87 10 3494 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/31d0cee861ad332002485e26ed2bff9b.pdf ce074fd1b0af5ad15d6e96245e59603c Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource IT Senior Design Projects Description An account of the resource The IT Senior Design Projects (SDPs) category showcases innovative and practical final-year capstone projects developed by undergraduate and graduate students in the field of Information Technology. These projects represent the culmination of students' academic and technical expertise, demonstrating their ability to solve real-world problems through software and hardware solutions. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource E387 - Digital Platform for Real-Time Control of EV Charging Stations and Chargers Author Author Faruk Ćidić Abstract A summary of the resource. The growing adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) highlights the urgent need for efficient, secure, and user-friendly digital platforms to manage EV charging infrastructure. This project, E387 - Digital Platform for Real-Time Control of EV Charging Stations and Chargers, addresses this need by developing a comprehensive software ecosystem to simplify charging processes for users and operators alike. The project focuses on four core components: a mobile application, a backend system, Point of Sale (POS) integration, and a charger tablet application. The mobile application enables EV users to locate charging stations, initiate and monitor charging sessions, and process payments with ease. For operators, the backend system ensures seamless management of real-time charging station statuses, secure payment processing, and detailed transaction logging. POS integration expands payment flexibility by supporting on-site transactions via embedded tablet applications and POS devices. Additionally, the tablet application, installed on chargers, offers an intuitive interface for users to initiate charging sessions and track charging progress. The design and development process prioritizes scalability, user experience, and security. The mobile and tablet applications are built with intuitive user interfaces to cater to a diverse audience. The backend employs robust frameworks and real-time data handling to ensure reliability and scalability, while the integration of POS devices leverages secure payment protocols. Upon completion, this platform is expected to deliver a seamless and flexible user experience for EV owners, streamline operations for administrators, and improve the overall adoption of EV charging infrastructure. This work represents a significant step forward in creating sustainable and user-centered solutions for the growing EV ecosystem. Keywords Keywords. electric vehicles, EV charging stations, real-time monitoring, mobile application, POS, e-mobility, OCPP. electric vehicles mobile application software engineering https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/993fa499e5e0613156b7182d3120b786.pdf 673a028204898e5d2c82c08ed413c07f PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo KHAN, M.S. and KNIGHT, M.D. (1983), “Determinants of Current Account Balances of Non-Oil Developing Countries in the 1970s An Empirical Analysis”. International Monetary Fund, Vol. 30, No. 4, pp. 819-842. KUMAR, V., LEONA, R.P. and GASKING, J.N. (1995), “Aggregate and Disaggregate Sector Forecasting Using Consumer Confidence Measures”, International Journal of Forecasting. MILESI-FERRETTI, G. M. and RAZIN, A. (1996), “Sustainability of Persistent Current Account Deficits”, NBER, WP, 5467. PEKER, O. (2009), “Türkiye’de Cari Açık Sürdürülebilir mi? Ekonometrik Bir Analiz”. Kocaeli Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi 17, 1, 164-174 PEKER, O. and HOTUNLUOĞLU, H (22009), “Türkiye´de Cari Açığın Nedenlerinin Ekonometrik Analizi”. Atatürk Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 23, 3, 221-237 PHILLIPS, P.C.B. and PERRON, P. (1988) "Testing for a Unit Root in Time Series Regression", Biometrika, 75,335–346. OKTAR, S. and DALYANCI, L. (2011), “Türkiye Ekonomisinde Para Politikasının Cari İşlemler Dengesi Üzerindeki Etkisinin Ekonometrik Analizi”. Marmara Üniversitesi İ.İ.B.F. Dergisi cilt.3, sayı.1 ss.1-22 ÖZMEN, E. (2005), “Macroeconomic and institutional determinants of current account deficits”, Applied Economics Letters, 12, 557-560. TELATAR, E. (2011), “Türkiye’de Cari Açık Belirleyicileri ve Cari Açık-Krediler İlişkisi”, Bankacılar Dergisi, Sayı 78. UYGUR, E. (2004), “Cari Açık Tartışmaları”, İktisat, İşletme ve Finans, 19(222): 5-20. YAMAK, R. and KORKMAZ, A. (2007), “Türk Cari İşlemler Açığı Sürdürülebilir mi? Ekonometrik Bir Yaklaşım”, Bankacılar Dergisi, 60. Earning Isparta Carpet Business To The Local Economy Again And Ensuring Its Sustainibility By Revising It Nesrin Şalvarci Türeli, Erhan Türeli Süleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey E-mails: nesrintureli@sdu.edu.tr, erhantureli@sdu.edu.tr Abstract Hand-woven carpet, one of the symbols of Isparta has lost its popularity in the sense of business, employment, socio-cultural and economic aspects. In 1960s the carpet industry which provided a great amount of income especially in local areas, and then in the overall city 122 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo was pushed out of the market by failing to compete due to prevailing of machine-woven carpets and their being much more cheaper. Isparta hand-woven carpet is known as winter-time carpets in respect of its technical properties. Among the patterns of the Isparta hand-woven carpet whose weaving woof and warp thread are made of cotton and loops are made of wool, plant motifs stand out. Moreover, weaving thickness (weaving quality) is low because wool knits are thick; that is, the number of loops in each decimeter is limited. Motifs include rougher details, so figures cannot be understood. It is necessary to renew the Isparta hand-made carpets that are needed to be revised in the sense of materials (using tinsel strings made of wool, golden and silver) and figures in order to have the business regained the Isparta hand-woven carpet industry. In this study, the revitalization of Isparta hand-woven carpet industry and its sustainability have been handled. SWOT analysis was done regarding this purpose. As a result of SWOT analysis, the strong and poor sides, and the opportunities and threatening factors of Isparta hand-woven carpet industry have been found out. Keywords: Hand-woven carpets, Sustainable development, SWOT analysis. 1.INTRODUCTION Isparta has been an important carpet production centre from the past till present. In Isparta, usually family facilities or people that weave carpets as a source of income usually conduct hand-woven carpet manufacture. Today, it is rather hard to gain healthy data about the employment rate and production amount of hand-woven carpet sector in Isparta. To what extent the current data reflects the truth is also unknown. Isparta hand-woven carpet business is facing serious problems and a risk of disappearing in recent years. Production has decreased and nearly come to a halt. The fact that the enterprises have maintained a production concept, which is closed to the demand in the world, has been influential in coming to this point. Especially not keeping pace with the fashion trends concerning carpet designs and quality, not indulging in innovation or advertisement activities or not sparing enough afford for them, lack of coordination and cooperation among the business enterprises that make up the sector have lead the sector to its current troublesome situation. In our point of view, Isparta hand-woven carpet sector, which has a deeply rooted infrastructure, can be handled and organized again in the frame of sustainable development plans. As a result, several carpet looms, which are not in use currently, can start operating again for production, knowledge accumulation on carpet art which is about to be forgotten would be brought into use and transformed to future generations (Barışta,1994: 53). The purpose of this study is determining the recent problems of the sector, providing recommendations about the work that should be done in order to increase the competitive capacity in the national and international levels and revisions. While conducting the study, secondary sources relating to Isparta hand-woven carpet tradition were examined, face-to-face interviews with the representatives of the sector were organized and the problems were detected. As an outcome of the interviews, there was a consensus on the fact that the sector is declining and production is about to stop. Solutions were recommended together. 123 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 2.HISTORICAL DEVELOPEMENT OF ISPARTA HAND-WOVEN CARPETS “Carpet and rug are handicrafts that are integrated with Turkish history and culture and they enable people to reflect their emotions, souls, thoughts and inner worlds to the designs and colors (Bilgin, Demir, 2008:63). Carpet and rug have an important place in the lives on Turkish communities since the nomadic period. Hand-woven carpet sector has flourished during the Seljuk era, the period of principalities and Ottoman Empire and reached the top point in 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries. (Türeli et al., 2006). Turkmen clans residing in and around Isparta are known for their delicate carpet weaving. The carpets weaved during the period of Yamut (Hamitoğulları) principality belonging to Oghuz Tribes which migrated to Anatolia from the Seljuk Oghuz territories and settled to Isparta and around are named Yamut carpets. Thus, we may say that Yamutoğulları principality is the first group to have a broad knowledge of carpet weaving and develop this sector in and around Isparta with the name of Yamut carpets (Sakarya, 1992:540). Between the years 1872–1875, during the period in which Eyüplü Ali Rıza Efendi was the governor of Isparta, first Girls High School (Isaprta Kız Rüştiyesi) was established in 1872, and weaving trainings started in the additional building in front of the Girls High School after bringing master trainers from Manisa (Küçükerman, 1990:133). Those years were definitely important years for the emergence of Isparta carpets. We see that the British monopolized the carpet sector in 1880s on every level from the manufacture of the carpet yarn to the exportation of the carpets. Those incidents have prepared the base for the East Carpets Campaign on the following years (Türeli, et al., 2006). Thanks to the company which was founded between the years 1890-1891, during the period of Governor Zihni Pasha, carpet weaving expanded to villages (Böcüzade, 1983:252). During this period carpet weaving was thought to women in Isparta Girls High School and the number of women willing to learn this art increased (Küçükerman, 1990: 135). Dr. Badosaki and Etreli Zade Mehmet Efendi founded special looms, design and dye houses and carried this art forward (Böcüzade,1983: 252). During 1908, Isparta hand-woven carpets were considered among the most quality carpets. Isparta carpet was weaved by tying 22x28 knots per dm2 and 24x32 knots per dm2 and was in demand of European Market (Temurçin, 2004:82). The years 1912–1918 are quite important for Isparta carpet sector. Previously the carpet was weaved by Turkish women but traded by Greeks and during those years attempts to help Turkish people to make them trade their carpets started. “The fact that there were more than 10.000 carpet looms in Isparta city center shows that in nearly every household there was at least one carpet loom.” (Kayıpmaz, 2002). In 1926 first worst factory was established is Isparta to meet the carpet yarn demand of the district. In 1943 the factory joined the Sümerbank Foundation under the name of ‘Isparta Worst and Carpet Weaving Facility. In 1989 it was renamed as Sümerbank Holding A.Ş. Sümerhalı, Halıcılık El Sanatları ve Ticaret A.Ş. (Sümerbank Holding Inc. Sumercarpet, Carpet weaving Handicrafts and Trade Inc.) (Sakarya, 1992: 544). Sümerhalı has been the leader of hand-woven carpet production in the region for long years and determined the carpet production and trade. Until 1980s, the most important activity in the workshops or households was carpet weaving. In the following years, in spite of the establishment of the biggest and only carpet market (bazaar), the economical value and thereby the market value of the hand-weaved carpets  Melli, Sarıkeçili, Saçıkaralı, Karahacılı, Horzumlu, Tüngüşlü, Eskiyörük, Honamlı, Karakoyunlu, Fettahlı 124 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo decreased and machine-woven carpets slowly started taking their place. As a consequence of this, there was a substantial decrease both in hand-weaved carpet sector and in the number of people performing this art. 3.CHARACTERISTICS OF ISPARTA HAND-WOVEN CARPETS Isparta hand-woven carpet is a kind of carpet, which has a low weaving density, and wool weft, warp, cotton and knots. Its designs are in herbal forms. As the weaving density quality is low, they have indelicate details. Their colors are in pastel shades. Concerning the designs of Isparta hand-woven carpets, usually herbal motives such as rose, bouquet, sprig, flower and leaf are placed in corner-centre and scatter styles. These designs are named according to their composition styles such as Çelenkli (Chaplet), Saksılı (Vase), Kandahar, Balçiçek (Honey flower), Beşir, Şamdanlı (Candelabra), Kıvrımlı (Wiggly), Goncalı (Rosebud), Goblen, Elvan (Coloured), Davraz, Köşegöbek (centre-cornered), Üzümlü (Grape), Köşegöbek Zemin (Centre-cornered ground), Serpmeli (Scattered), Köşegöbek Serpmeli (Centre-corner scattered), Süpürgeli (Whisk), Saat Kapağı (Clock Lid), Karpuzlu (Water Melon), Kuşlu (Bird) Gülistan (Rose Garden), Güllü (Roze). Apart from these some special designs for the wall rugs are also available. Those design compositions include the scenes (Istanbul Bosporus, city walls, Venice etc), mosques (with five minarets, four minarets), writings (Hat examples), animal figures (partridge, peacock, lion) and coins. Those designs are colored in navy blue, copper, pink, yellow, green, beige, white, brown, musk, glass-green blue, black and their shades. Isparta carpets have been certified by TSE as 26x33 Isparta Super, 25x31 Isparta I, 24x30 Isparta II, 24x28 Isparta III, and 38x38 Isparta thin. For those carpets, Iranian knotting is used which is locally known as single knot or open knot. Carpets have been named differently according to their sizes: paspas (door mat) (40x40) (50x50), seccade (prayer rug) (80x120), divan (sofa cloth) (50x150), karyola (bed cloth) (120x220), yolluk (hall rug) (85x235), kelle (head) (200x300), taban (floor). 4.SWOT ANALYSIS OF ISPARTA HAND-WOVEN CARPETS “SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats) Analysis is a procedure which includes analyzing the facilities in terms of the external factors (opportunities, threats: OT) and internal factors (strengths, weaknesses: SW) of their current conditions.”(Yumuk, İnan, 2005:181). In this section of the study a SWOT analysis of Isparta hand-woven carpet sector was conducted. By SWOT analysis we tried to manifest the strong sides (external opportunities and advantages); weak sides (technology, finance and market based elements that prevent reaching the targets); opportunities (advantageous terms offered to the sector by external environment, environmental developments) and threats (environmental problems that emerge in reaching the targets) of Isparta hand-woven carpet sector. Strong Sides of Isparta Hand-woven Carpet Sector: Knowledge accumulation in hand-woven carpet production (the number of manufacturing companies is 31.) (Ölmez, 2006:22).  125 Easy raw material supply. �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo         Existence of factories which can start production (there are 4 worst factories) (Ölmez, 2006:23). Existence of qualified work force and its eligibility. (According to 1996 Chamber of Commerce data, the number of weavers is 35.000) (Ölmez,2006) High number of looms (According to 1996 Chamber of Commerce data, the number of looms is 20.000) (Ölmez, 2006:12). Existence of a carpet bazaar. Isparta hand-woven carpet has no hazardous effects on the human health as it is produced using natural material. Hand-woven carpet production causes no pollution. Incombustibility feature as wool does not catch fire easily. It absorbs the electricity on the human body due to the fact that wool prevents static electricity. Weak Sides of Isparta Hand-woven Carpet Sector:                 Carpet weaving is not seen as a profession (it is considered by many as an activity of women which provides additional income) Lack of adequate information about the External Market. Exportation is rather limited. Facilities do not possess ISO 9000 quality certificate. The carpets produced are not fashionable. There is no effort for manufacturing quality products. Facilities do not constantly indulge in quality improvement activities. The desired quality cannot be managed with the production in households, standardization cannot be maintained and the quality cannot be controlled Small-scaled facilities form the majority and their costs are quite high. Absence of workshop-type manufacture. Facilities operate with minimum labor force and employees complain about this issue. Lack of mass production Lack of team work and cooperation Lack of a sectoral unity. Lack of an authorized body to coordinate the corporations in carpet sector ‘Isparta Rose Carpet Culture and Tourism Festival’ organized in the Isparta city centre every year is rather in a street fair mood which is quite far from the expectations. Threats of Isparta Hand-woven carpet sector:          126 A strong competition. High prices of hand-woven carpets compared to machine-made ones. Machine-made carpets are cheap and there are various design alternatives. Decrease in the sales both to local and foreign tourists. No brandization. Manufacturers usually have to supply the raw-materials and semi-finished products from uncertified (not possessing ISO 9000 certificate) facilities. Change in the consumer preferences. Internal market narrows continuously, and machine-made carpets are in demand. The negative public opinion about Isparta hand-woven carpets in terms of their high fluff length and indelicate appearance. �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo   They do not fit the modern furniture designs. House workshops are forced to close down as apartment buildings increase. Opportunities of Isparta Hand-woven Carpet Sector:        There is expertise customs in Isparta. There are villages manufacturing carpets in the region. There is an airport. There is railway. There are Carpet, Rug and Old Fabrics Designs- Handicraft Programs in Süleyman Demirel University It is close to touristic regions. Products manufactured using natural materials are in higher demand nowadays. 