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                    <text>DİRENİŞ VE DİRİLİŞ’İN ŞİİRE DÜŞEN AKS’İ: ARİF AY’IN ŞİİRİNDE KUDÜS VE
BOSNA
Özden SAVAŞ
Başkent Üniversitesi, Dil Araştırma ve Uygulama Merkezi, Ankara / Türkiye
Anahtar Kelimeler: Direniş, Diriliş, Bosna, Kudüs, Arif Ay.
ÖZET
Son dönem Türk şiirinin önemli isimlerinden biri olan Arif Ay, şiirinin temelini umut ve
direniş kavramlarını merkeze oturtarak oluşturmuştur. Şüphesiz diriliş, ancak direniş ve umudun
olduğu yerde gerçekleşir. Bu nedenle Arif Ay’ın şiirlerinde direniş, beraberinde diriliş’i getiren
zorlu ama onurlu bir süreçtir. Şairin şiirlerinde, zulmün olduğu yerde, insan olmanın gereği
olarak bir “karşı koyuş’ vardır. Bu nedenle Kudüs ve Bosna şehirleri, bu kavramların birer
simgesi olarak şairin eserlerinde sıkça görülmektedir. Çünkü her iki şehir de İslam medeniyetinin
yaşatıldığı yerlerdir. Ayrıca, şiirlerde şehir-insan-tarih üçlemesinin birbirini tamamlayan unsurlar
olduğu ve geleceği de bu üç unsurun birbiriyle olan ilişkisinin şekillendireceği üzerinde
durulmaktadır. Bu noktada direniş ve diriliş kavramları büyük önem taşımaktadır. Her iki
eserdeki şehir-insan-tarih bütünleşmesini sağlayan ve geleceğini çizen de bu kavramlardır. Bu
çalışma, Arif Ay’ın 2011’de yayımlanan Şiirimin Şehirleri adlı kitabındaki “Bosna, Âh Bosna”
ve “Kudüs” şiirlerini inceleme amacını taşımaktadır. Şiirlerde Kudüs direniş’in; Bosna için ise
hem direniş hem de diriliş’in simgesi olduğu için, şehirler bu kavramlar ışığında ele alınmıştır.

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                    <text>DİRENİŞ VE DİRİLİŞ’İN ŞİİRE DÜŞEN AKS’İ: ARİF AY’IN ŞİİRİNDE
KUDÜS VE BOSNA
Özden APAYDIN1

Özet
Son dönem Türk şiirinin önemli isimlerinden biri olan Arif Ay, şiirinin temelini umut
ve direniş kavramlarını merkeze oturtarak oluşturmuştur. Şüphesiz diriliş, ancak direniş ve
umudun olduğu yerde gerçekleşir. Bu nedenle Arif Ay‟ın şiirlerinde direniş, beraberinde
diriliş‟i getiren zor ama onurlu bir süreçtir. Şairin şiirlerinde, zulmün olduğu yerde insan
olmanın gereği olarak bir “karşı koyuş‟ vardır. Bu nedenle Kudüs ve Bosna, bu kavramların
birer simgesi olarak şairin eserlerinde sıkça görülmektedir. Çünkü her ikisi de İslam
medeniyetinin yaşatıldığı yerlerdir. Ayrıca, şiirlerde şehir-insan-tarih üçlemesinin birbirini
tamamlayan unsurlar olduğu ve geleceği de bu üç unsurun birbiriyle olan ilişkisinin
şekillendireceği üzerinde durulmaktadır. Bu noktada direniş ve diriliş kavramları büyük önem
taşımaktadır. Her iki eserdeki şehir-insan-tarih bütünleşmesini sağlayan ve geleceğini çizen de
bu kavramlardır. Bu çalışma, Arif Ay‟ın 2011‟de yayımlanan Şiirimin Şehirleri adlı
kitabındaki “Bosna, Âh Bosna” ve “Kudüs Konuşuyor” şiirlerini inceleme amacını
taşımaktadır. Şiirlerde Kudüs direniş‟in; Bosna ise hem direniş hem de diriliş‟in simgesi
olarak, bu kavramlar ışığında ele alınacaktır.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Direniş, Diriliş, Bosna, Kudüs, Arif Ay.

ECHO OF RESISTANCE AND RESURRECTION FALLEN IN THE POETRY:
JERUSALEM AND BOSNIA IN ARIF AY’S POEM

Abstract
Arif Ay, one of the most important poets of recent epoch Turkish poetry, builds the
base of his poetry by placing the concepts of hope and resistance on the centre of his poetry.
Doubtless, resurrection exists where there are resistance and hope. Hence, resistance in Arif
Ay‟s poems is a hard but an honourable process bringing along resurrection. In his poems,
where there is persecution, there is an „opposition‟ as a result of being a human being. Hence,
such as Jerusalem and Bosnia appear often as symbols of these concepts in the poet‟s works
because both cities are the places where Islamic civilizations took place. Furthermore, in the
1

Okt. Başkent Üniversitesi, Dil Araştırma ve Uygulama Merkezi, Türk Dili Bölümü, ozdenapaydin@hotmail.com

�poems, the trio of city-human being-history are the elements complementing each other and it
is told that the future will be formed by the relationship of these elements. At this point, the
concepts of resistance and resurrection are of great importance. These are concepts in both
works that provides the integrity of city-human being-history and drawing the future. This
study aims to analyse “Bosnia, Ah Bosnia” and “Jerusalem İs Talking” poems published in
Arif Ay‟s book named “Poems of my Cities” in 2011. As in the poems, Jerusalem is a symbol
of resistance; Bosnia is the symbols of resistance and resurrection, the cities will be dealt with
in the light of these concepts.
Key Words: Resistance, Resurrection, Bosnia, Jerusalem, Arif Ay.

Giriş
Türk Dil Kurumu Sözlüğü‟nde „direniş‟ sözcüğünün anlamı olarak „direnme‟
verilmiştir. Direnme(k) ise herhangi bir düşüncede, bir istekte veya bir durumda ayak
diremek, inat etmek, ısrar etmek, taannüt etmek anlamına gelir. Direnişçi, direnme işini yapan
kimsedir. Direnmek söz konusu olduğunda, direnişçinin karşısında bir tavrın olduğu
muhakkaktır. Yani direnmek, esasında karşı tavrın olduğu durumlarda ortaya çıkan ve güç
kazanan bir eylemdir. Koşulların her açıdan kişiye/gruplara/kitlelere uygunluğu söz konusu
olduğunda herhangi bir direniş gerçekleşmemektedir. Ayrıca direniş bir farkındalık, bilinç ve
idrak‟in olduğu yerde varlığını gösterebilmektedir.
„Diriliş‟ ise Türk Dil Kurumu Sözlüğü‟nde „dirilme işi, canlanma‟ olarak geçer. İkinci
bir anlam olarak „yeni bir atılımla güçlenme‟ ifadesi verilmiştir. Üçüncü anlamı ise „dinî
inanışlara göre ölümden sonra dirilme‟ şeklinde açıklanmıştır. Diriliş, direnişten doğan ve
onunla tamamlanan bir süreçtir. Her direnişin sonunda bir diriliş gerçekleşmesi mümkün
değilken, her dirilişin öncesinde mutlaka bir direniş vardır. Tarih içinde bazı kişiler, milletler
hatta şehir veya ülkeler zaman zaman bu iki sözcüğün simgesi durumuna gelmişlerdir.
Çalışmanın konusu Arif Ay‟ın şiirlerinde bu iki kavram için iki simge olan Bosna ve
Kudüs‟tür.
Bosna ve Kudüs, İslam medeniyetinin izlerini taşıyan ve yıllar içerisinde birçok olaya
sahne olmuş önemli yerlerdir. Bosna, Yugoslavya‟nın çöküşü ile Bosna-Hersek adıyla
1992‟de bağımsızlığını ilan etmiş ancak çok geçmeden başlayan savaş ile karşı karşıya
kalmıştır. Üç yıldan fazla süren bu savaşta yüz binlerce Boşnak can vermiş, milyonlarca
Boşnak ise yaralanmıştır. Bu süre boyunca Boşnaklar büyük bir direniş gösterek tüm dünyayı
şaşırtmış ve „var olma‟ mücadelesini sonuna kadar devam ettirmişlerdir.

�İlk olarak “Nisan 1992'de Srebrenitsa'nın hemen dışında bulunan Bratunac köyünde,
350 Bosnalı Müslüman, Sırp paramiliter ve özel polis güçleri tarafından ölümcül işkenceye
tabi tutularak katledilmiştir." (Alili, 2011:7). Böylece tarihe geçecek büyük bir kıyım
başlamıştır. Boşnaklar için önemli bir isim olan Aliya İzzebegoviç, savaşın çıkışını şu sözlerle
açıklar:
“Bosna-Hersek‟e yönelik ilk saldırı 1 Nisan‟da Sırbistan‟dan gelen paramiliter
birimlerin Bijeljina‟ya hücumu ile başladı. Oysa çoğu insan Bosna‟daki savaşın, Sırbistan ve
Karadağ‟dan gelen ve biçimsel olarak Titograd ve Uzice‟deki JNA kolordularının parçası
olan yedekler ve gönüllü birliklerin –önceden herhangi bir uyarıda bulunmaksızın- bir savaş
kışkırtıcılığı, bir yağmacılık mantığı içinde Bosna‟yı işgal ettikleri zaman başladığını
düşünür.” (İzzetbegoviç, 2003:130).
Yalnızca bir lider değil, aynı zamanda savaşın tanıklarından biri olarak İzzetbegoviç‟in
bu sözlerinden de anlaşıldığı üzere Bosna Savaşı sistemli bir biçimde, planlı olarak
başlatılmıştır. Savaşın bitişi ise 14 Aralık 1995 tarihinde Paris‟te imzalanan Dayton
Antlaşması ile sağlanmıştır. “Bosna-Hersek Cumhuriyeti'nin ilk cumhurbaşkanı Aliya
İzzetbegoviç'in "adil olmasa da olabileceğinin en iyisi" dediği bu anlaşma türünün tek
örneğidir. Anlaşmanın bir bölümü Bosna-Hersek Devleti'nin anayasal yapısını ortaya
koyarken, Bosna Hersek adı verilen yeni bir devlet altında son derece karmaşık ve çok
katmanlı bürokratik bir yapı öngördü. Anlaşma sonunda Bosna Hersek Federasyonu ve Sırp
Cumhuriyeti adında iki oluşum yaratıldı. Etnik temellere dayalı oluşumların üzerinde ise zayıf
bir otoriteye sahip merkezi bir hükümet ve entitisiteleri yansıtan ortak kurumlar oluşturuldu.
Birbirleriyle savaşmış üç etnik toplumun yeniden bir arada yaşamasını ve Bosna Hersek'in
tüm kurumlarıyla işlemesini amaçlayan Dayton Barış Antlaşması'nın sivil yönlerinin
uygulanmasına ilişkin sorumluluk, Yüksek Temsilciliğe verilmişti.” (Alili, 2011:95-96).
Bu antlaşma sonrasında Bosna halkı psikoloik, sosyolojik, ekonomik ve politik birçok
açıdan yeniden dirilmenin çabası içine girmiştir. Bu dirilme ise şüphesiz savaş dönemindeki
direnişlerinin sonucu olmuştur. Saraybosna‟nın savunmasında aktif olarak görev alan ve
savunmanın ilk hattında Donrinye‟de Boşnakların Kültür Cemiyeti “Preporod‟u kuran Necad
İbrişimoviç‟le yapılan bir söyleşide Bosna halkının savaş esnasında nasıl bir direniş ruhu
sergilediği anlatılmaktadır:
“Kaçılabilirdi ya da kalınabilirdi, ve ben kaldım. Ne savaşın ne olduğunu ne de bu
kadar süreceğini biliyordum. Savaş beni Dobrinye‟de yakaladı, hatta birkaç defa
UMPROFOR halkı havaalanı pisti üzerinden kaçmaları için bıraktı, muhtemelen bu şekilde
savunmayı zayıflatacaklarını umuyorlardı, ancak başaramadılar. Benim en çok sevdiklerim ve

�cesaret ve kararlılıklarıyla saldırganın Saraybosna‟ya girmesini engeleyenler her zaman
kalıyorlardı. Direnişin en zor olan ilk sekiz ayında en çok Boşnak kültür ve direniş ruhu
hissediliyordu.” (Tezkire, 2006:33). İbrişimoviç ayrıca bu direnişin kaynağı olarak İslamiyet‟i
göstermekte ve inançlarının kendilerine nasıl bir güç verdiğini anlatırken şunları
söylemektedir:
“Sırplar, dünyayı gezdiler ve Müslümanları yedi günde öldüreceklerini ve çiğneyip
geçeceklerini anlattılar ve büyük güçler de bunu tasvip ettiler. Ancak bu olmadı ve biz bugün
de buradayız. Allah bize bunu muhafaza etmemiz için yardım etti, çünkü biz tek başımıza çok
zor başarırdık.” (Tezkire, 2006:33). Bosna halkının uğradığı saldırının karşısında sergilediği
büyük direniş, yok edilmek istenen bir milletin yeniden doğuşunu göstererek dünya tarihine
geçmiştir. Bosna halkı için önemli bir isim olan Aliya İzzetbegoviç, dünyanın bu karşı
koyuşla ilgili tepkilerini 9 Aralık 1993‟te Saraybosna‟da komuta merkezindeki Ahlak
Yönetimi Semineri‟nde yaptığı konuşmada dile getirmiştir:
“Dünyayı iki kez dehşete düşürdük. Bununla ne kastediyorum? Açıklamaya çalışayım.
İlk şaşkınlığa dayanıklılığımız ve direnişimiz neden oldu. Yirmi günde bozguna
uğrayacağımız düşünülüyordu. İki ya da üç haftalık bir harekatın planlandığını gösteren
belgeler bunu ispatlıyor. Eğer yanılmıyorsam, bu, başarılı direnişimizin yirminci haftası. Söz
konusu olan yalnızca direnişimiz değil. Günden güne daha güçlü bir hale geldik.” (Begoviç,
2005:1-2). Aliya İzzetbegoviç de İbrişimoviç gibi bu direnişin dayanak noktasının inançları
olduğunu düşünmekte ve müslüman olmalarının verdiği kuvvet ve umutla bu mücadeleyi
sürdürdüklerini söylemektedir. Konuşmasının devamında direnişleri boyunca onları ayakta
tutanın da bu güç olduğunu belirten İzzetbegoviç, öbür taraftan insanların kendi özgürlükleri
ve kurtuluşları için de bilinçli bir şekilde savaştıklarını söyler:
“Allah‟a şükürler olsun. Elbette ki sadece O‟na güvenmekle yetinmemeliyiz. Güçlü bir
düşmanımız var. Her iki tarafın da temayüllerini göz önünde bulunduracak olursak, bizim
tedrici olarak güçlenmemize karşın düşmanımızın zayıf düştüğünü görebiliriz. Tüm zorluklara
rağmen ordumuzun bu devamlı yükselişi, dünya tarafından merakla izleniyor. Yabancılar
bana, sık sık direnmeyi nasıl başardığımızı soruyorlar. Kimi zaman onların da ordumuzla
tanışmak, onun hakkında bilgi edinmek ve bu direnişin gizemini anlamaya çalışmak için,
bugün benim geldiğim gibi, size gelmeyi arzuladıklarını hissediyorum.
Nedir bu gizem? Her şeyden önce; insanlar, haklı bir amaç için, özgürlükleri için ve
her şeyden daha fazla kendi kurtuluşları için savaştıklarının bilincindedirler. Görüyorsunuz
işte; bu sıradan bir savaş değil. Bize yapmak istedikleri sıradan bir işgal değildi. Bu, bir

