<rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#" xmlns:dcterms="http://purl.org/dc/terms/">
<rdf:Description rdf:about="https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/items/show/655">
    <dcterms:title><![CDATA[The Development of Environmental Taxes and Environmental Public Expenditures in Turkey Comparing Member Countries of the European Union]]></dcterms:title>
    <dcterms:abstract><![CDATA[This study investigates the causes of the environmental pollution, such as gas emission which causes the global warming. Then we examined the legal aspect of reducing environmental pollution, especially the most comprehensive international agreement the Kyoto Protocol. As a study case we examined the environmental expenditures, trends of the environmental policies, the development of environmental policy instruments (trend), and the structure of the environmental taxes for the years studied from year 2000 until 2011, then we compared Turkey and European Union.  The purpose of the study was to investigate how the public environmental expenditures and environmental taxes changed in Turkey and EU since 2000 until 2011. Another purpose of the study was the relationship between the public environmental expenditures and environmental taxes. In this study authors used secondary data in the large extent. The data collection for environmental tax revenues and the environmental expenditures was derived from European statistics agency.   According to our findings the environmental expenditures did not exceed the 1 % of GDP.  Despite the international agreements, the majority of countries have not increased the environmental expenditures, and also the general trend of environmental tax ratios have not increased significantly. The average of the environmental tax ratios are approximately 2.5% of GDP. Even though those countries have applied environmental taxes, they did not spend for the environmental protection. This means that those tax revenues are being used for public funding purposes.  Keywords: Environmental Pollution, Climate Change, Environmental Tax Revenues, Environmental Public Expenditure, International Environmental Agreements.]]></dcterms:abstract>
    <dcterms:publisher><![CDATA[International Burch University]]></dcterms:publisher>
    <dcterms:date><![CDATA[2014-04-24]]></dcterms:date>
    <dcterms:extent><![CDATA[2477]]></dcterms:extent>
    <dcterms:identifier><![CDATA[ISSN 2303-4564     ]]></dcterms:identifier>
</rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/items/show/656">
    <dcterms:title><![CDATA[Child Trafficking for Organ Transplantation and Law Enforcement Failure in Albania]]></dcterms:title>
    <dcterms:abstract><![CDATA[Trafficking in minors for sexual and labor exploitation, and, mostly for organs transplantation has grown globally over the last few years. The profits of child trafficking generate billions of dollars. Various researches have acknowledged child trafficking has a human rights issue: the trafficked minors are deprived of their rights to life, equality in education, dignity and security. Some governments have been coping with child trafficking as an organized crime issue where children are kidnapped, ‘sold like market products’, coerced and exploited to street begging, and definitely, the worst scenario of being ‘slaughtered’ for organ transplantation criminal networks.     Unfortunately, Albania as a fragile non-consolidated democracy has become predominately a country of origin of child trafficking for lucrative criminal targets. Our study will argue that this growing phenomenon in Albania is directly related and accelerated by the ‘pure failure’ of the justice system. It will demonstrate by comparison and contrast of the textual analysis of the academic and empirical data that politics with its powerful network have captivated the police system and paralyzed the judicial institutions. Drawing on the root causes that make children prey of the non-functioning of the judicial system, and then assessing the investigative units’ incompetence to trace the victims and their perpetrators, this research will offer a multidimensional picture of the Albanian child trafficking case noting its peculiarities in connection with the political transition profile of the country itself.     Finally, we finalize with recommendations on improving the policing capacities to identify and catch criminals, with judicial reform to clean up the corrupt judges and install the professional judicial system built upon international standards. This will turn a contribution to policymakers in Albania, to specialized units dealing with child trafficking, to non-governmental sectors, to the institutional reforming attempts and challenges of the country to end up political transition and consolidate the rule of law to its population and in particular to the most vulnerable group, - the children.    Keywords: child trafficking, organ transplantation, failure of law]]></dcterms:abstract>