5.CONCLUSION Isparta is an important centre of Turkish hand-woven carpet art. However, in recent years, Isparta hand-woven carpet sector has declined considerably. The pace of this decline could not be decreased although there is adequate substructure and knowledge accumulation in Isparta about hand-woven carpets. Isparta hand-woven carpet business has to increase the quality of the manufactured carpets and decrease the cost in order to be able to operate and compete in the local and international sectors. People who are in the hand-woven carpet sector in Isparta should see the cost factors they need to deal with in order to reach high quality. This assessment would show them their opportunities and make them more powerful in the sector they are operating. There is a need for revision in carpet designs and quality as well as determination of the substructure policies. In this regard, carpet manufacturers in the region should be brought together with an aggregation project and KOSGEB’s support should be taken at this point. The units15, which form this aggregation, should complement each other and operate in a harmony. What’s more, the units of the aggregation can be brought together under one single facility and this can be helpful in sharing the facility costs and controlling the production costs. A selected leader corporation should intervene in the problems that may occur or have already occurred on time. Consultancy services should be provided to the units, which form the aggregation, consciousness concerning designs, patenting and brandization should be developed, innovative designs should be adopted and applied. A supply chain and cooperative structure should be formed (Craftsman’s Association Report, 2008:166). It must be ensured that consumers purchase carpets consciously and gain high benefit from the carpets they have purchased. Touristic identities (carpet, rose) of Isparta and the surrounding region should be demonstrated and a local and provincial advertising and 15 Aggregation, is an organization model in which enterprises that operate in the same region, business line and value chain, having a cooperation with each other but also a competition among each other, and having a commercial relation and the Corporations that support them (universities, public institutions, research institutions, Professional unions, technology and innovation centers, banks, insurance companies, logistics firms etc) league together. 127 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo marketing understanding should be adopted. Carpet workshops and villages should be opened for tourism; this way, tourists can participate in the designing and weaving processes and this may encourage them to purchase the carpets as well as forming an emotional connection and ensuring remembrance. Isparta should be brought forward by its hand-woven carpets, tourism and advertisement, and the city should become a brand with its carpets. Just as the consolidation of Paris with love, Rio with entertainment, and New York with energy (Atesoglu et al. 2009:731), Isparta can consolidate with carpet. In order to manage this, Isparta hand-woven carpet should be advertised and accepted to the world. The carpets should also be enriched in inimitable characteristics. Isparta Museum should be brought to the agenda for re-organizing it as Isparta Carpet Museum. Carpet enterprises should possess ISO 9000 certificate. “As ISO 9000 certified enterprises, they should follow-up with the developments on quality and apply quality cost reportage and quality cost system, which is the figural reflected dimensions of the quality activities, in order to survive in the dense competition (Yumuk, İnan, 2005:184).” An ecological carpet bazaar can be established. An international carpet fair can be organized. Isparta can be made an attraction centre by advertising its cultural characteristics and the natural products manufactured in the city. A business centre in which old carpets are repaired can be established. This way, hand-woven carpet manufacturers may have a chance to increase their market shares over time upon managing an increase in the quality and modernizing. In order to ensure sustainable development on the local level, human health friendly production should be maintained and continued and knowledge about healthy natural products should be transmitted to future generations. Society should be made more aware concerning the production and consumption of natural products. REFERENCES Ateşoğlu, İ., Adıgüzel, O., Çetintürk, İ., Selman, A.(2009) “Uluslar Arası Destinasyon Markası Oluşturma Stratejileri Isparta Örneği”, Uluslararası Davraz Kongresi,24-27 eylül, 729-738. BARIŞTA, H. Örcün., (1994) “Isparta Halıcılığı Üzerine”, Kamu ve Özel Kuruluşlarla, Orta Öğretim ve Üniversitelerde El Sanatlarına Yaklaşım ve Sorunları Sempozyumu Bildirileri, Kültür Bakanlığı Halk Kültürlerini Araştırma ve Geliştirme Genel Müdürlüğü, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Rektörlüğü, Ankara,53-66. Bilgin, M.H., Demir, E.(2008) Türkiye El Halıcılığı Sektör Araştırması, İstanbul Ticaret Odası Yayınları, Sektörel Yayınları,Yayın No:2008-82. Böcüzade, S. S.(1983) Dünden Bugüne kadar Isparta Tarihi, Serenler Yayını, İstanbul. Esnaf ve Sanatkar Raporu (2008) Mevcut Durum Sorunlar Öneriler, Türkiye Esnaf Ve Sanatkarları Konfederasyonu, Ankara. http://www.tesk.org.tr/tr/yayin/esnafraporu.pdf (03.03.2012). Kayıpmaz, N.(2002) “Yeniden Tanzim ve Teşhiri yapılan Isparta Müzesi Halı-Kilim Seksiyonundaki Isparta Çevresi Geleneksel Düz ve Düğümlü Dokuma Yaygıları ile Şark Halı Dönemi Isparta Halıları Analizi”, 8. El sanatları Sempozyumu 13-15 Kasım, Bildiriler Kitabı, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi, İzmir, 258-262. Küçükerman, Ö.( 1990) İzmir Limanı ve Isparta Halı Fabrikası, Sümer Halı, Ankara. 128 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Ölmez, F.N. (2006) Isparta İlinde El Dokuması Halı Üretiminin Sektörel Analizi ve Geleneksel Isparta Halısında Bazı Modifikasyonların Uygulanması, (SDÜ BAP) Projesi, Isparta. Sakarya, O.(1992) “Isparta Halıcılığının Dünü, Bugünü ve Geleceği”, Isparta’nın Dünü Bugünü ve Yarını Sempozyumu, Isparta İli Kalkındırma Derneği, Ankara.539-551. Ulusal Kümelenme Politikasının Geliştirilmesi Projesi Basın Bilgi Notu, http://www.bodto.org.tr/images/other/kumelenme_kapanis_etkinligi_basin_%20bilgi_%20not u.pdf.(21.04.2012) Temurçin, K., (2004) “Isparta İlinde Sanayinin Gelişimi Ve Yapısı”, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 2 DOI: 10.1501/Cogbil_0000000044 ,s.79-95. http://dergiler.ankara.edu.tr/dergiler/33/825/10468.pdf (12.04.2012) Türeli, E., Özaltın, N.F., Yurteri, F.Y., Işık K., (2006), “Desenlerle Isparta Halıları”, 2. Türk Bilim ve Teknoloji Tarihi Kongresi, Isparta. Yumuk, G., İnan, H.İ. (2005) “Trakya Bölgesindeki İmalat Sanayi İşletmelerinin Kalite Maliyetlerinin SWOT Analizi İle Değerlendirilmesi”, Tekirdağ Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 2(2),177-188. Measurement Of The Competitiveness Of Turkey : Eu Countries, 1980-2010 Period Comparison Sevgi Sezer1, Mehmet Mercan2 1Uludağ University, Faculty of Economic and Administrative Science 2Hakkari University, Faculty of Economic and Administrative Science E –mails: sevgis700@hotmail.com,mmercan48@gmail.com; mehmetmercan@hakkari.edu.tr Abstract Today, in the new world order caused by economic glabalization, technologic and political changes in world economy result in changes in the competitiveness of the countries. Everyday, countries intensify their effort to gain, develop and protect their power to compete with other countries. Today, even the most developed countries are trying to strengthen their competitiveness in order to enlarge their share in the world economy. Turkey desires to increase its competitiveness in all sectors in order to rise the welfare level of its people and to speed up its economic growth. Turkey endeavors to increase its competitiveness against EU, who is one of the most important economic partners of Turkey, in all sectors. In this study, the period of 1970-2011 to measure the competitiveness of Turkey towards the EU countries and aims to achieve predictions for the future, and the watermark. Keywords : Competitiveness, Turkey, EU, International Trade, JEL Classification: F12, F14, F15 129 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1319 Title A name given to the resource Earning Isparta Carpet Business To The Local Economy Again And Ensuring Its Sustainibility By Revising It Author Author Nesrin , Şalvarci Türeli Abstract A summary of the resource. Hand-woven carpet, one of the symbols of Isparta has lost its popularity in the sense of business, employment, socio-cultural and economic aspects. In 1960s the carpet industry which provided a great amount of income especially in local areas, and then in the overall citywas pushed out of the market by failing to compete due to prevailing of machine-woven carpets and their being much more cheaper. Isparta hand-woven carpet is known as winter-time carpets in respect of its technical properties. Among the patterns of the Isparta hand-woven carpet whose weaving woof and warp thread are made of cotton and loops are made of wool, plant motifs stand out. Moreover, weaving thickness (weaving quality) is low because wool knits are thick; that is, the number of loops in each decimeter is limited. Motifs include rougher details, so figures cannot be understood. It is necessary to renew the Isparta hand-made carpets that are needed to be revised in the sense of materials (using tinsel strings made of wool, golden and silver) and figures in order to have the business regained the Isparta hand-woven carpet industry. In this study, the revitalization of Isparta hand-woven carpet industry and its sustainability have been handled. SWOT analysis was done regarding this purpose. As a result of SWOT analysis, the strong and poor sides, and the opportunities and threatening factors of Isparta hand-woven carpet industry have been found out. Keywords: Hand-woven carpets, Sustainable development, SWOT analysis. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General),HB Economic Theory,HG Finance,HJ Public Finance https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/b8e5b8fce26441670935754343636962.pdf defbce2a3e6e8f84e62d16622e3f208d PDF Text Text Ecological Importance of Birds Mehmet Ali Tabur Suleyman Demirel University, Science and Art Faculty, Biology Department, 32260 Isparta Turkey Yusuf Ayvaz Suleyman Demirel University, Science and Art Faculty, Biology Department, 32260 Isparta Turkey Abstract:There are about 10000 bird species in the world. From the poles to the equatorial forests, from the deserts to the centres of the oceans, from the highest mountains to the hearts of our cities, everywhere birds are amongst the most conspicuous forms of animal life. Of all the animals, birds have been the most well-known classis because human beings have used them for feeding, communication, pollinating plants, and decorate the home, etc. Also, birds are important to some animals for biological control, for example Rodentia. Birds are important to continue ecologic circle, specially in food chain. For the last three centuries, industrial developments and anthropological effects have degraded habitats and caused the natural balance to deteriorate. Approximately 200 bird species had been affected directly or indirectly from these negative changes. Key Words: Birds, Ecological importance, Aves, Ornithology. Introduction Ornithological research has always a central role in the development of certain aspects of our science. In other words, birds have attracted more than their fair share of our zoological attention. Reasons for this are: 1. most species are diurnal and conspicuous. 2. they can be trapped and marked with leg rings or other tags. 3. because in most species individuals raise their young in discrete nests, their individual reproductive rates can be measured accurately in a way not possible for most other organisms which lack parental care. 4. the huge popular interest that birds engender has given rise to an extensive network of skilled amateur observers (Newton 1995). Given the significance of birds for conservation planning and environmental assessments, there is a need for a better ecological understanding of the role of avian community structure in conservation decision-making. Thus, they are widely used in conservation and population trends in farmland are one of the 15 ‘Quality of Life’ indicators. In additon, small landbirds in particular have often been proposed as potential indicators for the presence of other unrelated taxa or as environmental change indicators to be integrated into broader monitoring schemes. Furthermore, they are frequently included in evaluation studies for overall biodiversity conservation (Gregory et al. 2004; Kati and Şekercioğlu 2006). Although bird species have an important mission to continue for ecological balance, 1,012 species are being threatened by threats that habitat loss, human persecution and introduced predators. For example, habitat loss was cited as a source of risk for over 70% of threatened species, whereas human persecution and/or introduced predators were cited in 35% of cases. Overall, twice as many species (54%) were classified as being threatened by either habitat loss alone or human persecution/introduced predators alone than being threatened by both sources together (27%) (Owens and Bennett 2000). 560 �The Role of Birds in Plant Distribution Birds have a good system for spreading seeds. They eat berries and then when they dispose of their waste, the berry seeds are disposed along with it. Bird feces provide good fertilization for the seeds with which they are dropped, giving seeds very good conditions with which to grow. In addition, a lot of bird species may have been significant browsers of forest vegetation. For example, McEwen (1978) stated a large proportion of forest tree and shrub species had fleshy fruits which were attractive to birds. And also, Godley (1979) stated that birds performed a relatively minor role as pollinators in New Zealand forests and that foliage of all kinds was eaten mainly in late winter, spring and early summer, when fruit was least available. Because of extensive dietary overlap between different herbivorous birds and the turnover of both bird and plant species through evolutionary time, it is unlikely that particular plant species have evolved adaptations to browsing by particular birds, although evolutionary responses to bird browsing in general are possible. With the extinction of moas and the recent decline of other birds such as kokako and kakapo, browsing by birds no longer has a great impact on forest plants (Clouth and Hay 1989). The habitat heterogeneity hypothesis is one of the cornerstones of ecology. It assumes that structurally complex habitats may provide more niches and diverse ways of exploiting the environmental resources and thus increase species diversity (Bazzaz 1975). In most habitats, plant communities determine the physical structure of the environment, and therefore, have a considerable influence on the distributions and interactions of animal species. For example, for bird species diversity in forests, MacArthur & MacArthur (1961) evidenced that the physical structure of a plant community, how the foliage was distributed vertically, might be more important than the actual composition of plant species. Depending on the taxonomic group, the structural parameter of the vegetation and the spatial scale, species diversity might also decrease with increase in habitat heterogeneity. Moreover, effects of habitat heterogeneity might vary considerably depending on what was perceived as a habitat by the species group studied. Structural attributes of the vegetation that constitute habitat heterogeneity for one group might be perceived as habitat fragmentation by another taxonomic group (Tews et all 2004). Bird Extinction in Habitats Ecosystem has biotic and abiotic compenents. There is constant interaction between. But, recently, this relationship has been changed negatively. For example, habitat loss is the major factor affecting directly or indirectly the global decline of biodiversity. Being complex to measure directly, biodiversity trends are often monitored as the extent and rate of species extinctions. Therefore, species’ responses to habitat loss are a central issue of contemporary conservation biology (Mikusiński and Angelstam 2004). Critical thresholds for habitat loss have been demonstrated in a wide range of studies using theoretical models. Two kinds of thresholds have been addressed: 1) the fragmentation threshold, which is the amount of habitat below which habitat fragmentation (spatial pattern) may affect population persistence and 2) the extinction threshold, which is the minimum amount of habitat which the population goes extinct (Mikusiński and Per Angelstam 2004). Owens and Bennett (2000) suggested that different lineages are vulnerable to different mechanisms of extinction, with lineages that are highly threatened by one source usually being relatively secure with respect to the other source. Such results point strongly to the possibility that different ecological factors will be associated with different sources of extinction risk. Whereas extinction risk via habitat loss was positively correlated with the degree of habitat specialization and small body size but not significantly associated with residual generation time, extinction risk incurred via human persecution and/or introduced predators was correlated with large body size and slow life history but was not significantly associated with variation in ecological specialization. These results confirm the prediction that different ecological factors are responsible for making a lineage vulnerable to different sources of extinction (Owens and Bennett 2000). 