85 10 3494 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/2c23d2631c7ef1b233c438807a39df44.docx 02d06b54521be9b64099dd3482c4389c https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/167ebd3f61555a7a149be46c268e8d0a.pdf 6be72363a244b67f289563a4f32d7c9a PDF Text Text DOĞAL AFETLERİN KLASİK TÜRK ŞİİRİNE YANSIMASINA BİR ÖRNEK: SÂBİR PÂRS DİVANI’NDA DEPREM İLE İLGİLİ DÖRT TARİH MANZUMESİ Kazım YOLDAŞ Bingöl Üniversitesi, Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi, Türk Dili ve Edebiyatı, Bingöl / Türkiye Anahtar Kelimeler: Klasik şiir, Sâbir Pârsâ Divanı, afet, deprem. ÖZET Hayatı her cephesiyle kucaklayan klasik Türk şiirinde, doğal afetlerin izine de rastlamak mümkündür. İnsanı derinden etkileyen doğal afetler, klasik şiirin içsel bakış açısı ile divanlarda işlenmiştir. Bu afetler karşısında insanın aczini dile getiren bu manzumelere örnek olarak Sâbir Pârsâ Divanı’nda yer alan dört tarih manzumesi bildirimizin konusunu teşkil etmektedir. Biri Arapça, biri Farsça, biri de Türkçe birer beyitlik üç şiir ile beş bentlik bir müseddesten ibaret bu manzumelere konu olan depremin tarihi 1069 hicri 1658–59 miladi tarihini göstermektedir. XVII. yüzyılda sosyal sıkıntıların yanı sıra deprem ve yangın gibi doğal afetlerin de sıklıkla görüldüğü tarih kitaplarında kayıtlıdır. Sâbir Pârsâ ile aynı devirde yaşayan Cevrî Dîvânı’nı neşreden Hüseyin Ayan da Na’îmâ Târîhi’nden şunları nakleder: “ 1642 M. (1052H.)’de İstanbul’da büyük bir zelzele olmuş, bu hadise “kıran”a bağlanmıştır. 1645 M. (1055 H.)’de güneş ve ayın tutulmaları da “melhame”lerin kayıtlarına göre uğursuz sayılmıştır. 1648 M. (1058 H.)’deki İstanbul ve civarını sarsan büyük zelzele de “uğursuz” olarak yorumlanmış ve devletin başsız kalacağına işaret sayılmıştır. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2209 Title A name given to the resource DOĞAL AFETLERİN KLASİK TÜRK ŞİİRİNE YANSIMASINA BİR ÖRNEK: SÂBİR PÂRS DİVANI’NDA DEPREM İLE İLGİLİ DÖRT TARİH MANZUMESİ Author Author YOLDAŞ, Kazım Abstract A summary of the resource. Anahtar Kelimeler: Klasik şiir, Sâbir Pârsâ Divanı, afet, deprem. ÖZET Hayatı her cephesiyle kucaklayan klasik Türk şiirinde, doğal afetlerin izine de rastlamak mümkündür. İnsanı derinden etkileyen doğal afetler, klasik şiirin içsel bakış açısı ile divanlarda işlenmiştir. Bu afetler karşısında insanın aczini dile getiren bu manzumelere örnek olarak Sâbir Pârsâ Divanı’nda yer alan dört tarih manzumesi bildirimizin konusunu teşkil etmektedir. Biri Arapça, biri Farsça, biri de Türkçe birer beyitlik üç şiir ile beş bentlik bir müseddesten ibaret bu manzumelere konu olan depremin tarihi 1069 hicri 1658–59 miladi tarihini göstermektedir. XVII. yüzyılda sosyal sıkıntıların yanı sıra deprem ve yangın gibi doğal afetlerin de sıklıkla görüldüğü tarih kitaplarında kayıtlıdır. Sâbir Pârsâ ile aynı devirde yaşayan Cevrî Dîvânı’nı neşreden Hüseyin Ayan da Na’îmâ Târîhi’nden şunları nakleder: “ 1642 M. (1052H.)’de İstanbul’da büyük bir zelzele olmuş, bu hadise “kıran”a bağlanmıştır. 1645 M. (1055 H.)’de güneş ve ayın tutulmaları da “melhame”lerin kayıtlarına göre uğursuz sayılmıştır. 1648 M. (1058 H.)’deki İstanbul ve civarını sarsan büyük zelzele de “uğursuz” olarak yorumlanmış ve devletin başsız kalacağına işaret sayılmıştır. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-17 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2203-4548 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 826 Title A name given to the resource Doğduğunda Ali Rıza, Yaşamında Ali Kemal ve Son Günlerinde Artin Kemal Lakabı ile İnfaz Edilen Türkçe Sevdalısı Bir Muharrir Author Author Ay, Ferudun Abstract A summary of the resource. Ali Kemal, Türk edebi ve siyasi hayatının en ilginç simalarından birisidir. 1867’de İstanbulda domuştur. Gerçek adı Ali Rıza olan Ali Kemal ilk eğitimine Hacı Kadın mektebinde oradan Kaptanpaşa Mekteb-i Rüşdiyyesi ve son sınıfa kadar Gülhane-i Rüşdiyye-i Askeriyyesi’ne gider. Bu okuldan da devamsızlıktan atılır. Okuldan atılması sebebiyle yatılı okula Mektep-i Mülkiyye’ye kayıt olur.1886’da Mülkiyye yıllarında arkadaşlarıyla Gülşen adlı dergi çıkarır. Ali Kemal, Fransızcasını geliştirmek için dördüncü sınıfta Paris ve Cenevre’ye gider. Eğitim hayatı gibi edebi ve siyasi hayatıda çalkantılı geçen Ali Kemal, siyasi meseleden dolayı Halep’e sürgün edilir. Ali Kemal, beş yıl aradan sonara tekrar İstanbul’a dönerse de izin almadan döndüğü için sürgün edileceğini duyar ve Paris’e kaçar. Burada Jön Türklerle birlikte hareket eder ve İkdam gazatesine yazılar gönderir. Hüseyin Cahit Yalçın ile kalem münakaşasına girer. Padişah Abdülhamid Sani ile anlaşınca 1908’de İstanbul’a döner.İkdam’ın başına geçer ve bir sure sonra İttihat Terakki ve Dr.Behaaddin Şakir ile münakaşaya girer ve 31 Mart vakası ile beraber Parise tekrar kaçar. Ali Kemal 1912 de tekrar İstanbul’a döner.Yazı hayatından asla kopmayan birisi olarak istanmeyen bir adamdır. Viyanaya sürgün edilir. Üç ay sonra tekrar İstanbul’a dönen Ali Kemal, Peyam, Peyam- Sabah dergi ve gazetelerini çıkarır.Kalemini keskinleştikçe karşıt görüşdeki siyasetçi ve muharrirler tarafından daima istenmeyen mualif bir kalem olarak görülür.Bu şekilde anılmasına rağmen herkesçe kabul görülen bir yanı vardı ki en azılı düşmanı bile bunu kabul eder. Türkçe ve Türk dilinin doğru kullanımı hassasiyeti ve dile verdiği önem.Hatta ömrünün son senelerinde yakın çevrelerince bilinen Türkçe bir lügat çalışması ile meşgul olduğudur. İstanbul yönetimi mualif kalem; Ankara ise Artin Kemal olarak adlandırdığı, Türkçe sevdalısı bir muharrirdir. Ali Kemal, bütün olumsuzluklara rağmen Türkçe hususunda üslup hassasiyetini savunması ve kaleminin bol,çabuk,sürekli ve tashihsiz yazması Türk diline olan hakimiyetinin bir göstergesidir. Ali Kemal’in infazına kadar süren edebi ve siyasi hayatı içerisinde ki safhaları ve Türkçe sevdasını, günümüz eğitim ve edebiyat camiasına vermeye çalışdık. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed P Philology. Linguistics https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/58bac816245af8a613f71f95f0b3fa16.pdf e436d5cfd0e11d6cd29b6b1a2931e7e0 PDF Text Text 1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo DOMESTIC MOTIVATION IN METAPHORICAL CONSTRUCTIONS Dalibor KesiĤ Odsjek za engleski jezik i knjiņevnost Filolońki Fakultet, Univerzitet u Banjoj Luci bore@blic.net Summary The main focus of this paper is a comparison of cultural perceptions and motivation in metaphoric constructions reflected through phraseology used in American English and Serbian languages. Phraseology used in these languages is seen as collective wisdom shaped through centuries. The premise of the analytical methodology used in the paper is that there is a strong correlation between cultures and phrases that they use, or, in other words, the phrases used in a culture are not mere linguistic creations but an archetypal engendering of beliefs, thoughts, history and cognitive horizons and limitation. The paper is comprised of three main parts whose sequence is arranged so that the first part elucidates the basic concepts underpinning the function and notion of phraseology. Different views are provided in an attempt to induce a comprehensive framework theory which would encompass and reflect all the properties of phraseology and usher the reader into the next part. Part two looks closely into a substantial number of American English common phraseologisms and almost as many Serbian ones. They are compared and segregated into groups in a way that makes the inference that follows easier and more exact. The phrases having been analyzed and statistically processed, conclusions are laid out in the last part about the most apparent similarities and differences existing in the two languages. Key words: phraseology, American English, Serbian, culture, metaphor, semantics, motivation I. We all now that words are symbols and signs that help us mark and comprehend the world around us. But we are also aware that apart from these two dimensions of words there is a third one, one that is not easily explained and serves to convey messages whose meaning surpasses the mere aggregation of the meanings of constituent lexemes. Nowhere is this illusive role of words so well manifested as in phraseology. In phraseology, words merge in syntagms, larger groups, in meaningful units, whose real meaning resists the literal comprehension of their lexical constituents and offers us a new creative language that is easy to use but not so easy to explain in all its complexity. In each cultural context, there are typical modes of expression that assemble words in order to signify something that is not limited to the sum of the meanings of the single words that compose them; an extra meaning, usually metaphorical, becomes part and parcel of this particular assembly. "To find oneself between hammer and anvil" does not literally mean to be in that physical condition; it means rather to be in a stressing or very difficult situation. In our everyday life we seldom find the hammer or anvil in our immediate vicinity. For decades now, phraseology has been a part of linguistics that has never been decidedly defined. Definitions of phraseology are everything but consistent. There are a few reasons for that. A phraseologism is seen by some as anything that has a solidly molded form with no variations in lexical composition regardless of the usage, argot, expressiveness, poetical note or frequency as long as it has an invariable lexical composition known as such to speakers of the language. This would imply that phraseology encompasses proverbs, sayings, idiolect and every other form of collocated wording used to denote an object, advice, idea or anything else with a meaning that, to some extent, deviates from the exact meaning of the words used in them. Others are far stricter in their understanding of phraseology and believe that only those language constructions whose meaning is clearly different from the sum of meanings of the secluded words, can be called phraseologisms. 286 �1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo Phraseologisms – or expressions that would aspire at becoming so – are formed in huge quantities, but do not always succeed. Sometimes, they are formed and disappear almost simultaneously. The only instances that create problems for the translator are the stable, recurrent lexical idioms, that for their metaphorical meaning do not rely only on the reader‘s logic at the time of reading, but also, and above all, on the value that such a metaphor has assumed in the history of the language under discussion. A frequently encountered definition of phraseologisms is that they are metaphorical linguistic constructions existing in one language and untranslatable in others. Indeed, phraseologisms sometimes pose a nightmare to the translator. The first obstacle for the translator consists in recognizing phraseologisms. If unrecognized, they are translated interpreting the meaning of the single words to the letter, with doubtful outcome, to say the least. The translator is always on alert in order to catch a passage that is marked, they form a particular sensitivity allowing them, hopefully, to stop and think about an unusual formulation even when, in their experience, they have never run across that particular idiomatic expression. Comparing and contrasting phraseologisms existing in American English and Serbian, we shall see that almost a half of them are mutually translatable. Of course, there will always be those locally generated, such as ―kruņi kao kińa oko Kragujevca'' or ''no joy in Mudville‖ that will have to be left to translators‘ own devices. Once the expression is identified, the next problem consists in decoding it. All authors agree that dictionaries are not always reliable tools in this sense. First, they do not contain all phraseologisms, partly because every day new ones are formed and partly because they add considerably to the dictionary‘s