94 10 3494 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/aa99e904aba28b57be82df43d6ba272e.pdf bc83e460816c3d9ddfd3719fa6d1b157 PDF Text Text Effects of Different AMF Species on Some Bean Cultivars Grown in Salty Conditions Önder Türkmen Department of Horticulture Agricultural Faculty Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey turkmen@selcuk.edu.tr Vahdettin Çiftçi Department of Field Crops Agricultural Faculty Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey Çeknas Erdinç Department of Horticulture Agricultural Faculty Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey Suat Şensoy Department of Horticulture Agricultural Faculty Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey Abstract: This study was carried out to determine the effects of three different Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) species (Glomus mosseae, G. intraradices and G. fasciculatum ) on the growth and nutrient contents of four bean cultivars (Onceler, Seker, Terzibaba and Sehirali) grown under salt stress. The constant amount of NaCl (50 ppm) was added the autoclaved growth medium containing 1:1:1: ratios of soil, sand, and manure. The five g (25 spores g-1) of inoculum was placed in the seedling growth medium before the seeds were sown. At the end of the study, some nutrients such as N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu, Mn, and Zn and plant growth parameters such as shoot height, stem diameter, root length, leaf number, leaf area, and dry and fresh weights of shoots and roots were investigated. Moreover, the plant colonization rates of AMF species were determined. The AMF species had positive effects on the plant growth and nutrient intake. Among the bean cultivars, Onceler and Terzibaba, and among the AMF species, G. mosseae, had the best results for plant growth. Introduction Bean is the most widely produced legumes in the world, especially in Asia and South America (Ozdemir, 2002). Fresh bean productions of the world and Turkey (the second biggest producer) are 6.37 and 0.49 million tons, respectively (Anonymous, 2007). Bean is easily produced in all parts of Turkey and has an important place in human consumption. Soil salinity is one of the limiting environmental factors for agricultural productivity in the world and Turkey and more than one third of the world’s agricultural land faces with this problem (Greenway & Munns, 2000, Kaynak et al. 2000). Turkey faces with salinity problem in 32.5 % of its irrigated land (1.5 millions ha). Especially seed emergence and seedling growth are adversely affected in salt accumulated soil. Salinity may occur when there is irregular irrigation, inadequate drainage, wrong fertilizer application, and it extremely increases especially in protected cultivation. Some physiological disorders and even plant dies might be observed due to high osmotic pressure and toxic effects of Na+ and Cl- ions (Franca Dantas et al. 2007; Greenway & Munns, 1980; Ekmekçi et al. 2005; Kaynak et al. 2000). In soils having salinity problems, there are accumulations of Na+ and Cl- ions, increase in Na+:Ca2+, Na+:K+, Ca2+:Mg2+ and Cl-: NO-3 ratios; consequently, there are ion toxicity and imbalance (Hu & Schmidhalted, 2005). Increase in Na+ inhibits K+ uptake, and Increase in Cl- reduces NO-3 uptake (Turkmen et al. 2005). Higher amounts of salty substances in soil hinder water uptake and destroy soil structure (Ekmekci et al. 2005). 117 �Plant species are called salt intolerant if they can only survive in EC values ranged from 0 to 4 ds m-1 (Ekmekci et al. 2005). Bean is a salt intolerant plant species. The significant yield losses are observed in bean even at below 2 ds m-1 (Gama et al. 2007). The yield loss migth be 50 % above2 ds m-1 EC values (Ekmekci et al. 2005). The harmful effects of salinity can be lessened with the use of tolerant cultivars beside several cultural practices. Moreover, the humic substances in the soil (Türkmen et al., 2005) and some useful microorganisms such as arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can give encouraging results in salt tolerance (Türkmen et al., 2005; Gosling et al. 2006; Aroca et al., 2007; Türkmen et al., 2008). AM Fungi are the most widespread root fungal symbionts and are associated with the vast majority of higher plants (Selvaraj & Chellappan, 2006). AMF enable plants to cope with detrimental environmental conditions; therefore, AMF increase plant growth and yield (Bolandnazar et al., 2007). Approximately 96 % of the plants in the world is dependent and associated with AMF (Quilambo, 2003;Ortas & Akpınar, 2004). The degree of this dependence varies among the plant species. Bean is one of the species having high mycorrhizal dependency (Ortas & Akpınar, 2004). While plants provide carbohydrates to AMF, AMF alleviate certain nutrient deficiencies by increasing nutrient uptake (Ortas & Akpınar, 2004; Selvaraj & Chellappan, 2006). AMF’s hyphae improve the uptake of some water insoluble nutrients by the help of their enzymatic activities and by the alteration of physical and chemical properties in the soil (Abdelhafez & Abdel-Monsief, 2006). Beside improving soil properties, AMF also enable plants to cope with both biotic and abiotic stresses (Aroca et al., 2007; Ortas & Akpınar, 2004). Salinity is among these troubles (Juniper & Abbott, 2004). It was observed that AMF could be effective for salt tolerance in bean (Rabie, 2005; Trujillo, 2006). Therefore, this study was carried out to determine the effects of different AMF species on the seedling growth and nutrient contents of some bean cultivars grown under salt stress. Material and Methods Four bean cultivars were examined, as follows: (1) Onceler; (2) Seker; (3) Terzibaba; (4) Sehirali. Three AMF inoculums were tested in the study -Glomus intraradices (Gi) and G. mosseae (Gm), and G. fasciculatum (Gf). Inocula consisted of spores, extraradical mycelium and mycorrhizal roots Growth medium was comprised of an autoclaved mixture of sand, manure and soil with a pH of 8.70 and a composition of 3.19% organic matter, 0.0032% salt (Kacar, 1994). The experiment used an 4x4 factorial design (four bean genotypes, three AMF plus one control) with four random replications of ten pots (no drainage) each, for a total of 640 pots. One bean seed was sown per pot, each of which contained 250 cm3 of sterilized growth medium. In the AMF inoculated samples, 5 g (25 spores g-1) of inoculum was placed in the growth medium before the seeds were sown (Demir & Onogur, 1999). The constant rate of 50 ppm NaCl was added to the growth medium after seed sowing. Seedlings were thinned to one per pot shortly after seed emergence, placed in a growth chamber at a temperature of 22 ± 10C with 12 h fluorescent illumination (8000 lx light intensity), and irrigated with distilled water. Plants were harvested 6 weeks after seed sowing and inoculation. At the end of the study, some nutrients such as N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu, Mn, and Zn and plant growth parameters such as shoot height, stem diameter, root length, leaf number, leaf area, and dry and fresh weights of shoots and roots were investigated. Moreover, the plant colonization rates of AMF species were determined after harvesting. Samples were then oven-dried at 68 0C for 48 h, ground, and nitrogenous (N) content was analyzed with Kjeldahl method; phosphorous (P) content was measured with spectrophotometer (Kacar, 1984). K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu, Mn, and Zn contents were analyzed using the Association of Official Analytical Chemists’ method with atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AOAC, 1990). Bean roots were dyed to detect AMF presence, which was determined using a modification of Phillips and Hayman’s (1970) method, and the percentage and intensity of mycorrhizal colonization was estimated using the Grid Line Intersect Method (Giovanetti & Mosse, 1980). Data were analyzed using the SAS statistical program, with variance analysis conducted for all data. Differences between treatments were determined using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (SAS Software, 1997). 118 �Results Plant Growth Parameters At the end of the study, the significant (P<0.01) differences were observed among bean cultivars, AMF species and bean cultivar x AMF species interaction for fresh shoot weight [Table 1]. While Onceler cv had the highest fresh shoot weight (5.08 g plant-1), Sehirali cv had the lowest fresh shoot weight (3.72 g plant-1). While Gm had the highest fresh shoot weight (5.10 g plant-1), Gf had the lowest fresh shoot weight (3.96 g plant-1). The Terzibaba cv x Gm had the highest fresh shoot weight (5.72 g plant-1) when compared to all of the other interactions. The significant (P<0.01) differences were observed among only bean cultivar x AMF species interaction for dry shoot weight [Table 2]. The Terzibaba cv x control AMF had the highest dry shoot weight (0.55 g plant-1), while Sehirali cv x Gi had the lowest dry shoot weight (0.32 g plant-1). Similar to the fresh shoot weight, the significant (P<0.01) differences were observed among bean cultivars, AMF species and bean cultivar x AMF species interaction for fresh root weight [Table 1]. While Seker cv had the highest fresh root weight (1.43 g plant-1), Sehirali cv had the lowest fresh root weight (0.67 g plant-1). While Gm had the highest fresh root weight (1.45 g plant-1), Gf had the lowest fresh root weight (0.95 g plant-1). Seker cv x Gm had the highest fresh root weight (1.93 g plant-1) when compared to all of the other interactions. The significant (P<0.01) differences were observed among bean cultivar and bean cultivar x AMF species interaction for dry root weight [Table 1]. While Terzibaba cv had the highest dry root weight (0.13 g plant-1), Sehirali cv had the lowest dry root weight (0.08 g plant-1). Similar to the dry shoot weight data, Terzibaba cv x control AMF had the highest dry root weight (0.16 g plant-1), while Sehirali cv x Gi had the lowest dry root weight (0.06 g plant-1). The significant differences were observed among bean cultivars (P<0.01), AMF species(P<0.05) for shoot height [Table 2]. While Onceler cv had the highest shoot height (16.95 cm), Sehirali cv had the lowest shoot height (13.25 cm). While Gi had the highest shoot height (16.34 cm), Gm had the lowest shoot height (14.45 cm). The significant differences were observed among bean cultivars (P<0.01), AMF species (P<0.05) for root length [Table 2]. While Terzibaba cv had the highest root length (13.44 cm), Sehirali cv had the lowest root length (11.31 cm). While the control AMF treatment had the highest root length (12.84 cm), Gf had the lowest root length (11.86 cm). The significant (P<0.01) differences were observed among bean cultivars, AMF species and bean cultivar x AMF species interaction for shoot diameter [Table 3]. While Onceler cv had the highest shoot diameter (4.31 mm), Terzibaba cv had the lowest shoot diameter (3.49 mm). While Gi had the highest shoot diameter (3.97 mm), Gm had the lowest shoot diameter (3.73 mm). The Onceler cv x Gi had the highest shoot diameter (4.91 mm) when compared to all of the other interactions. The significant (P<0.01) differences were observed among bean cultivars, AMF species and bean cultivar x AMF species interaction for leaf number [Table 3]. While Seker cv had the highest leaf number (8.08), Onceler cv had the lowest leaf number (5.52). While Gm had the highest leaf number (7.30), Gi had the lowest leaf number (6.70). The Seker cv x Gi had the highest leaf number (9.03) when compared to all of the other interactions. The significant (P<0.01) differences were observed among bean cultivars and bean cultivar x AMF species interaction for leaf area [Table 3]. While Terzibaba cv had the highest leaf area (157.74 cm2), Seker cv had the lowest leaf area (121.73 cm2). The Terzibaba cv x Gf had the highest leaf area (185.53 cm2) when compared to all of the other interactions. Plant Nutrient Contents Cultivars, AMF species and cultivar x AMF species interaction had significant (P<0.01) effects on N contents of bean shoots [Table 4]. While Sehirali cv had the highest shoot N content (5.41 %), Seker cv had the lowest shoot N content (4.62 %). While Gm had the highest shoot N content (5.59 %), the control AMF application had the lowest shoot N content (4.48 %). The Sehirali cv x Gm had the highest shoot N content (7.61 %) when compared to all of the other interactions. Due to the insufficient sample amounts root N contents were not determined. The shoot P contents of bean seedlings were significantly (P<0.01) affected from AMF species and cultivar x AMF species interaction [Table 5]. While Gm had the highest shoot P content (0.99 %), the 119 �control AMF application had the lowest shoot P content (0.77 %). The Terzibaba cv x Gm had the highest shoot P content (1.11 %) when compared to all of the other interactions. There were only significant differences (P<0.01) among AMF species for the root P contents [Table 5]. While Gi had the highest root P content (1.11 %), the control AMF application had the lowest root P content (0.84 %). There were only significant differences (P<0.01) among AMF species for the shoot K contents [Table 6]. While Gi had the highest shoot K content (10.05 %), the control AMF application had the lowest shoot K content (7.43 %). Cultivars and AMF species had significant (P<0.01) effects on K contents of bean roots [Table 6]. While Terzibaba cv had the highest root K content (5.27 %), Onceler cv had the lowest root K content (4.27 %). While Gf had the highest root K content (5.24 %), Gi had the lowest root K content (4.36 %). There were only significant differences (P<0.05) among AMF species for the root Ca contents [Table 7]. While Terzibab cv had the highest root Ca content (3.01 %), Onceler cv had the lowest root Ca content (2.35 %). There were no significant differences among the treatments for the root and shoot Mg contents [Table 8]. There were no significant differences among the treatments for the shoot Fe contents, but the root Fe contents of bean seedlings were significantly affected from AMF species (P<0.01), bean cultivars (P<0.05), and cultivar x AMF species interaction (P<0.01) [Table 9]. While Gi had the highest root Fe content (6.71 mg-1kg), the control AMF application had the lowest root Fe content (5.50 mg-1kg). While Onceler cv had the highest root Fe content (6.20 mg-1kg), Sehirali cv had the lowest root Fe content (5.52 mg-1kg). The Sehirali cv x Gi had the highest root Fe content (7.27 mg-1kg) when compared to all of the other interactions. The shoot Cu contents of bean seedlings were significantly (P<0.01) affected from AMF species and bean cultivars [Table 10]. While Gm had the highest shoot Cu content (14.65 mg-1kg), the control AMF application had the lowest shoot Cu content (10.40 mg-1kg). While Onceler cv had the highest shoot Cu content (13.96 mg-1kg), Sehirali cv had the lowest shoot Cu content (11.08 mg-1kg). The root Cu contents of bean seedlings were also significantly affected from AMF species (P<0.01) and bean cultivars (P<0.05) [Table 10]. While Gf had the highest root Cu content (32.28 mg-1kg), the control AMF application had the lowest root Cu content (26.17 mg-1kg). While Sehirali cv had the highest root Cu content (32.08 mg-1kg), Seker cv had the lowest root Cu content (28.05 mg-1kg). TheTerzibaba cv x Gm and Sehirali cv x Gf had the highest root Cu contents (35.88 and 35.70 mg-1kg, respectively) when compared to all of the other interactions. The shoot Mn contents of bean seedlings were only significantly (P<0.01) affected from AMF species [Table 11]. While Gi had the highest shoot Mn content (65.46 mg-1kg), the control AMF application had the lowest shoot Mn content (52.55 mg-1kg). The root Mn contents of bean seedlings were significantly affected from AMF species (P<0.01) and bean cultivars (P<0.05) [Table 11]. While Gi had the highest root Mn content (174.08 mg-1kg), the control AMF application had the lowest root Cu content (138.41 mg-1kg). While Sehirali cv had the highest root Mn content (168.00 mg-1kg), Terzibaba cv had the lowest root Mn content (147.38 mg-1kg). The Sehirali cv x Gi had the highest root Mn content (221.47 mg1 kg) when compared to all of the other interactions. There were no significant differences among the treatments for the shoot Zn contents, but the root Zn contents of bean seedlings were significantly (P<0.01) affected from AMF species and bean cultivars [Table 12]. While Gf had the highest root Zn content (37.20 mg-1kg), the control AMF application had the lowest root Zn content (30.41 mg-1kg). While Seker cv had the highest root Zn content (38.90 mg-1kg), Terzibaba cv had the lowest root Zn content (30.48 mg-1kg). AMF Colonization The extent of root colonization varied significantly (P<0.01) among the bean cultivars, AMF species and cultivar-AMF combinations tested [Table 13]. The colonization rates (33%) of Gm and Gf were higher than that of Gi (24 %). The colonization rates of Seker (35%) and Sehirali (33%) bean cultivars and Gf were the highest, while the colonization rates of Onceler bean cultivar was the lowest (23 %). The Sehirali cv x Gf, the Seker cv x Gf and the Seker cv x Gm combinations had the highest colonization rates. 120 �Conclusions AMF are well known to have significant positive effects on bean and many other crops grown under various a/biotic stress conditions. However, several studies have been demonstrating that genetic differences in plant responses to AMF are widespread, regardless of crop (Declerck et al., 1995; Parke & Kaeppler, 2000; Linderman & Davis, 2004; Sensoy et al. 2007). The present study aimed to evaluate the responsiveness of four different bean cultivars to inoculation by three different AMF under salty seedling growing conditions. There were generally positive effects of AMF on the development of bean seedlings. Among the bean cultivars, Onceler and Terzibaba, and among the AMF species, G. mosseae, had the best results for plant growth. G. mosseae was followed by G. intraradices. On the other hand, there were significant variation among the results of cultivar-AMF combinations tested for most of the traits. Mycorrhizal dependency varies among plant species and cultivars; and this dependency was influenced by the genetic structure (Ortas & Akpınar, 2004). In the symbiotic relation, AMF alleviate certain nutrient deficiencies in plants by increasing nutrient uptake (Demir, 2004;Ortas & Akpınar 2006; Sensoy et al., 2007; Sharifi et al., 2007; Turkmen et al., 2008). The results of the presents study are in line with the literature. AMF especially supply P and Zn to the plants (Ortas & Akpınar, 2006). In the present study, P and Zn contents obtained from these three AMF species were generally higher than those of the control treatment. Moreover, Cu and Mn contents obtained from these three AMF species were also in general higher than those of the control treatment. The potassium (K) is an important mineral in salt tolerance mechanism (Gama at al., 2007); the more K/Na ratio, the higher tolerance to salt in the plants (Erdal et al., 2000; Türkmen et al., 2000). In the present study, the shoot K contents obtained from these three AMF species were significantly higher than that of the control treatment. In overall, it can be said that the AMF applications had generally positive effects on the plant growth and nutrient intake in the bean seedlings. In conclusion, as seen in the example of bean demonstrated in the present study, AMF might improve plant growth traits in vegetable species. 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African Journal of Biotechnology, 7: 4, 392-396. 123 �Cultivar/AMF Onceler Terzibaba Sehirali Seker Mean Cultivar/AMF Onceler Terzibaba Sehirali Seker Mean Cultivar/AMF Onceler Terzibaba Sehirali Seker Mean Cultivar/AMF Control Gm Gi Gf Mean Onceler 0.80 de** 0.93 bc 1.00 b 0.96 bc 0.92 Terzibaba 0.71 e 1.11 a 0.93 bc 1.00 b 0.93 Sehirali 0.79 de 0.91 bc 0.87 cd 0.99 b 0.89 Seker 0.78 de 1.01 b 0.91 bc 0.93 bc 0.91 Mean 0.77 C** 0.99 A 0.93 B 0.97 AB **P < 0.01; Glomus mosseae (Gm), G. intraradices (Gi) and G. fasciculatum (Gf) Tablo 5: Shoot and root P contents of bean seedlings inoculated with diffirent AMF species. Shoot Shoot N contents (%) Cultivar/AMF Control Gm Gi Gf Mean Onceler 4.66 c-e** 5.08 bc 5.08 bc 5.09 bc 4.97 B** Terzibaba 4.35 de 4.75 cd 4.77 cd 4.81 cd 4.66 BC Sehirali 4.37 de 7.61 a 4.63 c-e 5.65 b 5.41 A Seker 4.60 c-e 5.22 bc 4.06 e 4.60 c-e 4.62 C Mean 4.48 C** 5.59 A 4.63 C 5.02 B **P < 0.01; Glomus mosseae (Gm), G. intraradices (Gi) and G. fasciculatum (Gf) Table 4: Shoot N content of bean seedlings inoculated with diffirent AMF species. Control 4.29 b** 3.52 f-h 3.79 c-g 3.45 gh 3.76 B** Gf 5.44 f 7.35 b-d 7.12 cd 7.67 bc 6.89 AB 124 Control 0.78 1.00 0.71 0.81 0.84 B** Leaf Number Gi 4.26 g 7.10 cd 6.41 de 9.03 a 6.70 B P (%) Stem Diameter, mm Gm Gi Gf Mean Control Gm 3.98 bc 4.91 a 4.04 bc 4.31 A** 6.43 de** 5.94 ef 3.53 e-h 3.40 h 3.50f-h 3.49 C 7.66 bc 7.63 bc 3.95 b-d 3.90 c-e 3.86 c-f 3.87 B 7.50 bc 7.47 bc 3.47 gh 3.68 c-h 3.58 d-h 3.55 C 7.46 bc 8.16 b 3.73 B 3.97 A 3.74 B 7.26 A** 7.30 A **P < 0.01; Glomus mosseae (Gm), G. intraradices (Gi) and G. fasciculatum (Gf) Table 3: Stem diameter, leaf number and leaf area of bean seedlings inoculated with diffirent AMF species. Mean 1.28 A** 1.40 A 0.67 B 1.43 A Control 12.95 a-c** 14.09 a 12.80 a-c 11.53 cd 12.84 A* Control 0.10 b-e** 0.16 a 0.10 b-e 0.09 c-e 0.11 Root Gi 1.07 1.23 1.25 1.00 1.11 A Control 166.22 ab** 126.59 c-f 153.28 a-d 135.31 b-f 145.35 Mean 16.95 A** 13.25 B 15.76 A 16.28 A Mean 5.52 C** 7.43 B 7.12 B 8.08 A Gm 1.04 1.09 1.10 1.16 1.09 A Shoot Heigth, cm Shoot Dry Weigth, g plant-1 Control Gm Gi Gf Mean Control Gm Gi Gf 0.46 a-c** 0.49 ab 0.50 ab 0.41 b-d 0.46 16.66** 15.84 17.17 18.15 0.55 a 0.50 ab 0.40 b-d 0.43 a-d 0.47 13.22 13.15 14.55 12.07 0.50 ab 0.44 a-d 0.32 d 0.46 a-c 0.43 15.13 15.81 17.32 14.79 0.35 cd 0.45 a-c 0.50 ab 0.40 b-d 0.43 18.32 13.01 16.34 17.47 0.47 0.47 0.43 0.43 15.83 AB* 14.45 B 16.34 A 15.62 AB *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; Glomus mosseae (Gm), G. intraradices (Gi) and G. fasciculatum (Gf) Table 2: Dry shoot weigth and shoot and root lengths of bean seedlings inoculated with diffirent AMF species Shoot Fresh Weigth, g plant-1 Root Fresh Weigth, g plant-1 Control Gm Gi Gf Mean Control Gm Gi Gf 4.63 b-d** 5.47 ab 5.55 ab 4.67 b-d 5.08 A** 1.15 cd** 1.31 cd 1.45 cd 1.22 cd 5.02 a-c 5.72 a 4.36 cd 4.34 cd 4.86 A 1.37 cd 1.86 ab 1.22 cd 1.13 cd 4.72 a-c 4.11 cd 2.93 e 3.15 e 3.72 B 1.05 de 0.70 ef 0.35 f 0.57 f 5.13 a-c 5.13 a-c 4.94 de 3.71 de 4.70 A 1.52 bc 1.93 a 1.56 a-c 0.73 ef 4.86 AB** 5.10 A 4.44 B 3.96 C 1.25 B** 1.45 A 1.14 B 0.91 C **P < 0.01; Glomus mosseae (Gm), G. intraradices (Gi) and G. fasciculatum (Gf) Table 1: Fresh shoot, fresh and dry root weigths of bean seedlings inoculated with diffirent AMF species. Gf 0.80 0.99 0.81 0.89 0.88 B Gm 145.31 b-e 157.37 a-d 131.13 b-f 104.55 f 134.59 Gm 12.18 b-d 13.74 ab 11.68 cd 11.68 cd 12.32 AB Gm 0.11 b-d 0.14 ab 0.08 de 0.13 a-c 0.12 Mean 0.92 1.07 0.95 0.96 Leaf Area, cm2 Gi 136.80 b-f 161.48 a-c 123.47 d-f 125.93 c-f 136.92 Root Length, cm Gi 13.46 ab 12.94 a-c 9.75 e 13.51 ab 12.41 AB Gf 112.80 ef 185.53 a 135.89 b-f 121.13d-f 138.84 Gf 12.28 b-d 13.00 a-c 10.99 de 11.18 de 11.86 B Root Dry Weigth, g plant-1 Gi Gf 0.10 b-e 0.09 c-e 0.11 b-d 0.11 b-d 0.06 e 0.10 b-e 0.14 ab 0.09 c-e 0.10 0.10 Mean 140.28 B** 157.74 A 135.94 BC 121.73 C Mean 12.72 B** 13.44 A 11.31 C 11.97 C Mean 0.10 BC** 0.13 A 0.08 C 0.11 AB �Ca (%) K (%) Control 2.38 3.57 2.15 2.45 2.63 Control 4.37 cd** 5.10 c 4.45 cd 4.42 cd 4.59 BC** 125 Control 5.76 c-e** 6.90 a-c 4.14 fg 5.20 ef 5.50 B** Fe (mg-1kg) Control 1.35 1.77 1.52 1.48 1.53 Mg (mg-1kg) Control Gm Gi Gf Mean Cultivar/AMF Onceler 1.61 2.09 2.29 1.88 1.92 Terzibaba 2.04 1.61 2.04 1.61 1.84 Sehirali 1.81 1.78 1.83 1.83 1.81 Seker 1.68 1.35 1.69 1.84 1.64 Mean 1.79 1.74 1.93 1.79 *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; Glomus mosseae (Gm), G. intraradices (Gi) and G. fasciculatum (Gf) Table 9: Shoot and root Fe contents of bean seedlings inoculated with diffirent AMF species. Shoot Control Gm Gi Gf Mean Cultivar/AMF Onceler 1.29 1.76 1.63 1.63 1.57 Terzibaba 1.42 1.34 1.55 1.51 1.46 Sehirali 1.60 1.53 1.50 1.46 1.52 Seker 1.38 1.68 1.33 1.48 1.47 Mena 1.43 1.59 1.49 1.52 Glomus mosseae (Gm), G. intraradices (Gi) and G. fasciculatum (Gf) Tablo 8: Shoot and root Mg contents of bean seedlings inoculated with diffirent AMF species. Shoot Control Gm Gi Gf Mean Cultivar/AMF Onceler 2.61 3.67 3.57 4.40 3.56 Terzibaba 3.85 3.35 3.57 3.97 3.71 Sehirali 4.88 4.00 3.74 3.14 3.93 Seker 3.08 4.34 2.27 3.45 3.29 Mean 3.64 3.82 3.32 3.76 *P < 0.05; Glomus mosseae (Gm), G. intraradices (Gi) and G. fasciculatum (Gf) Table 7: Shoot and root Ca contents of bean seedlings inoculated with diffirent AMF species. Shoot Cultivar/AMF Control Gm Gi Gf Mean Onceler 6.78 9.01 10.46 7.36 8.11 Terzibaba 8.89 8.61 11.52 8.64 9.47 Sehirali 7.40 8.62 8.86 10.58 8.88 Seker 6.39 11.02 9.41 10.22 9.26 Mean 7.43 B** 9.29 A 10.05 A 9.13 A **P < 0.01; Glomus mosseae (Gm), G. intraradices (Gi) and G. fasciculatum (Gf) Tablo 6: Shoot and root K contents of bean seedlings inoculated with diffirent AMF species. Shoot Gm 6.60 a-d 6.61 a-d 5.49 de 5.48 de 6.00 B Gm 1.48 1.44 1.53 1.44 1.47 Gm 2.39 3.55 2.62 2.34 2.67 Gm 4.28 cd 5.99 b 4.82 cd 4.77 cd 4.90 AB Root Root Root Gi 6.54 a-d 7.17 ab 7.27 a 6.14 a-e 6.71 A Gi 1.56 1.26 1.19 1.51 1.40 Gi 2.35 2.45 2.73 2.44 2.46 Root Gi 3.86 de 3.12 e 3.92 dc 6.32 ab 4.36 C Gf 5.90 b-e 3.56 g 6.25 a-e 6.87 a-c 5.60 B Gf 1.37 1.61 1.34 1.56 1.48 Gf 2.26 2.60 3.18 2.73 2.66 Gf 4.56 cd 7.04 a 4.60 cd 4.61 cd 5.24 A Mean 6.20 A* 6.02 AB 5.52 B 5.92 AB Mean 1.44 1.52 1.43 1.49 Mean 2.35 B* 3.01 A 2.62 AB 2.49 AB Mean 4.27 B** 5.27 A 4.52 B 5.03 A �Table 13: AMF colonisation of bean seedlings inoculated with diffirent AMF species AMF colonisation rate (%) Cultivar/AMF Gm Gi Onceler 35 b** 15 d Terzibaba 31 b 29 bc Sehirali 29 bc 28 bc Seker 40 a 25 bc Mean 33 A** 24 B **P < 0.01; Glomus mosseae (Gm), G. intraradices (Gi) and G. fasciculatum (Gf) . 126 Control 34.21 24.79 26.90 35.75 30.41 B** Zn (mg-1kg) Gf 22 c 26 bc 43 a 40 a 33 A Cultivar/AMF Control Gm Gi Gf Mean Onceler 21.88 28.19 20.76 24.47 24.26 Terzibaba 23.91 20.09 26.21 22.31 23.33 Sehirali 23.95 25.01 23.84 23.62 24.05 Seker 23.67 20.27 20.10 22.03 21.52 Mean 23.33 23.76 23.23 23.18 **P < 0.01; Glomus mosseae (Gm), G. intraradices (Gi) and G. fasciculatum (Gf) Table 12: Shoot and root Zn contents of bean seedlings inoculated with diffirent AMF species. Shoot Control 154.67 cd** 133.57 de 116.25 e 149.17 c-e 138.41 C** Mn (mg-1kg) Control Gm Gi Gf Mean Cultivar/AMF Onceler 50.20 61.57 63.91 60.72 58.41 Terzibaba 53.56 63.86 68.53 57.88 60.76 Sehirali 54.97 60.14 66.65 52.45 58.74 Seker 49.60 61.46 60.84 64.71 59.08 Mean 52.55 C** 61.74 AB 65.46 A 58.49 B *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; Glomus mosseae (Gm), G. intraradices (Gi) and G. fasciculatum (Gf) Table 11: Shoot and root Mn contents of bean seedlings inoculated with diffirent AMF species. Shoot Control 25.58 de** 24.21 e 27.23 c-e 27.69 b-e 26.17 C** Cu (mg-1kg) Cultivar/AMF Control Gm Gi Gf Mean Onceler 10.24 18.73 17.45 11.17 13.96 A** Terzibaba 13.29 15.55 13.25 12.67 13.57 A Sehirali 9.06 10.76 12.35 12.07 11.08 B Seker 8.55 12.19 11.86 12.21 11.20 B Mean 10.40 C** 14.65 A 13.30 AB 12.02 BC *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; Glomus mosseae (Gm), G. intraradices (Gi) and G. fasciculatum (Gf) Table 10: Shoot and root Cu contents of bean seedlings inoculated with diffirent AMF species. Shoot Mean 23 C** 29 B 33 A 35 A Gm 38.17 36.02 35.31 38.37 37.03 A Gm 166.72 cd 178.67 bc 159.74 cd 156.63 cd 164.56 A Gm 24.40 e 35.88 a 34.79 ab 26.73 de 30.09 AB Root Gi 34.51 29.23 36.45 45.58 36.65 A Root Gi 168.54 cd 172.92 cd 221.47 a 157.07 cd 174.08 A Root Gi 32.13 a-d 17.56 f 30.96 a-e 29.34 a-e 27.00 BC Gf 40.58 32.53 40.63 35.91 37.20 A Gf 161.89 cd 112.18 e 212.36 ab 179.80 bc 163.50 A Gf 34.32 a-c 31.54 a-e 35.70 a 28.43 a-e 32.28 A Mean 36.87 A** 30.48 B 34.13 AB 38.90 A Mean 162.95 AB* 147.38 B 168.00 A 160.67 AB Mean 29.11 AB* 26.72 B 32.08 A 28.05 B � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 341 Title A name given to the resource Effects of Different AMF Species on Some Bean Cultivars Grown in Salty Conditions Author Author Türkmen, Önder Çiftçi, Vahdettin Erdinç, Çeknas Sensoy, Suat Abstract A summary of the resource. This study was carried out to determine the effects of three different Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) species (Glomus mosseae, G. intraradices and G. fasciculatum ) on the growth and nutrient contents of four bean cultivars (Onceler, Seker, Terzibaba and Sehirali) grown under salt stress. The constant amount of NaCl (50 ppm) was added the autoclaved growth medium containing 1:1:1: ratios of soil, sand, and manure. The five g (25 spores g-1) of inoculum was placed in the seedling growth medium before the seeds were sown. At the end of the study, some nutrients such as N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu, Mn, and Zn and plant growth parameters such as shoot height, stem diameter, root length, leaf number, leaf area, and dry and fresh weights of shoots and roots were investigated. Moreover, the plant colonization rates of AMF species were determined. The AMF species had positive effects on the plant growth and nutrient intake. Among the bean cultivars, Onceler and Terzibaba, and among the AMF species, G. mosseae, had the best results for plant growth. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed Q Science (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/b37b24ad03cf73380d9a4a3ca3c675b8.pdf 127dc21b851e5ccddaf6feaa81dfc19e PDF Text Text Effects of Different Applications on In-vitro Germination of Guava (Psidium guajavas L.) Seeds Hüseyin Namal Batı Akdeniz Agricultural Research Institute, Antalya,Turkey hus_namal@hotmail.com Beyza Biner Batı Akdeniz Agricultural Research Institute, Antalya,Turkey beyzabiner@hotmail.com Meliha Temirkaynak Batı Akdeniz Agricultural Research Institute, Antalya,Turkey temirkaynak@hotmail.com Sadettin Küçük Batı Akdeniz Agricultural Research Institute, Antalya,Turkey kucuksadettin07@hotmail.com Recep Çoşkun Batı Akdeniz Agricultural Research Institute, Antalya-Turkey recep0768@mynet.com Abstract: This research has been conducted in-vitro conditions to determine the effect of different applications on germination of guava (Psidium guajavas L.) seeds. GA3, sulfiric acid, cold and hot water treatments were used on this study. After the treatments, seeds were germinated in the dark in MS basal medium supplemented with different hormones. At the end of the studies optimum germination treatments were determined. Keywords: guava, seed, in-vitro, germination. Introduction Guava (Psidium guajavas L.), the apple of tropics, is a low evergreen tree or shrub, with widespreading branches and squae, is a native of tropical America. Guava fruit contain Vitamin C, A, iron, calcium and phosphorus. Guavas are up to 5 times richer in Vitamin C than oranges, 10-30 times more than bananas, 10 times more than papaya (Jain et al, 2001; Khushk et al, 2009; Anonymous a, 2010). Guava is being importance of trade in most tropic countries and some subtropic countries such as Türkiye. It is commonly propagated by rooting of stem cuttings. Air layering, grafting and propagated by seed are also used for these species propagation (Anonymous, 2010). There are several reports on seed germination and seed emergence revealed the beneficial effects of seed priming by several ways (heat, cold, soaking, temperatue, scarification, KNO3, GA3 and NaCl salinity) (Ahmed et al. 2006; Tiryaki, 2006; Tzortzakis, 2009). The objectives of the present study is to determine the effects of some pre-sowing treatments on seed germination of guava (Psidium guajavas L.). Material and Methods The studies were carried out with seeds of guava (Psidium guajavas L.). For germination, different seed pre- treatments were tested in vitro conditions. Applications made below: 828 �Gibberellins treatment: GA3 was mixed with distil water and made to different concentrations. The seeds were soaked in 250, 500, 750 and 1000 ppm GA3 concentrations. This treatments were made in light and at room temperature for 24 h. Chemical stratification: In the chemical stratification treatment, seeds were immersed sulfuric acid (H2SO4) 1, 2 and 3 minutes. Thereafter, the seeds were rinsed several times in clean distilled water. Hot water treatment: Seeds were treated in 60ºC hot water bath and respectively 5, 10 and 15 minutes. Hot water treatment+cold storage (4ºC+24 hours): Guava seeds immersed in top water in a jar and placed refrigerator at +4ºC for 24 hour. Cold treatment (4ºC+24 hours): Seed placed in jar and placed refrigerator at +4ºC for 24 hour. Soaking the seeds in tap water for 24 hours: Guava seeds immersed in top water for 24 hour. Germination After each treatment the seeds were surface sterilized by soaking in 70 % alcohol for 30 second and 5 % sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) solution for 20 minutes and subsequently rinsed thoroughly with sterilized water prior to applying any treatment. Thereafter, seeds were transferred to Murashige Skoog (1962) basal medium with darkness and temperatures of 24ºC and relative humidity of 70 %. Germinated seeds were counted every 3 day. Germination experiments were conducted using six replications of 30 seeds per treatment. Seeds were placed on Murashige Skoog basal medium. All dishes were sealed with a trip of parafilm to reduce water loss. The number of germinated seeds was recorded for 15th, 21th, 27th, 21st and 33th days. The GP and GR values were determined for each pre-treatment. The formula used in determining GR values is as follows (Pieper, 1952); GR = (n1× t1)+ (n2× t2)+ (n3× t3)+………+(ni× ti) T Where GP= Germination percentage (%), GR = Germination rate, n = number of days for each counting of t = number of germinated seeds at each counting day, and T = total number of germinated germinated seeds, seeds. The experiment lasted for about 50 days when it was observed that the seeds had stopped germinating. Results and Discussion Data for all variables for all treatments are summarized in Table 1 and Table 2. Germination percentage ranges among treatments from 0 to 96.67. At the end of 33rd day, germination rate ranges from 20 to 96.67, also an 4.5-fold ranges (Table 1). The hot water treated for 15 minutes seeds have higher germination percentage than all other treated seeds. Gemination percentage is significantly higher in hot water treated (different times) seeds than others. Table 2 shows that the effects of differnet applications on the germination rate of guava seeds. Guava seeds wasinfluenced by treatments. The highest germination rate was determined from hot water (exposed by 15 min) and cold water (exposed by 24 hours) treatments. The germination responses to heat treatments (especially hot water) of guava seeds were higher than GA3 and control treatments. Seed germination was not enhanced by gibberellin. Several studies (Cited in Tzortzakis, 2009) show that hot water, GA3 and cold water tretments of seeds ensure higher germination percentage and rate than control treatment. Thus, it is concluded that hot water treatments may be recommended for obtaining higher germination rate of guava seeds. Treatments 1 (250 ppm GA3) 2 (500 ppm GA3) 3 (750 ppm GA3) 4 (1000 ppm GA3) 15th day 21st day 27 th day 33rd day 0 0 23.33 10 6.67 10 23.33 16.67 16.67 10 26.67 23.33 20 13.33 26.67 33.33 829 �5 (Hot water+5 min) 6 (Hot water+10 min) 7 (Hot water+15 min) 8 (Cold water+24 hours) 9 (Cold+24 hours) 10 (Tap water+24 hours) 11 (Control) 0 0 56.67 13.33 10 6.67 10 26.67 16.67 73.33 23.33 33.33 16.67 30 50 40 83.33 50 36.67 33.33 60 56.67 50.33 96.67 70 50.33 36.67 76.67 Table 1. Effects of treatments on germination percentage (%) Treatments 1 (250 ppm GA3) 2 (500 ppm GA3) 3 (750 ppm GA3) 4 (1000 ppm GA3) 5 (Hot water+5 min) 6 (Hot water+10 min) 7 (Hot water+15 min) 8 (Cold water+24 hours) 9 (Cold+24 hours) 10 (Tap water+24 hours) 11 (Control) 15th day 21st day 27 th day 33rd day 0,00 0,00 13,13 4,50 0,00 0,00 8,79 2,86 2,81 2,72 1,96 7,00 15,75 13,13 8,70 9,88 6,56 12,41 5,86 2,81 8,45 7,44 20,50 15,75 16,50 14,10 21,00 18,38 15,21 16,14 16,31 20,72 21,52 26,60 24,00 16,50 24,00 24,88 26,63 19,76 25,57 26,63 23,72 24,39 Table 2. Effects of treatments on germination ratio The present study suggest that hot water or secondly water treatments may improve guava seed germination rate and quality in in vitro conditions. They are economic and easily applicable by workers, compared to costly plant growth regulators and associated technicalities. References Ahmed A.K., Johnson K.A., Burchett M.D. & B.J. Kenny, 2006. The effects of heat, smoke, leaching, scraification, temperature and NaCl salinity on the germination rate of Solanum centrale (The Australian bush tomato). Seed Science and Technology, 34:33-35. Anonymous, 2010. http://aggie.horticulture.tamu.edu/syllabi/423/3-6 SouthAmerFruts.pdf Jain N., K. Dhawan, S.P. Malhotra, S. Siddiqui & R. Singh, 2009. Compositional and enzimatic changes in guava (Psidium guajavas L.) fruits during ripening. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum. Vol. 23: (357-362) Khushk A.M., A. Memon & M.Đ. Lashari, 2009. Factors effecting guava production in Pakistan. J. Agric. Res., 2009, 47(2-12). Murashige T. & F. Skoog, 1962. A revised medium for rapid growth and bio-assays with tobacco tissue cultures. Physiol. Plant. 15: 473-497. Pieper A., 1952. Das Saatgut P, Parey Verlag, Berlin, Hamburg,Germany. Tiryaki I., 2006. Priming and storage of amaranth seeds:effects of plant growth regulatos on germination performance at low temperatute. Seed Science and Technology, 4:169-179. 830 �Tzortzakis N.G, 2009. Effect of pre-sowing treatment on seed germination and seedling vigor in endive and hicory. Hort.Sci. (Prague), 36, 2009 (3):117-125. 831 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 634 Title A name given to the resource Effects of Different Applications on In-vitro Germination of Guava (Psidium guajavas L.) Seeds Author Author Namal, Hüseyin Biner, Beyza Temirkaynak, Meliha Küçük, Sadettin Çoskun, Recep Abstract A summary of the resource. This research has been conducted in-vitro conditions to determine the effect of different applications on germination of guava (Psidium guajavas L.) seeds. GA3, sulfiric acid, cold and hot water treatments were used on this study. After the treatments, seeds were germinated in the dark in MS basal medium supplemented with different hormones. At the end of the studies optimum germination treatments were determined. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed Q Science (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/11fc1e8fda1938b21e3a1bb7e37ecae8.pdf cc7ba7650433ed1cd25acf03ba9d2ea2 PDF Text Text Effects of Different Irrigation Programs on Growth, Yield, and Fruit Quality of Drip-Irrigated Melon in Dardanelles (Çanakkale) Troia region Murat Tekiner 1Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Agriculture Faculty, Department of Irrigation and Farm Structure, Turkey mtekiner@yahoo.com Canan Öztokat Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Agriculture Faculty, Department of Horticulture, Turkey cananoztokat@yahoo.com Đsmail Taş Harran University Agriculture Faculty, Department of Irrigation and Farm Structure, Turkey tas_ismail@yahoo.com Abstract : This research was carried out under field conditions to determine the best proper irrigation interval and amount of irrigation water for pineapple type melon. Evaporations from class-A pan were taken into consideration to determine the amounts of irrigation water to be applied. Three different irrigation intervals (I1= 4 days, I2=8 days and I3=12 days) and four different pan coefficients (Kcp1= 0.50, Kcp2= 1.00, Kcp3= 1.50, Kcp4= 2.00) were used to calculate the amounts of irrigation water. Total amounts of irrigation water varied between 168 – 871 mm and yields varied between 14.20-49.04 Mg.ha-1. The highest yield was obtained from the largest irrigation interval with the lowest pan coefficient (I3Kcp1). Introduction Province of Çanakkale is located over the Biga peninsula in northwest of Turkey. Total surface area of the province is 993 300 ha and 330 337 ha of this area is allocated for agricultural purposes and 111.047 ha (34%) of this agricultural lands is irrigable. However, 73 643 ha of irrigable portion is now under irrigation and 37 404 ha (33.7%) is used under dry conditions. Drip and sprinkler irrigation systems are used over 90% of irrigated lands (ÇTĐM, 2010). Melon (Cucumis melo L.) is an annual fruit with hairy body and superior aroma. Since it has summer and winter varieties, it is consumed all around the year. Turkey with proper climate conditions has a significant role in melon production (Sakaldaş et al. 2009). World melon production is 20 million tons and China meets 6.6 million tons (34.5%) of this world production and Turkey has the second place in production with 1.8 million ton (9.4%) (BATEM, 2010). Melon has the 4th place after tomato, pepper and watermelon among the vegetables produced in Çanakkale and total melon production of the year 2008 was 19 000 tons from 10 855 da land area (ÇTĐM, 2010). Irrigation at proper time with the proper amounts of water is a critical issue to provide optimum yield and quality in plant production. Srinivas et. al. (1989) indicated melon yields of 12-15 Mg.ha-1 under dry conditions and 25-30 Mg.ha-1 under irrigated conditions (Dogan et al. 2008). Sousa et. al. (1999) carried out drip irrigation research for melon over sandy soils of Brazil and applied irrigation intervals of 0.5, 1, 2, 3 and 4 days. Researchers observed that 0.5 and 1 day intervals yielded the highest marketable yields. In another study carried out in Iran, Alizadeh Khazai et al. (1999) used furrow and drip irrigation systems and 25, 50% water deficits for melon over silty soils. Researchers obtained the highest yield from drip irrigation with full irrigation (Yıldırım et al. 2009). Faberio et al. (2002) applied water deficits at flowering, fruit formation and ripening periods of melon and investigated impacts of water deficit on fruit 144 �yield and quality and observed that melon had the highest sensitivity against water deficit at fruit formation period. Barros et al. (2002) applied different amounts of irrigation water (233.8, 222.4, 204.4, 183.5, 158.9 ve 132.2 mm) and nitrogenous fertilizer (0, 75, 150 ve 300 kg.ha-1) and received the highest yield with 222.4 mm irrigation water and 209.2 kg ha-1 application (Şengül 2009). Researchers also indicated that increased amounts of irrigation water instead of nitrogen fertilization didn’t increase the yield. In another research, 6 different amount of irrigation water (0-25-50-75-100 and 125%) determined by using Class-A Pan evaporation data and applied by using surface and subsurface drip irrigation system was studied and the highest yield was obtained from 83% of pan coefficient for subsurface system and 92% of pan coefficient for surface system (Dogan et al. 2008). Cabello et al. (2009) studied the effects of different irrigations and nitrogen fertilization on melon yield and indicated that yield didn’t decrease at 90% irrigation with 90 kg.ha-1 nitrogen fertilization. As it was seen all above literature and researches, irrigation interval and amounts of irrigation water are significant issue for melon yield and quality. In this study, proper irrigation interval and amount of irrigation water providing the optimum yield and quality were tried to be determined for pineapple type (Carna F1) melon. This variety is preferred among the producers of the region. Materials and Methods Field experiments were carried out over the fields of a farmer in Çıplak village at Troia Region of central town of Canakkale Province. Research field is located at 39° 57’ north latitudes and 26° 16’ east longitudes. Pineapple type Carna F1 variety melon was used as the material of the study. Climate of the region is Mediterranean and Black Sea transition climate. According to long-term averages of the nearest meteorological station, annual average temperature of the region is 14.9°C, average total precipitation is 599 mm, average relative humidity is 76%, average wind speed is 3.9 m.s-1 (Anonymous, 2005). Climate data for the year 2009 were presented in Table 1. Mounts 1 2 3 4 Wind Speed 5.5 3.9 3.7 5.0 (m/s) Relative 78.0 78.0 76.1 Humidity 83.2 (%) Temperature 7.8 7.2 8.8 12.2 (°C) Precipitation 22.6 175.2 169.2 119.8 (mm) Source: Turkish State Meteorological Service 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 3.1 3.1 3.5 4.6 3.8 3.6 2.6 5.8 61.8 64.4 58.5 62.8 71.5 81.6 81.7 72.0 18.4 22.7 26.4 25.3 20.6 17.6 12.5 11.0 10.8 11.4 0.0 0.0 88.2 39.2 65.8 237.1 Table 1. Data of Canakkale Meteorological station for the year 2009 Soils of experimental fields have medium texture with 23.2% field capacity, 13.5% permanent wilting point and 1.35 g.cm-3 unit weight. Ground water table and impervious barrier were not observed within or around the plots; there were not any drainage problems over the experimental fields. Topography was smooth or close to smooth with maximum 2% slope. Readily available pressurized pipe system was used to receive water and drip irrigation system was applied for irrigations. Three different irrigation intervals (I1= 4 days, I2= 8 days and I3= 12 days) and four different pan coefficients (Kcp1= 0.50, Kcp2= 1.00, Kcp3= 1.50, Kcp4= 2.00) were used as the treatments of the study. All the treatments were irrigated at amounts calculated by the equation given in Doorenbos and Pruitt (1992) until the date of harvest. I = Epan. A.Kcp.P where I irrigation water amounts (mm), Epan evaporation from a standard class A pan (mm), A plot area (m2), Kcp crop pan coefficients (0.50, 1.00, 1.50, 2.00), and P crop coverage (%). Evapotranspiration (ET ) was calculated in accordance with Allen et al. (1998); 145 �ET = I + P ± ∆s where P is precipitation (mm) and ∆s is the change in soil profile water content (mm). Experiments were performed in splitted randomized block design with 3 replications. Seed were planted at 1.20 x 0.60 spacing (row spacing x inner row seed spacing) on 29th of May 2009. There were 4 rows in each plot and 6 plants on each row; therefore there were a total of 24 plants in each plot. A row from each side and top and bottom plants of each row were separated for side effect and 8 plants were observed in each plot. Two hoeing and fungicide applications were performed during the growing period. Fertilization was performed before the plantation with 10 kg.da-1 NH4NO3, 25 kg.da-1 super phosphate and 12 kg.da-1 potassium sulphate. Remaining nitrogenous fertilizer was applied as urea and ammonium sulphate at the rate of 8 kg.da-1. Three harvests were performed on 20th of August, 25th of August and 2nd of September. Yield (Mg.ha–1), single fruit weight (g), fruit width (mm), fruit length (mm), length of seed cavity (mm), flesh thickness (mm), flesh firmness (kg.cm-2), amount of water-soluble dry matter (Brix) (%) and taste analysis were carried out to determine the yield and quality parameters. For flesh firmness determination, 1cm2 area of 3 different point from each fruit for the penetration force measurements were individually recorded using a 5/16 (8 mm) diameter probe on a penetrometer (Bishop, Italy). TSS concentration was determined in each fruit with a digital refractometer Atago PAL-1 (Atago Co. Ltd., Japan) at 20°C. Fruit taste was graded by 10 experienced panelists using a 1 to 5 scale (1: very bad, 2: bad, 3: acceptable, 4: good, 5: very good) for each replicate. Data were subjected to ANOVA test for statistical analysis and “Minitab 15” statistical software was used for statistical analysis. Differences among the averages were tested according to LSD test at P=0.05 significance levels. Results and Conclusions The best irrigation program was tried to be determined for Carna F1 melon cultivar over the farmer fields during the year 2009. The variety was found to be highly resistant to drought and fruits were large. Statistical analyses for yield and quality parameters were carried out and results were given in Table 2. Yield Mean fruit Irrigation ET Width Treatmen amounts weight (Mg.ha– (mm) (mm) t 1 ) (mm) (g) I1 I2 I3 Kcp 1 Kcp 2 Kcp 3 Kcp 4 Kcp 1 Kcp 2 Kcp 3 Kcp 4 Kcp 1 182 336.5 20.65e 3166bcd 528 388 673.0 21.55e 2519g 478 2978def 534 3406bc 533 622 856 1009. 17.66f 5 1346. 16.72f 0 176 327.5 34.35b 3444b 525 380 655.0 29.65c 2776efg 493 611 982.5 24.04d 3045cde 519 871 1310. 14.20g 0 3423b 524 168 303.5 69.04a 3851a 540 146 Lengt Flesh Flesh Lengt h of Thicknes Firmnes h Seed °Brix Taste s s(kg.cm (mm) House -2 ) (mm) (mm) bcd b 634 500 631a 0.623d 11.60de 2.7a 569e 422f 662abc 445def 644bcd 486bc 670abc 498b 617d 453de 641bcd 470cd 677ab 537a 692a 499b 549h 0.643cd 11.83cde 4.3ab 615ab 0.567de 13.62a 605bcd 0.589d 11.66de 2.7e 587def 0.582d 11.68de 4.3ab 558gh 0.604d 12.66bc 4.7a 591ede 0.698bcd 12.33bcd 3.9bcd 566fgh 0.786bc 12.65bc 4.2abc 609bc 0.431e 11.43e 3.5d 3.6cd �Kcp 370 607.0 28.96c 2970def 496 2 Kcp 603 910.5 26.28d 2629fg 494 3 1214. Kcp 869 508 15.66fg 3283bcd 0 4 2.297 361.8 NS LSD (0.05)* * LSD (0.05) irrigation interval x pan coefficient (IxKcp) 635bcd 452de 605de 430ef 631cd 437ef 43.75 26.12 562gh 0.788bc 12.57bc 4.3ab 572efg 0.814b 12.32bcd 4.7a 593bcde 0.999a 13.00ab 4.3ab 22.05 0.1499 0.833 0.6003 Table 2. Statistical analysis results for yield and quality parameters Yield per hectare was found to be significant at p<0.05 level and the highest yield was obtained from the treatment I3-Kcp1 with 49.04 Mg.ha-1 and the lowest was observed in I2-Kcp4 treatment with 14.20 Mg.ha-1. Irrigation intervals and pan coefficients were found to be significant among themselves at p<0.05 level, the best irrigation interval was determined as I3 (12 days) with pan coefficient of Kcp1 (0.5). On the contrary to other melon varieties, yield increases in Carna F1 variety with increased irrigation interval and reduced amount of irrigation water. This can be seen clearly from water-yield relation graphs in Figure 1. With regard to regression analysis, the highest water-yield relationship was observed in I3 treatment with 12 days irrigation interval (R2=0.99). Şalk et.al. (2008) stated that some Thracian farmers were making melon production under dry conditions without any irrigation and they had well yields. With regard to single fruit weight, IxKcp interaction was found to be significant and as it was in the yield per hectare I3-Kcp1 treatment had the highest fruit weight with 3851 g. Fruit weight of I2-Kcp4 was also high (3423 g) but the yield of this treatment was low since fruit per plant was low in this treatment. The lowest fruit weight was observed in I1-Kcp2 treatment with 2519 g. With regard to fruit width, interaction of treatments was not found to be significant but pan coefficients were found to be significant. The lowest fruit width was observed in Kcp2 treatment. Treatment I3-Kcp1 was in front of the group with regard to fruit length (692mm). Pew and Gardner (1983) mentioned about lower size fruit production of local producers with irrigation practices (Şengül, 2009). The highest seed house size was observed in I2Kcp4 treatment (537 mm), the lowest was observed in I1-Kcp2 treatment (422 mm). With regard to flesh thickness, the highest value was observed in I2-Kcp4 treatment (692 mm) and the lowest in I1-Kcp2 treatment (549 mm) and IxKcp interaction was found to be significant for both parameters at p<0.05 levels. I1 (4 days) 23 22 2 y = -0,00001x + 0,00075x + 21,19907 -1 Yield (Mg ha ) 21 2 R = 0,81633 20 19 18 17 FY= -0,00001W2 + 0,00075W + 21,19 16 15 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 -1 Irrigation Water (mm season ) 147 700 800 900 �38 I2 (8 days) Yield (Mg ha-1) 34 2 y = -0,00002x - 0,01078x + 36,62020 30 2 R = 0,99849 26 22 18 FY= 0.00002W2 – 0.01078W + 36.62 14 10 0 200 400 600 Irrigation Water (mm season-1) 50 -1 1000 I3 (12 days) 60 Yield (Mg ha ) 800 y = 1294,63x 40 -0,64 2 R = 0,93 30 20 FY= 1294.63W-0,64 R2 = 0.93 10 0 0 200 400 600 -1 Irrigation Water (mm season ) 800 1000 Fig. 1. Relationship between seasonal applied irrigation water (W) and plant fruit yield (FY) for irrigation interval Flesh firmness is among the most significant parameters determining fruit quality and post-harvest physiology. The highest flesh firmness value was observed in I1-Kcp2 treatment with 0.99 kg.cm-2 and lowest in I3-Kcp1 treatment with 0.43 kg.cm-2. Flesh firmness increased with increased irrigation interval and pan coefficient. Sakaldaş et.al. (2009) stated longer shelf lives for pineapple type melons with higher flesh firmness. Water-soluble dry matter amounts were also found to be significant (p<0.05) like flesh firmness and increased with increasing irrigation interval. The treatment I1-Kcp3 has the highest value with 13.62% and I3-Kcp1 had the lowest with 11.43%. Brix is one of the easiest way to determine the harvest time and this value can reach to 13-17% under high temperatures (Şalk et.al. 2008). Faberio et al. (2002) indicated that water deficit applied at flowering period might negatively affect the fruit quality but increase the rate of sugar in fruits. The lowest Brix value was observed in I3-Kcp1 treatment and the lowest flesh firmness was also observed in this treatment. The taste value of the same group was 3.6 (above average). In other words, although the aforesaid treatment had lower Brix and flesh firmness values than the other treatments, it had allowable shelf life and taste value. Results of taste evaluations were found to be significant (p<0.05) and lowest value was observed in I1-Kcp1 and I1-Kcp4 treatments with 2.7. Based on the results obtained from this study, I3-Kcp2 treatment was found to be the best alternative for regional producers with regard to yield and quality. However, in case of possible water deficiencies in the future, I3-Kcp1 or I2-Kcp2 treatments may be selected. Further researches can be carried 148 �out for the same melon variety with pan coefficients ranging between 0.0 -1.00 and irrigation intervals between 8-12 days and outcomes of these researches should be delivered to local producers. On the other hand bigger melon fruits have some disadvantages in terms of marketing demands but fruits obtained from best irrigation treatment can be used in the point of its harmony according to the changing needs in terms of different consuming types like fresh cut etc. References Alizadeh, K.A., J.M. Baghani, and G.M. Haghnia (1999). Effect of deficit irrigation by drip and furrow systems on the yield and quality of melon at Mashad, Iran. In: 17th ICID Int. Congress on Irrig. and Drain., 1(C), Granada-Spain, 263269. Allen, R.G., Pereira, L.S., Raes, D., Smith, M. (1998). Crop Evapotranspiration: Guidelines for Computing Crop Water Requirements. Irrigation and Drainage Paper No: 56. Food and Agr. Organization, Rome. Anonymous (2005). DMĐ Genel Müdürlüğü 1975-2005 Meteoroloji Bülteni, Ankara. Barros, V. da S., Costa, R.N.T., Aguiar, J.V. de, da S. Barros, V., de Aguiar, J.V. (2002). Irrigation and nitrogen fertilization effect on melon crop yield. IRRIGA. 7 (2), 98-105. Batem (2010). http://www.batem.gov.tr/urunler/sebzelerimiz/kavun/kavun.htm. (Access date: 16.04.2010) Cabello, M.J., Castellanos, M.T., Romojaro, F., Martínez-Madrid, C. and F. Ribas. 2009. Yield and quality of melon grown under different irrigation and nitrogen rates. Agricultural Water Management. 96 (5). 866-874. Çtim (2010). http://www.canakkale-tarim.gov.tr/index.php?option=com_wrapper&view=wrapper&Itemid=72 (Access date: 15.04.2010) Dogan, E., Kirnak, H., Berekatoglu K., Bilgel, L. and A. Surucu (2008). Water Stress Imposed on Muskmelon (Cucumis Melo L.) with Subsurface and Surface Drip Irrigation Systems under Semi-Arid Climatic Conditions. Irrigation science, 26. 131-138. Doorenbos J. and Pruitt W.O. (1992). Guidelines for predicting crop water requirements. FAO. irrigation and drainage. No: 24, Rome. Faberio, C., Martin Santa Olalla F. and J.A. de Juan (2002). Production of muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.) under controlled deficit irrigation in a semi-arid climate. Agricultural Water Management. 54 (2). 93-105. Pew, W.D. and Gardner, B.R., (1983). Effects of irrigation practices on vine growth, yield and quality of muskmelons. J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. 108, 134-137. Sakaldaş M., Öztakat C. ve K. Kaynaş (2009). Hasat Sonrası 1-Methylcyclopropane Uygulamalarının Farklı Sıcaklık Derecelerinde Depolanan Kavunlarda (Cucumis Melo L. Cv. Dellteks F1) Meyve Kalitesi Üzerine Olan Etkileri. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Zirat Fakültesi Dergisi. 4 (1). 1-9. Şalk, A., Arın, L., Deveci, M., Bolat, S. (2008). Özel Sebzecilik. Onur Grafik matbaacılık ve Reklam Hizmetleri. Đstanbul. ISBN:978-9944-0786-0-3 Sousa, V.F. de, Coelho E.F. and V.A.B. de Sousa (1999). Irrigation frequency in melon cultivated in sandy soil. Pesquisa Agropecuaria Brasileira 34 (4) 659-664. Srinivas K, Hegde DM, Havanagi GV (1989). Plant water relations, canopy temperature, yield and water-use efficiency of atermelon (Citrullus Lanatus (Thunb.)) under drip and furrow irrigation. Aust J Agric Res 6 (1).115-124. Şengül N. (2008). Damla Yöntemiyle Sulanan Kavunda Farklı Sulama Programlarının Meyve Verimi ve Kalitesi Üzerine Etkileri. Ankara Üniversitesi, Fen Bil. Enst. Doktora Tezi. 111 s. Yıldırım O., Halloran N., Çavuşoğlu, Ş. Şengül., N. (2009). Effects of different irrigation programs on the growth, yield, and fruit quality of drip-irrigated melon. Turk. J. Agric. For., 33. 243-255. 149 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 344 Title A name given to the resource Effects of Different Irrigation Programs on Growth, Yield, and Fruit Quality of Drip-Irrigated Melon in Dardanelles (Çanakkale) Troia region Author Author Tekiner, Murat Öztokat, Canan Tas, İsmail Abstract A summary of the resource. This research was carried out under field conditions to determine the best proper irrigation interval and amount of irrigation water for pineapple type melon. Evaporations from class-A pan were taken into consideration to determine the amounts of irrigation water to be applied. Three different irrigation intervals (I1= 4 days, I2=8 days and I3=12 days) and four different pan coefficients (Kcp1= 0.50, Kcp2= 1.00, Kcp3= 1.50, Kcp4= 2.00) were used to calculate the amounts of irrigation water. Total amounts of irrigation water varied between 168 – 871 mm and yields varied between 14.20-49.04 Mg.ha-1. The highest yield was obtained from the largest irrigation interval with the lowest pan coefficient (I3Kcp1). Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed Q Science (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/70b0541d5c450b1edeb8d57e57943a31.pdf 3eae881f3b17506b4dd2ddbf4230b904 PDF Text Text Effects Of Different Packaging Applications On Fruit Quality Of Apricots Fatih Cem Kuzucu Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University Agriculture Faculty, Department of Horticulture Fatihcem2005@hotmail.com Arzu Önder Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University Agriculture Faculty, Department of Horticulture arzuonder@hotmail.com Abstract : In this research it is aimed to determine the avaliblity of different packaging materials for Roxana, Hungarian Best and Bebeco apricot cultivars stored in modified atmosphere conditions. For this aim, after harvesting, apricots were packed with LDPE and PVC packaging materials and some apricots stored with none application called as control. Packed apricots was put in cold storage in 0°C and 95% relative humidity for 30 days. After storage, weight loss, fruit firmness, fruit skin colour, soluble solid content, titretable acidity, total sugars and taste were determined. According to the data after 30 day of storage, LDPE and PVC apllications were found to improve not only all the quality parameters but also storage qualifications of the apricot fruits. Keywords : Apricot, postharvest, fruit quality Introduction Apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) is a Chinese originated stone fruit with climacteric characteristic. Although it is a hot mild climate fruit, it has a large production area over the world (Anonymous, 2008a). Apricot has a significant role with regard to human health; contain nine different sugars, eighteen free amino acid, high amounts of vitamin A, beta-carotene and high levels of potassium and iron elements (Anonymous, 2008b). Fresh fruits are available in Turkish markets from mid-May to end of August (Özçağıran at. al., 2005). Since stone fruits are prone to spoilage, apricot has a short post-harvest life under normal temperatures (Chambroy, 1993). Crisosto et al. (1996) investigated fruit base color, amount of total soluble solids (TSS) and fruit firmness (FF) and found TSS rates of >10%, amount of titratable acids (TA) as (0,7-1,0 g/100g) FF values as (0,9-1,4 kg) for fresh fruits ready to be harvested. Researchers also stated proper storage temperatures as (-0,5)–(0)°C and relative humidity as %90-95. Most of the world apricot production is consumed as fresh fruit. However, drying and processing are also available alternatives for apricot since it has a short period of harvest and fresh fruits are prone to spoilage in short time. About 20-25% of world production is dried. The remaining parts left from fresh or dried fruits are processed (Sobutay, 2003). 2006 Turkey Pakistan Iran Uzbekstan 2007 2008 557.572 240.192 280.000 230.000 460.182 177.266 280.000 235.637 133 716.415 325.779 280.000 265.000 �Italy Algeria Japan Morocca Syria 221.994 167.017 119.700 129.440 98.538 214.573 116.438 120.600 105.234 112.738 205.493 145.000 120.600 113.216 112.738 Table 1. Apricot Production Values (ton) Apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) production is very common in Çanakkale Kepez region and production areas are increasing both in the region and the province. However, various problems exist in marketing and reaching to desired production potentials due to very short storage durations and easy spoilage of the fruits. Turkey is the leading country in apricot production with 250-300 thousand tons of production. Province of Malatya meets almost 50% of Turkish apricot production. Neighboring province Elazığ is also another center for apricot production. Significant amount of apricots known as Malatya apricot actually come from Baskil town of Elazığ. About 90% of apricot produced in Malatya is dried and almost 90-95% of dried fruits is exported ( Anonymous, 2007a and Sobutay, 2003). Areas of utilization and levels of consumption should be increased both inside and outside of the country since it has several significant health functions. Therefore, apricot products should be diversified. Currently available products are fruit juices, jam and marmalades, jelly, ice-cream, delight, cookies, chewing gums, dried pulp and etc (Sobutay, 2003). Although geographically distributed all around the world, apricot has larger areas of production around Mediterranean, Europe, Middle Asia, America and Africa continents. There are 7 apricot regions in Turkey with almost 20-25% of world production. These regions are: Malatya: Produces almost half of the country production and about all production is dried. Hacıhaliloğlu, Çöloğlu, Đsmailağa, Hasanbey, Şekerpare, Alyanak, Kabaaşı, Yeğen, Tokaloğlu, Çataloğlu, Hacıkız, Soğancı, Paşa mişmişi, Mahmudun eriği, Kurukabuk and Turfanda are the important varieties of the region. Elazığ-Erzincan: Produces for export. Tokaloğlu, Mahmud’un Eriği are important varieties of the region. Kars-Iğdır: Produces for domestic markets, varieties are juicy and pulpy. Aprikoz (Şalak ) and early Ağerik are the important varieties of the region. Mut-Đskenderun( Mediterranean): Produces mostly for domestic markets and partially for export. Tokaloğlu, Sahıt, Septik, Lutgani, Hırmanlıdırağı and Tekeler are important varieties of the region. Sakarya-Bilecik ( Marmara ): Produces for domestic markets, fresh consumption and partially industry. Karacabey, Mektep, Ethembey, Đmrahor, Tokaloğlu (Yalova ) and Çekirge are important varieties of the region. Aegean: Produces for fresh consumption. Yerli Đzmir, Proyma, Çiğli, Tokaloğlu (Đzmir), Malatya and Şam are important varieties of the region. Central Anatolia: Produces for fresh consumption and industry. Slight sulphurization is performed in Ürgüp, Konya and Gürün. Wild apricot production is also carried out in the region to be used in fruit juice industry. Boğaz, Đri bitirgen, Şekerpare altız and Tokaloğlu are important varieties of the region (Sobutay, 2003). Modification of ambient atmosphere is carried out in two ways as ‘passive’ and ‘active’ in modified atmosphere packing (MAP). Passive modification is applied for fruit and vegetable like respirating products and active modification is applied for every kind of products (Üçüncü, 2000). Providence of balanced gas composition in passive modification is a slow process. It is not always possible to succeed in control of O2 ve CO2 concentrations. However, providence of balanced gas composition can be supplied in short time with interventions in active modification (Floros, 1990). Atmosphere composition and variation of this composition in passive modification method depend on respiration rates and characteristics of packaging materials. The material to be used for packaging should be able to provide a balance between O2 consumed by the product and oxygen passed through the material. Similar balance should also be supplied between CO2 produced by the products and 134 �CO2 passed through the material. The critical issue here is to provide the desired atmosphere composition for the product without any damage caused by O2 or CO2 (Geeson, 1984). When the modified atmosphere is combined with proper temperatures, it will provide following benefits to reduce the loses during post-harvest processing and preservation of horticultural crops and fruits (Debney et al. 1980, Kader 1985): • Provide supports for biochemical and physiological changes by slowing respiration, ethylene production, changes in product compounds and softening and slows down the repining. • O2 levels of around 8% and CO2 levels of more than 1% reduce the ethylene sensitivity of the fruits. • Reduces the physiological damages like chilling damages, punctuations and some other storage spoilages. • Modified atmosphere has direct or indirect impacts over post-harvest pathogens and consequent spoilages. Some applications may reduce spoilages. For instance, increased CO2 levels (1015%) may significantly prevent Botrytis spoilage over strawberry, cherry and some other fruits. • It is a useful method to control pests over some products. Pala at. al. (1993), investigated effects of modified atmosphere (MA) on post-harvest life and quality of apricots. Fruits were brought to laboratory 12 hours after the harvest, cooled to 3,2°C with water, packed and stored. Low density polyethylene (LDPE) with 50µ thickness was used as packaging material. Packed products were divided into two groups; one group was exposed to passive and the other to active modification (%3 O2, %3 CO2). Quality parameters like form of fruits, pH, total soluble solids, titratable acidity, color, weight loss and sensual evaluations were measured. Measurements were made once in a week for six weeks. They found lower shelf lives for control fruits than MA applied fruits. Passive modification with 50µ thick LDPE at 0°C for 6 weeks was selected as the best post-harvest preservation practice. Berger et al. (1990) investigated the impacts of MA over cherries. Researchers harvested Bing and Lambert varieties as light red (75-100% colored) and dark red (100% colored). Closed packs provided 22 days preservation of cherries at 0 °C. They found that MA didn’t have any negative impacts on taste and provided 2 days extra shelf life in addition to preservation period. Herregods (1992) preserved cherries under MA conditions for 20 days and observed that increasing CO2 levels in packages prevented mold development. While mold development was 7% in control fruits, it was 3,7% with 30µ LDPE, 1,2% with 50µ LDPE and 0% with 70µ LDPE. Similarly, Ağaoğlu at. Al. (1992) investigated the effects of different packaging materials on cold storage of some plum varieties. Perforated and non-perforated polyethylene, perforated and nonperforated polypropylene were used as packaging material for “Stanley” and “d’Agen” plum varieties. Fruits were stored at -1 °C’ with 80-90% relative humidity and quality parameters were measured once in every two weeks. They observed decreased fruit firmness and increased weight loss. Package material had an effect on weight loss. Effect of package material varied based on the variety of plums but provided better results than control treatments. Researchers recommended non-perforated polyethylene package as the best material. Özkurt (1993) studied MA preservation of J.H.Hale peach, Stanley plum, Early Burlat cherry varieties with limited post-harvest duration. MA was created with PE (35µ), PP(12µ) and PVC (80µ) package materials. It was observed that preservation duration extended from 2-6 to 6 weeks for peaches, from 2-6 weeks to 6-7 weeks for plums and from 2 weeks to 4-5 weeks for cherries. Also, all three fruit varieties preserved their harvest freshness throughout the storage duration. Similar studies were carried out during the years 2003 and 2004 for Hayward variety of kiwifruit by using 3 different package type (consumer package, classical package, and modified package) to preserve the quality of the products and to extend the duration of preservation. Packed fruits were stored at 0 oC temperature and 90–95% relative humidity. A decrease was observed in weight loss with modified package. However, weight loss increased with classical package. Fruit peel thickness, fruit firmness, vitamin C and titratable acid levels generally decreased during cold storage. Soluble solids increased during the preservation period. Effects of package types on fruit peel thickness were not found to be significant. Fungal spoilage elements were higher in fruits with modified package than the others. Fungal spoilage decreased in consumer package. Color brightening in green color of fruit pulp and red color of fruit peel were observed at the end of storage duration. Taste characteristics of fruits decreased during the storage. It was concluded that Hayward variety kiwifruits could be preserved for 6 months in modified package and 5 months in consumer and classical package (Namdar, 2005). 135 �In another study, 6 month cold storage and 15 days shelf life of Hicaznar pomegranate variety were investigated. Fruits were covered with stretch film (12µ) and MAP (8µ). Packaging provided better preservation than control treatments. Considering visual quality and fungal spoilages, it was concluded that fruits with MAP application could be stored for 1 year 3 months and fruits with stretch film application could be stored for 1 year 4 months (Bayram, 2007). A similar study was carried out to determine the effects of modified atmosphere packages (MAP) in extending the storage life of Hicaznar variety. Fruits were harvested at the best proper time and divided into three groups. The first group fruits were put into classical plastic. Second group fruits were wrapped with easily supplied Xtend®. The third group fruits were stored as control treatment without any wrapping. All fruits were stored at 6oC temperature and 90-92% relative humidity. Weight lose, amounts of fruit juice, titratable acid, TSS, peel thickness and peel color parameters were measured at every 45 days. Beside them, fungal spoilages, physiological spoilages, changes in CO2 and O2 densities of packages were also recorded. It was concluded that MAP packages extended the storage duration of Hicaznar variety, decreased the weight loss and slowed down the peel thickening (Gözlekci et al., 2005). A research was carried out for Hayward variety kiwifruits stored at 0°C temperature and 90–95% relative humidity. Fruits were put into small and medium polyethylene (PE) bags with different thicknesses and bags were closed up. Polyethylene bags used under modified atmosphere conditions reduced weight loss, spoilage and fruit firmness and preserved taste and quality of fruits for 6 months ( Manopoloulou et al. 1997). Zutkhi ve Ben-Arie (1990) stored Fuyu variety of persimmon fruits under modified atmosphere conditions. Fruits packed with 0,06 and 0,08 mm polyethylene and stored at 0°C. The fruits with maximum storage duration of 6 weeks were able to preserve their quality for 18 weeks under MA. In this study, different packaging materials were used and different Passive MAP applications were carried out to extend the storage duration of “Hungarian Best”, “Bebeco” and “Roxana” apricot varieties and the best practice was tried to be determined. These varieties are produced at ‘Apricot Adaptation Parcels’ of Dardanos campus of ÇOMÜ Agricultural Faculty. They are highly adaptive to region and high market value both in Turkish and world markets. Results of this research will also be significant for fruits similar to apricot (peach, nectarine, plum) and results will also be directly used by local producers in practice and will provide economical gains for local economy. Material and method Material Apricot fruits of this research were supplied from 7 year old fruit trees at ‘Apricot Adaptation Parcels’ of Dardanos campus of ÇOMÜ Agricultural Faculty. Tree spacing at these parcels is 5x5 m. Varieties of “Roxana”, “Bebeco” and “Hungarian Best” were used as plant material in this study. Harvest dates were 1st of July for “Hungarian Best”, 26th of June for “Bebeco” and 28th of June for “Roxana”. Method Randomized block design with three factors were used for experiments and 20 fruits were used in each replication. Data were statistically analyzed by using two-ways variance analysis and LSD test with 5% significance level. Minitab 15 statistical software was used for statistical analysis. Post-Harvest Modified Atmosphere Package (MAP) applications were implemented for fruits of 3 different varieties. Following modified atmosphere applications were implemented over MAP applied groups respectively; 1. Modified atmosphere packaging application with low density polyethylene (LDPE) based Xtend supplied by Stepac Co. 2. Modified atmosphere packaging application with stretch film based Polyvinylchloride (PVC) supplied by Rotopak Co. Changes in fruit base color were determined by Minolta CR400 color measurement device; changes in fruit flesh firmness were determined by “Effe- gi” type hand penetrometer; changes in total soluble solids were determined by ”Atago Pal 1” digital refractometer; changes in titratable acid amounts were determined by “Đnolab pH 720” pH meter. Total sugar was determined in accordance with Ross (1959) dinitrophenol method. Sensory parameter of taste was evaluated out by 5 people testing team taking the appearance, aroma, sourness, and taste into consideration. Weight loss values were determined by 136 �weighing “Sartorius” 0,01 g sensitive balance. MAP gas composition measurements were carried out daily by “PBI Gas Dansensor”. Results and Discussion Fruit Skin Color ( °h) Fruit skin colors were found to be significant with regard to cultivars. The lowest value was obtained from Roxana, it was followed by Hungarian best and Bebeco, and they all placed statistically in the same group. Effects of storage duration and package applications provided non-significant differences over fruit skin color. Cultivar Hungarian Best Bebeco Roxana Treatment Control PVC LDPE Control PVC LDPE Control PVC LDPE Storage Time Mean. LSD (0,05) Significiant degree Storage Time (Day) 0 30 1,3973 1,3275 1,3973 1,3425 1,3973 1,3799 1,5159 1,4736 1,5159 1,4984 1,5159 1,4979 0,1214 0,0950 0,1214 0,3278 0,1214 0,1104 1,0115 1,0059 NS Cultivar Mean Treatment Mean Control 1,3736 b 0,9884 PVC 1,5029 a 1,0339 LDPE 0,1495 c 1,0038 0,06533 * NS Table 2. Changes in fruit skin color of Hungarian Best, Bebeco and Roxana stored within different package materials. LSD (0,05) Cultivar*Treatment*Time: NS Fruit Firmness (FF-Kg) Fruit firmness of control fruits and fruits with PVC package were lower than the others and they were placed in the same group. The best results were obtained from fruits with LDPE package. Cultivar Treatment Storege Time (Day) 0 30 Control 1,0197 d 0,4930 f Hungarian Best PVC 1,0197 d 0,6003 e LDPE 1,0197 d 0,6564 e Control 1,8969 a 1,4298 c Bebeco PVC 1,8969 a 1,3131 c LDPE 1,8969 a 1,5055 bc Control 1,9683 a 0,5295 e Roxana PVC 1,9683 a 0,4862 e LDPE 1,9683 a 1,6518 b Storage Time Mean. 1,6283 a 0,9628 b LSD (0,05) 0,06767 Significiant degree * LSD (0,05) Cultivar*Treatment*Time: 0,2030 Cultivar Mean. Treatment Mean Control 0,8015 c 1,2229 b PVC 1,6565 a 1,2141 b LDPE 1,4288 b 1,4498 a 0,08288 * 0,08288 * Table 3. Changes in FF values of Hungarian Best, Bebeco and Roxana apricot varieties stored within different package materials (kg) 137 �The highest softening was obtained from Hungarian best variety and PVC and LDPE packaging materials were able to preserve fruit firmness the best. This may be considered as a reaction against packaging material under the effects of variety characteristics. A general decrease was observed in fruit firmness of all treatments at the end of 30 days storage. It was seen that LDPE application yielded best results with regard to fruit firmness preservation. Total Soluble Solids (TSS, %) The highest TSS values were obtained from control treatment, TSS values of fruits with PVC and LDPE packaging material were lower than control fruits and they were placed statistically in the same group. Lower TSS values of PVC and LDPE indicate that these materials were good for preservation of these fruits. Cultivar Treatment Storage Time (Day) 0 30 Control 11,987 de 14,242 a Hungarian Best PVC 11,987 de 12,383 cd LDPE 11,987 de 13,040 b Control 10,710 hi 12,865 bc Bebeco PVC 10,710 hi 11,260 fg LDPE 10,710 hi 11,220 fgh Control 10,413 i 11,601 ef Roxana PVC 10,413 i 11,065 gh LDPE 10,413 i 11,297 fg Storage Time Mean 11,037 b 12,108 a LSD (0,05) 0,1704 Significiant Degree * LSD (0,05) Cultivar*Treatment*Time: 0,2030 Cultivar Mean Treatment Mean. Control 12,604 a 11,970 a PVC 11,246 b 11,303 b LDPE 10,867 c 11,445 b 0,2087 * 0,2087 * Table 4. Changes in TSS values of Hungarian Best, Bebeco and Roxana apricot varieties stored within different package materials (%) The highest value was obtained from Hungarian Best variety and it was followed by Bebeco and Roxana and they all were placed statistically in the same group. An increase was observed in TSS values after 30 days of storage with regard to initial values. The highest increase was observed in Hungarian Best variety. Varieties of Bebeco and Roxana had slight increases in TSS rates and they were better than Hungarian Best variety with regard to TSS. Increases were observed in TSS values after 30 days storage duration. LDPE and PVC had lower values than control treatment. However, fruits of control treatment with the best averages of TSS were not found to be biochemically in good state and it was thought that collapse in fruit increased the TSS values. 8. TITRATABLE ACIDITY (TA %G) Based on fruit analysis and statistical analysis, the lowest TA values were obtained from PVC packaging material and it was followed by control treatment and LDPE material. Control treatment and PVC were placed in the same statistical group. Cultivar Hungarian Best Bebeco Roxana Treatment Control PVC LDPE Control PVC LDPE Control PVC LDPE Storage Time (Day) 0 30 1,5144 a 1,1377 c 1,5144 a 1,1993 c 1,5144 a 1,3918 b 1,1095 cd 0,9802 e 1,1095 cd 0,9760 e 1,1095 cd 1,0242 de 1,5161 a 0,9824 e 1,5161 a 1,1424 c 1,5161 a 1,4387 ab 138 Cultivar Mean. Treatment Mean Control 1,3787 a 1,2334 b PVC 1,0515 b 1,2163 b LDPE 1,3520 a 1,3325 a �Storage Time Mean 1,3800 a LSD (0,05) 0,03119 Significiant Degree * LSD (0,05) Cultivar*Treatment*Time: 0,09357 1,1414 b 0,03820 * 0,03820 * Table 5. Changes in TA values of Hungarian Best, Bebeco and Roxana apricot cultivars stored within different package materials (% g) With regard to varieties, the lowest value was obtained from Bebeco and it was followed by Roxana and Hungarian Best varieties. A decrease was observed in TA value after 30 days storage. Taking tasting values into consideration, it was concluded that LDPE and PVC provided positive results with regard to fruit aroma and biochemical activity. Again, higher averages in control treatment reflect the metabolism of collapsing fruit. Total Sugars (g/100g) With regard to total sugar, variety, application, time-application and time-variety interactions were found to be significant. Hungarian Best had the lowest total sugar value with 1,46 g/100g. Total sugar value of Roxana was 2,53 g/100g and Bebeco had the highest total sugar value with 3,15 g/100g LS D(0,05)Uygulama* S üre:1,870 40 35 Top.Şeker 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 S üre(gün) Uygulama 0 30 0 Kontrol 30 0 PVC 30 LDPE LSD(0,05)Çeşit*Süre: 1,870 45 40 Top.Şeker 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Süre(gün) Çeşit 0 30 Hung.Best 0 30 Bebeco 0 30 Roxana Figure 1. Changes in total sugar contents of of Hungarian Best, Bebeco ve Roxana apricot varieties stored within different package materials with regard to time-application and time-variety interactions (%g). With regard to applications, fruits of control treatment had the lowest total sugar value with 2,16 g/100g. Fruits of PVC and LDPE package material had higher total sugar values than fruits of control treatment. The highest value was observed in LDPE material with 2,59 g/100g. Total sugar value of fruits packed with PVC material was 2,39 g/100g. With regard to time-application, initial value of all treatments before storage was 3,84 g/100g. This value decreased to 0,49 g/100g in fruits of control treatment after 30 days of storage and this was a significant difference. The value of fruits packed with PVC material decreased to 0,94 g/100g. The 139 �difference was lower in fruits packed with LDPE material than the other treatments and it was 1,.34 g/100g after 30 days of storage. Tasting Test (scale of 1-5) Ratings of a jury composed of 5 people and statistical evaluations indicated significance of application, variety, and time-application interaction. Cultivar Hungarian Best Bebeco Roxana Treatment Control PVC LDPE Control PVC LDPE Control PVC LDPE Storage Time Mean LSD (0,05) Significiant Degree LSD (0,05) Cultivar*Treatment*Time: NS Storage Time(Day) 0 30 2,9333 3,4667 2,9333 3,7333 2,9333 4,0000 3,1333 2,7333 3,1333 3,2667 3,1333 3,7333 3,1333 2,6667 3,1333 3,3333 3,1333 3,7333 3,0667b 3,4074a 0,06859 * Cultivar Mean Treatment Mean. Control 3,3333a 3,0111c PVC 3,1889b 3,2556b LDPE 3,1889b 3,4444a 0,08401 * 0,08401 * Table 6. Changes in tasting test ratings of Hungarian Best, Bebeco and Roxana apricot cultivars stored within different package materials (scale of 1-5) With regard to varieties, Hungarian Best had the highest value and varieties of Bebeco and Roxana had the same values. Bebeco and Roxana were placed in the same group and Hungarian Best was placed in a different group. With regard to applications, fruits of LDPE material had the highest value and it was followed by PVC and control treatment. They all placed in different groups. The best results were obtained from LDPE packaging material. An increase was observed in taste values after 30 days of storage. Weight Loss (g) With regard to varieties, Bebeco had the highest weight loss. Hungarian Best and Roxana had lower weight loss values than Bebeco and they were placed in the same statistical group. With regard to applications, fruits of control treatment had the highest weight loss values than fruits of PVC and LDPE packaging materials. Weight loss of PVC and LDPE packed fruits were very close to each other and they were placed in the same group. Hungarian Best Bebeco Control 7,070 b 14,565 a PVC 0.608 b 0,728 c LDPE 0,704 c 0,662 c Mean 2,7939 b 5,3183 a LSD 0,5135 Roxana 7,325 b 0,614 c 0,469 c 2,8029 b Mean 9,6532 a 0,6503b 0,6116b LSD 0,5135 Significiant Degree * * (LSD 0,05)Cultivar * Trearment : 0,8894 Table 7. Changes in weight loss values of Hungarian Best, Bebeco and Roxana apricot cultivars stored within different package materials (g) MAP Gas Composition (%) Daily MAP gas composition measurements were carried out by “PBI Gas Dansensor” and they were presented graphically as O2 % and CO2 % in Figure 2. 140 �Figure 2. Changes in MAP gas compostion of Hungarian Best, Bebeco, Roxana apricot cultivars. 141 �Conclusion and Recommendations Packaging materials applied for apricots in this study yielded positive results with regard to investigated quality parameters. The differences especially in fruit skin color, fruit taste and fruit firmness provided by packaging materials compared to control treatment were remarkable. Consumers directly look for these quality parameters. On the other hand, weight loss can be prevented by packing fruits with LDPE and PVC materials. This is an important parameter for profitability of the producer. With regard to TSS, TA and total sugar values, packaging applications yielded positive results. These packaging applications can be considered as a preferable application to provide longer durations of storage and consequently supplying to markets at higher prices and increasing the profitability. References Ağaoğlu, Y.S., Tuncel, N., Söylemezoğlu, G. 1992. Effect of Different Packaging Materials on Cold Storage of Some Plum Cultivars. Tubitak , Doğa , (16): 15- 21 p. Anonymous, 2007a, (n.d.) Kayısı raporu (Malatya), 12 Ocak 2010, DPT Raporu. http://malatyaanadolulisesi.blogcu.com/kayisi-raporu-malatya_4692480.html Anonymous, 1968. International Fedaration of Fruit Juice Producers No:3 Anonim,2008a. (n.d.). Alata online. 12 Ocak 2010, http://www.alata.gov.tr/yayinlar/brosurler/ Anonim, 2008b. (n.d.). Kaum online. 12 Ocak 2010, http://www.kaum.inonu.edu.tr/ Bayram, E. 2007. Değişik Ambalaj Tiplerinin Hicaznar Çeşidinin Soğukta Muhafazası Üzerine Etkileri (Yüksek Lisans Tezi) Çukurova Üniversitesi, Adana, Türkiye. Berger, H., Soto, E., Galetti, L. 1990. Effect of Maturity and Package Type on Cherry Quality. XXIII. International Horticultural Congres Abatracts of Contrıbuted. Papers 1. Oral. Firenze(Italy). Agust 27- September 1., 669 p. Chambroy, Y., Souty, M., Jacquemin, G., Gomez, R.M., Audergon, J.M., 1993. Research on the Suitability of Modified Atmosphere Packaging for Shelf – Life and Quality Improvement of Apricot Fruit. Acta Horticulturae 384 p. Crisosto, C.H., Mitcham, E.J., Kader, A.A., 1996. Reccomendations for Maintaining Postharvest Quality (Apricot), Department of Plant Sciences, University of California. http://postharvest.ucdavis.edu. Debney, H.G., Blacker , K.J., Watkins, J.B. 1980. Handling and Storage Practices for Fresh Fruit and Vegetables. Australian United Fresh Fruit and Vegetables Association, July, 43-58 p Floros, D.J., 1990. Controlled and Modified Atmospheres in Food Packaging and Storage, Chem. Eng. Prog. June, 2332 p. Geeson, J. D., 1984. The Use of Contrelled and Modified Atmospheres For the Storage and Distribution of Fruits And Vegetabless. Proc. of the Inst. of Food Science and Tecnology. (17):101-106 p. Gözlekçi, S., Erkan, M., Karaşahin, I. and Şahin, G., 2005. Effect of Modified Atmosphere Packaging (MAP) on The Storage of Pomegranate Fruits (cv. Hicaznar). 9TH International Controlled Atmosphere Research Conference, Thursday, July 7. Abstracts. 14 s. Herregods, M. 1992. Determination of The Experiment Circumstances: A Necessity in The Research of Modified Atmosphere Storage (M.A.P). Modified Atmosphere Packaging. TUBĐTAK Marmara Araştırma Merkezi, Gıda ve Soğutma Teknolojisi Bölümü, Đstanbul. 1-9 s. Kader, A.A. 1985. Modified Atmospheres and Low-Pressure Systems During Transportand Storage Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops. ( Kasmire, R.F., Mıtchel , F.C., Reid, M.S., Sommer, N.F., Thompson, J.F. ) USA Library of Congres Catalog (85)-707 29 International Standart Book Number 0-93186-72-9. 5864s. 142 �Manolopoulou, H., Lambrinos, G., Assimaki, H., Sfakiotakis, E., Porlingis, J., 1997. Modified Atmosphere Storage of Hayward Kiwifruit. Acta Horticulturae 444:619–624 p. Namdar, S. 2005 Samsun Ekolojik Koşullarında Yetiştirilen Hayward Kivi Çeşidinin Soğukta Muhafazasında Farklı Ambalaj Tiplerinin Etkileri.(Yüksek Lisans Tezi) Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi, Samsun, Türkiye. Özçağıran, R., Ünal A., Özeker E., Đsfendiyaroğlu M., 2005. Ilıman Đklim Meyve Türleri, Ege Üniv. Ziraat Fak. Yay. 98-99 s. Özkurt, A.S. 1993. Bazı Sert Çekirdekli Meyvelerde Değiştirilmiş Atmosferde Paketlemenin Muhafaza Süresi Üzerine Etkileri. .(Yüksek Lisans Tezi) Uludağ.Üniversitesi, Bursa, Türkiye. Pala, M., Damarlı, E., Gün, H. 1993. The Effect of Modified Atmosphere Packaging od Quality and Storage Life Apricot. Postharvest 93 (30 th August-3rd September 1993). Abstracts, Kesckemet, Hungary. Ross A.F. 1959 Dinitrophenol Methot for Roducip Sugar, Ln Potato Processing Ed. W.F Tulburt andl O. Smith.: The AVI Puslishing com Westport, Connecticut. 469-470 p. Sobutay, T., 2003, Kayısı Sektör Araştırma Raporu. Đstanbul Ticaret Odası Dış Ticaret Şubesi Araştırma Servisi, Subat 2003. http://www.scribd.com/doc/6867049/Kays-Sektor-Aratrma-Raporu-2003 Üçüncü, M., 2000. Gıdaların Ambalajlanması . Gıdaların Modifiye Atmosferde Ambalajlanması ..Ege Üniversitesi Basımevi , Bornova-ĐZMĐR, 612-650 s. 143 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 343 Title A name given to the resource Effects Of Different Packaging Applications On Fruit Quality Of Apricots Author Author Kuzucu, Fatih Cem Önder, Arzu Abstract A summary of the resource. In this research it is aimed to determine the avaliblity of different packaging materials for Roxana, Hungarian Best and Bebeco apricot cultivars stored in modified atmosphere conditions. For this aim, after harvesting, apricots were packed with LDPE and PVC packaging materials and some apricots stored with none application called as control. Packed apricots was put in cold storage in 0°C and 95% relative humidity for 30 days. After storage, weight loss, fruit firmness, fruit skin colour, soluble solid content, titretable acidity, total sugars and taste were determined. According to the data after 30 day of storage, LDPE and PVC apllications were found to improve not only all the quality parameters but also storage qualifications of the apricot fruits. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed Q Science (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/6dc4d8c961b54d0b44a2e23bc04947ac.pdf 74a72576e5c99d4b050e1834196041c6 PDF Text Text PROCEEDINGS th ______ The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT TYPES FERTILIZERS ON GRAIN YIELD IN DIFFERENT SORTS OF FLAX Dervišević Selma, Veladžić Mirsad, Jogić Vildana University of Bihac Biotechnical Faculty Abstract A few years ago began the re-cultivation of flax in the area of the northwestern part of Bosnia and Herzegovina with the ultimate aim of producing seeds and fibers. Flax seed contains about 57 % alpha linolenic acid known by multiple medical effects as the guardian of cardiovascular health, and which the current way of nutrition we take into the organism in about ten times smaller quantity than those recommended by the World Health Organization. In addition to the seed of the flax are obtained with high quality fibers that are environmentally acceptable and for which there is a great need in the area of the European Union. In order to achieve higher yields have been conducted research on the effects of fertilization on seed yield. For this purpose, the experiment was conducted under field conditions at two locations (Cojluk and Ostruznica) in a split-plot design. In the research were used three varieties (Mikael, Belstar and variety X) with five fertilization treatments: T1 control, T2 - mineral fertilizers T3 - organic fertilization, T4 - bacterial fertilizer (Azoter) and T5 - bacterial+organic fertilizer. Based on the obtained results, the two-year investigation of morphological and phenological traits was found that there were differences between the studied varieties and fertilizer on the basis of treatment. Statistical significance of highest yield at both locations was obtained by variety Belstar with fertilization treatment T5 (1600 kg/ha Ostruznica and 1900 kg/ha Cojluk). With the aid of the Kruskal-Wallis test revealed significant differences in fertilization treatments, which had an impact on all the characteristics of the flax plant, the statistical differences between the varieties studied traits less significant. After the research, as the best variety for cultivation, and on the basis of the yield level, recommended varieties Belstar with the aforementioned method of fertilization (T5). Keywords: flax, omega 3 fatty acids, fertilization, yield. 103 | P a g e �th ISSD 2014 The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ PROCEEDINGS 1. Introduction Flax cultivation in Bosnia and Herzegovina is unjustified neglected, and in recent years has started cultivation again, because every day the growing demand for flax, both on domestic and on the foreign markets (Šimetić, 2008). To satisfy the market need for seed of these culture it is necessary to increase the yield of flax, which can be achieved by sowing high yielding varieties and optimizing agricultural activities (Khourang et al. 2012). Flax is a culture that is relatively small/symbolic grown in the area of the northwestern part of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and therefore the results will form the basis for its further cultivation, as well as key plants that the physico-chemical characteristics, has a great impact on human health, and as such should is an indispensable food and nutrition an integral part of every inhabitant. The aim of the research is to determine the level of influence of different types of fertilizers (organic, bacterial, organic-bacterial, mineral and cultivation without fertilizers) on grain yield of different varieties of flax. 2. Materials and Methods At the locality Cojluk, and the locality Ostruznica, Bosanska Krupa in 2012 and 2013, has been set an experiment with three varieties of flax: Mikael, Belstar and variety X. The experiments were set by scheme randomized block design with four replications, and five variants of fertilization: T1 - control (without fertilizer application), T2 - T3 and mineral fertilizers - organic fertilization (bovine manure), T4 - bacterial fertilizer (Azoter) and T5 organic + bacterial fertilizer. Size plot was 10 m2, and the sowing is done in the third week of April on the basis of 1200 germinable seeds per m2. A common technology of growing flax is applied. Analysis of soil substrate was performed by standard methods that are applied in scientific institutions (AOAC, 1995). Measurements of quantitative traits and qualitative traits were performed in the laboratory of Biotechnical Faculty, University of Bihac, and the results were analyzed by using statistical software PAST (2013) and XL STAT (2011). During the growing season are followed morphological and phenological properties: time of germination, increase flax during the growing season, beginning of flowering and full maturity, number of capsules per plant and number of seeds in the capsule. 3. Results and Discussion Before setting the experiment for the vegetation period in 2012 and the 2013th year was made the control of soil fertility. The results are shown in graph 1. Graph 1. Results of soil fertility control in the studied locations 104 | P a g e �PROCEEDINGS th ______ The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 Results of the analysis indicate that investigated soil of location Cojluk has a very high content of humus, very good presence of nitrogen, but extremely weak content of potassium and phosphorus, and in addition to other treatments applied fertilizer NPK fertilizer formulation (5:10:20), while the plot on the location Ostruznica significantly poorer quality when it comes to the content of humus, potassium and nitrogen, and a little higher percentage of phosphorus (NPK = 20:10:20). Previous studies (Butorac et al. 2006a & 2006b; Easson & Long, 1992; Padlock, 1994; Zedan et al. 1999) indicate that large amounts of nitrogen affecting the formation of finer flax fiber, less hardness, but lead to increased risk of lodging, and thus to a loss in yield. There have been many significant research on the effects of fertilization on the quality of the fiber, but not on the quality and yield of seeds, and the results will be of great importance to future farmers of this culture. Table 1. Variance analysis of investigated morphological characteristics of flax St. anal Cojluk Ostruzn ica Plant height Sum of squares Mean squares 1293,600 128,869 F Pr > F 10,078 * 0,002 Sum of squares Mean squares 14777,600 3694,40 F Pr > F 65,026 * 00,00185 Length branching Sum of squares 2683,240 F 37,180 Sum of squares 1968,480 F 24,617 * Mean squares 70,96 Pr > F 0,1726 Mean squares 420,120 Pr > F 0,016 Number of seeds Sum of squares 102,010 F 47,463* Sum of squares 750,720 F 41,345 * Mean 2,149 Pr > F 0,0366 Mean 187,687 Pr > F 0,01309 * Significant at the level of 0.05% Table 1 shows the statistical analysis of observed traits of flax monitored during the experiment, which significantly affect on seed yield. After processing the data collected for both the test locations, there was a statistically significant difference between the samples of plants on the basis of fertilization treatments and examined varieties, where as the best way of fertilization, with all three varieties, location Cojluk showed T5 (a combination of bacterial and organic fertilizers). Analysis of variance showed a statistically significant difference (P <0.05) on the basis of plant height where the tallest stalks of flax varieties Mikael recorded at 89 cm, and the lowest in the stems of the variety X, the same treatment fertilization, height 71 cm. By statistical analysis the significance of the results it can be concluded that the differences in plant height caused by variety, but the method of fertilization, where the lowest stems measured at variety X, T1 = 47 cm, then sort Belstar, T1 = 53 cm and a variety Mikael T1 = 68 cm. On the location of Ostružnica, due to significantly lower soil quality were achieved significant differences measured value, but as best variety, when a measurement of the height of the plants, showed Mikael variety, fertilization treatment T5 = 79 cm, as the worst sort X, T3 = 45 cm, while the fertilization treatment T5 achieved height was 65 cm. Further measurements were found statistical differences in other traits investigated. After established the presence of a statistical difference, with the help of the Kruskal-Wallis test was determined statistical significance of differences in both locations (Table 2). 105 | P a g e �ISSD 2014 th The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ PROCEEDINGS Table 2. Kruskal - Wallis test Cojluk T1 T2 T3 T4 Height NS × × × Number of seeds × × × × Branching NS × × × Ostruznica T1 T2 T3 T4 Height NS × NS × Number of seeds × × × × Branching NS × NS NS Note: NS = nonsignificant difference, × = significant difference. T5 × × × T5 × × × With the help of the Kruskal-Wallis test (Table 2) revealed significant differences in fertilization treatments, which had an impact on all the features of the flax plant, which is the height, number of seeds and branching, while the statistical differences between the varieties studied traits less significant. The harvest of flax was performed in the first week of August when the flax was on the turn from yellow to full maturity, the leaves are down, stalk got dark color, and the capsules began to shoot. After separating the seeds from the remains of plants was determined the height of yield on the basis of the test varieties and fertilizer treatments. Table 3. Variance analysis of seed yield the examined flax varieties St. anal Yield Cojluk Sum of squares 1742233,333 Mean squares 435583 Fisher’s t 4,659* PF 0,0022 Ostruznica Sum of squares 2095506,667 Mean squares 523886,667 Fisher’s t 5,866 * PF 0,011 From Table 3 are visible statistical differences in both studied locations. After analysis of variance was done using Kruskal-Wallis test which showed us (Table 4) that are statistically significant differences in the yields using a different fertilization treatments, while statistical differences in the yields of those varieties are not considered so significant. Table 4. Kruskal-Wallis test Table of groups: Sum of ranks Ostruznica Cojluk 15 30 Groups A B Cojluk Ostruznica sort NS NS treatments × × Note: NS = nonsignificant difference, × = significant difference. Pospišil and colleagues (2010) performed the research seed yield in eight varieties of flax oil (Atlanta, Flanders, Biltstar, Altess, Mikael, Princess, Niagara, Eole), and the results showed that the highest yield was sort Altess (1644 kg/ha). Comparing their results and yield varieties Belstar the location Cojluk, with organic fertilizer + bacterial treatment more than good (1900 kg/ha). In contrast to locations Cojluk, and due to much lower soil quality, conditioned significantly lower percentage of humus and microelements, there has been a lower yield that was statistically significantly different at different fertilization treatments, so for example the 106 | P a g e �PROCEEDINGS th ______ The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 variety Belstar was: control (300 kg/ha), mineral fertilizers (900 kg/ha), organic manure (1200 kg/ha), bacterial fertilizer (950 kg/ha) and the highest yield with organic + bacterial fertilizer treatment (1600 kg/ha). 4. Conclusion On the basis of the study of morphological and phenological characteristics of flax at two locations, it can be concluded the following:  All varieties are grown consistently to the end of vegetation.  The results show that there are no statistically significant differences between the varieties in terms of seed yield.  There are statistically significant differences in seed yield based on the fertilization treatments.  The highest yield was achieved at fertilization treatment T5 (organic+bacterial fertilizer) in all tested cultivars in both locations.  According to the results, we can conclude that it is the best Belstar variety for growing flax and because achieves the highest seed yield. The area of the Unsko-Sanski Canton is relatively underdeveloped area, when in is the question mentioned farming culture. The development of farming and cultivation of flax, as a branch of agriculture, until now was not followed by scientific research and achievements. Therefore it can be concluded that this work is a contribution to science. 5. References AOAC (1995). Offical Method of analysis (16 th ed.). Washington DC. Association of Offical Chemists. Butorac, J., Pospišil, M., Mustapić, Z., Zorić, D. (2006a). Procjena važnijih agronosmkih i morfoloških svojstava sorti lana pri različitoj gustoći sjetve. Sjemenarstvo. 23. 437 - 445. Butorac, J., Pospišil, M., Mustapić, Z. (2006b). Utjecaj gustoće sjetve na neka morfološka i fenološka svojstva sorti predivog lana. Sjemenarstvo. 23. 447 - 456. Easson, D.L., & Long, F.N. (1992). The effect of time sowing, seed rate and nitrogen level on the fibre yield and quality of flax (Linum usitatissimum L.). Irish Agric and Food Res. 31. 163 - 172. Khourang, M., Brumand, P., Omidbaigi, R. (2012). Effect of some chemical and biological fertilizers on productivity of medicinal flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) plant. International journal of Agronomy and Plant Production. 3. 78 - 83. Padlock, A. (1994). The effect of long-term fertilizer application in a crop rotation on yield and quality of fiber flax. Agrokhimiya. 4. 55 - 60. Pospišil, M., Pospišil, A., Butorac, J., Škevin, D., Kraljić, K., Obranović, M., Brčić, M. (2010). Prinos i sastavnice prinosa istraživanih sorti uljnog lana u sjeverozapadnoj Hrvatskoj. International Symposium on Agriculture. 624 - 627. Šimetić, S. (2008). Lan u proizvodnji i upotrebi. Sjemenarstvo. 25 (3-4). 217 - 221. Zedan, S.Z., Kineber, M.E., Mostafa, S.H. (1999). Response of flax to potassium and nitrogen fertilitation under sandy soil conditions. Egyp J Agric Res. 77. 729 - 743. 107 | P a g e � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2491 Title A name given to the resource EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT TYPES FERTILIZERS ON GRAIN YIELD IN DIFFERENT SORTS OF FLAX Author Author DERVIŠEVIĆ, Selma VELADŽIĆ, Mirsad JOGIĆ, Vildana Abstract A summary of the resource. A few years ago began the re-cultivation of flax in the area of the northwestern part of Bosnia and Herzegovina with the ultimate aim of producing seeds and fibers. Flax seed contains about 57 % alpha linolenic acid known by multiple medical effects as the guardian of cardiovascular health, and which the current way of nutrition we take into the organism in about ten times smaller quantity than those recommended by the World Health Organization. In addition to the seed of the flax are obtained with high quality fibers that are environmentally acceptable and for which there is a great need in the area of the European Union. In order to achieve higher yields have been conducted research on the effects of fertilization on seed yield. For this purpose, the experiment was conducted under field conditions at two locations (Cojluk and Ostruznica) in a split-plot design. In the research were used three varieties (Mikael, Belstar and variety X) with five fertilization treatments: T1 - control, T2 - mineral fertilizers T3 - organic fertilization, T4 - bacterial fertilizer (Azoter) and T5 - bacterial+organic fertilizer. Based on the obtained results, the two-year investigation of morphological and phenological traits was found that there were differences between the studied varieties and fertilizer on the basis of treatment. Statistical significance of highest yield at both locations was obtained by variety Belstar with fertilization treatment T5 (1600 kg/ha Ostruznica and 1900 kg/ha Cojluk). With the aid of the Kruskal-Wallis test revealed significant differences in fertilization treatments, which had an impact on all the characteristics of the flax plant, the statistical differences between the varieties studied traits less significant. After the research, as the best variety for cultivation, and on the basis of the yield level, recommended varieties Belstar with the aforementioned method of fertilization (T5). Keywords: flax, omega 3 fatty acids, fertilization, yield. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014-05-15 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 978-9958-834-36-3 Q Science (General),QH301 Biology,QH426 Genetics https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/1926e18aa89feed5568bef95d9718ff6.pdf fbc4f66507b30a672acd84060fe0f4fb PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Effects Of Gender Diversity On The Growth Of The Firms In The Incubators73 Akyüz Mürsel1, Albeni Mesut1, Bozdağ Hakan1, Karaöz Murat2 1Süleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey 2Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey, mkaraoz@akdeniz.edu.tr E-mails: murselakyuz@sdu.edu.tr,mesutalbeni@sdu.edu.tr, hakanbozdag@sdu.edu.tr Abstract Factors affecting the growth of the firms are usually divided into three groups. These are factors related firms, factors related entrepreneurial, and industry – related factors. Gender diversity is a entrepreneurial – based factor. In this study we investigated the effect of gender diversity on the growth of the firms. So far, in empirical studies being male or female entrepreneurs are found to be an impact on firm performance. It appears from studies that survival probabilities of firms founded by women are lower than those firms founded by male entrepreneurs and firms which established by women entrepreneurs grow more slowly than firms established by male entrepreneurs was concluded. To measure the impact of gender diversity on growth performance of firms we used data of business incubation firms in Turkey. Face to face interviews were conducted with companies operating in the 12 Business Incubators around the Turkey. The sample of this study is firms still active in business incubators, firms are closing left and was graduated from Business Incubators. In the application part of the study we investigated Tobit Regression Model to measure the effect of the gender diversity on the growth of the firms. Based on findings, gender diversity was concluded to be effective on the growth of the firms in a meaningful way. Keywords: Firm Growth, gender diversity, entrepreneurs, firm survival, incubators. 1.INTRODUCTION Discussions of firm growth based on very old. Gibrat launched the debate on the growth of the firm with his work in 1931. According to Gibrat firm growth rates is independent of firms initial scale. Today the growth of the firms is an increasingly important area of debate. To much work has been done so far on this subject in different countries but have little or no literature on firm growth in Turkey. 73 This study includes some results of a project supported by TÜBİTAK. We thanks to TÜBİTAK for their supports. (The project was; “İş Kuluçkalarında Yeni Kurulan Girişimlerin Hayatta Kalma Ve Büyüme Performansını Etkileyen Faktörler: Kosgeb İş Geliştirme Merkezleri (İŞGEM) Üzerine Bir Araştırma, 2010”, Project Director: Professor Dr. Murat KARAÖZ) 444 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Mentioned several factors that affect firm growth. They are devoted to three main categories. These;    Entepreneur related factors Firm related factors Industry related factors Which characteristics of entrepreneur, entrepreneur’s age, educational level, past work experience and gender as factors affecting the growth of the firm discussed in the literature of the growth of the firm. In this study, we will investigate the affects of the gender diversity on the growth of the firms. Until now, most of the studies concluded that gender differences affect firm performance. Companies founded by women entrepreneurs, they grow more slowly than male competitors and more likely to failure is expressed. To reveal the relationship between gender and the firm performance we carried out analyses with the firms in the business incubators aroun the Turkey. In the second section of the study there is summary of the literature about the relationship between gender and firm performance. After this in the third section we estimated the Tobit Regression analysis to measure the relationship between gender and firm growth. 2. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN GENDER AND FIRM PERFORMANCE Gender of the entepreneur founded the firm are often associated with the firm performance. The findings shows that, firms founded by women enprepreneurs demonstrates lower growth rates than male competitors. (Coad, 2009; 89).The works which observed the relationship between gender and firm growth generally concludes that founder of the firm being male or female makes performance differences.. Empirical studies shows that firms founded by women grow more slowly than firms founded by male entrepreneurs. The small firms founded by women have an important role especially in developing countries. In developing countries firms established by women are less ambitious about growth and financial performance than firms founded by men (Singh, 2001). According to a compherensive study made by Mead and Liedholm (1998) in the African countries; firms established by male entrepreneurs grew by 11% per annum, on the other hand firms founded by women entrepreneurs grew by 7% per annum. Study suggests that; entrepreneur’s gender has a signifciant effect on the firms growth or survival. Chance of survival and growth of the firms established by women, other factors fixed, is lower than firms founded by male entrepreneurs. However, reasons of the higher proportion of closures for the firms founded by women entrepreneurs may be personal or other non-business. Considering only work-related reasons, does not occur any difference in closing rates. In a study in the Dominican Republic; Firms established by men have high labor productivity, on the other hand firms founded by women have low productivity and growth rates. (Downing and Daniels, 1992; Edit, Nichter and Goldmark, 2009). Coad and Tamvada (2008) similarly have done a study for Indian firms. According to the results; firms managed by women are more likely to decline than firms managed by male entrepreneurs. Also firms founded by the women are less likely to growth. They also have concluded that the firms established by women grow more slowly among the growing firms. 445 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Other studies examining the relationship between gender and firm performance; Catley and Hamilton (1998), McPherson (1996). 3. IMPACT OF THE GENDER DIVERSITY ON THE FIRMS PERFORMANCE 3.1. Sample of the Survey Sample of our study are the firms in the business incubators around the Turkey. There are 12 business incubators around the Turkey. We investigated the firms which currently operat in incubators, graduated from incubators and closed. There are 466 firms in the incubators in Adana, Diyarbakır, Elazığ, Ereğli, Zonguldak, Mersin, Tarsus, Samsun, Van, Yozgat, Eskişehir and Nevşehir. We have used the 414 questionned firms as a sample in our investigation. 3.2. The Variables Used In Totally 23 variables there were used in our analysis. 22 of this are independent variables. In accordance with literature there are entrepreneur related variables, firm related variables, industry related variables and hatchery related variables. We have made the variables categorical. For example, if a firm have grown the value is “1”, in contrary if a firm have not grown the value is “0”. The “gender” variable created to measure the impact of the gender diversity on the firm performance is concerns us even more. “gender” variable were included in the analysis with the other variables whether there is any meaningful effect on the growth of the firm. Table 1: Variables Used In Analysis VARIABLE firmgrowth gender lnentage enteduuni workexp entexp manexp ortaksay export lnempini onlyloan onlyselffin networking yen marka buro ortakhiz danisman 446 DESCRIPTION Dependent Variable Firm Growth (%) ENTREPRENEUR FEATURES İf entrepreneur is female; 1, if male; 0 (if there are both male and female partner; 0) Age of the entrepreneur(if there is a partnership the odest partner age, logarithmic scale) Education level of the entrepreneur , If a university degree; 1, if not; 0 (if there is a partnership and if one of the partner has university graduates; 1) Previous working experience of the entrepreneur as a worker (year) Previous experience of entrepreneurship (year) Previous management experience of the entrepreneur (year) FIRM FEATURES The number of the partner in the venture The company has had an export; 1, if not; 0 İnitial size of the firm (logarithmic scale) if the initial capital is fully loan; 1, if not; 0 İf the initial capital is fully own allowance; 1, if not; 0 İf entrepreneur has made network with the firms in the incubator or firms outside the incubator; 1, if not; 0 İf entrepreneur has made innovation; 1, if not; 0 İf firm has a trademark; 1, if not; 0 INCUBATION SERVICES İf entrepreneur has received one office services at least in the incubator;1, if not; 0 İf entrepreneur has received one of common services offered at least in the incubation;1, if onot; 0 İf entrepreneur has received one of advisory services at least in the incubation 1, if not; 0 Number of observation Average Min. Max. 351 0.12 0 1 414 0.14 0 1 367 3.64 3 4.25 414 0.31 0 1 414 414 414 8.21 5.83 6.98 0 0 0 1 40 40 414 414 392 414 414 1.24 0.10 1.31 0.26 0.26 1 0 0 0 0 4 1 5.70 1 1 414 0.62 0 1 414 414 0.41 0.19 0 0 1 1 414 0.61 0 1 414 0.64 0 1 414 0.58 0 1 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo İf fhe firm has been established within the first 36 months of incubation was established; 1, if not; 0 The number of rash in the incubation INDUSTRY FEATURES Intensity of competition in the sector (Likert scale of 1-5) İf the company in the manufacturing industry; 1, if firm in the service sector; 0 EXTERNAL FEATURES The share of the city’s GNP per capita İn the Turkey’s GNP per capita (%) İf firm has experienced already a crisis 1, if not; 0 whenest incubsize compete sektor ilrank cycle 414 0.55 0 1 414 43.14 14 84 410 411 3.53 0.81 1 0 5 1 414 1.51 0.59 2.07 414 0.76 0 1 3.3. The Model 3.3.1. Tobit Model Using Tobit model the growth equation will be estimated. (Tobin, 1958). In this model the continuous observation of the values and discrete changes in the values of zero is governed by the same stochastic process. So decisions of both growth and to continue the activities affected by the same set of exogenous variables. Tobit Model assumes that businesses closing as a corner solution. All these assumptions makes Tobit model such a statistically restrictive method. (Karaöz ve Albeni, 2010). 3.4. Empirical Findings To bring out how gender diversity affects the growth of firms firmgrowth variable was taken as the dependent variable and gender variable was included in the analysis together with all other independent variables. Tobit regression was estimated for this purpose. There is a high correlation between incubation services, buro, danisman and ortakhiz variables. So they were made separately for the regression analysis. The entrepreneur features workexp, entexp and mangexp variables in the same way were taken separately in the analysis to put forward the individual contributions of each variables. gender variable was included in the analysis as independent variable to measure the affect of the gender differencies on the growth of the firms. İf the entrepreneur is women “1” was given as a value. On the other hand if the entrepreneur is male “0” was given as a value. (if there is both women and male partner “0” was given as a value) We have 351 data belonging to firms for growth datas.74 144 of these firms has grown but 207 of them has not grown. Table 2: Grown Firms (Categorical) fg01 (grown, not grown, categorical) Number % 0 (not grown) 207 58.97 1 (grown) 144 41.03 Total 351 100.00 74 NOTE: We have not reached historical information of some companies. So there is no evidence about growing of this firms. For that reason This is why the 351 firms were used. 447 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Firms grow and not grow were put forward categorical with the fg01 variable. İf firm has grown “1” was given, if firm has not grown “0” was given. According to the results 144 firms in the incubators has grown. The rate of the grown firms is %41.03. 132 firms of them 144 growing firms founded by male entrepreneurs. So %91 of growing firms was founded by men. Only 12 0f 144 growing firms founded by women entrepreneur. This corresponds to %9 of growing firms. Table 3: Gender and Grown Firms (Categorical) fg01 (grown, not grown categorical) gender (male, female, categorical) 0 (male) 1 (female) Total 0 (not grown) 182 25 207 1 (grown) 132 12 144 Total 314 37 351 Tobit regression analysis results are given in the table below. According to the result of Tobit regression anlysis gender differences has a significant affect on the growth of the firm 448 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo MODEL 1 Table 4: Tobit Regression Analysis Results MODEL 2 MODEL 3 MODEL 4 MODEL 5 Coefficients P Values Coefficients P Values Coefficients P Values Coefficients P Values Coefficients P Values gender -50.52 0.192 -59.55 0.123 -64.64 0.095* -37.94 0.332 -40.99 0.294 Lnentage -24.53 0.668 -29.27 0.608 -22.32 0.695 -81.14 0.163 -63.50 0.254 Enteduuni -13.47 0.610 -13.78 0.600 -16.59 0.527 -11.73 0.657 -8.45 0.751 Workexp -0.52 0.686 -0.77 0.546 -0.82 0.521 2.31 0.169 Entexp Mangexp 2.63 0.087* Ortaksay 64.25 0.002*** 52.83 0.013** 57.48 0.007*** 63.80 0.003*** 63.84 0.003*** Export -13.65 0.714 -14.35 0.698 -7.98 0.830 -9.18 0.805 -8.38 0.823 Lnempini -66.24 0.000 -64.82 0.000 -67.66 0.000 -68.24 0.000 -67.66 0.000 Onlyselffin -39.57 0.137 -45.75 0.083* -35.84 0.177 -39.91 0.128 -37.41 0.156 Network 114.27 0.001*** 107.53 0.001*** 113.17 0.001*** 110.37 0.001*** 108.77 0.001*** Yen 83.33 0.001*** 83.12 0.001*** 83.37 0.001*** 81.88 0.002*** 80.27 0.002*** Buro 87.25 0.008*** 82.35 0.013** 85.11 0.010** Onlyloan ortakhiz Danisman 449 123.60 0.001*** 91.92 0.002*** �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Sektor -54.75 0.085* -51.50 0.105 -60.39 0.055** -52.18 0.101 -52.30 0.101 Compete 5.67 0.579 1.27 0.902 3.32 0.745 4.08 0.689 4.47 0.662 Marka 89.84 0.004*** 88.50 0.004*** 96.83 0.002*** 85.04 0.006*** 85.89 0.005*** Whenest 12.16 0.642 24.37 0.353 11.77 0.651 11.79 0.651 8.89 0.735 İncubsize 0.22 0.652 0.23 0.629 0.10 0.836 0.20 0.673 0.21 0.666 Cycle1 28.42 0.317 35.70 0.204 34.41 0.221 27.31 0.335 32.46 0.256 ilrank -38.49 0.203 -47.95 0.116 -33.06 0.270 -37.36 0.216 -42.06 0.167 Log likehood -1740.36 -1738.47 -1739.18 -1738.96 -1739.49 LR chi2(18) 126.25 130.01 128.60 129.04 127.99 Prob>chi2 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Pseudo R2 0.035 0.036 0.036 0.036 0.035 *; %10 Significance of importance level , **; %5 Significance of importance level , ***; %1 Significance of importance level 450 �4. CONCLUSION Influence of gender differences in the performance of the company has become a much discussed topic in the literature. So far, most of the studies has concluded that gender difference affects firm performance. Companies founded or managed by women entrepreneurs are growing more slowly than firms founded by male entrepreneurs was concluded in the studies. Some studies suggest the possibility of the sinking of the companies founded by women entrepreneurs is high. According to the results of the analysis in this study (10% significance level Tobit regression analysis model, 3) the gender gap has a significant effect on firm performance. There are 144 growing company according to our analysis. 132 of these companies was founded by male entrepreneurs. Whereas, there are only 12 growing firms founded by women among the 144 growing firms. So companies founded by men entrepreneurs are more likely to growth than firms founded by women entrepreneurs. As a result, survival and growth of women entrepreneurs are less likely than male entrepreneurs can be said. Main reasons for this, women entrepreneurs encounter financial difficulties, women's business experience is less than and male-dominated an economy that the structure of such reasons. BIBLIOGRAPHY CATLEY, S. ve R.HAMİLTON, “Small Business Development and Gender of Owner”, Journal of Management Development, 17(1), 1998, 75-82. COAD, A. , “The Growth of Firms”, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing Limited, 2009. COAD, A. ve J.P. TAMVADA, “The Growth and Decline of Small Firms in Developing Countries”, Papers on Economics and Evolution 2008-08, Max Planck Institute of Economics, Evolutionary Economics Group, 2008. COASE, R. , “The Nature of the Firm”, Economica, Cilt 4, Sayı 16, 1937, s.386-405. DOWNING, J. ve DANİELS, L. “The Growth and Dynamics of Women Entepreneurs in South Africa” GEMİNİ Technical Report Number 47, Washington, 1992. (Edit: Nichter, S. ve L. Goldmark, “Small Firm Growth in Developing Countries”, World Development, Sayı 37, No 9, s.1453-64, USA, 2009. MCPHERSON, M.A. , “Growth of Micro and Small Enterprises in Southern Africa”, Journal of Development Economics, 48, 1996, 253-77. MEAD, D.C. ve C. LİEDHOLM, “The Dynamics of Micro and Small Enterprises in Developing Countries”, World Development, 26(1), 1998, 61-74. 451 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo MERRIFIELD, D.B. , “New Business Incubators, Journal of Business Venturing, 2, 1987, ss. 277-284. NICHTER, S. , L. GOLDMARK, “Small Firm Growth in Developing Countries”, World Development, Sayı 37, No 9, s.1453-64, USA,2009. NISKANEN, M. ve J. NISKANEN, ‘’The Determinant of Firm Growth in Small and Micro Firms-Evidence on Relationship Lending Effects”, School of Business and Administration, University of Kuopio, Finland, 2005. PENROSE E. T. , “The Theory of the Growth of the Firm”, Oxford: Basil Blackwell ve New York: Wiley, s.76, 1959. SINGH, A. , ve G. WHITTINGTON, ‘’The Size and Growth of Firms’’ , Review of Economic Studies, 42(1), 1975, 15-26. SINGH, S. P., REYNOLDS, R. G., ve MUHAMMAD, S. (2001). A gender-based performance analysis of micro and small enterprises in Java, Indonesia. Journal of Small Business Management, 39(2):174–182. (Edit: Coad, A. , ve Tamvada, J.P., “The Growth and Decline of Small firms in Developing Countries”, Papers on Economics and Evolution, Max Planck Institute of Economics Evolutionary Economics Group, 2008.) SINGH, S.P. vd. , “A Gender-based Performance Analysis of Micro and Small Enterprises in Indonesia”, Journal of Small Business Management, 39(2), 2001, 174-82. TOBİN, J. (1958), “Estimation of Relationships for Limited Dependent Variables”, Econometrica, 26 (1), pp. 24-36. TÜBİTAK Projesi ( Proje Yürütücüsü: Murat Karaöz), “İş Kuluçkalarında Yeni Kurulan Girişimlerin Hayatta Kalma ve Büyüme Performansını Etkileyen Faktörler: KOSGEB İş Geliştirme Merkezleri (İŞGEM) Üzerine Bir Araştırma”, TÜBİTAK Projesi, Ara Rapor, 2010. YILMAZ, F. , “Güç İlişkileri ve Firma Teorisi”, Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi, Cilt 57, Sayı 1, 2002, ss.157-76. 452 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1352 Title A name given to the resource Effects Of Gender Diversity On The Growth Of The Firms In The Incubators73 Author Author Akyüz , Mürsel Abstract A summary of the resource. Factors affecting the growth of the firms are usually divided into three groups. These are factors related firms, factors related entrepreneurial, and industry – related factors. Gender diversity is a entrepreneurial – based factor. In this study we investigated the effect of gender diversity on the growth of the firms. So far, in empirical studies being male or female entrepreneurs are found to be an impact on firm performance. It appears from studies that survival probabilities of firms founded by women are lower than those firms founded by male entrepreneurs and firms which established by women entrepreneurs grow more slowly than firms established by male entrepreneurs was concluded. To measure the impact of gender diversity on growth performance of firms we used data of business incubation firms in Turkey. Face to face interviews were conducted with companies operating in the 12 Business Incubators around the Turkey. The sample of this study is firms still active in business incubators, firms are closing left and was graduated from Business Incubators. In the application part of the study we investigated Tobit Regression Model to measure the effect of the gender diversity on the growth of the firms. Based on findings, gender diversity was concluded to be effective on the growth of the firms in a meaningful way. Keywords: Firm Growth, gender diversity, entrepreneurs, firm survival, incubators. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General),HB Economic Theory,HG Finance,HJ Public Finance https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/c03f2ec876461a28592996a9a9057e01.docx 26be2051c5ff2afbff0c5ca5ba4ba5c8 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/c4baa421bd716f94adcd991724a38279.pdf 88d3cb2cc348d9bf0fb383a7b712890f PDF Text Text Effects of Genre-Based Framework on Students’ Writing Chitra (Ms) Varaprasad National University of Singapore/ Singapore ABSTRACT According to Hyland [1] genre has become “one of the most important and influential concepts in language education (p 5). There have been several approaches to genre Hyon [2], Paltridge, [3], Johns [4], however the ESP approach has been widely used, especially with advanced L2 graduate students Johns [5]. Even though, one of the important goals of genre analysis is to improve students’ writing, few studies have focused on how students analyze and produce genres in genre-based writing classes Cheng [6]. The studies by Henry and Roseberry [7], Pang [8], Swales and Lindemann [9] did examine students’ writing performance. However, they did not provide in depth insights into how the students analyzed the target genres before they engaged in the writing tasks Cheng, [10)] The objective of this presentation is to explain a genre-based framework for teaching thesis writing, particularly the introduction, and to explore its effect on graduate students’ writing performance. A modified version of Swales’ ESP genre analysis framework formed the basis for students’ engagement with the target genre. In addition, students engaged in tasks from the course textbook “Research Writing: A Workbook for Graduate Students” by Lee, W.Y.; Ho, L. & Ng, E.T.M. [11] for a further application of the concepts taught. Besides, students in their discipline–specific groups also analyzed extracts of thesis introductions for a further reinforcement of these concepts. Students then went on to write the components of the introduction chapter, as part of their writing assignments. The presentation will be in two-parts. The first part will present the genre-based framework used for teaching and its application to tasks and texts with reference to thesis introductions. In the second part, using the same framework, samples of students’ writing will be analyzed to show how students applied these concepts in their own writing. The presentation will conclude by discussing the implications for teaching and learning. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1725 Title A name given to the resource Effects of Genre-Based Framework on Students’ Writing Author Author VARAPRASAD, Chitra Abstract A summary of the resource. According to Hyland [1] genre has become “one of the most important and influential concepts in language education (p 5). There have been several approaches to genre Hyon [2], Paltridge, [3], Johns [4], however the ESP approach has been widely used, especially with advanced L2 graduate students Johns [5]. Even though, one of the important goals of genre analysis is to improve students’ writing, few studies have focused on how students analyze and produce genres in genre-based writing classes Cheng [6]. The studies by Henry and Roseberry [7], Pang [8], Swales and Lindemann [9] did examine students’ writing performance. However, they did not provide in depth insights into how the students analyzed the target genres before they engaged in the writing tasks Cheng, [10)] The objective of this presentation is to explain a genre-based framework for teaching thesis writing, particularly the introduction, and to explore its effect on graduate students’ writing performance. A modified version of Swales’ ESP genre analysis framework formed the basis for students’ engagement with the target genre. In addition, students engaged in tasks from the course textbook “Research Writing: A Workbook for Graduate Students” by Lee, W.Y.; Ho, L. & Ng, E.T.M. [11] for a further application of the concepts taught. Besides, students in their discipline–specific groups also analyzed extracts of thesis introductions for a further reinforcement of these concepts. Students then went on to write the components of the introduction chapter, as part of their writing assignments. The presentation will be in two-parts. The first part will present the genre-based framework used for teaching and its application to tasks and texts with reference to thesis introductions. In the second part, using the same framework, samples of students’ writing will be analyzed to show how students applied these concepts in their own writing. The presentation will conclude by discussing the implications for teaching and learning. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available IBU Publishing Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-03 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/13d4d82234cc0b1be62d6d960d098968.pdf 8f945b595ac829063cc03e2d384f3c10 PDF Text Text 2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo Effects of Global Warming on the Tourism Sector in Turkey Hasan KARA Faculty of Science and Letters Geography Department UĢak University Turkey hasan.kara@usak.edu.tr Nurettin BILGEN Faculty of Education Primary Education Department Pamukkale University Turkey nurettinbilgen@gmail.com Derya ACAR Faculty of Science and Letters Geography Department UĢak University Turkey derya.acar@usak.edu.tr Abstract: One of the most crucial problems in the world is global warming. In recent years mean temperature values are rising and downfall values are indicating substantial deviations as to years and months. Even small changes in climates affect many sectors. The leading sector affected by global warming is tourism sector. Tourism is one of the sectors in Turkey developing in the fastest way. Numbers of tourists visiting Turkey have been increased beginning from 2000 and exceeded 27 millions in 2009. Tourism revenue of Turkey has passed over 16 billions dollar. A large number of different sectors such as transportation, food and construction are connected with tourism. Tourism sector is very interested in temperature rise and prolonging of summer season. In sea tourism it is expected an expansion to west and north regions of Turkey as well as south shores. Extreme summer hot will set off immigration from seaboard to uplands and hinterland as well as increase water and electricity consumptions. Less cold in winter season, delay and decrease of snowfall will affect winter sports centers negatively. In this study positive and negative effects of climate changes caused by global warming on the tourism sector which one of leading sectors in Turkey are discussed. Introduction Tourism, which is frequently referred to as ―flueless industry‖ is a substantial source of revenues and a strategic sector for some countries. When we take the fact of across the globe over a billion people is in tourism activity into consideration, we understand well how the tourism cake is so large and important. The number of countries that are getting a large share of the cake is rather limited. The compenents such as climate, latitude, coastal assets, cultural and historical values, transportation, safety, infrastructure etc. define the finiteness of tourism activity and determine the number of tourists and revenues. Some determinants that might affect tourism in next years are misinvestments in tourism field, pollution, coasts turning into concrete jungles, dissolution of cultural values, destruction of vegetation cover, safety problems might occur in tourism centers and verious global changes occured depending on climate change. Determinants except for climate change are the problems caused by local causes in the countries and regions where tourism is practised and their solutions are relatively easy. By means of correct planning and right management these problems can be easily avoided. On the contrary some points that appeared as problems can be changed into attraction for tourism as well. For example, cultural values under dissolution threat can be protected by restoring them and historical ruins buried in ground may come into light by archaelogical studies. They all may gain advantageous positions by improvement made by the resources of countries or regions. 571 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo On the other hand, changes occured in climate caused by global warming are not problems resulting from countries or tourism regions. They are global problems that are of particular concern to all over the world. Thereby, global problem caused by wrong applications that was experienced in the past and is existing in present time, will be a cause to more serious negatives as well as be a concern in our day. Turkey is one of countries that might be affected by global warming at the most. Temperature rises and deviations occured in downfalls affect a great number of sectors in Turkey directly or indirectly. Effects have been seen for years in the sectors of agriculture, animal husbandry and water. Although tourism is not affected much at present it is one of the sectors that will seriously experience results of global warming in the immediate future. Global Warming and Turkey Greenhouse gases hold infrared radiation reflected from globe and prevent them from escaping to space. Accordingly, they affect energy balance of the earth and cause increasing of surface temperature (ArıbaĢ and Kara, 2009, p.130). Temperature on the surface of the earth rises distinctively. Accordingly, changes occur in climates and the components of climate affect each other in a complicated way. Ultimately all living creatures take their shares from changes. While expansion in deserts is seen depending on drought living spaces become narrow, forests and vegetation cover are reduced, and living creatures migrate in order to keep pace with the new order. As a result of global warming climate changes occur in the various regions of the world. Climate changes can be briefly described as changes in climate parameters (downfall, moisture, air movements, drought etc.) depending on global warming. As changes occured in any region of the world induce other regions, effects of global warming are inclusive of not only certain countries or continents but all the globe. Turkey is one of the countries affected by global warming. Effects do not make themselves evident in short time. They appear in a long time period. Their boundaries are so wide that they affect all the fields from agriculture to animal husbandary, from desiccation to immigration and from sea level rising to tourism. For example, according to different scenarios it is estimated that average sea level rising in 2100 will be 15-100 cm in current climate modelling (Öztürk, 2002, Spence 2007 and Evans, 2009). Even only rising of 15-100 cm in sea level can make changes in the map of the earth and make away with some small island states. The countries that are much damaged by climate changes are the ones having resources at the very least despite they have no negative contribution to climate changes. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reported that ―climate change will affect most developping countries in terms of loss of lives, investments and economy‖ (Dunn and Flavin, 2002, p.89). Even the factors causing global climate change would completely be eliminated the effects of the past will reveal themselves for 30-40 years. Developping Tourism in Turkey Turkey is a country industrializing rapidly in Western norms. Particularly in the last 20 years the aspects of development and change have been felt in every sectors. As of 2009 Turkey which is the 16. country with large economy in the world maintains development and targets to be in the first ten countries having strongest economies. One of the leading sectors in Turkey is tourism in terms of growing economy. Turkey is one of the countries in the world having highest tourism potentiality with its historical and cultural assets, unique nature, seas surrounding its three sides, safety and the people who lean towards tourism. Unfortunately, tourism in Turkey, which is frequently referred to as ―flueless industry‖, was scarcely any before 25 years. In last 25 years, particularly in last 10 years, tourism in Turkey has gained substantial speed (Table 1). Number of tourists, which was 2 millions per year in 1985, has reached 10 millions in 2000 and 27 millions as of end of 2009 (http://www.tursab.org.tr/content/turkish/istatistikler/gostergeler). Revenues of tourism have increased in paralel with the number of tourists and climbed over 16 billions dolar. 572 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo Years 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Total 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 334 359 307 364 534 699 667 714 783 752 354 405 426 481 608 693 627 787 896 899 435 547 676 500 784 1.107 922 1.100 1.305 1.208 721 885 853 669 1.104 1.349 1.373 1.521 1.648 1.750 986 1.232 1.326 1.146 1.799 2.303 1.919 2.288 2.749 2.719 1.079 1.388 1.458 1.511 1.898 2.403 2.369 2.774 3.306 3.263 1.526 1.777 1.897 2.131 2.591 3.164 3.110 3.624 4.085 4.343 1.419 1.601 1.900 2.275 2.493 2.859 2.906 3.384 3.762 3.760 1.369 1.440 1.771 1.874 2.125 2.502 2.267 2.799 2.981 3.136 1.178 1.066 1.420 1.658 1.842 2.107 1.714 2.153 2.462 2.617 602 521 663 776 950 1.052 1.020 1.177 1.268 1.404 424 398 560 644 789 862 927 1.019 1.091 1.226 10.427 11.619 13.257 14.030 17.517 21.123 19.819 23.341 26.337 27.077 Table 1. Distribution of Tourists Visiting Turkey in Last 10 Years (a thousand persons). In the ordering of countries attracting most tourists in the world Turkey was barely in the first 20 countries in 1990‘s and was 11. in 2005. In last 5 years she has deserved to be in the first 10 countries. While the countries such as France, Spain and the United States of America are by far in advance there is a little difference between the countries such as Britain, Germany, Mexico, Austria and Turkey in turms of tourist number. In short, if Turkey would keep the increasement pace and would not go wrong she will be of 5-6 countries attracting most tourists in the world in next 10 years. Figure 1: Turkey‘s Important Tourism Regions. The sub sectors of tourism such as sea tourism (summer tourism), winter tourism, thermal tourism, upland tourism and religious tourism have been developped in Turkey. While the weight in sea tourism is on South AegeanWest Mediterranean shore corridor, the locations such as Alanya, Antalya, KaĢ, Fethiye, Marmaris, Bodrum, KuĢadası and ÇeĢme are the most important vacation centers (Figure 1). While Bolu, Uludağ, SarıkamıĢ, Erciyes and Palandöken catch the attention in winter tourism, leading locations in religious tourism are Ġstanbul, Konya, ġanlıurfa and Selçuk. The leading natural beauties that have been visited much are Ürgüp surroundings and Pamukkale. In the Black sea region upland tourism has come into prominence in recent times and the provinces such as Trabzon, Rize, Giresun, Bolu and Ordu developped much in upland tourism. 573 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo Negative Effects of Global Warming on Tourism Sector In recent times numbers of the studies on global warming have been increased as the effects manifest themselves. We have general studies in regard with tourism sector and global warming. However, they are not adequate in terms of Turkish tourism (Öztürk, 2002, Gülbahar, 2008 and Yıldız 2009). Mean temperature rises have made evident themselves depending on global warming. According to the local and general studies it is certain that mean temperature rises gradually. Mean temperature rises have been increased as to the previous period. It has been revealed by various researches that mean temperature rises in Turkey in the last period of 30-40 reach 0,5 oC (Kadıoğlu, 2008). It is predicted that in the following years glaciers will melt away and sea level will rise about 1 meter. Undoubtedly, all glaciers will not melt away. However, it is certain that glacier dissolving will be experienced and seal level will rise about 1 cm in every year. In many climate modellings it is predicted that as a result of global warming downpours will increased. In general terms, Turkey is located in Mediterranean climate zone in which–except for several areas- winters are rainy and snowy and summers are dry. Dry summers are an advantage for the areas having dense summer tourism. Summer precipitations affects tourism negatively. Deviations in precipitation despite dry summers, experiences summer downfalls and floods caused by cloudbursts will affect tourism regions. Instant floods will damage not only coastal areas but upland tourism, hunting tourism, golf tourism, mounting climbing and stream sports. Number of tourists visiting Turkey has exceeded 27 millions. A large part of the tourists come from the countries which are located in North of Turkey and have relatively colder climates. Tourists prefer Turkey for hot summers, sea, sand and sun. Sea tourism focuses on Southern and Western coasts of Turkey such as Antalya, Muğla, Aydın and Ġzmir. As beaches are small and narrow a part of them will be left under the sea level when a rise occurs at sea level. Some small beaches might be disappeared completely and a part of large beaches might become smaller by overflowing (Photo 1). Undoubtedly all beaches would not be disappeared by the effects of global warming. There might be new bech extensions and formation while sea water is rising in a part of beaches. Beaches are considered to be equivalent with tourism all over the world. Unfortunately beaces in Turkey under the threats of erosion, climate change and sea level change. Rising in water level will affect not only beaches but settlements at coastal regions and touristic facilities as well. Touristic facilities, roads, ports, summer residences and other buildings at seaside and seafront will be at hazard by sea rising. Photo 1: Small Beach in Southern Coast of Turkey Köyceğiz. July and August in Turkey are the months in which sea tourism is very dense. About 30% of tourists who visit Turkey ( 8 millions tourist) prefer July and August. At the same time both are the the hottest months all over 574 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo Turkey. When June is added to them the rate of summer season exceed 40% (Figure 2). The more mean temperatures the more electricity and water consumptions. In a large part of touristic facilities in South and West regions air conditioners opererate much due to hot. This means greater costs for the managements. The more hot the more electricity consumption and greater costs depending on airconditioning. 