    <dcterms:publisher><![CDATA[International Burch University]]></dcterms:publisher>
    <dcterms:date><![CDATA[2014-04-24]]></dcterms:date>
    <dcterms:extent><![CDATA[2453]]></dcterms:extent>
    <dcterms:identifier><![CDATA[ISSN 2303-4564     ]]></dcterms:identifier>
</rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/items/show/657">
    <dcterms:title><![CDATA[The Compatibility of Dayton System for Bosnia and Herzegovina’s EU Accession]]></dcterms:title>
    <dcterms:abstract><![CDATA[This study seeks to produce a critical approach regarding the compatibility of Dayton system for Bosnia and Herzegovina’s EU accession in the framework of a new perspective for the future of Bosnia. Nowadays, EU accession became the most important foreign policy goal of Bosnia and Herzegovina in order to create a more operative state system and complete the country’s reformation process. Nevertheless, still the country’s complete system is based on the “Dayton regime” which was established in 1995. Needless to say that the main goal of the Dayton system was creating a self-sufficient Bosnia and Herzegovina for the following years. On the other hand, today it’s seen that the international community still has a very constitutive role over Bosnia and Herzegovina. A productive national economy, operative democracy and dialogue stage between the ethnic groups might be considered as the most important uncompleted issues of the post-war period. In particular, when we consider the fact that some of the constitutive countries of former Yugoslavia had completed their EU accession or they became an official candidate for EU; the importance of EU for Bosnia and Herzegovina can be much more understandable. The main argument of this paper is producing the incompliance of Dayton system for Bosnia and Herzegovina based on the fact that Dayton system in Bosnia and Herzegovina created a state which is dependent to the existence of international community over the region. Additively, a bipartite comparative approach will be used both between the pre and post Dayton terms and between Bosnia and Herzegovina and other EU member former Yugoslav countries.   Keywords: Bosnia and Herzegovina, Dayton Regime, International Community, EU Accession, Consolidation of Democracy]]></dcterms:abstract>
    <dcterms:publisher><![CDATA[International Burch University]]></dcterms:publisher>
    <dcterms:date><![CDATA[2014-04-24]]></dcterms:date>
    <dcterms:extent><![CDATA[2434]]></dcterms:extent>
    <dcterms:identifier><![CDATA[ISSN 2303-4564     ]]></dcterms:identifier>
</rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/items/show/658">
    <dcterms:title><![CDATA[Foreign Direct Investment in the Western Balkan Transition Economies:Future Perspectives]]></dcterms:title>
    <dcterms:abstract><![CDATA[The importance of FDI for the economic development of a transition economy is especially pronounced. However, it is necessary to say that the importance of FDI for the Western Balkan countries have the crucial importance especially for the continuation and completion of the initiated reforms. Continuation and completion of structural economic reforms is also one of the key conditions for the accession of the Western Balkan countries to the European Union. So, the central question is what are the key factors that determine the level of FDI flows into the Western Balkan countries in the near future.   The notable FDI performance of Central Eastern European countries during their preparation for the EU accession in the last decade and the experience of earlier EU enlargements demonstrate that economic integration can increase FDI inflows. The Western Balkans follows a specific process of economic integration. On the one hand, intra-regional integration aims at normalizing the economic relations after the period of disintegration during the nineties and helps to create a common market. On the other hand, the regions aspire to accede into the EU, as it has been demonstrated by the EU membership application of Croatia. This paper aims to analyze how political stability or instability may affect FDI inflows by creating an index of performance on this variable for each Western Balkan country and relates it to a measure of FDI performance for a particular country. Also, the paper analyzes the impact of the EU accession process on the value of FDI inflows. The integration of the Western Balkan countries with the aim of liberalizing interregional trade represents (such as a CEFTA agreement) a chance for improving their mutual cooperation and it provides the basis for a more intensive trade with the European Union countries. Based on the analysis of the current political situation in the Western Balkans, as well as the current position in the negotiations with the EU, paper indicates the factors which determine the likely direction of potential FDI flows into the Western Balkan countries with the specific recommendations for the economic policy makers.  Keywords: Western Balkan transition economies, foreign direct investment, political volatility, EU integration]]></dcterms:abstract>