physical volume and it is often not practical to include them all. The second problem consists in the identification of a phraseologism under a given entry: "to be between hammer and anvil" can be found under the words "between", or "anvil", or "hammer", or "be", but usually if it is present under one entry it will be absent in all the others; otherwise, the dictionary would be too redundant. The latter problem is avoidable to some extent if one has an electronic version of the dictionary, and its software for the dictionary data management allows the so-called "full-text search". A searchable dictionary of phraseologisms should offer our phrase when either ―anvil‖, ―hammer‖ or ―between‖ is searched for. One would, of course expect to have to filter through other phraseologisms containing these words (―what is said stays between these four walls‖, ―between the rock and a hard place‖, ―using a sledge-hammer to crack a nut‖). The third problem is the use of bilingual dictionaries. In this case, the provided solutions are not explanations of meanings of phraseologisms that, in the compiler‘s intentions, should serve to translate them into the other language. Since there is seldom a good coincidence of meaning between phraseologisms, there is a very high risk of finding others that have different metaphors, a different meaning, and are not at all fit for specific cases. There are phraseologisms that are arguably universal. Some of them are taken over from other languages in a form that is conspicuously foreign, but have nevertheless become popular. Such are ―all roads lead to Rome‖, ―carpe diem/seize the day‖, ―veni, vidi, vici‖, ―Pyrrhic victory‖. Others are felt as if they have always belonged to the language, such as the ―ņito i kukolj‖(―wheat and chaff‖) proverb, whereas, in fact, they were also taken form another language. The source of this last one is in the Bible, and it appeared in a Serbian charter as early as XII-XIII century. In the most fortunate cases, in two cultures the same phraseologism has formed based on the same metaphor. It is the case of the mentioned example, "being between hammer and anvil", existing also in Serbian: ―izmeħu ĦekiĤa i nakovnja'' and I would be little surprised if it were found in many other languages. This paper aims to explore the proportion of phraseologisms that are literally translatable without any loss of their expressiveness. In other cases, the translator opts for a different idiom, based on a different metaphor, that, in the translator‘s opinion, conveys the same kind of contextual meaning. In a connotative text the choice of a translating idiom can be a big problem, because the author‘s intention can be to use a given metaphor, that is functional to the network of intertextual references, and to the clues willingly distributed by the author for the model reader inclined to make given conjectures, and the replacing idiom can radically shift the metaphor‘s tenor, misleading the reader of the metatext. If, on the other hand, what counts most is only transporting the denotative meaning, for example when the notion of "never" is expressed through a phraseologisms such as ―when the moon turns to green cheese‖, one can use different metaphors without great difficulties ―kadnavrbi rodi groņħe''. 287 �1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo There is, moreover, the possibility of a non-phraseological translation of an idiom. This choice is preferred when the denotative meaning of the translation act is chosen as a dominant, and one is ready to compromise as to the presentation of the expressive colour, of the meaning nuances, of connotation and aphoristic form. In the case of non-phraseological rendering, there are two possibilities: one can opt for a lexical translation or for a calque. The lexical translation consists ofthe explicationof the denotative meaning of the phraseologismthrough other words, giving up all the other style and connotation aspects. In the case of the "to have a bigger fish to fry" idiom, a lexical rendering could be "to have a more important matter to attend to". The calque, on the other hand, would consist of translating the idiom to the exact letters into a culture where such a form is not recognized as an idiom: in this case the reader of the recipient culture perceives the idiom as unusual and feels the problem to interpret it in a non literal, metaphorical way. The calque has the advantage of preserving intact all second-degree, non-denotative references, that in some authors‘ strategies can bear an essential importance. It is true that the reconstruction of the denotative meaning is left to the recipient culture‘s ability, but it is true as well that the metaphor is an essential, primordial semiotic mechanism, which therefore belongs to all cultures. II. In order to segregate phraseologisms existing in the two languages, a breakdown is suggested which is based on their mutual translatability. Conforming to the intricacy of the issue described above, I propose that the most logical way to do this is to split phraseologisms into three groups. The first group includes those American English phraseologisms which have exact equivalents in Serbian in terms of their meaning and lexical composition. The second group includes those American English phraseologismsthat do not have exact equivalents in Serbian in terms of words used therein, but there are Serbian phraseologisms that have near the same meaning, notwithstanding the lexical difference. The third group includes those American English phraseologisms that have neither semantic nor lexical equivalents in Serbian, and, as such, have to be interpreted in a less metaphorical fashion. The following examples of American English phraseologisms are taken from a book on the most commonly used American sayings and proverbs, which contains over one thousand phraseologisms, and they have been grouped in accordance with the segregation described above. 36 GROUP I – Lexical and Semantic Congruence Examples: All‘s well that ends well – Sve je dobrošto se dobrosvrši Havesomethingup the sleeve – Imati nešto u rukavu No smokewithoutfire – Gdje ima dima ima i vatre To pouroil on fire – Dolijevati ulje na vatru Attack is the best form of defense – Napad je najbolja odbrana Barkingdogsneverbite – Pas koji laje ne ujeda Birds of a featherflocktogether – Svaka ptica svome jatu leti Blacksheep – Crna ovca It makesmy hair stand (up) on the end – Diţe mi se kosa na glavi It's the tip of the iceberg – To je vrh ledenog brijega The endjustifies the means – Cilj opravdava sredstva Looking for a needle in a haystack – Traţiti iglu u plastu sijena Aneye for aneye, a tooth for a tooth – Oko za oko, zub za zub A faultconfessed is half redressed – Ko prizna pola mu se prašta A friend in need is a friend indeed – Prijatelj u nevolji je pravi prijatelj; U nevolji se prijatelj poznaje To go through the mill – Proći sito i rešeto Overmydeadbody – Samo preko mene mrtvog One swallowdoesnotmake a summer – Jedna lasta ne čini proljeće He wholaughs last, laughsbest – Ko se zadnji smije najslaĎe se smije Neverlook a gifthorse in the mouth – Poklonjenom konju se ne gleda u zube 36 Titelman, Gregory (2000). America‘s Most Popular Proverbs and Sayings. New York: Random House. 288 �1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo Prevention is betterthan cure – Bolje spriječiti nego liječiti Let the dustsettle – Nek' se slegne prašina The last drop thatmakes the cup runover – Kap koja je prelila čašu Readbetween the lines – Čitati izmeĎu redova Silence is golden – ģutanje je zlato GROUP II - Lexical Incongruence, Semantic Similarity Examples: Talk of the devil – Mi o vuku, a vuk na vrata The appledoesn'tfall far from the tree – Iverje ne pada daleko od klade You can'teatyourcakeandhaveittoo – Ne moţeš imati i jare i pare The cat is out of the bag – Došlo djelo na vidjelo Getup on the wrong side of the bed – Ustati na lijevu nogu The game is notworth the candle – Skuplja pita od tepsije A great tree attracts the wind– Za dobrim konjem prašina se diže Mightmakesright – Sila boga ne moli Long absent, soon forgotten – Daleko od očiju, daleko od srca Give him an inch and he will take a mile – Daš mu prst a on hoĤe ruku Birdsoncesnaredfearallbushes – Koga su zmije ujedale taj se i guštera plaši; Ko se o mlijeko opekao duva i u jogurt; Ko se opekao i u hladno duva Out of the blue – Kao grom iz vedra neba Comparingapplesandoranges – Porediti babe i ţabe Have a screwloose – Fali mu daska u glavi To reinvent the wheel – Izumiti toplu vodu Kick against the pricks – Ići uz dlaku; Bosti se s rogatima In hisshoes – Na njegovom mjestu The earlybirdcatches the worm – Ko rano rani dvije sreće grabi; Ko prvi djevojci njegova djevojka It's the last straw that broke the camel's back – To je kap koja je prelila čašu Fightfirewithfire – Klin se klinom izbija It's a piece of cake – To je mačiji kašalj Make hay while the sun shines – GvoţĎe se kuje dok je vruće GROUP III - American English Phraseologisms without Equivalents in Serbian These need to be interpreted less metaphorically Examples: Put your money where your mouth is – Start doing as you say Marching to a different drummer – To disobey authority and pursue own principles Close but no cigar – Almost right, but still insufficiently so Curiosity killed the cat – Curiosity can be dangerous A rising tide will lift all boats – An overall improvement will affect all individual segments Don't cry over spilled milk – Regrets are not productive and bring no avail Don't judge a book by its cover – Essence and real quality lies within Don't throw out the baby with the bath water – Do not be overly critical and neglect positives things Everything is coming up roses – Positive developments and the feeling of joy related therewith The fat is in the fire; The genie is out of the bottle – Events have started and their course cannot be reversed To have a bigger fish to fry – To have a more important matter to attend to A shot in the arm – An influx of energy, financial or another kind of assistance Scratch my back and I‘ll scratch yours – Mutual help results in synergy It's all smoke and mirrors – It is a fallacious and deliberate illusion Keep a low profile – Do not attract much attention Keep your powder dry – Be ready and alert 289 �1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo III. Staying with the said book and continuing the segregation of the phraseologisms in line with the above listed examples, one eventually ends up with larger and more representative figures and percentages. Out of 1005 analyzed American English phraseologisms, 321 or 32.94% of them have exact equivalents in Serbian, both in terms of lexical composition and meaning, 269 or 26.76% of them, do not have exact lexical matching with Serbian phraseologisms that convey the same meaning, and 415 or 40.30% of them have neither lexical nor semantic equivalents in Serbian, and, as such, they need to be interpreted in a less metaphoric fashion. Chart 1. Participation of the three groups of American English phraseologisms in accordance with their semantic and lexical congruence with Serbian phraseologisms Reading and analyzing the phraseology of the two languages, and conceding that the above elaboration is somewhat one-sided as it does not really consider the logical fourth group of Serbian phraseologisms without American English equivalents (obrati bostan;biti deveta rupa na svirali), one still gets the impression that American English phraseology is far more embeded in the language, at least in terms of its presence in literature, both beletristics and science. There are dozens of English phraseologic dicitonaries as well as theoretical books aiming to elucidate the phenomena of phraseology, whereas those that tackle the same issue in Serbian are few and far between. American phraseologisms are also very present in everyday speech, covering all kinds of topics and referring to different spheres of life. They have a very pragmatic function and are useful tools in all kinds of situations. They convey orders, feelings of dismay or jubilance. Serbian phraseologisms, on the other hand, lack the pragmatic facility so abundantly present in American English. What they have to offset that shortcoming is their evident poetical note. Rhyme is far more present in Serbian phraseology. In fact, 2.5 more Serbian phraseologisms rhyme than is the case in American English, even though English morphology is more convenient for rhyming. This can be explained by centuries of oral tradition is Serbian, which prefers rhyme and preserves it better. 