561 �The Role of Birds in Agriculture Agricultural land currently occupies approximately 38% of the planet’s land surface, or around half its habitable area (Clay 2004). The modification and management of landscapes to produce food or other agricultural commodities for human consumption represents one of the most severe and widespread threats to global biodiversity (BirdLife International 2004; Foley et al 2005). The distribution of agricultural land is a beter predictor of wildlife threat status than the distribution of people (Scharlemann, Balmford & Green 2005). Agriculture affects natural ecosystems in more diverse ways, including modifications of landscape, soils, and water supply through deforestation, erosion, channeling, flooding, draining, etc., as well as the elimination or propagation of selected species of plants and animals (Steadman 1996). Agriculture impacts on biodiversity in two main ways. The first is through the clearance of pristine habitats for new planting, with the accompanying pressures of fragmentation of remaining habitats, pollution and disturbance. The second driver of biodiversity decline is the intensification of existing agricultural systems, aimed at increasing crop yields per unit area. This has contributed more to increasing overall productivity of most commodities over the last 30 years than the planting of new land (Donald and Evans 2006). Birds patterns of behaviour, distribution, seasonal phenology and demography track closely onto the spatial and temporal scales of agricultural change. Foraging, nest-site selection or breeding performance reflect features within the patchwork of agricultural habitats. The pattern of events in the annual farming calendar interact with key events in their own lives such as breeding or migration. Their populations or communities vary in ways that reflect local, regional or international variations in land use or management. The effects of year-to-year drift in their demography means that their population trends match the march of agricultural change. Perhaps most importantly of all, the availability of well-organized and geographically extensive data on bird populations over time has drawn our attention to the major environmental changes that have occurred on agricultural land. When coupled with equally valuable long-term monitoring of land use, these data have special importance in illustrating how ecological trends and agricultural practices are so closely linked (Ormerod & Watkinson, 2000). The possible ecological effects of changing agricultural practice or land conversion are many. Some arise as a direct consequence of structural or composition changes to vegetation and the associated faunal communities. Others are mediated more subtly, for example through the changing phenology of crops. In addition, a wide array of indirect influences arise, for example through changing predator-prey dynamics or the chemical influences of agro-chemicals on species composition. There are also knock-on effects on other ecosystems, for example downstream or in adjacent bordering areas. Moreover, the major restructuring of land surfaces that accompanies agriculture is one of the principal ways through which the remaining semi-natural habitats are fragmented, with consequences for species' populations and dispersal (Ormerod and Watkinson 2000). Negative effects of habitat heterogeneity may occur as a consequence of fragmentation, causing the disruption of key biological processes such as dispersal and resource acquisition. However, there is general consensus that not all species in an ecosystem are equally affected by spatial structures, depending on whether they cause heterogeneity or fragmentation (Tews et all 2004). Birds have been widely used as indicators of agricultural environments, and increases in agricultural intensity have been linked with severe declines in farmland bird populations in Europe, North America, Africa and Asia (Donald & Evans 2006). Kati and Sekercioglu (2006) determined that there are 10 specialist species that are highly characteristic and strongly dependent on the habitat types they are found in, as they are found in almost all sites of that habitat type and rarely in others. When distinct ecosystems, such as forests or wetlands, are destroyed, the ecological roles of birds often disappear with them. In many cases, however, bird declines occur independent of habitat loss; exploitation, introduced species, pathogens, fragmentation, and other factors eliminate birds and their services from ecosystems. In fact, half of threatened species are threatened by a factor besides habitat loss. This result is particularly the case for scavengers (100%), piscivores (80%), herbivores (78%), omnivores (76%), granivores (56%), frugivores (53%), and birds that weigh 100 g (73%), all of which, except granivores, are groups significantly more threatened than average. Given the momentum of climate change, widespread habitat loss, and increasing numbers of invasive species, avian declines and extinctions are predicted to continue unabated in the nearfuture. By 2100, we expect 6–14% of all historic bird species to be extinct, 7–25% to be functionally extinct, and 13–52% to be functionally deficient (Şekercioğlu et all 2004). 562 �The Importance of Birds for Biological Conservation The resulting effect of habitat heterogeneity/diversity on species diversity is subject to the measurement of species diversity. In general, species diversity is a measure of the number of component species and their abundance at a defined point in space and time. On the smallest spatial scale the diversity of animal species measured is the result of individual behaviour, i.e. habitat selection, and of course sampling chance. On larger spatial scales species diversity depends on, e.g. the size of the regional species pool and evolutionary history. Considering these aspects, the measurement of species diversity is always a snapshot and results may vary even for similar habitats. Furthermore, correlations between species diversity and habitat heterogeneity in different locations are subject to equilibrium and nonequilibrium dynamics. For example, if species diversity patterns show year-to-year variations this will have great implications for across-study comparison (Tews et all 2004). The ‘structural extent’ can be used when the gradient is characterized by a single variable, whereas ‘structural gradients’ apply to multivariate gradients. For instance, the structural complexity of the vegetation depends on a variety of parameters like height, coverage and vegetation types. While correlating carabid beetle diversity in a field study to gradients of any one of these variables did not yield significant results, the correlation with the multivariate structural gradient was highly significant (Tews et all 2004). The ecosystem approach is also the only way to conserve organisms and processes in poorly known or unknown habitats and ecological subsystems. There are many examples from ecological science of the richness of previously unappreciated habitats, such as forest canopies, belowground subsystems, and the hyporheic zones (Franklin 1993). Habitat reserves are an essential element in any comprehensive program to conserve biological diversity for the foreseeable future. The objective in designing a reserve system is to try to ensure that the reserves are sufficient in number and size and appropriately distributed over the landscape in terms of geography and ecosystem type. Much of the emphasis on reserves for maintenance of biological diversity is appropriate. Native habitats are disappearing at a rapid rate. Saving some pieces has a high priority if we are to retain the species and the processes dependent upon them. In the Pacific Northwest it is highly probable that there are species and processes that depend upon old-growth forest as habitat. Over the short term, existing old-growth forests are our only source of reserves. Hence, decisions about the amount and distribution of late successional forest habitats have high priority (Franklin 1993). Conclusion Based on the criteria used by the IUCN, 21% of 9,916 historic bird species are extinction-prone, a category that includes species that are extinct (1.3%), threatened with extinction in the next 10–100 years (12%), and close to qualifying or likely to qualify for a threatened category in the near future (7.4%, near threatened). Extinctionprone birds are not randomly distributed across different functional groups (based on primary diet) or guilds (based on diet and order of food preference). Even though primary diet is not a good predictor of threat status, some functional groups have more extinction-prone species than average: frugivores, herbivores (consumers of nonreproductive plant parts), omnivores, piscivores, and scavengers. Insectivores have slightly fewer extinction-prone species than average. Increased specialization is highly correlated with increased likelihood of extinction, and 41% of bird species limited to one habitat type are extinction-prone (Şekercioğlu et all 2004). Higher concentrations of extinction-prone birds in certain groups may lead to community disassembly and to more pronounced ecological consequences than one would expect from global aggregated extinction probabilities. There are significant differences in the distribution of extinction-prone species among categories other than diet, such as habitat, region, altitudinal distribution, body mass, clutch size, and evolutionary uniqueness. Island birds are particularly at risk, although this is due to their small global ranges rather than an ‘‘island effect’’; in our stepwise regression model with forward selection (4,515 species), compared with ‘‘range size’’ alone, addition of ‘‘island status’’ was a negligible improvement (Şekercioğlu et all 2004). Bird extinctions and population reductions in the 21st century may disrupt ecosystem processes and services of potential importance to society. Declines in bird species that are important for a particular ecosystem process service may not necessarily mean a decline in that process service if the populations of other functionally equivalent species increase in response. In addition, avian dispersers and pollinators for some plant communities 563 �have low equivalence, resulting in a high risk of plant extinctions from lost mutualisms. Because highly specialized and evolutionarily unique species are more likely to go extinct, the probability of others taking their place is reduced (Şekercioğlu et all 2004). Among the bird functional groups that are expected to have more extinctions than average, nectarivores pollinate many plant species and frugivores are important seed dispersers, both of which have important consequences for plant populations and community dynamics. Declines in pollination and seed dispersal as a result of bird extinctions may lead to extinctions of dependent plant species. The former is particularly important in the Austral, New Zealand, and Oceanic regions, where the proportion of bird-pollinated plants is higher than other parts of the world, and, in the case of the latter two regions, most of the presettlement avifauna is already extinct (Şekercioğlu et all 2004). Little is known about the potential consequences of widespread disappearance of fish eating and scavenging bird species. There is an urgent need to investigate whether ongoing declines in seabird populations may have unanticipated top-down or bottom-up consequences as a result of trophic cascades or significant reductions in nutrient deposition. Because most scavenging birds are highly specialized to rapidly dispose of the bodies of large animals, these birds are important in the recycling of nutrients, leading other scavengers to dead animals, and limiting the spread of diseases to human communities as a result of slowly decomposing carcasses. In South Asia, the combination of extremely rapid crash of vulture populations, highly virulent diseases, and high human population density may cause increases in incidences of anthrax, bubonic plague, and rabies, but this potentially crucial interaction has not been studied. In 1997, 30,000 of the world’s 35,000–50,000 rabies deaths took place in India where feral dog and rat populations have exploded after the decline of vultures. Although less threatened than average, insectivorous birds include more extinction-prone species than any other group (Şekercioğlu et all 2004). Because of their high ecological specialization, many tropical forest insectivores are highly sensitive to habitat fragmentation , and 26% of these species are extinction-prone. Exclusions of insectivorous birds from apple trees, coffee shrubs, oak trees, and other plants have resulted in significant increases in insect pests and consequent plant damage. Natural pest-control services are increasing in importance as invertebrate pests develop resistance to chemicals, and pesticide use is curbed by environmental regulations and consumer trends (Şekercioğlu et all 2004). Overall, 21% of bird species are currently extinction-prone and 6.5% are functionally extinct, contributing negligibly to ecosystem processes. A quarter or more of frugivorous and omnivorous species and one-third or more of herbivorous, piscivorous, and scavenger species are extinctionprone. Furthermore, by 2100, 6–14% of all bird species will be extinct, and 7–25% (28–56% on oceanic islands) will be functionally extinct. Important ecosystem processes, particularly decomposition, pollination, and seed dispersal, will likely decline as a result (Şekercioğlu et all 2004). Although much research has been carried out in the field of habitat heterogeneity and species diversity patterns, empirical support is almost restricted to studies of vertebrate communities and habitats under anthropogenic influence. In addition, the measurement of habitat heterogeneity is very inconsistent making across-study comparisons difficult. For example, across-study comparison may include the relative effect of habitat heterogeneity between species groups. Furthermore, there is a significant lack of studies that consider multiple spatial scales and species groups within one ecosystem. This approach, however, is particularly important, as it enables detection of keystone structures that are crucial for maintaining species diversity. Examples from temporary wetlands in agricultural fields and solitary trees in South African savannas have demonstrated that keystone structures may simplify biodiversity conservation by protecting a wide array of species and functional mechanisms at the same time(Tews et all 2004). References Bazzaz, F.A. (1975). Plant species diversity in old-field successional ecosystems in southern Illinois. Ecology, 56, 485–488. BirdLife International, 2004. State of the World’s Birds 2004: Indicators for Our Changing World (BirdLife International, Cambridge, U.K.) Clay, J. (2004). World Agriculture and the Environment: A Commodity-by-Commodity Guide to Impacts and Practices. Island Press, Washington, DC. 564 �Clouth, M.N. & Hay, J.R. (1989). The Importance of Birds as Browsers, Pollinators and Seed Dispers in New Zealand Forest. New Zealand Journal of Ecology, Vol 12 (Supplement), 27-33. Donald, P.F. & Evans, A.D. (2006). Habitat connectivity and matrix restoration: the wider implications of agri-environment schemes. Journal of Applied Ecology 43, 209–218. Foley, J.A., DeFries, R., Asner, G.P. et al. (2005). Global consequences of land use. Science, 309, 570–574. Franklin, J.F. (1993). Preserving Biodiversity: Species, Ecosystems, or Landscapes? Ecological Applications, 3 (2), 202-205. Godley, E.J. (1979). Flower biology in New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Botany 17: 441-446. Gregory, R.D., Noble, D.G., Custance, J. (2004). The state of play of farmland birds: population trends and conservation status of lowland farmland birds in the United Kingdom. Ibis, 146 (Suppl. 2), 1–13 Kati, V.I. & Şekercioğlu, Ç.H. (2006). Diversity, ecological structure, and conservation of the landbird community of Dadia reserve, Greece. Diversity and Distributions, 12, 620-629. McEwan, W.M. (1978). The food of the New Zealand pigeon (Hemiphaga novaseelandiae novaeseelandiae). New Zealand Journal of Ecology 1: 99-108. MacArthur, R.H. & MacArthur, J.W. (1961). On bird species diversity. Ecology, 42, 594–598. in Tews J. , Brose, U. et all (2004). Animal species diversity driven by habitat heterogeneity/diversity: the importance of keystone structures. Journal of Biogeography 31, 79–92. Mikusiński, G. & Angelstam, P., (2004). Occurrence of mammals and birds with different ecological characteristics in relation to forest cover in Europe – do macroecological data make sense? – Ecol. Bull. 51: 265–275. Newton, I. (1995). The contribution of some recent research on birds to ecological understanding. Journal of Animal Ecology 1995, 64, 675-696. Ormerod, S.J. & Watkinson, A.R. (2000). Special Profile: Birds and Agriculture. Journal of Applied Ecology, 37, 699-705. Owens, I. P. F. & Bennett, P. M. (2000). Ecological basis of extinction risk in birds: Habitat loss versus human persecution and introduced predators. www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.200223397. Scharlemann, J.P.W., Green, R.E. & Balmford, A. (2004). Land-use trends in endemic bird areas: global expansion of agriculture in areas of high conservation value. Global Change Biology, 10, 2046–2051. Steadman, D.W. (1996). Human-Caused Extinction of Birds. Biodiversity II: Understanding and Protecting Our Biological Resources, http://www.nap.edu/openbook/0309052270/html/139.html. Şekercioğlu, Ç.H, Daily, G.C., Ehrlich, Pnas.org/cgl/dol/10.1073/pnas.0408049101. P.R. (2004). Ecosystem consequences of bird declines. www. Tews J. , Brose, U., Grimm, V., Tielbörger, K., et al (2004). Animal species diversity driven by habitat heterogeneity/diversity: the importance of keystone structures. Journal of Biogeography 31, 79–92. 