    <dcterms:publisher><![CDATA[International Burch University]]></dcterms:publisher>
    <dcterms:date><![CDATA[2014-04-24]]></dcterms:date>
    <dcterms:extent><![CDATA[2442]]></dcterms:extent>
    <dcterms:identifier><![CDATA[ISSN 2303-4564     ]]></dcterms:identifier>
</rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/items/show/659">
    <dcterms:title><![CDATA[An Example of Regional Development in Bosnia during the Ottoman Period: A Study on the Budgets of Gazi Husrev Bey Waqf’sbetween 1624-1629]]></dcterms:title>
    <dcterms:abstract><![CDATA[In the Ottoman Empire, waqf’s (foundations) played a key role in regional development. Waqf’s were fulfilling many activities related to social, cultural and economic life in the settlements. Ghazi HusrevBey established a waqf in 1537 and has built a complex of buildings in Bosnia. This complex of buildings consists of mosque, madrasah, tomb, primary school, lodge, guest house, soup kitchen, hospice, bath, caravanserai, bazaar and library.  These all institutions of the Ghazi HusrevBeyWaqf have played an important role in regional economic development of Bosnia. Institutions that were established in the centre of city have played active role for regional development for centuries. The waqf has had an impact on not only economically, but socially, culturally and in the fields of public health in the development of region.     In this study, Ghazi HusrevBeyWaqf’s budgets will be examined years of 1624-25, 1625-26, 1626-27, 1627-28, and 1628-29. Thus, after nearly half a century the waqf&#039;s income and expense will be examined in detail through financial records.  Revenues of the waqf consist of the farm, caravanserai, bath, inns and shops for rent in the bazaar and revenues of tax-farming. The expenses of the waqf consist of salaries of employees in mosque and hospice, hospice’s needs for food and other needs of waqf’s institution. With these establishments, waqf created employment in the area and by demanding goods and services from the city and regional market made an economic liveliness in the regional economy.  These five-year financial records show us waqf’s yearly income and outcome activities. Waqf’s budgets were derived from the Ottoman Archives in Istanbul.    Keywords: Regional Economic Development, Ottoman, Bosnia, Ghazi HusrevBey, Waqf.]]></dcterms:abstract>
    <dcterms:publisher><![CDATA[International Burch University]]></dcterms:publisher>
    <dcterms:date><![CDATA[2014-04-24]]></dcterms:date>
    <dcterms:extent><![CDATA[2445]]></dcterms:extent>
    <dcterms:identifier><![CDATA[ISSN 2303-4564     ]]></dcterms:identifier>
</rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/items/show/660">
    <dcterms:title><![CDATA[60The Relationship between Growth and Tax Revenues in Croatia]]></dcterms:title>
    <dcterms:abstract><![CDATA[In all countries, the main purpose of taxes is to finance public spending. However, according to Keynesian school, governments apply for the taxes not only for public funding, but also for achieving the objectives of fiscal policy. Recently, politicians have used the taxes as a tool to ensure the economic stability, equality in income distribution and economic growth. Among these objectives, economic growth refers to the net increase in national income. Traditional growth theories have failed to explain the growth using capital accumulation and labor. But, new endogenous growth theory investigates also the impact on growth of the public policy. Different taxes have different effects in the economy. If taxes examine as direct and indirect taxes, the first effect of indirect taxes on economy is related to resource allocation through the price mechanism. The first effect of direct taxes such as income and corporate tax is on saving and investment decisions of individuals. The rates on these taxes should be lower for decisions of economic agents. The high taxation of this earning has led to the badly affected of labor, capital and technology located among growth factors. As a result, entrepreneurship can be reduced; saving and investment decisions can be influenced negatively. On the other hand, the taxation of capital may also lead to balance of payment problems in country by leaving the country of capital. Investment and saving are the main tools of growth. Therefore, the use of taxes for providing economic growth is extremely important. The relationship between economic growth and taxes is discussed in many studies.     