290 �1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo References Ammer, Christine (1997) The American Heritage Dictionary o Idioms. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company BabiĤ, S. (1978-1979) Zašto se kaţe: naći se u nebranom groţĎu. Zagreb: Jezik Baz, Patros D. (1963) A Dictionary of Proverbs. New York: Philosophical Library Black, M. (1962) ModelsandMetaphors. New York: Cornell University Press Bugarski, R. (1996) Uvod u opštulingvistiku. Beograd: Biblioteka XX vek Collis, Harry. (1992) 101 American English Proverbs. Lincolnwood, IL: Passport Books Donne, John(1975) Devotions upon Emergent Occasions.Edited by Anthony Raspa. Montreal: McGill-Queen‘s University Press. Funk, Charles Earle (1948) A Hog on Ice and Other Curious Expressions. New York: Harper & Row Funk, Charles Earle (1955) Heavens to Betsy and Other Curious Sayings. New York: Harper & Row. GavriloviĤ, A. (1900) Pogled u ţivotsrpskihnarodnihposlovica XIX veka, Aleksinac: KaradņiĤ. Gordon, W. J. J (1966) The Metaphorical Way of Knowing. Cambridge MA: Porpoise. Hawkesworth, C. (1998) Colloquial Croatian and Serbian. London: Routhledge KovaĦeviĤ, Ņivorad (2002) Engleskosrpskifrazeološkirečnik. Beograd: FilipVińnjiĤ. MateńiĤ, J. (1980) Frazemkaoprevodilački problem (referatna X maħunarodnomsastankuslavista u Vukovedane) Beograd, 1980. MateńiĤ, J. (1982) Frazeološkirječnihhrvatskogilisrpskogjezika. Zagreb: Ńkolskaknjiga. Menac, A. (1970-1971) O strukturifrazeologizama, Zagreb: Jezik, god. XVIII. Br. 1. MrńeviĤ-RadoviĤ, Dragana. (1987) Frazeološke glagolsko imeničke sintagme u savremenomsrpskohrvatskom jeziku. Beograd: Filolońki Fakultet. Titelman, Gregory 2000. America‘s Most Popular Proverbs and Sayings. New York: Random House 291 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 44 Title A name given to the resource DOMESTIC MOTIVATION IN METAPHORICAL CONSTRUCTIONS Author Author Kesić, Dalibor Abstract A summary of the resource. The main focus of this paper is a comparison of cultural perceptions and motivation in metaphoric constructions reflected through phraseology used in American English and Serbian languages. Phraseology used in these languages is seen as collective wisdom shaped through centuries. The premise of the analytical methodology used in the paper is that there is a strong correlation between cultures and phrases that they use, or, in other words, the phrases used in a culture are not mere linguistic creations but an archetypal engendering of beliefs, thoughts, history and cognitive horizons and limitation. The paper is comprised of three main parts whose sequence is arranged so that the first part elucidates the basic concepts underpinning the function and notion of phraseology. Different views are provided in an attempt to induce a comprehensive framework theory which would encompass and reflect all the properties of phraseology and usher the reader into the next part. Part two looks closely into a substantial number of American English common phraseologisms and almost as many Serbian ones. They are compared and segregated into groups in a way that makes the inference that follows easier and more exact. The phrases having been analyzed and statistically processed, conclusions are laid out in the last part about the most apparent similarities and differences existing in the two languages. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2011-05 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed P Philology. Linguistics https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/76a6ffdd44ad157612e3f9581477bf63.docx 136872ac8fd856943a764cb2822b6513 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/ed4cf72e030e70608b05092460199855.pdf 2305801063dbabc89f8a0bedebd7763d PDF Text Text Prof. dr Kasim Trnka DOMETI I IZAZOVI USTAVNE REKONSTRUKCIJE FEDERACIJE BOSNE I HERCEGOVINE Sažetak Daytonski Ustav BiH, konstruiran da zaustavi rat, postao je ključni razlog onemogućavanja bržeg i stabilnog razvoja zemlje. Favorizovanjem nacionalnih kolektiviteta bitno se udaljio od savremenih demokratskih standarda. Pokušaji međunarodne zajednice da potaknu nacionalne lidere da modernizuju ustavni sistem pokazali su se kontraproduktivnim. Zato je američka administracija odlučila da podrži napore civilnog društva i akademske zajednice da predlože poboljšanja ustavnog sistema Federacije koji je ocjenjen kao slabiji dio ustavnog sistema zemlje. Expertna grupa koja je predložila cjelovit tekst novog Ustava Federacije suočila se sa brojnim izazovima. Početna dilema je da li je moguće poboljšavati dio ustavnog sistema ako je nepromjenjen Ustav zemlje. Ključni izazov je bio uspostavljanje optimalne ravnoteže između interesa građana i interesa nacionalnih kolektiviteta. Izazov je uspostavljanje institucionalne nacionalne razvnopravnosti i optimalne teritorijalne organizacije Federacije. Neodložan je zahtjev podizanja efikasnosti institucija i smanjivanje njihovih troškova. Ponuđeni su odgovori i na brojna druga pitanja. Stručna i šira javnost je pozitivno reagovala na predložene promjene. Prijedlozi su u parlamentarnoj proceduri. Ostaje da se vidi da li će različite, često suprotstavljene, političke opcije u Parlamentu Federacije imati kapacitet da se usaglase o ponuđenom predlošku. Ključne riječi: Ustav BiH; Ustav Federacije BiH; građanski princip; nacionalna ravnopravnost; teritorijalna organizacija; efikasnost institucija. 11 �Kasim Trnka: DOMETI I IZAZOVI USTAVNE REKONSTRUKCIJE FEDERACIJE BOSNE I HERCEGOVINE SCOPE AND CHALLENGES OF THE CONSTITUTIONAL RECONSTRUCTION OF THE FEDERATION OF BIH Abstract The Dayton Constitution of BiH construed to end the war, has become a key impediment to a faster and stable development of the country. By favoring ethnic collectivity, it significantly moved away from the modern democratic standards. Attempts by the international community to encourage ethnic leaders to modernize the constitutional system proved to be counterproductive. Therefore, the U.S. administration decided to support the efforts of civil society and academia to propose improvements to the constitutional system of the Federation which was estimated as the weaker part of the constitutional system of the country. The Expert Group that proposed a full text of the new Federation Constitution was faced with many challenges. The initial dilemma was whether it is possible to improve a part of the constitutional system, if the Constitution of the country is unchanged. The key challenge was to establish an optimal balance between the interests of citizens and the interests of ethnic collectivity. The challenge is to establish an institutional and national equality, as well as an optimal territorial organization of the Federation. An urgent need is to increase the efficiency of the institutions and reducing their costs. The answers have been offered to many other issues as well. Professional but also the wider public community has reacted positively to the proposed changes. The proposals are in parliamentary procedure now. It remains to be seen whether the different, often conflicting, policy options in the Federation Parliament, have the capacity to agree on the offered proposal. Kew words: BiH Constitution; Constitution of the Federation of BiH; civic principles; ethnic equality; territorial organization; efficiency of institutions. 12 �ZBORNIK RADOVA - Međunarodna naučna konferencija „Javni i privatni aspekti nužnih pravnih reformi u BiH: Koliko daleko možemo ići?“ UVOD – HISTORIJSKI KONTEKST Ustavni sistem Bosne i Hercegovine uspostavljen nametnutim Ustavom i kompleksnim Mirovnim sporazumom dizajniran je tako da, prvenstveno, zaustavi rat. Uslov za to je bio postizanje kompromisa barem na tri nivoa. U završnu rundu pregovora bile su involvirane ključne velike sile. Zbog toga je u okviru tzv. Kontakt grupe trebalo usaglasiti strategijske i neposredne interese u regionu između SAD-a, Ruske Federacije, Velike Britanjije, Francuske i Njemačke. Drugi nivo je podrazumjevao usaglašavanje interesa susjednih zemalja koje su bile duboko vojno, politički, ekonomski i na svaki drugi način involvirane u rat i agresiju na Bosnu i Hercegovinu. Treći nivo su interesi ključnih političkih snaga u zemlji koji su nacionalne proviniencije i čiji su politički koncepti i programi u velikoj mjeri konfrontirani. U toj konstelaciji zalaganja za demokratska rješenja i dugoročnu stabilizaciju zemlje bila su sasvim u drugom planu. Takav nametnuti sistem nije mogao proizvesti ništa drugo nego trajnu nestabilnost i, što je još gore, nesposobnost vlastite transformacije i prihvatanja savremenih demokratskih standarda. Pored navedenog, međunarodne i unutrašnje prilike koje su prethodile zaključivanju Daytonskog sporazuma opredjelile su njegova rješenja. Rat i agresija na BiH kulminirali su u ljeto i jesen 1993. godine. Tada su međusobno ratovale najmanje četiri vojne formacije. Evropska unija je, u pokušaju iznalažena diplomatskog rješenja krize, kreirala tri neuspjela mirovna plana. Svi njeni planovi su polazili od podjele teritorije na nacionalnoj osnovi. Posljednji – Owen – Stotelbergov plan – čak je predviđao uspostavljanje tri nacionalne države i njihov labav savez u obliku unije, što je trebalo da znaći nestanak države BiH. SAD, koje se u mirovni proces uključuju početkom 1994. godine, pokušavaju promjeniti koncept mirovnog rješenja. U Washinktonskom sporazumu polaze od očuvanja suvereniteta i teritorijalnog integriteta BiH i kreiraju federativno uređenje koje se temelji na ravnopravnosti građana i federalnih jedinica – kantona. Prema ustavnoj definiciji, kantoni nisu smijeli imati nacionalne karakteristike i obilježja. Za početak, Federacija je uspostavljana na teritoriji sa većinskim bošnjačkim i hrvatskim stanovništvom sa namjerom da se i teritorija sa većinskim srpskim stanovništvom uključi u federativnu strukturu, što je trebalo osigurati u nastavku mirovnog procesa. 13 �Kasim Trnka: DOMETI I IZAZOVI USTAVNE REKONSTRUKCIJE FEDERACIJE BOSNE I HERCEGOVINE Uključivanjem u mirovni proces i drugih velikih sila – kroz t.zv. Kontakt-grupu – američki koncept doživljava značajne promjene. U okviru tadašnjih strategijskih odnosa velikih sila uključenih u Kontakt-grupu, prvenstveno zahvaljujući uticaju Ruske Federacije, prihvata se postojanje Republike Srpske i postiže saglasnost o dvoentitetskoj podjeli zemlje u teritorijalnom omjeru 51:49%. Pošto je ovaj entitet nacionalno definisan i za Federaciju se tada koristila netačna sintagma: bošnjačko-hrvatska. Za gotovo 20 godina funkcionisanja Federacija se nije stabilizovala. Nije pomoglo ni 109 amandmana na Ustav Federacije da bi se poboljšalo nezadovoljavajuće stanje. Naprotiv, ona je postala jedan od bitnih elemenata destabilizacije ukupnog državnog i društvenog uređenja zemlje. Sigurno je, međutim, da svi problemi u Federaciji nisu rezultat njene nesavršenosti, niti su neadekvatne strukture Federacije, najvećim dijelom, posljedica nametnutog ustavnog koncepta zemlje. Očekivanja da će domaće političke snage u uslovima mira biti u stanju da uspostave demokratski poredak pokazala su se nerealnim. Naprotiv, iniciranje ustavnih promjena od strane međunarodne zajednice (aprilski paket – 2006. godine i butmirski paket – 2009. godine) naišlo je na odbijanje domaćih političkih aktera. Pokazalo se da nacionalne elite nemaju kapaciteta da iz ustavnog sistema zemlje uklone očigledne oblike nacionalne diskriminacije na što ih je obavezao Evropski sud za ljudska prava presudom u predmetu Sejdić i Finci protiv Bosne i Hercegovine iz 2009. godine. 