�ülkeyi ve bir halkı, bir daha asla var olmamak üzere ortadan kaldırma teşebbüsü idi.
(Begoviç, 2005:2).
Bu ortadan kaldırma çabası Boşnaklar üzerinde işe yaramamıştır. Büyük bir katliama
uğrayan Bosna halkı, tüm bunlara rağmen savaşa son noktayı yine kendi mücadelesi ile
koymuş ve yok olmadığını tüm dünyaya adeta haykırmıştır. Yalnızca Boşnaklar değil,
Filistinli müslümanlar da yıllardır var olma mücadelesi vermekte ve tıpkı Boşnaklar gibi
hayatta kalmak için direnmektedirler. Kudüs işte bu direnişin Ortadoğu‟daki simgesi
durumuna gelmiştir. İslamiyet, Hristiyanlık ve Musevilik için kutsal sayılması bu şehri
oldukça önemli kılmaktadır. Günümüzde ikiye ayrılmış durumda olan şehir, tarih içinde
defalarca kuşatılmış ve yıllarca da İsrail-Arap mücadelesine sahne olmuştur. Ortadoğu
tarihçilerinden Bernand Lewis, Ortadoğu adlı ünlü eserinde bu mücadeleyi şöyle açıklar:
“İsrail-Arap savaşlarının kökenleri, İsrail devletinin kuruluşundan daha öncesine,
Arap liderliğinin orada bir Musevi vatanı oluşturulma çabasını engellemeye çalıştığı döneme
kadar uzanır. Bu mücadele, henüz o günlerde Filistin adıyla tanınmayan topraklar Osmanlı
imparatorluğu‟na aitken başlamıştır. Bu mücadele, Filistin‟de Museviler için milli bir vatan
oluşturulması ilkesinin de yer aldığı İngiliz mandasının uygulanmaya başlamasından sonra
ivme kazanmıştır.” (Lewis, 2011:452-453).
Lewis, İsrail Devleti‟nin kuruluşu ile ilgili de önemli tespitlerde bulunur ve bu
kuruluşun öyküsünü şu sözlerle özetler:
“1945 yılında savaş bittiğinde, Avrupa‟nın Almanya işgali altındaki bölgelerdeki
Museviler‟in çoğunluğu öldürülmüştü; sağ kalan birkaç yüz bini de genellikle kamplarda
yaşıyorlardı. Batı Avrupa‟dan gelmiş olanlar ülkelerine dönerek pek bir zorlukla
karşılaşmadan tekrar entegre oldular. Oysa, iç karışıklıklar, yabancı istilalarına uğrayan
Doğu ve Orta Avrupa ülkelerinden gelenler çok daha büyük sorunlar yaşadılar; geri dönmek
istediklerinde çoğu kez eski komşularının şiddeti ve düşmanlığıyla karşılaştılar. Dolayısıyla
bunlardan pek çoğu Vaad Edilmiş Topraklar‟a gitmenin tehlikelerini, onları kabul etmeyen
vatandaşları arasında yeni bir baskı ve zulüm süreci yaşamaya tercih ettiler.” (Lewis,
2011:453).
Bu tehlikeyi göze alıp Vaat Edilmiş Topraklar‟a giden Museviler, buraya yerleşmiş ve
böylece 14 Mayıs 1948‟de kuruluşu ilan edilecek olan İsrail Devleti‟nin temelleri atılmıştır.
1948 yılının öncesinde Kudüs‟ün kaderini belirleyen olay ise İngiltere‟nin Hindistan‟dan
çekilme kararı almasıdır. Bu olayı Lewis şöyle aktarır:
“Hindistan‟da İngiliz yönetiminin son bulmasının ardından İngilizler‟in Ortadoğu‟da
kalmalarının asıl amacı da ortadan kalkmıştı. Savaş sonrasında fakir ve güçsüz durumdaki

�İngiltere‟de ülke içinde ve dışında halk desteği almayan başarısız bir politikayı sürdürmek
artık anlamlı değildi. İngiltere hükümeti, ortadan kalkmış olan Milletler Cemiyeti‟nden aldığı
mandayı Birleşmiş Milletler‟e iade edeceğini 2 Nisan 1947 tarihinde ilan etti ve 15 Mayıs
1948 Cumartesi günü mandaya son verilmesi ve geri çekilme kararı alındı.” (Lewis,
2011:454).
Bu kararın ardından, İngilizler Filistin‟de bir yıl kaldılar ve “bu sürede yalnızca geçici
bir hükümette görev aldılar. Artık eski manda bölgesinin geleceğinden Birleşmiş Milletler
sorumluydu. Yoğun ve uzun görüşmelerin ardından 29 Kasım 1947 tarihinde Genel Kurul
tarafından Filistin‟in üçe bölünmesi kararı verildi. Bu üç bölüm: bir Musevi devleti, bir Arap
devleti ve Kudüs şehrinin uluslararası gözetimde olacağı ayrı bir birim (corpus separatum).
Bu karar, Genel Kurul tarafından gerekli üçte iki çoğunlukla alındı ancak uygulanması ya da
zor kullanılması konusunda bir hüküm bulunmuyordu.” (Lewis, 2011:454). Bundan sonrası,
İsrail-Arap mücadelesinin çok sık yaşandığı bir dönem olarak devam etmiştir. Yeni
kurulmasına rağmen giderek güçlenen İsrail Devleti bölgede söz sahibi olmuştur ve Araplarla
1948 yılından 1982‟ye kadar birçok savaş yaşamışlardır. Lewis, bu savaşlardan en dramatik
olanının 1967 Savaşı olduğunu söyler:
“İsrail silahlı kuvvetleri altı günde Mısır, Ürdün ve Suriye ordularıyla bir Irak
birliğini art arda yenilgiye uğratmışlardı. İsrail savaşın sonunda Ürdün ırmağının batısındaki
manda Filistin‟iyle birlikte güneyde Mısır‟dan Sina Yarımadası‟nı, kuzeyde de Suriye‟den
Golan Tepeleri‟ni ele geçirmişti”. (Lewis, 2011:457). Bu savaştan üç yıl önce, 1964 yılında
kurulan Filistin Kurtuluş Örgütü, “1967‟de İsrail karşısındaki Arap muhalefetinin simgesini
gerileyen askeri kuvvet yerine, ilerleyen gerillaya dönüştürünce de giderek uluslararası
boyuta erişmiştir. 25 yıl süresince, Filistin Kurtuluş Örgütü liderliği, farklı görüşlerin gerilla
savaşı, direniş ve terörizm olarak adlandırdığı bir mücadele sürdürmüştür.” (Lewis, 2011:
458).
Filistin Kurtuluş Örgütü‟nün 1967 yılından itibaren gösterdiği mücadele, 1980‟lere
gelindiğinde farklı bir yapıya bürünerek önemli zaferler kazanılmasını sağlayan bir boyut
kazanmıştır. “O güne kadar öncelikli amaçları propagandaydı ve eylemleri diğer ülkelerdeki
İsrailli ve başka hedeflere yönelikti; 1980‟lerin sonu ve 1990‟ların başında da mücadele işgal
edilmiş topraklara taşınarak, “İntifada” adı verilen yeni bir isyan ve direniş dönemi
başlatıldı. İntifada yabancı ülkelerdeki tarafsız hedefler yerine, ülke içindeki işgalde
kullanılan personel ve araçlarını hedef almıştı; birincil amacı da artık dikkati çekmek değil,
işgalin gücünü ve cesaretini kırmaktı. Nihayet 1993‟te İsrail hükümeti ve Filistin Kurtuluş
Örgütü görüşmelere başlama ve birbirlerini tanıma kararı aldılar. Görüşmelerin sonucunda

�da İsrail polis ve askerlerin Gazze Şeridi ve Batı Şeria‟daki otoritelerinin Filistinlilere
devredilmesi yönünde geçici anlaşmalar yapıldı. (Lewis,2011:458-459).
Bütün bu mücadelenin tam ortasında yer alan Kudüs, daha önce de bahsettiğimiz gibi
günümüzde ikiye ayrılmış bir durumdadır. Batı Kudüs ve Doğu Kudüs olarak ayrılan şehrin
Batısı daha çok Musevilere, Doğusu ise Filistinlilere aittir. Bernard Lewis, 1948‟de kurulan
ve günümüze dek Filistinlileri hedef alan İsrail Devleti için ayrıca şu tespitte bulunmaktadır:
“Kimileri, İsrail‟in kurulması ve gelişmesini, Batı emperyalizminin Arap ve İslam
ülkelerine karşı saldırgan eylemlerinin devamı olarak görüyorlardı. Bu açıdan bakıldığında
İsrail, Batı etkisi, nüfuzu ve hakimiyeti için bir köprübaşı olmak için çok uygundu. Siyonizm,
emperyalizmin ve İsrail de Batı gücünün bir aracıydı.” (Lewis, 2011:468). Fakat, tıpkı Bosna
halkı gibi direnen ve var olma mücadelesini bugüne dek sürdüren Filistinliler, savaşla iç içe
yaşamayı da öğrenmişlerdir. Bu durum ise direnişe yeni bir anlam yüklemektedir. Savaşı
kanıksamak değil, „yaşamaya devam ederken direnmek‟ Filistinlilerin mücadelesinin bir
başka boyutudur. Filistinli ünlü araştırmacı Edward Said, „yavaş ölüm‟ diye adlandırdığı bir
yöntem ile yok edilmek istenen Filistinlilerin, her koşulda direnmeye devam ettiklerini söyler:
“Ben daha yeni, “Yavaş Ölüm: Ayrıntılı Cezalandırma” başlıklı bir makale kaleme aldım.
Sanırım bu, Şaron‟un planı. Filistinlileri aç bırakarak, dövdürerek diz çöktürmek istiyor,
fakat amacına da bir türlü ulaşamıyor. Filistinliler topraklarında kalıyor, bir yere
gitmiyorlar. Çaressizlik ve umutsuzluk her tarafa yayılmış durumda olsa bile, eldeki işaretler
–bütün sömürge savaşlarında gözlendiği üzere- direncin ve karşı koyma arzusunun arttığı
yönünde.” (Said, 2009:151).
Filistin halkı için hayatta kalma mücadelesi direnişin en önemli kolu olarak
görülmekle birlikte, bir başka kolu da kendilerine yapılan saldırıların bilinmesi ve kabul
edilmesi şeklinde ortaya çıkmaktadır. Bu durumun neden bu kadar önemli olduğunu Edward
Said şöyle açıklar:
“Çünkü biz tarihimizin önemli bir kısmında kapalı bir toplum olarak bırakıldık. Biz
görünmez insanlarız, görünmez bir halkız. İsrail‟in anlatısının gücü ve etkisi, neredeyse
tümüyle, bir çöle gelen ve bu çöldeki insanlara karşı, onları kasabalarda ve şehirlerde
yerleşik hayat sürüp kendi toplumsal varlıkları olan bir yerli halk değil, sürülüp kovulması
gereken

göçebeler

olarak

görerek

davranmış

öncülerinin

kahraman

konumuna

oturtulmasından geliyor. „Göçebe‟ figürünün uydurulup yerleştirilmesi son derece karmaşık
bir sürecin takip edilmesini gerektirmişti, fakat Siyonistler bizimle bir halk olarak baş etmeye
çalışırlarken bu figürden kesinlikle kendi lehlerine faydalandılar.” (Said, 2009:26-27).

�Farklı coğrafyalarda yaşayan, farklı kültürlere sahip olan iki halkı, Filistinliler ile
Boşnakları, ortak bir zeminde buluşturan nokta her ikisinin de müslüman bir toplum olarak
uğradıkları saldırılar ve bu saldırılara karşı gösterdikleri büyük direniştir. Boşnaklar, bu
direnişin devamında bir diriliş yaşamıştır ancak Filistinliler mücadelesine hala devam
etmektedirler. Arif Ay şiirlerinde bu yönleriyle yer alan Bosna ve Kudüs, şairin dinî
duyarlılığıyla işlenerek müslümanlar için ortak bir acı alanını temsil etmekte/etmelidirler.
Bosna’nın Direniş’i ve Diriliş’i: “Bosna Âh Bosna!”
Boşnakların var olma mücadelesi olarak gösterdikleri direniş, son yirmi yılın en
önemli olaylarından biridir. Bu olay, her ne kadar Bosna Savaşı olarak bilinse de aslında bir
hayatta kalma çabasıdır. Tezkire Dergisi‟nin Saraybosna Özel sayısında konuşan Dr. Bahadır
İslam, verilen mücadeleye özellikle „direniş‟ denmesinin ve savaş sözcüğünün özellikle
kullanılmamasının sebebi sorulunca şunları söyler:
“Uluslararası hukuk terminolojisine ne denli uyar bilmiyorum fakat bu fecaatin, bu
dört yıllık trajedinin en azından ilk iki yılı sivil zihniyetli kişilerce asla savaş olarak kabul
edilmiyor. Edilmemeli de. Zira Bosna-Hersek halkı, Boşnak müslümanlar referandumla
bağımsızlıklarını ilan ettiklerinin haftasında Avrupa‟nın 4. Büyük askeri gücü tarafından
saldırıya uğradı. Ordusu ve silahı olmayan, tamamen sivillerden müteşekkil bir devletti ve
uluslararası hukuktan başka hiçbir şeye güvenceleri yoktu. Bu bağımsızlığı ya o anda ilan
edecekler, ya da ebediyyen bağımsızlıktan vazgeçeceklerdi. Birinci yolu seçerek tarihe etnik
temizlik olarak geçen o alçakça saldırıya maruz kaldılar.” (İslam, 2006:218). Bu etnik
temizliğe tüm imkansızlıklara rağmen karşı koymayı başaran Boşnaklar için bir diriliş
gerçekleştirmenin hiç de kolay olmadığını Bahadır İslam şu sözlerle anlatmaktadır:
“Karşı koyma bölük pörçük ve imkansızlıklar içinde başladı. Daha sonra İslâm
ülkelerinden büyük zorluklarla gelen yardımlarlarla güçlenebildi. Mücadelenin ancak üçüncü
yılına doğru düzenli ordu kurulabildi. Zira saldırının hemen başında uluslararası irade güya
adaleti sağlamak adına her iki tarafa da silah ambargosu koymuştu. “Direniş” her şeye
rağmen karşı koymanın adı. Savaş ise güçler açısından dengesiz dahi olsa birbirine benzeyen
yapılar arasında oluşur. Bir de direniş, müdafaayı, haklı olmayı da içinde barındıran bir
kavram. Çeçenistan, Irak ve Filistin‟de olduğu gibi.” (İslam, 2006:218).
Son zamanlarda İslam dünyası için acı ve hüznün simgesi haline gelen Irak,
Çeçenistan, Bosna ve Filistin içinde Bosna‟nın ayrı bir yer tuttuğunu dile getiren Aliya
İzzetbegoviç, Boşnaklara yapılan saldırının tüm İslam dünyasını biraraya getirdiğini söyler
ve; “İslam Dünyası hiçbir zaman, hatta Filistin sorununda bile, Bosna meselesinde olduğu
kadar birlik içerisinde olmamıştı.” der (İzzetbegoviç, 2005:73). Şüphesiz Boşnaklar,

�saldırının her boyutunu oldukça ağır bir biçimde görmüşlerdir ancak inançları, onları diriliş‟e
götüren en önemli etkendir. Aliya İzzetbegoviç, 30 Kasım 1994 tarihinde de dönemin
Amerika Birleşik Devletleri Başkanı Clinton‟a yazdığı mektupta Boşnakların her zaman
direneceğini belirtmektedir: “Halkımızın var olup olmama meselesi söz konusu olduğundan,
ben size, pes etmeyeceğimize ve sonuç ne olursa olsun mücadeleye devam etmekten başka
seçeneğimiz olmadığına dair bilgilendirmek zorundayım.” (İzzetbegoviç, 2005:188).
Bosna‟nın yaşadığı zulmün geç de olsa dünyaya yansımış olması, özellikle müslüman
toplumlarda büyük bir tepkiyle karşılanmış ve ülkeye –çoğunun ulaşmadığı- çeşitli yardımlar
gönderilmiştir. Kadın, erkek, çocuk ayrımı olmaksızın yapılan kıyım, siyasi ve toplumsal
alanlarda geniş yankı bulurken edebiyata da yansımıştır. Arif Ay, hem dünya görüşü hem de
edebî çizgisinden umulacak bir şekilde, bu saldırıyı 1993 yılında Kayıtlar Dergisi‟nin 27.
sayısında „Bosna Âh Bosna‟ adlı şiirini yayımlayarak dile getirmiştir. Aynı şiir, 1994‟te Kaf
Dağı Dergisi‟nde Almanca çevirisi ile basılmış ve şairin Hece Yayınları‟ndan çıkan Güne
Doğan Koşu Toplu Şiirler (2010) kitabında da yer almıştır. Şiir, son olarak 2011 yılında
yayımlanan Şiirimin Şehirleri adlı eserde görülmektedir.
Bosna Âh Bosna şiiri “sabah gergin bir ipti/koptu ve yıkıldı hayat” dizeleriyle başlar.
Yugoslavya dağıldıktan sonra bölge bir karışıklık içinde kalmış, huzursuz ve istikrarsız bir
ortam oluşmuş ve özellikle Sırp tarafından gelen tahrikler toplumda büyük bir gerginlik
yaratmıştır. Bütün bu olumsuzluklar içinde gergin bekleyiş devam ederken Bosna‟nın
bağımsızlığını ilan etmesi, saldırı için bir bahane oluşturmuş ve sonuç itibariyle savaş
çıkmıştır. Dolayısıyla şiirde yer aldığı gibi gerilen ip kopmuştur. Şiirin başladığı yer de işte
tam burasıdır. Bir şair için büyük önemi bulunan kalem, kağıt, kitap bile böyle bir durumda
hiçbir anlam ifade etmemektedir. Çünkü artık insan hayatı söz konusudur ve ölümler bir dağ
oluşturacak kadar fazladır:
“ne kalem ne kağıt ne kitap
ölümün dağındayım şimdi”
Şiirin devamında bu savaşın masum insanlara yönelik saldırılar olduğu vurgulanır.
„Anne, çocuk, süt, ak, dua‟ gibi saflığı ve yüceliği simgeleyen sözcükler dikkat çekmektedir:
“annenin çocuğunu arayan
sütü gibi birden
Bosna ak bir ipliğe döner
acının kozasıdır bu
kar dağlardan önce
dualara iner”