12000 (1000 Persons) 10000 8000 6000 Seasons 4000 2000 0 Winter Spring Summer Autumn Figure 2: According to the Seasonal Distribution of Tourists Coming to Turkey (2009). The most serious problem experienced in coastal regions in summer season is water supply. Providing fresh water in coastal regions is rather difficult. Water consumption contingent on temperature rise is highly increased in summer season. Increasing consumptions of both fresh water and potable water give rise to a rise in the costs of touristic managements. On the other hand, large green spaces and large gulf courses owned by many facilities will give rise to more water consumption. Therefore, finding new water sources and bringing water from long distances as well as new investments will be needed. One of the tourism branches being in the ascendant in recent times in Turkey is winter tourism. Winter tourism centers such as Uludağ, Kartalkaya, Erciyes, Palandöken and SarıkamıĢ have been rapidly developped. Increasing in mean temperatures reduces snowfalls. As in some years snowfalls are so late maximum snow thickness can not reach 50 cm (Gülbahar, 2008, p.180). For this reason, winter tourism is much damaged and reservations are cancelled. Reduction of snow thickness and shortening time of snow staying on the ground deals death blow to winter tourism (Spence, 2007, p.90). Danger is more serious at the winter tourism centers having lesser elevation. The most important winter tourism centers in Turkey are in West regions. These centers take a risk as they have lesser elevations (Photo 2). Although Turkey has great winter tourism potantiality she takes small share from winter tourism as investments are not made in there due to the reasons such as important elevations are in East regions, safety, transportation and underdevelopment. Shortening periods of snow covering due to temperature rise in Turkey might give rise to instant snow melting and avalanches (Yıldız, 2009, p.83). Instant meltings are a great danger to both tourism centers and regional settlements. 575 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo Photo 2: Places Will be Affected More Than Most Global Warming (Uludağ Ski Center). Together with summer hot rise some streams will be dried wholly that have already lower water levels or their flow rates will be decreased. This will prevent some water sports such as rafting from practicing. Particularly, in the shores of Mediterranian rafting over some streams is an activity that have been in demand in recent years (Ertin, 1998, p.204). While some new tourism centers will appear due to rise in temperature some old tourism centers will be diminished in importance. In this way, in the old tourism centers unemployment rate will be increased and this will induce immigration towards other areas. Nature will be under the threat of damage from the pressure of people due to the interest in new tourism spaces. Thermal water might be affected as global warming will decrease water sources. Turkey is the most advantageous country in the region in terms of thermal sources. Turkey has more potantiality than that of countries which are more advanced in tourism than Turkey. Thermal sources of Turkey is a unique potantiality for the aging population of Europe. As thermal sources will become more important in the future it must give consequence this matter and the sources must be exploited productively. Positive Effects of Global Warming on the Tourism in Turkey Sea bathing duration in Turkey extends when we go towards Aegean and Black sea in North from the Mediterranean shores in South. While the sea bathing duration in Mediterranean is over 100 days it reduces a little in Aegean shores due to latitude and this figure is much shortened in Marmara and Black sea shores. While temperature rise affect the Mediterranean shores negatively the case in the North of Aegean, Marmara and Black sea shores is reversed (Yıldız, 2009, p.85). Rises in mean temperatures and sea water temperature particularly in Marmara and Black sea shores will makr these shores an attraction center (Akıncı Kesim and etc., 2007, 465). In this way, new tourism centers will appear and the weight on the provinces located in the Southern Turkey will slide towards the shores of provinces located in the Northern Turkey. The rise in sea water is an advantage for the shores in Turkey. In our days, due to the lower values in sea water and air temperature having a sea bathing in Black sea shores is impossible for a long time. Global warming will revers the case in the long run. While Black sea shores will be changed into the current form of Mediterranean shores, sea bathing period in the Mediterranean shores will be further extended and spring and fall seasons will be appraised. Tourism season in all regions of Turkey will be extended. Sea, sand and sun tourisms will go out of the frame and extend towards spring and fall seasons. In this way, a large part of Turkey will enjoy benefaction of tourism all the year round. Extension in tourism season will give an opportunity to the small tourism centers to grow and to obtain more revenues. 576 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo There are a lot of choices for tourism in Turkey in which average elevation is 1132 m. and land forms are changed in short distances. While some coastal regions in Turkey are effected negatively by the temperature rise, some regions in hinterland and some larger sections are effected positively. In this case Turkey will be a more advantegous country by the effects of global warming. As rise in temperature in Egypt which is located in South of Turkey and in other Southern Mediterranean countries will create a sultry atmosphere the effects of global warming will be felt more seriously Ġn these countries. The tourists who gave up to go to these countries probably would prefer to have their vacations in Turkey. As global warming will not only affect Turkey‘s shores, the countries such as Spain, France, Italy and Greece which attract more tourists and located almost in same latitudes as Turkey would be affected by temperature rise negatively. As there are no seas in the Northern parts of these countries just like Black sea in Northern part of Turkey, the most advantegeous country in the most developped countries in terms of tourism would be Turkey. Turkey will be in with a chance to catch up with her important rivals in tourism field such as France and Spain. Different tourism types will appear in Turkey which has a rich tourism potantiality by the effects of global warming. As long as Turkey could appraise correctly tourism planning and investments the negative effects of the global warming will be changed into positive effects in terms of tourism and will be in with a chance to obtain larger share from tourism sector that that of present time. Conclusion and Suggestions Turkey is one of the countries in the world having great economy which is rapidly developped. Tourism is in the leading role in her revenues. Tourism revenues of Turkey which is almost 20 billiards dollars are of importance in terms of economy. Global warming and climate changes affecting all the world is also important for Turkey and tourism sector takes its share from the effect. Number of people who participate in tourism activities is increased in every year. While the number of people who participate in tourism activities is increased thanks to economical improvements, transportation possibilities and organizations all over the world the tourism cake is also enlarged accordingly. Countries all over the world compete for attracting more tourists. When planning regarding the future is made global warming must be taken into consideration. Turkey is bound to interest any more in the global warming which might affect particularly coastal areas and winter tourism centers and exert more efforts to make researches regarding the matter by finding the possible effects and taking necessary measures. It is possible to reduce the negative effects of climate changes and global warming and to turn disadvantages into advantages in Turkey which has rich tourism possibilities. We can make following suggestions regarding the matter:  Units have to be set up to research the effects of global warming, changes brought about at sea level, and the matter of which regions to be under the risks.  Coordination has to be supplied among the Turkish Republic the Ministry of Culture and Tourism, local administrations and the organizations related to tourism.  Development plans at the coastal areas have to be arranged again and revised according to the effects of global warming.  Road, tourism facilities and port constructions in the coastal settlements must be performed by taking consideration of the maximum sea level.  Planning in regard with tourism investments has to be made by taking consideration of global warming in the future years and its possible effects.  By keeping in sight that Tourism might show a tendency to slide towards the Northern and internal parts of Turkey the infrastructure of transportation network in these regions must be completed.  By appraising the facts of distorted housing and allowing immigrants in the regions where tourism might be developped the previous defects and faults should not be repeated and necessary measures should be taken.  Water sources and thermal sources should be used with more attention and wastes in sources should be prevented by showing regard to the source drought.  Changes in snowfall must be taken into consideration in the investments regarding winter tourism. References Akın, G. (2006). Küresel ısınma, nedenleri ve sonuçları, Ankara Üniversitesi Dil ve Tarih Coğrafya Fakültesi Dergisi, 46(2), (p.29-43). 577 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo Akıncı Kesim, G., Çimen, H., Alatanlar, A. (2007). Ġklim değiĢikliklerinin turizm ve çevre ile etkileĢimi, I. Türkiye Ġklim DeğiĢikliği Kongresi Bildiriler pdf, (p.462-469). ArıbaĢ, K., Kara, H. (2009). 21. Yüzyıl ve çevre, Elik Publications, UĢak. Doğanay, H. (2001). Türkiye turizm coğrafyası, Çizgi Bookstore, Konya. Dunn, S., Flaven, C. (2002). Ġklim değiĢikliğini gündemin ön sıralarına taĢımak, dünyanın durumu–2002, Worlwach Enstitüsü TEMA Publications, Ġstanbul. Epstein, P.R., Mills, E. (2005). Climate change futures, Harvard Medical School. Ertin, G. (1998). Türkiye‘de turizm, www.aof.anadolu.edu.tr/kitap/IOLTP/2291/unite12.pdf(01.04.2010) Evans, J.P. (2009). 21st Century climate change in the middle east, Climatic Change, 92, (p.417-432). Godjer, D. (2003). Küresel iklim değiĢimi (Translated:O.Kılıçdağı), Metis Publications, Ġstanbul. Gülbahar, O. (2008). Küresel ısınma, turizme olası etkileri ve Türkiye, KMU ĠĠBF Dergisi, Year:10, Vol:15, (p.160-198). Güngördü, E. (1997). Türkiye‘nin turizm coğrafyası, Ankara. Kadıoğlu, M. (2008). Günümüzden 2100 yılına küresel iklim değiĢimi, TMMOB Ġklim DeğiĢimi Sempozyumu Bildiriler Kitabı, (p.25-45). Özgüç, N. (2003). Turizm coğrafyası özellikler ve bölgeler, Çantay Bookstore, Ġstanbul. Öztürk, K. (2002). Küresel iklim değiĢikliği ve Türkiye‘ye olası etkileri, G.Ü. Gazi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, Vol:22(1), (p.4765). Salazar, N.B. (2005). Tourism and globalization ―local‖ tour guiding, Annals of Tourism Research, Vol:32, No:3, (p.628-646). Soykan, F. (2003). Kırsal turizm ve Türkiye için önemi, Ege Coğrafya Dergisi, Vol:12, (p.1-11). Spence, C. (2007). Küresel ısınma, (Translated:S.Gönen-S.Ağar), Pegasus Publications No:83, Ġstanbul. Yıldız, Z. (2009). Küresel ısınma ve alternatif turizme yönelim üzerine etkileri, Vizyoner e-dergi, Vol:1(1), (p.77-91). http://www.tursab.org.tr/content/turkish/istatistikler/gostergeler(01.04.2010) 578 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 277 Title A name given to the resource Effects of Global Warming on the Tourism Sector in Turkey Author Author KARA, Hasan BILGEN, Nurettin ACAR, Derya Abstract A summary of the resource. One of the most crucial problems in the world is global warming. In recent years mean temperature values are rising and downfall values are indicating substantial deviations as to years and months. Even small changes in climates affect many sectors. The leading sector affected by global warming is tourism sector. Tourism is one of the sectors in Turkey developing in the fastest way. Numbers of tourists visiting Turkey have been increased beginning from 2000 and exceeded 27 millions in 2009. Tourism revenue of Turkey has passed over 16 billions dollar. A large number of different sectors such as transportation, food and construction are connected with tourism. Tourism sector is very interested in temperature rise and prolonging of summer season. In sea tourism it is expected an expansion to west and north regions of Turkey as well as south shores. Extreme summer hot will set off immigration from seaboard to uplands and hinterland as well as increase water and electricity consumptions. Less cold in winter season, delay and decrease of snowfall will affect winter sports centers negatively. In this study positive and negative effects of climate changes caused by global warming on the tourism sector which one of leading sectors in Turkey are discussed. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed HB Economic Theory https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/45673dd0ade8f0ec6e9e9926585ba5c4.docx e35c4d831aebb00a05573b4b0c9b7a2f https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/b8b1ae91327426e7a1a1c95b13093f78.pdf 2266b5a64967ad733649d784e0c59e3e PDF Text Text Effects of Government Incentives in the Tourism Industry and the Case of Turkey Yusuf TugrulKaraaslan Dumlupinar University, Turkey yusufkaraaslan@gmail.com Ismail Sahin CanakkaleOnsekiz Mart University, Turkey akademi06@hotmail.com Abstract: According to World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) Turkey is currently the 6th most attractive tourism destination in the world. In year 2014 Turkey is expecting 38 million tourists and about $ 35 billion of revenue. Objective for 2023 is 50 million tourists and $ 50 billion of revenue. But the country is facing challenges in acquiring same success in terms of the receipts per arrival. To maximize the revenue per arrival government is planning to boost the sector by diversifying with innovative branches just as agro-tourism, geo-tourism, culinary, cultural, extreme, heritage, medical, wellness nautical, religion, slum, wildlife tourism. Government incentives and support provided to tourism industry has an important contribution in development of tourism sector. Turkish government reveals abundant incentives for the industry that can be seen by evaluating the world statistics throughout the global outlooks. Government incentives for the tourism sector are becoming increasingly important and urgent in the context of globalization. The reason of this importance comes from the power of the sector’s contribution on the balance of payments. Main objective of this article is to emphasize; the changing structure of the sector in the last thirty years and the need for the government incentives in the tourism industry development. Keywords:Tourism,intervals, government incentives, tourism promotion, tourism investments, world tourism, tourism statistics. 95 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2549 Title A name given to the resource Effects of Government Incentives in the Tourism Industry and the Case of Turkey Author Author TUGRUL KARAASLAN, Yusuf SAHIN, Ismail Abstract A summary of the resource. According to World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) Turkey is currently the 6th most attractive tourism destination in the world. In year 2014 Turkey is expecting 38 million tourists and about $ 35 billion of revenue. Objective for 2023 is 50 million tourists and $ 50 billion of revenue. But the country is facing challenges in acquiring same success in terms of the receipts per arrival. To maximize the revenue per arrival government is planning to boost the sector by diversifying with innovative branches just as agro-tourism, geo-tourism, culinary, cultural, extreme, heritage, medical, wellness nautical, religion, slum, wildlife tourism. Government incentives and support provided to tourism industry has an important contribution in development of tourism sector. Turkish government reveals abundant incentives for the industry that can be seen by evaluating the world statistics throughout the global outlooks. Government incentives for the tourism sector are becoming increasingly important and urgent in the context of globalization. The reason of this importance comes from the power of the sector’s contribution on the balance of payments. Main objective of this article is to emphasize; the changing structure of the sector in the last thirty years and the need for the government incentives in the tourism industry development. Keywords:Tourism,intervals, government incentives, tourism promotion, tourism investments, world tourism, tourism statistics. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014-04-24 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-4564 H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/d532b1002a9d639a64dfdf5679da373b.pdf 105cb4e08c562ce911af7b2c074fa2be PDF Text Text EFFECTS OF GRAFTED SEEDLING ON PLANT GROWTH AND NUTRITIONAL STATUS OF MELON GROWING IN GREENHOUSE Rana ERTOK Batı Akdeniz Agricultural Research Institute Antalya- Turkey rertok@yahoo.com M. ÜNLÜ Batı Akdeniz Agricultural Research Institute Antalya- Turkey A. FIRAT Batı Akdeniz Agricultural Research Institute Antalya- Turkey C. ÖZKAN Batı Akdeniz Agricultural Research Institute Antalya- Turkey In this study, the effects of different rootstocks on plant growth and uptake of plant nutrient elements were studied. Batem 5 and Batem 7 inbred lines which are resistant to Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. melonis races 0, 1, 2 and tolerant to races 1-2 were used as rootstocks. Canay F1, self grafted Canay F1, Cıtırex F1 and 7-42-47 F1 hybrids were used as controls. Canay F1 was used as scion. The experiment was designed in four randomized blocks. Rootstock diameter, scion diameter, plant height, plant nutrient elements in leaves were statistically analysed. Significant differences were found betweeen rootstocks but scion diameter wasn’t significant statistically. Rootstocks showed no significant difference in uptaking N, P, Ca. Keywords: Melon, Plant growth, Nutritional status, Rootstock 66 �First International Symposium on Sustainable Development (ISSD’09) June 9-10, 2009 Sarajevo Bosnia and Herzegovina Education Proceedings IBU Publications Francuske Revolucije bb Sarajevo / Bosnia and Herzegovina Tel : +387 33 782 100 www.ibu.edu.ba 67 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 652 Title A name given to the resource EFFECTS OF GRAFTED SEEDLING ON PLANT GROWTH AND NUTRITIONAL STATUS OF MELON GROWING IN GREENHOUSE Author Author ERTOK, Rana ÜNLÜ, M. FIRAT, A. ÖZKAN, C. Abstract A summary of the resource. In this study, the effects of different rootstocks on plant growth and uptake of plant nutrient elements were studied. Batem 5 and Batem 7 inbred lines which are resistant to Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. melonis races 0, 1, 2 and tolerant to races 1-2 were used as rootstocks. Canay F1, self grafted Canay F1, Cıtırex F1 and 7-42-47 F1 hybrids were used as controls. Canay F1 was used as scion. The experiment was designed in four randomized blocks. Rootstock diameter, scion diameter, plant height, plant nutrient elements in leaves were statistically analysed. Significant differences were found betweeen rootstocks but scion diameter wasn’t significant statistically. Rootstocks showed no significant difference in uptaking N, P, Ca. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2009-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed Q Science (General)