that is required in democracy is discussed at local level. There is a close relation between local administrations and democracy. However, there are controversies in defining this close relation conceptually which centre around such concepts as democratisation of local administrations, democratic local administration and local democracy. In the literature, whether these concepts can be used interchangeably has been discussed and it has been decided that one can be used for another. However, preference of one gives the understanding of democracy a different dimension at local level. Therefore, a conceptual preference is a factor in achieving democracy at a local level. Local democracy can be understood as validation of democratic values in local administrations. In this sense, concepts of local democracy, democratic local administration and democratisation of local administrators are considered to be very close, but at the same time, they also appear to have different meanings. In order to determine which of these concepts will be used, these concepts should be defined clearly first. After that, the main elements of these concepts should be put forward analytically. Afterwards, the differences between these concepts should be revealed. Subsequently, different approaches to the problem of applying local democracy at local level should be put across. Also, what kind of a local administration does applying each concept at local level stipulate? What role do these concepts play in achieving democratic participation at local level? Answers to such questions will not only enable sorting out the problem of conceptual expression but also give an idea about which concept is more appropriate to use. Keywords: Local Administration, Democracy, Local Democracy, Democratisation of Local Administrations, Democratic Local Administration. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-10 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 978-9958-834-23-3