The share of total tax revenues to GDP in Croatia is 14.8% in 1991, 22.97% in 1996, 22.4% in 2000 and 18.6% in 2011. GDP growth rate is 5.2% in 1996, 3.75% in 2000 and -0.92% in 2011 respectively. In this study, the relationship between growth and tax revenues is analyzed by using Johansen Cointegration and Causality tests in Croatia between 1991-2011 periods. Johansen Cointegration test results reveal the existence of a positive and significant relation between growth and tax revenues. In the long term, the impact of taxes on growth is significant and positive. Granger causality test findings indicate that there is causality from growth to tax revenues in the 10% significance level.    Keywords: Tax Revenues, Growth, Croatia, Granger Causality Test, Johansen Cointegration]]></dcterms:abstract>
    <dcterms:publisher><![CDATA[International Burch University]]></dcterms:publisher>
    <dcterms:date><![CDATA[2014-04-24]]></dcterms:date>
    <dcterms:extent><![CDATA[2502]]></dcterms:extent>
    <dcterms:identifier><![CDATA[ISSN 2303-4564     ]]></dcterms:identifier>
</rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/items/show/661">
    <dcterms:title><![CDATA[Tourism Expenditure and Economic Growth]]></dcterms:title>
    <dcterms:abstract><![CDATA[This paper empirically examines the impact of tourism expenditure on the long-run economic growth of Turkey by using Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) approach and the Hatemi Causality test to investigate causality for 2003:1 to 2012:1. The paper uses new data set tourism expenditure in line with educational level- that has not previously been used to estimate tourism expenditure on economic growth. The results of the bounds test show that there is a stable long-run relationship between each of the tourism expenditure and economic growth. The results of the causality test, on the other hand, show that there is bidirectional causality between university graduate tourists’ expenditure and economic growth and a causal flow from high school tourism expenditure to GDP growth which is verified growth-led tourism hypothesis. Results reveal that university and post graduate degree with tourists&#039; expenditure is more successful on explaining the long-run relationship between tourism expenditure and economic growth in Turkey. This result implies a policy that, although Turkey need to focus more on tourism development for all level of education to reach higher real income levels; policy makers should concentrate on attracting the attention of university graduate tourist to gain more from tourism industry.  Keywords:Tourism expenditure, GDP growth, Educational level, Turkey.]]></dcterms:abstract>
    <dcterms:publisher><![CDATA[International Burch University]]></dcterms:publisher>
    <dcterms:date><![CDATA[2014-04-24]]></dcterms:date>
    <dcterms:extent><![CDATA[2558]]></dcterms:extent>
    <dcterms:identifier><![CDATA[ISSN 2303-4564     ]]></dcterms:identifier>
</rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/items/show/662">
    <dcterms:title><![CDATA[The Motives of People in Utilizing the Freedom of Movement within the EU: The Case of Kosovo and Visa Liberalization with the EU]]></dcterms:title>
    <dcterms:abstract><![CDATA[Abstract: This study intends to identify the main motives for travel of citizens from Kosovo to the EU Member States once the visa liberalization takes place. The authors of this paper take into account demographic information from the surveys handed out to citizens of Kosovo, and try to correlate them with their motives for travel to the EU Member states. The study argues that visa liberalization for Kosovo is of imperative importance in preparing Kosovo for EU membership. The study also argues that citizens of Kosovo benefit substantially by creating networks with professionals in the areas of research, technology, and education. These networks could potentially lead to local businesses gaining from outsourcing, which would overtime increase economic development of the country. However, the study’s focal point is the analysis of the survey of Kosovars on how they would utilize the EU visa liberalization regime, using descriptive, correlation, and regression analysis. The descriptive statistics and simple correlation analysis show a strong negative correlation between employment status, and work and study as a reason for visiting the EU member states after visa liberalization, while there is strong positive correlation between employment status and business, tourism and research as reasons for visiting the EU. Similarly, strong correlations have been found between education level of the respondents and their age group as demographics in one side, and work, study, tourism, doing business, and conducting research as reasons for visiting EU after the visa liberalization regime is granted to Kosovo. By conducting such analysis, the authors of this study expect to give an overview of the current situation in terms of economic and socio-political implications regarding the visa liberalization, and the motives of Kosovars in utilizing the visa liberalization regime based on the responses received from the questionnaires.    Keywords: Demographics, Visa Liberalization, Mobility, Networking, people-to-people contact, Motives for travel, Correlation analysis, reforms  ]]></dcterms:abstract>