565 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 601 Title A name given to the resource Ecological Importance of Birds Author Author Tabur, Mehmet Ali Ayvaz, Yusuf Abstract A summary of the resource. There are about 10000 bird species in the world. From the poles to the equatorial forests, from the deserts to the centres of the oceans, from the highest mountains to the hearts of our cities, everywhere birds are amongst the most conspicuous forms of animal life. Of all the animals, birds have been the most well-known classis because human beings have used them for feeding, communication, pollinating plants, and decorate the home, etc. Also, birds are important to some animals for biological control, for example Rodentia. Birds are important to continue ecologic circle, specially in food chain. For the last three centuries, industrial developments and anthropological effects have degraded habitats and caused the natural balance to deteriorate. Approximately 200 bird species had been affected directly or indirectly from these negative changes. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed Q Science (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/2e9f5749b22dff302860926068835584.pdf b35b69f9a55c28e905bf273aa653430e PDF Text Text Ecological Plant Production in Turkey by Schematically Nilda ERSOY Selçuk University, Agricultural Faculty, Horticultural Department, 42031, Konya/Türkiye, nersoy@selcuk.edu.tr Cumhur ERSOY Akdeniz University, Vocational High School, 07070, Antalya/Türkiye, cersoy@akdeniz.edu.tr Abstract: In recent years, organic farming not only in developed countries, has been spreading rapidly in developing countries. This case is largely result of the increasing importance among consumers for healthy food consumption and environment protection. Suitable for organic production and ecological conditions that has a production potential of our country, the world market share of organic products and food is low. The main purposes of this study are the current ecological farming products, the advantages and disadvantages of organic farming products in the world and especially in Turkey is considered to be schematically. Key Words: Ecological agriculture and Turkey What is the Meaning of Ecological Agriculture? Ecological (organic, biological) agriculture based on the use of high input industrial agriculture human health, the economy and the environment occurs in terms of the negative results have emerged as alternatives in the face of an agricultural system. (Altındişli and İlter 1999). Ten Reasons for Ecological Agriculture 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. To protect future generations To prevent soil erosion To protect water quality To protect the energy To away from the chemicals from our food To protect the health of agricultural workers To help small farmers To ensure a stable economy To ensure biological continuity To consume more delicious products (Aksoy 2005). Proposes and Properties of Ecological Agriculture Ecological agriculture is an agricultural system targeted a high quality. The main purpose of soil-plantanimal and human life in the production chain optimization in a healthy manner can provide (Figure 1). This is a production system which has contractual, planned, each stage has been recorded, controlled, certificated, primarily based on mutual trust (İlter and Altındişli 1996). 9 �Figure 1. Proposes of Ecological Agriculture How Ecological Agriculture has been Started? The world trade in organic products has started in the 1970s. Later, European companies have demanded ecological products from companies of Turkey. Thus, the ecological agriculture in our country began in 19841985. In these years, Turkey has produced the traditional export products organic dried figs and raisins in the Aegean region. Then such as products of dried apricots, hazelnut spread different regions (Aksoy 2005). Legal Regulations in Turkey ü 1992, Establishment of the Association of Ecological Agriculture Organization ü December 24th 1994, First Regulations ü June 29th 1995, Regulation changes ü July 11th 2002, Regulations on the re-edit ü July 22 2003 Establishment the Office of Alternative Agricultural Production Techniques ü December 3rd 2004, Publication of the Organic Agriculture Law ü June 10 2005, the publication of new regulations (Anonymous 2009a, Kayahan and Tan 1999). Advantages of Ecological Agriculture System � Synthetic chemicals in our country by a large number of farmers used very little, or never used. Therefore, the transition to organic agriculture is expected to be easy. 10 �� The manufacturer's revenue is increasing. � Rapidly increasing price of chemical fertilizers, pesticides and energy savings are entries. � The manufacturer's product is guaranteed to be taken by contract farming. � Export price of the ecological products at a rate 10-20% higher than the other products. � Special information for the ecological farming model of Agricultural Engineers create new employment fields (Anonymous 2009b). Disadvantages of Ecological Agricultural System � Supply of agricultural products year after year in our country, significant fluctuations are seen. The young and rapidly increasing population, consumption levels and the steady increase in diversity and the environment in almost all the countries of the demand of agricultural products because of the features of organic farming (in efficiency can occur due to a decrease) in short-term growth appears to be difficult. � Plant production in the emerging ecological farming methods a problem of land is too small, fragmented, and is close to each other. This situation negatively affects the organic production. � Ecological farming systems, especially in the marketing of farm products for the domestic market is an issue of new and uncertain.Enough agricultural extension studies has not been done because of the new topic. Also in this area include lack of qualified personnel (Anonymous 2009b). Ecological Agriculture in the World Approximately 31 million hectares area is managed as ecological according to the world-wide research. 39% of ecological agricultural land is in Oceania, 23% is in the Europe and 19% in the Latin America in the world. Countries have more ecological agriculture land are Australia (11.8 million ha), Argentina (3.1 million ha), China (2.3 million ha) and USA (1.6 million ha) respectively. Ecological agriculture is quickly developed world-wide. At the moment this agricultural system is being implemented in over 120 countries (Anonymous 2009c). Ecological Agriculture in Turkey In our country, ecological agriculture, has been in demand from European buyers. The first, ecologic raisin and dried Figures are grown in the Aegean region in 1984-85. When in 1990 only 8 different products produce as organic and the number of products and the amount of production has increased year by year (Anonymous 2009b). Offer a product to market as organic were monitored in our country are shown in schematic way (Figure 2). 11 �Figure 2. Chart of Organic farming organization in Turkey Most of organic products produced in our country are exported. Turkey exported the more organic products to Germany, USA and UK respectively in 2006 (Anonymous 2009c). The number of organic produce producers, production quantity, production areas and product range are increasing year after year in our country. While the number of producer is 1.947 in 1996, this value has reached 14.926 in 2008 (Figure 3) (Anonymous 2009a, Anonymous 2009d). As a result, the number of organic producers has increased 7 times in 10 years. Percentages of organic producers in Turkey are 39 % in Aegean Region, 18 % in Black sea Region, 13 % in East Anatolia Region, % 13 Middle Anatolia Region, % 13 in the Mediterranean, 3 % in Marmara Region and 1 % in South-East Anatolia according to the 2006 data (Figure 4) (Anonymous 2009a). While the Turkey’s ecological agriculture area is 6.789 ha in 1996, this area has reached at 166.883 ha in 2008. The amount of the field has been increased 24.5 times (Figure 5). Percentages of ecological agriculture area are 38 % in Aegean Region, 31 % in Black sea Region, 13 % in East Anatolia, 6 % in Middle Anatolia, 5 % in the Mediterranean, 5 % in Marmara and 2 % in the South-East Anatolia according to the 2006 data (Figure 6) (Anonymous 2009a). In recent years, the production area has been falling. The reason for this drop is the decline of the natural field collection area. While the total product types are 26 in 1996, the type number has reached 247 in 2008 (Figure 7) (Anonymous 2009a, Anonymous 2009d). 12 �Figure 3. Numbers of ecological producers in Turkey 3% 1% Aegean 13% Black Sea 39% 13% East Anatolia Middle Anatolia Mediterranean Marmara 13% South-East Anatolia 18% Figure 4. Numbers of farmers according to the regions of Turkey 13 �Figure 5. Area of ecological agriculture in Turkey 5% 5% 2% Aegean 6% 38% 13% Black Sea East Anatolia Middle Anatolia 31% Mediterranean Marmara South-East Anatolia Figure 6. Field Production in Turkey by Region (ha) Figure 7. The number of ecological products in Turkey. 14 �Acknowledgements Thanks to Selçuk University Coordination of Scientific Research Projects for Financial Support. References Anonymous (2009a). http://www.tarim.gov.tr/TarimPortal.html Anonymous (2009b). http://www.izmirtarim.gov.tr/organik/ekavdez.asp Anonymous (2009c). http://eto.org.tr/duneko.asp Anonymous (2009d). http://www.genbilim.com/content/view/4342/34/ Altındişli A. & İlter E., (1999). Eko-Tarımda İlke ve Kavramlar. Ekolojik Tarım, ETO Ekolojik Tarım Organizasyonu Derneği, s:24-29. Aksoy, U., (2005). Bahçe Bitkileri Tarımında Çevre Dostu Üretim Teknikleri (Editör: Prof. Dr. Ayşe Gül) Bölüm 1: Çevre Dostu Üretim Teknikleri, ISBN: 975-93098-3-1, 1-32. İlter, E. & Altındişli, A., (1996). Ekolojik (Organik, Biyolojik) Tarım (Editörler: Prof. Dr. Uygun Aksoy, Dr. Ahmet Altındişli), Ekolojik Tarım ve İlkeleri, 1-6. Kayahan, S. & Tan, İ., (1999). Ekolojik Tarım, ETO Ekolojik Tarım Organizasyonu Derneği, Ekolojik Tarımda Yasal Uygulamalar, 258-268. 15 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 642 Title A name given to the resource Ecological Plant Production in Turkey by Schematically Author Author ERSOY, Nilda ERSOY, Cumhur Abstract A summary of the resource. In recent years, organic farming not only in developed countries, has been spreading rapidly in developing countries. This case is largely result of the increasing importance among consumers for healthy food consumption and environment protection. Suitable for organic production and ecological conditions that has a production potential of our country, the world market share of organic products and food is low. The main purposes of this study are the current ecological farming products, the advantages and disadvantages of organic farming products in the world and especially in Turkey is considered to be schematically. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2009-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed Q Science (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/25edaf0150c73848f7c8fd0bda0468a0.pdf 573d769a7e84c6ac2f0c4bef5d9cdd63 PDF Text Text Journal of Economic and Social Studies Econometric Analysis of Import and Inflation Relationship in Turkey between 1995 and 2010 Volkan Ulke Faculty of Economics International Burch University, Sarajevo, BiH volkanulke@yahoo.com Uğur ERGÜN Faculty of Economics International Burch University, Sarajevo, BiH uergun@ibu.edu.ba Abstr ct In economics, the relation between import volume and inflation rate has been discussed several times for different countries. This study investigates the relationship between inflation and import volume by using monthly time series data for the Turkish economy over the period 1995-2010. The study applies a number of econometric techniques: Augmented Dickey-Fuller unit root test, univariate cointegration test, error correction model, and Granger causality test. The results of this dissertation show that there is long term and short term co-integration relation between inflation and import volume. Indeed, there is one-way Granger-causality from import to inflation. Key words: Import, Inflation, Cointegration, Granger Causality Jel odes: E52, F43 Volume 1 Number 2 July 2011 69 �Volkan U & Uğur ERGÜN Introduction There are a few different reasons that can account for the inflation in goods and services. Three major types of inflation, as part of what Robert J. Gordon (1988) call the “triangle model”; demand-pull inflation, cost-push inflation and built-in inflation. Demand-pull inflation refers to the idea that the economy actual demands more goods and services than available. This shortage of supply which enables sellers to raise prices until equilibrium is put in place between supply and demand. The cost-push theory, also known as “supply shock inflation,” suggests that shortages or shocks to the available supply of a certain good or product will cause a ripple effect through the economy by raising prices through the supply chain from the producer to the consumer. According to demand-pull and cost-push theory we accept a relation between import volume and inflation. Some of the studies which focus on the relationship between inflation and import are as follows; Bayraktutan and Arslan (2003) studied on the relationship among wholesale price index, foreign exchange rate, and import volume an annual data of the 1980-2000 periods. Their study shows that there is a direct and interaction among wholesale price index, foreign exchange rate, and import volume. Research by Cheng and Laura (1997) shows determinants of inflation in Turkey over the period 1970 to 1995. Bahmani-Oskooee and Domaç (2003), central banks can eliminate inflation by interfering with monetary aggregates, particularly, the monetary base. However, it is noted that the supported correlation between money and prices is not an indicator of the direction of causality. In Bahmani-Oskooee and Domaç (2003) the external shocks followed by exchange rate depreciations, changes in public sector prices, and inflationary inertia are all found to be factors influencing inflation in Turkey. According to Domaç (2004), increases in inflation expectations can be followed by exchange rate depreciation since the monetary authority buys foreign currency to keep purchasing power stable. Domaç (2004) found that monetary variables such as money or real exchange rate direct the inflationary process of Turkey. Their findings for Turkey by stating: “The empirical findings show that inflationary pressures in Turkey have their origin in the following factors: (i) the presence of external shocks which engender sharp exchange rate depreciations; (ii) changes in public sector prices; and (iii) inflationary inertia”. Saatçioğlu and Korap (2005) investigated the potential causes of chronic-high inflationary environment in Turkish economy for the period 1988-2004 using monthly observations. Research by Albert, Maurice and Barrie (2005) supports the relationship between 70 Journal of Economic and Social Studies �Econometric Analysis of Import and Inflation Relationship in Turkey between 1995 and 2010 domestic market pressure and inflation depends on openness to international trade. The possibility that international trade is responsible for the apparent breakdown of the relationship between excess demand and inflation is suggested in the analyses of Phillips curve relationships studied by Gordon (1998) and Rich and Rissmiller (2000). Gylfason (1998) studied on export and population, per capita income, agriculture, primary exports, and inflation by statistical methods in cross-sectional data from the World Bank covering 160 countries. He showed two important hypotheses for these countries macroeconomic factors.First, concerning exports, inflation is inversely correlated with real exchange rates as long as nominal exchange rates do not adjust instantaneously to prices, even if high inflation may impede exports and growth through other channels as well. Second, economic growth has been linked to a host of variables in recent work, two of which are quite robust: initial income, reflecting catch-up and convergence, and investment.The ratio of exports to Gross domestic product (GDP) inversely related to population. This paper analyzes inflation and import relationship in Turkey between 1995 and 2010 using bivariate cointegration model assumptions. Consumer price index (CPI) is used as indicator of inflation. In this study, we investigate the relationship between inflation and import volume by using monthly time series data for the Turkish economy over the period 1995-2010. In the study, existence of a co-integration relationship and causality between import and inflation is tested. Methodology and Data Before starting the analysis,time series are transformed to eliminate spurious problem. In the first step of the co-integration analysis, Augmented Dickey Fuller test is used as stationary test. If the series are nonstationary in levels but stationary in first difference, co-integration test can be applied. In the second step, error correction model (ECM) is performed to investigate dynamic relationship between inflation and import. In the last step, granger causality test is applied to clarify the existence and direction of the causality between variables. The data used in this study belong to the period of 1995-2010. Import volume and CPI data was organized by using the Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey (CBRT) databases.CPI is used as indicator of inflation. Monthly CPI and import data table can be seen appendix A.1. Volume 1 Number 2 July 2011 71 �Volkan U & Uğur ERGÜN Table 1 Descriptive Statistics Table M Mean 894.88 368.48 Median 425 244.03 St. Deviation 237.30 231.85 kewness 0.418 0.819 urtosis 2.373 2.442 Jarque- era 8.733 23.988 Stationarity Tests The main element of econometric studies with time series is to test whether series are stationary or not. Stationary process is a type of stochastic process that has got a great deal of attention and close examination by time series analysts. Generally, a stochastic process is said to be stationary if its mean and variance are constant over time and the value of covariance between the two time periods depends only on the distance or gap or lag between the two time periods and not the actual time at which the covariance is computed (Gujarati, 2003:797). Despite of the fact that our interest is stationary time series, we often face with nonstationry time series. In econometric practice, using of nonstationary time series can cause serious problems. A number of empirical works have been shown that, in general the statistical properties of regression analysis using nonstationary time series are doubtful. Models, generated by time series including stochastic or deterministic trend, can give spurious regression results (Utkulu, 1993). Co-integration Test As mentioned before, using nonstationary time series in econometric analyses may cause serious problems. The time series, which include stochastic or deterministic trend, can give spurious regression results. Hence test statistics can be invalid. Most of the macroeconomic time series include trend. Some researchers suggest to difference time series until transforming them to stationary series. It was proved that this method can cause losing some of long-run information which is of interest to economists (Utkulu, 1997:39). This problem of econometric studies can be solved by the co-integration concept presented by Engle and Granger (1987). With the help of co-integration analysis, nonstationary variables can be included to the regression without causing spurious results. Also this analysis provides efficiency in testing, estimating and modeling of long-run relationships among time series variables. 