<rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#" xmlns:dcterms="http://purl.org/dc/terms/">
<rdf:Description rdf:about="https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/items/show/1611">
    <dcterms:title><![CDATA[Forecasting EURO/TRY Exchange Rates With Artificial  Neural Networks]]></dcterms:title>
    <dcterms:abstract><![CDATA[Forecasting of financial data has been a field of research since the  efficiency of prediction is essential for future investments. Forecasting  exchange rates is not a simple task because it is influenced by many factors  and linear models are not able to capture nonlinear relationships in the  data. Therefore Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) have been used in  financial forecasting problems since it is capable of handling complex data.  The aim of this study is to consider predictive accuracy of ANNs with SBP  (Standard Back propagation) and normalized back propagation using the  historical EUR/TRY exchange rates. The data is obtained from CBRT  (Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey) and TSI (Turkish Statistical  Institute) over the period 2008-2013. Several factors affect the accuracy of  neural network in the implementation process. Various structures are built  by changing the number of neurons, number of layers and learning  algorithms to acquire higher performance. This empirical research has  been a comparative study of accuracy in different ANN architectures. The  results are evaluated by MSE (Mean Squared Error) values of each case and  it has been found out that ANNs can closely forecast the future EUR/TRY  exchange rates.  Keywords: ANN, back propagation, exchange rate forecasting, financial  time series]]></dcterms:abstract>
    <dcterms:publisher><![CDATA[International Burch University]]></dcterms:publisher>
    <dcterms:date><![CDATA[2013-05-10]]></dcterms:date>
    <dcterms:extent><![CDATA[1481]]></dcterms:extent>
    <dcterms:identifier><![CDATA[ISSN 2303-4564     ]]></dcterms:identifier>
</rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/items/show/1610">
    <dcterms:title><![CDATA[Improving the Productivity of Industry-University  Collaboration: The Example of Gaziantep University]]></dcterms:title>
    <dcterms:abstract><![CDATA[Nowadays, knowledge has become important as a competitive weapon (Van  Dierdonck et al., 1990) and competitive environment causes to pressure on  organisations to impel their boundaries, when the aim is to be leader of the  knowledge advancement. When there is an inter-organisational collaboration,  more beneficial knowledge can be created compared to each organisation working  alone, because integrative resources and capabilities that emanate from  collaboration of organisations create synergy. (Santoro &amp; Gopalakrishnan, 2000)  Universities are establishments that have strategic roles such as education,  scientific research and publication in the development of societies. The  development of the welfare of the societies requires benefiting from scientific and  technological studies effectively. Scientific thoughts should be integrated with the  lifestyles of the society to show improvements. Relationship between researchers  and external organisations is one of the most important ways for the  transformation of the knowledge to practical implementations. (Çelik &amp; Tufan,  2010)  This paper focuses on relationship between universities that employ a lot of  researchers and industrial establishments which perform practical  implementations. Research on university-industry collaboration has increased in  recent years because of globalisation. With the increasing of globalisation,  competitiveness has become more significant than previous years. Firms,  universities and other organisations must be strong to survive in their areas. To be  strong they may need help about some issues. For instance, firms need to be  innovative for new products or processes and universities need some funds for  their research and development studies.  Single case study will be used in this study and data will be collected by conducting  interview with a specialist of university-industry collaboration development in  Gaziantep University. This study proceeds as follows: First, industry-university  collaboration will be explained. Secondly, components and obstacles of this  relationship will be concatenated. Thirdly, the case of Gaziantep University will be  indicated. Finally, some suggestions will be given on how to improve the  productivity of university-industry collaboration.  Keywords: industry, university, collaboration, knowledge transfer, technology  transfer]]></dcterms:abstract>
    <dcterms:publisher><![CDATA[International Burch University]]></dcterms:publisher>
    <dcterms:date><![CDATA[2013-05-10]]></dcterms:date>
    <dcterms:extent><![CDATA[1535]]></dcterms:extent>
    <dcterms:identifier><![CDATA[ISSN 2303-4564     ]]></dcterms:identifier>
</rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/items/show/1609">
