91 10 3494 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/6049e4f5fe456a1c77c106e093c35ccd.pdf b08b034fb39d08cdb40ddb1410572915 PDF Text Text Effect Of Bioethanol – Gasoline Blends On The Exhaust Emissons And Performance Of A Vehicle Murat Ciniviz Selçuk University, Technical Education Faculty, Konya / Turkey Đlker Örs Selçuk University, Technical Education Faculty, Konya / Turkey Necmettin Tarakçıoğlu Selçuk University, Technical Education Faculty, Konya / Turkey Abstract: In this study, the effect of using new generation fuel injection system and electronic ignition system in a spark ignition (SI) vehicle as an alternative fuel by using bioethanol on the exhaust emissions and performance of vehicle will be experimentally examined. By mixing bioethanol and gasoline in diverse proportions as 50%, the effects of this on the exhaust emissions and performance of vehicle will be searched. An order to establish the emissions of vehicle, by running the vehicle in different clutch types and various vehicle speed were accounted through measuring wheel power, fuel consumption and CO, CO2, HC, NOx exhaust emissions were measured at each gear for each fuels. Keywords: Bioethanol, Alternative fuels, Exhaust emissions from vehicle. Introduction The increase in prices of petroleum based fuels, strict governmental regulations on exhaust emissions with increasing focus on global warming due to the greenhouse gas effect and future depletion of worldwide petroleum reserves encourage studies to search for alternative fuels. Alcohols (ethanol and methanol) have been considered as alternative fuels for Otto and Diesel engines. One of these alternative fuels, bioethanol, can offer substantial reductions in consumption of fosil fuels and emission of greenhouse gases [1-2]. Bioethanol has the opportunity to contribute to the gradual substitution of fossil fuels not only in the gasoline sector but even in the diesel one, by two means: direct blending and ethanolysis. Besides the advantages in production costs, direct blending of bioethanol provides higher oxygen concentration, and thus higher potential for emissions reduction with the same volume fraction of renewable fuel blended [3]. Bioethanol is a renewable energy, it can be made from many raw materials such as sugar cane, molasses, cassava, waste biomass materials, sorghum, corn, barley, sugar beets, etc. by using already improved and demonstrated technologies [4-5]. Since ethanol can be fermented and distilled from biomasses, it can be considered as a renewable energy. Under the environmental consideration, using ethanol blended with gasoline is better than methanol because of its renewability and less toxicity [6,7]. In this study, bioethanol was obtained from sugar beet by fermantasyon method. The use of bioethanol in a vehicle having SI engine and its effect on emissions and vehicle performance were investigated. The study is given as a new investigation due to using vehicle having new electronic ignition and injection system, and performed on chassis dynamometer of experiments. 69 �Description Of The Experimental Setup And Testing Procedure Vehicle specifications used in the study are given in Table 1. Controlling of tyre pressure and tooths, wheel balance and rod adjustment, engine controls performed before experiments. The vehicle was coupled to Delorenzo HPT 6100 type chassis dynamometer. Vehicle exhaust emissions were measured using exhaust emission analyzer which Italo – Spin type, digital displaying, can measure CO (% vol) with 0.001 sensibility, CO2 (% vol) with 0.001 sensibility, NOx (ppm) and HC (ppm) values. As fuel, E0 (98 octane gasoline) and E50 (50% bioethanol – 50% gasoline as volumetric) were used. Fuels specifications used in the study are given in Table 2. First, the vehicle was tested with E0 fuel. Then, the bioethanol – gasoline blend was also tested E50 fuel. Exhaust emissions were measured at each gear and for each fuel. The ambient air temperature, relative humidity, and atmospheric pressure were almost constant during the tests. Results Wheel performance Wheel power and fuel consumption were studied as vehicle performance. The variations of wheel power with vehicle speed for the tested all fuels at each gear is depicted in Figure 1, 2, 3. Maximum wheel power was measured at 60 km/h as 36.4 kW for E0 at second gear. Wheel power was measured as 31.2 kW with E50 at same gear and speed. Maximum wheel power was measured at 80 km/h as 32.7 kW for E0 at third gear. Wheel power was measured as 28.3 kW with E50 at same gear and speed. Maximum wheel power was measured at 110 km/h as 29.4 kW for E0 at forth gear. Wheel power was measured as 25.7 kW with E50 at same gear and speed. Make Model Version Driving axle Production year Minimum vehicle weight (kg) Specifications of vehicle engine Total cylinder volume (cm3) Valve number Compression ratio Fuel system Max. engine power (HP – 1/min) Max. engine torque (Nm – 1/min) FIAT Albea 1.2 Active EL Front wheel drive 2008 1055 1242 16 10.6:1 Electronic MPI 80 – 5000 112 – 4000 Table 1. Vehicle specifications used in the study Density to 15oC (kg/m3) Viscosity to 40oC (mm2/s) Low Heating Value (cal/g) Water content (ppm) Copper corrosion E0 770.2 0.593 48.1 286.96 1a E50 780.3 0.784 36.2 894.58 1a Table 2. Fuels specifications used in the study According to results, wheel power values of E50 were lower than E0. The decrease in average power was 12.13% for usage of E50 at second gear. The decrease in average power was 13.56% for usage of E50 at third gear. The decrease in average power was 13.4% for usage of E50 at forth gear. The lower wheel 70 �power obtained for E50’s could be due to fuel flow problems, as higher density and higher viscosity, and decreasing combustion efficiency as lower thermal efficiency by heating value lower than E0. Wheel Power, kW 35 30 25 20 E0 E50 15 40 50 60 Vehicle Speed, km/h 70 80 Figure 1. The variations of wheel power at second gear Wheel Power, kW 30 25 20 E0 E50 15 60 70 80 90 Vehicle Speed, km/h 100 110 Figure 2. The variations of wheel power at third gear Wheel Power, kW 30 25 20 E0 15 80 90 100 110 120 Vehicle Speed, km/h Figure 3. The variations of wheel power at forth gear 71 E50 130 �Fuel consumption The variations of fuel consumption with vehicle speed for the tested all fuels at each gear are depicted in Figure 4, 5, 6. At all vehicle speed, fuel consumption values of E50 were higher than E0. The increase in average fuel consumption was 18.86% for usage of E50 at second gear. The increase in average fuel consumption was 28.1% for usage of E50 at third gear. The increase in average fuel consumption was 34.2% for usage of E50 at forth gear. One possible explanation for this increase could be due to lower heating value and higher density compared to E0 (Table 3). Therefore, thermal efficiency of E0 is higher than thermal efficiency of E50, and fuel consumption value of E0 is lower than fuel consumption of E50. 11 Fuel Consumption, l/h E0 E50 9 7 5 3 40 50 60 70 80 Vehicle Speed, km/h Fuel Consumption, l/h Figure 4. The variations of fuel consumption at second gear E0 15 E50 10 5 60 70 80 90 100 Vehicle Speed, km/h Figure 5. The variations of fuel consumption at third gear 72 110 �25 Fuel Consumption, l/h E0 E50 20 15 10 5 80 90 100 110 120 130 Vehicle Speed, km/h Figure 6. The variations of fuel consumption at forth gear Exhaust Emissions CO, CO2, HC and NOx emissions were studied as exhaust emissions. CO emission The variations of CO produced by running the vehicle using E0 and E50 fuels are shown in Figure 7, 8, 9. In general, CO emissions of E50 are equal or lower than E0. The decrease in average CO emission was approx. 18.61% for usage of E50 at second gear. The decrease in average CO emission was approx. 13.75% for usage of E50 at third gear. The decrease in average CO emission was approx. 14.97% for usage of E50 at forth gear. Cause of the decrease is content O2 in bioethanol. 0,2 E0 E50 CO, % vol 0,16 0,12 0,08 0,04 0 40 50 60 70 Vehicle Speed, km/h Figure 7. The variations of CO emission at second gear 73 80 �0,1 E0 E50 CO, % vol 0,08 0,06 0,04 0,02 60 70 80 90 100 110 Vehicle Speed, km/h Figure 8. The variations of CO emission at third gear 0,1 E0 E50 CO, % vol 0,08 0,06 0,04 0,02 80 90 100 110 Vehicle Speed, km/h 120 130 Figure 9. The variations of CO emission at forth gear CO2 emission The variations of CO2 produced by running the vehicle using E0 and E50 fuels is shown in Figure 10, 11, 12. At all vehicle speed and each gear, CO2 emissions of E50 are lower than CO2 emission of E0. The decrease in average CO2 emission was approx. 11.16% for usage of E50 at second gear. The decrease in average CO2 emission was approx. 7.75% for usage of E50 at third gear. The decrease in average CO2 emission was approx. 8.93% for usage of E50 at forth gear. Cause of the decrease which C atoms in E50 are lower than E0. 74 �7 CO2 , %vol 6 5 4 E0 E50 3 40 50 60 70 80 Vehicle Speed, km/h Figure 10. The variations of CO2 emission at second gear 8 CO2, %vol 7 6 5 4 E0 E50 3 60 70 80 90 100 110 Vehicle Speed, km/h Figure 11. The variations of CO2 emission at third gear 7 E0 E50 CO2 , %vol 6 5 4 3 80 90 100 110 120 Vehicle Speed, km/h Figure 12. The variations of CO2 emission at forth gear HC emission 75 130 �The variations of HC produced by running the vehicle using E0 and E50 fuels is shown in Figure 13, 14, 15. At all vehicle speed and each gear, HC emissions of E50 fuel are higher than HC emission of E0. The increase in average HC emission was approx. 60% for usage of E50 at second gear. The increase in average HC emission was approx. 54.28% for usage of E50 at third gear. The increase in average HC emission was approx. 65% for usage of E50 at forth gear. Cause of this is bad burning with bioethanol fuels. However, HC emission of E50 fuel is decrease due to lower heating value of E50 fuel. 60 E0 E50 40 30 20 10 0 40 50 60 70 80 Vehicle Speed, km/h Figure 13. The variations of HC emission at second gear 50 E0 E50 HC, ppm 40 30 20 10 0 60 70 80 90 100 110 Vehicle Speed, km/h Figure 14. The variations of HC emission at third gear 50 E0 E50 40 HC, ppm HC, ppm 50 30 20 10 0 80 90 100 110 120 Vehicle Speed, km/h Figure 15. The variations of HC emission at forth gear 76 130 �NOx emission The variations of NOx produced by running the vehicle using E0 and E50 fuels is shown in Figure 17, 18, 19. At all vehicle speed and each gear, NOx emissions of E50 fuel are lower than NOx emission of E0. The decrease in average NOx emission was approx. 45.2% for usage of E50 at second gear. The decrease in average NOx emission was approx. 53% for usage of E50 at third gear. The decrease in average NOx emission was approx. 61.71% for usage of E50 at second gear. Cause of the decrease is low of lower heating value of E50 fuel, and thus, temperature at burning end is decrease. 80 E0 70 E50 NOx, ppm 60 50 40 30 20 10 40 50 60 70 80 Vehicle Speed, km/h Figure 16. The variations of NOx emission at second gear 100 E0 E50 NOx, ppm 80 60 40 20 0 60 70 80 90 100 Vehicle Speed, km/h Figure 17. The variations of NOx emission at third gear 77 110 �100 E0 E50 NOx, ppm 80 60 40 20 0 80 90 100 110 120 130 Vehicle Speed, km/h Figure 18. The variations of NOx emission at forth gear Conclusion In this study, it is shown that bioethanol as alternative SI engine fuel can be used successfully to operate a electronic ignition SI engine without modifications to engine or injection system. The following conclusion may be drawn from the result of the present study: • Bioethanol is a renewable energy resource. • Gasoline and bioethanol are similar in their chemical and physical properties. • Bioethanol can be used cheaply and as an alternative fuel in a SI engine instead of gasoline. • Exhaust emissions of bioethanol and bioethanol blend fuels was better than gasoline. Result of emission tested of bioethanol’s emission values are optimistic. Acknowledgement This work is supported by The Coordinatorship of Selcuk University’s Scientific Research Projects (Grant Number: 08401119). References [1] Yap, D., Megaritis, A., Wyszynski, M.L. 2005, An experimental study of bioethanol HCCI. Combustion Science and Technology, 177:2039-2068. [2] Can, Ö., Çelikten, Đ., Usta, N. 2004, Effects of ethanol addition on performance and emissions of a turbocharged indirect injection Diesel engine running at different injection pressures, Energy Conversion and Management, 45:24292440. [3] Lapuerta, M., Armas, O., Herreros, J.M. 2008. Emissions from a diesel – bioethanol blend in automotive diesel engine. Fuel. 87:25-31. [4] De Caro, P.S., Mouloungui, Z., Vaitilingom, G., Berge, J.Ch. 2001. Interest of combining an additive with diesel– ethanol blends for use in diesel engines. Fuel. 80(4):565–74. [5] Kremer, F.G., Fachetti, A. 2000. Alcohol as automotive fuel—Brazilian experience. SAE Paper 2000-01-1965. [6] Heiseh, W.D., Chen, R.H., Wu, T.L., Lin, T.H.2002.Engine performance and pollutant emission of an SI engine using ethanol-gasoline blended fuels. Atmospheric Environment, 36:403-410. [7] Örs, Đ., Tarakcioglu, N., Ciniviz, M. 2009. Effects of gasoline – ethanol blends on vehicle performance and exhaust emissions, Journal of Polytechnic. 12(1):13-19. 78 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 336 Title A name given to the resource Effect Of Bioethanol – Gasoline Blends On The Exhaust Emissons And Performance Of A Vehicle Author Author Ciniviz, Murat Örs, İlker Tarakçıoğlu, Necmettin Abstract A summary of the resource. In this study, the effect of using new generation fuel injection system and electronic ignition system in a spark ignition (SI) vehicle as an alternative fuel by using bioethanol on the exhaust emissions and performance of vehicle will be experimentally examined. By mixing bioethanol and gasoline in diverse proportions as 50%, the effects of this on the exhaust emissions and performance of vehicle will be searched. An order to establish the emissions of vehicle, by running the vehicle in different clutch types and various vehicle speed were accounted through measuring wheel power, fuel consumption and CO, CO2, HC, NOx exhaust emissions were measured at each gear for each fuels. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed Q Science (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/3a28726211cf94cf4afb95e14c942ed7.pdf c8e4c3aa42a8b41917616cd77ad62e20 PDF Text Text 1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Effect of Blended Cements Produced with Natural Zeolite and Volcanic Tuffs on Sulfate Resistance of Concrete Cenk Karakurt Department of Construction Bilecik University Turkey cenk.karakurt@bilecik.edu.tr Đlker Bekir Topçu Department of Civil Engineering Eskisehir Osmangazi University Turkey ilkerbt@ogu.edu.tr Abstarct: In this study, influence of blended cements produced with different types of pozzolans on sulfate resistance of concrete was investigated. For this reason, Manisa Enli Mining crushing waste natural zeolite (clinoptilolite) and two different types of volcanic tuff supplied from Eskişehir and Nevşehir region were used in blended cement production According to mechanical performance of these blended cements, sulfate resistance experiments were carried out in accordance with ASTM C 1012 code. The mechanical properties of the blended cements were determined on 40x40x160 mm mortar specimens. The 25x25x285 mm mortar bar specimens were produced in order to determine the length changes of the specimens under sulfate attack. Mortar bar specimens were cured in 10% Na2SO4 solution for 6 months. The length changes and mechanical properties of the mortar specimens with different types of blended cements showed that, zeolite and volcanic tuffs reduces the ettringite formation when compared with ordinary CEM I 42.5 reference specimens. Introduction Concreteis one ofthe most widely used construction material, owing toits good durability to costratio. However, when subjected to severe environments its durability can significantly decline due to corrosion of embedded reinforcement and/or degradation ofthe concrete(Roy et al.,2001). The mostimportant parameter on concrete performance is the properties of cement used in concrete production. It is possible to achieve environmental and economical benefits with utilization of pozzolanic mineral additives in cement production. The durability problems in concrete and reinforced concrete structures exposing to aggressive environment effects,lead to the damages in structures before the expected service life. One of the significant concerns in the design of durable concreteis sulfate resistance. Deterioration of concrete by sulfate attack is commonly observed in structures exposed to soils or groundwater containing a high concentration of sulfate ions (Irassar et al., 2000). Sodium sulfate reacts with calcium hydroxide to form calcium sulfate (gypsum). This reaction proceeds to a greater or lesser extent, depending on the conditions (Neville, 2004). Ettringite formation is considered to be the cause of most of the expansion and disruption of concrete structures involved in the sulphate attack (ACI, 1994). The penetration of sulfateions into the concrete,the calcium monosulfoaluminate crystalsin the paste may convertinto gypsum or ettringite; this results in a change to a larger molar volume. These volumetric changes cause expansion and internal stresses, which ultimately weaken and destroy the paste bonds, deteriorating the concrete (Tikalsky et al., 2002, Topçu, 2006). To mitigatethis attack, concrete codes recommend a concrete mixture with low water/cement ratio and containing a sulfateresistant Portland cement. The lowered availability of C3 A can reduce the damage caused by sulfate attack due to a direct reduction in the quantity of ettringite that can form. Also, ettringite formation in chloride-rich environments is not associated with expansion and cracking (Santahanam et al., 2006).In addition to the C3 A content, C3 S/C2 S ratio of cement is also found to be an effective parameter in the sulfate resistance (Cao et al.,1997, Ramyar & Đnan, 2007). Cements containing higher C3 S content, upon hydration produce significantly higher quantity of calcium hydroxide which may directly react with sulfate ions of high concentration (>8000 ppm) to cause gypsum corrosion (Rasheeduzzafer et al.,1990). Gypsum corrosion reduces the cohesion stiffness and strength ofthe hydrated cement paste. 150 �1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Under the new specification, various materials can be used freely, but the material design methods of various cementitious materials must be established to satisfy the performance requirements of concrete (Sakai et al., 2005). Pozzolanic materials have been widely used as substitutes for Portland cement in many applications because of their advantageous properties which include cost decrease, reduction in heat evaluation, decreased permeability, alkali aggregate-expansion control, decreased chemical resistance, reduced concrete drying shrinkage and the improvementin the properties of fresh concrete (Shi & Day, 2001). Amorphous silica present in the pozzolanic materials combines with lime and forms cementitious materials. These materials improve the durability of concrete and the rate of gain in strength and can also reduce the rate of liberation of heat that is beneficial for mass concrete (Khandaker & Hossain, 2003). Nevertheless, the use of natural and artificial pozzolans as blend materials for cement has been constantly increasing in order to reduce energy consumption and CO2 emission without causing any degradation to cement properties. Zeolites are crystalline alumina silicates with uniform pores,channels and cavities. They posses special properties like ion exchange, molecular sieves, a large surface area and a catalytic activity which makes them a preferable material for tremendous industrial applications (Breck, 1971). About 40 natural zeolites have been identified during the past 200 years; the most commons are analcime, chabazite, clinoptilolite, mordenite and philipsite. Worldwide production of natural zeolite was estimated at about 3-4 M ton on the basis of recorded production and production estimates (Virta, 2001). Ratherthan the known application areas, higher quantities of research (de Gennaro et al.,2004, de Gennaro et al., 2005) concerning the using of natural zeolite, especially clinoptilolitein concrete applications as pozzolanic cement,light weight aggregates and dimension stone is being increased in recent years. Zeolitictuffs and amorphous silicatetuffs arethe main natural pozzolansinthe cement industry. The pozzolanic activity of zeolites depends on their chemical and mineralogical composition. The pozzolanic properties of zeolites are due totheirreactive SiO2 and Al2 O3, which react with the Ca(OH)2 liberated during the hydration of cementand convertitinto C–S–H gelsand aluminates. As a result,the micro-structure of hardened cement concrete isimproved and the concrete becomes more impervious (Gervais & Ouki, 2002). On the other hand, some waste materials such as fly ash (FA) and ground granulated blastfurnace slag (BFS) can be used as supplementary cementing material, or artificial pozzolan,in concrete industry. The reactivity of FA and BFS is supposed to be particularly influenced by the glass content and its composition. In this study, influence of blended cements produced with different types of pozzolans on sulfate resistance of concrete was investigated. For this reason, Manisa Enli Mining crushing waste natural zeolite (clinoptilolite) and two differenttypes of volcanictuffsupplied from Eskişehir and Nevşehirregion were used in blended cement production. The first group single composition cements are produced by grinding different pozzolans replacing clinker, provided from Çimsa Cement Factory, at the ratios of 10, 20, 30, 40 and 45% together with gypsum stone in a ball mill. The second group composite cements are produced with 20-30% replacement ratios in binary replacement compositions. According to mechanical performance of these blended cements, sulfate resistance experiments were carried out in accordance with AST M C 1012 code (AST M C 1012, 2002). The mechanical properties of the blended cements were determined on 40x40x160 mm mortar specimens. The 25x25x285 mm mortar bar specimens were produced in orderto determine thelength changes of the specimens under sulfate attack. Mortar bar specimens were cured in 10% Na2 SO4 solution for 6 months. The length changes and mechanical properties ofthe mortar specimens with differenttypes of blended cements were determined and analyzed in order to obtain a durable cement composition against sulfate attack. Experimental Study The raw materials of blended cement compositions were supplied from different sources. Cement clinker, gypsum limestone and Eskişehir trass were supplied from Çimsa Eskişehir cement factory. Natural zeolite in clinoptilolite form was provided from Manisa Gördes region and Nevşehir Tuff was supplied from Nevşehir-Đnli region. Chemical analyses of the materials were made by means of X-ray spectrophotometer (XRF) and the test results are given in Table 1. In this study, 24 different types of blended cement mixes with zeolite (Z), Eskişehir tuff (ET) and Nevşehir tuff (NT), replacement of 10, 20, 30, 40 and 45% by weight, 5% limestone for particle size arrangement and 3% gypsum were produced by intergrinding these materials in ball mill. These are defined as first group. According to compressive strength results of first group cements, the optimum replacement ratio of additives was found as 20 and 30% of clinker. Then the second group mixes were designed by means of 20 and 30% replacement ratio as binary composition. These blended cements were compared with reference to CE M I 42.5 ordinary Portland cement in experimental studies. 151 �1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Chemical Co mposition SiO2 Clinker, % 20.98 Clinoptilolite, % 62.78 Eskişehir Tuff, % 61.12 Nevşehir Tuff, % 59.37 Al2 O3 5.55 10.66 12.32 14.46 Fe2 O3 3.85 4.20 6.51 6.99 CaO 65.85 2.37 4.28 5.82 Mg O 1.12 1.10 5.88 4.99 K2 O 0.53 0.74 1.73 2.66 Na2 O 0.14 0.35 2.44 2.52 SO3 0.97 - 0.1 - Table 1: Chemical composition ofthe raw materials. The prepared cement mortars with the produced cements were castin 40x40x160 mm prismatic moulds according to TS EN 196-1. The mortar specimens were removed from the moulds after 1 day and were then cured inlime saturated water at 20±1°C untilthe age of considering strength test. Atthe end ofthe curing period (2, 7, 28 and 180 days), mortar specimens were subjected to compressive strength test(TS EN 196-1, 2002). Mortar bars were prepared according to AST M C 1012 in dimension with 25x25x285 m m and 40x40x160 mm in orderto determine the effects of sulfate on differenttypes of produced blended cements. After the initial curing period, specimens were demolded and cured in lime saturated water (23 ± 1.7 °C) until the mortar cube specimens gained a compressive strength of 20 MPa as described by ASTM C 1012 (Sahmaran et al., 2007). Upon reaching a compressive strength of 20 MPa, the performance of cements under sulfate-attack were determined weekly through expansion measurements of mortar bars with which are immersed in 10% Na2 SO4 solution for one year. During this curing cycle, compressive strength and ultrasound pulse velocitytests were carried outto determine the mechanical and physical properties of different blended cement mortars. Results and Discussion Co mpressive Strength The aim of this study is to determine the strength development and sulfate resistance of different pozzolan blended cements. The mechanical performance of produced blended cements was determined by compressive strength test. The considered testresults are given in Table 2. The compressive strength testresults showed different behaviors depending upon the replacement ratio of pozzolans and age of the mortar specimens. In the early stage of cement hydration, Ca(OH)2 from the hydrating paste was incorporated into the pozzolan structure and led to the formation of hydration producttype C-S-H and hydrated aluminate phases (Topçu et al., 2008). According to compressive strength resultsthe early age strengths of blended cements were reduced with increasing amounts of replacement ratio. At the age of 28 days, the compressive strength values of zeolite blended cements were higher than reference CE M I 42.5 cement up to 40% replacement ratios. Moreover at 180 days, the compressive strength of BFS, FA and zeolite blended cements reached approximately 57 MPa depending on the pozzolanic reaction of the considered mineral additive. This result was higher than the reference ordinary Portland cement mortars (50 MPa). According to mechanicaltesting results,it may be stated thatlong term strength performances of natural zeolite (clinoptilolite) and Eskişehirtuff blended cements were better than reference CE M I 42.5 type cement. A comparison based on strength development indicates that the replacement of zeolite and volcanic tuffisthe most effective method in blended cement production. Sulfate Resistance According to compressive strength test results, the optimum usage of mineral additive in blended cement mixtures was found as 30% replacement ratio. Forthis reason the sulfate resistance tests were carried on 30% blended cements. The volume expansion of mortar bars was measured with 0.001 mm sensitive comparator for 6 months in order with AST M C 1012 code. According to AST M C 1157 the expansion limits of hydraulic cements were 0.10% and 0.05% at 26 weeks as moderate sulfate resistant and high sulfate resistant,respectively (AST M C 1157, 2000). Also 0.10% expansion limit was suggested for high sulfate resistant cements. Volume 152 �1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo expansion of different cement mortars which immersed in 10% Na2 SO4 solution for 26 weeks are given in Fig. 1. Co mpressive Strength, MPa Ce ment Code 2 Days 7 Days 28 Days 180 Days 45.25 50.69 CE M I 42.5 22.00 30.43 12 .31 46 .90 57.15 ZBC-10 22.56 11.23 48.28 54.89 ZBC-20 20.38 10.97 45.37 53.06 ZBC-30 18.56 7 .25 39 .65 50.65 ZBC-40 17.25 6.95 38.13 48.38 ZBC-45 15.03 44 .65 51.06 ETC-10 11.60 28.80 42.31 50.93 ETC-20 9.68 26.81 40.47 48.78 ETC-30 10.31 24.18 36 .46 44.38 ETC-40 8.80 20.52 35.34 43.25 ETC-45 6.00 16.50 42 .96 47.65 NTC-10 11.93 21.25 42.71 45.13 NTC-20 11.18 16.87 36.59 43.74 NTC-30 8.12 15.6 32 .28 40.68 NTC-40 5.67 14.00 28.81 39.23 NTC-45 4.32 12.5 11.51 21.78 36.25 ZBETC-20 43.67 10.45 20.37 35.75 ZBVTC-20 44.43 10.56 20.13 34.56 ETVTÇ-10 41.43 8.24 18.25 33.16 ETVTÇ-20 40.20 12.87 26.12 43.81 ETZKÇ-10 54.65 10.12 23.21 43.46 ETZKÇ-20 52.32 9.07 18.09 32.52 VTETÇ-20 41.6 12.56 23.50 42.96 VTZKÇ-10 53.72 11.43 22.90 40.00 VTZKÇ-20 45.75 Table 2: Compressive strength testresults of produced blended cements. Length Change, % sdf As seen from Fig.1 reference mortar specimen produced with CE M I 42.5 reaches as 0.518% above the 0.10% expansion limit after 26 weeks sulfate exposure period. Also, mortar bar expansion of ETC-30 type cement produced with 30% Eskisehirtuffreplacement ratio was determined as 0.109% a little bit higherthan the reference line on Fig.1. 0.14 0.12 CEM I 42.5 ETC-30 ETZBC-20 ZBC-30 NTC-30 NTZBC-20 0.1 0.08 0.06 Expansion limit 0.04 0.02 0 Cement Types Figure 1: The length changes of mortar bar specimens. On the other hand, blended cements produced with clinoptilolite and Nevşehir tuff were varied around 0.02%. These results are lower than reference CE M I 42.5 ordinary Portland cement. It can be concluded that 153 �1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo performance of ZBC-30, NTC-30, ETZBC-20 and NTZCB-20 can be defined as high sulfate resistance cements. The physical deterioration of mortar specimens are given in Fig.2. At the end of 6 months curing regime ordinary Portland cement mortarlostits volume stability and stiffness. However, clinoptilolite and Nevsehirtuff blended cements did not change their shape. NT C-30 ZBC-30 CE M I 42.5 Figure 2: Physical deterioration of mortar bars at 6 months sulfate exposure. According to these results natural zeolite blended cements is more durable than ordinary Portland cement, under aggressive sulfate environments.It also seemsthat asthe proportion ofthe replacement of clinker by pozzolanic materialincreased,the sulfate resistance of the mixture also increased. This conclusion, which is in accordance with other research results indicates that the decrease of C3 A content of the mixture in combination with the reduction of large pores caused by the pozzolanic reaction, are more criticalthan the total porosity alone (which increases as the w/c ratio also increases) when sulfate resistance is of primary interest (Sideris et al., 2006). Mechanical behavior of different cement mortars during the sulfate test were investigated with compressive strength test results. As seen from Table 3 compressive strength of CEM I 42.5 cement was increased up to 59 MPa more rapidly than other cements at early ages. This increase should be attributed with the supplementary ettringite formation in the C-S-H structure of the composite. However,atthe end of 8 weeks this trend changed and strength reduction occurred with the expansion of ettringite salt in the composite structure. The same behavior was seen on ETC-30 specimens. On the other hand ZBC-30 and NTZBC-10 cement mortars were increased their compressive strength 61.00 MPa and 64.32 MPa respectively, atthe end of the experimental study. Compressive strength test results show a good agreement with volume expansion of cement mortars. ETC-30 NTC-30 ETZBC-20 NTZBC-10 1 2 3 4 8 13 15 20 26 ZBC-30 Curing Time, weeks CEM I 42.5 Co mpressive strength, MPa 20.43 34.13 40.23 48.54 59.28 55.06 54.30 52.55 38.32 21.03 28.30 34.30 44.54 52.31 54.19 58.45 60.14 61.00 20.40 26.44 35.86 42.93 47.29 50.95 52.87 51.37 50.55 21.50 29.35 36.57 43.56 45.91 47.58 48.01 49.26 49.27 20.50 27.84 37.50 41.25 51.82 52.13 53.05 55.50 59.05 20.74 32.65 40.14 47.05 58.17 61.95 63.23 64.11 64.32 Table 3: Compressive strength variation of blended cements under sulfate exposure for 26 weeks. 154 �1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Ultrasonic methods are generally used for analyzing the porous structure, mechanical strength of concrete and to detectinternal defects(voids,cracks, delaminations,etc.)(Lafhaj etal.,2006). Mortar specimens were subjected to UPV testto determine the crack formation of the composite material.As seen from Table 4, the UPV values of mortars were increased with the curing time. However,the ultrasound pulse velocity (UPV) value of CE M I 42.5 specimen was reduced after 8 weeks exposure time. This significantreduction showed that the increasing volume expansion of the composite structure was the cause of the initial crack formation. Higher C3 A content of ordinary Portland cement causes rapid ettringite formation in the composite structure compared with othertypes of cements. The same UPV reduction occurred for Eskisehirtrass used ETC-30 blended cement specimen. On the other hand, ZBC-30, ETZBC-20 and NTZBC-20 blended cements were increased the UPV values purposefully with the pozzolanic reaction between mineral additives and Ca(OH)2. ETC-30 NTC-30 ETZBC-20 NTZBC-10 1 2 3 4 8 13 15 20 26 ZBC-30 Curing Time, weeks CEM I 42.5 Ultrasound Pulse Velocity, km/sec. 3.554 4.074 4.244 4.374 4.594 4.327 4.247 4.201 3.770 3.433 3.751 4.055 4.288 4.134 4.144 4.165 4.232 4.255 3.421 3.612 4.123 4.156 4.166 4.266 4.371 4.312 4.213 3.496 3.720 4.138 4.213 4.301 4.347 4.350 4.432 4.432 3.473 3.671 3.878 4.033 4.155 4.177 4.180 4.188 4.210 3.562 4.000 4.265 2.310 4.419 4.481 4.520 4.597 4.637 Table 4: Ultrasound pulse velocity variation of blended cements under sulfate exposure for 26 weeks. Conclusions Improving the durability of concrete structure members is an important point to achieve a sustainable developmentin structure industry. Prolonging the service life of concretein aggressive environmentsis possible with increasing the durability of these members. The sulfate resistance of concrete is related with the ettringite, gypsum and thaumasite formation in the composite. The main cause of ettringiteis C3 A content of cement used in concrete. Ordinary sulfate resistance cements are low C3 A (less than 5%) cements. According to test results zeolite blended cements showed high sulfate resistance performance against reference Portland cement. Utilization of economic blended cementsin sulfate environments has beneficial effects on concrete durability. References Roy, D.M., Arjunan, P., & Silsbee, M.R. (2001) Effect of silica fume, metakaolin, and low-calcium fly ash on chemical resistance of concrete. Cement and Concrete Research, 31, 1809-1813. Irassar, E.F., González, M., & Rahhal, V. (2000) Sulfate resistance of type V cements with limestone filler and natural pozzolana. Cement and Concrete Composites, 22, 361-368. Neville, A. (2004) The confused world of sulfate attack on concrete. Cement and Concrete Research, 34, 1275-1296. Tikalsky, P.J., Roy, D., Scheetz, B., & Krize, T. (2002) Redefining cement characteristics for sulfate-resistant Portland cement, Cement and Concrete Research, 32, 1239-1246. Topçu, Đ.B. (2006) Materials of construction and concrete. Ugur Offset, Eskisehir. ACI Committee 201. (1994) Guide to durable concrete. ACI manual of concrete practice Part 1. Detroit, Mich. 155 �1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Santahanam, M., Cohen, M., & Olek, J. (2006) Differentiating seawater and groundwater sulfate attack in Portland cement mortars. Cement and Concrete Research, 36, 2132-2137. Cao, H.T., Bucea, L., Ray, A., & Yozghatlian, S. (1997) The effect of cement composition and pH of environment on sulfate resistance of Portland cements and blended cements. Cement and Concrete Composites, 19, 161–171. Ramyar, K., & Đnan, G. (2007) Sodium sulfate attack on plain and blended cements. Building and Environment, 42, 13681372. Rasheeduzzafer, D.F.H., Al-Gahtani, A.S., Al-Saadoun, S.S., & Bader, M.A. (1990) Influence of cement composition on the corrosion of reinforcement and sulfate resistance of concrete. ACI Materials Journal, 87, 114–122. Sakai, E., Miyahara, S., Ohsawa, S., Lee, S.H, & Daimon M. (2005) Hydration of fly ash cement. Cement and Concrete Research,35, 1135-1140. Shi, C., & Day, R.L. (2001) Comparison of different methods for enhancing reactivity of pozzolans. Cement and Concrete Research,31, 813-818. Khandaker, M., & Hossain, A. (2003) Blended cement using volcanic ash and pumice. Cement and Concrete Research, 33, 1601-1605. Breck, D.W. (1971) Zeolite molecular sieves: structure. New York: Wiley Chemistry and Uses. Virta R.L. (2001) Zeolites. U.S. Geological Survey Minerals Yearbook. de Gennaro, R., Cappelletti, P., Cerri, G,. de’ Gennaro, M., Dondi, M., & Langella, A,. (2004) Zeolitic tuff as raw material for lightweight aggregates. Applied Clay Science, 25, 71-81. de Gennaro, R., Cappelletti, P., Cerri, G., de’ Gennaro, M., Dondi, M., & Langella, A. (2005) Neopolitan yellow tuff as raw material for lightweight aggregates in lightweight structural concrete production. Applied Clay Science,28, 309-319. Gervais, C., & Ouki, S.K. (2002) Performance study of cementitious systems containing zeolite and silica fume: effects of four metal nitrates on the setting time, strength and leaching characteristics. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 93, 187-200. ASTM C 1012. (2002) Standard test method for length change of hydraulic cement mortars exposed to a sulfate solution. ASTM International. TS EN 196-1. (2002) Methods of testing cements. Part 1. Determination of strength. Turkish Standards Institution. Sahmaran, M., Erdem, T.K., & Yaman, I.O. (2007) Sulfate resistance of plain and blended cements exposed to wettingdrying and heating-cooling environments. Construction and Building Materials, 21, 1771-1778. ASTM C 1157. (2000) Standard performance specification for hydraulic cement. ASTM International. Topçu, Đ.B., Karakurt, C., & Sarıdemir, M. (2008) Predicting the strength development of cements produced with different pozzolans by neural network and fuzzy logic. Journal of Materials Design, 29, 1986-1991. Sideris, K.K., Savva, A.E., & Papayianni, J. (2006) Sulfate resistance and carbonation of plain and blended cements. Cement and Concrete Composites, 28, 47-56. Lafhaj, Z., Goueygou, M., Djerbi, A., & Kaczmarek, M. (2006) Correlation between porosity, permeability and ultrasonic parameters of mortar with variable water/cement ratio and water content. Cement and Concrete Research, 36, 625–633. 156 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 497 Title A name given to the resource Effect of Blended Cements Produced with Natural Zeolite and Volcanic Tuffs on Sulfate Resistance of Concrete Author Author Karakurt, Cenk Topçu, ilker Bekir Abstract A summary of the resource. In this study, influence of blended cements produced with different types of pozzolans on sulfate resistance of concrete was investigated. For this reason, Manisa Enli Mining crushing waste natural zeolite (clinoptilolite) and two different types of volcanic tuff supplied from Eskisehir and Nevsehir region were used in blended cement production According to mechanical performance of these blended cements, sulfate resistance experiments were carried out in accordance with ASTM C 1012 code. The mechanical properties of the blended cements were determined on 40x40x160 mm mortar specimens. The 25x25x285 mm mortar bar specimens were produced in order to determine the length changes of the specimens under sulfate attack. Mortar bar specimens were cured in 10% Na2SO4 solution for 6 months. The length changes and mechanical properties of the mortar specimens with different types of blended cements showed that, zeolite and volcanic tuffs reduces the ettringite formation when compared with ordinary CEM I 42.5 reference specimens. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2009-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed Q Science (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/d61d03b1aafc7f3a67cdbe086110883b.pdf 6547dee6b110d956593e645631f8d172 PDF Text Text Effect of Boronizing and Shot Peening in Ferrous Based Fecu-Graphite P/M Material on Fatigue Properties Selim Sarper YILMAZ Celal Bayar University, Vocational High School, Department of Machinery Turgutlu, Manisa, TURKEY bekir.unlu@bayar.edu.tr Bekir Sadık ÜNLÜ Celal Bayar University, Vocational High School Department of Machinery Turgutlu, Manisa, TURKEY Naci Kurgan Karabük University, Engineering Faculty, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Karabük, TURKEY kurgannaci@yahoo.com Remzi VAROL Süleyman Demirel University Engineering Faculty Department of Mechanical Engineering Isparta, TURKEY rvarol@mmf.sdu.edu.tr Abstract:Ferrous based materials manufactured by powder metallurgy (P/M) method are widely used in industry. These materials are very important in applications where no machining is required, can also be used as journal bearing material due to their self-lubricated property, and find applications in the medical industry. In this study, powder metal parts were manufactured from composites ferrous based FeCu-Graphite by P/M method. Fatigue test samples were carried out on manufactured samples receiving no treatment or boronizing treatment or boronizing+shot treatment. Fatigue properties of these parts were investigated by rotating bending fatigue test rig. Keywords: Powder metalurgy, Boronizing, Shot peening, Fatigue. Introduction Powder metallurgy is one of the methods used for used or semi-processed parts [1]. Because of higher melting temperatures of some metals, super alloy and hard metals must have been produced by powder metallurgy method [2, 3]. Mechanical properties of P/M parts depend on pore amount, distribution, type, size and form. As pore amount decreases, fatigue strength and the other mechanical properties improve [4]. Strength of machine parts is not as strong as that of conventional steels produced by powder metallurgy method [5]. In order to produce high density parts, high capacity presses or hot isostatic pressing method can be used. Thus, mechanical properties of P/M parts match mechanical properties of forging parts [1, 6]. Furthermore, powder metal materials exhibit different microstructure and density at various sintering conditions [7]. In addition to that, physical properties are affected from pore ratio. Porousity increase sound and vibration absorbution property. Therefore, a significant portion of powder metallurgy products is designed to take 54 �advantage of porousity into consideration [8]. Pore size and distribution are the most important parameters affecting mechanical properties [9, 10]. Boronizing is a thermo chemical surface hardening treatment that enriches the material surface in boron atoms via the diffusion of elemental boron into the surface of material in contact at high temperatures. Boronizing treatment is performed at temperatures of 950 0C for varying times between 1 and 10 hours. The characteristics of this boride layer depending on boronizing temperature, process time and properties of the boronized material. The boronizing elements placed into the heat resistant container and specimens are inserted into this powder [11]. The particle size of the powder is an important factor in the formation of the boride layer [12]. The advantages of boronizing treatment over the other types of surface hardening methods are that the surface layer is very hard, and no extra heat treatment is required after boronizing. The most important aim in boronizing is to achieve the desired hardness [13-15]. Fatigue resistance increases by boronizing. Therefore, boronizing can be applied to ferrous based P/M materials [1, 16]. Shot peening is an applied process where the surface of a machine part are treated with a lot of small spherical shot jet under controlled conditions. A compressive stressed layer occurs as a result of the nonhomogeneous plastic deformation on metal material by shot peening. The aim of the shot peening is to improve fatigue, corrosion fatigue, and stressed corrosion of metal materials [17-20]. Improving fatigue properties of materials are important because machine elements are generally exposed to dynamic loads. One of the methods used to improve fatigue properties of materials is shot peening. Shot peening process can be applied to any metal based machine part. However, surface hardness and quality increases with shot peening in P/M materials due to a decrease in the number of pores [21-23]. In this study, powder metal parts were manufactured from composites ferrous based FeCu-Graphite by P/M method. Boronizing and boronizing+shot peening was applied to samples. Fatigue properties of these parts were investigated. In addition; microstructural properties of fracture surfaces were investigated. Experimental Studies In this study, FeCu-Graphite composites 55x10x10 mm dimension were manufactured at 400 MPa pressure, 1120 0C sintering by P/M method. Non-boronized FeCu-Graphite (Group 1), boronized FeCu-Graphite (Group 2), boronized and shot peened FeCu-Graphite (Group 3) P/M materials were used. The chemical compositions of the materials used in the experiments are given in Table 1. Some basic properties of ASC 100.29 iron powder are shown in Table 2. Mechanical properties of ASC 100.29 iron powder are shown in Table 3. Chemical compositions of samples are shown in Table 4. Material SAE 1020 C 0.2 Si 0.25 Mn 0.7 P 0.04 S 0.05 Fe Based Table 1. Chemical composition of SAE 1020 steel disc (wt %). Grade ASC 100.29 Grade Dimension (µm) 20 - 180 Visible Density (g/cm3) 2.96 Flow (s/50 g) H2 Loss (%) C (%) 24 0.8 0.002 Table 2. Some base properties of ASC 100.29 iron powder. 55 Pressing (g/cm3) (600 MPa) 7.21 �Tensile Strength (MPa) 275 Yield Strength (MPa) A5 % Density (ρ) (g/cm3) Hardness (HV) 218 3.7 6.61 95 Table 3. Mechanical properties of ASC 100.29 iron powder. Powder Quantity (wt %) Graphite 0.2 Cu 3 Fe Based Lubricant (Zn-Stearat) 0.8 Table 4. Chemical composition of samples (wt %). The box boronizing method has been used for the boronizing process. The box was held in electric resistance oven for 4 h at 950 0C. At the end of the boronizing process, the box was cooled to room temperature and then the specimens were cleaned. R38.1 The microstructures were photographed using scanning electron microscope. Fatigue fracture surfaces were examined scanning electron microscope (Jeol JSM-6060). Dimensions of fatigue specimens are shown in Fig.1. Fatigue tests were applied to R=+/-1 under condition by using rotating bending fatigue test rig. Fig.1. Fatigue sample. Results and Discussion Fatigue Properties Results of fatigue properties were shown in Fig.2. Generally, fatigue properties of boronized specimens and boronized+shot peened specimens were higher than those of non-boronized specimens because of very hard boride layer. 56 �300 Strength (MPa) 250 200 Group 1 150 Group 2 Group 3 100 50 0 1000 10000 100000 1000000 10000000 Cycle Number (N) Fig.2. Curves of samples strength-cycle number (S-N). Tunay et al [6], Varol and Sarıtaş [10], Sarıtaş et al. [13], Selver et al. [20], Orman [21], and Başaran [22] have examined fatigue properties of boronized or shot peened ferrous based P/M materials. They reported that boronizing and shot peening significantly improved fatigue properties in these materials. Harada et al. [25] investigated effects of microshot peening on surface characteristics of high-speed tool steel. They reported increase of hardness by applying shot peening at high temperatures. Chawla and Dang [26] investigated fatigue properties of porous sintered steels. They reported that fatigue strength increased with a decrease in porosity. Pariente and Guagliano [27] investigated fatigue properties of carburized and shot peened gear steels. Mahagaonkar et al. [28] investigated fatigue properties of SAE 1045 and SAE 316L steels. Zhang and Liu [29] investigated fatigue properties of Ti alloys. Bouraoui et al. [30] investigated fatigue properties metal parts. They reported that fatigue properties were improved with high residual stress by applying shot peening. Microstructural Properties When microstructures of fatigue fracture surfaces of samples were examined by scanning electron microscope (SEM) (Figs. 3-6). Brittle fracture was observed in these PM samples due to porous structure. Thick, porous, and bright structure show brittle fructure of PM materials. 57 �Fig.3. SEM microstructure of fatigue fracture surface of FeCu-Graphite composite (Group 1). Fig.4. SEM microstructure of fatigue fracture surface of FeCu-Graphite composite (Group 1). Fig.5. SEM microstructure of fatigue fracture surface of B-FeCu-Graphite composite (Group 2). 58 �Fig.6. SEM microstructure of fatigue fracture surface of B+SP-FeCu-Graphite composite (Group 3). Tunay et al [6], Varol and Sarıtaş [10], Sarıtaş et al. [13], Selver et al. [20], Orman [21], and Başaran [22] have examined microstructure properties of boronized or shot peened ferrous based P/M materials. They reported that boronizing and shot peening significantly improved microstructural properties in these materials because of reduction in porosity. Tsuji et al. [24] investigated microstructural properties of plasma-carburized and shot-peened Ti–6Al–4V alloys. They observed and a lot of uneven dimples on the surface of shot-peened carburized specimens. They reported that the dimple size and depth of the surface was very small due to a fine particle shot. Micro-cracks were not observed in the near surface. The carbon diffusion layer was occurred as a thin whiter and brighter layer in the near surface region of shotpeened carburized specimen. Harada et al. [25] investigated microstructural properties of microshot peening on surface characteristics of high-speed tool steel. They observed that the distribution of white rings on the surface of the peened workpieces. Chawla and Dang [26] investigated microstructural properties of porous sintered steels. They observed plastic deformation and crack growth due to changes in porosity. Conclusions Based on the findings our study, the following conclusions can be drawn: 1. Fatigue properties of boronized specimens and boronized+shot peened specimens were higher than those of non-boronized specimens. 2. Brittle fructure was shown in PM materials. References Başaran, A., “Shot peening mechanical surfaces processes in P/M parts”, Süleyman Demirel University, Master Thesis, 2003. Bouraoui, C., Sghaier, R. B., Fathallah, R., “An engineering predictive design approach of high cycle fatigue reliability of shot peened metallic parts”, Materials and Design 30 (2009) 475–486. Bozkurt, N., “Surface hardening by boronizing in steels”, PhD thesis, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey (in Turkish), 1984. 59 �Çalışkan, C. “Powder Metallurgy”, Istanbul Technical University, Under Graduate Thesis, 2000. Chawla, N., Deng, X., “Microstructure and mechanical behavior of porous sintered steels”, Materials Science and Engineering A 390 (2005) 98–112. Demir A., Sarıtaş S., “Mechanical properties of powder metal steels”, Akdeniz University, Douib, N., “Fatigue of inhomogeneoues low alloy P/M steels” Powder Metallurgy, Vol. 32, No: 3, 209-214. pp. 1989. Engineering Faculty, Journal of Mechanical Engineering, (7) 1-13, 1993. evaluation under industrial processing conditions”, Materials Sci Forum, 299-300, pp. 356-363, 1999. ferrous based PM parts”, PhD thesis, Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Turkey (In Turkish), 2004. Göy, Z., “Boronizing”, Master thesis, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey (in Turkish), 1984. Harada, Y., Fukauara, K., Kohamada, S., “Effects of microshot peening on surface characteristics of high-speed tool steel”, Journal of Materials Processing Technology 201 (2008) 319–324. Justino, J. G., Bernardini, P. A. N., “Self-Lubricating Bearings: Microstructural and dimensional Kostilnik, T., “Wheel abrator Corporation”, Surface Engineering, ASM Handbook Vol. 5, 1994. Lawley, A., “Atomization, The Production of Metal Powders”, MPIF, Princeton, 1992. Mahagaonkar, S. B., Brahmankar, P. K., Seemikeri, C. Y., “Effect on fatigue performance of shot peened components: An analysis using DOE technique”, International Journal of Fatigue 31 (2009) 693–702. Mathuschka, A. G., “Boronizing”, Carl Hanser Verlag, München Wien, 1980. Meriç, C., Sahin, S., Yılmaz, S. S., “Investigation of the effect on boride layer of powder particle Metal Society, s.147-157, Birmingham, 1981. Orman, Ş., “Investigation of effects of shot peening parameters on fatigue behavior of SAE 1020 steels”, Gazi University, Master Thesis, 1999. Özsoy, A., “Improve of boron layer properties, transite zone and main matrix in boronized steel”, P/M parts”, Gazi University, I. Inter Conference of Powder Metallurgy, pp. 407-418, Ankara, 1996. Pariente, I. F., Guagliano, P. M., “Contact fatigue damage analysis of shot peened gears by means of X-ray measurements”, Engineering Failure Analysis 16 (2009) 964–971. PhD thesis, Anadolu University, Eskişehir, Turkey (in Turkish), 1996. Sarıtaş, S., “Fatigue of surface treated powder forged steels”, Heat Treatment 81, The Sarıtaş, S., Varol, R., Doğan, C., “The effect of shot peening on the fatigue properties of steels” Euro PM 97, Proce. of Advance Structural PM Compenent Production, Munih, Germany, October 15 – 17, 1995. Selver, R., Boylu, K. S., Varol, R. “Effect of shot peening and boronizing process on some properties of P/M steels materials”, Süleyman Demirel University, Journal of Science, 8-1 (2004) 141-144. size used in boronizing with solid boron-yielding subbstances”, Materials Research Bulletin, (35) 2165-2172, 2000. steels parts” 3. Conference of Powder Metallurgy, pp. 1221-1228, Ankara, Turkey (In Turkish), 2002. tribological properties in journal bearings”, PhD thesis, Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Turkey (In Tsuji, N., Tanaka, S., Takasugi, T., “Effects of combined plasma-carburizing and shot-peening on fatigue and wear properties of Ti–6Al–4V alloy”, Surface & Coatings Technology 203 (2009) 1400–1405. Tunay, R., F., Varol, R., Yılmaz, S., S., “Effect on mechanical properties of boronizing in P/M Turan, H., Sarıtaş, S., “Manufacturing of metal powder by gas atomization”, Machine design and production conference”, 21-23 Eylül 1994, METU, Ankara. Turkish), 2004. 60 �Ünlü, B. S., “Determination of usability of boronized ferrous based materials as bearing and Varol R., Sarıtaş S., “Effect of shot peening treatment on fatigue properties of ferrous based Varol, R. “Effect of different shot peening parameters of 2024 aluminum alloy on fatigue life” PhD thesis, Selçuk University, Konya-Turkey, 1990. Varol, R., Meriç, C., “Shot peening: Therocial and applications”, Eng. and Mech., 1992, 34 (405), 15-22. Yılmaz, S. S. “Effect on physical and mechanical properties of surface hardening treatments of Zhang, X., Liu, D., “Effect of shot peening on fretting fatigue of Ti811 alloy at elevated temperature”, International Journal of Fatigue 31 (2009) 889–893. 61 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 329 Title A name given to the resource Effect of Boronizing and Shot Peening in Ferrous Based Fecu-Graphite P/M Material on Fatigue Properties Author Author YILMAZ, Selim Sarper ÜNLÜ, Bekir Sadık Kurgan, Naci VAROL, Remzi Abstract A summary of the resource. Ferrous based materials manufactured by powder metallurgy (P/M) method are widely used in industry. These materials are very important in applications where no machining is required, can also be used as journal bearing material due to their self-lubricated property, and find applications in the medical industry. In this study, powder metal parts were manufactured from composites ferrous based FeCu-Graphite by P/M method. Fatigue test samples were carried out on manufactured samples receiving no treatment or boronizing treatment or boronizing+shot treatment. Fatigue properties of these parts were investigated by rotating bending fatigue test rig. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed Q Science (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/4072e9c5716268711c9f474810ea8c28.doc 8fa42337c97267acd1f3e0c8c9e82986 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/cd964c5a0c1c586b7a732c7f024b979b.pdf ca38f9dd72bd7473a926e03ccbdf0c67 PDF Text Text BOOK OF ABSTRACTS BiH has all conditions to become tourism oriented European country. It is found in heart of Europe, on intersection of important communication and transportation roads. It has all necessary natural and social resources, favorable climate, geographic and geomorphologic conditions, to have good developed tourism sector. In this research influence of neighbor countries on B&H and their tourism development will be analyzed. Also it will be shown what are the strengths, opportunities, weaknesses and threats of BiH in cooperation with countries from the region. As a conclusion of this research paper it will be proved that BiH can compete with all countries on Balkan region and Europe, but it must make good strategy and improve a lot of spheres of economy and tourism sector. All the resources and infrastructure is not important if there is not enough investments and desire for progress. Effect of Changing Lifestyle on Marketing Strategy of Companies Furkan Özbek International Burch University / Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina ABSTRACT The research is Effect of Changing Lifestyle on Marketing Strategy of Companies. Lifestyle is way of living could be the approach anyone existence. After 2000 year’s people started to get effect modernization by cultures and hard lifestyle. It's recognized which modernization, as much as technology along with science come to mind, surfaced as soon as the Industrial Revolution, which was induced by the invention associated with re-writing devices throughout Great Britain during the overdue 16 centuries. Throughout some other Asian countries modernization features generally recently has been puzzled by using Westernization. The reason being modernization, while that took place throughout these kinds of international locations, in many cases meant acknowledging Developed lifestyle along with resulted in great adjustments associated with everyday activities. Companies | 19 �1st International Annual Student Symposium answer the entire world close to these. Merchandise is sold definitely not in line with the business’ models yet upon the potency of the actual customers’ requirements. Therefore, it is vital intended for small businesses to get attentive to inhabitants work day and also lifestyle changes that are extensively adopted simply by customers. Shifts with inhabitants and also migration affect the actual arrangement of your employees and also affect the sort of items them should buy. In the meantime, prevalent lifestyle changes may affect the huge benefits corporations must supply to their personnel and also precisely what items they will offer to their customers. Fiscal policy and debt in the context of financial crisis: The case of Bosnia and Herzegovina Zehra Mahmutović International Burch University / Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina ABSTRACT The “Great Recession” that took place in the period of 2008/2012 has caused the emerging and developing economies to replace advanced economies to lead global economic growth. Since this crisis has been characterized as being both global and severe, but furthermore as a good tool for testing the strength and credibility of economic policies and theories, the complete recuperation could take many years. The economy of Bosnia and Herzegovina was in structural crisis before the economic crisis, due to its lack of planned development, incompetent government structures, and political interference in economic decision making. The holders of fiscal and monetary policy in Bosnia and Herzegovina today are not taking significant measures in order to promote growth and sustainability. The situation is thus, that public spending is excessive, public debt is constantly growing, as well as current account deficit, and unemployment rate. An economy cannnot be successfully managed without an appropriate balance and harmony between its fiscal and monetary 20 | � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1414 Title A name given to the resource Effect of Changing Lifestyle on Marketing Strategy of Companies Author Author ÖZBEK, Furkan Abstract A summary of the resource. The research is Effect of Changing Lifestyle on Marketing Strategy of Companies. Lifestyle is way of living could be the approach anyone existence. After 2000 year’s people started to get effect modernization by cultures and hard lifestyle. It's recognized which modernization, as much as technology along with science come to mind, surfaced as soon as the Industrial Revolution, which was induced by the invention associated with re-writing devices throughout Great Britain during the overdue 16 centuries. Throughout some other Asian countries modernization features generally recently has been puzzled by using Westernization. The reason being modernization, while that took place throughout these kinds of international locations, in many cases meant acknowledging Developed lifestyle along with resulted in great adjustments associated with everyday activities. Companies answer the entire world close to these. Merchandise is sold definitely not in line with the business’ models yet upon the potency of the actual customers’ requirements. Therefore, it is vital intended for small businesses to get attentive to inhabitants work day and also lifestyle changes that are extensively adopted simply by customers. Shifts with inhabitants and also migration affect the actual arrangement of your employees and also affect the sort of items them should buy. In the meantime, prevalent lifestyle changes may affect the huge benefits corporations must supply to their personnel and also precisely what items they will offer to their customers. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General) Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 968 Title A name given to the resource Effect of Collaborative Strategic Reading on Omani EFL Students’ Reading Performance Author Author Al Mashrafi, Said Abstract A summary of the resource. Intending to talk about a study that aimed at studying the effect of Collaborative Strategic Reading(CSR) on EFL students’ reading performance. CSR is a teaching technique that was originally developed by Klingner and Vaughn and which aims at improving the learners' reading skill. CSR is defined by many educators as an instructional program in which students work in pairs or in small groups to help one another master the academic content. It consists of four main strategies: preview, click and clunk, get the gist and wrap-up. The study population consisted of grade seven students studying the English language course in Omani basic Education schools during the academic year 2009-2010. Two grade seven basic education classes of a total of thirty-four students from a male school in Sharqiyah South educational district represented the sample of the study. A class of seventeen students represented the experimental group, which was taught the reading texts using Collaborative Strategic Reading. The other class represented the control group, which received traditional classroom instruction. A reading comprehension test was used to explore the research question. The major results of the reading test revealed a statistically significant difference between the students’ achievement of the experimental group and the students’ achievement of the control group using t-test that favored the experimental group that was taught using Collaborative Strategic Reading Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed P Philology. Linguistics https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/a7059052cf255353e1893a0ef78b7746.pdf b664bd6b097e1938cd385887cea6d7e9 PDF Text Text PROCEEDINGS th ______ The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 EFFECT OF DIFFERENT FERTILIZERS TYPES ON FLAX FIBRES CHARACTERISTICS IN DIFFERENT CULTIVARS OF FLAX Dervišević Selma, Veladžić Mirsad, Jogić Vildana University of Bihac Biotechnical Faculty Abstract This work presents the results of research on the impact of organic, minerals, organic and microbiological fertilizers on characteristics of flax fibers in three different varieties of flax. The experiment was performed in the municipality of Bosanska Krupa in 2012. The parcel was set up in randomized block of design with four replications, and the size of the assessment parcel was 10 m2. All three varieties are sown on the basis of 1000 germinable seeds per m2. They represented two foreign sorts: Michael, Belstar and domestic sort X. In the autumn mineral fertilizers were entered in soil in the scale of NPK = 15:15:15, 250 g/20m2, 3 kg/20m2 of manure and 10 l/ha of microbiological fertilizers ''Azoter''. The different combinations of fertilizers were used: organic fertilizer, microbiological fertilizer, organic+microbiological fertilizer and control (without fertilization) - for each tested sort. The research was a multi-factorial (cultivar and method of fertilization). According to the results obtained during the one-year research, Michael and Belstar varieties have achieved the best results with organic+bacteriological fertilizer. Fibers got out of Michael and Belstar variety have better quality, they are longer and harder, which makes them suitable for use in technical textiles where even coarser fibres get more important. X sort fibres are the shortest and the thickest, so they give better results with bacteriological fertilizers. Keywords: flax, sort, morphological characteristics, phenological characteristics, fiber, fertilizer. 95 | P a g e �ISSD 2014 th The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ PROCEEDINGS 1. Introduction In addition to the elastic properties of which have, flax fibers are characterized by high strength which reinforces their component (Kocjan & Rijavec, 2010). According to EU guidelines by summer 2012, 95% of all new vehicles must be able to be recycled, which is the recommended use of natural fibers, especially flax. There is increasing interest in the use of flax fibers in the field of technical textiles where the coarse fibers gaining increasing importance of (bio-composites), and therefore hards now considered very valuable component of the insulating material (Šurina et al. 2006 & 2009b). Length and fineness of the fibers are the most important characteristics that determine the quality and suitability of flax fibers as raw material for the production of textile yarn and fabrics (Butorac et al. 2008). Hann (2005) considers that the wetting stems is most demanding stage in the production of flax fibers, usually it is the natural way, with the help of enzymes produced by microorganisms. Biological process takes 8 to 14 day in cold water, but 3 to 4 days at a temperature of 30 to 40 ° C, with a regular change of the water. With proper selection of varieties and production technology (eg optimum nitrogen fertilization) and processing would ensure the natural fibers from own production for the textile industry, but also the raw material for other industries with minimal environmental pollution. 2. Materials and Methods The study was conducted during the vegetation period of 2012. the location of Bosanska Krupa, a sample plot is set in randomized block design with four replications. In the research are used three varieties of flax: Michael, Belstar and variety X and 5 variants od fertilization: T1 - control (without fertilizer application), T2 - mineral fertilizers, T3 - organic fertilization (bovine manure), T4 - bacterial fertilizer (azoter) and T5 - organic+bacterial fertilizer. Applied is a common technology growing of flax. During the vegetation were followed the following features: time of emergence and growth of the plants, while the the harvest of flax carried out in the second half of July. Selected samples of flax are wetted and dried fruits in the river, where the does not have frequent visitors. After immersion, the stems are washed and dried naturally in daily temperature which was about 35 °C in the period of 10 days. The fibers were separated in the traditional way. Splint was removed with hand-made crusher. Quality control of fiber, was performed in the laboratory Saniteks - Velika Kladuša, and was examined length, thickness, weight and elasticity of the fiber. Length and thickness of the fibers were determined using a micrometer, brand Stoßgeschützt (Germany), the elasticity was determined by dynamometer brand Instron 1026 (USA), while the weight of the fibers was determined with the help of analytical balances. In accordance with the applied research plan, for all the studied traits, was conducted statistical analyzes of variance analysis using the statistical package SPSS version 16.0 trial. 96 | P a g e �PROCEEDINGS th ______ The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 3. Results and Discussion Attendees were statistically significant differences between the studied varieties for all the characters (table 1-4). For the purposes of textile fiber length and finesse are the most important characteristics that determine the quality of the fiber. It is recommended that the technical stem length be longer than 60 cm (Butorac et al. 2009). During of our research the resulting values were not lower. By statistical analysis the significance of the results can be concluded that the differences in stem length are conditioned with the variety and method of fertilization. Table 1. The mean of stem length (cm) in three varieties in relation to the applied fertilizer treatments and Levens' test stem length sort Michael Belstar sort X Michael Belstar Sort X between var fertilizer T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 SD N 60,13 5,20 30 77,00 0,98 30 68,03 4,50 30 80,96 2,26 30 70,63 5,33 30 60,23 6,78 30 65,66 1,47 30 68,40 1,54 30 50,43 2,12 30 72,73 4,57 30 47,00 4,14 30 51,63 1,75 30 45,06 1,11 30 50,43 1,45 30 66,53 3,85 30 Leven's test level of significance F 0.01 (F(4)=119.776, p< 0.01) 0.01 (F(4)=145.578, p<0.01) 0.01 (F(4)=279.548, p< 0.01) 0.01 (F(2)=201.85, p=0.000) 97 | P a g e �ISSD 2014 th The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ PROCEEDINGS Table 2. The mean of fiber length (cm) in three varieties in relation to the applied fertilizer treatments and Levens' test fiber length sort Michael Belstar sort X Michael Belstar Sort X between var fertilizer T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 SD 2,01 7,28 0,41 4,78 2,86 3,70 2,77 3,56 3,51 3,35 1,81 2,07 5,41 4,02 3,20 N 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 17,30 30,36 24,46 24,40 34,20 19,30 25,20 25,20 26,42 25,50 15,10 11,60 18,60 20,70 19,60 Leven's test level of significance F 0.01 (F(4)=11.791, p=0.000) 0.01 (F(4)=3.524, p=0.025) 0.01 (F(4)=5.492, p=0.004) 0.01 (F(2)=40.75, p=0.000). Variety Michael fertilized with T5 has resulted with the longest fibers (34.20 cm), while the shortest fibers were measured at T1. The hypothesis is rejected at the significance level of 0.01 (F (2) = 40.75, P = 0.000). Differences in the length of the fibers are random and sort Michael has significantly longer fibers compared to the other two tested varieties and fertilizer treatments T5 and T4 compared to other treatments. Kocjan and Rijavec (2010) in research conducted in the area of Bijela Krajina reported that the average length of domestic technical textile fiber flax was 19 cm. Based on this can be said that the results of this study agree with the studies mentioned authors, and that the fibers are all tested varieties can be successfully used in textile industry. The fineness of the fibers is primarily related to the thickness, weight and elasticity of the fiber (table 3, 4 and 5). 98 | P a g e �PROCEEDINGS th ______ The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 Table 3. The mean of fibers thickness (μ) in three varieties in relation to the applied fertilizer treatments and Levens' test fibers thickness sort Michael Belstar sort X fertilizer T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 Michael Belstar Sort X between var. SD 0,008 0,013 0,008 0,011 0,013 0,007 0,010 0,008 0,010 0,008 0,005 0,010 0,008 0,007 0,004 N 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 0,054 0,042 0,022 0,034 0,028 0,030 0,032 0,032 0,032 0,034 0,024 0,020 0,026 0,020 0,012 Leven's test level of significance F 0.01 (F(4)=11.791, p=0.000) 0.01 (F(4)=3.524, p=0.025) 0.01 (F(4)=5.492, p=0.004) 0.01 (F(2)=40.75, p=0.000). Statistical analysis of the significance of differences among the varieties and treatments (F(2)=40.75, p=0.000) shows that these differences were significant only at the level of varieties. 99 | P a g e �th ISSD 2014 The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ PROCEEDINGS Table 4 Mean values of fibers elasticity (cN/dtex), with three varieties in relation to the applied fertilizer treatments and Levens' test fibers elasticity sort Michael Belstar sort X fertilizer T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 Michael Belstar Sort X between var. 7,50 9,00 6,00 6,00 10,75 10,00 8,00 9,00 9,00 9,00 5,50 6,50 6,00 9,00 7,00 Leven's test level of significance 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.05 SD 0,707 1,414 0,000 1,414 3,889 0,000 0,000 1,414 1,414 1,414 0,707 0,707 0,000 1,414 0,000 N 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 F (F(2)=6.345, p=0.01) After the statistical analysis, it is evident that the statistical differences are not random Ho is rejected at the significance level of 0.05 and concluded that the variety Michael has elastic fibers in comparison to other tested varieties of flax. Table 5. Average values of fibers weight (g) in relation to the applied fertilizer treatments fertilizer T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 100 | P a g e Michael 0,0065 0,0059 0,0054 0,0058 0,0059 Belstar 0,0046 0,0043 0,0045 0,0058 0,0053 sort X 0,0025 0,0029 0,0034 0,0039 0,0021 �PROCEEDINGS th ______ The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 4. Conclusion After the research and statistical processing of the obtained data, we can conclude that are present statistically significant differences based on the characteristics of the studied varieties and fertilizer treatments. The best results were achieved with the fertilization treatment T5 (organic+bacterial fertilizer). Based on the analysis of the length, thickness and elasticity of fibers, very good results were obtained with the cultivar Michael and Belstar, and it can be concluded that these two varieties are intended for the processing. The variety X has the most tender and shortest fibers, and it can be concluded that gives better results with bacteriological fertilization. Therefore, this work is a contribution to the improvement of fiber flax cultivation and encouragement of this type of cultivation and production in the northwestern part of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and beyond. 5. References Butorac, J., Pospišil, M., Mustapić, Z., Duvnjak, I. (2009). Procjena agronomskih i morfoloških svojstava sorata predivog lana bez prihrane i s prihranom dušikom. Sjemenarstvo. 26. 3 - 4. Butorac, J., Šurina, R., Andrassy, M., Popišil, M., Augustinović, Z., Brčić, M. (2008). Utjecaj dužine vegetacije kultivara predivog lana na morfološka tekstilno-tehnološka svojstva. International Symposium on agrisulture. Opatija. 723 - 727. Hann, M. A. (2005). Innovation in linen manufacturing. Textile progress. 37. 7 - 8. Kocjan-Ačko, D., Rijavec, T. (2010). Gospodarsko pomembne latnosti domačega lana (Linum ustitassimum L.) iz Bele krajine ter možnosti ponovne pridelave in predelave. Novi izzivi v poljedelstvu. Slovensko agronomsko društvo. Rogaška Slatina. 160 - 167. Šurina, R., Andrassy, M., Pezelj, E. (2006). Technical and Cottonised Flax Fibers - Comparison of Properties. Book of abstracts of the 37 thInternational Symposium on Novelties in Textiles. Ljubljana. 52. Šurina, R., Andrassy, M., Vujasinović, E. (2009b). Lan - biljka i vlakno kroz stoljeća. Tekstil 58. 625 - 639. 101 | P a g e � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2490 Title A name given to the resource EFFECT OF DIFFERENT FERTILIZERS TYPES ON FLAX FIBRES CHARACTERISTICS IN DIFFERENT CULTIVARS OF FLAX Author Author DERVIŠEVIĆ, Selma VELADŽIĆ, Mirsad JOGIĆ, Vildana Abstract A summary of the resource. This work presents the results of research on the impact of organic, minerals, organic and microbiological fertilizers on characteristics of flax fibers in three different varieties of flax. The experiment was performed in the municipality of Bosanska Krupa in 2012. The parcel was set up in randomized block of design with four replications, and the size of the assessment parcel was 10 m2. All three varieties are sown on the basis of 1000 germinable seeds per m2. They represented two foreign sorts: Michael, Belstar and domestic sort X. In the autumn mineral fertilizers were entered in soil in the scale of NPK = 15:15:15, 250 g/20m2, 3 kg/20m2 of manure and 10 l/ha of microbiological fertilizers ''Azoter''. The different combinations of fertilizers were used: organic fertilizer, microbiological fertilizer, organic+microbiological fertilizer and control (without fertilization) - for each tested sort. The research was a multi-factorial (cultivar and method of fertilization). According to the results obtained during the one-year research, Michael and Belstar varieties have achieved the best results with organic+bacteriological fertilizer. Fibers got out of Michael and Belstar variety have better quality, they are longer and harder, which makes them suitable for use in technical textiles where even coarser fibres get more important. X sort fibres are the shortest and the thickest, so they give better results with bacteriological fertilizers. Keywords: flax, sort, morphological characteristics, phenological characteristics, fiber, fertilizer. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014-05-15 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 978-9958-834-36-3 Q Science (General),QH301 Biology,QH426 Genetics https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/be7bc8f3b8a678bed8e9255330f1d469.pdf db7d3e107d29476bb1b20f4b00c4c682 PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Effect of Extracurricular Activities on Sustainable Improvement Process of Higher Education through Example of Business Clubs Magrdžija Haris International Burch University, Bosnia and Herzegovina haris.magrdzija@gmail.com Elif Öztürk International Burch University, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina eozturk@ibu.edu.ba This study includes the overview of the effect of extracurricular activities on sustainable improvement process of higher education through example of business clubs. The main purpose of this study is to contribute the literature with the information about influences of these kinds of activities on quality of higher education. Also, this study presents factors that have effect on sustainable improvement process of higher education institutions related to clubs activities. Through realization of projects and activities such as organization of seminars, workshops, conferences etc., students' clubs contribute to improvement of quality in higher education. The survey technique is used to gather information that is collected by the universities operating in BIH and Turkey. Additionally, factor analysis is explored to analyze the results in this study. Findings of this study state that there are positive effects of business clubs on sustainable improvement process of universities in terms of quality, innovations and cooperation between the universities and business world. Also, results of this study reflect importance of support to student activism in order to make them more significant as subjects in the education process and improve its quality. This study can be a source of motivation for other similar researches. Keywords: Sustainable Improvement, Innovations, Corporations. 193 Higher Education, Quality, � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1602 Title A name given to the resource Effect of Extracurricular Activities on Sustainable Improvement Process of Higher Education through Example of Business Clubs Author Author MAGRDZIJA, Haris ÖZTÜRK, Elif Abstract A summary of the resource. This study includes the overview of the effect of extracurricular activities on sustainable improvement process of higher education through example of business clubs. The main purpose of this study is to contribute the literature with the information about influences of these kinds of activities on quality of higher education. Also, this study presents factors that have effect on sustainable improvement process of higher education institutions related to clubs activities. Through realization of projects and activities such as organization of seminars, workshops, conferences etc., students' clubs contribute to improvement of quality in higher education. The survey technique is used to gather information that is collected by the universities operating in BIH and Turkey. Additionally, factor analysis is explored to analyze the results in this study. Findings of this study state that there are positive effects of business clubs on sustainable improvement process of universities in terms of quality, innovations and cooperation between the universities and business world. Also, results of this study reflect importance of support to student activism in order to make them more significant as subjects in the education process and improve its quality. This study can be a source of motivation for other similar researches. Keywords: Sustainable Improvement, Higher Education, Quality, Innovations, Corporations. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-10 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-4564 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/d547be98c2f8267094e490a65d4d0e68.pdf 74e5ceae82a1d14e5fc8f69989d93889 PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Effect Of Foreign Direct Investments On Domestic Investments Of Developing Countries: A Dynamic Panel Data Analysis İsmet Göçer1, Osman Peker1, Mehmet Mercan2 1Adnan Menderes University Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Department of Economics, Aydin/Turkey, 2 Research Assistant, Hakkari University Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Department of Economics, Hakkari/Turkey, E-mails: igocer@adu.edu.tr, opeker@adu.edu.tr,mercan48@gmail.com Abstract Foreign direct investments are regarded as a significant source of investment in developing countries. However, foreign direct investments may affect domestic investments in different aspects. They can enforce the domestic firms to crowd out of the sector, or crowd in them. In this study; the effects of foreign direct investments for developing countries was examined by means of panel unit root tests and dynamic panel data analysis, within using belonging 35 countries 1992-2010 period data. As an empirical results obtained from the analysis; foreign direct investments increases domestic investments and has got crowding in effects in developing countries. In these countries, $1 of foreign direct investment (FDI) causes $2.64 increasing in total investment. Keywords: Foreign Direct Investment, Crowding in-Crowding out Effects, Developing Countries. Jel Codes: E22, F21, G11, P33. 1. INTRODUCTION FDI is an investment involving a long-term relationship that control of a resident entity in one economy is reflecting a lasting interest and in that enterprise resident in an economy other than that of the foreign direct investor (OECD, 1992). FDI refers to the net inflows of investment to acquire a lasting management interest, 10 percent or more of voting stock, in an enterprise operating in an economy other than the investor (World Bank, 1999). These kind investments involve setting up the factory; purchase domestic firm (including privatization), joint venture with a local firm, licensing agreements and purchases of real estate. FDI have significant effects for economies. It can provide a country access to new markets, cheap production, new technology, alternative products, labor and management skills and financing (Sun, 1996; Barelli and Pain, 1997; Sun, 1998; Jayaraman, 1998; Borensztein, Gregoria and Lee, 1998 and Javorcik, 2004). FDI has come to play a major role in the internationalization of business lately. FDI reached this volume owing to liberalization policies, new economic integrations, trade acts, tariff liberalization, thanks to new information technology decline the communication and remote management costs. FDI flows have increased from $54 billion in the 1980’s to $1244 billion in 2010. FDI firms exported $6 trillion, which about thirty percent of global exports, created 94 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo added value $7 trillion and supply $33 trillion income to employee in 2010 (UNCTAD-WIR, 2011). FDI may have some different effects on host country economies. It may cause crowding out or crowding in of domestic firms from sector. Purpose of this study is to analysis this effect on developing countries economy. These effects will be analyzed via panel unit root tests and dynamic panel data analysis method using 35 developing country’s 1992-2010 period data. 2. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK FDI can affect investments of domestic firms via its own investment activities in various ways. Some of the positive and negative effects of FDI on domestic investment are regarded. Impact of FDI on domestic investments may determine according to its complementarity and substitution features. While FDI producing substitute goods, it may crowding out especially inefficient domestic firms; on the other hand FDI will crowding in domestic investment that producing complementary goods or it will uses row material from domestic market (Buffie, 1993). If there are FDIs’ crowds out effects on the domestic investments; one unit FDI increases will lead to increase of total investment in the host country smaller than one unit. On the other hand, if FDI has got crowds in effects on the domestic investment, one unit FDI increases will lead to more than one unit increase of total investment in the host country. If the effect is neutral, a unit FDI increases causes a unit increases on total investment (Misun and Tomsik, 2002). Crowding out effects of FDI may takes place when foreign and domestic firms are in the same industry. When FDI has come to a sector which included intensive domestic activities, the firms that will compete and domestic firms cannot stand this competition, and will be crowded out of sector. If the FDI goes towards the indigenous sectors, which there is less investment in this sector, through increase the volume of trading and market in this sector, it will be crowding in the domestic firms in this sector (De Mello, 1999). 2.1. Mathematical Framework of Crowding In and Crowding Out Effects For analysis this effects of FDI may beginning with a simple equation where investment in a country is the sum of domestic investment (Id) and FDI: 13 I  I d  FDI (1) From the point of view of the recipient country, FDI can be considered to be an exogenous variable (because it depends on conditions in the world economy, Transnational Corporations (TNCs) strategies, etc.). Domestic investment is depending on the domestic revenue (GDP). The model simply maybe arranged as follows: I d    1GDP By replacing (2) in (1), a model for total investment was obtained: (2) 13 UNCTAD-WIR, (1999) has been followed here and the model has been extended by the authors. 95 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo I    1GDP  FDI (3) The model of equation (3) assumes that FDI has no macroeconomic externalities on domestic investment and that, therefore, one dollar of FDI becomes one dollar of investment. Since the purpose of the exercise is to verify whether these externalities exist and, if they do, whether they are positive of negative, a more general formulation is used: I    1GDP  2 FDI (4) An empirical finding that β2> 1 is evidence for crowding in while β2< 1 is evidence for crowding out. While investors are investing not only current year, but also look at the past years’ economic growth rate. So investments dynamic process can expand as follows: p p p j 0 j 1 j 0 I i ,t  i    j Fi ,t  j    j Ii ,t  j    j Gi ,t  j   i ,t (5) Where I = investment; F = FDI; G = growth of GDP;  is the fixed country effects and  is a serially uncorrelated random error. That long-term crowding in and crowding out will be tested with this the relevant coefficient is: p ˆ LT   j 0 j p 1  j (6) j 1 The criterion used to determine crowding in or crowding out is the value and significance of ˆLT . Wald test constraints: If ˆLT =1, means that foreign direct investment caused neither crowding in effect nor crowding out effect on domestic investment, that is neutral (N) effect. ˆ An increase of one unit FDI will make a total investment also increased one unit; If LT ＞1, means that FDI caused crowding-in effect on domestic investment, that a unit of FDI can ˆ bring more than one unit of total investment; If LT ＜1, means that foreign direct investment caused crowding-out effect on domestic investment, that a unit of increase in FDI to the total increase in investment is less than one unit of. 3. SITUATIONIN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES Global foreign direct investment (FDI) flows realized to $1.24 trillion in 2010. UNCTAD estimates that global FDI will recover to its pre-crisis level in 2011, increasing to $1.4–1.6 trillion. Some of the poorest regions continued to see declines in FDI flows. Flows to Africa, least developed countries, landlocked developing countries and small island developing states all declined, as flows to South Asia. At the same time, major emerging regions, such as East and South-East Asia and Latin America experienced strong growth in FDI inflows (UNCTAD-WIR, 2011). International production is expanding, with foreign sales, employment and assets of TNCs all increasing. TNCs’ production worldwide generated value-added of approximately $16 trillion in 2010, about a quarter of global GDP. Foreign affiliates of TNCs accounted for more than 96 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 10 per cent of global GDP and one-third of world exports. Table 1 shows the distribution of FDI in the economies. Table 1: Distribution of the FDI in Economies (Billion $) World 1980 1990 2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Share of Share of Developing Transition Developing Transition Economies Economies Economies Economies 54 207 1.403 983 1.462 1.971 1.744 1.185 1.244 7 35 258 332 429 573 658 511 574 Share of Developed Developed Economies Economies 14 0 0 17 0 0 18 7 1 34 31 3 29 55 4 29 91 5 38 121 7 43 72 6 46 68 5 Source: UNCTAD-STAD. 47 173 1.138 619 978 1.307 965 603 602 86 83 81 63 67 66 55 51 48 According to Table 1, while FDI in developing countries increasing, decreasing in developed countries. For the first time, developing and transition economies together attracted more than half of global FDI flows. Outward FDI from those economies also reached record highs, with most of their investment directed towards other countries in the South. In contrast, FDI inflows to developed countries continued to decline. The distribution of FDI among for 2010 year top 20 developing countries is shown in Table 2. Table 2: Distribution of the FDI in Top Eleven Developing Countries (Million $) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 YEAR China Brazil Singapore Saudi Arabia India Mexico Chile Indonesia Angola Malaysia Turkey 1980 57 1.910 1.236 -3.192 79 2.099 213 180 37 934 18 1990 3.487 989 5.575 312 237 2.633 661 1.092 -335 2.611 684 2000 2006 2007 2008 40.175 72.715 83.521 108.312 32.779 18.822 34.585 45.058 16.484 29.348 37.033 8.588 183 17.140 22.821 38.151 3.588 20.328 25.350 42.546 18.110 20.052 29.734 26.295 4.860 7.298 12.534 15.150 -4.495 4.914 6.928 9.318 2.174 9.064 9.796 16.581 3.788 6.060 8.595 7.172 982 20.185 22.047 19.504 Source: UNCTAD-STAD. 2009 95.000 25.949 15.279 32.100 35.649 15.334 12.874 4.877 11.672 1.430 8.411 2010 105.735 48.438 38.638 28.105 24.640 18.679 15.095 13.304 9.942 9.103 9.071 4. LITERATURE There have been many studies for of FDI effects on domestic investment in the economics literature. In these studies reached different conclusions. Summary of these studies are given in order of date of construction. Lubitz (1966), studied relating to Canada and found a big effect FDI to domestic investment that: $1 of FDI led to $3 of capital formation in host country. Similarly Van Loo, (1977), studied again on Canada with 1948-1966 periods data and found that: $1 of FDI led to $1.4 of capital formation in host. Borensztein, et al, (1998), studied of the impact of FDI on domestic investment, utilizing data on FDI flows from developed countries to 69 developing countries on a yearly basis from 1970 to 1989, has found, that FDI has stimulated domestic investments; one dollar net inflow of FDI increases total investment in the host economy between 1.5 and 2.3 times the increase in the flow of FDI. 97 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Chudnovsky, Lopez and Porta (1996), found crowding out effect in the case of Latin America, where the development of domestic subcontractors was part and parcel of the privatization agreement with foreign investors. Intel built a large microprocessor plant in Costa Rica and contributed to domestic capital formation. This investment as such didn’t displace local entrepreneurs, because they hadn’t got exist, even potentially. Intel affiliate gave rise to investments by about 40 local suppliers. But there were some complaints by local business people that Intel's investment crowds them out of the labor market by absorbing skilled programmers. Jomo (1997), studied for Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand, which relied heavily on FDI and TNCs have invested in new industries of the economies of those countries mainly microelectronics-related toys and other consumer goods for export markets, initially many of the FDIs where with few linkages to the rest of the economy, domestic suppliers of services and inputs have emerged in time, and FDI crowding in a lot of firms in this industries. UNCTAD-WIR (1999), including an econometric study for FDIs’ effects on domestic investments. This study covers 39 developing countries’ 1970-1996 period data by means of panel data analysis. The results with respect to the effects of FDI on investment by individual countries show that neutral effects dominate while the number of crowding in and crowding out cases were equal: the former were found in 19 countries and the latter in 10 countries each. As regards regional patterns, out of the 12 Latin American countries included in the test, none was in the group with crowding-in effects and none of the 12 Asian countries was in the crowding-out group: while neutral and crowding in effects prevailed in Asia, neutral and crowding out effects prevailed in Latin America. Agosin and Mayer (2000), studied for Asia, Africa and Latin America country via panel data analysis and found that: while there were complementary relationship between investments in Asia and Africa countries, there were substitution relationship in Latin American countries. Driffield and Hughes (2003), found of FDIs complementarity and creation on the heap economy features’. According to Backer and Sleuwaegen (2003), in the context of occupational choice models, FDI declining the power of local entrepreneurs. But, FDI increases the domestic investments through networking, chain and learning effects. Agosin and Machado (2005), studied of the impact of FDI on domestic investment via econometric methods and found FDI hadn’t got a positive effect on domestic investment. Apergis, Katrakilidis and Tabakis (2006), with panel study involving 30 countries found that: FDI had got complementary relationship between domestic investment in the single-variable model, whereas, in the context ofa multivariate model was obtained from the substitutional relationship. Lin and Chuang (2007), tested this effects for Taiwan economy, found that FDI have got important effects on domestic investments. According to them, FDI crowding out to little domestic firms and crowding in the big domestic firms. Ang (2009), studied of the impact of FDI on domestic investment for Malaysia through VAR analysis using 1960-2003 periods data and found that: $1 FDI increase the domestic investments $1.25. Therefore, FDI involves crowding in effects in Malaysian economy. Gan and Gao (2010), studied of the impact of FDI on domestic investment for China via panel data analysis methods using 1992-2007 periods data and found that: $1 FDI increase the domestic investment in central region $4.08 and $5.88 in Shanxi region. So, FDI have got crowding in effects in China economy. 98 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 5. EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS 5.1. Data Set A balanced panel of 665 annual observations from 35 developing countries over the period 1992-2010 was used in this study. The sample of countries represents all major regions in the world as FDI attracting in 2010. It includes 11 countries from Latin America and Caribbean, 11 from Asia and the Pacific, 10 from Africa and 3 from economies in transition. Investment, Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) are these studies’ variables. Data set was obtained from World Bank, UNCTAD and IMF. All data currency is US dollar. I = investment to GDP ratio; F = FDI to GDP ratio; G = growth of Real GDP. 5.2. Method For this study data set included in the dynamic processes, dynamic panel data analysis method was used. Dynamic panel data analysis method is taken into consideration dynamic structure between the dependent and independent variables (Baltagi, 1995). In addition to use of panel data in estimating ensures control for missing or unobserved variables and relationships allow identification of country-specific effects (Arellano-Bond, 1991; Matyas and Sevestre, 1996). The dynamic panel allows dynamic effects to be introduced into the model and allows feedback from current or past shocks (Hsiao, 1986). This approach requires that N>T (Hahn, 1997) and N and T must be very big (Hsiao, 2003: 75).Simple equation of dynamic panel data is: yit   yi ,t 1   xit  i  uit (7)  x for i=1,2,...,N; and t=1,2,...,T.  is a scalar, it is kx1, it denotes the i-th individuals effect u and it is the remainder disturbance. In this study, along dynamic panel data estimation methods the technique Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) was used.GMM procedures are more efficient than other estimators Arellano and Bond (1991). The resulting GMM estimator is asymptotically efficient (Baltagi, 1995). GMM estimators use all possible lagged values of dependent and independent variables as instrumental variable (Arellano and Bond 1991). Sargan test is used to determine if instrumental variables of the GMM are suitable (Greene, 2003). The Sargan test is a test of the validity of instrumental variables. The Sargan test based on the Arellano and Bond (1991) instrument set for the first differenced equations exhibits a zero rejection frequency under both the null hypothesis and alternative hypothesis (Bowsher, 2002). The Sargan test is based on the observation that the residuals should be uncorrelated with the set of exogenous variables if the instruments are truly exogenous. It is a test of the over identifying restrictions. Hypotheses are: H0: Instrumental variables are exogenous (Moment conditions are valid). H1: Instrumental variables aren’t exogenous (Moment conditions are invalid). The hypothesis tested with the Sargan-J statistic. This statistic will be asymptotically chisquared (  ) with m-k degrees of freedom. m is instrumental variables number and k is number of the parameter. If the obtained test statistic probability value greater than 0.05, null hypotheses will accepted. Therefore, instrumental variables are uncorrelated to residuals, and 2 99 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo therefore they are acceptable, instruments are healthy. If the obtained test statistic probability value smaller than 0.05, H0 will be rejected and instrumental variables are unacceptable. 5.3. Panel Unit Root Test Panel unit root testing is accepted more strong for only the time dimension of time series unit root tests. Since it covers the data of both time and cross-sectional size (Im, Pesaran and Shin, 1997; Maddala and Wu, 1999; Taylor and Sarno, 1998; Levin and Lin, 1992; Hadri, 2000; Choi, 2001; Levin, Lin and Chu, 2002; Breuer and Wallace, 2002; Carrion-i-Silvestre, 2005; Pesaran, 2006; Beyaert and Camacho, 2008). At the same time, the addition of cross-sectional size of the analysis, increased variability in the data. The first problem encountered in the panel unit root tests are whether or not independent of each cross-section. Panel unit root tests are divided into first generation and second generation tests. While Breitung (2000), Hadri (2000) and Levin, Lin and Chu (2002) based on the assumption of a homogeneous model; Im, Pesaran and Shin (2003), Maddala and Wu (1999), Choi (2001) based on the assumption of a heterogeneous model. In this study; Im, Pesaran and Shin (2003) (IPS) test will be used since the countries aren’t homogeneous. IPS test is based on this model: pj Yit   iYi ,t 1   ij Yi ,t  j   X it   it (8) j 1  1  for i=1,2,...,N; and t=1,2,...,T. i is a error correction model. If i (or unit root test probability value<0.05) serial is trend stationary, or else it has got unit root and not stationary. Table3: IPS Unit Root Test Variable Level Value Prob Value I -6.011 0.0000 F -3.511 0.0002 G -11.396 0.0000 Note: In panel unit root tests Schwarz criterion is used and length was1 taken. According to the Table 3, all series are stationary in level values. So this means analyzes to be performed in this series is reliable. 5.4. Dynamic Panel Data Analysis Dynamic data analysis made with using model (5) via GMM and the results of obtained are presented in Table 4. Table 4: Results of Dynamic Data Analysis 100 Variables Coefficients t-Statistics I(-1) I(-2) I(-3) F F(-1) F(-2) F(-3) G G(-1) 0.97 -0.06 0.26 0.44 0.51 -1.07 0.57 0.36 -0.31 414.05 -28.68 86.35 57.62 34.14 -294.95 65.55 619.67 -234.85 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo G(-2) G(-3) R2=0.87 -0.03 -0.001 J-Statistic=26.91 -38.16 -1.21 Instrument Rank=35 White Period method was used to correct the standard errors. Sargan test was used to determine whether the instruments are suitable or not by using J-statistic and instrument rank. In this way found the p-value=0.208. This result is bigger than 0.05. Thus decided to instruments are suitable and analysis results are reliable. Long-term investment coefficient calculated using equation (6) and found it 2.64. This result shows; in developing country, $1of FDI creates $2.64 in total investments. As result of FDI increases domestic investment and it has got crowding in effect in the developing country. This is a very high degree. Countries, which wishing to increase their domestic investments, should utilize from this source. 6. CONCLUSIONS There are different opinions about the effects of FDI on domestic investment in economics literature. Some economics believe that, FDI reduces domestic investment and it has got crowding out effects. Other claim FDI increases domestic investment and it has got crowding in effects. The main purpose of this study is to analyze these effects in developing countries. For this purpose, using data from 1992-2010 for 35 developing countries a dynamic panel data analysis was performed. As an empirical results obtained from the analysis; FDI increases domestic investment and has got crowding in effects in developing countries. $1of dollar FDI leads to an increase $2.64 total investment in these countries. This value is very high; FDI for the emerging countries shows how important it is. Therefore, countries, which wishing to increase their domestic investments, absolutely should utilize from this source. As a result, if a country wants to accelerate its developing pace; it tries to attract more FDI its country. The same time governments should take necessary measures for foreign investments attributes and qualities. REFERENCES Agosin, M. R. & Mayer R. (2000) Foreign Investment In Developing Countries: Does It Crowd in Domestic Investment?, UNCTAD Discussion Paper, No: 146. Agosin, M. R. & Machado R. (2005) Foreign Investment in Developing Countries: Does it Crowd in Domestic Investment? Oxford Development Studies, 33 (2): 149-162. Ang, J. B. (2009) Do Public Investment and FDI Crowd in or Crowd out Private Domestic Investment in Malaysia? Applied Economics, 41: 913–919. Apergis, N., Katrakilidis C. P. & Tabakis N. M. (2006) Dynamic Linkages Between FDI Inflows and Domestic Investment: A Panel Cointegration Approach, Atlantic Economic Journal, 34: 385-394. Arellano, M. & Bond S. (1991) Some Tests of Specification for Panel Data: Monte Carlo Evidence and An Application to Employment Equations, Review of Economic Studies, 58: 277–297. 101 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Backer K. D. and Sleuwaegen L. (2003) Does Foreign Direct Investment Crowd Out Domestic Entrepreneurship? Review of Industrial Organization, 22: 67-84. Baltagi, B. H. (1995), Econometric Analysis of Panel Data, New York: John Wiley and Sons. Beyaert, A. & Camacho M. (2008) TAR Panel Unit Root and Real Convergence, Review of Development Economics, 12(3): 668-681. Borensztein, E., Gregoria J. D. and Lee J. W. (1998) How Does Foreign Direct Investment Affect Economic Growth? Journal of International Economics, 45(1): 115-138. Bowsher, C. (2002) Modelling Security Market Events in Continuous Time: Intensity Based, Multivariate Point Process Models, Economics Papers, W22, Economics Group, Nuffield College, University of Oxford. Breuer, B., Mcnown R. and Wallace M. (2002) Series-Specific Unit Root Test With Panel Data, Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 64: 527–546. Breitung, J. (2000) The Local Power of Some Unit Root Tests for Panel Data, In B. Baltagi (ed.), Nonstationary Panels, Panel Cointegration, and Dynamic Panels, Advances in Econometrics, 15: 161-178. Buffie, E. F. (1993) Direct Foreign Investment, Crowding out, and Underemployment in the Dualistic Economy, Oxford Economic Papers, 45: 639-667. Carrion-i-Silvestre, J. L. (2005) Health care expenditure and GDP: Are they broken Stationary? Journal of Health Economics, 24: 839–854. Choi, I. (2001) Unit Roots Tests For Panel Data, Journal of International Money and Finance, 20: 229–272. Chudnovsky, D.B., Lopez A. & Porta F. (1996) La Nueva InversisonExtranjeraDirecta en la Argentina: Privatizaciones, Mercado Interno e Integracion Regional, in M. R. Agosín, ed.,Inversión Extranjera Directa en América Latina: su Contribución al Desarrollo (Santiago de Chile and Mexico City: Fondo de CulturaEconomica). De Mello, L. R. (1999) Foreign Direct Investment-led Growth: Evidence From Time Series and Panel Data, Oxford Economic Papers, 51: 133-151. Driffield, N. & Hughes D. (2003) Foreign and Domestic Investment: Regional Development or Crowding Out? Regional Studies, 37: 277-288. Gan, X. & Gao K. (2010) A Study on FDI’s Crowd-out and Crowd-in Effect on Shanxi’s Domestic Investment-Based on Panel Data Model, Networking and Digital Society (ICNDS), 2nd International Conference on (978-1-4244-5162-3) 1: 616-619. Greene, W.H. (2003) Econometric Analysis, 5th Ed. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: PrenticeHall. Hadri, K. (2000) Testing for Stationarity in Heterogenous Panels, Econometrics Journal, 3: 148-161. 102 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Hahn, J. (1997) Efficient Estimation of Panel Data Models With Sequential Moment Restrictions, Journal of Econometrics, 79: 1–21 Hsiao, C. (1986) Analysis of Panel Data. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Hsiao, C. (2003) Analysis of Panel Data, 2nd Edition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Im, K., Pesaran H. & Shin Y. (1997) Testing For Unit Roots in Heterogenous Panels, Mimeo, Department of Applied Economics. Im, K., Pesaran H. & Shin Y. (2003) Testing For Unit Roots in Heterogenous Panels, Journal of Econometrics, 115: 53–74. Javorcik, B. S. (2004) Does Foreign Direct Investment Increase the Productivity of Domestic Firms? In Search of Spillovers through Backward Linkages, The American Economic Review, 94(3): 605- 627. Jayaraman, T. K. (1998) Foreign Direct Investment as An Alternative to Foreign Aid to South Pacific Island Countries, Journal of the South Pacific Society, 21(3-4): 29-44. Jomo, K. S. (1997) Southeast Asia’s Misunderstood Miracle, Colorado and Oxford: Westview, Boulder. Levin, A. & Lin C. (1992) Unit Root Tests in Panel Data: Asymptotic and Finite-Sample Properties, Discussion Paper 92-23, University of California, San Diego. Levin, A., Lin C. & Chu J. (2002) Unit Roots Tests in Panel Data: Asymptotic and Finite Sample Properties, Journal of Econometrics, 108: 1- 24. Lin, H.L. & Chuang W.B. (2007) FDI and Domestic Investment in Taiwan: An Endogenous Switching Model, The Developing Economies,45(4): 465–490. Lubitz, R. (1966) United States Direct Investment in Canada and Canadian Capital Formation, 1950-1962, Ph.D. Dissertation, October, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University. Maddala, G.S. & Wu S. (1999) A Comparative Study of Unit Root Tests With Panel Data and a New Simple Test, Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 61: 631-652. Matyas, L. & Sevestre P. (1996) The Econometrics of Panel Data, 2nd Edition, Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers. Misun, J. & Tomsik V. (2002) Does Foreign Direct Investment Crowd in or Crowd out Domestic Investment? Eastern European Economics, 40(2): 38–56. Driffield, N. & Hughes D. (2003) Foreign and Domestic Investment: Regional Development or Crowding out? Regional Studies, Taylor and Francis Journals, 37(3): 277-288. OECD, (1992) Detailed Benchmark Definition of Foreign Direct Investment, Second Edition, Paris. Pesaran, H. (2006) A Simple Panel Unit Root Test in the Presence of Cross Section 103 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Dependence, Cambridge University Working Paper, 0346. Sun, H. (1996) Direct Foreign Investment and Linkage Effects: the Experience of China, Asian Economies, 25(1): 5-28. Sun, H. (1998) Macroeconomic Impact of Direct Foreign Investment in China: 1979-1996, The World Economy, 21(5): 675-694. Taylor, M. & Sarno L. (1998) The Behaviour of Real Exchange Rates During the PostBretton Woods Period, Journal of International Economics, 46: 281-312. UNCTAD-WIR (1999) Indirect Impact: Does FDI “Crowd out” or “Crowd in” Domestic Investment? New York and Geneva. UNCTAD-WIR (2011) Non-Equity Modes of International Production and Development, Switzerland. Van, L. F. (1977) The Effect of Foreign Direct Investment on Investment in Canada, The Review of Economics and Statistics, 59: 474 481. World Bank, (1999) World Development Report, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Women’s Role In Economic Development: From Classical Approach To The Present İşler Ruhan Şentürk Canan Süleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey E-mails: ruhanisler@hotmail.com,canansenturk@sdu.edu.tr Abstract The aim of this study is to examine women’s role in economic development from a historical perspective. Many classical economists considered women to be irrational as economic agents. They took it for granted that women were paid less than men. Feminist economists criticise traditional-neoclassical economics claiming that conceptual basis for the mainstream economic knowledge is gender discrimination and women’s experiences are not reflected in economics. For this reason, they suggest that economic horizon be broadened by reviewing and questioning economics, including women’s perspective. Towards the end of the 1980s, the concept of human development was improved and United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) started working under the name of Human Development Index (HDI) in order to measure the development levels of countries. In the same way, studies on the elimination of gender-related inequality that is one of the new dimensions of development concept were started by UNDP. In this context, Gender-Related Development Index (GDI) was developed. Furthermore, Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM) has been emerged to measure the distribution and participation of women in the 104 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1316 Title A name given to the resource Effect Of Foreign Direct Investments On Domestic Investments Of Developing Countries: A Dynamic Panel Data Analysis Author Author İsmet , Göçer Abstract A summary of the resource. Foreign direct investments are regarded as a significant source of investment in developing countries. However, foreign direct investments may affect domestic investments in different aspects. They can enforce the domestic firms to crowd out of the sector, or crowd in them. In this study; the effects of foreign direct investments for developing countries was examined by means of panel unit root tests and dynamic panel data analysis, within using belonging 35 countries 1992-2010 period data. As an empirical results obtained from the analysis; foreign direct investments increases domestic investments and has got crowding in effects in developing countries. In these countries, $1 of foreign direct investment (FDI) causes $2.64 increasing in total investment. Keywords: Foreign Direct Investment, Crowding in-Crowding out Effects, Developing Countries. Jel Codes: E22, F21, G11, P33. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General),HB Economic Theory,HG Finance,HJ Public Finance https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/ddf62d8c9e7c9b1f6ffa1ca7f0e0f51e.pdf 69b67d1ef975399b0b4a88ea79a78356 PDF Text Text Journal of Economic and Social Studies Effect of Foreign Direct Investments on the Domestic Investments of Developing Countries: A Dynamic Panel Data Analysisi İsmet Göçer Faculty of Economy Adnan Menderes University Aydın, Turkey igocer@adu.edu.tr Mehmet Mercan Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences Hakkari University Hakkari, Turkey mehmetmercan@hakkari.edu.tr Osman Peker Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences Adnan Menderes University Aydın, Turkey opeker@adu.edu.tr Abstract: Foreign Direct Investments (FDI) are regarded as a significant source of investment in developing countries. However, FDI may affect domestic investments in different aspects. They can enforce the domestic firms to crowd out or crowd in of the sector. Keywords: FDI, Crowding in - Crowding out Effects, GMM. JEL Classification: E22, F21, P33. Article History In this study; the effects of FDI on Submitted: 27 June 2012 developing countries was examined by Resubmitted: 19 January means of dynamic panel data analysis for 2013 30 developing countries using 1992-2010 Resubmitted: 29 July period data. According to the empirical 2013 analysis results; FDI have crowding in Accepted: 15 August 2013 effects in Asian, Latin American and Caribbean countries, although they have Introduction crowding out effects in the African developing countries.involving a long term relationship that control of a FDI is an investment resident entity in one economy reflects a lasting interest and in that 73 �İsmet Göçer, Mehmet Mercan, Osman Peker enterprise resident in an economy other than that of the foreign direct investor (OECD, 1992). FDI refers to the net inflows of investment to acquire a lasting management interest, 10 percent or more of voting stock, in an enterprise operating in an economy other than the investor (World Bank, 1999). These kinds of investments involve setting up the factory; purchasing a domestic firm and privatisation, joint venture with a local firm, licensing agreements and purchases real estate. FDI have significant effects on economies. It can provide a country with access to new markets, cheap production, new technology, alternative products, labour and management skills and financing (Sun, 1996; Barelli and Pain, 1997; Sun, 1998; Jayaraman, 1998; Borensztein, Gregoria and Lee, 1998 and Javorcik, 2004). FDI has recently begun to play a major role in the internationalisation of business. FDI reached this volume due to liberalisation policies, new economic integrations, trade acts, tariff liberalisation, thanks to new information technology that negates communication and remote management costs. FDI may have different effects on host country economies. It may cause crowding out or crowding in of domestic firms from the sector. The purpose of this study is to analyse these effects on developing countries. These effects will be analysed via the dynamic panel data analysis method using the 1992-2010 period data from 30 developing countries. Theoretical Framework The impacts of the FDI on domestic investments are determined by the complementarily and substitution features. While FDI producing substitute goods, it may cause crowding out, especially of inefficient domestic firms; conversely FDI will cause crowding in of domestic investment that produces complementary good so it will use row material from the domestic market (Van, 1977; Buffie, 1993). If FDI have got crowding out effects on domestic investments, a unit FDI leads to an increase of total investment in the host country smaller than one unit. Conversely, if FDI have got crowding in effects on the domestic investment, one unit of FDI increase will lead to more than one unit increase of total investment in the host country. If the effect is neutral, a unit FDI increases causes a unit increases on total investment (Misun and Tomsik, 2002). 74 Journal of Economic and Social Studies �Effect of Foreign Direct Investments on the Domestic Investments of Developing Countries: A Dynamic Panel Data Analysis Crowding out effects of FDI may take place when foreign and domestic firms are in the same industry. When FDI comes to a sector that includes intensive domestic activities, domestic firms cannot with stand the resulting competition and they will be crowded out of the sector (Driffield and Hughes, 2003). If the FDI go towards the indigenous sectors, which there are less investment in this sector, through increase in the volume of trading and market in this sector, they will be crowding in the domestic firms in this sector (De Mello, 1999). FDI positively effects domestic investments by means of its investments to factor markets, because they increase revenues of domestic firms and factory owners (Cardoso and Dornbusch, 1989). The positive externality and the spreading tendency of FDI empower domestic investors (Kim and Seo, 2003). To sum up, foreign investment by creating new markets, increasing the demand for inputs, supply new technologies will creates pill over effects and domestic investment will stimulate the economy (Cotton and Ramachandran, 2001: 1). Conversely, FDI increases wages and the price of inputs in the host country and this causes a decrease in the use of input and employment and leads to crowding out (Apergis, Katrakilidis and Tabakis, 2006). When the technological differences between foreign and domestic investors are on a large scale and there are few skilled labour; FDI will enforce the domestic firms to crowd out (Kokko, 1994; Aitken and Harrison, 1999). For analysis of crowding in and crowding out effects of FDI, we can begin with a simple modelii where investment (INV) in a country is the sum of domestic investment (INVd) and FDI; Domestic investment depends on the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and domestic interest rate (INT). The model maybe arranged as follows: By replacing (2) in (1) a model for total investment was obtained: In the equation (3) it is assumed that FDI haven’t got any macroeconomic externalities on domestic investment. Therefore, FDI have a neutral effect. 75 �İsmet Göçer, Mehmet Mercan, Osman Peker Since the equation (3) is rearranged in order to determine the effect of externalities: While investors are investing not only the current year, but also look at the past years’ economic growth rate. Therefore the investment dynamic process can expand as follows: (5) Here p is the optimum lagiii. Weather long term crowding in and crowding out effects will be tested with this relevant coefficient: If , means that FDI haveacrowding in effect on domestic investment that a unit of FDI can bring more than one unit of total investment. If , it means that FDI haveacrowding out effect on domestic investment that a unit of increase in FDI to the total increase in investment is less than one unit. There have been many studies on the FDI effects on domestic investment in the economy literature. These studies have reached different conclusions. Lubitz (1966) determined a significant effect of FDI on domestic investments in Canada and found that; $1 of FDI led to $3 of capital formation in the host country. Similarly, Van Loo (1977) studied Canada with 1948-1966 period data and found that; $1 of FDI led to $1.4 of capital formation in the host country. Borensztein, et al, (1998), tested these effects on69 developing countries for the 1970 to 1989 period and founded that FDI has encouraged domestic investments. Jomo (1997) studied for Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand the mainly microelectronics-related toys and other consumer goods and determined that FDI has crowding in effects in these industries. Massimiliano and Massimiliano (2003) tested the relationship between economic growth, domestic investment and FDI inward in Korea for the 1970 to 1989 period. They found that FDI has some positive effects on domestic investments. Ang (2009) studied the impact of FDI on domestic investment for Malaysia through VAR analysis using 1960-2003 periods and found that; $1 FDI increase domestic investments $1.25. Therefore, FDI involves crowding in effects in the Malaysian economy. Gan and Gao (2010) 76 Journal of Economic and Social Studies �Effect of Foreign Direct Investments on the Domestic Investments of Developing Countries: A Dynamic Panel Data Analysis studied the impact of FDI on domestic investment for China via panel data analysis methods using 1992-2007 period data and found that: $1 FDI increase the domestic investment in central region $4.08 and $5.88 in Shanxi region. So, FDI have got crowding in effects in China economy. Agosin and Machado (2005), studied of the impact of FDI on domestic investments and found FDI don’t have a positive effect on domestic investment. Apergis, Katrakilidis and Tabakis (2006), with a panel study involving 30 countries found that; FDI have crowding in effects in the single-variable model, but have crowding out effects in the multivariate model. Lin and Chuang (2007) tested the effects for the Taiwan economy and found FDI crowding out to little domestic firms and crowding in the big domestic firms. Agosin and Mayer (2000) conducted an econometric study on the effects of FDI on domestic investments. This study covers the 1970-1996 period data for 39 developing countries by means of panel data analysis. They found that; while there was crowding in effects in Asia and Africa countries, while there was crowding out effects in Latin American countries. Driffield and Hughes (2003) found FDI have crowding in effects. According to Backer and Sleuwaegen (2003), in the context of occupational choice models, FDI declines the power of local entrepreneurs. However, FDI increases domestic investments through networking, chains and learning effects. Acar et al. (2012) have seen that FDI have crowding out effects in MENA countries. FDI in Developing Countries Global FDI flows increased from $54 billion in the 1980’s to $1.524 trillion in 2011. Emerging regions, such as East and South-East Asia and Latin America experienced strong growth in FDI inflows (UNCTAD, 2012). FDI has changed course and has been directed towards developing countries in recent years. Table 1 shows the distribution of FDI in the economies. 77 �İsmet Göçer, Mehmet Mercan, Osman Peker Table 1. Distribution of the FDI in Economies (Billion $) Worl d Developing Economies Share of Developing Economies Transition Economie s Share of Transition Economie s Developed Economie s Share of Developed Economie s 1980 54 7 14 0 0 47 86 1990 207 35 17 0 0 173 83 2000 1403 258 18 7 1 1 138 81 2005 983 1 462 1 971 1 744 1 185 1 244 1 524 332 34 31 3 619 63 429 29 55 4 978 67 573 29 91 5 1 307 66 658 38 121 7 965 55 511 43 72 6 603 51 574 46 68 5 602 48 684 45 92 6 748 49 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Source: UNCTADSTAT. According to Table 1, while FDI inflows are increasing in developing countries, they are decreasing in developed countries. Developing and transition economies together attracted more than half of global FDI flows. Most FDI attracting developing countries in 2011are shown in Table 2. Table 2. Most FDI Attracting Developing Countries (Million $) YEAR 1980 199 0 2000 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 China Hong Kong Brazil 57 3 487 40 175 72 715 83 521 108 312 95 000 105 735 123 985 710 3 275 61 937 45 060 54 341 59 620 52 393 71 069 83 155 1 910 989 32 779 18 822 34 585 45 058 25 949 48 438 66 660 Singapore 1 236 5 575 16 484 29 348 37 033 8 588 15 279 38 638 64 003 India 79 237 3 588 20 328 25 350 42 546 35 649 24 640 31 554 Mexico 2 099 2 633 18 110 20 052 29 734 26 295 15 334 18 679 19 554 Indonesia 180 1 092 -4 495 4 914 6 928 9 318 4 877 13 304 18 906 Chile Saudi Arabia Turkey 213 661 4 860 7 298 12 534 15 150 12 874 15 095 17 299 -3 192 312 183 17 140 22 821 38 151 32 100 28 105 16 400 18 684 982 20 185 22 047 19 504 8 411 9 071 15 876 78 Journal of Economic and Social Studies �Effect of Foreign Direct Investments on the Domestic Investments of Developing Countries: A Dynamic Panel Data Analysis Source: UNCTADSTAT. According to Table 2, China was the best FDI attracter among developing countries in 2011. China and Hong Kong’s share is 13.5% of the world. Other countries are following them. Turkey attracted $15.8 billion FDI in 2011. Empirical Analysis Data Set A balanced panel of 570 annual observations from 30 developing countries over the period of 1992-2010 was used in this study. The sample of countries represents all major regions in the world as FDI attracting in 2010. It includes 11 countries from Latin Americaiv and the Caribbean, 9 from Asiav and the Pacific, 8 from Africavi and 2 from economies in transitionvii. Investment (INV), Gross Domestic Product (GDP), Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and Interest Rate (INT) are the study variables. All data currency is US dollars. INV represents investment to GDP ratio; FDI represents FDI to GDP ratio; G represents growth of real GDP. The data set was obtained from the World Bank, UNCTAD and IMF. Method For this study data set included in the dynamic processes, the dynamic panel data analysis method was used. The dynamic panel data analysis method takes into consideration the dynamic structure between the dependent and independent variables (Baltagi, 1995). In addition, use of panel data in estimating ensures control for missing or unobserved variables and relationships allow identification of country-specific effects (Arellano-Bond, 1991; Matyas and Sevestre, 1996). The dynamic panel allows dynamic effects to be introduced into the model and allows feedback from current or past shocks (Hsiao, 1986). A simple equation of dynamic panel data model is (Hsiao, 2003: 75): (7) for i=1,2,...,N; and t=1,2,...,T.  is a scalar, xit is kx1, it denotes the ith individuals effect and uit is the error term of regression. In this study, among dynamic panel data estimation methods the Generalised Method of Moments (GMM) technique was used. GMM 79 �İsmet Göçer, Mehmet Mercan, Osman Peker procedures are more efficient than other estimators (Arellano and Bond, 1991). The resulting GMM estimator is asymptotically efficient (Baltagi, 1995). GMM estimators use all possible lagged values of dependent and independent variables as instrumental variable (Arellano and Bond, 1991). There are three GMM methods; level GMM, difference GMM and system GMM. System GMM was used in this study. The crucial point here is that variables must be endogenous in order to useGMM. For this reason, before beginning the analysis, a test of endogeneityis required. For this purpose; Durbin’s score (1954) and WuHausman (Wu, 1974; Hausman, 1978) tests can be used. These hypotheses would be expressed as: H0: Variables are exogenous H1: Variables are endogenous If H0 is rejected, variables are endogenous. In this case, using the GMM is suitable. The Sargan test used to determine whether instrumental variables of the GMM are suitable (Greene, 2003).These hypotheses would be expressed as: H0: Moment conditions are valid. H1: Moment conditions are invalid. The hypothesis tested with the Sargan-J statistic. This statistic will be asymptotically chi-squared (  2 ) with m-k degrees of freedom. m is the number of instrumental variables and k is the number of the parameter. If the null hypothesis is accepted, instrumental variables are suitable. Arellano and Bond (1991) developed an autocorrelation test for GMM. The Arellano–Bond test for autocorrelation is actually valid for any GMM regression on panel data (Roodman, 2009). These hypotheses would be expressed as: H0: No Autocorrelation H1: Autocorrelation 80 Journal of Economic and Social Studies �Effect of Foreign Direct Investments on the Domestic Investments of Developing Countries: A Dynamic Panel Data Analysis Panel Unit Root Test Panel unit root testing is more widely accepted for only the time dimension of time series unit root tests, since it covers the data of both time and cross-sectional size (Im, Pesaran and Shin, 1997; Maddala and Wu, 1999; Taylor and Sarno, 1998; Levin and Lin, 1992; Hadri, 2000; Choi, 2001; Levin, Lin and Chu, 2002; Breuer and Wallace, 2002; Carrion-i-Silvestre, 2005; Pesaran, 2006; Beyaert and Camacho, 2008). At the same time, the addition of the cross-sectional size of the analysis increases the variation in the data. The first problem encountered in the panel unit root tests is whether each cross-section is independent or not. Panel unit root tests are divided into first generation and second generation tests. While Breitung (2000), Hadri (2000) and Levin, Lin and Chu (2002) based their studies on the assumption of a homogeneous model; Im, Pesaran and Shin (2003), Maddala and Wu (1999), Choi (2001) based their studies on the assumption of a heterogeneous model. In this study; the Im, Pesaran and Shin (2003) (IPS) test will be used, since the countries aren’t homogeneous. The IPS test is based on this model: (8)  i is an error correction model. If series istrend stationary. IPS unit root test was applied and obtained results shown in Table 3. 81 �İsmet Göçer, Mehmet Mercan, Osman Peker Table 3. IPS Unit Root Test Test Prob. Statistics Values INV -1.92** 0.02 FDI -2.04** 0.02 Whole Panel GDP -7.34* 0.00 INT -1.85** 0.03 INV -9.31* 0.00 FDI -2.22** 0.01 Asia GDP -5.97* 0.00 INT -9.16* 0.00 INV -3.071* 0.001 FDI -2.976* 0.001 Latin America and the Caribbean GDP -6.701* 0.000 INT -4.435* 0.000 INV -1.503*** 0.066 FDI -6.216* 0.000 Africa GDP -4.551* 0.000 INT -2.223* 0.001 Note: In panel unit root tests Schwarz criterion is used and length was1 taken (*), (**) (***) indicating stationarity and significance levels 1%, 5%, 10% respectively. Variables According to the Table 3, all series are stationary in level values. This means that analysis performed in this series is reliable and equation (6) can be used. The Endogeneity Test In this study, the Durbin (score) (1954) and Wu (1974)-Hausman (1978) endogeneity test was used. Hypotheses of these tests are as follows: H0: Variables are exogenous H1: Variables are endogenous Endogeneity test was applied by Stata 11 and obtained results are presented in Table 4. 82 Journal of Economic and Social Studies �Effect of Foreign Direct Investments on the Domestic Investments of Developing Countries: A Dynamic Panel Data Analysis 83 �İsmet Göçer, Mehmet Mercan, Osman Peker Table 4. Results of Endogeneity Test Durbin (score) Chi2(1) = 5.21978 (0.0223) Chi2(1) = 0.9697 Asia (0.03248) Latin America and the Chi2(1) = 0.066635 Caribbean (0.01796) Chi2(1) = 1.2594 Africa (0.02618) Note: The values in parentheses are probabilities. Whole Panel Wu-Hausman F(1,474) = 5.2112 (0.0229) F(1,138) = 0.9355 (0.0335) F(1,170) = 0.064387 (0.018) F(1,122) = 1.21237 (0.0273) According to Table 4, H0 was rejected and concluded that the variables were endogenous. So it was decided that the GMM method should be used. Dynamic Panel Data Analysis Dynamic panel data analysis was made using equation (5) via GMM and long term relevant coefficient was calculated by equation (6). The results are presented in Table 5. Table 5. Results of Dynamic Panel Data Analysis Coefficient (  LT ) Wald Test Sargan Test AR(1) AR(2) Whole Panel 0.79 Chi2(15)=2988.13 (0.00) Chi2(163)=16.2065 (1.00) -1.0542 (0.2918) -1.2794 (0.2008) Asia 4.67 Chi2(8)=138.59 (0.00) Chi2(93)=93.84468 (0.4560) -2.0323 (0.0421) 1.1558 (0.2478) Latin America and the Caribbean 1.34 Chi2(10)=1456.39 (0.00) Chi2(142)=165.362 (0.8801) -2.5289 (0.0114) -2.17 (0.320) Africa 0.81 Chi2(15)=874.63 (0.00) Chi2(118)=132.7087 (0.1677) -1.5791 (0.01143) 1.3003 (0.01935) Note: The values in parentheses are probabilities. The White Period method was used to correct the standard errors. Since there are few transition countries, their individual analysis was not applied. 84 Journal of Economic and Social Studies �Effect of Foreign Direct Investments on the Domestic Investments of Developing Countries: A Dynamic Panel Data Analysis According to Table 5; as a result of the Wald tests, it was seen the model is meaningful. According to the Sargan tests, it was decided that instruments are suitable. In autocorrelation tests, there are no second order autocorrelation problems in these models. Based on these findings, analysis results are significant and reliable. Long term investment coefficients found for the whole panel were 0.79, for Asia 4.67, for Latin American and the Caribbean 1.34 and for Africa 0.81. These results show; in a developing country, $1of FDI increases total investments $0.79 in the home country. This value smaller than 1. Therefore, FDI has a crowding out effect in these developing countries. However, in Asian countries $1of FDI increases total investments $4.67 in the home country and FDI has crowding in effects. $1of FDI increases total investments $1.34 in Latin American and Caribbean countries and FDI has crowding in effects. However in African countries $1of FDI increases total investments $0.81 and it has a crowding out effect. Conclusions There are different opinions about the effects of FDI on domestic investment in economics literature. Some economists admit that FDI reduces domestic investment and it has crowding out effects. In other words, FDI increases domestic investment and it has crowding in effects. The main purpose of this study is to analyse these effects in developing countries. For this purpose, using data from 1992-2010 for 30 developing countries, a dynamic panel data analysis was performed. According to the empirical results; FDI increases domestic investment and has crowding out effects in developing countries. $1 increase in FDI leads to an increase of $0.79 total investment for these countries. This result is similar to Chudnovsky, Lopez and Porta (1996); Agosin and Machado (2005) and Lin and Chuang (2007). In analysis carried out for country groups, different results were obtained. In Asian countries, $1 FDI increases total investments by $4.67 in the home country and FDI has crowding in effects. $1 FDI increases total investments $1.34 in Latin American and the Caribbean countries and FDI has crowding in effects. These results are compatible with Lubitz (1966); Van Loo, (1977); Borensztein, et al, (1998), Massimiliano and Massimiliano, (2003); Ang, (2009) and Gan and Gao (2010). However, in African countries $1 FDI increases total investments by $0.81 and it has a crowding out effect. The findings of the study suggest that; differences in results among different country groups related with the FDI policies implemented, trade 85 �İsmet Göçer, Mehmet Mercan, Osman Peker openness ratio, human capital adequacy and to the extent that domestic firms are ready for international competition. For example, it is a fact that Asian countries, including China, have been providing tax advantages, easing administrative procedures for foreign investors and establishing free trade zones in order to accelerate economic development improve the capital and technology capacity and attract more FDI. Owing to such policies, foreign investments have been attracted and domestic firms have been protected. As a result, FDI has a significant effect on the total investment level in developing countries. 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Alternative tests of independence between stochastic regressors and disturbances: finite sample results, Econometrica, 42(3), 529-546. iThis study is a mostly renewed and developed version of the same name study, which was presented in the 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development(ISSD) at International Burch University, 31 May-2 June 2012, Sarajevo. iiAgosin and Mayer (2000); Misun and Tomsik (2002) has been followed here and the model has been extended by the authors with interest rate. iii In this study; following to Misun, and Tomsik (2002) lag was taken 3. iv Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominican Rep., Mexico, Panama, Peru, Uruguay, Venezuela. vChina, Indonesia, S. Korea, Malaysia, Qatar, Singapore, Thailand, Turkey, Vietnam. vi Algeria, Angola, Congo, Egypt, Ghana, Libyan, Morocco, Nigeria. viiRussian Fed., Ukraine. 91 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2397 Title A name given to the resource Effect of Foreign Direct Investments on the Domestic Investments of Developing Countries: A Dynamic Panel Data Analysis Author Author GÖÇER, İsmet MERCAN, Mehmet PEKER, Osman Abstract A summary of the resource. Foreign Direct Investments (FDI) are regarded as a significant source of investment in developing countries. However, FDI may affect domestic investments in different aspects. They can enforce the domestic firms to crowd out or crowd in of the sector. In this study; the effects of FDI on developing countries was examined by means of dynamic panel data analysis for 30 developing countries using 1992-2010 period data. According to the empirical analysis results; FDI have crowding in effects in Asian, Latin American and Caribbean countries, although they have crowding out effects in the African developing countries. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014-03-15 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/615db92d4d6c464bbbf435c428b95d1e.pdf 5b60ac81d267ea372b73b64c54010a78 PDF Text Text 1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Effect of Gibberellic Acid Application Times on Earliness and Production of A-106 Artichoke Cultivar in Antalya Ecologic Conditions Meliha Temirkaynak Sadettin Küçük Recep Çoşkun West Mediterrenean Agricultural Research Institute, Antalya-Turkey Abstract: Artichoke is one of the important vegetable crops in Mediterranean countries including Turkey. In our country, while artichoke production was undertaken in Đzmir, Bursa and Yalova until 10 years ago, its area of production has broadened to include southern cities such as Antalya and Muğla. As early artichoke production, especially in Antalya region, is profitable for farmers, demand for growing this crop has increased. The present study investigated the effect of gibberellic acid application times (0, 1, 2, 3 and 4) on earliness and production of A-106 artichoke cultivar. The plants were grown in West Mediterrrenean Agricultural Research Institute in 2007-2008. The results show that GA3 applications are very effective to promote earliness in A-106 cultivar. it Keywords: GA3 application, time, artichoke, A-106 and earliness. Introduction Artichoke is a vegetable whose forebear is thistle and is included in Cynara cenus in botanical classifying, which belongs to the Asteraceae family, and it is perannual, in rozetta shape. It is declared in literature that the home of this vegetable, which can be seen in Mediterranean basin, is middle and west Mediterranean and has firstly been consumed by the Romansin 1979 B.C. (Anonymous a 2008; Graifeirberg ve ark. 1995; Lanteri ve ark. 2001; Stamigna 2001; Hill 2001). In our country artichoke is grown by vegetative propagation and especially in Aegean and Mediterranean regions with our standard types for a long time. However,taking more and early products from unit area has been the main objective, as the other branches of agriculture where the production costincreases day by day. In this context, our region, especially Antalya and neighbours, has many advantages in earliness as in many other kinds of fruit and vegetables. Until a few years ago, it wasn’t possible to see other plantations that were established by other types than Sakız and Bayrampaşa. In the last years, the number of plantations that are established with hybrid artichoke cultivarsthat are produced by seed have increased. Production by seed has an important disadvantage, lateness, besides many important advantages like productivity, resistance to diseases(especially Verticillium spp. ve Fusarium spp.) and profitability (Macua ve ark. 2000; Gil ve ark. 2003; Calabrese ve ark. 2004; Bianco 2000). The elimination oflateness has an importance in production by seed if artichoke is going to be grown in Mediterranean region of our country, especially in Antalya where earliness is ofimportance. Artichoke needs vernelization 250 hours under 7 C to form a head (although changing from cultivar to cultivar). Foury ve Pecaut 1988; Welbaum 1994; Basnizki ve Goldschmidt 1994; Hill 2001). The effects of GA3 applications in artichoke on earliness and productivity has been known and applicated for a long time. It has been declared in many scientific works that GA3 applications has taken the place of colding need for head forming in many cultivars (Gerakis ve ark.,1969; Snyder ve ark.1971; Kocer ve Eser 1999; Miguel ve ark.,1997; Miguel ve ark.,2004; Ercan ve ark.2004). The effects of hormone applications on seed propagated artichoke cultivars depend on date of plantation, time of application, number of application, dosage of application, and cultivar. (Welbaum 1994; Schrader, 1992; Elia ve ark., 1994; Mauromicale ve Ierna 1995; Miguel ve ark., 1997; Calabrese ve Bianco 2000; Mauromicale ve Ierna 2000; Goreta ve ark.,2004; Eldin ve ark., 2007). Mauromicale ve Ierna (2000) has decided thatthe head characteristics of Orlando and Sicilia artichoke cultivars change by hormon applications. 74 �1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Calabrese (2000) examined the early productivity of 8 hybrid artichoke types which are produced by seed in Southern Italy. It has been decided that the period between seeding and harvest is 97-120 days. It is declared in the studies of these investigators that productivity changes according to cultivars between 1.75/2.20 ton/ha. These results show that artichoke types that are produced by seed can be grown in October-May like othertypes which are grown in early classical ways. Material In this study A-106 artichoke cultivar, which is included in Cynara cenus which belongs to Asteraceae family, has been used as plant material. A-106 artichoke cultivaris atype which is early,has a low vernelization need, with much productivity,which form qualified heads, and has many puple brakte leaves. This study was conducted between the years 2007-2008 in a artichoke plantation situated in West Mediterrenean Agricultural Research Institutein Antalya-Turkey (360 56 N', 300 51' E). Metod In thisresearch itis aimed to determine the most suitable GA3 application time for A-106 artichoke for earliness.Inthisresearch 4th,6th and 8th weeks aftertransferring to soilisselected asthe firstapplication time for vegetable development regulatory. 25 ppm GA3 applications were made to the plants by spraying. Only water is sprayed to the plants that have been selected as the control group. In this study following criteria have been examined: 1. Number of days from transferto soil until harvest(earliness) Number of days from transferring the vegetables to soil until harvest is an important criteria in determining the effectiveness of the applications on earliness. 2. Head weight (g) Differences among the applications are determined by weighing the heads attime of harvest. 3. Head length (mm) Differences among the applications are determined by measuring the length of heads attime of harvest. 4. Head diameter (mm) Differences among the application are determined by measuring the diameter of heads attime of harvest. 5. Productivity (kg/da) Productivity in da is calcuted in kg by the productivity per vegetable. All application groups were laid out with four replications and 10 plantsin each replicantsinthe randomised block experimental design. Data were subjectto analysis of variance by SAS statistical program (SAS Institute, Version 7) and means were compared by LSD’s (Least Significant Differences)test at 0.05 significance levels. Results and Discussion In this research, where the affects of GA3 application times on A-106 artichoke cultivar on earliness, productivity and head quality is examined,itis determined that hormone applications have important affects on all criteriathat have been examined, compared to the control vegetables with no applications. Although depending on the application time of hormone, average 1,5 months of earliness is provided at the vegetables with applications. The earliest harvest atthe GA3 application made atthe 4th week happened at the 98. day aftertransferring to soil. The latest harvest happened at 140. day atthe control group with the plants with no hormone application.At other application times these periods were very close, between 100-110 days. The effects of hormon application times on productivity is shown at Figure 1. As it can be seen in Figure 1, the effects of the applications are found statistically significant. The effects of application times on productivity changed between 1.12-1.88 t/da;the highest productivity was determined atthe GA3 application on the 4. week as 1.88 t/da, and it is followed by the application at 6. week and the control apllication at the 8. week. The effects of applications on productivity is found to be more succesfulin all applications than control. Our trialresults are in accordance with many other investigators.In many studies where the effects of hormone application times on artichoke are examined,itis reported that hormone application times increase productivity significantly.(Esteva ve Ayala, 2004; Ercan ve ark. 2004;Gil ve ark. 1998; Goreta ve ark.2004) Besides,the effects of hormone application times on head quality (head weight, head width and length) are examined and the results are presented in Figure 2. The effects of the applications on the head quality are 75 �1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo different. As a result of the statistical evaluations it is determined that the all hormone apllication times have important effects on all quality criteria that are examined, compared to the control group. Furthermore, the effects of hormone application times on head quality (head weight, head width and length) are examined in this study and the results are presented at Figure 2. The effects ofthe applications made on head quality are different. For example,the highest head weightisfound to be 423 g atthe 4th week,thelowest head weightis 410 g atthe heads atthe control group. Head weight values determined at other hormone application times took place in the same group statistically with the 4th week applications. The highest value of head width was found in the heads with hormone applications on 4th week. The highest head height is found at the vegetables with hormon applications on 8th week. The effect of GA3 applications on head length can be explained by the fostering of the G A’s to the cellsfor growing. In this study, where the effects of GA3 application times on earliness, productivity and head quality of A-106 artichoke cultivar is examined, considering all the criteria investigated it can be said that the optimum G A3 application time isthe 4th week aftertransferring the vegetablesto soil. Application Time Control 4.th 6.th 8.th LSD% 5 Table 1. Effect of GA3 Application Times on Yield(tonnes/da) 1.12 C 1.88 A 1.64 B 1.58 B 0.18 Yield (tonnes/da) of A-106 Artichoke Cultivar Application Time Head Weight (g) Head Diameter (m m) Head Lenght m m) Control 382 B 98.98 C 89.48 C 4.th 423 A 130.28 A 98.74 B 6.th 418 A 122.48 B 112.46 B 8.th 420 A 120.22 B 118.34 A LSD% 5 22 8.42 6.32 Table 2. Effect of GA3 Application Times on Head Quality of A-106 Artichoke Cultivar References Anonymous, 2008. Artichoke-Spring Season. http://www.mmdtkw.org Basnızkı Y. and E.E. Goldschmıdt, 1994. Further Examination of Gibberelline A3 Effects on Flowering of Globe Artichokes (Cynara scolymus L.) Under Controlled Environment and Field Conditions. Isr. J. Plant Sci. (42):159-166. Bianco V.V., 2000. Present situation and future potentials at artichoke in the Mediterranean basin. http://www. area.ba.cnr.it Calabrese N. And V.V. Bianca, 2000. Effect of Gibberellic Acid on Yeld and Quality of Seed Grown Artichoke (Cynara cardunculus var. Scolymus (L.) Fiori). Acta Hort. 514:25-32. Calabrese N., E. De Palma and V.V. Bianca, 2000. Gibberellic acid and earliness of new seed propagated artichoke cultivars grown for four years (Abstract). IV. International Congress on Artichoke, October 17-21. Valenzanı-Bari, Italy. Calabrese N., E. DE Palma and V.V. Bianca, 2004. Yields and quality of new commercial seed grown artichoke hybrids (Abstract). V. International Congress on Artichoke 5-8 may, 2003. Tudela-Navarra, Spain. Eldin A.S., W.H. Schnitzler, G. Nitz, A.M. Razin and I.I. El-Oksh, 2007. The Effect of Gibberellic Acid (GA3) on Some Phenolic Substances in Globe Artichoke (Cynara cardunculus var. scolymus (L.) Fiori). Scientia Horticulturae Volume 111, Issue 4, 16 February 2007, Pages 326-329. Elia A., N. Calabrese and V.V. Bianco, 1994. Sowing Time, Gibberellic Acid Treatments and Cultivars of “Seed” Propagated Artichoke. Acta.Hort. 371:347-354. Ercan N., A.N. Onus, F. Ayar, M. Temirkaynak, A.S. Şensoy and E. Polat, 2004. Determination of optimum GA3 concentrations and awakining irrigation time for globe artichoke (Cynara scolymus L. Cv. Sakız) grown in mediterranean region of Turkey. V. International Congress on Artichoke 5-8 may, 2003. Tudela-Navarra, Spain.197-203. 76 �1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Foury C., 2003. Common vegetables for http://gears.tucson.ars.ag.gov. (03.05.2008) seed and fruit. Chapter: Artichoke or globe artichoke and cardoon. Gerakis P.A., D. Markain and S. Honma, 1969. Vernalization of Globe Artichoke, Cynara scolymus. J. Amer. Hort. Sci. 94:254-258. Gil O.R., J.J. Macua and P. Arce, 1993. Differentes ciclos de produccion en variedades de alcacchofa de multiplicacion por semilla. Agricola Vergel 139 :379-380. Goreta S., L. Bucan and G. Duminic, 2004. Effect of Environment and Gibberellic Acid (GA3) on Earliness and Yield of Globe Artichoke. V. International Congress on Artichoke 5-8 may, 2003. Tudela-Navarra, Spain.155-159. Graifeirberg A., L. Giustiniani, O. Temperini and M. Lipucci Di Paola, 1995. Allocation of Na, Cl, K and Ca within plant tissues in globe artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.)under saline-sodic conditions. Scientia Horticulturae 63 (1995) 1-10. Hill, D.E, 2001. Globe artichoke trials 1998, 2000 Management of yield using ınduced or natural vernalization. The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven Bulletin 975, may 2001. 7 pages. Koçer, G. ve B. Eser, 1999. Köklü Dip Sürgünü Özellikleri ve GA3 Uygulamalarının Enginarda Verim Dağılımına Etkileri. Turkish Journal of Agriculture&Forestry. Türk Tarım ve Ormancılık Dergisi. 23(2): 325-332. Lanteri S., I. D. Leo, L. Ledda, M.G. Mameli and E. PORTIS, 2001. Rapd variation within and among populations of globe artichoke cultivar ‘Spinosa Sardo’. Plant Breeding 120, 243-246. Macua J. I, L. Lahoz, A. Malumbres, J. Garnica, I. Urmeneta and A. Arrondo, 2000. Agricultural Behavior of Two Cardoon Varieties at Different Planting Dates in Navarra. V International Congress on Artichoke (abst.) Mauromicale G. and A. Ierna, 1995. Effects of Gibberellic acid and Sowing Date on Harvest Time and Yields of SeedGrown Globe Artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.). Agronomie. 15:527-538. Mauromicale G. and A. Ierna, 2000. Characteristics of Head of Seed-Grown Globe Artichoke (Cynara cardunculus L. var. scolymus (L.) Fiori) as effected by Harvest Period, Sowing Date and Gibberellic Acid Miguel A., J.V. Maroto, B. Iranzo and S. Lopez, 1997. Acido Giberelico en alcachofa. Horticultura, 120:111-113.Agronomie 20: 197-204. Miguel A., C. Baixauli, J.M. Aguilar, A. Giner, J.V. Maroto, S. Lopez, A San Bautista and B. PASCUAL, 2004. Gibberellic Acid Concentrations in Seed Propagated Artichoke. V. International Congress on Artichoke 5-8 may, 2003. Tudela-Navarra, Spain.167-172. Schrader W.L., 1992. 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Extent The size or duration of the resource. 476 Title A name given to the resource Effect of Gibberellic Acid Application Times on Earliness and Production of A-106 Artichoke Cultivar in Antalya Ecologic Conditions Author Author Temirkaynak, Meliha Küçük, Sadettin Çoskun, Recep Abstract A summary of the resource. Artichoke is one of the important vegetable crops in Mediterranean countries including Turkey. In our country, while artichoke production was undertaken in Đzmir, Bursa and Yalova until 10 years ago, its area of production has broadened to include southern cities such as Antalya and Muğla. As early artichoke production, especially in Antalya region, is profitable for farmers, demand for growing this crop has increased. The present study investigated the effect of gibberellic acid application times (0, 1, 2, 3 and 4) on earliness and production of A-106 artichoke cultivar. The plants were grown in West Mediterrrenean Agricultural Research Institute in 2007-2008. The results show that GA3 applications are very effective to promote earliness in A-106 cultivar. it Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2009-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed Q Science (General)