72 Journal of Economic and Social Studies �Econometric Analysis of Import and Inflation Relationship in Turkey between 1995 and 2010 Engle-Granger Two-Step Co-integration Method A method of estimating a long-run equation was presented by Engle and Granger (1987) and this method has been widely applied by researchers. One of the main advantages of this method is that the long-run equilibrium relationship can be modeled by directly involving the levels of the variables. In the first step all dynamics are ignored and the long-run equation is estimated: Yt= βXt+ ut (1) In order for Yt and Xt to be cointegrated, the estimated residuals from equation (1) must be stationary. In this case the co-integration regression is said to be sufficient. As the variables are nonstationary, we can face the spurious regression problem. Therefore, R2 and DW must be carefully inspected. If all indicators are satisfactory, we can proceed to the next step. The second step includes estimating of a short-run model. In the short-run there may be disequilibrium. Hence, we can treat the error term as the “equilibrium error” (Gujarati, 2003:824). And we can use this error term to tie the short-run behavior of GDP to its long-run value. The error correction mechanism (ECM) first used by Sargan (1984) and later popularized by Engle and Granger corrects for disequilibrium. An important theorem, known as Granger Representation Theorem, states that if two variables Y and X are co-integrated, then the relationship between the two can be expressed as Error Correction Mechanism (ECM) (Engle and Granger, 1987:255). Simply, we can write ECM for equation (1) as follows: ∆Yt= α0 + α1∆Xt + α2ut-1+ εt (2) where ∆ denotes the first difference, εt is an error term, ut-1 is the lagged value of the error term from co-integration regression (1). According to the Granger Representation Theorem α2 is expected to be negative and statistically significant. The absolute value of α2 shows how quickly the equilibrium is restored. Also α2 should take a value between -1 and 0, otherwise the process is explosive (Ghatak, Milner and Utkulu, 1997). Volume 1 Number 2 July 2011 73 �Volkan U & Uğur ERGÜN Error Correction Model (Hendry’s General-to-Specific Approach) Above the simple form of ECM is showed, but for obtaining the best error correction model for our analysis, in this study Hendry’s (1995) general-to-specific approach will be used. General-to-specific modeling is formulation of a fairly unrestricted dynamic model, in this manner called general, which is afterwards transformed, tested and reduced in size by performing a number of tests for restrictions. The general model is usually depicted as autoregressive distributed lag form (ADL). The ADL form means that a dependent variable, Yt, is described as a function of its own lagged values, and the current and lagged values of independent variables. In the literature Lr (lag operator) is used for notation of ADL model. Lr is defined for variable Xt as: LrXt= Xt-r (3) Let’s consider a simple first order autoregressive model: Yt = αYt-1 + εt (4) We can rewrite this using lag operator as: (1 - αL)Yt= εt (5) Also consider a finite distributed lag model: Yt = β0Xt + β1Xt-1 + β2Xt-2 +...+ βnXt-n + εt (6) Using lag operator, equation (6) becomes: Yt = b(L)Xt + εt (7) If we add lagged values of dependent variable (Yt) to distributed lag model (6), the result will be ADL model, and is denoted as: Yt = α0Yt-1 + α2Yt-2 +…+ αkYt-k + β0Xt + β1Xt-1 + β2Xt-2 +...+ βnXt-n + εt (8) In more succinct notation, using polynomial lag operator, it can be denoted as: a(L)Yt = b(L)Xt + εt 74 (9) Journal of Economic and Social Studies �Econometric Analysis of Import and Inflation Relationship in Turkey between 1995 and 2010 In our investigation, for estimating short-run dynamics we will apply simple form of(8): (10) Generally, Hendry’s general-to-specific model consists of four steps : 1. General model is established. This model must include variables of the theoretical model and bound the dynamic of process in possible minimum. 2. After reparameterisation of the model, more orthogonal and more explainable parameters, from the long-run equilibrium’s point of view, are obtained. 3. By simplifying the model, a short-run model with consistent data set is obtained. 4. Coefficients, error terms and power of the estimation are tested. In economic theories, generally, no information about the adaptation process from short-run to the long-run are presented. Consequently, short-run dynamics of the models are determined according to variables of the time series. Granger Causality In econometrics, the notion of causality changes its philosophical matter and is more explicit. In empirical econometrics, researchers want to know whether an increase in one economic series results increases in another economic series or decreases; to identify the direction of relationship among series. The most widely econometrical definition of causality has been introduced by Granger (1969). In literature it is called as Granger definition of causality and can be formulated simply as follows: If present value of Y can be predicted by using past values of X, then X is a Granger cause of Y; and causality from X to Y is denoted as X → Y. The basic aims of investigation of causality relationship between X and Y can be arranged as (Işiğiçok, 1994:90): - Prediction of future periods by using current values of X and Y; - Whether Y can be predicted by its past values or by past values of X; - Identifying exogenity and endogenity of variables; Volume 1 Number 2 July 2011 75 �Volkan U - & Uğur ERGÜN Finding direction of causality; To find out after how many periods the change in one variable affects another variable; To determine the structural changes in parameters. The Granger causality test was originally suggested by Granger (1969) and modification was suggested by Sargent (1976). The Granger test assumes that information related to the prediction of the variables, Y and X, is included only in the time series data on these variables. The test involves estimation of following regressions: (11) (12) Regressions (11) presumes that current value of Y is related with the past values of X; and (12) postulates that current value of X is related with the past values of Y. The first step of the Granger causality test is establishing of hypotheses: H0: ∑αi = 0: X does not Granger cause Y H1: ∑αi ≠ 0: X Granger causes Y For testing null hypothesis, we apply F test: (13) where RSSR is restricted residual sum of squares, obtained running regression with including all lagged Y, but without including X; RSSUR is unrestricted residual sum of squares, obtained by running regression including lagged X; m is number of restrictions; k is number of parameters in the unrestricted regression; n is number of observations. The final step is the comparison of the computed F value with the critical F value. If computed F value exceeds the critical F value at the significance level (%1, %5, 76 Journal of Economic and Social Studies �Econometric Analysis of Import and Inflation Relationship in Turkey between 1995 and 2010 %10) then we reject H0. Rejection of the null hypothesis indicates causality relationship between variables. Since the Granger causality tests are very sensitive to the lag length selection, Akaike information criterion (AIC) will be used in this study (Kasman and Emirhan, 2007). For choosing the lag length, we will start with one lag and increase them by AIC. The lag of the model with the least AIC value will be our model’s lag length. There are four possible cases that can appear when testing causality between Xand Y: i. X → Y: Unidirectional causality from X to Y. It occurs when the estimated coefficients of the lagged X in (11) are statistically different from zero (∑αi≠0); and coefficients of the lagged Y in (12) are not statistically differentfrom zero (∑δj= 0). ii. Y → X: Unidirectional causality from Y to X. The estimated coefficients of the lagged X in (12) are not statistically different from zero (∑αi= 0); and coefficients of the lagged Y in (12) are statistically different from zero (∑δj0). iii. X ↔ Y: Bilateral causality. The coefficients of X and Y are statistically different from zero. iv. Independence. The coefficients of X and Y are not statistically significant. Before the development of the error correction model, the standard Granger test had been using for testing causality between two variables. According to Granger, if there is co-integration between two variables, then the advantages of standard Granger causality test are not valid (Oskooee and Alse, 1993). Therefore, if there is co-integration between variables, then error correction term, obtained from longrun equation, is included to standard Granger test. Otherwise, standard Granger test is implied without including error correction term (Giles D., Giles J. and McCann, 1993:201). So, causality relationship is tested using error correction model. The Granger error correction model can be formulated as follows: (14) (15) Volume 1 Number 2 July 2011 77 �Volkan ULKE & Uğur ERGÜN In these equations ECt-1 and EC’t-1 are stationary error terms, obtained from equations (14) and (15) respectively; and are called error correction terms. ∆ indicates the first difference. In Granger error correction model, we test whether estimated coefficients of lagged values of all variables are significant or not by using F test (Oskooee, Mohtadi and Shabsigh, 1991). Let’s consider equation (15). For saying Y Granger causes X, not only all λ2i must be statistically significant, but also δ2 must be significant. For functioning of the mechanism also the coefficient of error correction term must be negative and the same time has to be between 0 and -1 (Ghatak, Milner and Utkulu, 1997:217). Empirical Results As a preliminary stage to co-integration analysis, the stationarity of each variable was tested using graphical analysis and unit root tests. First of all, the graphs of the variables (CPI, import volume) are presented in Figure below. Figure1.1 Variation of import versus inflation 78 Journal of Economic and Social Studies �Econometric Analysis of Import and Inflation Relationship in Turkey between 1995 and 2010 Figure above implies that the variables have been fluctuating and increasing togetherover the sample period. That is, showing an upward trend, intimating perhaps that the mean of all variables have been altering. This implies that the series of the variables are not stationary. On the other hand if the first differences of the variables are taken, it looks like purified from trend. Therefore the first differences of two variables seem stationary. However, these outcomes must be supported by the unit root test results which are presented in Table 1. Table 2 Unit Root Test Result Levels D rob. D rob. 894.88 368.48 425 244.03 With intercept Inflation mport First Difference 237.30 231.85 0.418 0.819 Note: t-values are reported in the table.* denote rejection of null hypothesis at 1%, 5% and 10% respectively. Critical values are based on MacKinnon (1991); 1%, 5%, 10% is -3.45775, -2.87349 and -2.57322. According to the unit root test, we cannot reject H0, and all variables are nonstationary in levels (I(0)). After taking the first differences for variables, we reject the null hypothesis at 1% significance level. Test results show that time series are stationary from the first order (I(1)). After showing that all variables are integrated of order one, we can proceed to the cointegration test. By using cointegration analysis, we will test whether there is a long-run relationship between inflationand import. Table 3 Cointegration Test Results Co-integration eq: ons. erm Yt= βXt+ut -0.006447 (-0.000799) Coefficient -0.367997 (-6.515491) R2 0.18342 DW 2.04625 D -6.515491* Note: The numbers in parenthesis are t-statistics. *denote rejection of null hypothesis at 1%, 5% and 10%. Critical values are based on MacKinnon (1991); 1%, 5%, 10% is -3.45775, -2.87349 and -2.57322. It can be seen from Table 3 that coefficient of regression has negative sign and is statistically significant. In other words, increases in independent variable decreases Volume 1 Number 2 July 2011 79 �Volkan U & Uğur ERGÜN dependent variable. Thus, our results are collateral with the demand-pull and costpush theory. An increase in import volume will decrease inflation. Stationarity of the error term, which is obtained from cointegration equations, shows a long-run relation between inflation and imports. Yt= -0.367997Xt– 0.006447 (16) According to equation (16), 1 unit increase in independent variable will decrease dependent variable by 0.367997. As seen in Table 2, the value of R2 is low. However, it could be higher, if more independent variables (like, exchange rate, unemployment, export, oil price etc.) are added to the equation (16). According to Granger Representation Theorem, if there is co-integration between variables, error correction mechanism must work. Consequently error correction mechanism will be examined in the next step. To examine whether a long-run equilibrium relationship between inflation and independent variables exists, co-integration tests are employed. It is found that inflation and imports are co-integrated; which means that a long run or equilibrium relationship exists between them. In the short-run relationship there may be disequilibrium. Therefore, one can treat the error term as the “equilibrium error” (Gujarati, 2003: 824). And we can use this error term to tie the short-run behavior of inflation to its long-run value. The short-run dynamics will be examined by employing an error-correction model. In the next step, insignificant parameters were dropped and remaining parameters can show significant effects of used parameters to inflation. Our error correction model is employed for determining short-run dynamics. Table 4 Error Correction Model Test Result o-int. eq: inflation(-1) oint q1 1 mport(-1) -0.82753 -0.1103 [-7.50256] c R2 dj. R2 -91.3408 0.17278 0.150179 Note: The numbers in parenthesis are the t-statistics. The critical values at 10% and 5% are 1.29 and 1.66respectively (1-tail). Two diagnostic tests (R2, Adjusted R2) were presented in the tables. The results, reported in Table 4, show that the adjusted R2 is not high, which implies that the model used in this study is not affected from problem of autocorrelation. The coefficients of the error correction terms, estimated for both models, are statistically significant and have correct (negative) signs, confirming the evidence for 80 Journal of Economic and Social Studies �Econometric Analysis of Import and Inflation Relationship in Turkey between 1995 and 2010 co-integration of the variables in the long-run model established earlier. These coefficients indicate what proportion of the discrepancy between the actual and longrun or equilibrium value of inflation is eliminated or corrected each month (Kasman A. and Kasman S., 2005). Coefficient of the error term, estimated for the first model, is - 91.3408. Finally, and perhaps most importantly, it can be concluded that there is a dynamic relationship between inflation and import. The evidence from our error-correction models and from long-run models shows that both long-run and short-run dynamics are significant. Therefore, our findings support validness of an equilibrium relationship between the dependent and independent variables in each co-integration equations. If there is a co-integration vector between inflation and import, there must be causality among variables at least in one direction (Granger, 1986). Hence, Granger causality test is used to examine the nature of this relationship. Granger (1986) and Engle and Granger (1987) supply a test of causality, which takes into account the information, provided by the co-integrated properties of variables. Table 5 Granger Causality Test result ull Hypothesis mport does not Gr. cause inflationdoes not Gr. cause Import bs 190 1.48607 F-Statistic 9.12461 (-6.515491) robability 0.00017 0.22895 Table 5 reports results of the causality analysis of inflation and import. It can be seen that there is unidirectional causation between inflation and import. Table 5 indicates that since F-statistic value of import is significantly big, therefore import does Granger causes on inflation. Simply it shows the inflation does not affect import. As a result there is unidirectional causation between inflation and import from import to inflation. Conclusion In this study, we investigate the relationship between inflation and import volume by using monthly time series data for the Turkish economy over the period 1995 to 2010. In the study, existence of a co-integration and dynamic relationship and Volume 1 Number 2 July 2011 81 �Volkan U & Uğur ERGÜN causality between import and inflation is tested by performing econometric methods such as co-integration, error correction model and Granger causality. Our test results indicate that; (a) long-run and dynamic relationships are found between inflation and import, (b) there is unidirectional causality from import to inflation. Also this result supports the theoretical approach. Our results imply that policy makers who are responsible for optimum inflation rate for sustainable development can use import to reach the planned inflation rate target through changing imposed tax rates on import. Future studies may focus on the relationship between inflation and import including the other related factors and changes in degree of relationship over financial crises and time. References Albert S. Dexter, Maurice D. Levi, & Barrie R. Nault (2005). International Trade and the Connection between Excess Demand and Inflation, Review of International Economics, 13(4), 699–708, 2005 Bayraktutan Y. & Aslan I. (2003). Türkiye’de döviz kuru, ithalat ve enflasyon, Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi, i.i.B.F. 