1. Osnovna polazišta i rad na projektu rekonstukcije Ustavnog uređenja Federacije BiH Suočena sa ovim neuspjesima, američka je administracija odlučila da ide korak po korak u promjene. Fokusira se na otklanjanje nedostataka u organizaciji i funkcioniranju Federacije. Očekuje da ovoga puta inicijative poteknu od demokratske javnosti, iz nevladinih organizacija, iz akademske zajednice i struke. Grupa je najprije obavila široke konsultacije sa brojnim nevladinim organizacijama, sa predstavnicima akademske zajednice i sa nosiocima funkcija u svim nivoima vlasti na području cijele Federacije. Rezultat toga je, kao što je poznato, 188 preporuka u kojima su definisani mogući pravci i 14 �ZBORNIK RADOVA - Međunarodna naučna konferencija „Javni i privatni aspekti nužnih pravnih reformi u BiH: Koliko daleko možemo ići?“ rješenja za reformu Ustava Federacije. Razmatrajući Preporuke, Predstavnički dom Parlamenta Federacije, na sjednici od 24.juna 2013 godine, odlučio je da pokrene postupak promjene Ustava Federacije BiH. Nakon toga, Grupa je pripremila radni nacrt potpuno novog Ustava Federacije o kojem će se, zajedno sa prijedlozima i komentarima parlamentarnih političkih stranaka, izjasniti Parlament Federacije. Nakon toga treba očekivati široku javnu raspravu o predloženim rješenjima. Na početku svoga rada Expertna grupa je smatrala oportunim da definiše ključne odrednice od kojih će polaziti u kreiranju ustavnih promjena i da naznači ciljeve predloženih reformi. To je učinila kroz sljedeće stavove: 1. Ustavno uređenje države Bosne i Hercegovine i Federacije BiH, kao njenog sastavnog dijela, mora se temeljiti na savremenim demokratskim vrijednostima, punoj jednakopravnosti građana i naroda i mora osigurati efektivnu primjenu standarda neophodnih za pristup Evropskoj uniji i NATO savezu. 2. Uvažavajući postojeće stanje proizašlo iz istorijskih okolnosti, te činjenicu da je Bosna i Hercegovina višenacionalna država i da treba funkcionisati kao demokratska, pravna, sekularna i socijalna država, i ustavno uređenje i praksa u Federaciji BiH moraju biti uspostavljeni i djelovati na ovim principima. 3. Promjene su usmjerene na kreiranje konzistentnije, racionalnije i funkcionalnije organizacije Federacije BiH koja će osigurati jednakopravnost njenih građana – pripadnika konstitutivnih naroda (Bošnjaka, Hrvata i Srba) i onih koji se ne izjašnjavaju pripadnicima konstitutivnih naroda, uključujući i pripadnike nacionalnih manjina. 4. Diskriminacija po nacionalnoj, političkoj i vjerskoj osnovi je veoma prisutna u Federaciji, kao i u cijeloj zemlji. Posebno su u nezavidnom položaju manjinske i marginalizirane grupe. Zbog toga se princip nacionalne ravnopravnosti mora još više osigurati ustavno-pravnim sredstvima, prvenstveno optimalnom ravnotežom institucionalnih garancija na svim nivoima, kao i teritorijalnom i funkcionalnom organizacijom Federacije BiH. 5. Neravnopravnost građana je posebno izražena u nejednakom nivou i kvaliteti zadovoljavanja potreba u oblasti socijalne politike, invalidske zaštite, u zdravstvu i obrazovanju. Zato i ustavno-pravnim sredstvima treba potaknuti uspostavljanje višeg nivoa socijalne pravde i solidarnosti u zadovoljavanju ovih potreba. 15 �Kasim Trnka: DOMETI I IZAZOVI USTAVNE REKONSTRUKCIJE FEDERACIJE BOSNE I HERCEGOVINE 6. Glomazne, nefunkcionalne i skupe institucije vlasti ozbiljno dovode u pitanje fiskalnu održivost i Federacije i kantona. Suviše veliki dio nacionalnog dohotka se izdvaja za njihovo finansiranje. Ta se sredstva velikim dijelom namiču skupim zaduživanjem kod međunarodnih finansijskih institucija. Zbog toga nedostaju sredstva za razvoj i zadovoljavanje socijalnih potreba. 7. Racionalizacijom institucionalne strukture i procesa odlučivanja, u okviru ustavne reforma, mogu se postići velike uštede. 8. Iako se presuda Evropskog suda u predmetu Sejdić i Finci ne referira direktno na rješenja Ustava Federacije BiH, smatra se prikladnim da se njene poruke i smisao primjene i na institucije i odnose u Federaciji BiH. Ova inicijativa i preduzete aktivnosti suočene su sa nekim bitnim ograničenjima i različitim kontraverzama u javnosti. Promjene su limitirane postojećim rješenjima Ustava BiH, posebno dvoentitetskom podjelom i diskriminatornim odredbama. Iz toga je proizašla dilema da li je uopšte moguće izvršiti svrsishodne promjene ustavnog uređenja Federacije ako se ne mijenja Ustav zemlje. Takođe je, s razlogom, naglašavano da je teško očekivati da se može postići optimalna regionalizacija ako se ona mora ostvarivati u okvirima apsolutno neprirodno povućene međuentitetske linije razgraničenja. Ipak su realistična očekivanja da će se uređivanjem odnosa u Federaciji stvoriti pretpostavke za značajnije promjene Ustava BiH. Ove okolnosti, ipak, ne smiju biti izgovor i opravdanje da se ne preduzme sve što je moguće da se Federacija učini demokratskijom, funkcionalnijom i ekonomski i fiskalno održivom. Naprotiv, prostora za usavršavanje ustavnog uređenja Federacije ima veoma mnogo. Expertna grupa koja je kreirala projekt ustavne rekonstrukcije Federacije našla se pred izazovom da osigura, u što je moguće većoj mjeri, primjenu međunarodnih demokratskih standarda, da uvažava ograničenja koja proizlaze iz Ustava BiH i da ima u vidu politički ambient u kome bi se morala osigurati podrška, ne samo stručne i našire javnosti, nego i političkih aktera zastupljenih u parlamentarnoj strukturi. 16 �ZBORNIK RADOVA - Međunarodna naučna konferencija „Javni i privatni aspekti nužnih pravnih reformi u BiH: Koliko daleko možemo ići?“ Ustav je u svakoj zemlji unaprijed definisani način upravljanja globalnim procesima. Demokratsko upravljanje razlikama poseban je izazov za pluralistička društva. Zato se u teoriji ustavnog prava i u komparativnoj praksi kao ključno pitanje postavlja projektovanje optimalne ravnoteže između onoga što je opšti i zajednički interes i prepoznavanja i uvažavanja legitimnih interesa i potreba dijelova društva. Poznato je da kada se nedovoljno uvažavaju posebnosti i neadekvatno definišu opšti interesi da jačaju centralističke tendencije. I obrnuto, kada se neadekvatno favorizuju razlike, jačaju dezintegracione tendencije. U oba slučaja se ugrožavaju stabilnost i kohezija dotične države i društva. 2. Ustavni instrumenti garancija i zaštite ravnopravnosti građana U predloženom projektu pozicija građana, dakle opšti i zajednički interes, osiguravaju se, naročito, kroz sljedeća rješenja: - - - Katalog ljudskih sloboda i prava je obogaćen savremenim dostignućima u razvijenim demokratskim državama, posebno onim garantovanim Temeljnom poveljom o ljudskim pravima Evropske unije. To su, primjerice, prava na rodnu ravnopravnost, pravo na dobru upravu, sekularizam, sloboda nacionalnog izjašnjavanja i dr. Kolektivna prava konstitutivnih naroda nisu se mogla uskladiti sa zabranom diskriminacije jer to proizlazi iz Ustava BiH. Poboljšani su mehanizmi zaštite zajamčenih prava. Sloboda kretanja ljudi i kapitala, tržišna privreda i preduzetništvo kao osnova ekonomskog uređenja zemlje garantovani su i federalnim Ustavom. Zagarantovan je jednak pristup pravdi svim građanima. Temeljito rekonstruisana pozicija Ustavnog suda predstavlja čvrstu garanciju ostvarivanja ustavnosti i zakonitosti. Međunarodni standardi nezavisnog pravosuđa osigurani su u organizaciji i finansiranju ove grane vlasti. Procesni zakoni, organizacija i finansiranje pravosuđa, dok još nije u isključivoj nadleđnosti države, uređivaće se federalnim zakonom. Značaj ustavne kategorije, osim sudova, dobivaju i tužilaštvo, advokatura i besplatna pravna pomoć. Podignut je nivo solidarnosti u oblasti socijalne i zdravstvene zaštite, u nauci i visokom obrazovanju i time osiguran veći stepen jednakosti svih građana Federacije. Predviđen je mehanizam bržeg razvoja nedovoljno razvijenih krajeva. 17 �Kasim Trnka: DOMETI I IZAZOVI USTAVNE REKONSTRUKCIJE FEDERACIJE BOSNE I HERCEGOVINE - - Izuzetno je ojačana pozicija Parlamenta Federacije kao jedinog organa federalne vlasti koji ima izvorni legitimitet. Precizno je uređeno balansiranje između zakonodavne i izvršne vlasti i onemogućeno izbijanje blokada i kriza u njihovim odnosima. U institucijama vlasti interes građana je osiguran neposrednim izborom i nadležnostima Predstavničkog doma Parlamenta, kantonalnih skupština, gradskih i opštinskih vijeća, gradonačelnika i opštinskih načelnika. Ojačana je pozicija građana u lokalnim zajednicama. Standardi utvrđeni u Evropskoj povelji o lokalnoj samoupravi dosljedno su primjenjeni u predloženom ustavnom sistemu Federacije U okviru Federacije uspostavljen je ustavni mehanizam koordinacije svih nivoa vlasti za prihvatanje i provođenje evropskog pravnog nasljedstva što treba da potakne brže usvajanje evropskih standarda u procesu pridruživanja Evropskoj uniji. 3. Garancije i instrumenti zaštite nacionalne ravnopravnosti Harmoniziranje ovih interesa sa posebnim interesima ustavno je artikulirano, naročito, kroz brojne garancije nacionalne ravnopravnosti, posebno kroz institucionalnu strukturu i proces odlučivanja, kao i kroz odgovarajuće pozicioniranje kantona. Nacionalna ravnopravnost je osigurana, naročito, kroz: - - - 18 Proporcionalnu nacionalnu zastupljenost u svim institucijama javne vlasti i organizacijama koja vrše javna ovlaštenja. Pridržavajući se odredaba Ustava BiH ova proporcija se utvrđuje prema popisu stanovništva iz 1991. godine. Paritetnu zastupljenost konstitutivnih naroda u Domu naroda. Preciziranje odredaba o izboru delegata u ovaj dom treba da doprinese većoj reprezentativnosti i legitimitetu predstavljanja nacionalnih interesa. Predupređena je mogućnost blokade institucija sistema stranačkim manipulacijama u izboru delegata. Mehanizam zaštite vitalnih interesa na nivou Federacije, kantona i grada Mostara. Novim pozicioniranjem Ustavnog suda, odnosno njegovog Vijeća za zaštitu vitalnih interesa, izbjegavaju se blokade u procesu parlamentarnog odlučivanja, što je do sada bila česta praksa. �ZBORNIK RADOVA - Međunarodna naučna konferencija „Javni i privatni aspekti nužnih pravnih reformi u BiH: Koliko daleko možemo ići?“ - - Nacionalno balansiranje ključnih funkcija na svim nivoima vlasti. Predložena rješenja osiguravaju odgovarajuće pozicije i za one koji se ne izjašnjavaju kao pripadnici konstitutivnih naroda. Garancije nacionalnih prava pripadnika nacionalnih manjina i svih drugih koji se ne izjašnjavaju kao pripadnici konstitutivnih naroda, u skladu sa najvišim međunarodnim standardima, posebno sa Evropskom okvirnom konvencijom o pravima nacionalnih manjina.. Instrumentima zaštite manjinskih grupa konstitutivnih naroda i onih koji se ne izjašnjavaju kao pripadnici konstitutivnih naroda, posebno u lokalnim zajednicama. 