    <dcterms:title><![CDATA[The Effects of European Debt Crisis on the Budget  Deficits and Debt Stocks of Developing Countries]]></dcterms:title>
    <dcterms:abstract><![CDATA[The crisis that had started in the US real estate market in 2007 spread to  the other countries of the world particularly with the strong financial  relations channel and turned into a global fiscal and real sector crisis. The  adverse effects of the crisis were significantly experienced in the EU. The  preliminary effects of the crisis were experienced in the weakest link,  Greece and spread to the other EU countries. The crisis caused budget  deficits and debt stocks to reach crucial levels and put risks on the  sustainability of public finance in Greece, Italia, Spain, Ireland and Portugal.  Developing countries have strong financial links with European countries  and the debt crisis burst in Europe has spread to developing countries.  European debt crisis has affected developing countries through three  different channels: financial contagion, Europe’s fiscal consolidation  effects, and exchange rate effects. In the study, the effects of the crisis on  the budget deficit and debt stock of developing countries are examined  through chosen country samples. Furthermore the fiscal effects of the  crisis on developing countries are compared. The fundamental hypothesis  of the study is that developing countries have affected from the crises less  than developed countries, developing countries are still the basic  determinant of global growth; but the crisis has retarded this growth. On  the other hand, it is thought that, the decrease in the public expenditure of  developed countries has caused financial resources that are reserved for  supporting the development of underdeveloped and developing countries  to diminish.  Two basic financial indicators of the Maastricht Criteria are the debt to  GDP and fiscal deficit to GDP ratios. These two indicators are for the  assurance of fiscal stability. Those countries that experienced the crisis  mostly could not meet these two criteria. In order to ensure budget  stability, developing countries were more successful in maintaining the  rates of debt to GDP and budget deficit to GDP around certain levels. This success is quite crucial for accomplishing significant and sustainable public  finance policies. In addition it is observed that the duration of crisis periods  in developing European countries is longer than other developing  countries. The debt stocks of European countries caused crisis to last  longer in the developing countries of the region.  Keywords: Budget Deficit, Debt Stock, Developing Countries, European  Debt Crisis, Fiscal Stability.]]></dcterms:abstract>
    <dcterms:publisher><![CDATA[International Burch University]]></dcterms:publisher>
    <dcterms:date><![CDATA[2013-05-10]]></dcterms:date>
    <dcterms:extent><![CDATA[1648]]></dcterms:extent>
    <dcterms:identifier><![CDATA[ISSN 2303-4564     ]]></dcterms:identifier>
</rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/items/show/1608">
    <dcterms:title><![CDATA[The Implementation of Information System in Coal Mine  Kakanj]]></dcterms:title>
    <dcterms:abstract><![CDATA[Safety management is one of the most important tasks in the coal mining  sector. It is argued that an appropriate information system that monitors  safety information can improve the coal mine safety management and  reduce the occurrences of disasters. Therefore, the primary aim of this  paper is to study the implementation and impact of a specific information  system implemented in the Coal Mine Kakanj, Bosnia and Herzegovina. The  focus of the study was on examining employees’ satisfaction with their  implemented information system. Data were collected through interviews  of employees who were system users. Their collected responses were  analyzed using qualitative methods. The analyses performed revealed  some interesting results. Their implications for the coal mine safety  management were discussed and several plausible directions for future  research are recommended.  Keywords: Information System, Kakanj, Bosnia And Herzegovina, Coal  Mine]]></dcterms:abstract>
    <dcterms:publisher><![CDATA[International Burch University]]></dcterms:publisher>
    <dcterms:date><![CDATA[2013-05-10]]></dcterms:date>
    <dcterms:extent><![CDATA[1656]]></dcterms:extent>
    <dcterms:identifier><![CDATA[ISSN 978-9958-834-23-3     ]]></dcterms:identifier>
</rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/items/show/1607">
    <dcterms:title><![CDATA[The Importance of Export Market Diversification  Strategy on the Overcoming Economic Crises: The Case  of Turkey]]></dcterms:title>
    <dcterms:abstract><![CDATA[Today, importance of export is increasing at providing and sustaining  growth in developing countries. Because of their macro-economic  instability and fragility developing countries face to crisis and affected by  global economic crisis more than developed countries. At the end of 2007  in USA, problems in returning long-term housing loans created mortgage  crisis in financial markets. Crisis spread to all of the markets and return to  economic crisis.  Leaping of crisis to developed countries which are economically locomotive  of global economy caused crisis spreading and deeping world-wide. The  average growth rate of global economy was 5% before the crisis. This rate  declined to 3% after crisis (IMF). The crisis affected developing countries by  exports. The economic crisis deeply existing in EU countries which are  traditionally Turkey Republic’s markets decreasing the share of Turkey to  EU exports in the total amount of Turkey exports. The share of Turkey-EU  exports was 55% of Turkey’s total export before the global crisis from 1997  to 2008. After the crisis this figure declined 23% in 2009 when the crisis  effect was deepest (DTM).  Expectation of the effects of the economic crisis will continue, especially in  the EU countries resulted Turkey implementing market diversification  strategy in foreign trade. In accordance with the strategy; Turkey  performed a group of activities and invested (liaison offices, trade shows,  incentives) to rise export focused group of countries especially North Africa  and the Near and Middle East country groups. This paper extends to Turkey’s total export amount to different country  groups and rates from 1997 to 2008 accepted as the pre-crisis and from  2010 to 2012 post-crisis period. According to this research the share of  Turkey-EU export decreased 11% and became 44%. After implementing  market diversification strategy Turkey-MENA export rate increased 10%  and became from 13% to 23% (TUİK).  We found that the Turkey’s market diversification strategies succeed and  Turkey’s export volume increased. Because of reason Turkey is the one of  the countries least affected by global economic crisis and recent global  economic uncertainty and recovering the economy fast. Economy of  Turkey is the fastest growing economy in Europe. The average growing rate  of Turkish Economy is 5,4% from 2002 to 2011. Turkey&#039;s economy  expanded 8.5% in 2011 (TUİK).  The aim of this study is to show negative effects of economic crisis on  growth of economy by the channel of export and to test alternative export  policies (market diversification strategy) on recovering crisis.  Keywords: Economic Crises, Export, Economic Growth, Market Turkey  Economy, Diversification.]]></dcterms:abstract>
    <dcterms:publisher><![CDATA[International Burch University]]></dcterms:publisher>
    <dcterms:date><![CDATA[2013-05-10]]></dcterms:date>
    <dcterms:extent><![CDATA[1658]]></dcterms:extent>
    <dcterms:identifier><![CDATA[ISSN 978-9958-834-23-3     ]]></dcterms:identifier>
</rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/items/show/1606">
    <dcterms:title><![CDATA[&quot;Axis shift&quot; as a Foreign Policy Concept and Reflectıon of  this Concept on Turkish Press]]></dcterms:title>
    <dcterms:abstract><![CDATA[In Turkey, the AK Party (Justice and Development Party) in conjunction  with the coming to power, it is claimed by some quarters in the U.S.A.  (United States of America) and EU (European Union), Turkey, especially  based on Middle East policy in the last period, is wafting through the  project of the European Union trying to hold on for more than 50 years  and therefore the westernization process to other entities, especially  towards to the Shanghai Quintet. This claim is also known as Axis Shift,  brought about internal and external public debates. The purpose of this  study, the above-mentioned claim, i.e., the axis Shift, is to investigate in  what way is reflected in the Turkish press. In this context, the framework  consists of titles such as, a shift of axis, axis shift in foreign policy, Turkey&#039;s  EU integration process, Turkey-EU relations in the last period, field  research. In this direction, in order to test the aforementioned claim,  having different ideological stance and boss structure in Turkish press, like  as Cumhuriyet Gazetesi, Zaman Gazetesi, Yeniçağ Gazetesi, Milliyet  Gazetesi and Habertürk Gazetesi under the spotlight by taking 1 month it  shall be subjected to discourse analysis of these newspapers opinion  columnists.  Keywords: Turkey and the EU, Axis Shift, Turkey Press, Shanghai Quintet,  the Middle East.]]></dcterms:abstract>
    <dcterms:publisher><![CDATA[International Burch University]]></dcterms:publisher>
    <dcterms:date><![CDATA[2013-05-10]]></dcterms:date>
    <dcterms:extent><![CDATA[1588]]></dcterms:extent>
    <dcterms:identifier><![CDATA[ISSN 2303-4564     ]]></dcterms:identifier>
</rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/items/show/1605">
    <dcterms:title><![CDATA[How is Accounting Perceived in Cognitive Level? A Study  Based On Metaphor]]></dcterms:title>
    <dcterms:abstract><![CDATA[Metaphor is derivated from the word “metapherein” which is in Greek,  besides it is occurred by the combining of the words “meta” and “pherein”  meaning “to carry” and “to load” respectively (Arslan, 2008: 259). It is  replacing a commonly used concept in place of an uncommonly used one  to explain the second concept by means of the first one therefore  metaphor is making a substitution (Uçma, 2010: 126). Metaphors include  information transfer from a well-known field to a new and unknown one  generally (Tsoukas, 1991). They are supposed as tools used to explain how  the life, environment, events and objects are perceived by the people via  different similitudes (Cerit, 2008: 694).  The study is prepared to clarify the “accounting” perception of the  students taken accounting courses in Community College or Business  School in Yalova University by using metaphors. To this end, metaphor  questionnaires including a single open-ended question are applied to 159  students. The results are subjected to content analysis and owing to the  fact that 39 of the questionnaires could not create metaphors; the study  evaluated on 120 questionnaires. Most common metaphors created by the  students participated in the study are identified as mathematics,  calculator, puzzle and jigsaw puzzle.  Keywords: Metaphor, Accounting.]]></dcterms:abstract>
    <dcterms:publisher><![CDATA[International Burch University]]></dcterms:publisher>
    <dcterms:date><![CDATA[2013-05-10]]></dcterms:date>
    <dcterms:extent><![CDATA[1475]]></dcterms:extent>
    <dcterms:identifier><![CDATA[ISSN 978-9958-834-23-3     ]]></dcterms:identifier>
</rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/items/show/1604">
    <dcterms:title><![CDATA[Great Depression (1929) in İstanbul and a Turkish Style  Contribution to the Solution of the Crisis: Sale Coupons]]></dcterms:title>
    <dcterms:abstract><![CDATA[Great depression was the first global economic crisis of the 20th century.  The crisis mostly affected the industrialized countries. Turkey was not an  industrialized country, but its capital İstanbul, which was articulated to the  world economy, was also affected by the depression. The crises affected  the İstanbul city not only economically, but also socially and morally.  During the depression years the prices of the basic consumer goods  increased and the monopolist and black marketing tendencies among  tradesmen strengthened in İstanbul. Local administration was insufficient  to solve these problems. The public accused the local auhorities because of  the applications of tradesmen.  Peoples and institutions advised several solutions for minimizing the  negative effects of the crisis in İstanbul. One of them was the İstanbul  Chamber of Commerce. The Chamber prepared reports about the  solutions and delivered them to the concerned authorities. Besides the  Chamber, the Republican Peoples Party, which was the political power of  the period, the bureaucrats, who were the implementers of the economic  policies, and the academicians prepared reports to make contributions to  the solution. The most interesting solution was offered by the  “Cumhuriyet” newspaper, described as a Turkish style contribution in this  paper. The newspaper offered to its readers in İstanbul daily “sale  coupon”s to prevent them from the negative effects of the crises. This  paper will discuss the working of the coupons in detail. The Cumhuriyet  newspaper made arrangements with shops and stores in different areas in  İstanbul to make discounts to its readers. There are a lot of shops on a  wide range of branch from basic consumption goods to the stationeries.  The consumers in İstanbul benefited from these coupons against the rising  prices.  Keywords: Crisis, Cupon, 1929 Great Depression, Turkey.]]></dcterms:abstract>
    <dcterms:publisher><![CDATA[International Burch University]]></dcterms:publisher>
    <dcterms:date><![CDATA[2013-05-10]]></dcterms:date>
    <dcterms:extent><![CDATA[1530]]></dcterms:extent>
    <dcterms:identifier><![CDATA[ISSN 978-9958-834-23-3     ]]></dcterms:identifier>
</rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/items/show/1603">
    <dcterms:title><![CDATA[A Model for Discrete Time/Space Approximation of the  Vasicek Model for the Interest Rate]]></dcterms:title>
    <dcterms:abstract><![CDATA[In this paper we present the mathematical model for the real interest rate as  an autoregressive discrete time and discrete state space process. The process  is an approximation of Vasicek continuous time–space autoregressive process  presented in Vasicek (1977). We choose Vasicek model for interest rate for  developing bond prices as the one which is used in the analysis of optimal  asset allocation problems by many authors. It is a type of one factor short rate  model where interest rate movements are driven by one source of market risk.  