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An Empirical Analysis of Turkish Inflation (1988-2004): some non-monetarist estimations, Erciyes Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, Sayı 26, Ocak – Haziran 2005, ss. Sargan, J.D. (1984). Wages and Prices in the United Kingdom: A Study in Econometric Methodology, in K.F. Wallis and D.F. Hendry, eds., Quantitative Economics and Econometric Analysis, Basil Blackwell, Oxford, U.K. Sargent, T.J. (1976). A Classical Macroeconomic Model for the United States, Journal of Political Economy, 84:207-238. Utkulu, U. (1993).Cointegration Analysis: An Introduction Survey with Applications to Turkey, 1. Ulusal Ekonometri ve İstatistik Sempozyumu Bildirileri, İzmir: Ege Universitesi Basımevi, 11-12 November 1993, 303-323. Utkulu, U. (1997). How to Estimate Long-run Relationships in Econometrics: An Overview of Recent Developments, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, 12(2):39-48. �Appendix A A.1 Monthly CPI and Import Data year/month CPI/Import 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 jan feb mar apr may jun 100 119,3 165,85 106,25 212,5 340 100 108,85 117,97 142,33 123,22 145,27 81,928 151,11 121,43 101,49 151,11 272 150,42 136,4 178,47 174,7 185,96 163,17 115,25 119,3 125,93 103,03 144,68 234,48 172,31 147,83 182,7 167,06 205,95 184,67 94,444 154,55 158,14 144,68 194,29 283,33 148,09 184,78 208,08 173,27 199,07 198,72 141,67 212,5 165,85 138,78 234,48 206,06 106,17 132,95 145,21 158,99 162,57 171,02 138,78 183,78 234,48 295,65 309,09 971,43 153,98 187,47 198,56 214,18 224,03 236,73 272 377,78 111,48 66,019 133,33 219,35 194,15 171,4 148,25 144,87 169,7 157,31 128,3 377,78 566,67 323,81 1133,3 1133,3 163,66 144,87 187,82 200,88 205,26 187,72 261,54 295,65 219,35 323,81 425 425,34 211,03 199,61 274,45 248,49 263,79 273,1 445,26 447,56 451,85 454,1 456,06 455,46 301,84 292,76 403,03 378,24 381,03 403,78 486,39 486,47 487,75 491,23 495,73 496,24 344,27 396,92 486,21 457,56 467,87 474,35 524,96 526,11 527,55 534,61 544,63 546,46 388,42 467,13 553,38 552,53 605,32 594,43 577,09 579,55 584,86 591,92 594,89 593,45 505,07 542,81 631,07 616,05 712,18 680,27 624,25 632,32 638,39 649,1 658,78 656,4 779,1 764,22 801,68 853,06 920,61 928,74 683,55 681,22 688,73 688,86 693,28 694,04 442,57 432,72 501,74 482,59 518,22 596,09 739,5 750,21 754,58 759,09 756,37 752,12 557,48 561,78 716,31 712,55 702,21 726,25 �year/month jul aug sep oct nov dec 234,48 137,16 174,36 85 87,179 123,64 194,29 152,21 146,22 153,19 170,43 205,93 323,81 141,67 111,48 104,62 130,77 200 186,61 167,92 158,3 171,87 188,05 218,45 107,94 109,68 93,151 81,928 103,03 133,33 197,12 198,31 207,79 208,57 207,59 235,62 200 170 101,49 111,48 158,14 206,06 199,92 177,84 174,52 173,46 167,45 184,55 178,95 161,9 113,33 107,94 161,9 115,25 172,53 151,56 173,75 169,71 183,5 211,45 309,09 309,09 219,35 219,35 183,78 272 223,05 232,66 221,43 239,58 255,71 211,6 283,33 234,48 115,25 111,48 161,9 212,5 163,87 167 163,32 160,43 169,73 164,07 485,71 309,09 194,29 206,06 234,48 425 219,35 210,71 215,05 230,32 236,63 256,06 424,53 425,21 430,95 434,94 440,46 442,33 298,86 284,91 295,91 313,55 250,11 392,65 457,63 461,11 465,49 475,94 482,18 483,71 416,22 375,92 404,68 385,66 408,57 499,45 493,4 497,6 502,7 511,71 518,89 521,05 457,59 489,83 494,3 481,13 461,26 557,08 551,09 548,67 555,72 562,77 570,04 571,35 558,36 585,38 579,51 534,05 614,97 622,18 589,11 589,24 595,31 606,11 617,92 619,27 725,48 700,09 689,48 745,15 793,09 768,67 660,19 658,57 661,55 678,75 684,4 681,6 980,28 918 852,82 712,53 575,72 543,84 695,79 693,71 696,42 713,2 722,25 726,08 613,05 610,9 595,35 609,06 601,67 716,2 748,51 751,52 760,74 774,68 774,89 772,55 766,69 735,95 745,87 824,77 817,07 980,27 CPI/Import 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Journal of Economic and Social Studies � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1068 Title A name given to the resource Econometric Analysis of Import and Inflation Relationship in Turkey between 1995 and 2010 Author Author Ulke, Volkan ERGÜN, Uğur Abstract A summary of the resource. In economics, the relation between import volume and inflation rate has been discussed several times for different countries. This study investigates the relationship between inflation and import volume by using monthly time series data for the Turkish economy over the period 1995-2010. The study applies a number of econometric techniques: Augmented Dickey-Fuller unit root test, univariate cointegration test, error correction model, and Granger causality test. The results of this dissertation show that there is long term and short term co-integration relation between inflation and import volume. Indeed, there is one-way Granger-causality from import to inflation. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2011-01 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General),HB Economic Theory,HG Finance https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/f624c0666e26c87d5bccb242bb6332e5.docx 730f078d743b9e5e9c1672da30cad95c https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/f3aae4ed68e558a7dc04a3120304d442.pdf 900df602bbdbcecb7b7a94d715cd6d1d PDF Text Text Econometric Analysis of Natural Disasters’ Macro-economic Impacts İsmail Şahin ÇanakkaleOnsekiz Mart Universty Turkey ismails@comu.edu.tr ÖmerYavuz ÇanakkaleOnsekiz Mart Universty Turkey omeryavuz@comu.edu.tr Abstract:Recently the frequently occurring disasters have caused many deaths and injuries. In addition, in parallel with the size of the devastation of disaster, the economy of countries has disrupted and prosperity and development which have been gained through years of economic policies has suffered. Natural disasters affect the economy in three ways: directly, indirectly and macro-economically. In this paper, the macro-economic impacts of the disasters occurring in the 10 countries which were selected as OECD in a period of 2005 2014 were examined. As macroeconomic indicators, the data such as population, GDP, growth, public expenditures and schooling over 15 were employed. Moreover, this paper consists of two parts. Firstly, the macroeconomic impacts of natural disasters have been viewed in the literature. Finally, the impacts of the natural disasters on certain macroeconomic indicators which compose the base of work were analyzed econometrically. Keywords: Macro-economy, Natural Disaster, OECD. 88 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2523 Title A name given to the resource Econometric Analysis of Natural Disasters’ Macro-economic Impacts Author Author ŞAHIN, İsmail YAVUZ, Ömer Abstract A summary of the resource. Recently the frequently occurring disasters have caused many deaths and injuries. In addition, in parallel with the size of the devastation of disaster, the economy of countries has disrupted and prosperity and development which have been gained through years of economic policies has suffered. Natural disasters affect the economy in three ways: directly, indirectly and macro-economically. In this paper, the macro-economic impacts of the disasters occurring in the 10 countries which were selected as OECD in a period of 2005 - 2014 were examined. As macroeconomic indicators, the data such as population, GDP, growth, public expenditures and schooling over 15 were employed. Moreover, this paper consists of two parts. Firstly, the macroeconomic impacts of natural disasters have been viewed in the literature. Finally, the impacts of the natural disasters on certain macro-economic indicators which compose the base of work were analyzed econometrically. Keywords: Macro-economy, Natural Disaster, OECD. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014-04-24 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-4564 H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/f8bbe84af70a440e89bb3408e36cc422.pdf 6caa2b473e22ea7a1820aaadde2689de PDF Text Text 1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Economic and Technical Analysis of Fresh Bean Cultivation in Turkey M urat Sayili Gaziosmanpasa University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Agricultural Economics Tokat/ TURKEY, muratsayili@yahoo.com Hasan Akca Gaziosmanpasa University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Agricultural Economics Tokat/ TURKEY, akcahasan@yahoo.com Oral Duzdemir Gaziosmanpasa University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Field Crops Tokat/ TURKEY, orald@gop.edu.tr Abstract: This study investigates socio-economic situation of fresh bean growers, inputs and outputs related to bean growing, production and marketing problems faced by farmers, etc. In addition, profitability of fresh bean production was determined. Data were collected from 86 farms located in Tokat province of Turkey via survey. It was carried out in SeptemberOctober 2008. Research shows that fresh bean cultivation is profitable. Selling price ranges from $0.6 to $1.5 kg-1.Fresh bean growers are open to innovation. Keywords: Fresh bean, economic and technical analysis, Turkey Introduction Bean is cultivated widelyin Turkey and consumed as fresh,freezed, canned and dried. According to 2007 data, production area, production amount and yield of green bean in Turkey were 60 000 ha, 499 298 tons, and 8 321.6 kg ha-1,respectively (FA O 2009). Tokat province was chosen as research area because it produces nearly 6.0% of Turkey’s fresh bean production. Production area was 2576 ha in Tokat province (Anonymous 2009). Literature review shows that many studies were carried outin agriculturalfaculties and research institutes established in different regions of Turkey but majority ofthem investigate relationships between yield and yield components, adaptation ability of genotypes, etc. Number ofstudies focus on economic analysis of fresh bean is very limited. Therefore,the aims of this study were to determine current situation and profitability of fresh bean production and problems faced by farmers. Material and Methods Data were collected from 86 farms located in Tokat province of Turkey via survey. Questionnaires were carried outin September-October 2008. The method of simplerandom sampling was used to determine farms to be surveyed (Dixon & Massey 1969): n= N .S 2 .t 2 (N − 1).E 2 + S 2 .t 2 W here, n is sample size, N is number of farm in the population, S is standard deviation,tis table value (1.86) at 95% significance level and 10% error, E is error. Production cost, yield, output price, gross-margin and net profit were calculated while analysing 57 �1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo profitability of fresh bean. Amount and price of both input and output were taken into consideration while analysing cost. Capital interest was accepted as half of credit interest for crops (13.13%) applied by TR Agricultural Bank (Gunes et al. 1988, Kiral et al. 1999). Administration cost was accepted as 3% of variable costs. Research Findings A mount of yield and type of agricultural applications can be changed due to having different and wide agro-ecologicalregion in the research area. Socio-economic characteristics Age categorises of bean growers are: less than 30 years old (18.60), between 31 and 40 years old (18.60%), between 41 and 50 years old (30.24%), 50 years and old (32.56%). Average age of farmers was 43.88 years old.Interms of education, majority(83.72%) ofthe bean growers was graduated from primary school. The ratio of fresh bean growers having secondary and high school were 6.98%, and 9.30%, respectively. Technical characteristics Fresh bean is generally grown as main crop in the research area. Only small percentage of producers grows it as second crop. Investigated farms have used commonly certified varieties (69.77%). More than half of them use new seeds every year.It means that growers are open to innovation in the subject of seed and aware of advantage of using certified seeds. Fresh bean growers get seed from different sources: Private sector (53.49%), Own Farms (41.86%), Branch of Ministry of Agriculture (16.28%), and Neighbour Farms (13.95%). Nearly 63% of the growers prefer dwarf types of fresh bean, 40% green bean-indeterminate, 16% kidney bean-indeterminate, and 2% kidney bean-dwarf. Average seed usage was calculated as 80.4 kg ha-1 for green bean-dwarf, 46.25 kg ha-1 for green bean-indeterminate,70.0 kg ha-1 for kidney bean-dwarf,and 60.0 kg ha-1 for kidney bean-indeterminate when fresh bean is sown as main crop. It was 81.8 kg ha-1 for green bean-dwarf, and 67.0 kg ha-1 for kidney bean-indeterminate when bean is grown as second crop. Average rainfall in Tokat province is about 400 mm for long years. Therefore, dry bean is generally irrigated in the area. Great Majority of the growers (97.67%) use surface irrigation system. Only 2.33% of the respondents used drip irrigation system. Farmers face some technical problems during the growing of fresh bean and also marketing problems after harvesting it. Problems faced by fresh bean growers can be summarised as: high input price (60.47%), not being organised under umbrella of producers union or cooperatives (58.14%), pest and diseases (48.84%), market uncertainty (46.51%), inadequate labour (23.26%), low output price (20.93%), spring frost hazard (16.28%),lack oftechnical knowledge (16.28%), and inadequate finance (9.30%). Growers selltheir productsin three ways:in cash (48.84%),forward sale (30.23%), mixed sale (20.93%). Economic analysis Total production cost was calculated as $11085.3 per ha for green bean-indeterminate, $7830.1 per ha for kidney bean-indeterminate, $4579.2 per ha for green bean-dwarf, $4375.4 per ha for kidney bean-dwarf. These are sown as main crop. On the other hand,total production cost waslower for green bean-dwarf($4285.5 per ha) and kidney bean-indeterminate ($3488.8 per ha) which were sown as second crop. Variable costs constitute great majority oftotal production costsin alltypes of fresh bean. Especiallytillage,seed,fertiliser and harvesting cost have the highest proportion within variable costs. Rent forland constitutes majority ofthe fixed costs (Table 1). Within the main crop,the highest and the lowest yields were obtained as 22087.0 kg ha-1 for green beanindeterminate and 12500.0 kg ha-1 for kidney bean-dwarf, respectively. On the other hand, within the second crop,the highest and lowest yields were calculated as 15930.6 kg ha-1 for green bean-dwarf and 10526.3 kg ha-1 for kidney bean-indeterminate (Table 2). 58 �1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Fresh bean growing had positive net profit for all types of production. Indeterminate green bean ($15419.1 per hectare) sown as main crop had three times net profitcompared to dwarf green bean ($4280.0 per hectare). Same result can be said for kidney bean sown as main crop. For main crop, cost-effectiveness was calculated as 2.48 for kidney bean-indeterminate ($1 cost for fresh bean production leadsto $2.48 income). On the other hand,for second crop, cost-effectiveness was calculated as 3.31 for kidney bean-indeterminate. Selling price ranges from $0.6 to $1.5 kg-1. For main crop,the highest selling price was determined as $1.5 kg-1 for kidney bean-indeterminate. For second crop,the highest price was $1.1 kg-1.The lowest selling price was $0.6 kg-1 for all dwarf bean types. Activities Tillage Cultivation Nursing * Fertilisation * Applying Pesticides * Irrigation * Hoeing Various Inputs * Seed * Fertiliser * Pesticides * Water Harvest Transportation Total(A) Capitalinterest (B=A*0,0656) Total Variable Cost (C=A+B) Rent forland (D) Administrative cost (E=C*0.03) Other cost (Tax, stake, etc.)(F) Total Fixed Cost (G=D+E+F) Total Production Cost (H=C+G) Activities Yield (kg ha-1) (A) Price of Bean ($ kg-1) (B) Gross Product Value ($ ha-1) (C=A*B) Main Crop Green Bean Kidney Bean D warf Indeterminate D warf Indeterminate 470.4 466.1 480.0 582.1 112.2 293.9 180.0 256.6 Second Crop Green Bean Kidney Bean D warf Indeterminate 335.1 466.6 100.8 101.0 17.0 21.1 31.4 239.9 110.2 101.6 84.2 601.2 60.0 90.0 210.0 240.0 84.4 48.6 76.2 376.0 15.0 21.6 35.6 290.4 12.6 12.6 6.3 124.2 632.6 347.3 165.8 235.4 997.6 107.6 3 378.3 382.6 520.8 348.9 103.0 3 673.0 595.7 7 281.2 560.0 326.0 200.0 280.0 600.0 20.0 3 246.0 537.9 378.5 263.2 135.2 1 586.2 351.8 4 676.7 590.8 294.9 179.4 278.4 930.6 42.6 3 115.2 517.0 227.4 85.2 273.7 703.4 4.2 2 534.2 221.6 477.7 212.9 306.8 204.4 166.2 3 599.9 859.4 7 758.9 1 168.6 3 458.9 800.0 4 983.5 1 158.6 3 319.6 854.9 2 700.4 635.8 108.0 232.8 103.8 149.5 99.6 81.0 11.9 1 925.0 12.7 1 538.5 11.4 71.6 979.3 3 326.4 916.5 2 846.6 965.9 788.4 4 579.2 11 085.3 4 375.4 7 830.1 4 285.5 Table 1: Total production costfor fresh bean growing ($ ha-1) 3 488.8 Main Crop Green Bean Kidney Bean D warf Indeterminate D warf Indeterminate Second Crop Green Bean Kidney Bean D warf Indeterminate 14 765.4 22 087.0 12 500.0 12 931.0 15 930.6 10 526.3 0.6 1.2 0.6 1.5 0.6 1.1 8 859.2 26 504.4 7 500.0 19 396.5 9 558.4 11 578.4 59 �1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Variable Cost ($ ha-1) (D) Production Cost ($ ha-1) (E) Gross-Margin ($ ha-1) (F=C–D) Net Profit ($ ha-1) (G=C-E) Cost-Effectiveness (H=C/E) 3 599.9 7 758.9 3 458.9 4 983.5 3 319.6 2 700.4 4 579.2 11 085.3 4 375.4 7 830.1 4 285.5 3 488.8 5 259.3 18 745.5 4 041.1 14 413.0 6 238.8 8 878.0 4 280.0 15 419.1 3 124.6 11 566.4 5 272.9 8 089.6 2.23 3.31 1.93 2.39 1.71 2.48 Table 2: Gross-margin and net profitfor fresh bean Conclusion and Recommendation • • • • • More than half ofthe fresh bean growers use certified seeds. They are open to innovation. Educationallevel of growers islow. This should be isolated via theoretical and applied training course. Fresh bean cultivation is profitable. Especially, green bean-indeterminate and kidney beanindeterminate had three times positive net profit,compared to green bean-dwarf and kidney bean-dwarf. Selling price ranges from $0.6 to $1.5 kg-1. If fresh bean producers were organised under umbrella of producer union, selling of fresh bean at desired price and increase income of bean growers could be achieved. Growers selltheir productsin three ways:in cash,forward sale, mixed sale.In orderto isolate negative effects of price fluctuations, growers should be informed about market structure or market boards should be established. References Anonymous (2009). Records of Tokat provincial directorate of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Turkey. Dixon, W.J., & Massey, F.J. (1969). Introduction to Statistical Analysis. Kogakasha: McGraw-Hill Book Company. FAO (2009). Statistical database (www.fao.org). Gunes, T., Kiral, T., Arikan, R., Bulbul, M., Cetin, B., Tatlidil, F., Albayrak, N., Meshur, M., & Celen H. (1988). Baslica Tarim Urunleri Maliyetleri Arastirma Projesi II. TMO Aklasan Matbaasi, Ankara-Turkey. Kiral, T., Kasnakoglu, H., Tatlidil, F., Fidan, H., & Gundogmus, E. (1999). Methodology for Revenue and Cost Calculation for Agricultural Products and Data Base Guideline. AERI Project Report 1999-13, Ankara-Turkey. 60 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 472 Title A name given to the resource Economic and Technical Analysis of Fresh Bean Cultivation in Turkey Author Author Sayili, Murat Akca, Hasan Duzdemir, Oral Abstract A summary of the resource. This study investigates socio-economic situation of fresh bean growers, inputs and outputs related to bean growing, production and marketing problems faced by farmers, etc. In addition, profitability of fresh bean production was determined. Data were collected from 86 farms located in Tokat province of Turkey via survey. It was carried out in September- October 2008. Research shows that fresh bean cultivation is profitable. Selling price ranges from $0.6 to $1.5 kg-1. Fresh bean growers are open to innovation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2009-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed Q Science (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/d6fabe371fb6f9f7e3a805168710db19.pdf 2c2538bf528c0a88952b618fd2a5c046 PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Economic Aspects of Human Resource Management in Lifelong Learning Process Nusreta Omerdid University of Travnik, Travnik, Bosnia and Hercegovina nusi.o@hotmail.com Tarik Obralid University of Travnik, Travnik, Bosnia and Hercegovina obralict@hotmail.com Fundamental economic aspects of human resource management in lifelong learning process have been identified particularly in the processes of human resources information field (the employees awareness of what is important for their activity and relationships within the process of labor, management and relations within the company); the detection of the management resources (communication skills, creativity, efficiency, management, reliability, respectful attitude toward the work and the company); employment (jobs, human resource planning, selection of people for employment); encouraging success at work (creativity, activity, motivation and performance assessment); and professional development (education in the workplace, career development, the system of improvement and redundancy). The results of the study can be the useful resource for future research. Keywords: Management, Manager, Professional Development, Lifelong Learning. 232 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1600 Title A name given to the resource Economic Aspects of Human Resource Management in Lifelong Learning Process Author Author OMERDIĆ, Nusreta OBRALIĆ, Tarik Abstract A summary of the resource. Fundamental economic aspects of human resource management in lifelong learning process have been identified particularly in the processes of human resources information field (the employees awareness of what is important for their activity and relationships within the process of labor, management and relations within the company); the detection of the management resources (communication skills, creativity, efficiency, management, reliability, respectful attitude toward the work and the company); employment (jobs, human resource planning, selection of people for employment); encouraging success at work (creativity, activity, motivation and performance assessment); and professional development (education in the workplace, career development, the system of improvement and redundancy). The results of the study can be the useful resource for future research. Keywords: Management, Manager, Professional Development, Lifelong Learning. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-10 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-4564 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/d1e4b81dd129d794419e9c9708694cc4.pdf bdc540c850fedcfcabc63bb13ae4435d PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Economic Assumptions for the Success of Inclusive Education Hanifa Obralid University of Travnik, Travnik, Bosnia and Hercegovina obralich@hotmail.com Mediha Riđid University of Travnik, Travnik, Bosnia and Hercegovina mediha.ridjic@hotmail.com Educational policy for children with special needs and inclusive education in a decentralized system in Bosnia and Herzegovina as well as in the processes of reform that has been implemented does not offer enough optimism in terms of ensuring the secure basis for the implementation of objectives. Inclusion in education is only one aspect of inclusion within regular school regardless of gender, color, ethnicity, socio-economic and religious background, psycho-physical capabilities and health of children, especially children with special needs. Through this research, a great focus will be on the education system in Bosnia and Herzegovina, the legal framework focused on inclusion, teacher training, curriculum and the school management, economic conditions for implementation of development strategies of development policies for improving the situation of children with special needs. Keywords: Disability and Child Development, Inclusion, Inclusive Education. 147 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1517 Title A name given to the resource Economic Assumptions for the Success of Inclusive Education Author Author OBRALIĆ, Hanifa RIĐIĆ, Mediha Abstract A summary of the resource. Educational policy for children with special needs and inclusive education in a decentralized system in Bosnia and Herzegovina as well as in the processes of reform that has been implemented does not offer enough optimism in terms of ensuring the secure basis for the implementation of objectives. Inclusion in education is only one aspect of inclusion within regular school regardless of gender, color, ethnicity, socio-economic and religious background, psycho-physical capabilities and health of children, especially children with special needs. Through this research, a great focus will be on the education system in Bosnia and Herzegovina, the legal framework focused on inclusion, teacher training, curriculum and the school management, economic conditions for implementation of development strategies of development policies for improving the situation of children with special needs. Keywords: Disability and Child Development, Inclusion, Inclusive Education. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-10 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-4564 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/580644a9b3414ea6f617541cd25594f6.pdf 606bf4b0aaec63c8952ebd3fbaf2aa6e PDF Text Text Economic Cooperation in Balkans: The Case of Bosnia and Herzegovina Mete GÜNDOĞAN Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, Professor Dr., Economics International University of Sarajevo (IUS), Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina mgundogan@ius.edu.ba B. Gültekin ÇETĐNER Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Professor Dr., Industrial Engineering, International University of Sarajevo (IUS), Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina cetiner@ius.edu.ba Abstract : This article analyzes economy and investment opportunities in Bosnia and Herzegovina (FBiH) in between 1995 and 2009. FBiH and Turkey have an established cultural, social and diplomatic relations. Historical common bonds are regional realities but economic cooperation is a contemporary necessity to strengthen these bonds. It is questioned if economic cooperation is supporting common bonds in terms of investments and trade. FBiH is currently in the less developed countries list of the World Bank with a high rate of unemployment. Such status is mostly inheritance of socialist - communist past. But such status is also creating a lot of investment and trade opportunities for many countries. Within this context, Turkey should produce a strategy associated with Balkan economies in her trade and development. Currently, neither direct Turkish investments nor economypolitic strategies are sufficient to bestow Turkey a key role in the Balkans. Keywords : Balkan Business; Trade; Investment, Balkan Strategies Introduction Bosnia and Herzegovina Federation (FBiH) with its approx. 52 thousand square kilometers and 4.2 million populations lays in the heart of the South Eastern Europe. It is surrounded by Croatia from the Southwest and South, Serbia from the East and Montenegro from the Southeast. Landform is prevailed with hills and mountains, and forests cover almost 50% of it. It has mediterranean, continental and moderate types of climate. Amid all potentials, the biggest obstacle in FBiH’s economic development is its multiethnic governing system and territorial division. Following table shows selected economic indicators. 845 �Indicator GDP per cap (Euro) 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 1,660 1,786 1,958 2,214 2,388 2,561 2,873 3,254 3,648 GDP growth (%) 5.5 4.5 5.5 3.0 6.3 3.9 6.7 6.8 7.1 Industrial production growth (%) 8.8 12.2 9.2 4.8 9.0 10.0 11.0 10.0 9.2 Average net wages (Euro) 190 209 228 247 258 275 300 322 385 4.8 3.1 0.4 0.6 0.4 3.7 6.1 1.5 6.5 Annual unemployment rate (%) 39.7 40.3 40.9 42.0 43.2 43.0 31.0 29.0 23.4 Trade balance (billion Euro) -3.00 -3.31 -3.52 -3.67 -3.68 -4.01 -3.41 -4.14 -4.89 159 133 282 338 567 478 564 1,628 701 Annual inflation (%) Total FDI (mill Euro) Figure 1 : Selected Economic Indicators of Bosnia and Herzegovina [CB of BiH] GDP throughout period from 2000 to 2008, with average growth rate of 5.5% is actually not enough for a country like BĐH. Average growth rate of industrial production, on the other hand, has been more than 9%. In 2008 the oil refinery in Derventa of Republika Srpska has started its production what effected rapid increase of industrial production growth rate by more than 50% in comparison to 2007. The highest growth rate in industry is seen in production of energy, durable – consumer goods and capital products. As is seen in the figure, FBiH has low inflation rate mostly due to fixed exchange rate of KM to Euro. 1 EUR=1.95 KM is the fixed exchange rate. Stable currency rate of KM to Euro has resulted in stable inflation rate even in the period of increased oil prices in the world market. Although labor force is well educated and rated, unemployment is still number one problem of economy. One fourth of the labor force is unemployed. This is leading to the black market of labor force. In the region, FBiH has one of the cheapest rates of labor. Economic Developments During the last 15 years, a total investment in FBiH has been €5.3 billion. Total Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) reached to €1,628 billion in 2007. We see a sharp decrease in 2008 mainly because of the world economic crises. Foreign investors did not show much interest for FBiH because of the lack of information on investment opportunities in various sectors. Political instability is certainly another important contributing factor not to develop an image of favorable nation for investments. State division and its complex political structure are hindering economic developments as well as diplomatic relations. 846 �Figure 2: FDI in FBiH Amid all, FDI has concentrated in manufacturing, banking and telecommunication. The percentage share can be seen on the Figure 3 below. Figure 3: FDI in FBiH by Sectors [FIPA, 2009] Since 1994, Austrian companies are leading in FDIs. Serbia and Croatia have also been on top of the list. Historical and political bonds of these three countries make them invest in FBiH. Austria is also giving free education for the citizens of FBiH. This will result in political implications in the mid-future. On the other hand, Turkey as foreign investor is in the 10th place on the list with €113 million. Besides common history, culture, tradition and religion, Turkish investors have not shown considerable interest to invest in FBiH. 847 �Figure 4: Foreign Investors in FBiH In order to increase trade, FBiH has adopted significant unilateral reforms since the end of the war 1995. It has the lowest tariff rates on agricultural products in Southern and Eastern Europe countries. It has signed a free trade agreement with Central Europe (CEFTA) which turned to be disadvantageous for FBiH economy. However, according to World Trade Indicators of 2008, FBiH trade regime is considered quite successful in comparison with many similar countries. As is seen in figure 5, FBiH economy is consistently giving trade deficit. This deficit is covered by foreign aids and debts. If it goes on the same manner, FBiH would end up to be a heavily debted country of Balkans. Figure 5: Foreign Trade Balance in FBiH (x million) Turkey - FBĐH Economical Cooperation Turkish – FBiH political relationship is nowadays quite good. But this goodness is not backed by economical cooperation, therefore would not last long. A very sophisticated strategy should be followed. Turkey 848 �should produce a master economic development plan encompassing the Balkans as well as the Caucasians and the Middle-east. Post war economic cooperation with FBiH has not been progressed well. For example, the agreement on avoiding double taxation has been endorsed with Iran in 1996, but not endorsed until 2005 with Turkey. In the mean time, nearly four thousand Turkish companies which were engaged in different activities, from construction to trade, had to abandon their operations except just sixty-five of them stayed. In other words, in the late nineties and early 2000’s FBiH has not offered considerable incentives to investors. Trade exchange between FBiH and Turkey in 2008 became 136 million [ASR, 2009] which made her to be the ninth trade partner of FBiH. On the other hand, Serbian media reported on how presidents of Serbia Boris Tadić and of Turkey Abdullah Gül agreed to boost bilateral relations in political and economic cooperation. Additionally, the two discussed possible political and cultural cooperation. President Tadić has proposed the construction of an Islamic cultural and educational center near Belgrade. Both invited Turkish businessmen to invest in Serbia. Tadić asked also Turkish businessmen to invest in the construction of the highway from Belgrade to the Montenegrin coast, which will be passed through the Sandzak – the part inhabited by Muslims. About a dozen Turkish businessmen visited the capital Novi Pazar in Sandzak, and with representatives of local authorities to discuss the possibilities of economic cooperation and investment. Amid all historical enmity between Turkey and Serbia, it seems that Serbia provides more incentives to Turkish investors, and the state is more willing to be partner of Turkey. But the Serbs in FBiH strongly oppose the Turkish presence in these areas. Serbs with the support of Croats by all possible means hinder any cooperation between Turkey and FBiH. FBiH with its changed course of politics in recent years toward foreign investors offer various solid areas for investments. Investment opportunities in such sectors as wood processing, mining, metallurgy, energy, infrastructure and food industry are highly considerable Figure 6: Turkish direct investments in FBiH in period May 1994 to November 2009 [FDIA, 2009] (millions of Euro) Turkish direct investments in FBiH show discontinuity. There is no tendency of increase or decrease. Immediate after the war, Turkish companies wanted to invest on the area, but they met different obstacles in political and economical means. Firstly, there were not regulations or law protecting foreign investments. Secondly, big companies couldn’t operate in full potential because of the lack of interim goods and services in the market. Furthermore, small companies and investors had high rate of risks. Few large Turkish companies operate today in FBiH. As we can see from the graphs above the highest investments from Türkiye in FBiH were in 2005, and 2009. The first large Turkish Company which started to operate in FBiH was T.C. Ziraat Bankası in 1997, more than half of overall investments in period of May 1994 to 2002 were directed from T.C. Ziraat Bankası [TZB-B, 2010]. In 2005 Kastamonu Entegre, or "Natron-Hayat" d.o.o. Maglaj invested 14 million Euro, and total Turkish investment in 2005 were 15.5 million Euros. Another big investor is Turkish Airlines (THY) which has bought BH Airlines from the privatization. THY possesses 49% of the company capital [BHA, 2010]. Investment potential of FBiH, is still rich, especially in energy, construction and agricultural sectors. There must be incentives and sophisticated strategies by the Turkish Government to stimulate companies to invest more in the region. The sectors which are the most invested by Turkish companies are: production, banking, transportation and trade distribution [FDIA, 2009]. 849 �Figure 7: Sectors invested by Turkish companies Unlike direct investments, there is higher interest of Turkish companies and businessmen to export to FBiH. The trade is at the moment in a better improvement. Free Trade Agreement between Turkey and FBiH has fully entered into force on 1st of January, 2006. The basic objectives of this Agreement are promotion of the expansion of mutual trade, the harmonious development of economic relations and to ensure financial stability for companies of other party which operates in the state. In addition both states have to provide fair conditions of competition for trade. Agreement on Avoiding Double taxation between Turkey and FBiH on income and property tax has entered into force in July 2008. Any income or property earned in one country by assets whose owner is a resident of the other is taxed only once, at the rate of whichever country owner chooses. Within this context, some of the incentives and advantages for foreign investments provided by FBiH are: • Exemption from the payment of customs duties and customs fee for investment • Right to open accounts in any commercial bank in domestic or any freely convertible currency on the territory of FBiH • Protection against nationalization expropriation, requisition or measures having similar effects, such measures may take place only in the public interest in accordance with the applicable laws and regulations against the payment of an appropriate compensation, in instance compensation that is adequate, effective and prompt, • Right to freely employ foreign nationals, subject to the labor and immigration law in Bosnia and Herzegovina Moreover, the rights and benefits which are already granted and obligations imposed by the Law on the Policy of Foreign Investment cannot be terminated or overruled by later passed laws and regulations. It means that investor is responsible to laws and regulations which he has obliged in time of his starting job. In addition, if investors realize that recently passed law or regulation is more favorable for its investments, he/she has right to choose under which regime the respective foreign investments to be governed. Finally, there is no restriction on repatriation of profits. Foreign investors have right to transfer abroad, freely and without delay, in convertible currency, proceeds resulting from their investments in FBiH, including incomes from investments in form of profit, dividends, interests, and any other form. There is only one restriction on foreign direct investments in FBiH according to the law, foreign equity ownership of an enterprise engaged in the production and sale of arms, ammunition, explosives for military use, military equipment and public information must not exceed 49% of the equity of the enterprise. In case of investments in mentioned sector, foreign investor must receive prior approval from the competent body of the respective entity. The restriction applicable to domestic investment on account of public policy, public health and protection of the environment are equally applied to foreign investment. Free Trade Zones The free zones are part of the customs territory of FBiH managed by the founder of the free zone [OG, 2002]. Users of the free zones are not obligated to pay VAT (value added tax, in FBiH 17% of good’s/service’s value) and import charges. In addition to these, investments, transfer of profit and transfer of investments are free of charge. Potential of free zones is huge but not exploited by Turkish investors yet. FBiH has free trade agreements with Central Europe, Albania, Serbia, Moldova, Montenegro, Macedonia, and Kosovo. Moreover FBiH has preferential export regimes with all EU countries, Norway and Switzerland. According to agreement 850 �all goods of FBiH origin that fulfill EU technical – technological standards and conditions, can be exported to all EU countries, without paying customs and other similar duties [OJEU, 2008]. Investment Opportunities According to Agency for Foreign Investment Promotion, the top seven investment sectors of FBiH are: Tourism, Agricultural and Food Processing Industry, Energy, Wood, Transport, Mining and Metal Processing, Automotive. Energy sector is one of the most powerful in FBiH, with long tradition and huge potentials and opportunities for further development and investment. It encompasses such main subsectors as Coal, Electric power, Oil & Natural gas. FBiH is richly endowed with natural recourses and conditions which create superb environment for agricultural production, including availability of labor, land, and other natural resources, as well as suitable climate. The enormous agricultural potentials are only partly realized, in spite of huge human and natural recourses. FBiH agricultural sector could be great opportunity for potential investors from Turkey which could activate and benefit these huge frozen potentials, with reasonable investments. Around 50 % of FBiH’s agricultural land has not been cultivated and very suitable for organic production. Land, as well as water and other natural resources are unpolluted and free from chemical fertilization and the routine use of pesticides [FMPVS, 2010]. According to the World Tourism Organization there is a big potential in FBiH tourism markets. It is increasing with a rate of 10.5%. There are huge potential for development due to breath – taking natural beauties, and everlasting historical and cultural heritage. Turkish citizens are very interested in cultural tourism packages. Beside the cultural opportunities, FBiH is known by its wild nature especially for those who like sport activities, and clean environment. Transport sector in Bosnia and Herzegovina became one of the most active and vibrant sectors within FBiH economy, due to the ambitious physical and institutional development programs - covering roads, railways, aviation, inland waterways and urban transport - adopted by FBiH governments, and supported by various international, predominantly financial institutions (World Bank, EBRD, etc.) Privatization Opportunities for Turkish Investors Privatization will take place in the field of electric-power, trade and communications (except road transport), waters, an exploitation of mines and woods, a public information, a lottery, arms industry, a military equipment, veterinary and communal activities [OG, 2008]. Some of the largest state owned enterprises will be on the market in 2010 such as electric-power, communication, production and public information. The investments in arm industry, and military equipment would be from vital interest for FBiH Muslims and Turkish government in straightening its position on Balkan. Some of the companies which will be privatized in 2010 are from vital importance for Turkish investors, such as Alminij Mostar, Fabrika Duhana Mostar, Hidrogradnja, Energoinvest Sarajevo, Bosnalijek Sarajevo [PA, 2009]. Those companies have low rate of risk due to their high demand, and monopoly position which they keep in domestic market. Turkey would also help to the FBiH government for the privatization. Turkish privatization has proceeded in a slow and incremental manner, evolved after 1984, slowed in the 1990s and boosted in the 2000s. Turkey launched its comprehensive economic liberalization program named as structural adjustment reform in January, 1980. Privatizing of public assets, creating a “flexible” labour market, replacing producer price subsidies in agriculture with direct income transfer program were the main issues of the structural adjustment. [Onis, 1991]. Privatization of State Owned Enterprises emerged as an official state ideology after this liberalization program. The main ideological pillar of the initial attempts were announced as a matter of improving efficiency in production and reducing “excessive” employment and waste in the state enterprise system. Privatization and competition should be complementary to each other although it may take several years to build up a market-based institutional framework [Sondhof, 1999]. Privatization can and should also occur as a consequence of competition [Liu and Garino, 2001]. In other words, privatization should result in strengthening competition and the competition should encourage privatization. Access to international capital markets has created several global, competitive companies out of hitherto inefficient state monopolies [Matutes, 2000]. Competition and privatization are sometimes uneasy policy bedfellows. Incumbent firms may argue successfully that the purpose of privatization is to strengthen them, through a vastly increased possibility to tap international capital markets, so that they may become global players. But they need to maintain their dominant position at home, by regulatory or other de facto obstacles. This would create added gains for shareholders and thereby contribute to the development of the capital markets but a monopoly would still be the “natural” outcome of the market. 851 �Conclusions Good political and diplomatic relations that exist between FBiH and Turkey have not been backed yet by established economic relations. Over the last 15 years, there were various obstacles hindering the progress. But recently, business climate has been changed and Turkish Businessmen together with the government should get their benefit out of it. BiH with its ethnic structure and religious background could be more than just an economic and political partner. First of all, it could be a very good potential for Turkey to develop or re-gain her traditions of operating in multi ethnic and multi religion markets. She could learn to be a just partner of the market as it used to be throughout the history. This would mean too much for Turkey. Moreover, Turkey should produce a long term strategic development plan not only for herself but also encompassing the region as well as the Caucasians and the Middle-east. This will help the political and economical stability of the region. At the moment, there are just seven large Turkish companies which did invest in FBiH in the period of 15 years. The total investments of Turkey amount to 113 million euros, more than half of these funds goes to two companies Turkish Ziraat Bank and Turkish Airlines Companies. The situation in trade is somewhat better. The market of BiH is still looking for goods especially in the sector of agricultural and food industries. There is a great need for investment in infrastructure, construction of highways and building the first port of FBiH. Big Turkish construction companies would take significant roles in the area with these projects. Proactive Turkish foreign policy had strong impacts in building closer relations between FBiH and Serbia. Economic investments can further contribute to the development of the peace process in addition to economic prosperity. Economy is very often the initiator of war and peace. With proactive economic policies, concerns of the population about their future existence would be satisfied. Hence, economic policies should be used as confidence building activities in the region. Turkey through economic investments in FBiH would bring back the trust and hopes to people. In addition to the economic benefits for both countries, the construction of ideological partnership would be much more important for the peace and stability. It would work in both ways as stated by Ibn-I Khaldoun that peace and stability is a prerequisite for economic development [Karatas, 2009]. In the privatization implementations, Turkey would be in great help for the FBiH. It must be evaluated according to political, social and economical structures and conditions of the country. Privatized enterprises are freed from public sector constraints on investment. They can tap the unlimited supply of the capital markets without any impact on the state budget. Hence, providing better access to finance for enterprises generate higher levels of investment As we have seen public sector borrowing requirements and public debts were two economic indicators deteriorating the state budget. Privatizing state owned enterprises improves macroeconomic indicators and medium term budgetary revenues. Besides, it is deepening the equity market and the creation of a wide share owning class and is boosting the role of equity markets as a means of channeling savings in the economy. There seemed no direct relationship with the privatizations endeavors apart from examining the transfer of public undertakings to the private sector to prevent monopolization in the areas the public sector exited. In the same line as privatisation, competition should also be well established to boost the economy as a whole. Turkey can help FBiH to establish a free and sound competitive environment for the market for goods and services. Turkey has passed similar procedures recently and is still building on it. References Agency for Statistical Research (ASR) of BiH, Bulletin 4, 2009, pg 89. BH Airlines (2010): http://www.bhairlines.ba/local/partneri/partneri.php Central Bank (CB) of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Annual Bulletins in period of 2000 to 2008, Centralna Banka Bosne i Hercegovine, Sarajevo Foreign Direct Investmen Agency (FDIA), Investment Opportunities in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Sixth Edition, February 2009. Foreign Investment Promotion Agency (FIPA), “Investment Opportunities in Bosnia and Herzegovina, sixth edition, February 2009, pg 15. 852 �Karatas, S.C. (2009), “The Economic Theory of Ibn_i Khaldoun and The Rise and Fall of the Nations”, The Foundation for Science Technology and Civilisation, 9 Conyngham Road, Victoria Park, Manchester, the UK. Liu, G.S. and Garino, G. (2001), “Privatization Or Competition? A Lesson Learnt From The Chinese Enterprise Reform”, Economics of Planning 34: 37-51, Kluwer Academic Publishers. Matutes, J.S. (2000), “Privatization and Local Governments in Mainland China: A Critical Assessment”, Intereconomics, May/June 2000. Ministry of Agriculture, Water Management and Forestry (FMPVS, 2010), http://www.fmpvs.gov.ba/index.php?lang=4 Official Gazette of Bosnia and Herzegovina (OG, 2002), “Law On Free Zones In Bosnıa And Herzegovina”, 3/02 January 2002 Official Gazette of F BiH (OG, 2008), Numbers; 11/99, 37/00, 49/01, 73/06, 6/07 & 86/08. Official Journal of the European Union (OJEU, 2008), Council Decision Concerning The Signing And Conclusion Of The Interim Agreement On Trade And Trade-Related Matters Between The European Community, Of The One Part, And Bosnia And Herzegovina, Of The Other Part, 30.6.2008 Onis, Z. (1991), “The Evolution Of Privatization In Turkey: The Institutional Context of Public-Enterprise Reform”, Journal of Middle East Studies, Vol. 23, No. 2, pp. 163-176 Published by: Cambridge University Press. Privatization Agency (PA, 2009), “Privatization Plan And Program Of Work Of Agency For Privatization In The Federation BiH For 2010”, Sarajevo, November 2009. Sondhof, H. (1999), “Privatization Policy In Russia”, Intereconomics, September/October 1999. Turkish Ziraat Bank Bosnia (TZB-B, 2010), http://www.ziraatbosnia.com/indexb.htm 853 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 637 Title A name given to the resource Economic Cooperation in Balkans: The Case of Bosnia and Herzegovina Author Author GÜNDOĞAN, Mete ÇETİNER, B. Gültekin Abstract A summary of the resource. This article analyzes economy and investment opportunities in Bosnia and Herzegovina (FBiH) in between 1995 and 2009. FBiH and Turkey have an established cultural, social and diplomatic relations. Historical common bonds are regional realities but economic cooperation is a contemporary necessity to strengthen these bonds. It is questioned if economic cooperation is supporting common bonds in terms of investments and trade. FBiH is currently in the less developed countries list of the World Bank with a high rate of unemployment. Such status is mostly inheritance of socialist - communist past. But such status is also creating a lot of investment and trade opportunities for many countries. Within this context, Turkey should produce a strategy associated with Balkan economies in her trade and development. Currently, neither direct Turkish investments nor economypolitic strategies are sufficient to bestow Turkey a key role in the Balkans. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed Q Science (General)