    <dcterms:publisher><![CDATA[International Burch University]]></dcterms:publisher>
    <dcterms:date><![CDATA[2014-04-24]]></dcterms:date>
    <dcterms:extent><![CDATA[2430]]></dcterms:extent>
    <dcterms:identifier><![CDATA[ISSN 2303-4564     ]]></dcterms:identifier>
</rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/items/show/663">
    <dcterms:title><![CDATA[Peoples Motives in Utilizing the Freedom of Movement within the EU: The Case of Kosovo and Visa Liberalization with the EU]]></dcterms:title>
    <dcterms:abstract><![CDATA[This study intends to identify the main motives for travel of citizens from Kosovo to the EU Member States once the visa liberalization takes place. The authors of this paper take into account demographic information from the surveys handed out to citizens of Kosovo, and try to correlate them with their motives for travel to the EU Member states. The study argues that visa liberalization for Kosovo is of imperative importance in preparing Kosovo for EU membership. The study also argues that citizens of Kosovo benefit substantially by creating networks with professionals in the areas of research, technology, and education. These networks could potentially lead to local businesses gaining from outsourcing, which would overtime increase economic development of the country. However, the study’s focal point is the analysis of the survey of Kosovo’s on how they would utilize the EU visa liberalization regime, using descriptive, correlation, and regression analysis. The descriptive statistics and simple correlation analysis show a strong negative correlation between employment status, and work and study as a reason for visiting the EU member states after visa liberalization, while there is strong positive correlation between employment status and business, tourism and research as reasons for visiting the EU. Similarly, strong correlations have been found between education level of the respondents and their age group as demographics in one side, and work, study, tourism, doing business, and conducting research as reasons for visiting EU after the visa liberalization regime is granted to Kosovo. By conducting such analysis, the authors of this study expect to give an overview of the current situation in terms of economic and socio-political implications regarding the visa liberalization, and the motives of Kosovo’s in utilizing the visa liberalization regime based on the responses received from the questionnaires.  Keywords: Demographics, Visa Liberalization, Mobility, Networking, people-to-people contact, Motives for travel, Correlation analysis, reforms]]></dcterms:abstract>
    <dcterms:publisher><![CDATA[International Burch University]]></dcterms:publisher>
    <dcterms:date><![CDATA[2014-04-24]]></dcterms:date>
    <dcterms:extent><![CDATA[2479]]></dcterms:extent>
    <dcterms:identifier><![CDATA[ISSN 2303-4564     ]]></dcterms:identifier>
</rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/items/show/664">
    <dcterms:title><![CDATA[The System Dynamics Model of Turkish Incentives in Cattle Livestock]]></dcterms:title>
    <dcterms:abstract><![CDATA[The system dynamics of recent Turkish Incentives policy in cattle livestock is analyzed and defined. These dynamics are useful to find a system’s stable and equilibrium situations. In Turkish Incentive system, because of blow off the dynamics of Cattle Livestock there is still no sustainable and stable policies. Turkish incentive system that is urgently needs to be redesign and the optimum points through government livestock policies urgently needs to be redefine is investigated. We methodologically used System Dynamics Modeling as a tool which is widely used to define and simulate and analyze the systems to find the dynamics those effects and are parts of the systems.    Keywords: cattle livestock, incentive, system dynamics.]]></dcterms:abstract>
    <dcterms:publisher><![CDATA[International Burch University]]></dcterms:publisher>
    <dcterms:date><![CDATA[2014-04-24]]></dcterms:date>
    <dcterms:extent><![CDATA[2550]]></dcterms:extent>
    <dcterms:identifier><![CDATA[ISSN 2303-4564     ]]></dcterms:identifier>
</rdf:Description></rdf:RDF>