Our model can be used in many applications when modelling an interest rate  mathematically or for making simulations on the computer. The shortcoming  of Vasicek model is the positive probability of the negative value of interest  rate. Due to mean reverting characteristic of the interest rate, even for the  negative value of real interest rate, there will be a certain demand for both  traditional and index–linked bonds. It is possible to derive the bond market  model using the interest rate which does not allow the negative values of the  interest rate, for example Cox–Ingersoll–Ross model (Cox et al (1985)).  Although CIR model may be more appropriate, and the one and ten years  rolling bonds market model can be developed using CIR model, it would be  also computationally more demanding. In our model we assume that the  discrete time interval is one year. We will show below the technique to  transform the continuous time Vasicek process into a discrete time one. We  assume that the interest rate can take a finite number of values in a  reasonable range. As the Vasicek process transformed into discrete time is still  a continuous state space process we use the technique from Tauchen and  Hussey (1991) and as a result we get a process with discrete time–state space.  Once we obtain a discrete time–state process for real interest rate we can  model bond prices as the expected present value of future incomes from the  bond. As we assume a zero coupon bond, it means that the bond price is  expected present value of one money unit that will be due in n years’ time,  where n years is the bond duration. Following the Vasicek approach, we can  also introduce a market price of risk. As a final result we get the approximation  of the bond market.  Keywords: Discrete Time, the Vasicek Model, Interest Rate.]]></dcterms:abstract>
    <dcterms:publisher><![CDATA[International Burch University]]></dcterms:publisher>
    <dcterms:date><![CDATA[2013-05-10]]></dcterms:date>
    <dcterms:extent><![CDATA[1578]]></dcterms:extent>
    <dcterms:identifier><![CDATA[ISSN 978-9958-834-23-3     ]]></dcterms:identifier>
</rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/items/show/1602">
    <dcterms:title><![CDATA[Forecasting Car Demand with Different Methods]]></dcterms:title>
    <dcterms:abstract><![CDATA[The purpose of this study is to propose a sales forecast model for car dealers.  The scope of the research is a case study on a Hyundai dealer in Yalova city,  Turkey. Actual time series data of 48 months on Onurlu Hyundai car dealer’s  aggregate sales figures between January 2007 and December 2010 were used  as fit-set data. The same data between January 2011 and December 2012 were  used as ex-ante data to calculate the accuracy of the methods. In order to  increase the accuracy of measurement models, the company’s history data  was examined 24 times. In the study, MS Office Excel and Statgraphics  Centurion softwares were used to forecast demand and calculate the forecast  errors with different quantitative methods. Four different time series  forecasting methods were applied to the data he the result of each one was  considered separately for the same period lengths. These were Random Walk,  Simple Exponential Smoothing Method, Holt’s Exponential Smoothing Method,  and ARIMA Method. Comparison of the models’ predictions to actual sales  data suggested reasonable results to compare the accuracy of all four  methods. Also, the forecasting accuracy was tested separately for each  forecast horizon length from 1 to 12 months to select the best method. For  each particular forecast horizon, the specific figures by different error methods  were calculated. On the other hand, 5 types of error measurement scales were  used to compare the forecasting accuracy of the methods. These error metrics  were Percentage of Errors, MAPE, wMAPE, wMSE, and Theil’s U2 which are  explained in details within the paper. Ultimately, the best results came from  Exponential Smoothing methods, namely from Holt’s Method. For the  company, each period is a different issue and the results of 1-period ahead  forecasts cannot be averaged with 2 and 3 period ahead forecasts. So, in 1  period ahead forecasts, from the five error measurement method, 2 offered  Simple Exponential Smoothing, 2 offered Holt’s Exponential Smoothing and 1  offered ARIMA as the best forecasting method. In 2, 4, 5, 6 period ahead  forecasts, the 3 of 5 error calculation methods offered Holt’s Exponential  Smoothing Method. In 3, 7, 12 period ahead forecasts, Holt’s Exponential  Smoothing Method gave the smallest error figures in four error measurement  methods. In 11 period ahead forecasts, all error measurement methods gave  their minimum by Holt’s Exponential Smoothing Method. In 8, 9, 10 period  ahead forecasts, the 4 of 5 error measurement methods had the least scores  by ARIMA model.  Keywords: Forecasting Methods, Sales Forecast, Car Dealership, Turkey.]]></dcterms:abstract>
    <dcterms:publisher><![CDATA[International Burch University]]></dcterms:publisher>
    <dcterms:date><![CDATA[2013-05-10]]></dcterms:date>
    <dcterms:extent><![CDATA[1614]]></dcterms:extent>
    <dcterms:identifier><![CDATA[ISSN 2303-4564     ]]></dcterms:identifier>
</rdf:Description></rdf:RDF>