4. Rekonstrukcija teritorijalne organizacije Federacije BiH Sljedeći relevantan posebni interes trebao bi da bude interes prirodnih regionalnih cjelina. Međutim, postojećih 10 kantona ni približno ne ispunjavaju standardne kriterije za konstituisanje regija. Broj stanovnika u kantonima se kreće od 33 hiljade do 500 hiljada. Velike su razlike i u stepenu razvijenosti tako da se društveni proizvod po glavi stanovnika kreće od 4.000 do 13.000 KM i te se razlike dalje povećavaju. Neujednačena su i izdvajanja za izdržavanje administracije i ona se kreću od 1:10 po glavi stanovnika. Ovakvi kantoni su postali fiskalno neodrživi, a neki se već nalaze pred bankrotom. Umjesto da budu osnova za prirodnu regionalizaciju, kantoni se u političkoj praksi tretiraju gotovo isključivo kao faktor osiguranja nacionalne ravnopravnosti. Na ovom pitanju se javnost u najvećoj mjeri polarizirala. Dok jedni predlažu ukidanje kantona, drugi insistiraju na njihovoj nedodirljivosti. Taj proces počeo je zahvaljujući etničkoj homogenizaciji koja se ostvarivala ratnim nasiljem, a nastavljena je poslije rata zahvaljujući, prvenstveno, daytonskom ustavnom modelu koji se temelji na pozicioniranju tri najbrojnije nacionalne grupe. Pored toga, činjenica da Republika Srbska faktički funkcionira kao entitet jednog naroda, stalno raste pritisak da se teritorijalizira i hrvatski nacionalni interes. Tendencije zaokruživanja nacionalnih teritorija i uspostavljanja vlasti u kojoj će dominirati jedan narod nose opasnost trajne destabilizacije sa nesagledivim posljedicama, ne samo za Bosnu i Hercegovinu. Legitiman je zahtjev da se ustavnim i drugim sredstvima osigura puna nacionalna ravnopravnost, ali isključivo insistiranje na teritorijalizaciji nacionalnih 19 �Kasim Trnka: DOMETI I IZAZOVI USTAVNE REKONSTRUKCIJE FEDERACIJE BOSNE I HERCEGOVINE interesa, u uslovima kakvi su u Bosni i Hercegovini, pogubno je i za one koji se za to zalažu. Uz osiguranje svih pretpostavki za ravnopravnost građana, nacionalna ravnopravnost se može ostvarivati samo kombinacijom instrumenata institucionalne ravnopravnosti uz korisćenje, u odgovarajućoj mjeri, i nacionalnih kriterija u konstituisanju kantona kako bi oni, u što je moguće većoj mjeri, funkcionirali kao prirodne regije. U pripremanju prijedloga za ustavnu rekonstrukciju Federacije nisu davana konačna rješenja ni o broju ni o razgraničenju kantona. Za to su postojali formalni i suštinski razlozi. Važeći Ustav Federacije ne propisuje ni broj kantona niti kriterije za njihovo formiranje. To prepušta zakonodavcu. Zato se i u ovom prijedlogu ne određuje broj kantona, ali se samim Ustavom propisuju minimalni kriteriji kojima se zakonodavac mora rukovoditi u njihovom kreiranju. Expertna grupa smatra da kantoni kao federalne jedinice, ukoliko budu uspostavljeni i budu funkcionirali kao prirodne regije, imaju puno opravdanje. Takvi kantoni bi, uvažavajući regionalne, ekonomske, infrastrukturne, tradicionalne, nacionalne i druge specifičnosti, mogli bitno doprinijeti harmoničnom privrednom i društvenom razvoju i jačanju kohezije, ne samo u Federaciji, nego i u cijeloj zemlji. Imajući u vidu sve slabosti u funkcionisanju kantona i vodeći računa o pomenutim kriterijima svakako treba ići na smanjivanje njihovog broja. 5. Podizanje efikasnosti institucija u Federaciji BiH Jedan od ključnih razloga zbog kojih se nužno moralo pristupiti rekonstrukciji ustavnog uređenja Federacije je potreba da se poveća racionalnost u organizaciji i funkcionisanju institucija sistema, da se podigne njihova efikasnost, te da se uštedama u javnoj potrošnji stvaraju pretpostavke za brži razvoj. Sa stanovišta aktuelnih prilika ovo su čak istaknuti kao primarni zahtjevi. U predloženim ustavnim rješenjima veća efikasnost se postiže, naročito: - 20 Otklanjanjem mogućnosti blokada u konstituisanju institucija. Tako se izabrani zvaničnici u slučaju bojkotovanja konstituisanja zamjenjuju osobama koje su sljedeće na listi po broju dobivenih glasova. Racionaliziran je proces odlučivanja u Parlamentu Federacije. Dvodomno odlučivanje je zadržano kada se radi o ključnim pitanjima �ZBORNIK RADOVA - Međunarodna naučna konferencija „Javni i privatni aspekti nužnih pravnih reformi u BiH: Koliko daleko možemo ići?“ - - koja su u Ustavu taksativno navedena. U ostalim pitanjima Predstavnički dom odlučuje u samostalnoj nadležnosti, dok Dom naroda zadržava intervenirajuću ulogo u slučaju da pokreće pitanje vitalnog nacionalnog interesa o pitanjima o kojima je odlučio Predstavnički dom. Zaštite vitalnog nacionalnog interesa će se odvijati u propisanim rokovima jer je osigurano nesmetano funkcionisanje Vijeća za zaštitu vitalnih interesa Ustavnog suda. Izvršna vlast je koncentrisana u Vladi. Institucija Predsjednika i podpredsjednika Federacije, koja je nekonzistentna u postojećem ustavnom modelu, pokazuje se suvišnom. Postupak izbora Vlade detaljno je razrađen i osigurani su instrumenti da ne dođe do zastoja u tom procesu. Neprovođenje odluka Ustavnog suda i drugih sudova je ustavnim instrumentima mnogo snažnije sankcionisano. Preciznije je razrađena raspodjela nadležnosti između federalne, kantonalnih i lokalnih vlasti. Posebna je pažnja posvećena koordinaciji u izvršavanju zajedničkih nadležnosti federalne i kantonalnih vlasti. Koordinacija je predviđena, kako u fazi zajedničkog regulisanja, tako i u izvršavanju propisa iz zajedničke nadležnosti. Predviđeni su mehanizmi instancione kontrole i upravnog nadzora u procesu izvršavanja federalnih i kantonalnih propisa, uključujući i mogućnost supstitucije u slučaju opstrukcije izvršavanja propisa. 6. Uticaj ustavnih instrumenata na smanjivanje javne potrošnje Sva pomenuta rješenja, time što preveniraju mogućnost blokada i opstrukcija, podižu efikasnost sistema, pa time doprinose racionalnijem trošenju javnih sredstava. Pored toga, nacrtom Ustava je predloženo i niz konkretnih rješenja neposredno usmjerenih na smanjivanje troškova javne vlasti. Za neka od tih rješenja već su stavljeni prigovori da ne spadaju u ustavnu materiju. Međutim, pošto građani percipiraju problem dalje neodrživosti postojećih javnih rashoda i pošto su svi nivoi vlasti postali fiskalno neodrživi, ustavna intervencija se pokazuje neophodnom. Osim pomenutog ukidanja institucije Predsjednika i podpredsjednika Federacije, na smanjenje troškova javne vlasti trebalo bi da utiču i sljedeća ustavna rješenja: - Predlaže se smanjenje broja poslaničkih i delegatskih mjesta u Parlamentu Federacije i kantonalnim skupštinama, kao i broja članova kantonalnih vlada; 21 �Kasim Trnka: DOMETI I IZAZOVI USTAVNE REKONSTRUKCIJE FEDERACIJE BOSNE I HERCEGOVINE - Predloženo smanjenje broja kantona takođe bi znatno doprinijelo uštedama u javnim rashodima; Među političkim elitama najviše pažnje i negodovanja izazvali su prijedlozi da se limitira visina plata i drugih naknada članovima predstavničkih tijela i vlada, kao i funkcionerima u lokalnim zajednicama. To bi se odnosilo, kako na funkcionere profesionalce, tako i na one koji funkcije vrše neprofesionalno. Tako bi najviša primanja funkcionera u institucijama na federalnom nivou mogla dosezati iznos od 3,5 prosječnih plata ostvarenih u Federaciji u prethodnoj godini. U nižim nivoima vlasti taj bi se iznos proporcionalno smanjivao. Na taj bi se način uspostavila korelacija između visine ostvarenog bruto nacionalnog dohotka, na koju javna vlast može bitno uticati, i visine primanja nosilaca te vlasti. x x x Detaljna analiza funkcionisanja ustavnog sistema Federacije je pokazala da se parcijalnim promjenama ne mogu postići značajniji rezultati. Zbog toga je odlučeno da se predloži cjelovit sistem konzistentnih rješenja i da se pripremi nacrt potpuno novog Ustava Federacije. Osim suštinskih, ovaj pristup je opredjeljen i pravno-tehničkim razlozima. Važeći ustavi i Federacije i BiH, kao što je poznato, kreirani su u skladu sa anglo-američkom pravnom školom, dok je naša zemlja dijelila evropsku kontinentalnu tradiciju. Rezultat je nacrt Ustava sa 254 člana uređenog po sistematici ustava evropskih demokratskih država. Vodeći računa o odnosima političkih snaga u Federaciji nacrt Ustava, uvjereni su autori, može poslužiti kao osnova za prihvatljiv kompromis. Iako bi, polazeći od stanja duboke krize u kojoj se nalazimo kao i od teorijskostručnih zahtjeva, situacija zahtjevala daleko radikalnije zahvate, ponuđena su rješenja koja imaju realne izglede da dostignu onaj visoki nivo društvene saglasnosti koji podrazumjeva postojeći postupak ustavne revizije. Expertna grupa je pripremila radni nacrt novog Ustava Federacije o kojem će se, zajedno sa prispjelim prijedlozima i reakcijama pojedinih političkih stranaka raspravljati na nekoj od narednih sjednica Predstavničkog doma kada će se odlučiti da li će i u kojem obliku biti utvrđen prijedlog za promjenu Ustava o kojem bi se obavila javna rasprava. 22 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 3053 Title A name given to the resource DOMETI I IZAZOVI USTAVNE REKONSTRUKCIJE FEDERACIJE BOSNE I HERCEGOVINE Author Author TRNKA, Kasim Abstract A summary of the resource. Daytonski Ustav BiH, konstruiran da zaustavi rat, postao je ključni razlog onemogućavanja bržeg i stabilnog razvoja zemlje. Favorizovanjem nacionalnih kolektiviteta bitno se udaljio od savremenih demokratskih standarda. Pokušaji međunarodne zajednice da potaknu nacionalne lidere da modernizuju ustavni sistem pokazali su se kontraproduktivnim. Zato je američka administracija odlučila da podrži napore civilnog društva i akademske zajednice da predlože poboljšanja ustavnog sistema Federacije koji je ocjenjen kao slabiji dio ustavnog sistema zemlje. Expertna grupa koja je predložila cjelovit tekst novog Ustava Federacije suočila se sa brojnim izazovima. Početna dilema je da li je moguće poboljšavati dio ustavnog sistema ako je nepromjenjen Ustav zemlje. Ključni izazov je bio uspostavljanje optimalne ravnoteže između interesa građana i interesa nacionalnih kolektiviteta. Izazov je uspostavljanje institucionalne nacionalne razvnopravnosti i optimalne teritorijalne organizacije Federacije. Neodložan je zahtjev podizanja efikasnosti institucija i smanjivanje njihovih troškova. Ponuđeni su odgovori i na brojna druga pitanja. Stručna i šira javnost je pozitivno reagovala na predložene promjene. Prijedlozi su u parlamentarnoj proceduri. Ostaje da se vidi da li će različite, često suprotstavljene, političke opcije u Parlamentu Federacije imati kapacitet da se usaglase o ponuđenom predlošku. Ključne riječi: Ustav BiH; Ustav Federacije BiH; građanski princip; nacionalna ravnopravnost; teritorijalna organizacija; efikasnost institucija. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Pravni fakultet Univerziteta u Tuzli i Centar za društvena istraživanja Internacionalnog Burč univerziteta Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed K Law (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/2c1caddd7f5a6408ea43a47a140e0dfb.docx 68b55bf468de19b5603bd4dbceccb76d https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/2f3d7a3f075c124f514a63d34b0b8f99.pdf c2839831c042ad63ccd5ef2a8026079f PDF Text Text Don DeLillo’s White Noise: Whitere is the Postmodern Consumerist Condition Taking the People? Mohammad Exir Islamic Azad University/Bushehr, Iran Key words: consumerism, human identity, postmodern, White Noise, Don DeLillo ABSTRACT DeLillo’s sturdy, lyrical, precise novels are considered classics of American postmodern literature. First published in 1984, White Noise by Don DeLillo is concerned with the emergence of technology, the power of images, popular culture, and the pervasiveness of the media. The influence of DeLillo’s brief experience with advertising is clearly observed in many of his works, particularly White Noise, which deals with product placements and commercials and mirrors the author’s sensitivity to the power of consumerism. Consumerism also has serious effects on people's identity; it has the capability to shape it with possessions: what a person wears, where one lives, to what extent does one fit the social and political stereotypes of one’s gender all culturally determine who one is. This postmodern identity gets complicated by technology—since the dialogue of television affects the people's consciousness, they relate their lives more to the media than to reality per se; people use the media to specify other groups of people as the “enemy” or as the “other.” DeLillo maintains that consumerism and technology have oddly disembodied the physical body; he implies that materialism is the basis of human identity. DeLillo views the human subject as being further disembodied by the penetration of death and disaster in postmodern American culture. He also sees that technology has complicated the human body and identity to such an extent that everything must be deciphered, even ourselves. White Noise is concerned with the extremes and limits of this culture. According to DeLillo, in the late twentieth century, consumerism and materialism have become the mediums through which people identify one another in life as well as death. In White Noise, Don DeLillo presents a clear picture of the postmodern toxic world in which people are not provided with any real certainty, but rather with a fear of death and fatal diseases. This paper is an attempt to trace the negative effects of consumerism on people in the postmodern condition in Don DeLillo’s White Noise. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1842 Title A name given to the resource Don DeLillo’s White Noise: Whitere is the Postmodern Consumerist Condition Taking the People? Author Author EXIR, Mohammad Abstract A summary of the resource. Key words: consumerism, human identity, postmodern, White Noise, Don DeLillo ABSTRACT DeLillo’s sturdy, lyrical, precise novels are considered classics of American postmodern literature. First published in 1984, White Noise by Don DeLillo is concerned with the emergence of technology, the power of images, popular culture, and the pervasiveness of the media. The influence of DeLillo’s brief experience with advertising is clearly observed in many of his works, particularly White Noise, which deals with product placements and commercials and mirrors the author’s sensitivity to the power of consumerism. Consumerism also has serious effects on people's identity; it has the capability to shape it with possessions: what a person wears, where one lives, to what extent does one fit the social and political stereotypes of one’s gender all culturally determine who one is. This postmodern identity gets complicated by technology—since the dialogue of television affects the people's consciousness, they relate their lives more to the media than to reality per se; people use the media to specify other groups of people as the “enemy” or as the “other.” DeLillo maintains that consumerism and technology have oddly disembodied the physical body; he implies that materialism is the basis of human identity. DeLillo views the human subject as being further disembodied by the penetration of death and disaster in postmodern American culture. He also sees that technology has complicated the human body and identity to such an extent that everything must be deciphered, even ourselves. White Noise is concerned with the extremes and limits of this culture. According to DeLillo, in the late twentieth century, consumerism and materialism have become the mediums through which people identify one another in life as well as death. In White Noise, Don DeLillo presents a clear picture of the postmodern toxic world in which people are not provided with any real certainty, but rather with a fear of death and fatal diseases. This paper is an attempt to trace the negative effects of consumerism on people in the postmodern condition in Don DeLillo’s White Noise. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available IBU Publishing Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-03 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/ad4df288ff72034dbe89b3bbfd5cfc11.docx 2baa810355618e5e2ea68d4a5d7dab38 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/930631a699573c84973536d7abc60324.pdf cba94edef8b9078e4d9d750ef6ee833f PDF Text Text ������������������ Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 3131 Title A name given to the resource Doprinos Bosne i Hercegovine formiranju sigurnosne zajednice Zapadnog Balkana Author Author DAUTOVIĆ, Kenan Abstract A summary of the resource. Koncept sigurnosne zajednice, iako već dugo korišten u “zapadnoj” akademskoj teoriji i praksi, nedovoljno je poznat bosanskohercegovačkoj znanstvenoj i političkoj javnosti. Ovaj članak ima ambiciju da, stavljajući pojam sigurnosne zajednice u kontekst Zapadnog Balkana i konkretnog doprinosa Bosne i Hercegovine kreiranju ove “zone mira”, omogući njegovo kontekstualno razumjevanje. Ovo razumjevanje se, prije svega, odnosi na učešće Bosne i Hercegovine u regionalnoj saradnji u oblastima koje obuhvata sigurnosni sektor a u funkciji dostizanja međusobnih očekivanja da će se nesporazumi između susjeda rješavati mirnim putem i bez upotrebe nasilja. Analizirajući kvantitet i raznovrsnost regionalnih incijativa čiji je Bosna i Hercegovina aktivni sudionik može se zaključiti da Bosna i Hercegovina regionalnu suradnju vidi kao važan segmenat svoje vanjske politike, no ostaje da se istraži u kojoj mjeri je to zbog toga što približavanje euroatlanskim integracijama zahtijeva regionalni pristup, a u kojoj zbog toga što regionalna suradnja, posebice odnos sa susjedima doprinosi i njenoj unutrašnjoj stabilnosti. Upoređujući pak, međunarodnu praksu u vidu regionalne suradnje na Zapadnom Balkanu s ponuđenim teorjiskim okvirom, moglo bi se zaključiti da se na ovom području uočavaju konture sigurnosne zajednice a u pojedinim segmentima i suštinski napreci, no da se uglavnom radi o procesima koji su poticani izvan njenog područja – ponajviše iz prostora Euroatlanskih integracija, što nudi prostor za daljnja istraživanja ovog fenomena. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Pravni fakultet Univerziteta u Bihaću i Centar za društvena istraživanja Internacionalnog Burč univerziteta Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed K Law (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/ac39a67bfcf247660b721dff13bbc8e9.docx 192748de159600ab31bb530a64ddae8e https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/6a42536ee9fa6f97f94ecec441b455d7.pdf 121ac4f726b1d3a4f6757a467babab8a PDF Text Text Double Possessive Constructions in Bosnian Aida Salčić University of Sarajevo / Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina Key words: Double possessives, genitive, Bosnian, English ABSTRACT This paper deals with the colloquial constructions in Bosnian of the type "žena mi u mene" ('this wife of mine') that we posit to be instances of the Double Possessive Construction (DPC). Such constructions in Bosnian are both stylistically and regionally marked, somewhat archaic and typically used to express inalienable possession, i.e. possession entailing kinship and familiar objects (e.g. 'daughter', 'car', etc.). This construction has been overlooked by both formal linguistic literature and by traditional prescriptive grammars of Bosnian. This paper in turn assumes a descriptive approach to this issue and the analysis of the phenomenon of double possessive constructions in Bosnian is done within the framework of generative grammar. In order to demonstrate the characteristics of this construction, including the restrictions that apply to this phrase, we will also compare it to the English double genitive constructions, also frequently referred to as double possessive constructions. The paper also presents the results of a small-scale survey of native speakers of Bosnian about their native speaker intuitions regarding the (un)acceptability of the word order permutations in the double possessive construction in Bosnian. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1705 Title A name given to the resource Double Possessive Constructions in Bosnian Author Author SALČIĆ, Aida Abstract A summary of the resource. Key words: Double possessives, genitive, Bosnian, English ABSTRACT This paper deals with the colloquial constructions in Bosnian of the type "žena mi u mene" ('this wife of mine') that we posit to be instances of the Double Possessive Construction (DPC). Such constructions in Bosnian are both stylistically and regionally marked, somewhat archaic and typically used to express inalienable possession, i.e. possession entailing kinship and familiar objects (e.g. 'daughter', 'car', etc.). This construction has been overlooked by both formal linguistic literature and by traditional prescriptive grammars of Bosnian. This paper in turn assumes a descriptive approach to this issue and the analysis of the phenomenon of double possessive constructions in Bosnian is done within the framework of generative grammar. In order to demonstrate the characteristics of this construction, including the restrictions that apply to this phrase, we will also compare it to the English double genitive constructions, also frequently referred to as double possessive constructions. The paper also presents the results of a small-scale survey of native speakers of Bosnian about their native speaker intuitions regarding the (un)acceptability of the word order permutations in the double possessive construction in Bosnian. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available IBU Publishing Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-03 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/8d6aacc0f944e16a75c27f8ee2027c54.docx 37ef07114d374df8d97de3b60b236820 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/52d5da5d2308291dff631064b399dbe1.pdf 8fcc7b50d8c8fc1bdb4a0ff3960cd935 PDF Text Text Downfall of Traditional American Values in Tennessee Williams' a Streetcar Named Desire Alpaslan Toker & Kemal Benk International Burch University / Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina Key words: traditional values, downfall, American nation, life styles, Tennessee Williams ABSTRACT Traditional American values relate to the customary standards and values which most Americans clung from the very initiation as a nation and throughout the most part of its history. It has been a common belief that these traditional values occupied a great deal of what rendered America a great and independent nation. Traditional historical American values have in the past included values such as nobility, gentility and the roles people had taken in their lives underwent changes in the twentieth century. Tennessee Williams’ play A Streetcar Named Desire provides a vivid and saddening portrayal of how the above-mentioned American traditional values, which have for a long part been the foundation of American nation. This paper attempts to discover how Williams describes the loss of such values that have been serving as the function of cement in keeping the Americans together. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1694 Title A name given to the resource Downfall of Traditional American Values in Tennessee Williams' a Streetcar Named Desire Author Author TOKER, Alpaslan BENK, Kemal Abstract A summary of the resource. Key words: traditional values, downfall, American nation, life styles, Tennessee Williams ABSTRACT Traditional American values relate to the customary standards and values which most Americans clung from the very initiation as a nation and throughout the most part of its history. It has been a common belief that these traditional values occupied a great deal of what rendered America a great and independent nation. Traditional historical American values have in the past included values such as nobility, gentility and the roles people had taken in their lives underwent changes in the twentieth century. Tennessee Williams’ play A Streetcar Named Desire provides a vivid and saddening portrayal of how the above-mentioned American traditional values, which have for a long part been the foundation of American nation. This paper attempts to discover how Williams describes the loss of such values that have been serving as the function of cement in keeping the Americans together. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available IBU Publishing Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-03 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/9cad8601c3e9f0fe1167f1125ff73eb4.pdf 7364156156640f846b48cfa38e6e6edb PDF Text Text 1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo Dreaminess in the Poetry of Baudelaire, Verlaine and Petre Stoica Ghita-Nica Florentina Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, Faculty of Letters and Arts Institution Address Blvd. Victoria, No.10, Sibiu, 550024, Romania County Sibiu, tel. 0269236207 floryghitanica@yahoo.com Abstract:The purpose of this paper is to highlight how the dreaminess occurs in the poetry of Petre Stoica, Charles Baudelaire and Paul Verlaine. The method of diacronics followed by the symbolic one, have been used in the scientific stage of the work. Through an analytical approach there have been comments made on the lyrical vision, which expresses a passion for dreaming. Thus we have observed the favorable context for dreaming, that is the night. Night is the time dimension that opens an imaginary universe like a Russian doll, and poetry itself becomes a dream you do not want to ever wake up from. No wonder the poet is associated with the myth of Scheherazade, who has to tell a story every night in order to survive. The theme of death is present in the poem as it is said that during sleep the soul leaves the body and travels (this is a Romantic specific motif), from which emerged the idea that, because of its journey, the soul which returned to its body that was let to sleep, might not recognize the body and the man is fated to die. The motif of the mirror is also one that expresses duplication and also the gateway to a mysterious beyond. Thus, the dream imagery of the three poets mentioned previously is recognized by a variety of images whose isomorphisms reflect overflowing exultation. One of them is the product of an agreement by which the poetic spirit forgets its own finitude, living the bliss of integration into an indeterminate reality, which is present in the isomorphic images of light, a dreaming that integrates it. Keywords:night, mirror, dream, love, death Introduction Petre Stoica's originality of poetry is to promote neomodernist aesthetic directions such as George Badarau says: the vision of the poem is a dream, and in a dream plans can be combined with different images; literature is an area of ambiguity, of allusions, of connotation; the sentimental story is not a value in itself but is only a pretext ; the words are true characters of a sentimental story ; the theme of creation is intertwined with the theme of love ; the artist is a man with creative powers, who sublimates his passions, as he lives (2007, p.9) . Method of the Study The research method used to achieve this was the comparative essay. I noticed the way by which it is revealed the idea of dreaminess to each of the three poets: Baudelaire, Verlaine and Petre Stoica. With this first method we found a bridge between modernist and neomodernist poetry .This binder is that the modernist and neomodernist poet is, according Al.MuĢina's claim, a producer, generating reality, it is not an imitator. He produces objects that are inserted in reality with real objects that are inserted alongside the existing objects, it produces objective correlative. Moreover, what the poet produces higher (...) is reality. Wedding poems are signs of ideas. The poet is not making copies of copy, he indicates in the real world, second, the Idea (1994, p.102). Comparative method was seconded to the analytical. Through it we managed to find similar lyrical visions. AscultaţiCitiţi fonetic 502 �1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo Findings and Discussion It is necessary to report to the symbolic importance of night, the one that provides the favorable background for the refuge in the imagination, in order to show the dream state characteristic to the lyrical self. Jean Ferre (2003, p.82) says that at the Greeks, Nyx (the Night) was the daughter of Chaos and the mother of Uranus and Gaia. Her other offsprings were the Sleep and Death. The Celts, who think that the world was in darkness at the beginning, start their day during nighttime. They also considered the nights, and not the days, like other people did. The night is the time for discretion, of the secrets, of guilty relationships. It is the nighttime when Leander joins Héro, when Léa knew, when Dagda met Boann and Uther Pendragon made love to Ygerne. However, night is obscure for a period of time. After night, day comes and there is light. James Hall (1974. p.286) himself presented this concept of night, who considers that in the vision of the Renaissance humanists, Night and Day were destructive powers which continuously showed the inexorable passage of time and even decay and death. This is why they are sometimes represented as rodents, as a white rat and a black rat, generally. Personified night floats in the sky, sometimes in a blue starry blanket. It may have a child in each arm, a white one, who is Sleep, and a black one, who is Death. Her usual attributes are a chovet, the masks (which can be worn by putti) and poppies, sometimes as a crown. Night is sometimes accompanied by Morfeus asleep, the God of Dreams, which may himself be crowned with poppies (Giordano, Riccardi Palace, Florence). She is well seated, with folded wings, her head in her hands and the two children asleep beside her. Here is how many representations and meanings the night has, so that a meaning continues the other and undoubtedly they leave their marks on the poetry in question. But, Michel Pastoureau (1992, p.134) observes that in the imaginary and the iconographic codes, the night is less colorful, less variegated than it is described in the vocabulary. It is almost always bleak: black, gray, brown and especially blue. Indeed, in picture the night is often more blue than black. It was already this case in the Age of Enlightenment in the Painture of Middle Ages and it is still in the advertising posters, in books for children (but not in children's drawings, which are almost always yellow and not black) and comics. And starting from this idea, we will highlight some night‘s associations with the dream, of the book of dreams with the world of childhood where imagination is in expansion and every event requires importance due to the force of its expressiveness. For example, the poem entitled Dreamers Who Leave written by Petre Stoica (1970, p.30) is a surrealist one, and the inverted grotesque vision of death is felt by the image of the slaughterhouse (the slaughterhouse is one of Baudelaire‘s phrases, like the dream, a phrase of Baudelaire and Verlaine, but we talk about it later): After last night's hail the road signs were changed romance number four leads to the hemlock area where at dawn I put a wreath on the tomb of Marshal Till Owl Mirror tango seven points us to the slaughterhouse under the emblem with tibia the peacock rotates invariably the disc of happiness quadrille nine points to the way to the port dreamers who go will find certainty in the belly of the shark there is also colophony listen to the propellers there are also other indicators equally accurate important is just to grease the machine for automatic thoughts otherwise you violate the traffic law and without your will you become a cavy breeder. To be absorbed by this image of death, the lyric self creates the word [Owl Mirror]. So the mirror is a motif through which it is made the passage to another world, to extramundane, although we apparently find the idea of the existence of a time machine, a machine that allows human movement in a mythical ancestral time, and why not, which is operated by the desire of the lyric self to walk through the past and future. We said earlier that there is a trinitarian similarity between Charles Baudelaire, Paul Verlaine and Petre Stoica. The three, and there may be others but we have not looked at other fields, share the dream, which they include in some poems. Here it is one of Verlaine‘s poems (2008, p.36), My Familiar Dream :Ascultaţi 503 �1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo Citiţi foneticAscultaţiCitiţi fonetic [I often have some strange and striking dreams about an unknown girl, of love we share, each time the same, each time a different air about her swirls, who understands it seems. (…) A statue‘s sightless stare, the look she gave. Voice, - still echo of friends in the grave.] And Petre Stoica's poetry parallelism (1991, p.11), The Dream Comes on the Private Staircase: (…) The one that in my life was a pillar of amethyst entered in the blood of the flowers from the cemetery I sometimes ask for her on the phone but her voice is just a short shout of lamb //(…)// the skin tattooed by kisses is wrinkled the sweet seals are harsh to the touch they look like the hooves of the devil // (…). What is the common point of the two poets? The node would be the forms taken by the love for the beloved one. If for Verlaine, the beloved woman is an oneiric, anonymous creation that is charmful due to her silence which can be compared to the statues‘ one, the girlfriend died for the Romanian lyrical self, and the idea of communicating even after death, which is an impossible thing in the objective reality, is suggested by the painful feeling of her loss. But let us not forget Charles Baudelaire (2009, p.174) with his poem entitled The Dream of a Curious Person: [Have you known such savory grief as I? Do people say "Strange fellow !" whom you meet? my amorous soul, when I was due to die, Felt longing mixed with horror; pain seemed sweet. Anguish and ardent hope (no factious whim) Were mixed; (…) I felt that dreadful dawn around me grow With no surprise or vestige of a thrill. The curtain rose and I stayed waiting still.] For the latter poet, sweet love status can be confused with that of death as he is still waiting for the one to which he was fated. Desire and horror are feelings that express the ambiguity of feelings and hidden love by the idea of suggesting a show whose curtain had risen uncovering his heart. The curtain is a metaphor of night velvet, because, as I said first, it is the main factor of dream. There are three ways to love and three ways to survive by waiting, pain and, not least, by refusing the existence. I gave these three examples to highlight the similarity Petre Stoica's poetry to the two French poets mentioned above. And not by accident I did that, but to emphasize the preference for sonnet, the fixed-form poetry, that Shakespeare loved much. But, for Petre Stoica, the sonnet failed, because his poem is mixed. He does not keep rhyme nor pace, like Verlaine and Baudelaire did. But the intensity of reading the two made him not keep the curtain‘s motif stated by Baudelaire , in the Idyllic Poem from the volume Magritte‘s Pipe (2005, p.17): It is an evening identical to yesterday evening identical to all evenings in the town that during the day is dancing as a ballerina with one leg // it is an evening with a taste of rancid lard // behind the curtains behind the words 504 �1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo the ideals merge with the TV fluid dreams have uncertain color aspirations fit in a single bowel emptied with fervor in the morning. In his discourse on dream interpretation, Sigmund Freud (1967, p.454) confesses that we shall recognize in dream manifestations two almost independent characters from each other. One is the currently scenic figuration (outline) and its omission could be, and the other one is turning thought into visual images and speech. Therefore, the importance in highlighting the lyrical self is given by images formation, which is updated. Thus Sigmund Freud ( 1967, p. 455 ) continues by saying that the mental place corresponds to the optical device (the device that forms the image) up to a certain point. In the case of the microscope and telescope, we say that these are ideal points that do not correspond to any tangible parts of the device. So image formation is made by the visual device, that is the eye. And our perceptions are united in our memory by each other, and this above all after their first meeting in simultaneity. We call this association.