�Koza ise değişimin, yeniden dirilişin simgesidir. Aynı zamanda korunmak için de bir
alandır. Halkın sığınakları, onların yeniden dirilmek için bekledikleri bir kozadır. Beyazlığı
nedeniyle masumiyete, saflığa gönderme yapılan kar da, kozalarında bekleyenleri setr eden,
kapatan ve gizleyendir. Öbür taraftan kar, dağlara inmeden önce, gökyüzünü aşacak yüceliğe
erişmiş olan dualara inmektedir. Dua varsa umut da vardır ve hiçbir duanın geri çevrilmediği
bilgisine sahip olunduğuna göre, Bosna‟nın kurtuluşu da yakındır.
Şair, hem Bosna hem de Filistin direnişine aynı şiirde gönderme yapar çünkü ikisi de
Müslüman direnişidir ve her iki halk da acımasızca yok edilmeye çalışılmaktadırlar.
“Bosna
Filistinli çocukların
taşlarıdır sözcüklerim”
Filistinli çocukların tanklara, buldozerlere, modern silahlara karşılık verebileceği tek
gücü taşlardır. Zulme karşı durmak, ancak taş atmakla mümkündür. Bu bir tavırdır. Baş
kaldırışın, zalime itaat etmemenin, hatta insanlık onurunu korumanın simgesidir. Şairin silahı
ise sözcükleridir. Bosna ve Filistin halkının uğradığı zulme karşı silahını, yani şiirlerindeki
sözcükleri bir taş gibi fırlatır. Fakat nasıl Filistinlilerin taş atmaktan başka ellerinden bir şey
gelmiyorsa, şair de şiir yazmaktan başka bir şey yapamadığından şikayetçidir ve belki de bu
çaresizliğin verdiği üzüntü ile yaşananların Bosna‟nın karayazısı değil, bu zulme dur
diyemeyen insanlığın kirli kalpleri olduğunu düşünmektedir:
“göğünde uçan bir kuş bile değilim
kanatlarımda ısıtmak için seni
ey yirminci yüzyılın Endülüs‟ü
alnındaki karayazı değil
kaplerimizin kiri pasıdır
bin vakit çeşmelere koşsak
yeridir”
Bosna halkı var olma mücadelesi verir, yaşamayı başarabilmek bile artık başlı başına
bir direniştir. Çünkü tablo o kadar vahimdir ki insan kanı gökyüzünü bile kaplar ve kutsal
mekanlar da bu saldırılardan nasibini alır. Öyle ki Boşnaklara manevi destek olan minareler
bile bombalarla paramparça olur. Bütün bunlar Boşnak âhını iyiden iyiye büyütür ve acı dolu
âhlar göğü bile çığlığa dönüştürerek kahırdan kararmış bir yağmur olarak bu zulmü
seyretmekle yetinen dünyanın üzerine yağar. Bosna halkının âhı, insanlığa bu seyrin hesabını
soracaktır:
“ey can denizi

�bulut bulut yükseliyor kanın
başsız insanlardır minarelerin
âhın ne kadar ağır ki
çığlığa dönüşen göğünden
kahrın
kara bir yağmur gibi
yağıyor üstüne dünyanın”
Şiirin neredeyse tamamında dinî mekânlar, isimler geçer ve Kur‟an‟a yer verilir.
Boşnakların özellikle müslüman bir halk olarak zulüm gördüğünün altı çizilir. Müslümanlar
öldürüldükçe, işkence gördükçe Kur‟an sayfaları dağılır gibidir ve bu zulmü seyredenler,
bunu önlemek için herhangi bir şey yapmayan diğer müslümanlar ise uykudadır. Bu uyku,
elbette gaflet uykusudur:
“Bosna
ey atalar ve şehitler yurdu
yıkık camilerinde güvercinler gibi
ıpıssız kalplerimizle
korkulukları andıran gövdelerimizle
Kur‟an sayfaları gibi insanların
savrulup dururken
uykulara dalıyoruz biz”
Boşnakların olduğu her yer bu saldırının bizzat şahididir. Bu nedenle Mostar ırmağı
„yorgun atlar gibi' akar çünkü savaş ve acı yorgunudur artık. Akışın ağırlığı ırmağın tanık
olduklarına dayanamamasından kaynaklanmaktadır. Bir başka tanık ise yüzyıllarca burada
hüküm sürmüş olan Osmanlı‟nın inşa ettiği yapılardır. Şair, Osmanlı köprülerinden baka
baka:
“ben sussam da
Sarayova söyler şarkısını” der. Ona göre herkes bu zulme karşı sessiz kalsa da
Sarayova yaşamaya devam edecektir. Hatta köprülerden bakarken Boşnak şarkıları
duyulacaktır. Bosna, şair için bir Osmanlı mirasıdır. Bu nedenle ülkeye Osmanlı‟nın yaptığı
köprüler üzerinden bakar. Ülkenin hemen her yerinde imparatorluk zamanının izleri oldukça
açık bir şekilde görülmekte ve Osmanlı kültürü de Boşnaklar tarafından özellikle yaşatılmaya
çalışılmaktadır. Bu durumun Bosna‟yı görmüş, gezmiş biri olarak şairi daha da etkilediği
düşünülebilir. Çünkü Osmanlı yüzyıllarca buralarda Müslümanlar için ortak bir kültür
oluşturmuş; camiler, sebiller, köprüler, medreseler ve daha birçok yapı ile burada bir Osmanlı

�ve İslam medeniyeti meydana getirmiştir. Bu da ülkenin tarihinde oldukça önemlidir çünkü
tarih ve kültür, mekâna ruh veren en önemli unsurdur. İnsan da bu ruhtan beslenen bir varlık
olduğuna göre şair, kendini ait hissettiği bir medeniyetin, ortak din ve kültürün birleştirdiği
Boşnakların acısını kendi acısı bilmekte ve uğradıkları zulüm nedeniyle öfkelenmektedir.
Çünkü bu saldırı sadece onlara değil, tüm Müslümanlara yöneliktir.
“ey Bosna
en büyük seçimdir ölüm
yeniden dirilmek için
bir daha”
dizelerinde ise öldükten sonra dirilmeye gönderme yapmanın yanı sıra mitolojik bir
unsur olarak küllerinden yeniden doğacak bir Bosna da kastedilmektedir. Bugünkü Boşnaklar
da öldü sanılırken yeniden doğan bir millettir. Şair, bu dirilişin umudunu henüz savaş
bitmeden kaleme aldığı şiirinde dile getirmiştir.
Kudüs’ün Dilinden Direniş: Kudüs Konuşuyor!
Arif Ay, Filistin meselesine oldukça duyarlı bir şairdir. Özellikle Mavi Marmara olayı
vuku bulduğunda şair, çıkardığı Edep Dergisi‟nde özel bir bölüm ayırarak bu konuyu ele
almıştır. “31 Mayıs 2010 sabahının erken saatleri, Akdeniz açık sularında (İsrail kıyılarından
yaklaşık 72 deniz mili uzaklıkta) toplam 9 Türk‟ün (1‟i aynı zamnada ABD vatandaşı)
ölümüyle sonuçlanacak bir saldırı gerçekleşmiştir.” (Karadaş, 2010:41). Hemen her şiirinde
İslam topraklarının hüznünü, acısını dile getiren ve bu meseledeki hassasiyetini açık bir
biçimde ortaya koyan Arif Ay‟ın bu saldırıya karşı tepkisiz kalması elbette beklenemezdi. Bu
nedenle derginin beşinci sayısına Mavi Marmara olayına ikişkin yazı ve şiirlerin olduğu iki ek
sayfa koymuş ve sayfa başında “Gazze halkının, Filistin halkının özgürlüğü uğruna Mavi
Marmara Gemisi‟nde vahşi İsrail askerlerinin kurşunlarıyla can veren şehitlerin aziz
hatıralarına saygıyla…” (Ay, 2010:3) diyerek bu sayıyı onlara ithaf etmiştir. Ayrıca “Gazze
Aydınlığına”, “Ruhunu Kaybeden Dünya” ve “Batı Barbarlığı ve İsrail Vahşeti Üzerine
Notlar” başlıklı üç yazı yazarak öfkesini dile getirmiştir. Özellikle “Batı Barbarlığı ve İsrail
Vahşeti Üzerine Notlar” adlı yazısında İsrail‟e seslenerek ondan hesap sormaktadır:
“Ey yahudi!
Sen millet değilsin; çünkü millet gibi davranmıyorsun.
Sen devlet değilsin; çünkü devlet gibi davranmıyorsun.
Yaptığına bir bak! Bebekleri öldürüyorsun, kadınları, masum insanları öldürüyorsun.
buldozerlerle Filistinlilerin bağlarını, bahçelerini, zeytinliklerini talan ediyorsun, utanç
duvarı örüyorsun. Taşa atan çocukların üzerine tanklar sürüyorsun.

�Sen terörist değil de nesin!” (Ay, 2010:6).
Daha önce Güne Doğan Koşu Toplu Şiirler (Ay, 2006:493) kitabında da görülen
Filistin adlı şiiri de bu sayıda yayımlayan şair;
“Yenişehir‟de bir akşam vakti
Kudüs‟e en son tren ne zaman kalktı
hücrelerimde İsrail buldozerleri
ölüp ölüp dirilmekteyim”
dizeleri ile İsrail‟le özdeşleşen buldozerleri, Filistin halkının acısını ve Kudüs sokaklarında
dolaşıp müslümanlara eziyet edenlerin zulmünü yüreğinde hissettiğinden bahsetmektedir.
Ortadoğu sürekli kaynayan bir kazandır fakat şair Filistin direnişinin verdiği umutla, bir gün
müslümanların çektiği tüm acıların dineceğini umut etmektedir.
Şair yalnızca Mavi Marmara olayıyla değil, Ortadoğu‟nun tüm sorunlarıyla her zaman
yakından ilgilendiğini birçok söyleşisinde dile getirmiştir. Bunlardan biri de Ayâne
Dergisi‟ndeki söyleşidir. Bu söyleşide şunları söyler:
“Benim öğretim yalnızca Misak-ı Milli sınırlarıyla sınırlandırılamaz. Bu öğretimin
diyalektiğine de aykırıdır zaten. Şiirlerimde Ortadoğu ile ilgili birçok imge var. Ortadoğu'nun
trajedisi yeryüzü trajedisinin bir uzantısıdır. Ben yaşanılanı yazıyorum ve bu yaşanılandan
geleceğe köprüler atıyorum.” (Çelik-Karaçalı, 1988:19).
Arif Ay köprülerini, geleceğe şiirle atar. Bunun temelinde de “direnmek” yatmaktadır.
İnsan acıya, zulme, haksızlığa direnmelidir. Çünkü ancak bu şekilde bir gelecek inşa edebilir.
Bir söyleşisinde insanı yaradılışından dolayı şerefli görmekte ve bu şekilde yaşaması için
direnmesi gerektiğini söylemektedir:
“İnsan eşref-i mahlukâttır. Bunun gereği olarak şerefli, onurlu, haysiyetli bir yaşam
sürmek durumundadır. Bunu engelleyecek her şeye karşı direnmek insanlığımızın bir
gereğidir. Buna duruş diyoruz. “İdeolojik” sözcüğünü bu duruşu daha belirgin kılmak için
kullanıyoruz. Yoksa ideoloji tek başına belirleyici değil. Öyle ideolojiler var ki insana zulmün
bir aracı.” (Usta, 2011:14). Şairin Siyonizm‟i de, zulüm etmenin bir aracı olan ideolojilerden
gördüğü muhakkaktır. O halde Filistin halkı, direnerek yalnızca hayatta kalmayı başarmamış,
onurunu

da

kurtarmış

olmaktadır.

Çünkü

onurunu

kurtarmak,

“kendi

olma”yı

koruyabilmektir. Bu durumun önemi, şairin Yedi İklim Dergisi‟ndeki söyleşisinde daha net
anlaşılmaktadır:
Bizim uygarlığımız, İslam uygarlığı yeryüzünün bir dengesiydi. Tabii, bizim
durumumuz daha trajik. Bize dayatılan sosyal düzen gayri insani bir düzendir. Biz,
uygarlığımızdan kopartılmakla, aynı zamanda o uygarlık çemberi içindeki uluslardan da

�kopartıldık. Kendimize yabancılaştığımız gibi onlara da yabancılaştık. Bunları biliyoruz. Ne
yapacağız öyleyse? Direneceğiz. Kendi kendimiz oluncaya değin direneceğiz. İşte sanatçının,
yazarın tavır adamlılığı burada ortaya çıkıyor. Ben, kendi değerler dünyasına, hayat tarzına
sahip bir yazar gibi rahat değilim. Fildişi kulem yok. Tüm kulelerim ve kalelerim yıkılmıştır.
Her şeyi yeniden sorgulamamız gerekiyor. (Yedi İklim, 1993:78).
Arif Ay, Gece Yazıları adlı deneme kitabında da şairin kendisinin sürekli bir direnme
halinde olması gerektiğinin altını çizer: “Öncü yazar, direnen yazardır. Ödünsüzdür o.
Direnme gücünü öğretisinden alır. O, yaza yaza bir yapı oluşturur. Bu yapının temeli, yazarın
bağlı olduğu uygarlıktır. Değerler toplamıdır uygarlık. Bağlı olduğu uygarlığı özümsemeyen
yazar, ne toplumunu, ne de çağını kavrayamaz. Gide gide kopar insanlıktan; onu savunacağı
yerde, ona karşı bir konuma düşer.
Çağdaş insan, aldatılmışlığının ürkekliği, çekingenliği içindedir günümüzde. Boğucu
bir sıkışıklığı yaşıyor. Bu durum, yazarın sorumluluk alanını daha da genişletiyor. Artık o,
salt toplumunun bilinci oluyor. Bir de yazar, yalnız düşünce adamı değil, aynı zamanda bir
eylemcidir çağımızda.
Yazı, bir buluşmadır insanla; yarını kurmak için. (Ay, 1998:21).
Arif Ay, kendini bir öncü yazar/şair olarak gördüğünden olmalı “bütün İslâm
coğrafyasını, bu coğrafyanın acılarını yüreğinde hisseder. Bilindiği üzere 19. asırdan itibaren
siyasileşen İslâmcılık akımı, bütün Müslümanların bir siyasi ve askeri birlik oluşturması
şeklinde özetlenebilecek Pan-islâmizm akımını doğurmuştur. Arif Ay‟ın üstadı Nuri Pakdil de
şiir ve tiyatrolarında İslâm coğrafyasına panoramik bakışlarını doğrultur. Arif Ay da üstadını
takip eder. Çünkü o, bütün Müslümanların gönül birliği içinde yaşamasını ister. Onların
ezilmelerine, hor görülmelerine karşı çıkar, direnir, başkaldırır. Kırağılı Bir Gece‟de
Kudüs‟ü Düşlüyorum şiiri adeta bir haykırıştır. Çünkü Kudüs, Müslümanlar için kutsal bir
kenttir. Bu şekilde Kudüs halkının ıstıraplarına tercüman olur.”

(Zorkul, 2012:1304).

Müslümanların ezilmesi şairi çok öfkelendirmektedir. Bu nedenle Arif Ay, zulmedenleri sert
bir biçimde eleştirir. Çünkü Müslümanların varlığına tahammül edemeyen bir gücün varlığı,
coğrafya farkı olmaksızın çeşitli saldırılar yoluyla kendini göstermektedir. Bu saldırılar ise
daha çok savunmasız ve güçsüz bir halka yapılmakta ve silahın, işkencenin olmadığı yerlerde
de müslümanlar 'kendi olmak'tan koparılmaya çalışılmaktadır. Bunu yapanlar zulümdedir ve
zulme karşı duruş, bir başkaldırı ve direniş‟tir. Bir diğer şekilde bu direniş de gerek şiddet
yoluyla gerekse modernleşme adı altında müslüman dünyasını etkileyen Batı‟ya karşı da
sergilenmektedir.

�İslam dünyasının acılarını, baş kaldırışını işleyen Arif Ay, bunu yaparak aynı zamanda
bir tarih oluşturmaktadır. Acının kayda şiirle geçmesini sağlayan şair, bir söyleşisinde tarihin
şiirlerinde çok önemli bir yeri olduğunu dile getirmiştir:
“Benim için tarih bir insanlık laboratuarıdır. Her şey orada olup bitmiştir.
Sınanmıştır. İyilikler, kötülükler, güzellikler, çirkinlikler… Şimdiki zaman bir salınandır.
Çünkü bir ucu geçmişte, öteki ucu geleceğe uzanmaktadır. Dolayısıyla bugüne dair bir şey
söyleyeceksek, geçmişe ve geleceğe bakarak söyleyebiliriz ancak. Geçmiş tecrübedir,
gelecekse öngörü. Şairin toplumun önünde olması, onun öngörü hassasının iyi çalışmasından
dolayıdır.
Tarih, insanlığa tutulan bir aynadır aynı zamanda. Bu ayna zaman zaman puslu,
zaman zaman çarpık gösterse de yine de şairin ona bakması gerekir.” (Şimşek, 2008:26).
Şair bu aynaya bakar ve gördüğü, yaşadığı zulümleri kaydeder. Bu nedenle de
konuşmanın devamında şunları söyler:
“Benim isyanım, zulme ve haksızlığadır. Yaşadığımız modern çağ tam bir ilkellikler
arenası. Eski firavunlardan daha zalim firavunların yaşadığı bir çağdayız. Gövdemizde değil,
ruhumuzda ve beynimizde şaklıyor kırbaç. Öyle soyut ki, onun kırbaç olduğunu bile
bilemiyoruz. Şiirimle bu duruma baş kaldırıyorum.” (Şimşek, 2008:6). Bu baş kaldırıyı
yaparken çıkış noktası İslam dünyasının yaşadığı acılar olan şair, diriliş umudunu da hiçbir
zaman yitirmez. Bu nedenledir ki Arif Ay şiirlerinde isyan ve umut iç içedir. İncelememizin
konusu olan “Kudüs Konuşuyor” (Ay, 2011:43-48) adlı şiirinde de bu özelliği görmekteyiz.
Şiirde ilk önce şehrin üç din açısından da kutsal olduğunun vurgusu yapılır ve bunu
simgeleyen ifadeler kullanılır. böylelikle Kudüs'ün isyanının alt yapısı ortaya konmuş olur:
“Ben Kudüs
bana çok kapıdan girilir
bir de aşk kapısından
o kapı kalp kapısı
o kapı gök kapısı”
Kudüs‟e girilen üç kapı, üç dini simgelemektedir. Önemli bir nokta da Mescid-i
Aksâ‟nın “ilk ve son durak” olarak tabir edilmesidir. Şair, inancı gereği ilahi dinlerin hepsinin
temelini İslam‟a dayandırmaktadır. İlk durak da, son durak da İslâm‟dır. Bu nedenle şiirde
geçen birçok peygamber de İslâm‟ı simgelemektedir. Musa, İsa, Davut, Yahya
peygamberlerden bahsedilir ancak Hz. Muhammed‟in ismi zikredilmez. Son Peygamberi, Aşk
sözcüğü ile özdeşleştirip Kutlu Seyyah diyerek ayrı bir önemle anar:
“bende yükseldi Burak

�bende yükseldi Aşk
göklerin Kutlu Seyyah‟ı”
Şiirdeki bütün mısra başları küçük harfle yazılmışken kutsal olan isimler büyük harfle
başlatılır. Kutlu Seyyah sözcüğü de bunlardan birtanesidir. Bir diğeri ise Aşk sözcüğüdür. Şair
için Aşk, İslâm‟dır. Son Peygamber ise Aşk‟ın en yoğun yaşandığı isimdir. Bu nedenle şiirde
Kudüs için söylenmiş bir hadise de yer verilir ve bu şekilde Kudüs‟ün müslümanlar için
neden bu kadar önemli olduğu anlatılmış olur:
“Ey Kudüs! Allah‟ın seçtiği toprak ve onun kullarının vatanı! Senin duvarlarından
dünya oldu. Ey Kudüs! Sana doğru inen çiğ taneleri bütün hastalıklara şifa getiriyor. Çünkü
geldiği yer, Cennet‟in bahçeleri.” Bu nedenle İslâm, Kudüs‟te çarpan bir kalptir. Eğer
vurulursa, İslam da yara alır:
“Ben Kudüs
gerçeğin en uzun masalı ben
olağanüstülükler şehri
anayurdu mahşerin
benim mahşerim sizin mahşeriniz
ey İstanbul
ey Kahire
ey Tahran
ey Şam
ey Bağdat”
Acıların yaşandığı şehirler birer mahşer yerleridir. Müslümanlara yapılan zulüm bu
şekilde simgeleştirilir ve Kudüs o kadar hassas bir noktadadır ki ondaki bir yaranın tüm İslam
âlemini etkileyeceğinin/etkilemesi gerektiğinin altı çizilir. Şiirimin Şehirleri kitabında yer
alan İslam‟a başkentlik yapmış şehirlerin hepsi bu şiirde toplanır ve onlara seslenerek
Kudüs‟ün acısının, onların acısı olduğu bir kez daha hatırlatılır.
Yukarıda da belirttiğimiz gibi şiirde İslam, insanlığın kalbidir. Fakat Kudüs‟te
müslümanlara yapılan eziyet, bu kalbi vurmuştur. Kudüs tek başına direnmektedir.
Direnmenin olduğu yerde ise umut vardır. Şehir, “Ümitvâr olunuz” emrinden hareketle
yeniden dirilmek için bu zulme başkaldırır. Başkaldırının gücünü aldığı yer yine İslam‟dır.
Kudüs‟ün elinde Hz. Musâ‟nın asası vardır ve şehir, İslam‟ın ateşini yeniden yakmak
istemektedir:
“elimde Asâ kışkırtıyorum suyu
can bulsun diye

�sönmeye yüz tutmuş ateşi ruhumun”
Şehir, tarih boyunca birçok acıya sahne olmuştur. Şair, bu acılardan bahsederek
Kudüs‟ün “kanla dolu mahzenler”i olduğunu söyler. Ali, Osman, Ebu Iyad, Hüseyin, İsâ,
Yahya gibi isimler verilir ve bu mahzenlerin böyle mübarek insanların kanıyla dolduğunu
söyler. Günümüzde de bu durumun değişmediğini dile getiren şair, birçok eserinde olduğu
gibi emperyalizme öfkelenir. Ancak burada daha önceki isyanlarından farklı bir öfke daha
vardır. Zulme karşı durmayan, müslüman da olsa zulümdedir. Siyonizm, müslümanlara
bombalar saçmaktadır ancak diğer müslüman ülkeler bu duruma tepkisiz kalarak zulme ortak
olmaktadırlar. Şair, özellikle Ortadoğu ülkelerinin Filistinlilere sahip çıkmamasına ve Arap
krallarının büyük bir lüks içinde duygusuzca yaşamasına öfkelenmektedir. Şiirde adeta
okurun önüne bir tablo çizilir. Bu resmin bir tarafında müslümanlar katledilmekte, öbür
tarafında ise diğer müslümanlar bu duruma tepkisizce konfor ve lüks içinde yaşamaktadırlar:
"görmüyor musunuz beni diyor
parçalanmış bebeğini bağrına basan anne
kanlı dolarlar üstüne taht kuran
meleği kovan
şeytanı doyuran sofralar kuran
emirler, şeyhler, krallar
başınıza yıkılsın saraylarınız
batsın nasırlanmış yüreğinize kuleleriniz"
Şair ümmet bilincinin kaybolduğu, Batı medeniyeti örnek alarak artık „bireysellik‟e
yönelmiş olan Müslümanlık anlayışını eleştirmektedir. Bu durumda kral, şeyh ya da emirlerin
müslümanlara zulmeden „vahşi‟lerden hiçbir farkı kalmamaktadır:
"mutluluk ne zamandan beri şahsi
hesabım seninle
ey göğümden bombalar yağdıran vahşi"
Bosna Âh Bosna şiirinde olduğu gibi Kudüs Konuşuyor'da da Endülüs‟e gönderme
yapan şair, son söz olarak Kudüs‟ün “her gün Kartaca/her gün Endülüs” olduğunu söyler.
Yedi yüz yılı aşan bir süre Müslümanların elinde olmasına rağmen İspanya‟daki İslam
medeniyeti izlerinin büyük oranda silinmesine gönderme yapan Arif Ay, bu açıdan Bosna ve
Kudüs‟ün birer Endülüs olduğunun altını çizer.

Sonuç

�Arif Ay‟ın, 2011 yılında yayımlanan kitabı Şiirimin Şehirleri‟nde yer alan “Bosna Âh
Bosna” ve “Kudüs Konuşuyor” adlı şiirleri, Müslüman iki halkın gördüğü zulmü ve onların
bu zulme karşı gösterdikleri direnişi konu edinen eserlerdir. 1992 yılında saldırıya uğrayan ve
yok edilecekleri sanılırken direnişleri sayesinde yeniden hayat bulan Boşnaklar ve yıllardır
benzer bir mücadele içinde olan Filistinli Müslümanlar, İslam dünyası için ortak acıların da
simgesidirler. Boşnaklar dört yıla yakın devam eden bir mücadelenin ardından yeniden
dirilmiş, umuttan beslenen direnişlerinin karşılığını almışlardır. Filistinli müslümanlar ise
yıllardır kendilerine yapılan zulme karşı koymayı sürdürmektedirler.
Arif Ay, genel itibariyle şiirlerinde İslam dünyasının acılarını, hüzünlerini, değerlerini
işlemektedir. Ona göre, inanan bir insan ve hatta bir şair olarak zulme karşı koyma en önemli
özelliktir. Bu nedenle dünyanın herhangi bir yerinde biri zulme uğramışsa bu dile
getirilmelidir. Bu zulme uğrayan müslüman bir halksa, yok edilmeye çalışılıyorsa duyarlılık
bir kat daha artar. Bu duruma tepkisiz kalmak mümkün değildir. Bosna Âh Bosna ve Kudüs
Konuşuyor adlı şiirler aslında bu tepkinin ürünleridir. Şair, iki şiirde de direnmek gerektiğinin
altını sık sık çizer. Çünkü ancak bu şekilde hak edilen diriliş gerçekleşecektir. Müslüman
topraklarında yine müslüman kalarak, İslam medeniyetine ait tüm unsurları koruyarak
kurulacak gelecek, ancak direnişle mümkün olacaktır. Bu direnişin kaynağı da elbette yine
İslam olmalıdır. Diriliş için gereken güç ve umut yalnızca bu şekilde elde edilebilir.

�Kaynaklar
1. Alili, Teoman, (2011), Yugoslavya Dersleri, İstanbul, Kaynak Yayınları.
2. Ay, Arif, (2000), Ateş Ve Caz, A Yayınevi, Ekim, s. 28-32.
3. Ay, Arif, (1998), Gece Yazıları, İstanbul, İz Yayıncılık.
4. Ay, Arif, (2006), Güne Doğan Koşu, Ankara, Hece Yayınları, s. 423-426.
5. Ay, Arif, (1994), Kaf Dağı, Yıl:3, S. 28, Büchersendung, s. 94-95.
6. Ay, Arif, (1993), Kayıtlar, Sayı: 27, Yıl: 3, Ankara, s. 7-8.
7. Ay, Arif, Şiirimin Şehirleri, (2011), Okur Kitaplığı Yayınları, İstanbul, s. 87-91.
8. Ay, Arif, Şiirimin Şehirleri, (2011), Okur Kitaplığı Yayınları, İstanbul, s. 43-48.
9. Ay, Arif-Karaçalı, Ali- Çelik, Kâmil, (1988), “Şiir Ve Sanat Üzerine Yuvarlak Masa
Sohbeti”, Ayâne Dergisi, S.1, Ankara, s.16-23.
10. Ay, Arif, (2010), Edep Dergisi, Yıl:1, Sayı:5, Ankara.
11. “Arif Ay İle Bir Konuşma”, (1993), Yedi İklim Dergisi Arif Ay Özel Sayısı, C. 5, S.
41, İstanbul, s. 59-63.
12. İslam, Bahadır, (2006), “Batı‟nın Kirli Bilinçaltı Bosna‟da Açığa Çıktı”, Tezkire
Dergisi Saraybosna Sevgilim Özel Sayısı, Sayı: 42 (Şubat Mart Nisan), Ankara, s.
217-220.
13. İzzetbegoviç,

Aliya,

(2005),

Konuşmalar,

(Tercüme:

Fatmanur

Altın-Rıfat

Ahmetoğlu), İstanbul, Klasik Yayınları.
14. İzzetbegoviç, Aliya, (2003), Tarihe Tanıklığım, (Tercüme: Alev Erkilet, Ahmet
Demirhan, Hanife Öz), İstanbul, Klasik Yayınları.

�15. Karadaş, Cemalettin, (2010), Uluslararası Deniz Hukukunda Açık Denizlerin
Serbestliği İlkesi: Mavi Marmara Olayı, Ankara, Uluslararası Stratejik Araştırmalar
Kurumu Yayınları.
16. Lewis, Bernand, (2011), The Middle East, Ortadoğu, İki Bin Yıllık Ortadoğu Tarihi,
(Çev: Selen Y. Kölay) Ankara, Arkadaş Yayınları.
17. Said, Edward, (2009), Kültür ve Direniş, David Barsamian‟la Konuşmalar, (Türkçesi:
Osman Akınhay), İstanbul, Agora Kitaplığı.
18. Şimşek, Selami, (2008), “Arif Ay İle Söyleşi”, Ay Vakti Dergisi Sayı: 97, Yıl: 9, Ekim
s. 4-7.
19. Tanoviç, Bedia, (2006), “Necad İbrişimoviç İle Söyleşi”, (Türkçesi: Hatice Oruç),
Tezkire Dergisi Saraybosna Sevgilim Özel Sayısı, Sayı: 42 (Şubat Mart Nisan),
Ankara, s. 29-36.
20. Usta, Ahmet, (2011), “Arif Ay Kimdir”, Yolcu Dergisi Sayı: 62, Yıl: 11, Ocak-Şubat
Samsun, s. 14-15.
21. ZORKUL, Tahir, (2012), “Gelenek Ve Arif Ay‟ın Şiiri”, Turkish Studies International Periodical For The Languages, Literature and History of Turkish or
Turkic Volume 7/2 Spring, p.1301-1319, Ankara/Turkey, s. 1304-1319.
22. http://www.tdk.gov.tr/index.php?option=com_gts&amp;arama=gts&amp;guid=TDK.GTS.518a
5c1a394775.80868152 (Erişim Tarihi: 11/04/2013 saat: 14.16).
23. http://www.tdk.gov.tr/index.php?option=com_gts&amp;arama=gts&amp;guid=TDK.GTS.518a
5c1058f323.12226386 (Erişim Tarihi: 11/04/2013 saat: 14.25).

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                    <text>Disabled People in Sakarya and the Problems With Public Transport:
What has been done, What should be done.
Hakan Aslan
Department of Civil Engineering
Division of Transportation
Sakarya University
Turkey
haslan@sakarya.edu.tr

Abstract: Disability comes in many shapes and forms, but where it affects mobility there are
problems. The use of taxis or a car seems to be most convinient way of travelling for the disabled
people. It is a very demanding and difficult, even sometimes impossible, job to get to a bus route,
then getting on the bus for those having disability problem. Once you manage this part of the
journey, there comes another problem: Will you be able to go whereever you want without multiple
changes? Most city buses in Sakarya do not have wheelchair lifts – and the ones that do- are not
used efffectively due to routine repair problems. This paper is based on a research among the
disabled people from Sakarya, those with audial, visual or physical problems that prevent them
from having freedom of movement. The outcome of this research is shared with the Transportation
Department of Sakarya Municipality.

Introduction
Disability is defined by the World Health Organisation as: “ Disability is an umbrella term, covering
impairments, activity limitations, and participation restrictions. An impairment is a problem in body function or
structure; an activity limitation is a difficulty encountered by an individual in executing a task or action; while a
participation restriction is a problem experienced by an individual in involvement in life situations.”
As can be seen from this definition, the disability is a quite complex phenomenon reflecting different aspects of
the real life situations for those having difficulty to live in a society according to a standard or norm. Disability
may be in one`s life since his/her birth or it may occur at any part of his/her life time. In transportation
engineering context, disability may be regarded as any sort of impairment limiting the mobility. A person
carrying a couple of bags after shopping, or a mother pushing a push-chair with a child in it could be seen as
disabled person with this regard although he or she may not have any physical or mental problem what so ever.
Falkmer (2001) states that the children with disabilities are prone to a higher degree of accident risk compared
with children in general. Đt has also been stated that the wheel-chair related injuries of disabled people are mainly
due to tips and falls to get on or off the buses (Kirby et al., 1994 ). Shaw ( 2000 ) expresses that as long as
abrupt maneuvers are prevented, the majority of wheel-chair users` injuries can be eliminated.
From another perspective, concessionary fares and policies designed to include older people in both public and
private transport enhance the mobility of these people (Metz, 2003 ) .
The aim of this study is to analyse the perception of the disabled people regarding transportation infrastructure
currently available in Sakarya. A questionare, for this purpose, has been prepared and completed by 207
respondents. The safety issues, such as the possibility of an injury risk in an accident as a passenger when
travelling on a public bus or in a taxi just like other passengers do, have not been considered in this research
simply because the main issues were uniquely regarded as those disabled people experienced while using
transportation system in Sakarya. However, the safety issues directly related to being disabled are included in the
paper.

338

�The Structure of the Questionnaire and Scope of the Study
The first part of the paper describes the general structure of the questionaire. The second part uses and analyses
the findings and data to see the whole picture in order to investigate the mobility problems of the people. The last
section suggests the proper and necessary actions to be taken to make sure that Sakarya is a city of zero difficulty
in performing daily travel activities for so-called disabled people.
The questionnaire consists of fourteen sections. The first one seeks the respondents` information about their
name, age, sex, educational level and disability problem, i.e., visual, audial, orthopaedic, etc. The second section
deals with the issues of the way that respondents travel. The questions have been prepared to collect the
information about the public transportation modes and vehicles that they use along with the information about
the average travel time and distance in a day both on weekdays and weekends. The third part asks questions
regarding if any other way of travel is used apart from public transportation. The following sections are
designed to get information about whether a private vehicle is used, the purpose of travel, Origin and Destination
( O-D ) points including links, if they can travel between O-D points within planned travel time. The coming
two parts are basically about the traffic rules and fines to investigate the attitude of disabled people towards
present law. The following part is related to the concerns of the people regarding the general transportation
system of Sakarya. The sub-questions are about the planning system, enforcement level, paratransit systems and
road users including pedestrians. The next one questions the least safe points and states that disabled people
perceive in the road network, such as zebra crossings, intersection points or when getting off a public vehicle, etc.
The effect of parked vehicles are investigated in the next section. The last question is about the general
impression of the disabled people if they feel safe when travelling at any point in Sakarya.
The answers of these questionnaire were acquired through one-by-one interviews with the members of The
Disabled People`s Association of Turkey, Division of Sakarya.
A total of four sub-social authorities in Sakarya were contacted for investigation. The willingness of these
authorities enabled us to get as broad a picture as possible. The participants are;
•
•
•
•

Six Dots Foundation for the Blinds, Division of Sakarya
Association for the Physically Disabled, Division of Sakarya
Association of Audial Impairments, Division of Sakarya
Autism Association of Sakarya

The selection of respondents ( interviewees ) was grounded on the ambition to obtain as broad a range of
perception categories. As a result, the organisations above were contacted and the interviews were made at the
centre of associations rather than the homes of the participants due to privacy concerns.
As the main motivation of this research is to reveal the transportation related perception of the disabled people in
Sakarya, deep statistical analysis has not been done. Đt is believed that the presentation of the findings of this
study would give a clear picture of the strong and weak points of the transportation system in Sakarya from the
points of the disabled people.

Findings
The quantitative data collected through the questionnaire were grouped to clarify the answers. Đn this way, the
obtained information is believed to be useful to comprehend and highlight the respondents` perspective.
Figure1 below indicates the range of the age of the people in this study.

339

�Figure1: The age groups of the study
As can be seen from this figure, 68,11% of the respondents is quite young people, below 30 years old.. Đt is
believed that this figure illustrates the fact that the obtained results should be seriosly taken into account in order
to plan the future as far as disabled people are concerned. The current situation could have been more precise for
the middle age and elderly people if the number of people of this group had had a higher proportion.
Nevertheless, it is stil believed that the 31,89% can be seen a good proportion to see the general perspective of
these people`s perception.

Figure2: Educational levels of the study group
Figure 2 above clearly states that majority of the respondents, 54.59%, has only the basic educational level.
This is another point to be mentioned for expressing the lack of opportunities for disabled people in terms of the
quality of the education that they get. Đt should be mentioned here that 55,5% of those graduated from the
university has visually disabled people. Those attending special schools are mainly autistic children constituting
17,39 per cent of all respondents.

340

�Figure 3 below illustrates the group of people according to the disability that they have.

Figure 3: Disability type of the respondents
The proportion of the physically disabled people is the highest one, 46,37%. The classified other portion gives
the number of those having autism problem. The interviewees of this type were the parents or gurdians of the
disabled people.
The following figure, Figure 4, denotes the choice of the respondents interms of transportation mode.

Figure 4: The choice of transportation mode for mobility
As some respondents use more than one mode of travelling, total number of people seems to be higher than the
total number of interviewees. The group of own-vehicle mainly consists of battery power-wheelchair owners.
The disabled people travelling with their own cars is only 10 per cent of the group. Special services seems to
perform a very important role for those having autism problem to have a reasonable mobility. There should not
be a reasaon to mention that the autistic people normally travel with their parents or guardians. Đf we look at the
usage, travel time, travel distance and travel speed of the related transportation modes, Figure 5 below is
obtained.

341

�Figure 5: Travel characteristics of transportation modes
The numerical values from Figure 5 presents the fact that disabled people are essentially dependent on the public
transportation vehicles. Buses operated privately or publicly play an important function for the mobility of the
disabled people. Services, operating on scheduled time-tables, also seem to be very important transportation
option. The average travel time with own-vehicle (mainly battery-power wheelchairs ) is 20.5 minutes per day
along an average distance of 2.4km corresponding 7.02km/h average travelling speed. The highest travel speed
is offered by taxis, 45,4km/h. The shared cap and minibus services travel more or less at the same average speed,
42,62km/h and 41,3km/h, respectively. The figures also indicate that considering all the modes, the avreage daily
travel distance is 56,6 km. Đt is intresting to note that the total distance travelled by disabled people travelling on
the vehicles driven by other person rather than himself corresponds 95.75% of total daily average distance. This
clearly means that disabled people heavily dependent on the other people for their mobility. The public service to
respond this structure,hence, must be organised and operated very efficiently for giving a good transportation
opportunity for those in need.
The average travel time for own-vehicle transportation corresponds to the 19.44% of the average total. This
high proportion stems from the fact that the speed of this type of vehicle is quite low ( 7.02 km/h ) causing to
spend more time to travel the unit distance.
The following figure categorizes the critical locations perceived as the least safe points by the respondents.

342

�Figure 6: Perceived locations of least safe points
Figure 6 exhibits that 28.85% of the participants do not feel safe even on the pavements. Đn addition, 19.54% of
the people perceive that all these three locations are not safe enough for them to perform their daily mobility
activities. As expected, conflict points for road crossings, signalised junctions and zebra crossings, represent the
most critical points of safety perception.

Results and Discussion
The outcomes and related suggestions of this study may be summarised as below.
•
•
•

•

•
•
•
•
•
•

The disabled people in Sakarya require a well established, regular, safe and frequent public
transportation system for having a good opportunity whenever and wherever they want to travel, just
like the other people do.
They deserve more respect and recognition from the other road users.
Signalised intersections, especially the city centre, must be designed and operated by considering the
needs of the disabled people. This could be done by giving extra time for blind people, or presenting
police officer to make sure that road users obey the traffic rules for giving a safe traffic environment
for the others.
Parking on the pavements is a very important problem. It becomes even more problematic when drivers
park their vehicles on the ramps, access points for the disabled people to get on or off the pavements.
Enforcement measures should be taken more seriously to lessen the danger for the disabled people. The
unauthorised usage of allocated disabled parkings by drivers creates another significant problem for
those wishing to travel with their own cars to central parts of the city.
The main concerns of the participants are related to the planning and paratransit transportation system
of the road retworks in Sakarya. The roads are thought to be not wide enough to walk or use the
wheelchair on them safely and there are not sufficient designated road sections for the people.
The transfer opprtunities for long journeys are neither suffucient in number nor frequent enough.
There is also a demand that the long journey routes should be combined and a single route is obtained.
The traffic fines could be categorized to increase the ones related violating disabled people`s right.
The usage of the seat-belt is reasonably acceptable , 87.75 % , among the disabled people even for
relatively short journeys. The violance of the traffic rules among disabled people in Sakarya resulting in
fines is very low to mention. Just one person fined for improper parking.
The reliability of bus services is not satisfactory enough. Some technical, such as bus-lanes, and
operational measures should be taken.
The main destination point seems to be the city centre, although there is a wide range of origin points.

343

�•
•

•

The purpose of the journeys can be classified as 35.6% for education, 27.5% for health, 28.17% for
social activities, 4.2% for job and %4.53 for the others.
The question of whether the participants feel safe in general when using the transportation network
system ( including walking ) was answered as 71.45% no, 28.55% yes. This should urge all the
authorities to take all the required and necessary measures to provide safe mobility environment for the
disabled people.
When the respondents asked to answer if they travel between their origin-destination points within the
expected travel time, 84.52% of the people said, interestingly, yes and 15.48% said no. This means that
although people do not feel safe when using the road network, their anticipation level of travel time
reliability is quite high.

References
Falkmar,T. (2001). Transport mobility for children and adolescents with Cerebral Palsy (CP). Thesis, Faculty
of Health Sciences, University of Linköping,Sweden.
Kirkby, R.L., Ackroyd-Stolarz, S.A., Brown, M.G., Kirkland, S.A., and MacLeod, D.A. ( 1994 ). Wheelchairrelated accidents caused by tips and falls among noninstitutionalized users of manually propelled wheelchairs in
Nova Scotia. Am.J.Phys.Med.Rehabil. 73, (pp. 319-330)
Metz, D. ( 2003 ) Transport policy for an ageing population. Transportation Reviews, Vol. 23, No:4, (pp. 375386)
Shaw, G. (2000) Wheelchair rider risk in motor vehicles: a technical note. J.rehabil.Res.Dev 37 (1)

344

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                <text>This study explores the use of discourse markers (DMs) in the conversational discourse of non-native speakers of English. Specially, it investigates the functions and positions of DMs like, sort of and kind of in conversations of Croatian speakers of English.     The study investigates DMs in the conversations of first year university students of English. The subject group consisted of four volunteers, two females and two males. For every participant two different speech events of about 15 minutes each were recorded. The speakers engaged in two casual, dyadic conversations. The participants were asked to talk as naturally as possible about a casual topic of their choice.     The results of the quantitative and qualitative analyses show pervasiveness of DMs at this capability level and a variety in use. Discourse like, sort of and kind of cover about 8% of the DMs used by the students in this study. Among them like is the most frequent and sort of is the least frequent. Variability has been noticed in the frequency distribution of these markers in the talk of individual students. Like most often occurred before a noun, sort of was the most frequent before a verb and kind of before an adjective. Multifunctionality of these markers has been identified, too. Like and kind of were most often used as approximators and sort of was most often used as a compromiser.     Keywords: discourse markers, like, sort of and kind of, non-native speakers of English</text>
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                <text>This paper deals with an analysis of media discourse on war. It is based on an extensive research of reporting of British and Montenegrin dailies on NATO airstrikes on Yugoslavia in 1999. The analysis was based on Teun Van Dijk’s theory on news schemata and Fairclough’s approach to Critical Discourse Analysis. The paper will present selected examples from the British dailies the Guardian, the Independent and the Times to illustrate the organisational pattern of news and an interpretation based on critical discourse analysis approach. </text>
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                    <text>Discrete Event Modeling Study of AODV Routing Protocol
Sinan Tuncel
Department of Computer Science Education
Sakarya University / TURKEY
stuncel@sakarya.edu.tr
Ahmet Zengin
Department of Computer Science Education
Sakarya University / TURKEY
azengin@sakarya.edu.tr
Hüseyin Ekiz
Department of Computer Science Education
Sakarya University / TURKEY
ekiz@sakarya.edu.tr
Bülent Çobanoğlu
Department of Computer Science Education
Sakarya University / TURKEY
bcobanoglu@sakarya.edu.tr
Abstract: This paper presents a robust simulation environment targeted for
researching the complex dynamics of wireless computer networks. The generalpurpose DEVS-Suite Simulator supports animation with I/O and state trajectories of
wireless computer network models developed using parallel DEVS modeling
approach. The simulator offers high level model abstraction as compared with
simulators such as ns-2, Omnet++ and OPNET. The combined capabilities afforded
by the robust DEVS-Suite simulator assists in understanding the fundamentals of
wireless network topologies and the logics of wireless communication protocols.
Large scale wireless network models can be simulated and evaluated to show the
benefits of DEVS formalism performance.
Keywords: AODV, Modeling and Simulation, DEVS, DEVS- Suite

1. Introduction
The Ad-Hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol is a widely used routing protocol for mobile
ad-hoc networking (URL 4, 2009). In order to test and evaluate an ad hoc routing protocol in a real world
environment and mostly in a large scale simulation scenario, utilization of modeling and simulation tools is
inevitable. Today’s most famous simulators from commercial vendors such as OPNET (URL 3, 2009) and from
academic area as such ns-2 (URL 2, 2009) and OMNET++(URL 6, 2009) are commonly used by network
research community. But, commerciality, lacks of system theoretic background, need for modular and
hierarchical design, parallelism and scalability issues lead network researchers to develop new modeling
strategies and high performance simulators.
In order to meet current network systems’ demands, a new discrete event model of AODV routing protocol is
developed based on DEVS formalism. DEVS formalism renders possible to establish proper and high
performance simulation systems (Zeigler, 2000). In this study, an AODV routing protocol for wireless ad hoc
network systems is implemented based on DEVS-Suite, especially for large scale simulation scenarios and main
features of developed simulation summarized.
DEVS-Suite is a general-purpose, discrete event simulation environment which supports visualization and
tracking capabilities (Kim, 2009). This is the new generation of the DEVSJAVA simulator (URL 1, 2009) based
381

�on DEVS formalism (Zeigler, 2000). This simulator also supports variable structure modeling (Hu at all, 2005).
The DEVS-Suite user-interface provides a consistent, efficient, integrated hierarchical component-based
representation of models with run-time I/O and state trajectories and tabular data visualization. The AODV
models developed on top of DEVS-Suite is the result of using networking theory as well as software engineering
principles. Particular attention is paid to reliability and maintainability in view of the ns-2 simulator. With the
developed AODV simulator, users can create arbitrary network topologies, experiment with the models, and in
particular track the dynamics of the network related to routing. DEVS-Suite simulator can be run on a personal
computer as well as online via DEVS-Suite Web Start (URL 5, 2009) which enables e-learning using Java Web
Start technology.
In the remainder of this paper, starting in Section 2, presents the State of Art and description of the modeling
concepts of DEVS and DEVS-Suite network simulator. In Section 3, the techniques and ideas behind DEVSSuite AODV simulator is given together with some features of it. In Section 4, ongoing research is summarized
and we summarize our work and present some future research directions in Section 5.

2.Background
2.1. DEVS Formalism
Network systems exhibit very high level complex, dynamic and parallel characteristics. Due to this fact, its
complex yet distributed behavior makes modeling effort of the networks difficult. However, discrete event
modeling bringing abstraction and simplification mechanisms to modeling and simulation discipline facilitates
modeling and simulation study systems such as computer networks demonstrating complex, dynamic, distributed
and unpredicted behavior. The dynamics of network systems can be described using discrete event modeling.
This is because the dynamics of the network systems can be characterized in terms of components that can
process and generate events. Among discrete event modeling approaches, the Discrete Event Systems
Specification (DEVS) (Zeigler, 2000). is well suited for formally describing concurrent processing and the
event-driven nature of arbitrary configuration of nodes and links forming network systems. This modeling
approach supports hierarchical modular model construction, distributed execution, and therefore characterizing
complex, large-scale systems with atomic and coupled models. Atomic models represent the structure and
behavior of individual components via inputs (X), outputs (Y), states (S), and functions. An atomic model can be
described with,
Atomic model= (X, S, Y, δext, δint, δconf, λ, ta).
The external (δext), internal (δint), confluent (δconf), output (λ), and time advance functions (ta) define a
component’s behavior over time. Internal and external transition functions describe autonomous behavior and
response to external stimuli, respectively. The time advance function represents the passage of time. Output
function is used to generate output messages sent through the output ports of atomic models. Atomic models
receive messages which may cause a series of state transitions and output messages generated for consumption
by other atomic or coupled models.
Atomic models can be coupled together in a strict hierarchy to form more complex models. Parallel DEVS,
which extends the classical DEVS, is capable of processing multiple input events and concurrent occurrences of
internal and external transition functions. The Parallel DEVS confluent transition function provides local control
by handling simultaneous internal and external transition functions. A coupled model can be constructed by
composing models into hierarchical tree structures. A coupled model is defined in terms of its constituent atomic
and/or coupled models.
A coupled model can be constructed by composing models into hierarchical tree structures, and is defined in
terms of its constituent (atomic and/or coupled) models. Connections between different atomic models can be
performed by a coupled model (CM) (Chow, 1996), (Zeigler, 2000).
Coupled model (CM) = &lt; X,Y,D,Md|dϵD,EIC,EOC,IC &gt;
The input and output sets X and Y have the same specification as those of the atomic model. D is a set of
component names and Md is set of atomic and/or coupled components, and EIC, EOC, and IC are external input,
external output, and internal couplings, respectively. The closure under coupling feature allows a coupled model
382

�to be used as an atomic model when constructing other coupled models. Coupled models can be constructed
systematically using the concepts of ports and couplings between them. When a component sends messages, the
(external input, external output, and internal) couplings between input and output ports immediately relay the
messages from the sender to receiver components. Upon receipt of messages by atomic models, the messages are
processed, which may result in new states and generation of new outputs for other models. Parallel DEVS is
capable of processing multiple input events and provides control for handling simultaneous internal and external
events. Mathematical DEVS atomic and coupled models can be concretized in terms of UML. There exist other
implementations of the DEVS specification approach based on single and multiprocessor environments. Parallel
and distributed environments have been developed using technologies such as HLA (Kim at all, 2003).
The formal foundation of DEVS, its efficient execution, and the availability of sequential, parallel, or distributed
simulation engines using alternative computational environments such as CORBA, HLA, and Web-services are
important considerations. Furthermore, the DEVS models are extended with other kinds of models such as fuzzy
logic (Sarjoughian, Cellier, 2003).
2.2. DEVS-Suite
DEVS-Suite (Kim, 2009) is the discrete event general purpose simulation environment based on DEVS
formalism and also is new version of the DEVSJAVA simulator (URL 1, 2009). In addition of single
visualization function of DEVSJAVA, it adds additional functionality in the form of more tracking capabilities.
DEVS-Suite has some constituent modules such as Simview, Timeview, DEVS Tracking Environment
(Sarjoughian, Singh, 2004). DEVS-Suite can simulate to models specified using the DEVS formalism (Zeigler,
2000). The center piece of the simulator environment is Model Facade View Control (MFVC) by which
simulation data can be displayed with its animation and viewing of time trajectories separated from the parallel
DEVS abstract simulator.
In DEVS-Suite, execution of the models can be tracked as both the animation of the input/output messages for
coupled models and the state changes of the atomic models, as well as log files. Simulation experiments can be
triggered with test input which are can be selected via a dialogue box at the beginning of the simulation and
time-based trajectories generated during simulation. At the end of the simulation, statistical outputs and
trajectories can also be obtained for pre-defined phase and sigma state variables. Simulator has also an option
window when loading the model which includes Simview and tracking options. As already mentioned, Simview
is inherited from DEVSJAVA that provides visualization of DEVS models. However, it is clear that visualization usually decrease of the performance of a software system due fact of high resource demands of visual
components and animation schemes. In DEVS-Suite simulation modeler, one can toggle the visualization or
tracking capability of the package in case of need for high performance in large-scale experiments.
2.3. AODV Summary
AODV routing protocol provides unicast, broadcast, and multicast communication in ad hoc mobile networks
(URL 4, 2009). AODV starts a route discovery when a route is needed by a source node or a node needs to join a
multicast node group. Much of the complexity of the AODV protocol is to decrease the number of messages to
conserve the capacity of the network. The routes are always loop-free through the use of sequence numbers.
Nodes use this sequence number so that they do not repeat route requests that they have already passed on.
Another such feature is that the route requests have a ”time to live” number that limits how many times they can
be retransmitted. If a route request fails, another route request may not be sent until twice as much time has
passed as the timeout of the previous route request. The nodes running AODV maintain a routing table in which
next hop routing information for destination nodes is stored.
In order to model AODV routing protocol and wireless networks, many research have done including DEVSbased approaches such as (Sarjoughian, Shaukat, 2009), (Farooq at all,2007) and (Santoni, 2008). In addition to
DEVS based approaches, some modeling effort of AODV protocol has been done as such (Weber, 2007) for
power aware wireless networks,(Singh et al. ,2006) using ω calculus approach and (Chiyangwa, Kwiatkowska,
2002) using timed automata.

383

�3. DEVS-Suite-AODV Framework
In order to model a wireless network system accommodating routing protocols, architecture can be split into
three categories: topology, communication and the mobility. Topology has done with DEVS coupled models
including nodes and radio channels, communication is held by network packets stretched from DEVS entities
and finally mobility is overcome by initial and final coordinates (m,m) and speed (m/s) fields of every atomic
model.
AODV simulation framework is based on the DEVS-Suite simulator and written in Java programming language
(see Figure 1). Discrete event simulation system processes the consecutive events to change the system’s state.
In our implementation, events are defined in terms of packet transmission, mobility and topological errors (see
node atomic model definition in Appendix A). Events in developed system are processed by DEVS Engine.
DEVS Engine serves as an operating system for events in system under observation. DEVS can process the
events in a parallel manner.
Due to framework is developed purely in Java, all configurations, environmental and setup parameters and
network layout are specified in Java code files, but configuration files can be used. In the following sections, we
summarize the basic components of developed system.
3.1. Nodes and radio channels model descriptions
In a wireless network, nodes and communication channels are modeled basic processing units (i.e. routing
intelligence in the network is done by these components). These models in the form of network coupled model
conform to the Parallel DEVS atomic and coupled model specification and are implemented in the DEVS-Suite
environment as seen in Figure 3.

Figure 1: DEVS-Suite AODV System Structure
Wireless node model is typically composed of several modules as depicted in Figure 2. These modules are
routing, media access and topography modules. Routing modules provide basic functionality for implementation
of routing protocols such as AODV. Its architecture is ultimately generic so that every kind of routing protocols
can be readily implemented. Module has different data structures such as routing tables and buffers to keep track
of routing packets historically (see Figure 2). Also, each node stores own sequential number and the number of
RREQ attempts.
One of the main features of DEVS formalism is to establish modular and hierarchical construction (Zeigler,
2000). In this study, this feature is highly utilized in designing network components. Components design and
selection is based on design and simulation objectives. Due for scalability, we selected high level abstractions
and assumptions on designing the components. Lower memory and CPU utilize is preferable in large-scale
experiments. Rather routing module, media access module is designed making several assumptions such as
simplification of MAC protocol, implementing basic FIFO queue and 2D topography. In the media access

384

�component, physical channel model simulates the connection of devices, data storage in the buffers and link
delays.
Location of a node that effect neighborhood and communication is determined by x and y values in the fixed size
topography. Speed value defines node’s mobility variance and every node is instantiated by start point (x0,y0)
and final point(xn,yn) where movement is completed.
3.2. Modeling AODV with DEVS
Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol belonging to distance vector routing algorithms
family is a reactive behavioral protocol in which routes is calculated just only when a new data packet to be sent.
In other words, it discovers the routes in the wireless network only when required. In this system, every nodes
maintain own routing tables in which discovered routes is kept with time stamp or version. In the background
section, detailed information of AODV is presented.
Full behavior of the AODV protocol specified in (URL 4, 2009) is applied using DEVS modeling and simulation
formalism (see Appendix A). By extracting event based behavior of AODV from (URL 4, 2009), some rules can
be ordered and implemented in event based manner. Main event is sending and receiving packets in such a
distributed system. However, channel down, battery exhaust, mobility change, and node congestions should be
taken into considerations to mimic full behavior of a wireless system. As being in inner structure of a node, event
abstraction is needed in modeling a highly complex, distributed system. In this work, some abstractions are made
including physical layer and antennas simplifications and two dimensional topography. These all abstractions
may not actually reflect any real network operation, but highly needed yet because it is impossible to build exact
virtual worlds in today’s limited computing environments without making assumptions.
A network running AODV is modeled as interconnecting nodes in parallel composition of DEVS atomic models
in DEVS-Suite. The states and interfaces of the nodes are initialized so that they mimic conditions of the real
nodes placed at the beginning, after than nodes can get information from neighbors and begin to learn about the
network. The most important characteristic of the AODV is route discovery in the presence of mobility on taken
a data packet.

Figure 2: A DEVS-based wireless node is connected to other nodes via medium and emergent network is
stimulated by an experimental frame to create applications.
In AODV protocol life, a network node that needs a connection to specific destination creates a request for
connection as RREQ messages. After receiving RREQ, remaining AODV nodes forward RREQ message, and
update their routing table entry of that node that they receive it from. When a node receives such a message and
already has a route to the desired node, it sends a message back to originating nodes named RREP message. The
requesting node then begins transmitting the data using discovered route that it is shortest path and has least
385

�number of hops through other nodes. When a link fails, a routing error message RRER is passed back to a
transmitting node, and the process repeats.
The main benefit of AODV routing protocol is that it causes no traffic for communication over links.
Communication is set up on demand when two or more nodes need to data exchange. Besides distance vector
routing approach is light weight algorithm and needs less computation resources. But AODV causes more time
delay in establishing a connection, and this is done heavier that other protocols.
3.3. AODV messages
To implement the behavior of AODV protocol, some messages are modeled as DEVS entities such as Data,
Hello, Route Request (RREQ), Route Reply (RREP), Route Error (RRER) and acknowledgement. These
messages are exchanging between nodes and derived from entity class in DEVS models library. Data can
embedded as an object to Data packets to be routed and remaining packets are all control packets.
3.4. Visualization
The four complementary views – component and message animation, time-based trajectories, SensorView
animating wireless systems dynamism and tree listing of the model – provide a rich basis for researchers as well
as students and teachers to view the structural and behavioral aspects of models. The routing protocol can be
analyzed step-by-step through animation of nodes and transmission of messages. User selected inputs, outputs,
and pre-defined state variables can be plotted as time trajectories. In Figure 3, five wireless nodes
communicating via channels are shown. Models and their states, input and output ports (Network Interface Cards
– NIC), and couplings, as well as traveling packets can be seen. Also, users can examine the composition
hierarchy structure of models. Using DEVS-Suite, its possible to track and view the logic behind the routing
protocol as well as the discrete event-based run of the wireless network system. Capabilities of the developed
simulator can be extend to cover the protocols of the other layers in the OSI network reference model.

Figure 3: AODV network on DEVS-Suite Simview

4. Conclusions
We have presented a DEVS model for AODV routing protocol and implementing it as a shell on top of DEVSSuite kernel. DEVS-Suite has emerged to be a good discrete event simulator enables modeler to build models in
system theoretic manner and provides more tracking capability and visualization. The DEVS simulation
386

�framework has been proven to be sufficient enough to meet the wireless systems requirements. Since
framework’s components are developed generic, it can be used for modeling MANETs as well as wireless sensor
networks. Developed models will be publicly available on Sourceforge DEVS-Suite project site. Our AODV
implementation will be continued to be refined.

Acknowledgments
This work has been funded by the Sakarya University Scientific Research Projects Agency under contract 2009-5002-018. The views and conclusions contained in this document are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as
necessarily representing the official policies or endorsements, either expressed or implied, of the Sakarya University.

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                    <text>Discrimination in Higher Education is Source of Conflict: Albanian in
Macedonia
EmirjonaHuti
Epoka University
Albania
ehuti10@epoka.edu.al
BekirCinar
Epoka University
Albania
bcinar@epoka.edu.al

Abstract: This paper is explaining discrimination of Albanian youth in higher education who
live in Macedonia.There are considerable amount of ethnic Albanians living in Macedonia. It
is known fact that ‘bitter disputes exist between the majority Orthodox Macedonians and
Muslim Albanians, who make up a quarter of Macedonia's population’. There are various
reasons why there are ‘bitter disputes’; one these disputes arise from discrimination in higher
education.
It is an empirical study which has employed qualitative as well as quantitative methods.
Survey and interviews are conducted in order to collect primary data. This data was analyzed
and discussed under the available official data and literature for reaching a credible
conclusion.
This research is providing quite important information why this conflict is happening and
what are the root causes of the conflicts.
Despite the secondary sources, the research is based on the survey, which is addressed to the
students who can easily show and describe the problems that the students face due to
discrimination. The research indicates that the discrimination has great impact on the conflict
and without addressing this discrimination in higher education; it could be more difficult to
find a plausible solution to the problem for future of Macedonia.
Keywords: Discrimination, Higher Education, Youth, Conflict

20

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                <text>Discrimination in Higher Education is Source of Conflict: Albanian in Macedonia</text>
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                <text>HUTI, Emirjona
CINAR, Bekir </text>
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            <name>Abstract</name>
            <description>A summary of the resource.</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="5524">
                <text>This paper is explaining discrimination of Albanian youth in higher education who live in Macedonia.There are considerable amount of ethnic Albanians living in Macedonia. It is known fact that ‘bitter disputes exist between the majority Orthodox Macedonians and Muslim Albanians, who make up a quarter of Macedonia's population’. There are various reasons why there are ‘bitter disputes’; one these disputes arise from discrimination in higher education.     It is an empirical study which has employed qualitative as well as quantitative methods. Survey and interviews are conducted in order to collect primary data. This data was analyzed and discussed under the available official data and literature for reaching a credible conclusion.     This research is providing quite important information why this conflict is happening and what are the root causes of the conflicts.   Despite the secondary sources, the research is based on the survey, which is addressed to the students who can easily show and describe the problems that the students face due to discrimination. The research indicates that the discrimination has great impact on the conflict and without addressing this discrimination in higher education; it could be more difficult to find a plausible solution to the problem for future of Macedonia.    Keywords: Discrimination, Higher Education, Youth, Conflict</text>
              </elementText>
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              <elementText elementTextId="5525">
                <text>International Burch University</text>
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                <text>2014-04-24</text>
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PeerReviewed</text>
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                <text>ISSN 2303-4564     </text>
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                    <text>1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo

Dissolution Kinetics of Ulexite in Borax Pentahydrate Solutions Saturated
with Carbon Dioxide
Soner Kuşlu
Atatürk University, Faculty of Engineering, Chemical
Engineering Dept. Erzurum, Turkey
skuslu@atauni.edu.tr
Feyza Çavuş
Atatürk University, Faculty of Engineering, Chemical
Engineering Dept. Erzurum, Turkey
fcavus@yahoo.com
Sabri Çolak
Atatürk University, Faculty of Engineering, Chemical
Engineering Dept. Erzurum, Turkey
scolak@atauni.edu.tr

Abstract: The aim of the study was to investigate the dissolution kinetics of ulexite in borax
pentahydrate solutions saturated with carbon dioxide in a mechanical agitation system. The
effects of reaction temperature, stirring speed, CO2 flow rate, solid/liquid ratio and particle
size on the rate of dissolution of ulexite were examined. It was observed that increase in the
reaction temperature and decrease in the solid/liquid ratio causes an increase the dissolution
rate of ulexite. The dissolution extent is not affected by the stirring speed rate in experimental
conditions. The activation energy was found to be 58.7 kJ/mol. This value indicates the
dissolution rate of ulexite is a chemically controlled reaction. The rate expression associated
with the dissolution rate of ulexite depending on the parameters chosen may be summarized
as: 1-(1-X) 1/3 = 7.4x105. D-0.8. (S/L)-0.6. W0.1. e (-58700 /R T).t
Keywords: Ulexite, Borax Pentahydrate, Dissolution Kinetics, Heterogeneous reaction

Introduction
Boron is one of the most important mineral resources of Turkey (Davies et al., 1991). Turkey possesses
72% of the world’s boron reserves. Boron has both strategic and industrial importance. It is oxophilic, and
occurs as borates (oxides) in nature (Kemp, 1956). The main boron minerals of different percentages of (B2 O3)
contents are Colemanite (Ca2 B6 O11.5H2 O), Tincal (Na2 B4 O7.10H2 O), Kernite (Na2 B4 O7.4H2 O) Ulexite
(Na2 O.2CaO.5B2 O3.16H2 O), Datolite (Ca2 B2 O5.Si2 O5.H2 O) and Hydroboracid (CaMgB6 O1 1.6H2 O) (Çetin et al.,
2001). Although boron mineralscan be employed as raw materialsin some industries,the refined boron products
and converted leading edge products are widely used in various industries (Garret, 1998; Özmetin et al., 1996).
Borax is a natural mineral compound found in playa lakes. The basic structure of borax comprises chains of
interlocking BO2 (OH) triangles and BO3 (OH) tetrahedrons bonded to chains of sodium- and water octahedrons.
Borax can be mixed with other cleaning agents including chlorine bleach (Küçük et al.,2002). One of the most
important minerals and derivatives of boron is ulexite,a hydrated calcium-sodium borate.Itis atype of hydrated
calcium borate with a monoclinic crystal structure and contains many clay minerals.Itis used to produce boric
acid (Küçük et al., 2002). Boric acid is the most commonly used boron compound, and is used as starting
material in the preparation of many boron chemicals such as boron phosphate, boron tri halides, boron esters,
boron carbide, organic boron salts and fluoroborates (Özmetin et al., 1996; Küçük et al., 2002; Temur et al.,
2000).Itis used as a source of B2 O3 in many fused products(Kemp, 1956).
There are many studies in the literature connected with the dissolution kinetics of ulexite in various
solutions. A summary of these studies is as follows: Alkan and Kocakerim (1987), studied itin water saturated
by sulfur-dioxide and the activation energy was calculated as 58 kJ/mol. Kocakerim et al.(1993),investigated it
in water saturated with CO2 in low temperatures (17-35 oC) and the activation energy was found to be 51.7
kJ/mol. Künkül et al.(1997),studied itin ammonia solution saturated with CO2 and described the dissolution rate
142

�1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo

by a first-order pseudo-homogeneous reaction model and found the activation energy to be 55 kJ/mol. Tekin et
al.(1998), carried out experiments with itin ammonium chloride solution and found the activation energy to be
80 kJ/mol. Tunç et al. (1999), investigated it in H2 SO4 solution. They found that increasing H3 O+ acid
concentration increased the dissolution rate, but increasing SO4 2- concentration reduced the dissolution rate due
to the precipitation of a solid film of CaSO4 and /or CaSO4.2H2 O. Alkan et al. (2000), reported it in aqueous
EDTA solutions and its dissolution was expressed according to the un-reacted shrinking core model with
changing fluid phase concentration and calculated the activation energy to be 35.95 kJ/mol. Künkül et al.(2003),
studied itin ammonium sulfate solutions. They described dissolution process by heterogeneous diffusion control
through the ash layer or product layer model and found the activation energy was 83,5 kJ/mol. Alkan et al.
(2004),investigated itin oxalic acid solutions. The reaction rate was controlled by product-layer diffusion and
calculated the activation energy as 59,8 kJ/mol. Demirkıran and Künkül (2007), studied it in perchloric acid
solutions and found that the process was described by the Avrami model and found the activation energy was
19.2 kJ/mol. Ekmekyapar et al.(2008),studied itin acetic acid solutions. They found thatthe dissolution kinetics
obeys a shrinking core model with the surface chemical reaction as the rate-controlling step. The activation
energy was found to be 55.8 kJ/mol. Demirkıran (2008) investigated itin the ammonium acetate solutions. The
dissolution rate fitthe chemical reaction control model and the activation energy was found to be 55.7 kJ/mol.
The aim of our study was to investigate the dissolution kinetics of ulexite in borax pentahydrate solutions
saturated with CO2 in a mechanical agitation system. There is no study reported in the literatüre about such a
procedure. In our study, we choose reaction temperature, stirring speed, CO2 flow rate, solid/liquid ratio and
particle size of ulexite as parameters.

Materials and Methods
Ulexite samples used in the experiments were obtained from Bandırma Borax Corporation, TURKEY.
The ulexite mineral samples were crushed, dried under vacuum and sieved with AST M standard sieves to give
fractions of average sizes 1840, 725, 275, 165 and 107.5 µm for dissolution experiments. The chemical analyses
of original ulexite samples and the B2 O3 content in the particle sizes used in the experiments are shown in
Tables 1 and 2,respectively. Further, SEM photography ofthe original ulexite mineralsisshown in Fig.1.
Leaching experiments were conducted under atmospheric pressure conditions. All reagents used in the
experiments were prepared from analytical grade chemicals (Merck) and distilled water.A constanttemperature
water circulator was used in combination with the reactor to maintain the mixture in the reactor at a constant
temperature. The experiments were carried out in a 500 mL spherical glass reactor. The reactor was equipped
with a reflux condenserto prevent evaporation during heating and a mechanical stirrerto obtain a homogeneous
suspension inthe reactor. The mechanical agitation experimentalsystem isfairly common,so no illustration ofit
appearsinthis paper. A typicalexperiment conducted was as follows: 400 mL of distilled water was poured into
the flask. The solution was heated to the desired temperature, at which it was kept constant;to retain the ratio at
[borax pentahydrate mol number / uleksitt mol number] as ¼ in all experiments, a large quantity of borax
pentahydrate was added to the distilled water.

Fig.1- SE M photograph of ulexite minerals
143

�1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo

Component CaO
%
14.69

B2 O3
Na2 O Mg O Al2 O3
SiO2 Fe2 O3
41.12 7.48
1.78
p 0.01 4.13 p 0.01
Table 1. Chemical analyses of ulexite minerals

1840 725
275
165
Part.size (µ m)
B2 O3 (%)
41.79 41.21
41.71
40.25
Table 2. Particle sizes of B2 O3 utilized

SrO H2 O
1.43 29.35

107.5
40.85

All experiments were carried out using 725 µ m size fractions, except in experiments where the effect of
particle size on the reaction rate was investigated. The CO 2 gas (97 %) was supplied to the reactor from a CO2
cylinder tank. CO2 gas was continuously fed to the reactor during leaching studies to maintain saturation
conditions. The flow rates of CO2 were maintained at 514 mL/min.in allexperiments. The gas was bubbled from
the bottom of the reactor by means of a disk-type gas dispenser. CO2 feed to the reactor for 20-25 min. was to
obtain a saturated borax pentahydrate solution. After this,large qualities of solid ulexite and borax pentahdrate
[depending on both the solid/liquid ratioin the reactor and the ratio between mol number of borax penta-hydrate
and mol number of ulexite] were added to the solutions. Stirring of the solution was started immediately
thereafter. The duration of the treatment depended on the experimental conditions. At definite time intervals, 1
mL samples of the reacted solution were taken for the assay of B2 O3 and analyzed by potentiometric and
titrimetric methods (Nemodruk et al., 1965; Sookg et al., 1996). Based on the B2 O3 estimated, the degree of
dissolution of ulexite was determined as a function oftime.

Result and Discussion
The following reactions occured during the dissolution process:
Na2 B4 O7.5H2 O (s) + 2H2 O (l)
10CO2 (gas)
10CO2 (aq) + 10H2 O (l)
10H2 CO3 (aq) + 10H2 O (l)
2H3 O+ (aq) + 2OH- (aq)

---------======
======
======
----------

2Na+(aq) + 2OH- (aq) + 4H3 BO3 (aq)
10CO2 (aq)
10H2 CO3
10H3 O+(aq) + 10HCO3 - (aq)
4H2 O (l)

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)

2Na+(aq) + 10HCO3 -(aq) +
4H3 BO3 (aq) + 8H3 O+ (aq)

(6)

Hence,the overallreaction isfollows:
Na2 B4 O7.5H2 O (s) + 18H2 O (l)
+ 10CO2 (g)

---------

W hen ulexite is added to the borax pentahydrate solutions, the reaction taking place in the solution can be
written as follows:

-------------------------

4Na+ (aq) + 4Ca+2 (aq) +
12OH- (aq) + 20H3 BO3 (aq)
16H2 O(l)
4CO3 -2(aq) + 4H2 O (l)
4CaCO3 (s)

(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)

Na2 B4 O7.5H2 O(s)
+
10CO2 (g)
+ --------2(Na2 O.2CaO.5B2 O3.16 H2 O)(s) + 2H2 O(l)

6Na+(aq) + 6HCO3 -(aq) +
24 H3 BO3 (aq) + 4CaCO3 (s)

(11)

2(Na2 O.2CaO.5B2 O3.16H2 O)(s)
+ 4H2 O(l)
8H3 O+ (aq) + 8OH- (aq)
4HCO3 - (aq) + 4OH- (aq)
4Ca+2 (aq) + 4CO3 -2 (aq)

---------

The overall netreaction is:

Reaction temperature, stirring speed, CO2 flow rate, solid/liquid ratio and particle size of ulexite is
selected as process variables to investigate their effects on the dissolution level of ulexite. In the experiments,
while the effect of one parameter was studied, the values of other parameters shown with asterisks in Table 3
were kept constant. The solubility of CO2 in water under reaction conditions is shown in Table 4.

144

�1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo

parameter
values
stirring speed (rpm)
0, 100, 150, 300, 600*, 700, 900
flow rate of CO2 (mL/min) 514*, 1594, 2696, 3804, 4978, 6101
reaction temperature (K)
313, 323*, 333, 343, 353, 358
solid/liquid ratio (g/mL)
1/50*, 1/25, 1/12, 1/6, 1/3
1840, 725*, 275, 165, 107.5
particle size (µ m)
Table 3: Parameters chosen and theirranges
(* Whilethe effect of one parameter was studied,
the values ofthe other parameters were kept constant.)
Reaction Temperature (K)
313
323
333
343
353
358
Solubility of CO2 (g CO2/100 cm3 water) 0.0930 0.0761 0.0576 0.0553 0.0538 0.0529
Table 4: Solubility of CO2 in water under reaction conditions
A quantity of 400 mL of borax pentahydrate solution saturated with CO2 was used [borax pentahydrate
mole number / ulexite mol number ratio was 1/4] and was kept constant in all experiments. Homogeneity of
suspension in the reactor was obtained with a stirring speed of 600 rpm, kept constant in all experiments. The
data obtained were plotted in the form of time versus fractional conversion as appearing in Fig. 2-10. In these
figures,the fractional conversion X(%) is defined:

X (%) =

(amount of dissolved B 2 O 3 in the solution )
x100
(amount of B 2 O 3 in the original sample)

The effect of reaction temperature was examined at 313, 323, 333, 343, 353 and 358 K. The dissolution
curves obtained are shown in Fig. 2. Fig.2 also shows that the quantity of ulexite dissolved increases with
increasing reaction temperature. The reaction rate constant is exponentially dependent on reaction temperature.
The effect ofthe stirring speed on the dissolution rate of ulexite was investigated at 100, 150, 300, 600, 700 and
900 rpm. The dissolution curves are given in Fig. 3.Itcan be seen from the Fig. 3thatthe dissolution level ofthe
process increases with increase in the stirring speed rate until about 300 rpm. Although the stirring rate was
increased from 400 rpm to higher speeds such as 600, 700 and 900 rpm, the dissolution level remained nearly
steady. Homogeneity of the suspension was obtained at a stirring speed of 600 rpm. The stirring speed rate of
600 rpm was as constant value in all experiments. Although the stirring speed was increased from 300 to 600,
700 and 900 rpm, the increase of in dissolution rate was very small. It can, therefore, be assumed to have
remained constant. Therefore, as all experiments were carried out at stirring speed of 600 rpm, it can be
assumed that the dissolution level remained unaffected by the stirring speed in experimental conditions. In
order to investigate the effect of flow rate of CO2, experiments were carried out with varying CO2 flow rates of
514, 1594, 2696, 3804, 4978 and 6101 mL/minute. It was observed that the flow rate of the gas has no
significant effect on dissolution rate. Thisis probably because concentration of CO2 is not dependent on its flow
rate, and because its solubility in water at a given temperature is constant and excess gas leaves the solution.
100

100

80

80

X (%)

60

X (%)

60
40

40
20

1/50 g/mL
1/25 g/mL
1/12 g/mL
1/6 g/mL
1/3 g/mL

20
0
0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

Stirring Speed (rpm)

0
0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

t (min.)

Fig. 3: Effect of stirring speed on dissolution rate of Fig. 4: Effect of solid/liquid ratio on dissolution rate
of ulexite
ulexite
The effect of solid/liquid ratio on the dissolution rate of ulexite was investigated by varying ratio to 1/50,
145

�1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo

1/25, 1/12, 1/6 and 1/3 g/mL. The dissolution curves are given Fig. 4. It can be seen from the Fig.4 that, the
dissolution rate decreases withincreasing solid/liquid ratio.This situation can be explained by the decrease in the
number of ulexite particles per amount of solutions. The effect of particle size was studied by treating five sizes
of fractions of this mineral, namely 1840, 725, 275, 165 and 107.5 µ m. The dissolution curves are presented in
Fig. 5. As can be seen from Fig. 5, as the particle size decreases the dissolution rates increased because of
increasing surface area.
100

0,7

0,6
80

0,5
60
X (%)

1-(1-X)1/ 3

0,4

40
1840 µ m
725 µ m

0,3

313 K r2=
323 K r2=
2
333 K r =
343 K r2=
353 K r2=
2
358 K r =

0,2

275 µ m

20

165 µ m
107.5 µ m

0,1

0,9898
0,9880
0,9224
0,9828
0,9773
0,9666

0,0

0
0

20

40

60

80

0

100

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

t (min.)

t (min.)

Fig. 5: Effect of particle size on dissolution rate

Fig.6: Variation of 1-(1-X)1/3 with time for various
temperatures

The solid-fluid reaction rate can be obtained from the heterogeneous reaction model. To evaluate the ratecontrolling step; the experimental data were analyzed based on the the un-reacted shrinking core model
(Levenspiel, 1972; Mazet, 1992). As ulexite particles are non-porous, the most appropriate reaction model
appears to be that of shrinking non-porous particles. The rate of a reaction between a solid and a fluid can be
expressed as heterogeneous and homogeneous reaction models. The heterogeneous reaction model gives rate
equations for each control mechanisms. The kinetic data is analyzed based on the un-reacted shrinking core
modelto determine the rate-controlling step. The step with the highestresistance isthe rate-controlling step. The
model has been used forliquid-solid systems in both analytical and numerical methods.Integrated rate equations
for the un-reacted shrinking-core model are shown in Table 5. According to the model,the kinetic data were
treated by equations in Table 5.
rate-controlling step
rate equation
surface chemical reaction t / t* = [1 − (1 −
the film diffusion control

t / t* = X B

X B )1 / 3 ]

t * = ρ B R / bksC Ag

(12)

t * = ρ B R / 3bkgC Ag

(13)

diffusion controlthrough t / t* = [1 − 3(1 − X B ) 2 / 3 + 2(1 − X B )] t * = ρ R 2 / 6bDeC
B
Ag
the ash or productlayer
Table 5:Integrated rate equations forthe un-reacted shrinking core model

(14)

The application of the above models to the experimental data will help in to determining the dissolution
kinetics of the process. Experimental data that fits the rate determining step is the surface reaction chemical
control. The evidence for this proposal is as follows: regression analysis has shown that experimental data
correlate well with Equation 12, which means that the dissolution is chemically controlled surface reaction.
During the reaction, calcium carbonate, CaCO3, precipitates. Therefore,it may appear thatthe reaction may be
controlled by the ash film or a combination of ash film and chemically controlled surface reaction. The
regression coefficients for ash film and chemically controlled surface reaction were found to be 0.9669 and
0.9993, respectively. The higher linearity between the two models obtained was 0.9993 for chemically
controlled surface reaction. The variation of 1-(1-X)1/3 with time is plotted for reaction temperature, stirring
speed, solid/liquid ratio and particle size in Figs. 6, 7, 8 and 9,respectively. Using the surface chemicalreaction
control model,the t* values were plotted versus R. The high linearity between t* and R is seen in Fig. 10. Fig.
10, also shows the regression coefficient (r2)to be was found as 0.9993. Arrhenius plots of ln ks versus 1/T are
shown in Fig. 11. From the slopes of the straightlines,the activation energy of the reaction is found to be 58.7
kJ/mol. Further,this value indicates the dissolution rate of ulexiteis a chemically controlled surface reaction. It
146

�1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo

has been reported that, the activation energy of the chemically controlled surface reaction is in excess of 40
kJ/mol (Jackson, 1986). Similar results were found in the literature (Yartasi et al., 1987; Alkan and Doğan,
2004). Because all experiments was performed at a stirring speed of 600 rpm, it can be assumed that the
dissolution level remained un affected by this parameterin experimental conditions. The factthatthe dissolution
rate of ulexite is independent of the stirring speed is shown by the fact that the control mechanism is the
chemically controlled surface reactions. The values were found by non-linear regression analyses (Statistica 6.0,
non linear estimation model, user-specified regression-leastsquares,security value of %95, comparison value of
1xExp(-6), and maximum iteration values of 500) and the analyses gave the mathematically model as follows:
1-(1-X) 1/3 = 7.4x105. D-0.8.(S/L)-0.6. W 0.1.e (-58700 /RT).t

0,7

0,7

0 rpm
r2= 0,9967
100 rpm r2= 0,9614
2
150 rpm r = 0,9444
300 rpm r2= 0,9709
600 rpm r2= 0,9895
2
700 rpm r = 0,9867
2
900 rpm r = 0,9692

0,6

2
1/25 g/mL r = 0,9891
2

2

1/6 g/mL r = 0,9641
1/ 3

0,4

2

1/3 g/mL r = 0,9386

0,4

1-(1-X)

1-(1-X)

1/12 g/mL r = 0,9637

0,5

1/3

0,5

2

1/50 g/mL r = 0,9880

0,6

0,3

0,3

0,2
0,2

0,1
0,1

0,0
0

20

40

60

80

0,0
0

10

20

30

40

50

100

120

140

160

180

t (min.)

60

t ( min.)

Fig. 7: Variation of 1-(1-X)1/3 with time for stirring
speeds

Fig. 8: Variation of 1-(1-X)1/3 with time for solid /liquid
ratio
260

0,7

240
0,6

220
200

0,5

180
160

1-(1-X)

1/ 3

t* (min.)

0,4

0,3

140
120
100

1840 µ m
725 µ m

0,2

2

r =0,9931
r2= 0,9880

80

r2= 0,9901

60

165 µ m
r = 0,9641
2
107.5 µ m r = 0,9976

40

275 µ m

2

0,1

r2 = 0,9993

20
0,0
0

20

40

60

80

100

t (min.)

Fig. 9: Variation of 1-(1-X)1/3 with time for particle
size of ulexite

0
0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

R (mm)

Fig. 10: Linearity between t* and R

147

�1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo

-2,5

-3,0
-3,5

ln ks

-4,0

-4,5
-5,0

-5,5
-6,0

-6,5
0,00275

0,00285
0,00280

0,00295
0,00290

0,00305
0,00300

0,00315
0,00310

0,00325
0,00320

1/T (1/K)

Fig. 11: Arrhenius plot ofthe dissolution process

Conclusion
The aim of the study was to investigatethe dissolution kinetics of ulexitein borax pentahydrate solutions
saturated with carbon dioxide in a mechanical agitation system. The solubility of ulexite can be increased by
addition of CO2. It was determined that the dissolution rate of ulexite increased with increase in reaction
temperature and decrease in the solid/liquid ratio. The dissolution extentis not affected by the stirring speed rate
in experimental conditions. The dissolution process was described by chemical control of the heterogeneous
surface reaction. The activation energy was found to be 58.7 kJ/mol. The mathematical form of the model
depended on the parameters chosen is as follows:
1-(1-X) 1/3 = 7.4x105.D -0.8.(S/L) -0.6.W 0.1 .e (-58700 /R T) .t

Acknowledgement
The Atatürk University Research Council financially supported this study (Project No. 2007/149). The
authors highly appreciatethe Council’s support ofthis project.
No menclature
b
C
CA g
D
De
EA
kd
ks
ko
L
n
r
R
R
S
T
t
t*
X
W
B

148

stoichiometric coefficient(in eq. 7-9)
concentration of borax decahydrate solution (mol/m3)
concentration of A in the bulk solution (mol/m3)
mean particle size (m)
diffusion coefficient (m2/min)
activation energy (kJ/kmol)
mass transfer coefficient (m/min)
reaction rate constantfor surface reaction (mol/min)
frequency or pre-exponentialfactor, min.-1
amount ofliquid (mL)
mol number (mol)
correlation coefficient
universal gas constant (kJ/kmol)
initialradius of a solid particle (m)
amount of solid (g)
reaction temperature (K)
reaction time (min.)
reaction time for complete conversion (min.)
fractional conversion of B2 O3
stirring speed (rpm)
molar density of solid reactant (mol/cm3)

�1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo

References
Alkan, M. ; Kocakerim, M.M. (1987). Dissolution kinetics of ulexite in water saturated by sulphur dioxide. J.Chem. Tech.
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Alkan, M., Çifçi C., Ayaz, F., Doğan, F. (2000). Dissolution kinetics of ulexite in aqueous EDTA solutions, Canadian
Metallurgical Quarterly, 39, 433-439.
Alkan, M. and Doğan, M. (2004). Dissolution kinetics of colemanite in oxalic acid solutions. Chemical Engineering and
Processing, 43: 867-872.
Alkan, M., Doğan, M., Namlı, H. (2004). Dissolution kinetics and mechanism of ulexite in oxalic acid solutions. Ind. Eng.
Chem. Res., 43: 1591-1598.
Davies, T.W., Colak, S., Hooper, R.M. (1991). Boric acid production by the calcinations and leaching of powdered
colemanite. Powder Technology, 65: 433-440.
Demirkıran, N., Künkül, A. (2007). Dissolution kinetics of ulexite in perchloric acid solutions. Int.J.Miner. Process, 83: 7680.
Demirkıran, N. (2008), A study on dissolution of ulexite in ammonium acetate solutions. Chemical Engineering Journal, 141:
180-186.
Ekmekyapar, A., Demirkıran, N., Künkül, A. (2008). Dissolution kinetics of ulexite in acetic acid solutions. Chemical
Engineering Research and Design, 86: 1011-1016.
Jackson, E. (1986). Hydrometallurgical extraction and reclamation. Ellis Harwood Ltd. 400 Chichester.
Garret, D.E. (1998). Borates, Academic Press Ltd: New York.
Kemp, H.P. (1956). The Chemistry of Borates: Part I. Borax Consolidated Ltd: London.
Kücük, O., Kocakerim, M.M., Yartası, A., Copur, M. (2002). Dissolution of Kestelek’s colemanite containing clay minerals
in water saturated with sulphur dioxide. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 41: 2853-2857.
Kocakerim, M.M., Çolak, S., Davies, T., Alkan, M. (1993). Dissolution kinetics of ulexite in CO2-saturated water. Canadian
Metallurgical Quarterly, 32: 393-396.
Künkül, A., Yapıcı, S., Kocakerim, M.M., Copur, M. (1997). Dissolution kinetics of ulexite in ammonia solution saturated
with CO2. Hydrometallurgy, 44: 135-145.
Künkül, A., Demirkıran, N., Baysar, A. (2003). Dissolution kinetics of ulexite in ammonium sulfate
Eng.Chem. Res., 42: 982-986.

solutions, Ind.

Levenspiel, O. (1972). Chemical Reaction Engineering. Wiley, 2nd edition: NewYork.
Mazet, N. (1992). Modeling of gas-solid reactions. 1. Nonporous solids, Int. Chem. Eng., 32: 271-275.
Nemodruk, A.A., Karalova Z.K. (1965). in: R. Kondor (Transl.). Analytical Chemistry of Boron. vol. 1, section 2, Israel
Program for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem,33.
Ozmetin, C., Kocakerim, M.M., Yapıcı, S., Yartası, A. (1996). A-semi empirical kinetic model for dissolution of colemanite
in aqueous CH3COOH solution. Ind. Eng.Chem. Res., 35: 2355-2359.
Sookg, D.A., West, D.W., Holler, F.J. (1996). Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry, Seventh Edition, Saunders College
Publishing.
Temur, H., Yartası, A., Copur, M., Kocakerim, M.M. (2000). The kinetics of dissolution of Colemanite in H3BO3 solution.
Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 39: 4114-4119.
Tekin, G., Onganer, Y., Alkan, M. (1998). Dissolution kinetics of ulexite in ammonium chloride solution. Canadian
Metallurgical Quarterly, 37: 91-97.
Tunç, M., Kocakerim, M.M., Yapıcı, S., Bayrakçeken, S. (1999). Dissolution mechanism of ulexite in H2SO4 solution.
Hydrometallurgy, 51: 359-370.
Yartası, A., Ozmetin, C., Kocakerim, M.M., Demirhan, M.H. (1987). Kinetics and mechanism of leaching colemanite in
boric acid solution. Chim. Acta Turc., 26: 7-11.

149

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Çolak, Sabri</text>
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                    <text>Journal of Natural Sciences and Engineering, Vol. 2, (2020)
DOI number: 10.14706/JONSAE2020216

Distribution of inherited thrombophilia markers in Bosnian-Herzegovinian
population: a review of previous studies
Nermin Đuzić1, Adna Ašić1
1

International Burch University, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
nermin.djuzic@stu.ibu.edu.ba
adna.asic@ibu.edu.ba

Abstract – Thrombophilia is a condition that is associated with an individual’s risk for venous or
arterial thrombosis, as well as a risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes. Gene variants that are the most
commonly associated with inherited thrombophilia are F5 mutation 1691G&gt;A (Factor V Leiden), F2
20210G&gt;A (prothrombin mutation), MTHFR 677C&gt;T, and PAI-1 variant 4G/5G. This paper aims to
review currently available literature on the prevalence of heritable thrombophilia genetic markers
and their association with thromboembolic events in Bosnia and Herzegovina. PubMed and PubMed
Central databases of the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) and ResearchGate
were searched to identify the most relevant studies. The results of the previously published studies
show discrepancies when it comes to reported findings, thus implying that further research on this
topic is necessary. It is suggested that new studies include greater sample size in order to confirm the
correlation between the studied variants and conditions associated with heritable thrombophilia in
the Bosnian-Herzegovinian population and to advance the understanding of these variants.
Keywords - Bosnia and Herzegovina, Factor V Leiden, Inherited thrombophilia, MTHFR,
PAI-1, Prothrombin mutation

1.

Introduction

Thrombophilia is a condition putting an individual at risk of venous or arterial thrombosis and is mainly
divided into hereditary and acquired. Hereditary thrombophilia is associated with genetic mutations
influencing the level or activity of proteins involved in coagulation cascade and includes both loss-offunction and gain-of-function mutations [1,2]. Three genetic markers are the most commonly studied as
indicators of inherited thrombophilia. F5 gene variant 1691G&gt;A, usually termed Factor V Leiden, gives
rise to a peptide that is uncleavable by the activated protein C (APC) [3]. According to Inbal and Carp
(2007), this mutation is responsible for 3-42% of pregnancy losses [4]. If present in homozygous state, this
mutation increases a risk for venous thrombosis up to 50-100-fold. The second most studied variant is F2
20210G&gt;A, also known as prothrombin mutation (PTM), that causes elevated levels of prothrombin and 25-fold increased risk of venous thrombosis as well as pregnancy loss [5]. MTHFR gene variant 677C&gt;T
codes for thermolabile variant of protein methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase which is a loss-of-function
mutation and causes elevated levels of homocysteine in blood, the condition known as
hyperhomocysteinemia, which is in turn considered a risk factor for venous thromboembolism [6-8]. The
fourth variant indicative of inherited thrombophilia is 4G/5G in type 1 plasminogen activator inhibitor

�Journal of Natural Sciences and Engineering, Vol. 2, (2020)
DOI number: 10.14706/JONSAE2020216
(PAI-1) gene, which is a 4328G&gt;T missense variant located 675 bp from the promoter that results in four
or five guanine nucleotides in a row [9,10]. The protein product of this gene has a role in fibrinolysis and
is associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes, such as intrauterine fetal death, intrauterine growth
restriction, preeclampsia, recurrent miscarriage and placental abruption [11].

The aim of this paper is to provide a comprehensive review of the current knowledge regarding the
prevalence of heritable thrombophilia markers and their correlation with thromboembolic events in Bosnia
and Herzegovina (B&amp;H) based on previously published population studies.

2.

Methods

In order to investigate associations between the abovementioned genetic variants and inherited
thrombophilia that may lead to adverse primary outcomes, National Center for Biotechnology Information
(NCBI) databases PubMed and PubMed Central (PMC), and ResearchGate were searched to discover
relevant studies published previously. Included were original research papers published in peer-reviewed
journals that matched the search of the following keywords: “Factor V Leiden”, “F5 1691G&gt;A”,
“prothrombin”, “F2 20210G&gt;A”, “MTHFR 677C&gt;T”, “PAI-1 4G/5G”, “polymorphism”, “thrombophilia”,
“Bosnia and Herzegovina”. In order to enhance the search, Boolean “AND” and “OR” operators were used
to investigate the association between two searched terms.
3.

Prevalence of genetic markers of inherited thrombophilia in Bosnian-Herzegovinian
population

The search results offered a total of seven studies related to the topic of the prevalence of genetic markers
of inherited thrombophilia in B&amp;H, all of them being conducted as of 2013.
The study of Karić and colleagues in 2013 was the first study which deals with prevalence of MTHFR
677C&gt;T polymorphism in Bosnian-Herzegovinian population. They studied 102 men and 105 women, who
were unrelated and healthy and originating from south-east B&amp;H. At the time of blood sampling, the study
participants ranged between 18 and 84 years with a mean age of 45.62 years. The results have shown that
44.44% were heterozygous and 11.11% were homozygous for the study allele. No significant difference
was found in allele and genotype frequencies between male and female participants [12].

The first study aiming at analyzing Factor V Leiden prevalence in B&amp;H was performed in 2013 by Valjevac
and colleagues. A group of 67 women with mean age of 58.6 years (range 41 to 75 years) with no previous
history of cardiovascular diseases and pregnancy loss was recruited and tested. The study failed to find any
mutant allele, thus suggesting that, considering functional importance of this allele, there is a need to
conduct more research on that topic, as the results of this study were heavily influenced with the small
sample size [13].

�Journal of Natural Sciences and Engineering, Vol. 2, (2020)
DOI number: 10.14706/JONSAE2020216
The prevalence of polymorphisms Factor V Leiden, prothrombin mutation and MTHFR 677C&gt;T was
studied by Adler and colleagues (2014). The study involved a cohort of 100 healthy unrelated individuals
from B&amp;H (82 females and 18 males) with the year range of 24-82 years and the mean of 58.8 years. The
analyzed loci were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium with the following minor allele frequencies (MAF): 6%
for Factor V Leiden, 6% for F2 20210A allele, and 37.5% for MTHFR 677T allele. The authors noted the
drawback of a small sample size and imbalanced sex ratio. The study, however, demonstrated the coinheritance of thrombophilia markers, since nine participants had Factor V Leiden and MTHFR 677C&gt;T
mutant. Compared to 17 European countries, the prevalence of Factor V Leiden and F2 20210G&gt;A variants
was significantly higher in B&amp;H [14].

Another study examined the prevalence of the same three variants and their association with deep venous
thrombosis (DVT) in B&amp;H [15]. The study group included 111 thromboembolic patients (59 females and
52 males ranging from 21 to 84 years) and 207 healthy controls (105 females and 102 males ranging from
18 to 84 years) with no history of venous thromboembolism (VTE). When it comes to Factor V Leiden
prevalence, 18% of the study group patients were heterozygous and 2.7% were homozygous, while 3.86%
of the control group participants were heterozygous for this variant, which a statistically significant
difference between groups. Statistically significant difference was also found between men with DVT and
the control group, as well as between women with DVT and the control women group. F2 20210G&gt;A
variant was detected in 2.7% of the study group patients and was absent in control group, which was not
statistically significant. Frequencies of MTHFR C677T alleles and genotypes did not differ significantly
between the two groups. Allele frequency and functional significance of Factor V Leiden variant detected
in this study was in agreement with earlier studies in Caucasians [16-20]. Also, the results of this study
were found consistent with the data from other neighboring countries [21-23]. The absence of functional
significance of the studied MTHFR polymorphism was also in line with previously published literature
[4,16,24,25]. Finally, the authors of this study found that 14.9% of the patients from the DVT group were
compound heterozygotes for Factor V Leiden and MTHFR 677C&gt;T variants, therefore proposing further
studies that would aim to analyze whether such genotype combination might be a risk factor for DVT
development [15].
A study of Mahmutbegović and colleagues (2017) enrolled 308 women, including 154 women who
experienced pregnancy loss as the study group (mean age 33 ± 5.4 years) and 154 women with at least one
live-born child and without pregnancy loss as the control group (mean age 31.4 ± 6.7 years) to investigate
the correlation between three genetic markers and pregnancy loss. Detected allele frequencies were 3.9%
in both study and control groups for Factor V Leiden, 1.9% and 1.6% in the study and control groups,
respectively, for prothrombin mutation, and 35.7% and 29.9% in the study and control groups, respectively,
for MTHFR 677C&gt;T. Although allele frequencies obtained in this study were in accordance with allele
frequencies obtained for other European countries, the authors, however, were not able to find the
significant correlation between these three variants and pregnancy loss in Bosnian-Herzegovinian women,
which may be due to small sample size of women with three or four pregnancy losses recorded [26].

�Journal of Natural Sciences and Engineering, Vol. 2, (2020)
DOI number: 10.14706/JONSAE2020216
The prevalence of Factor V Leiden, prothrombin mutation, MTHFR 677C&gt;T and PAI-1 4G/5G in BosnianHerzegovinian women and their correlation with recurrent pregnancy loss was studied by Jusić and
colleagues (2018). The study group included 60 women with two or more consecutive pregnancy losses
that occurred before 20th gestation week with the same partner and without history of known causes of
pregnancy losses due to chromosomal abnormalities, chronic diseases, or infections. The control group was
consisting of 80 women with one or more successful pregnancy outcomes and without any pregnancy
complication which could lead to the pregnancy loss. The results have shown that Factor V Leiden and
MTHFR 677C&gt;T were proved to correlate with recurrent pregnancy loss, while prothrombin mutation and
PAI-1 4G/5G were not found to be significantly associated with the pregnancy loss. Reported allele
frequencies were as follows: 7.5% for study and 1.88% for control group for Factor V Leiden, 2.5% for
study and 0.63% for control group for prothrombin mutation, 39.17% for cases and 25% for control group
for MTHFR 677C&gt;T, and 30% for study and 20% control group for PAI-1 4G/5G. The authors are reporting
allele frequencies that were in agreement with previous findings for all study polymorphisms. However,
the role of genetic factors for inherited thrombophilia in recurrent pregnancy loss is still a matter of debate,
especially when it comes to MTHFR and PAI-1 variants studied. Therefore, the authors are suggesting
further studies with larger study and control groups, as well as the need to prevent recurrent pregnancy loss
by assessing the status of these variants and calculating individual risk and optimum therapy for each patient
[27].
In the most recent study by Ašić and colleagues in 2019, the prevalence of common thrombophilia markers
was studied in a population of 130 unrelated healthy Bosnian- Herzegovinians of both sexes, from different
age groups, with no recorded history of thrombotic events and originating from different parts of the
country. Seven markers most commonly associated with the risk of heritable thrombophilia were
investigated, namely Factor V Leiden, F2 20210G&gt;A, MTHFR 677C&gt;T, MTHFR 1286A&gt;C, PAI-1 4G/5G,
PAI-1 -844G&gt;A and F13 V35L. Whereas some of these markers were examined in previous studies as
described above, this is the first study to include MTHFR 1286A&gt;C, PAI-1 -844G&gt;A and F13 V35L
polymorphisms in the population of B&amp;H. The results have shown that the two main thrombophilia markers
Factor V Leiden and prothrombin mutation appeared with MAF values of 0.023 and 0.008 respectively.
For the remaining four loci, reported MAF values were 0.331 for MTHFR 677C&gt;T, 0.323 for MTHFR
1286A&gt;C, 0.446 for PAI-1 4G/5G, 0.588 for PAI-1 -844G&gt;A, and 0.315 for F13 V35L. This study provides
the most extensive population data on the prevalence of main heritable thrombophilia risk factors in B&amp;H
and reported allele frequencies were consistent with those reported for other European populations [28].

4.

Conclusion

Previously conducted studies in B&amp;H represent a small and rather heterogenous group of studies, including
either population studies or case-control studies with the aims to report heritable thrombophilia marker
prevalence in the population or their potential association with DVT, pregnancy loss or recurrent pregnancy
loss. While initial preliminary studies offered surprisingly low or high MAF values for the most well-known
genetic variants Factor V Leiden and F2 20210G&gt;A, later studies reported allele and genotype prevalence

�Journal of Natural Sciences and Engineering, Vol. 2, (2020)
DOI number: 10.14706/JONSAE2020216
that is in line with reported data for most European populations. While DVT was found to be positively
associated with Factor V Leiden variants [15], the data for obstetric complications are more controversial
since two studies reported conflicting results. The first study reported no statistically significant association
between Factor V Leiden, F2 20210G&gt;A and MTHFR 677C&gt;T and pregnancy loss [26], while the second
one reported a significant increase in mutant allele frequency for Factor V Leiden and MTHFR 677C&gt;T in
women with recurrent pregnancy loss [27]. Therefore, it is strongly suggested that further studies assess the
functional importance of the most important markers for inherited thrombophilias in B&amp;H by clearly
defining study and control groups in order to assess the potential association of these variants with
conditions such as (recurrent) pregnancy loss and venous thromboembolism with the goal of assessing the
importance of genetic testing in Bosnian-Herzegovinian population and establishing the groundwork for
the personalized treatment of inherited thrombophilia and conditions connected to it. In that effort, larger
study cohorts including individuals from all parts of the country will be necessary.

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                <text>Thrombophilia is a condition that is associated with an individual’s risk for venous or&#13;
arterial thrombosis, as well as a risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes. Gene variants that are the most&#13;
commonly associated with inherited thrombophilia are F5 mutation 1691G&gt;A (Factor V Leiden), F2&#13;
20210G&gt;A (prothrombin mutation), MTHFR 677C&gt;T, and PAI-1 variant 4G/5G. This paper aims to&#13;
review currently available literature on the prevalence of heritable thrombophilia genetic markers&#13;
and their association with thromboembolic events in Bosnia and Herzegovina. PubMed and PubMed&#13;
Central databases of the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) and ResearchGate&#13;
were searched to identify the most relevant studies. The results of the previously published studies&#13;
show discrepancies when it comes to reported findings, thus implying that further research on this&#13;
topic is necessary. It is suggested that new studies include greater sample size in order to confirm the&#13;
correlation between the studied variants and conditions associated with heritable thrombophilia in&#13;
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                <text>Bosnia and Herzegovina, Factor V Leiden, Inherited thrombophilia, MTHFR,&#13;
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