(…) Our memories and you should understand the most serious of us are part of the unconscious nature. They can be played in conscious, but there is no doubt that they can deploy all the effects they have in unconscious state. What we call our nature is based on our impressions memory pathways. And these are impressions that have the largest effect on us, those of early youth, which are almost never conscious. But if memories are part of consciousness, they do not express any sensitive or very poor quality compared to perceptions. If we now find the confirmation that the memory and quality that characterizes consciousness exclude each other in the system ( 1967, p.457-458 ) we see that the unconscious has the biggest power to preserve the all these memories and to re-create them by understanding the outside world, through knowledge. But knowing the objective world involves the subjective note when the lyrical self allows the imagination to work. Repression is the one that gets the value in the lyrical text as the self splits. It hides, while creating many alter-egos, for example in the poem entitled You Can Buy a Book of Dreams written by Petre Stoica ( 1970, p. 45) , the poet is in the position of the seller, of the merchant of illusions: Since you came to the fair autumn visit my stall investigate my concept of life here ladies here dear singers I have jars with homunculi to be exposed to the offices I have mirrors that show you a pure soul you can buy a grater so that you could grate at will your intelligence and horseradish your talent rank are still untouched on the cheap you can buy a book of dreams (roses you dream under tank tracks soon you will sing) at the same affordable price / (…) . The use of the self by the possessive pronoun ―my‖ expresses selfishness. Sophie Jama ( 1997, p. 124-125 ) specifies that the staging of the dream experience through words is obligatory achieved by the personal pronoun ―I‖ and it is based on an idea which is shifted in relation to its appearance. In this case, the linguistic expression of the subject is so famous that no attention is paid to it, when it is woken up. The linguistic expression itself gains a particular interest in the events from the dream that are remembered. (...) The dream forces us to have a meeting with ourselves. And this meeting is like a certificate for our neighbor, it is also inherent for the way we express. This fundamental point requires lengthy development but it has been facilitated by understanding the presented dream experiences, namely a clear return on the border concept regarding dreams, whose status is very high. The lyrics we mention to better express the idea of Sophie Jama are the following: I have mirrors that show you a pure soul you can buy a grater so that you could grate at will your intelligence and horseradish your talent rank are still 505 �1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo untouched on the cheap you can buy a book of dreams (roses you dream under tank tracks soon you will sing) at the same affordable price. We insisted to repeat them because Sophie Jama (1997, p.125 ) says that this feeling of the dreamer - the physical limit of the world awaked from the delirium of its sleep - coincides with the temporal and spatial memories that are different in relation to their occurrence and storage in the memory. The images of a dream have some points in common with the images we see in the mirror, this reflective surface which is the borderline between two separate areas. We reflect with a detachment from ourselves, being surrounded by a more or less known world, even though it is slightly distorted because the unconscious (in the Freudian sense) is undoubtedly expressed. It has to be mentioned that the unconscious ignores the social time. If some tangible actions have left no path in memory (they have left no trace in memory), their revenge is a dream, by the presence of the action that has not been lived yet, but which is remembered very well. Space and time – space and time overnight – are therefore void. This is the feeling transmitted by dream, because, in order to grasp the overall situation of the human experience, it is first necessary for someone to know the sensitivity level that allows him/her to ask questions. In a phenomenology of perception, the expression of the split of individual is an essential factor for the formation of all speeches attached to dream knowledge. This ability to communicate through language has as a result the particular position of the dream, the manner it is explained leading even to the role of human beings in the universe. Conclusions and Recommendations The poetry of triumvirate : Verlaine, Baudelaire and Petre Stoica is the triumph of a dream on a frustrating existence. The only thing that survives death is love. The three poets, put the theme of love under the sign of seduction into a fascination that allows to decipher the unpredictable reality of the mysteries of life and abyss. They use this technique of focusing on detail and the stop-frame on the unusual events that generated the image. 506 �1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo References: Baudelaire, Charles. (2009) Les fleurs du mal.Paris: Pocket, Translation in http://www.rottentomatoes.com/vine/showthread.php?threadid=197334 Bădărau, George . (2007) Neomodernismul românesc.IaĢi: Institutul European Ferre, Jean. (2003)Dictionnaire des symboles, des mythes et des mythologies. Paris:Rocher Freud, Sigmund . (1967)L'interpretation des rêves.Paris: Press Universitaires de France Hall, James . (1974 )Dictionnaire des mythes et des symboles.Paris: Gérard Monfort Jama, Sophie . (1997) Anthropologie du rêve.Paris: Presses Universitaires de France Musina, Al. (1994) Poetica explorării în lirica sec.XX.Bucureşti, teză de doctorat Pastoureau, Michel . (1992) Dictionnaire des couleurs de notre temps.Symbolique et société.Paris:Bonneton Stoica, Petre . (1970) A box with snakes, Bucuresti:Cartea Românească Stoica, Petre . (1991) Dream comes on service scale, Bucuresti:Cartea Românească Verlaine, Paul (2008) Mon rêve familier, in Poèmes saturniens. Paris: Librairie Générale Française Translation by Jonathan Robin 18 April 1998 in http://www.poemhunter.com/poem/my-familiar-dreamtranslations-paul-verlaine-mon-r-ve-familier/ Thanks Research conducted under Project 7706 SOPHRD growing role of PhDs and PhD competitiveness in a united Europe financed by European Social Fund Operational Programme Human Resources Development from 2007 to 2013. 507 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 76 Title A name given to the resource Dreaminess in the Poetry of Baudelaire, Verlaine and Petre Stoica Author Author Florentina, Ghita-Nica Abstract A summary of the resource. The purpose of this paper is to highlight how the dreaminess occurs in the poetry of Petre Stoica, Charles Baudelaire and Paul Verlaine. The method of diacronics followed by the symbolic one, have been used in the scientific stage of the work. Through an analytical approach there have been comments made on the lyrical vision, which expresses a passion for dreaming. Thus we have observed the favorable context for dreaming, that is the night. Night is the time dimension that opens an imaginary universe like a Russian doll, and poetry itself becomes a dream you do not want to ever wake up from. No wonder the poet is associated with the myth of Scheherazade, who has to tell a story every night in order to survive. The theme of death is present in the poem as it is said that during sleep the soul leaves the body and travels (this is a Romantic specific motif), from which emerged the idea that, because of its journey, the soul which returned to its body that was let to sleep, might not recognize the body and the man is fated to die. The motif of the mirror is also one that expresses duplication and also the gateway to a mysterious beyond. Thus, the dream imagery of the three poets mentioned previously is recognized by a variety of images whose isomorphisms reflect overflowing exultation. One of them is the product of an agreement by which the poetic spirit forgets its own finitude, living the bliss of integration into an indeterminate reality, which is present in the isomorphic images of light, a dreaming that integrates it. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2011-05 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed P Philology. Linguistics https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/8ee152c2c8fd07bac1363b5058a672a1.docx f1383a2f79e2329f2e7998d7ec8bf109 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/743103c67fa72fb68b7bb30db9275784.pdf 767fd0aef2e620904a8791e3c5985636 PDF Text Text Dreams in Scott Fitzgerald's Stories Figun Dinçer Uludag University/ Bursa, TURKEY Key words: American Dream, Scott Fitzgerald, May Day, Winter Dreams, disillusionment ABSTRACT The theme of the American dream is explored in many American writings. The dream, in fact, had long existed before but the expression was created as recently as 1931, coined by James Truslow Adams in his book The Epic of America. He wrote of a “dream of a land in which life should be better and richer and fuller for everyone, with opportunity according to ability or achievement” (Adams, 1931). Since then it has been used with regard to almost any aspect of life in America, both negatively and positively (Frederic I. Carpenter, 1955). Some writings touch upon the increasing motivation with the dream. For example, Scott Fitzgerald, in The Great Gatsby, says to keep on dreaming despite the sorrowful death of Gatsby whose ultimate dream was to have Daisy. He fought for this dream. Through the end of the novel, Fitzgerald was very optimist noting that: “Gatsby believed in the green light…, so, beat on, boats against the current.” However, in his stories May Day and The Winter Dreams, the disillusionment is depicted through the characters who struggle to attain their dreams but also who come out with some difficulties. Fitzgerald draws not an optimistic picture of the characters, each one of whom has a different end with some sorrowful experiences. This article aims to explore the dreams of his characters in these stories, how the post war period shapes their dreams and how Fitzgerald’s view is pessimistic unlike his attitude in The Great Gatsby within the framework of American dream. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1755 Title A name given to the resource Dreams in Scott Fitzgerald's Stories Author Author DINCER, Figun Abstract A summary of the resource. Key words: American Dream, Scott Fitzgerald, May Day, Winter Dreams, disillusionment ABSTRACT The theme of the American dream is explored in many American writings. The dream, in fact, had long existed before but the expression was created as recently as 1931, coined by James Truslow Adams in his book The Epic of America. He wrote of a “dream of a land in which life should be better and richer and fuller for everyone, with opportunity according to ability or achievement” (Adams, 1931). Since then it has been used with regard to almost any aspect of life in America, both negatively and positively (Frederic I. Carpenter, 1955). Some writings touch upon the increasing motivation with the dream. For example, Scott Fitzgerald, in The Great Gatsby, says to keep on dreaming despite the sorrowful death of Gatsby whose ultimate dream was to have Daisy. He fought for this dream. Through the end of the novel, Fitzgerald was very optimist noting that: “Gatsby believed in the green light…, so, beat on, boats against the current.” However, in his stories May Day and The Winter Dreams, the disillusionment is depicted through the characters who struggle to attain their dreams but also who come out with some difficulties. Fitzgerald draws not an optimistic picture of the characters, each one of whom has a different end with some sorrowful experiences. This article aims to explore the dreams of his characters in these stories, how the post war period shapes their dreams and how Fitzgerald’s view is pessimistic unlike his attitude in The Great Gatsby within the framework of American dream. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available IBU Publishing Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-03 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed