7 10 3494 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/7f8e7aa1a07c609ce7450dd9f5425031.pdf 3484db3db523d1b130ec1a30c09e93bb PDF Text Text Journal of Economic and Social Studies Trends and Challenges of Female Unemployment in the Republic of Macedonia: A Regional Comparative Study Remzije Rakipi Faculty of Business and Economics South East European University in Tetovo Republic of Macedonia r.rakipi@seeu.edu.mk Shpresa Syla Faculty of Business and Economics South East European University in Tetovo Republic of Macedonia s.syla@seeu.edu.mk Abstract: The Republic of Macedonia has since its independence made great progress in terms of economic reform and social development; prompted often by the county’s aspiration to become part of the European Union. However, in spite of these advances, weak labour market indicators in particular among females remains a great concern and a persisting challenge for the country. Based on official data from the Labour Force Survey (LFS) conducted by the State Statistical Office (SSO) for the case of the Republic of Macedonia, the aim of this study is to examine the development of female unemployment in the past decade (2004-2013) in the Republic of Macedonia from a multi-dimensional perspective. This while comparing national trends with other Balkan countries already in the EU using LFS data provided by Eurostat. Findings show that the female unemployment rate in the R. Macedonia is moving in the right direction with a decreasing trend throughout the observed period with drop of 8.8 percent point from 2004 to 2013 (observed at 29% in 2013). Compared to Balkan countries in the EU, findings show that the R. Macedonia has been performing relatively better than these countries, who have all experienced negative fluctuations in female unemployment rates in the observed period with rates at higher levels compared to 2004. Furthermore, the findings show no evidence of inequality between male and female unemployment rates in the country, however notable disparities are evident when observing unemployment among various age groups and the level of education attainment.The paper concludes with clear policy recommendations for boosting female employment to include increasing female access to education and entrepreneurial programs, increased access to childcare, etc. Volume 6 | Number 2 | Fall 2016 Keywords: Labour market, female unemployment; unemployment, employment JEL Classification: J01, E24 Article History Submitted: 17 December 2015 Resubmitted: 12 August 2016 Accepted: 24 August 2016 http://dx.doi.org/10.14706/JEC OSS16619 57 �Remzije Rakipi, Shpresa Syla Introduction Issues related to the labour market are the heart of social and political debate in the Republic of Macedonia. The country has since its independence made great progress in terms of economics reforms and social development. However, in spite of these advances, weak labour market indicators in particular among females (15-64 years) remains a great concern and a persisting challenge for the country. High unemployment amongst females is however not a recent phenomenon in the country, nor is the country an exception in this regards. As argued by MojsoskaBlazevski, Najdova, Stojkov, and Asenov (2009), the labour market in the Republic of Macedonia is considered insufficiently inclusive of females similar to other Western Balkan countries, this despite legislation being in place on labour relations, gender equality, anti-discrimination and equal employment opportunities. Job creation for the most vulnerable groups in society, and especially women, is a key component in the fight against social exclusion, and the most effective way to provide vulnerable groups such as females a sense of independence, financial security and a sense of belonging. Women represent a category in society that is traditionally excluded or underrepresented in the labour market not only due to discrimination and inequality in the labour market, but significantly also due the role they play within the household which makes it often more difficult for them to enter the job market and pursue careers. In this context, it is the aim of this study to shed some light on the development and challenges of female unemployment in the past decade (2004-2013) in the Republic of Macedonia from a multi-dimensional perspective. This while comparing national trends with trends in other Balkan countries, more specifically with Balkan countries in the European Union. Literature Review Gender based unemployment in general does not present a new or an unexplored area. However not much study exists on this particular topic that is specific to the R. of Macedonia. At the least no known studies exist covering trends in female unemployment for the observed period that additionally compares female unemployment trends with Balkan countries already in the EU. Available studies on female unemployment specific to the R. of Macedonia is predominately found in non-scientific studies and reports (European Training Foundation, 2013; United Nations, 2013; World Bank, 2008 and 2013) where female unemployment is usually covered lightly as part of a more general studies of labour market indicators in the R. of Macedonia; serving primarily policy making objectives. The closest 58 Journal of Economic and Social Studies �Trends and Challenges of Female Unemployment in the Republic of Macedonia: A Regional Comparative Study scientific research in this field can be attributed to a few (Mojsoska-Blazevski et al., 2009; Lehmann, 2010; Mojsoska-Blazevski, 2012; Mojsoska-Blazevski and Kurtishi, 2012; Avlijaš, Ivanović, Vladisavljević and Vujić, 2013; Mickovska-Raleva and Dimitrijevska, 2013) who try at various levels to depict a picture of female unemployment in the R. of Macedonia; sharing the common understanding that women in the R. of Macedonia are traditionally underrepresented in the labour market. Mickovska-Raleva and Dimitrijevska (2013) further arguing that special attention needs to be given to policies for greater inclusion of women. This in particular women from rural areas and young women. Mojsoska-Blazevski and Kurtishi (2012) argue to greater depth in this context and state that the main reason why the female unemployment rate is not much higher is the relatively high willingness of women to take low-paid, secure public sector jobs, or jobs in newly created small private firms, since by tradition, they are second-income family earners. Methodology To properly understand female unemployment, it is essential to consider the development of the labour market from a much broader perspective and to also observe changes in the labour market in general. A close look at other labour market indicators such the rate of economically active and inactive population and employment trends is deemed warranted in this case. This in respect to both gender gaps and aggregate level (National Level) rates. A valuable source in the capturing of events in the labour market is the Labour Force Survey (LFS), which is executed annually by the State Statistical Offices of various EU countries and EU candidate countries. Hence, for the sake of harmonised labour market data, in particular for comparison purposes, data analysis of trends in female unemployment in Republic of Macedonia is based on official Labour Force Survey data published by the State Statistical Office of the Republic of Macedonia and Labour Force Survey data of selected Balkan countries published by Eurostat. Data Analysis Female Labour Market Participation and Inactivity Labour force participation rate (Economic Activity Rate - EAR) of women in the Republic of Macedonia has shown a slight increase in the last decade (2004-2013). The participation of women in the labour market has increased in the observed period by 12.8% (Figure 1) which is slightly higher than the increase experienced in Volume 6 | Number 2 | Fall 2016 59 �Remzije Rakipi, Shpresa Syla the case of male labour force participation (8.9%) in the same period. Noteworthy, is that a noticeable gap exists when comparing activity rates amongst females and males. As shown in Figure 1, female activity rates are significantly lower than male activity in each year of the observed period. According to the World Bank (2008), lower female participation rates are believed to be mainly driven by very low levels of participation of young-rural-unskilled women. Furthermore, according to the same report, most women who are not in the labour force are either in school or undertaking household activities. While, according to Mojsoska-Blazevski et al. (2009), the main factors influencing low participation of women in R. of Macedonia include the tradition and cultural habits in the country, the low level of education and skills, ethnicity in combined with the education, the availability and cost of child care services and care for older family members, labour market discrimination towards females, etc. Mojsoska-Blazevski et al. (2009) further state that young, rural and unskilled females are less likely to be active in the labour market. Another important aspect to consider in this context is women’s participation in the informal economy. As stated by Huyer (2014), the low labour force participation rate of women in the labour market may also indicate a much greater reliance by women on the informal economy. This particular in the case of rural women, and of women with Albanian and Roma origin (Lehman, 2010). Female labour force participation slightly increased during the global economic crisis opposite to what could have been expected. As stated by Avlijaš et al. (2013) this could be understood as a coping mechanism of households facing income shocks by adding a family member to the labour market or replacing a family member who lost their employment. From an educational attainment perspective, female participation in the labour market is highest among women with tertiary education which saw a slight but steady increase until 2010 (89.4%) following a slight decrease in the following years reaching 87.6% in 2013. 60 Journal of Economic and Social Studies �Trends and Challenges of Female Unemployment in the Republic of Macedonia: A Regional Comparative Study Figure 1: Labour Force Participation in R. of Macedonia 2004-2013 by Gender and Level of Education Attained Among Females (%) Source: LFS, State Statistical Office of the R. of Macedonia Compared to Balkan countries in the European Union (Figure 2), data show that R. of Macedonia has had the lowest female labour market participation rate throughout the observed period followed by Croatia and Greece with slightly higher rates. R. of Macedonia lies significantly below the average participation rate of these countries collectively, however noted with the highest increase in rates in the study period with 12.8% followed by Bulgaria with 10.4%. Women in Slovenia are much more active compared to other Balkan countries with an activity rate of 66.6% in 2013, which is 13.9% higher than the R. of Macedonia (52.7%) in the same year. Figure 2: Female Labour Force Participation in Selected Balkan Countries 20042013 (%) Source: LFS, State Statistical Office of R. of Macedonia and Eurostat Volume 6 | Number 2 | Fall 2016 61 �Remzije Rakipi, Shpresa Syla The inactivity rate of females depicted in Figure 3 as a percentage of the total population in R. of Macedonia show that female inactivity is twice as high as male inactivity in the country. Looking at the period 2006-2013, data show that inactivity amongst both females and males is on the way down, but with a very slow and marginal downwards trend and an overall fall of app. 7% in both cases from 2006 to 2013. Figure 3: Inactive Population as a Percentage of the Total Population in R. of Macedonia by Gender (%) Source: Author’s own work based on LFS data, State Statistical Office of the R. of Macedonia According to data, female inactivity in R. of Macedonia is mostly resulting from household responsibilities and secondly as a result of undergoing education and training (Table 1). While, female inactivity in benchmark countries (Table 1) can be explained primarily due to education and training and secondly to retirement; indicating a much older female population in these countries compared to R. of Macedonia. As reported by the World Bank (2008), who has studied female inactivity at sub-group level in R. of Macedonia, the large share of females who are inactive due to household activities can mainly be attributed to a large number of full-time housewives among women who are less educated and live in rural areas. 62 Journal of Economic and Social Studies �Trends and Challenges of Female Unemployment in the Republic of Macedonia: A Regional Comparative Study Table 1: Inactive Female Population - Main Reasons not Seeking Employment in Selected Balkan Countries in 2013 (%) Awaitin Own Other Looking Pursuing Retire Believes Other g recall illness family/ after education/traini d no reason to work or personal children or ng work is s (on lay- disabilit responsibiliti incapacitate availabl off) y es d adults e Bulgaria 0.9 11.9 10.2 13.3 28.4 19.4 11.6 4.2 Greece : 4.3 18.0 7.8 27.7 16.0 2.2 24.0 Croatia 0.5 6.8 17.8 7.3 31.7 26.1 7.7 2.1 Slovenia 0.3 8.9 9.1 3.4 32.6 38.4 3.7 3.5 : 3.1 38.7 11.2 26.8 11.9 5.2 3.1 Macedoni a Source: Author’s own work based on LFS data from the State Statistical Office of R. of Macedonia and Eurostat Female Employment Looking at female employment in the R. of Macedonia in the study period, data show that the female employment rate is slowly but constantly on the rise with an 8.4 p.p. increase from 2004 to 2013. Positive and noteworthy in this context is that no spill-over effects seem to have been observed on both female and male employment following the global economic crisis in 2008/09. On the adverse side, noteworthy is that data show female employment rates to be significantly below male employment rates with a gap of 1.5 time higher male employment rate compared to the female employment rate in 2013. Volume 6 | Number 2 | Fall 2016 63 �Remzije Rakipi, Shpresa Syla Figure 4: Female vs. Male Employment Rates (15-64 years) in R. of Macedonia 2004-2013 (%) Source: Author’s own work based on LFS data from the State Statistical Office of the R. of Macedonia In a semi regional perspective, data show (Table 2) that the R. of Macedonia is not the only country to struggle with low female employment rates. A similar problem is observed in Greece with a slightly higher female employment rate; 39.9% compared to 37.3% in the case of R. of Macedonia in 2013. Looking at the trend over the study period, all countries included in the study have observed increases in female employment except for Greece and Slovenia who registered a decline of 5.6 p.p. and 2.1 p.p., respectively, from 2004 to 2013. The R. of Macedonia is the only country that has observed a relatively consistent increase in rates throughout the study period; reaching an 8.4 p.p. increase from 2014-2013. Table 2: Female Employment Rates (15-64 years) in Selected Balkan Countries 2004-2013 (%) 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Macedonia 28.9 30.1 30.7 32.3 32.9 33.5 34.0 35.3 35.3 37.3 Bulgaria 51.6 51.7 54.6 57.6 59.5 58.3 56.4 55.6 56.3 56.8 Greece 45.5 46.0 47.3 47.7 48.6 48.9 48.0 45.0 41.7 39.9 Croatia 47.8 48.6 49.4 51.6 52.7 53.7 52.1 49.5 48.5 48.5 Slovenia 61.3 61.3 61.8 62.6 64.2 63.8 62.6 60.9 60.5 59.2 Source: Author’s own work based on LFS data from the State Statistical Office of R. of Macedonia and Eurostat 64 Journal of Economic and Social Studies �Trends and Challenges of Female Unemployment in the Republic of Macedonia: A Regional Comparative Study Based on available data (since 2006 only), from an educational attainment perspective (Figure 5), female employment in R. of Macedonia shows a decreasing trend for educated women with a 4.2 p.p. decrease from 2006 to 2013. An opposite trend for women with lower levels of education is however observed. Observed data show that female employment amongst women with primary and lower secondary education (levels 0-2) has increased by 18.4% in the study period and 12.8 % in the case of women with upper secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary education (levels 3 and 4). Figure 5: Female Employment Rate in R. of Macedonia by Education 2006-2013 (%) Source: LFS, State Statistical Office of the R. of Macedonia Compared to benchmark countries (Table 3), the R. of Macedonia lies significantly below each of the countries and across all educational levels. While looking specifically at female employment with tertiary education attainment a similar trend is seen with declining rates across all countries, but with Greece experiencing the most notable decline by 14.1 p.p. Opposite to other countries, R. of Macedonia is the only country that has observed an increase from 2006-2013 in female employment amongst lower education levels. Volume 6 | Number 2 | Fall 2016 65 �Remzije Rakipi, Shpresa Syla Table 3: Female Employment Rate by Education (Highest Level Attained) in Selected Balkan Countries (%) 2006 Bulgaria Greece Croatia Slovenia Macedonia Level 0-2 23.6 33.2 27.9 37.5 15.2 Level 3-4 62.6 47.9 54.4 63.5 40.6 2013 Level 5-8 79.7 76.7 79.6 86.6 68.3 Level 0-2 23.7 27.7 23.7 27.2 18.0 Level 3-4 59.2 36.4 50.9 58.8 45.8 Level 5-8 79.1 62.6 75.1 80.8 64.1 Change from 2006 in Percent Point Level Level Level 0-2 3-4 5-8 0.1 -3.4 -0.6 -5.5 -11.5 -14.1 -4.2 -3.5 -4.5 -10.3 -4.7 -5.8 2.8 5.2 -4.2 Source: Authors’ own work based on LFS data from the State Statistical Office of R. of Macedonia and Eurostat One of the ways to boost employment is through fostering entrepreneurship. In this context, R. of Macedonia shows progress. As can be seen from the number of selfemployed females in the country (Table 4), the number is on the rise going from app. 19.500 cases in 2008 to app. 27.900 cases in 2013. Approximately, one third of self-employed females are at the same time also employers, and although this category has increased, the highest increase in the observed study period (20082103) has been observed among self-employed females without employees (app. 6500 persons). The study period has in this case been reduced to include only observed figures from 2008-2013 due to missing data for period 2004 to 2007. Table 4: Female Self-Employment in R. of Macedonia from 2008 - 2013 (in thousands) Self-employment Type/Year 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Self-employed Total Self-employed persons with employees (employers) Self-employed persons without employees (own-account workers) 19.5 17.8 20.2 23.9 24.0 27.9 7.1 7.3 8.5 9.1 8.2 9.0 12.4 10.5 11.7 14.8 15.8 18.9 Source: LFS, State Statistical Office of the R. of Macedonia Compared to benchmark countries (Table 5), the R. of Macedonia is the only country with increasing trends throughout the period 2008-2013, while all other countries have had an interruption in their positive trends following 2010; registering decreasing number in both 2011, 2012, and 2013. 66 Journal of Economic and Social Studies �Trends and Challenges of Female Unemployment in the Republic of Macedonia: A Regional Comparative Study Table 5: Female Self-Employment in Selected Balkan Countries from 2008 - 2013 (in thousands) Country/Year 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Bulgaria 124.3 121.2 124.9 110.3 103.2 109.2 Greece 370.9 371.7 379.4 368.1 351.8 341.9 Croatia 104.0 104.4 115.6 106.4 90.5 83.4 Slovenia 24.0 24.8 32.0 31.8 30.3 28.9 Macedonia 19.5 17.8 20.2 23.9 24.0 27.9 Source: LFS, State Statistical Office of R. of Macedonia and Eurostat Female Unemployment The female unemployment in the R. of Macedonia stands at a high level, but moving in the right direction (Figure 6). According to data for the observed period, the female unemployment rate shows a decreasing trend and has dropped by 8.8 p.p. in the study period to reach 29% in 2013. This rate coincides with the level of male unemployment in the same year. The Female unemployment has been slightly higher than male unemployment rate until 2010, but on occasions also slightly lower than male unemployment as observed in 2011 and 2012. The discrepancy in gender based unemployment trends in the period 2009-2012 should be seen in light of increased employment in the public sector, and notably in education, which have been favouring women more than men (European Training Foundation, 2013). While labour force participation and employment rates of women are much lower than those of men, unemployment rates are almost equally distributed between the genders. Hence no gender gap is evident. Mojsoska-Blazevski and Kurtishi (2012) argue that this may reflect the relatively high willingness of women to take low-paid, secure public sector jobs, or jobs in newly created small private firms, since by tradition, they are second-income family earners. Volume 6 | Number 2 | Fall 2016 67 �Remzije Rakipi, Shpresa Syla Figure 6: Unemployment rate in Macedonia by gender 2004-2013 (%) Source: Authors’ own work based on LFS data from State Statistical Office of the R. of Macedonia Observed data for 2013 show (Table 6) that R. of Macedonia has the second highest female unemployment rate (29%) compared to the benchmark, surpassed in this context only by Greece (31.6%) who registered a higher female unemployment rate in the same year. Slovenia (11.1%) and Bulgaria (11.9%) represent the two countries in this context with lowest female unemployment rates in 2013. The lowest female unemployment rate in the observed period has been registered in Slovenia in 2008 at the rate of 4.9% and the highest rate in the R. of Macedonia back in 2004, which registered a female unemployment rate approximate six times higher than Slovenia (lowest in 2004) and approximately twice the rate of Greece registering the second highest female unemployment rate in the same year. Looking at the trend in the observed period, all countries have experienced fluctuations in female unemployment rates, and notable fluctuations in the period 2009-2013, due to particular to the spill-over effects of the global economic crisis. The R. of Macedonia is the only country registering an uninterrupted decrease in rates throughout the period. 68 Journal of Economic and Social Studies �Trends and Challenges of Female Unemployment in the Republic of Macedonia: A Regional Comparative Study Table 6: Female Unemployment Rates in Selected Balkan Countries 2004-2013 (%) Country/Year 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Macedonia 37.8 38.4 37.2 35.5 34.2 32.8 32.2 30.8 30.3 29.0 Bulgaria 11.7 9.9 9.3 7.3 5.8 6.7 9.5 10.1 10.9 11.9 Greece 16.1 15.6 13.9 13.0 11.6 13.4 16.5 21.7 28.4 31.6 Croatia 15.8 14.3 13.2 11.6 10.6 11.0 12.6 14.0 16.3 17.0 Slovenia 6.5 7.2 7.4 6.0 4.9 5.9 7.2 8.3 9.5 11.1 Source: Authors’ own work based on LFS data from State Statistical Office of R. of Macedonia and Eurostat Looking at female unemployment from an age perspective (Figure 7), data clearly suggests that female youth are much more vulnerable to unemployment than other age groups. Although female youth unemployment is showing a decreasing trend (dropped by 9.9 p.p. from 2006 to 2013), it is almost twice as high as females age 25-49 and more than to time higher than females in the 50-64 age group. This can partly be explained by the fact that young people are more vulnerable to economic downturns and the first to be cut from employment. Young people tend to be ‘last in’ and ‘first out’ - last to be hired, and the first to be dismissed. This, together with the challenges they face in making the transition from education and training to the labour market, makes younger generations generally subject to higher rates of unemployment than older generations (United Nations, 2013). Figure 7: Female Unemployment Rate in Macedonia by Age Group (%) Source: Authors’ own work based on LFS data from the State Statistical Office of R. of Macedonia The vulnerability of female youth towards unemployment is according to data (Table 7) a phenomenon applicable for all benchmark countries. Due to missing Volume 6 | Number 2 | Fall 2016 69 �Remzije Rakipi, Shpresa Syla data for 2004 and 2005, the observed period has been reduced to cover only the period 2006-2013. Similar patterns to the R. of Macedonia are observed also in the case of Bulgaria, Greece, Croatia and Slovenia when observing female unemployment rates by age group. The highest female youth unemployment rate in 2006 was observed in R. of Macedonia (60.9%) followed by Greece (34.2%). Although the R. of Macedonia registered a decrease in female youth unemployment in the following years (app. 9.9 p.p.), it still remains among the countries with the highest female youth unemployment rate (51%) compared to the benchmark. Greece observed a great increase in the female youth unemployment rate (app. 30 p.p.) reaching 63.8% in 2013, surpassing thus the R. of Macedonia and registering the highest female youth unemployment among Balkan countries in the EU. Table 7: Female Unemployment Rate by Age in Selected Balkan Countries (%) 15-24 Yrs. Change from 2006 in Percent Point 2006 2013 25-49 50 - 64 15-24 Yrs. Yrs. Yrs. 25-49 50 - 64 15-24 Yrs. Yrs. Yrs. 25-49 50 - 64 Yrs. Yrs. Bulgaria 20.3 8.3 8.3 25.7 11.1 10.9 5.4 2.8 2.6 Greece 34.2 13.2 5.9 63.8 32.0 19.7 29.6 18.8 13.8 Croatia 31.1 12.0 8.6 50.2 16.2 9.6 19.1 4.2 1.0 Slovenia 16.8 6.8 4.3 23.7 10.8 8.2 6.9 4.0 3.9 Macedonia 60.9 35.9 25.1 51.0 27.9 23.1 -9.9 -8.0 -2.0 Source: Authors’ own work based on LFS data from the State Statistical Office of R. of Macedonia and Eurostat Female unemployment in R. of Macedonia, observed from an education attainment perspective (Figure 8), show a decreasing trend over the years for less educated women (Level 0-2), dropping altogether 27.4% from 2006 to 2013. A similar pattern was evident also for level 3-4, which dropped 24.5% in the same period; decreasing from 38.4% in 2006 to 29% in 2013. Whereas, in the case of females with tertiary education (Levels 5-8), an opposite trend is observed throughout the study period with an overall increase of 16.5% (from 23% in 2006 to 26.8% in 2013). 70 Journal of Economic and Social Studies �Trends and Challenges of Female Unemployment in the Republic of Macedonia: A Regional Comparative Study Figure 8: Female Unemployment Rate in R. of Macedonia by Highest Level of Education Attained (%) Source: Authors’ own work based on LFS data from State Statistical Office of the R. of Macedonia Compared to benchmark countries (Table 8), a somewhat different pattern is observed when looking at female unemployment by educational attainment. All countries, except for R. of Macedonia have registered an increase in unemployment rates among women with lower levels of education. Greece and Slovenia have registered the highest increase in the case of education attainment level 0-2 calculated at 18 p.p. and 12.3 p.p. respectively from 2006 to 2013. Greece also stands out when observing levels 3-4 and levels 5-8, registering respectively an increase of 20.9 p.p. and 14.2 p.p. from 2006 to 2013. While, all other benchmark countries have registered more moderate increases across all levels in comparison. Table 8: Female Unemployment Rate by Education (Highest Level Attained) in Selected Balkan Countries (%) 2006 Bulgaria 2013 Level 0-2 Level 3-4 Level 5-8 Level 0-2 Level 3-4 Level 5-8 23.2 8.4 4.1 29.5 11.8 6.4 Volume 6 | Number 2 | Fall 2016 Change from 2006 in Percent Point Level Level Level 0-2 3-4 5-8 6.3 3.4 2.3 71 �Remzije Rakipi, Shpresa Syla Greece 13.8 16.3 10.3 31.8 37.2 24.5 18.0 20.9 14.2 Croatia 14.0 15.2 7.0 21.2 18.5 11.9 7.2 3.3 4.9 Slovenia 7.9 8.9 3.9 20.2 12.3 7.1 12.3 3.4 3.2 Macedonia 45.3 38.4 23.0 32.9 29.0 26.8 -12.4 -9.4 3.8 Source: Authors’ own work based on LFS data from the State Statistical Office of R. of Macedonia and Eurostat According to data presented in Table 9, the number of female unemployment is highest among urban women and more than two times higher than registered rural female unemployed. This is due to particular low activity rates and high inactivity rates among rural females (World Bank, 2008). However, a positive trend is observed. The number of urban female unemployment decreased by app. 9.800 persons from 2008 to 2013, roughly 12%. While, the number of unemployed females in rural areas decreased by 3.7% in the same period (app. 1400 persons). The largest decrease in registered unemployed females in urban areas is noted among females with primary and lower secondary education (in absolute terms), which dropped from 19545 to 11900 (decrease of 7645). To which extend this decrease is related to these women finding employment is subject to further research. Noteworthy in this context is however that opposite to females with lower levels of educations, females with university level education have both in the case of rural and urban women experienced an increase in numbers with registered unemployed rural women with university education going from 2743 in 2008 to 7873. This is an increase of more than 250%. Registered unemployed urban women with university education has increased likewise notably from 10599 in 2006 to 18030 in 2013. Table 9: Number of Unemployed Females in R. of Macedonia by Educational Attainment, Rural vs. Urban, 2008 & 2013 Level of Education Total 2008 2013 Rural Urban Rural Urban 38 686 83 501 37 260 73 665 287 2 300 : 1 358 Without education Incomplete primary and lower secondary education Primary and lower secondary education 2 917 3 920 963 3 063 13 221 19 545 8 849 11 900 3 years of secondary education 5 005 8 622 4 471 6 523 4 years of secondary education 14 309 35 887 14 605 31 365 72 Journal of Economic and Social Studies �Trends and Challenges of Female Unemployment in the Republic of Macedonia: A Regional Comparative Study Higher education 205 2 628 : 1 426 1 University level education 2 743 10 599 7 873 18 030 1) University level education includes: university level education, Master's degree and Doctorate (Ph.D.) Source: Authors’ own work based on LFS data from State Statistical Office of the R. of Macedonia Female unemployment is mostly long-term in nature, as is the case of men (Table 10). Hence, no gender difference is observed in this respect. Due to missing data, the observed period has been reduced to the period 2009-2013. Long-term female unemployment rates have slightly decreased from 2009-2013 by 2.7 p.p. While, the share of long-term female unemployment in total female unemployment is on the rise and increased from 80.8% in 2009 to 82.2% in 2013. Table 10: Long-Term Unemployment by Gender in R. of Macedonia1) % of long-term unemployment 2) Long-term unemployment rate3) 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Women 80.8 82.7 81.0 80.7 82.2 26.5 26.7 24.9 24.5 23.8 Men 82.5 83.7 83.6 83.0 82.7 26.2 26.7 26.6 26.1 24.0 Total 81.9 83.3 82.6 82.1 82.5 26.3 26.7 25.9 25.5 23.9 1) Long-term unemployment - unemployed persons for one year or more. % of long-term unemployment - share of unemployed persons for one year or more in the total number of unemployed persons. 3) Long-term unemployment rate - share of unemployed persons for one year or more in the total labour force. 2) Source: LFS, State Statistical Office of the R. of Macedonia Causes and Challenges of Female Unemployment in R. of Macedonia Gender based unemployment is vastly studied and discussed in literature, and does as such not present a new or unexplored area, and high unemployment levels is rarely attributed to a single factor regardless of the study perspective such as based on gender, age, and so on. Hence, the causes of unemployment are relatively known and widely accepted, and often characterised as being, frictional, structural, voluntary, etc. Having said that, and without going into much detail on this, it is from available Volume 6 | Number 2 | Fall 2016 73 �Remzije Rakipi, Shpresa Syla material clear that limited understanding and research is available to really understand the nature and causes of female unemployment in the specific context of the R. of Macedonia. This area is perceived still as unexplored to the detail that it can be addressed properly and efficiently. Much further research is needed to understand the causes and challenges of female unemployment in the R. of Macedonia, especially from a more holistic perspective including also regional and ethnic disparities given the cultural, religious, and ethnic diversity upon which the R. of Macedonia is founded. However, in general, the high of unemployment in R. of Macedonia, including that of women, can essentially be explained in the absence of significant labour supply constraints and the limited labour demand, stemming especially from the private sector (Micevska, 2008). Although the high level of unemployment among females in the R. of Macedonia can be vastly explained by the general causes of unemployment, the demanding role of women in the household and the difficulty in entering and remaining in the labour market is one aspect that is often underestimated. The World Bank (2013) reported that the opportunity cost of work for most women is higher than their potential wage in the labour market. While this does not explain the reason for the high unemployment in R. of Macedonia, it touches some key aspects hindering women to enter the labour market and actively pursue jobs such as access to child care, pay gaps, etc. Another aspect is the industries/sectors and the field of study often characterising women. Women are i.e. very much underrepresented in the construction industry and in study fields representing this industry, and female employment is vastly oriented towards manufacturing (i.e. garment and textile) and in the human health and social work sectors (World Bank, 2013). While this is a structural issue emphasising skill mismatch, the point herein lies more in the context of the lack, or the type and quality, of career support, orientation, Active Labour Market Measure, etc., rather than on the supply and demand aspects. Hence, the high female unemployment in the country can partly, but rather significantly, be explained also by the failure of the institutional framework governing the labour market to provide the necessary support to unemployed and incentives to stimulate female labour market participation and ultimately employment. While higher education institutions are quite rigid and rather slow or reluctant to adapt to changing industry needs given the high unemployment in general. From a general standpoint, it is clear that in addition to focusing on boosting the economy to create more jobs in areas where women are strong, a deeper recognition that female unemployment is 74 Journal of Economic and Social Studies �Trends and Challenges of Female Unemployment in the Republic of Macedonia: A Regional Comparative Study multidimensional concept with both quantitative and qualitative challenges is imperative to address this issue properly. Conclusions and Recommendations Female labour market indicators show that the Republic of Macedonia is performing poorly in most aspects in comparison to more advanced countries in the Balkan region. More and more women have entered the labour market in the past decade in the Republic of Macedonia, and especially educated women. Still, the female labour force participation is significantly below Balkan countries integrated in the European Union such as Bulgaria, Greece, Slovenia and Croatia; and the female inactivity rates are despite a slow downwards trend still twice as high than that of males in the country. Female employment rates have been on the rise in the study period, but at a much slower pace compared to male employment rated and lies still below most Balkan countries. The increase in female employment is mainly stipulated by increases in employment among lower educated women, while a downward employment trend is observed for women with tertiary education. Female self-employment is on the rise, but still at a very low level to other more developed Balkan countries. Female unemployment in the R. of Macedonia is slowly, but consistently moving in the right direction. The female unemployment rate has dropped by 8.8 p.p. from 2004 to 2013, but remains still at a very high level (at 29% in 2013). The country has the second highest rate compared to benchmark countries, surpassed only by Greece with a higher rate. However, when compared to male unemployment rates in the country, observed data show that no gender gaps seem to exist due to marginal differences in female and male unemployment rates in the study period (20042013). The decreasing trend in female unemployment is mainly witnessed among urban females. Female unemployment is long-term in nature, as observed also with the opposite gender, and a large number of women (app.50%) are unable to enter the labour market due mainly to household responsibilities. Hardest hit by unemployment are especially female youth and lower educated women. Data show a decreasing trend for both categories in the study period, but still both categories display extremely high unemployment rates, especially among female youth. Higher educated women seem to be less vulnerable to unemployment than other categories, but this category Volume 6 | Number 2 | Fall 2016 75 �Remzije Rakipi, Shpresa Syla displays an increasing trend in unemployment which is worrisome as this might be a cause to further discouragement among females to enter labour market in the future or/and pursue higher education. Similar trends are witnessed across the countries compared in the context of higher educated women with Greece and Croatia experiencing higher increases in unemployment rates than R. of Macedonia in this category. However, with opposite trends when observing at lower educated women, where the country is performing much better in the period 2006-2013 comparison to the more developed Balkan countries who have all registered growing unemployment rates in this category. In the case of the R. of Macedonia, a downwards trend is observed in the study period with a decrease of 12.4 p.p. from 2006 to 2013. A high level of complexity is involved in reducing female unemployment and it should be recognized that there is no easy or quick way to do this. Recognition that female unemployment is multidimensional concept with both quantitative and qualitative challenges is imperative to address this issue properly. Further recognition is also needed in terms of the causes and effects of female unemployment in the country. Female unemployment manifests, not only a loss to society in terms of forgone achievement, lost tax income, added expenditure and slower economic growth. Above and beyond all, it causes individual suffering, a loss of personal dignity and material hardship on the part of the jobless and their families which makes it difficult to develop into a socially cohesive society and achieve the kind of sustainability needed to ensure future European integration and general well-being. The Government of the R. of Macedonia should increase efforts to ensure that the institutional framework governing the female labour market addresses and formulates policies and measures in the future in a way that they effectively and inclusively address female employment across all regions and ethnic groups through intervention in key areas impacting female unemployment. Macroeconomic development is the key in this context to ensure job creation, but equally important are also tailored, inclusive, and reasonably funded Active Labour Market Measures (ALMM). To include also promotion and support of female entrepreneurship, reasonable access to child care facilities, improved access to high quality education and training to reduce skills mismatch and the competitiveness of women in the labour market. Key in this context is also the need for improvement of the capacities of the National Employment Agency to be able to better support unemployed females. 76 Journal of Economic and Social Studies �Trends and Challenges of Female Unemployment in the Republic of Macedonia: A Regional Comparative Study References Avlijaš, S., Ivanović, N., Vladisavljević, N., & Vujić, S. (2013). Gender pay gap in the Western Balkan countries: Evidence from Serbia, Montenegro and Macedonia (Research Project). Foundation for the Advancement of Economics Brunnbauer, U. (2000). From equality without democracy to democracy without equality? Women and transition in southeast Europe. South-East Europe Review, 3/2000, 151 – 168. European Training Foundation (2013). Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia Review of Human Resources Development. Publications Office of the European Union. EUROSTAT (2015). Labour Force Survey 2014-2013. Retrieved from: http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/lfs/data/database. Huyer, S. (2014). Gender and Climate Change in Macedonia. Report. Third National Communication on Climate Change (TNC). Ministry of Environment and Physical Planning of R. of Macedonia. Kjosev, S. (2007). Unemployment in the Republic of Macedonia - Specifics and possible solutions. Economics and Organization, 4/2, 153 – 160. Lehmann, H. (2010). Macedonia’s Accession to the EU and the Labor Market: What Can Be Learned from the New Member States (Policy Paper). Bonn: Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit. Micevska, M (2008). The Labour Market in Macedonia: A Labour Demand Analysis. Labour, 22/2, 345–368. Mickovska-Raleva, N. & Dimitrijevska T. (2013). Gender equality in EU: How does Macedonia compare? Center for Research and Policy Making. Mojsoska-Blazevski, N., Najdova, J., Stojkov, A. & Asenov, L. (2009). Labour Market in the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia. A Study for the European Commission Employment. Social Affairs and Equal Opportunities DG. Volume 6 | Number 2 | Fall 2016 77 �Remzije Rakipi, Shpresa Syla Mojsoska-Blazevski, N. (2012). Challenges to successful employment policy in the region: Towards more jobs, quality labour force and greater competitiveness. Discussion Paper for the Western Balkans Investment Framework. Mojsoska-Blazevski, N. & Kurtishi N. (2012). The Macedonian Labour Market: What makes it so different? Journal of Social Policy, 5/.9. State Statistical Office (2008). Labour Force Survey 2008. Retrieved from: http://www.stat.gov.mk/PublikaciiPoOblast_en.aspx?id=3&rbrObl=14. State Statistical Office (2013). Labour Force Survey 2013. Retrieved from: http://www.stat.gov.mk/PublikaciiPoOblast_en.aspx?id=3&rbrObl=14. United Nations (2013). Report of the World Social Situation 2013. Inequality Matters, Department of Economic and Social Affairs. Woman for Economy - Economy for Women (2013). Being a Woman in the Balkans (Project). Southeast Europe and the EU – Leadership Development Programme 2012/13. World Bank (2008). FYR Macedonia Labour Market Profile 2004-2007. Policy Note. Human Development Sector Unit, Europe and Central Asia. World Bank (2013). FYR Macedonia: Gender Diagnostic - Gaps in Endowments, Access to Economic Opportunities and Agency. Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Unit Europe and Central Asia Region. 78 Journal of Economic and Social Studies � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 3325 Title A name given to the resource Trends and Challenges of Female Unemployment in the Republic of Macedonia: A Regional Comparative Study Author Author RAKIPI, Remzije SYLA, Shpresa Abstract A summary of the resource. The Republic of Macedonia has since its independence made great progress in terms of economic reform and social development; prompted often by the county’s aspiration to become part of the European Union. However, in spite of these advances, weak labour market indicators in particular among females remains a great concern and a persisting challenge for the country. Based on official data from the Labour Force Survey (LFS) conducted by the State Statistical Office (SSO) for the case of the Republic of Macedonia, the aim of this study is to examine the development of female unemployment in the past decade (2004-2013) in the Republic of Macedonia from a multi-dimensional perspective. This while comparing national trends with other Balkan countries already in the EU using LFS data provided by Eurostat. Findings show that the female unemployment rate in the R. Macedonia is moving in the right direction with a decreasing trend throughout the observed period with drop of 8.8 percent point from 2004 to 2013 (observed at 29% in 2013). Compared to Balkan countries in the EU, findings show that the R. Macedonia has been performing relatively better than these countries, who have all experienced negative fluctuations in female unemployment rates in the observed period with rates at higher levels compared to 2004. Furthermore, the findings show no evidence of inequality between male and female unemployment rates in the country, however notable disparities are evident when observing unemployment among various age groups and the level of education attainment. The paper concludes with clear policy recommendations for boosting female employment to include increasing female access to education and entrepreneurial programs, increased access to childcare, etc. Keywords: Labour market, female unemployment; unemployment, employment. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2016-11 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General),HB Economic Theory,HG Finance https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/f221edcc49bff50d3ec6a898bd985147.pdf c2dcf0e220515a14038cf3d180d4bf36 PDF Text Text Journal of Economic and Social Studies Key Success Factors for Sustainable Strategic Information Systems Planning and Information Technology Infrastructure Zana Pekmez University of Sarajevo, Faculty of Economics Bosnia & Herzegovina zana_pekmez@hotmail.com Abstract: Paper intends to provide an expert view on the approach to transformation of business processes toward business sustainability, or sustainable business processes, with a focus on ecological thinking. Furthermore, it highlights the argument that approach to corporate sustainability is interdisciplinary process spanning from the fields of sociology to applied technological innovation and advances in the IT/IS sphere of influence. Through a review of an amalgam of very recent literature, a versatile business model is recommended bridging together most effective strategic information system planning (SISP) tools for building a sustainable business processes to be deployed in practice. This article intends to help high and middle management extend the notion of sustainable development to their every-day managerial activities while protecting the organization well-accepted business principles. Keywords: Corporate sustainability; Business process management (BPM); Information Systems (IS); Information Technology (IT) infrastructure, Green IT and IS JEL Classification: M15 – IT Management Article History Submitted: 21 March 2016 Resubmitted: 13 July 2016 Accepted: 5 September 2016 http://dx.doi.org/10.14706/JECO SS166110 Volume 6 | Number 2 | Fall 2016 43 �Zana Pekmez Introduction Information systems (IS) and Information Technology (IT) have in many significant ways contributed to the sustainability cause in the past decades as an instrument to raise awareness about ecological thinking, communicate and distribute information, increase productivity and optimize the use of natural resources, as well as reduce travel and transportation (Huang, 2009). However, all these deeds do not excuse these technological systems and constructs from continuing to stand up for the environment advocating and supporting sustainable business practices and systems. Powerful and wide-spread technology and significant role of information systems in our everyday lives are all reasons why IT and IS should be at the forefront of the battle for sustainability. For almost four decades it has been a greatest challenge for IT&IS professionals and business executives to align the overall business strategy with IS&IT development planning and investments. This goal became even more ambitious when executives faced the need to reconcile the corporate IS&IT planning with green strategies and sustainable and ecological thinking. The reality is that the use of IT and IS systems significantly impact the environment at every stage of its life and use cycle: consumption of raw materials, energy and water in the production phase and furthermore the consumption of electricity by use of computer, servers, displays and other hardware. Furthermore, waste of computer components has becoming a tremendous problem due to its toxic content (Murugesan, 2008). Green IS&IT strategy should encompass all the above mentioned stages of IT&IS system life, and at the same time be aligned with corporate business strategy. To achieve this goal companies, need a holistic, systematic and well-planned strategy, deep-seated in the principles of sustainable and ecological thinking toward addressing comprehensive set of environmental concerns. Reconciling the traditional companies’ objectives, such as profits, costs and competitive advantage with environmental and sustainability targets is by far greatest challenge of all, however the following text will demonstrate that there are common factors which inevitably lead in the same direction. Corporate Sustainability and IT&IS Infrastructure In the past two decades the fight for sustainability has expanded from regulators and government agencies to corporate world. Following the ecological thinking 44 Journal of Economic and Social Studies �Key Success Factors for Sustainable Strategic Information Systems Planning and Information Technology Infrastructure principles, aware business executives have formed an organization – World Business Council for Sustainable Development which has grown in 2000 to count 150 international companies (Dyllick and Hockerts, 2002). However, the locus of their fight for sustainability has been mainly dominated by „eco-efficiency“, e.g. energy saving strategies, recycling, utilization of sustainable products, which have for sure colored most of the companies’ green (Dyllick and Hockerts, 2002, 131). Furthermore, companies have mostly focused on consumption of energy by the datacenters and extensive physical hardware machines and servers. According to the analyst from Gartner Research, IT departments of fairly large companies spend about 5% of their total budget on energy costs, however the IT's „dirty secret “is that more energy is consumed during the production and shipping process of hardware (PCs, servers etc.) than during its actual usage (cited in Saran, 2007). Progressively standards for achieving sustainable business practices are becoming more demanding. Besides the efficient use of resources and energy, companies should take into consideration the entire life-cycle of products and therefore reconsider many aspects of doing business to maintain the recognition of being compliant to sustainability standards. The decision to incorporate practices such as, life cycle analysis, environmental auditing and reporting, outsourcing decisions and choice of suppliers depending on their commitment to environment, are becoming a crucial element of companies’ strategy and competitiveness (Elkington, 1994, pp. 91). Environmental policies and guidelines have been primarily the task of government agencies and regulatory to be imposed on the corporates. In this arrangement, the corporate world has adopted by inertia a very reactive role, in addition to the obligation of compliance. However, due to a very dynamic and changing market conditions, companies require an innovative and unique business practices which will add value to the entire business model and products and thus grant these companies a competitive advantage in its respective industry (El- Gayar and Fritz, 2006). A competitive advantage could be measured by an additional value added to products, better cost-management practices, a robust and efficient information system and IT infrastructure. During last decade, many companies have discovered that incorporating sustainability into its overall long-term business strategy would possible grant them all the above, namely: additional value to products, better cost management and efficiency of IS&IT infrastructure. Achievement or retention of competitive Volume 6 | Number 2 | Fall 2016 45 �Zana Pekmez advantage in its respective industry and stable stream of income are much valued end-results of incorporating sustainability issues as important features of business processes and overall business goals. The following table summarizes some of the key success factors critical to achieve sustainable and versatile operating model. All these factors summarized below stem from various disciplines. Table 1: Summary of Key Factors IT INFRASTRUCTURE STRATEGIC IS PLANNING Virtualization and cloud computing – consumes less energy; prevents the need for a data centers and prevents the need for extensive cooling systems. CIO&COO awareness – Nexus between Operations and IT toward sustainable business practices Using virtualization software to divide servers into multiple machines BPM – a holistic management practices of measuring and re-designing the processes –transformation. Replacing the old equipment with new energy efficient one – EPEAT and ENERGY STAR certified systems (LCD monitors instead of CRT technology) LEAN methodology – elimination of all kinds of waste. Deployment of optimization systems Remote workers – less office space, less heat, less power, less commuting. Power management – activate the power management features on servers and devices; system settings to hibernate and shut down. Video-conferencing – with employees, customers and suppliers. Using thin-client computers Eco –metrics –measuring the use of energy & the levels of emission. Recycle IT equipment properly: not carefully recycling practices are for companies’ serious financial and information security liability. Corporate environmental 46 reporting Shared service centers Journal of Economic and Social Studies �Key Success Factors for Sustainable Strategic Information Systems Planning and Information Technology Infrastructure Use of renewable energy Selecting a supplier according to their commitment to the environment (IS Value Chain) Use Green IT Standards – Epeat (www.epeat.net), the Energy Star 4.0 standard and the RoHS Directive (www.rhos.gov.uk) Eliminate printing and use of paper. Source: Table is compiled by the author from various sources listed at the reference list. Building the Theory of Corporate Sustainability Business Process Management (BPM) approach An approach to transformation and innovation in business practices is an interdisciplinary process with business-related and people-related content and issues concerning design and architecture. To measure the efficiency and effectiveness of processes in terms of the general behavior and practices, a maturity models have been introduced to the fields of Business Process Management (BPM) and Software engineering. These models guide organizations toward prioritizing activities and designing the roadmaps. De Bruin and Rosemann (2007) and Rosemann and vom Brocke (2010) developed a concept of BPM maturity model which contains six crucial components for successful and effective business management namely: strategic alignment of corporate goals, corporate governance, overall methods, information technology, people and culture (cited in Pernici, Aiello, vom Brocke, Donnellan, Gelenbe and Kretsis, 2012, 284). Thus, in order to get the most accurate diagnosis of companies processes to fix them and achieve better and more efficient business practices interdisciplinary approach as an amalgam of different fields of studies and perspectives are most needed. Since corporate sustainability is entire company's target/goal affecting all of the business practices and departments – from hygiene maintenance, operation processing and high level executive decision making – the most encompassing way to address this issue is through the Business Process Management (BPM). This phenomenon has been revolving throughout the decades and is very flexible to changes and innovation thus manager should use it as a tool to diagnose inefficiency and tailor the processes that will be highly efficient (supporting the main business Volume 6 | Number 2 | Fall 2016 47 �Zana Pekmez goals) and highly sustainable (supporting the environment)- all at the same time. Seidel, vom Brocke and Recker (2011) emphasize that only through the employment of business process change and BPM methodology (process analysis, process performance measurement and process improvement) the altering capability and function of IS and the subsequently the role of IT, will be fully effective in transforming the business toward sustainable practices. Coinciding roles of IS and IT in making of sustainable business It is important at the very beginning to make a distinction between IS and IT systems as both are integral tools to sustainable business, however they differ in terms of ways of contribution to the cause, for example: IT is a set of products, mostly hardware, that processes, transmits and stores the data and promotes sustainability with a focus on energy saving, reducing the equipment waste and optimizing utilization. On the other hand, IS (information systems) is an amalgam of organizational goals and strategies brought to life through information system and software to achieve sustainable business practices (Boudreau, Chen & Huber, 2008). For example, Pernici, Aiello, vom Brocke, Donnellan, Gelenbe and Kretsis (2012) discussed the process of IS engineering with the focus on energy efficiency pointing out that application could be more or less efficient depending in the infrastructure in which it is running (different platform would require different levels of energy). Therefore, it is crucial to discuss the existing theories on the role of the hardware components (IT) in the building process of sustainable business model. On the role of Information technology In IT processes consumption of power by data centers and hardware have been popular topics; however, the power usage by networks has not been mentioned that often in the context of sustainable IT infrastructure. The fact is that networks consume more energy than data centers and this trend will be constantly increasing. Thus it is of crucial importance to consider the organization of business practices and systematization of human resources in regard to information processing and information sharing (Pernici, Aiello, vom Brocke, Donnellan, Gelenbe and Kretsis, 2012). Huang (2009) defined the sustainable IT development as a set of principles that takes into account at the same time and with equal importance the business goals and the environment. He proposes a new theoretical approach for the lifecycle 48 Journal of Economic and Social Studies �Key Success Factors for Sustainable Strategic Information Systems Planning and Information Technology Infrastructure analysis of IT equipment with an explicit focus on the sustainability and he calls it „sustainable system development lifecycle “(SSDLC). SSDLC includes six stages: sustainable planning, sustainable analysis, sustainable design, sustainable implementation, sustainable maintenance and sustainable disposal (Huang, 2009). At each of these stages environmental requirements should be in focus: energyefficient equipment and power-management software should be used in the planning and design stages; system testing for energy consumption, proper installation, proper system migration during testing and implementation and proper maintenance to ensure that system if working in the most efficient state to extend its endurance and detect any inefficiencies in time. In addition, effective and sustainable disposal of the equipment is a final, however, most important stage that has been in most cases neglected. (Huang, 2009). This theory of SSDLC should be guiding principles for all IS&IT and business executives in the process of transformation and changeover to sustainable business practices. A more dynamic theory approach through the classification of degrees of effects of IT infrastructure on the environment has been developed by Hilty at al. (2006) and Kohler and Erdmann (2004) isolating three types of effects: first-order, second-order and third-order. (Cited in Dedrick, 2010, pp. 175). First-order effect is direct impact on the environment from IT hardware and equipment through the entire product lifecycle - from production to disposal. Second-order effects are impacts on the subsidiary processes such as transportation and industry and third- order effects are more complicated constructs whose effects have a power to change people's lifestyle and the economy, such as an example of home-business built on ecommerce platform (Dedrick, 2010). Information systems Even though their means of contribution to the sustainable corporate practices differ, a well-designed IS shall not be successful without efficient hardware components and in the long run such business model will not be sustainable in every aspect of its functional performance and end-result. The overview of the following theories will demonstrate the operational interdependence of IS and IT in the process of reaching long-term sustainable business-model. Besides the Real Theory of Management, that represents the gold-standard guidelines for competitive and successful business practices, new theories have been emerging with a focus on ecological thinking and sustainability that besides the Volume 6 | Number 2 | Fall 2016 49 �Zana Pekmez obvious fight for the environment, still guards the traditional profit-making and competitiveness mantra: such theories revolve mainly around the ideas of ecoefficiency, eco-effectiveness, life-cycle analysis, Lean & Green methodologies etc. (ElGayar and Fritz, 2006). Hart (cited in Boudreau, Chen & Huber, 2008, pp. 7) identifies three major sustainability goals, namely: pollution prevention, sustainable product utilization and clean technologies. On the level of firm or organization there are many means by which IS and IT could effectively contribute to all three mentioned goals, such as; using virtualization instead of physical servers (to prevent pollution), recycling computer (sustainable product utilization) and video conferencing or SharePoint for clean technology (Boudreau, Chen & Huber, 2008). Among these three frameworks of integrating sustainability into SISP, Boudreau, Chen & Huber (2008) also mention the key concepts of strategic alignment of business processes by using IS to achieve „aggregation, adaptation and arbitrage “, as well as the principles of ecological thinking („eco-efficiency, eco-equity and eco-effectiveness “) as drives toward sustainability of business practices trough the IS/IT deployment (Boudreau, Chen & Huber, 2008, pp.16). Furthermore, Dyllick and Hockerts (2002) recognized the need to contribute to building a systematic theory of corporate sustainability and they introduced the model approach of six criteria defining three cases for sustainability, namely the business case, the natural case and the societal case. In most firms’ executives follow solely the principles of eco-efficiency in order to achieve positive net value (economic value) in contributing to environment. Dyllick and Hockerts (2002) add to this business case yet another important criterion, namely the socio-efficiency as a new concept that correlates the firm's value to social impact suggesting that when designing a business case besides the eco-efficiency, socio-efficiency should also be used as a guiding principle. In addition to business case, two authors presented the natural case for corporate sustainability driven by the concept of eco-effectiveness and the societal case defined by socio-effectiveness and ecological equity. (Dyllick and Hockerts, 2002). Belief-action-outcome (BAO) & Energy Informatics Nigel P. Melville (2010) adds to the theory of corporate sustainability by analyzing the role of IS and innovation through the prism of two new disciplines, namely behavioral science and design science. A micro-macro model, called belief-action50 Journal of Economic and Social Studies �Key Success Factors for Sustainable Strategic Information Systems Planning and Information Technology Infrastructure outcome (BAO), has been developed with an intention to research sustainability issues on diverse levels of granularity and through the different theories and constructs since the field of IS applies many theories among which are some from its own field and many are from different disciplines such as behavioral studies, psychology, sociology, economics etc. (Melville, 2010). Watson, Boudreau and Chen (2010) contributed to theoretical background by demonstrating a new conceptual framework – Energy Informatics. It is a solutionoriented interdisciplinary idea on how IS should contribute to sustainability with a focus on reducing energy consumption. In other words, energy informatics is a concept that models the relationship between energy and information using the tools from management science, design science and policy formation. It also important to mention that their interpretation and understanding of ecological goals is driven by above mentioned Dyllicks and Hockerts (2002) theories of eco-efficiency, eco-equity and eco-effectiveness. (Watson, Boudreau and Chen, 2010). Besides developing groundwork for a new theory, Watson, Boudreau and Chen (2010) underlined a several fronts where IS scholars and business executives should practice energy informatics, namely: research (9 core research questions have been proposed), teaching, Journals (by migration to electronic format and by actively publishing issues in sustainable IS) and through IS Association (Watson, Boudreau and Chen, 2010). Competitive advantage: “undeniable” fallout of sustainable business practices Translating its business practices and infrastructure to ecological and sustainable processes most practitioners and executives identify with high costs and low returns, however sustainability has become a global goal and most of organizational and firms had recognized sustainability issues as critical by incorporating it in its overall longterm business strategy. Those companies that have not done this yet are exposed to high risk of competitive disadvantage for many reasons: costumers worldwide are more environmental consciousness and prefer to buy products with green labels. Furthermore, elimination of many forms of waste (waste of resources, time, and energy) will ultimately lead to lower costs, higher profitability and returns (Boudreau, Chen & Huber, 2008). Practitioners warn that also the outsourcing decision should include, as a grading criterion, vendor’s commitment to sustainable business practice. Companies will be ultimately more. Volume 6 | Number 2 | Fall 2016 51 �Zana Pekmez motivated to comply with the sustainable standards due to the increased disclosure from companies in relation to their ecological profiles which will directly impact label, image and ratings in their respective industries. Commoditization leading to sustainability Making economic value of goods and services eventually will lead to reducing overheads and transactions costs, however according to Editor in Chief of Computer Weekly Bryan Glick, such commoditization could be a fertile ground for innovation. Consequently, innovation boosts competitive advantage and cost advantage if it channeled in the right direction toward sustainable development. As an example of services being commoditized for greater good, Glick mentions “cloud services” – large and expensive to maintain IT infrastructure (storage, processors and physical servers) is now replaced by 1GB archive disk space for a one US cent on monthly basis. Thus, cloud computing directly eliminates investing heavily in expensive IT infrastructure which enables firms from very beginning to save on large capital costs which further reduces the barriers for market entry for many firms. (Sako, 2012). Conclusion There are many approaches to corporate sustainability and environmentally sound business practices, but the question remains how are we to select the business model that will be committed to the environment, profitable and affordable at the same time. The most recent literature on SISP declares this to be a scientific question suggesting that academic research will eventually reveal a manual for the practitioners on how to bring together the costs and benefits of corporate environmental initiatives and transformations (Dedrick, 2010). Current literature mostly agrees that the competitive advantage from new IT technologies and IS innovations will be assured once these are accompanied with other factors such as corporate governance focused on creativity and exploiting new opportunities introduced by competitive top and middle management. (Del Giudice and Straub, 2011) In the meantime, practitioners should keep in mind some of the key approaches to corporate sustainability highlighted in this paper. Most importantly, in designing a sustainable business model one should focus on interdisciplinary approach bringing 52 Journal of Economic and Social Studies �Key Success Factors for Sustainable Strategic Information Systems Planning and Information Technology Infrastructure together sociological, psychological, economical, technological and financial components to construct efficient and lean processes with minimal waste. References Anandarajan M., & Lippert K.S. (2006). Competing Mistresses? Academic vs. Practitioners Perceptions of Systems Analysis. Journal of Computer Information Systems, Special Issue 2006, 114-126. Bansal, P., & Roth, K. (2000). Why Companies go Green: A Model of Ecological Responsiveness. Academy of Management Journal, 43 (4), 717-736. Boudreau, M.-C., Chen, A.J. & Huber, M. (2008). Green IS: Building Sustainable Business Practices in Watson R.T. (Ed.), Global Text Projects, Athens, GA, 247-261. Byrd, A.T, Lewis, R.B., & Bradley, V.R. (2006). 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Sustainable Development: Issues in Information, Knowledge, and Systems Management. Information, Knowledge and Systems Management, 1, 185-223. Sako, M. (2012, July). Technology Strategy and Management Business Models for Strategy and Innovation. Communications of the ACM, 55 (7), 23. Saran, C. (2007). Green IT goes beyond the datacenter. Computer Weekly, 10. Seidel, S., vom Brocke, J., & Recker, J. (2011). Call for Action: Investigating the Role of Business Process Management in Green IS. Paper presented at the Proceedings of SIG Green Workshop. Sprouts: Working Papers on Information Systems, 11(4). Retrieved from: http://sprouts.aisnet.org/11-4 Watson, T.R., Boudreau, M., & Chen J.A. (2010). Information Systems and Environmentally Sustainable Development: Energy Informatics and New Directions for the IS Community. MIS Quarterly, 34 (1), 23-38. Volume 6 | Number 2 | Fall 2016 55 �� Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 3318 Title A name given to the resource Key Success Factors for Sustainable Strategic IS Planning and IT Infrastructure Author Author Zana, PEKMEZ Abstract A summary of the resource. Abstract: Paper is intended to provide an expert view on the approach to transformation of business processes toward business sustainability, or sustainable business processes, with a focus on ecological thinking. Furthermore, it highlights the argument that approach to corporate sustainability is interdisciplinary process spanning from the fields of sociology to applied technological innovation and advances in the IT/IS sphere of influence. Through a review of an amalgam of very recent literature a versatile business model is recommended bridging together most effective strategic information system planning (SISP) tools for building a sustainable business processes to be deployed in practice. An article is intended to help high and middle management extend the notion of sustainable development to their every-day managerial activities while protecting the organization well-accepted business principles. Keywords: Corporate sustainability, BPM, IS, IT infrastructure, Green IT and IS Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2016-11 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General),HB Economic Theory,HG Finance https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/b50236c3fe5545e78522b37db4175887.pdf 45276464403d6f65f1f7846e64bca567 PDF Text Text The improvement of educational-training values is of paramount importance within most institutions Utkir Tolipov & Azamat Akbarov Tashkent State Pedagogical University Named After Nizami, Uzbekistan & International Burch University, Bosnia and Herzegovina Abstract: This article examines the essence of such concepts as "educational values","national values"; "common to all mankind values"; their interrelation and harmonious parity are shown. Special attention is given to the characteristic of values "ustoz-shogird" (teacher-pupil), from the historical and cultural heritage of outstanding thinkers of the East. Keywords: spiritual heritage, national and common to all humankind values, personal and professional qualities, creative abilities, relations "ustoz-shogird"(teacher-pupil), mentor, socialization of the person. 1. Introduction With republican independence changes of national consciousness are realized at the level of government program of problem of deep studying created by our ancestors throughout centuries of an invaluable spiritual heritage, revival of the lost values, revival of national traditions and values has led to basic changes in the activity of teachers – mentors, and the training of future pedagogical staff. First of all the task in respect to providing future experts with knowledge, skills on bases of sciences with the account of their interests, abilities and propensities, along with their attraction to creative scientific research activity, formation of high spirituality, the organizations of a substantial free time of addressees of formation. National education of indissoluble is connected with the history and philosophy of people. In this aspect, an important means of educating young people is cultural-pedagogical past heritages. One of the traditions, having huge educational "value, tradition is "Ustozshogird"(the master, or mentor, teacher-pupil). One of the responsibilities delegated to educational system are those for establishing curricula at the course and degree levels and to evaluate the effectiveness of proposed curricula in achieving the aims of the students. (Berkley, 2013) The development is to be shown as an assessment matrix that deepens the pupil-teacher relationship and the overall achievement of students. Colleges and schools have to be entrepreneurial in establishing revenue, generating programs that will enhance the quality of education, as well as providing experts in their field in order to educate new generations of experts. For instance, at Berkley University, they have developed a Center for Teaching and Learning, which offers support and further education of �teaching staff, in order to enhance their effectiveness in the areas of pedagogy, curriculum, and assessment. In an era of massively delivered asynchronous learning, the residential character of the teaching system should become the core of the academic mission (Berkley, 2013), even when implementing possibilities proposed by new technologies into curricula. 2. "Ustoz-shogird" Tradition Tradition "Ustoz-shogird" makes huge impact on the transfer of professional skills to young people, an increase of their spiritual-educational potential, development of creative abilities, in a word – the formation of a comprehensively developed person. Features of this tradition consist of, that under supervision of the teacher of the trained gets confidence of the possibilities, to estimate situations strong-willed qualities, abilities are correctly formed, and social activity is shown. To prepare good pupils, the teacher first should take care of the development of a global outlook and healthy thinking and certain professional qualities. Relations "Ustozshogird" are expedient for installing based on the concrete program of the plan. From these positions, the teacher should organize the activity in the following directions: positive impact on the student (trained) by providing knowledge according to requirements of time and laws of society; to influence spirituality, mentality of the pupil and at the same time to be exacting to oneself; to develop a habit of respect to oneself and others; to use in the course of education various advanced methods and innovative technologies; teachers should be examples from the point of view of spirituality, morals, professionalism; to form at trainees of call of duty, responsibility, compulsion of performance of the task and others; Use of tradition "Ustoz-shogird" leans against the following pedagogical principles; consciousness and activity, that is full comprehension of the essence of activity within the limits of relations "ustoz-shogird", their development and prospect; mastering by "secrets" of scientific knowledge. indissoluble communication of training and education with a life; orientation on independence and creative searches with the account of interrelation of theoretical knowledge and practice; account age and specific features trained. The using of tradition "Ustoz-shogird" will give positive results in a system of continuous education, as pupils form practical skills based on the pedagogical theory. Pupils, students, young teachers, direct tradition „Ustoz-shogird“to the display of creative possibilities. Special value thus gets acceptance in attention to specific features in training, development of their talents and hobbies, the creation, necessary conditions for this purpose. �Intensive development of the Republic of Uzbekistan in the time of independence has caused the necessary formation of various personal qualities of future citizens of the country, including the professional qualities corresponding to conditions of market economy, subject to constant changes. In the course of fast adaptation to market conditions especially increases the role of teacher, mentor, and the master. Not without thought, the society pays much attention to "Устоз"(teacher), as education of perfect person as the main motive power of the progress of society, directly depends on educational values, authority of the mentor, relations between teacher and pupil. The concept of "value" is treated as a complex of subjects and the phenomena representing an understanding of the concept, especially essential meaning. (6.618р) The concept of "value" is treated differently at household level and in scientific literature, accordingly and is used differently. Since ancient times it was widely applied in scientific and vital terminology and was grounded based on scientific thinking. In each society, the values were established. Therefore, the basic value is national mentality. Values had great value during not only the past, but also today and in the future they will make a positive impact and influence on the development of society, raising the consciousness of people, they get social value. The modern concept of values includes a complex of material, spiritual, natural, religious, moral, philosophical and other wealth (4,285р). During different epochs, the concept of value has influenced society, the ideals, hopes of society; it means that, values were perceived as a special problem and the purposes, which the society puts before them. According to their content, values are divided into national, universal, scientific, spiritual and material. Every nation seeks to achieve harmonization of national spiritual values and universal values. The spiritual heritage of the past is of high importance and the task of modern generations is to fully master and develop them. Not knowing the cultural heritage of his people, or ignoring them, means being a cultureless person. Not enriching the value and not raising them to a high level, means harming people and its prospects. In some nations and nationalities, national values represent the aggregate of all material and spiritual wealth. Universal human values inherently have a wide range, as they absorbed the values of many civilizations, ethnicities both of the past and the present. At the same time, there are certain differences in values and each of the world's civilizations. Scientific values should be used for the development of science and education, improving their live conditions, achieving harmony in the family, the enrichment of the public good, improving the socio-economic development, strengthening the spiritual and educational potential. Knowledge and science are recognized to be the highest values. The hadiths state that a person needs knowledge, shrewdness, and power of observation and memory to master the skills in any craft. Hadiths recommend ‘Be a scientist, study skills, or be a listener, and if you do not know, then try reaching the educated people. If you just do not do it, then you die’. There is a saying: ‘Do not climb onto the roof of the house, where your father sits’. This aphorism has a deep meaning: the father is the creator and teacher. He always thinks about the peace and the happiness of his children, working tirelessly for their benefit. Sometimes there are no words to express opinions about a father. The teacher (ustoz) is not �equated to the father by a chance. Father works for his child, not knowing fatigue, as well as every teacher gets satisfaction from the results of his work in teaching students. The education of fully developed, harmonious generations was considered one of the major tasks of society at all times, as far as the younger generation provides the future of the country. In its dreams and hopes, society wants to see its children physically and mentally healthy, successfully building their own future, not conceding in anything to other people and countries, to see them as people with a strong will and high spirituality. That is why so much attention is given to secondary school, which is tasked with identifying and global supporting of talented, creative, enthusiastic students who are the future leading scientists, worthy purveyors of the great heritage of our ancestors. ‘Everyone knows that the way to a man's heart lies primarily through education’. Therefore, along with the worship of the priceless heritage of our ancestors, we give due respect to the noble work of teachers and mentors that are on a par with parents educate our children’, - stressed the head of our state in his book ‘High spirituality - an invincible power’. Actually, today the role of teachers and trainers are invaluable in the upbringing of an intellectual and comprehensively developed generation. It does not matter, what kind of success would be achieved in human’s life. First, he should be grateful to his teacher, whose lessons would be remembered for a long time longtime.The tradition of "teacher-pupil" – is one common to all humankind’s values. The content of human values isdeep and full, that is why they acquire global importance. Human values correspond to the goals and aspirations of all the peoples, nations and ethnic groups. National and universal values are closely related, as historically they were formed based on the principles of life. The development of values opens up wide possibilities for common progress and moral improvement."Our ancestors created a set of requirements for a relatively perfect man, speaking in modern language, developed the eastern version of the moral code. Every person must ruthlessly suppress the unfairness and injustice, to prevent unlawful acts", - emphasized by our President [1; 53 p.] The Uzbek people can be proud of their past. He made an enormous contribution to the worlds of science and culture. The great thinkers of our people Imam Bukhari, Imam Tirmidhi, Bahauddin Naqshband, Khoja Ahmed Yasawi, Al-Khorazmiy, Beruniy, Ibn Sina, Amir Temur (Tamerlane), Mirzo Ulugbek (Ulugh Beg), Alisher Navoi, Zahiriddin Muhammad Bobur (Babur), and many others who contributed to the development of national culture, is the pride of the people. "Plutarch claimed, there are two main advantages in human nature – the mind and the thinking" [3; 144p.] It means, that the main measure of human essence is his mind, consciousness and thinking, which make up the value of the individual, on which is also based on personal qualities such as honesty, conscientiousness, respect to others, which are particularly highly prized among the Eastern nations. Objects and phenomenon, which serve the formation and development of the inner world of people mastering their spiritual riches, are called spiritual values. They are the product of human activity, his labor and creativity. Every nation has the spiritual riches that are particularly revered. These values are passed from generation to generation, and today they have not lost their value. They are a source of pride and inspiration of people. For values, we can include proverbs, teachings, and the edification of the Uzbek people. In each of them signed the spiritual wealth.In the educational process, which is aimed at the study of �values, there is an interconnection between the value of the object and the value of the subject, because the subject holds a peculiar path to its perfection. For example, the pupil or the student's place, where they receive education, can be in a classroom, gym, study of spirituality and education, information and resource center. In turn, these objects are being served as a means of training and education. The same can be said about the students, the educational equipment. Teacher and student are being involved in the educational process, are also the values of the transmission and acquisition of knowledge. While teaching about the values, the teacher uses a variety of means - texts, handouts, slides, based on national traditions, festivals, historical heritage. A visit to the holy places of our compatriots, house-museums, history museums, art and culture are greatly enrich the national consciousness of students, forms of their spiritual world.In the process of the assimilation of values,students master the abilities and skills of analysis, synthesis, separation of the main meaning, independent thinking, perception, formulate and express their opinion and assessment. Students are able to reconsider their views based on acquired values. 3. Conclusion As a result of the implementation of previously shown program, the teachers will be able to achieve a more holistic and integrated approach that benefits the common good, and develop a much better understanding of the overall teaching position. Through implementing these views and values, the quality of administrative operations will also reach its peak. Based on the foregoing, we consider that it is necessary to pay special attention to certain aspects of improving efficiency in the establishment of relations "Ustoz-shogird." (Teacher-pupil).  Stirring up the internal creative communication in a relationship "Ustoz-shogird";  Disposition of logical sequence of the content and stages of training of students on the basis of the principle of continuity;  Formation of students' skills of self-control of their behavior and actions, spiritual aspect, abilities continuous self and self;  Implementation in the minds of young people of a complete philosophy of life, aimed to achieve the status of a decent citizen of his country;  Development of pupils and students of high personal qualities, the desire to promote the prosperity of the motherland and serve for the good of the people;  Development of youth national identity and national pride in the basis of harmonization of national and universal values;  The people, the homeland for the performance of their duties and obligations;  Introduction into the educational improvements and additions basing on the standards of fairness, honesty and openness. The effective use of restored values in continuing education, of course, will give a positive result. �References: 1. Hawkins, D. 1990. “Ways of Knowing.” In M. A. Shea ed., On Teaching Vol. II: 3542. Boulder, CO: University of Colorado at Boulder. 2. Weimer, M. 2002. Learner-Centered Teaching: Five Key Changes to Practice. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. 3. Karimov I.A. “Basic tendencies of political-social and economic future of Uzbekistan”.-T.: Uzbekistan, 1995-74p. 4. UC Berkley Institutional Self- Study for Accreditation, August 2013. 5. Karimov I.A. “High spirituality – is undefeated power” –1.–Т.:“Manaviyt”, 2008. – 130 p. 6. Thought – blooming. Composition of V.Vorontsov-T.: Publishing house of literature and art named after G.Gulom, 1989-484p. 7. Tulenov J., Gofurov Z. Philosophy. Textbook for students of higher education. – T.:”O’qituvchi”, 1997.-384p. 8. MusurmonovaO.Spiritual traditions and upbringing of youths.-T.: ”O’qituvchi”,1996192p. 9. Khasanbayev Y., Turaqulov H., Khaydarov M., Khasanbayeva O., Usmonov N. Dictionary for pedagogy. – T: Subject and technology (Fanvatexnologiya), 2009.672p. 10. Inoyatova M. Determination of educational values and using them in pedagogic practice.-T.:”Sharq” (East),2010.-180p. 11. U.Q.Tolipov. Basic ways and means of using educational values.-T.: ”Continual education” journal.-2014.-№1 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 3284 Title A name given to the resource The improvement of educational-training values is of paramount importance within most institutions Author Author Tolipov, Utkir Akbarov, Azamat Abstract A summary of the resource. This article examines the essence of such concepts as "educational values","national values"; "common to all mankind values"; their interrelation and harmonious parity are shown. Special attention is given to the characteristic of values "ustoz-shogird" (teacher-pupil), from the historical and cultural heritage of outstanding thinkers of the East. Keywords: spiritual heritage, national and common to all humankind values, personal and professional qualities, creative abilities, relations "ustoz-shogird"(teacher-pupil), mentor, socialization of the person. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2016-05-30 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed PE English https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/8b96893a78e144e1ce3528ddb64cda9f.pdf 05d90d24287663f1f75d41eabd9444f3 PDF Text Text 1 Irony in William Blake’s Poetry Serap Denizer Bozkurt Kocaeli University, Turkey Abstract: Irony, stating something meaning another, turns into a philosophical method of understanding opposite concepts with Friedrich Schlegel’s Fragments published in the eighteenth century. It accords irony an ontological and epistemological function and changes its scope. William Blake, one of the prominent names of Romantic poetry, employs the binary oppositions and creates a different perspective of irony. In addition to the usage of traditional binary systems such as; good and evil, heaven and hell, he structures new binary systems. The traditional binary systems used by Blake are challenging as he redefines the opposite concepts in a holistic manner. On analyzing these three poems; “The Marriage of Heaven and Hell”, “The Tyger” and “The Lamb” it would be fair to claim that he presents a different perspective of construing the world with the employment of irony using integrative binary oppositions in the Romantic period. Keywords: romantic poetry, irony, William Blake 1. Introduction In his A Blake Dictionary, The Ideas and Symbols of William Blake. S. F. Damon (2013) states that: “Every sect is self-limited, whereas Truth is universal. Instead of any religion, Blake wanted the truth—the whole truth including all errors, life including death, the soul including the body, the world of mind including the world of matter, the profound discoveries of the mystics reconciled with the scoffings of the skeptics, heaven and hell married and working together, and in the ultimate heart, Man eternally in the arms of God”(61). 2. Analysis William Blake, one of the first and major representatives of Romanticism in England, is a challenging poet with his works full of opposites, which gives birth to the employment of irony. The changing scope of irony displays its effects on William Blake’s works. M. A. R. Habib (2011) explains the changing scope of irony as follows: By the end of the eighteenth century, irony had risen from being a mere rhetorical device to an entire way of looking at the world. Schlegel’s Fragments of 1797 accords irony an epistemological and ontological function, seeing it as a mode of confronting and transcending the contradictions of the finite world. … At the core of irony as formulated by most nineteenth-century thinkers was a romantic �2 propensity to confront, rather than overlook, the obstinate disorder, contingency, flux, and mystery of the world. In this sense, an ironic vision accepts that the world can be viewed from numerous irreconcilable perspectives, and rejects any providential, rational, or logical foreclosure of the world’s absurdity and contradictions into a spurious unity.(147) Habib, (2011) also states that William Blake, the first major figure of English Romanticism, had recourse to mysticism and a mythical vision of history, and he saw the world as inherently harboring opposites and contradictions which was the poet’s task to harmonize (153). In these lines, Habib defines Blake’s perception of the world and the function of the poet very clearly. It can be said that Blake is very good at reflecting his perception of the world by combining these contradictions. However, he does not only apply these contradictions, but he also redefines them in a holistic manner. Even the titles of his works prove it; The Marriage of Heaven and Hell, The Songs of Innocence and The Songs of Experience. He chooses to unite these concepts perceived as opposite by mankind. Reading Blake’s poems makes the reader question, criticize and revalue concepts such as; heaven, hell, angel, devil, good, and evil which are considered to be the traditional binary oppositions in western thought. ‘The Romantics’ only recourse was to an ironic vision which insisted that reality is not confined to here and now but embraces the past and is located in a Platonic ideal realm.’ (Habib,148). William Blake is also one of these poets who is endeavoring to define the reality. Damon (2013) states that Blake’s basic purpose was the discovery and recording of new truths about the human soul. He asserts that for Blake the most exciting thing possible was the discovery of these truths (55). In this paper, the poems; The Marriage of Heaven and Hell, The Tygerand The Lambwill be analyzed in terms of the employment of irony through the usage of opposites and contradictions in the light of Blake’s search of truth. The Marriage of Heaven and Hell, the title, which is to be examined first, gives the readers some clues about Blake’s usage of seemingly opposite concepts. Blake redefines and reshapes the heaven and hell in a philosophical point of view and unites them. Habib’s lines explaining the relationship between Romanticism and irony, also helps the reader understand the fundamental disposition of Blake’s poetry; The ideals of Romanticism included an intense focus on expressing human subjectivity, an exaltation of nature, of childhood and spontaneity, of primitive forms of society, of human passion and emotion, of the poet, of the sublime, and of imagination as a more comprehensive and inclusive faculty than reason. The most fundamental philosophical disposition of Romanticism has often been seen as irony, an ability to accommodate conflicting perspectives of the world. (Habib, 145) The heaven and hell are perceived as conflicting perspectives. However, it would not be right to say that Blake depicts the heaven and hell as places designed for afterlife to punish or reward the souls. John Beer (2005) claims that the heaven and hell are described as ‘the states �3 of the human soul’ by many critics (67). The title The Marriage of Heaven and Hell welcomes the reader to the world of contraries blending and forming a unity. The following lines are taken from the very first section of The Marriage of Heaven and Hell called ‘Argument’: Without contraries is no progression. Attraction and repulsion, reason and energy, love and hate, are necessary to human existence. From these contraries spring what the religious call good and evil. Good is the passive that obeys reason; evil is the active springing from energy. Good is heaven. Evil is hell(Blake, 163). Blake does not only use the contraries to strengthen his narration or strike the reader. He attributes more to the contraries seeing them as a must. Damon (2013) expresses this notion in his words; “These two worlds, Hell and Heaven, are essential to each other; they exist simultaneously in God. Thus there is the Opposition of Contraries in God himself, without which there could be no life ”(213). Beer criticizes Blake stating; “How far Blake expected his ideas to be taken completely seriously is hard to determine. Allowance must certainly be made for his sense of irony. The very fact that The Marriage of Heaven and Hell was cast in precisely those terms suggests that he was allowing for a possible equality of value between the two sides ”(Beer, 23). The readers can agree with Beer on the issue of irony, but it is hard to say that Blake was allowing for a possible equality of value between two sides. In Blake’s definition of heaven and hell, it is clear that he foregrounds the hell and the components of hell. The definition of devils and the comparison of the angels and the devils, and the flames in hell can prove it. First, Blake destroys the image of hell, which is a place for the corrupted, full of torment and cruelty. Damon’s lines also reflect it; ‘God is good; all things that proceed from him are good in essence, nor can that essence ever be corrupted. Therefore ‘Hell’ which is of God must be good; and the life force proceeding from it cannot be evil and far from being everlasting pain, is eternal delight. Everything that lives is holy (Damon, 214). To propound that hell is a formidable, scary place would be wrong in Blake’s world of perception. Damrosh’s ideas on the Blake’s perception of hell supports this idea; In celebrating what he calls Hell, Blake has in mind something very different from the usual connotations of that word. The fundamental idea in The Marriage of Heaven and Hell is that theologians and preachers have wrongly stigmatized energy as diabolical, even though it is absolutely essential to existence. They claim that “good is the passive that obeys reason; evil is the active springing from energy.” Blake’s counterclaim is that Heaven and Hell must interact as vital contraries, like partners in a marriage who are different yet joined. Both are equally important. (Damrosch, 101) We all have a concept of hell in our minds, but Damon (2013) asserts that the hell depicted by Blake in his paintings of the last judgment is the lake of fire into which errors, but not people are cast and annihilated (72). Even the fires of the hell are thought to be ‘the flames of �4 inspiration’ by Damon (Damon, 772). The comparison of the angels and the devils is also very striking: Devils for Blake are usually evil spirits, probably accuser of sin; but in The Marriage of Heaven and Hell, for once they are the original geniuses, those who are familiars in the hell of the subconscious, which is the source of all energy. They are contrasted to the Angels, the restricting spirits of conventionality. …All genius varies thus. Devils are various. Angels are all alike.(Damon, 445) Devils are not portrayed to be wicked creatures, their liability is not to make humankind commit a sin, but to remind them that they are capable of committing sins. Northrop Frye (1990) defines devils as follows; ‘If man,’ Blake asks, ‘is considered as only evil and god only good, how then is regeneration effected which turns the evil to good?... Satan in the Bible is called ‘diabolos’ or accuser because he is forever reminding man of his own insufficiency. … For Satan is not himself a sinner but a self-righteous prig’. (65) Harold Bloom (2003) interprets The Marriage of Heaven and Hell in characteristics of two kinds of people; ‘Blake now gets back to the “contraries” mentioned earlier in the work. He contends that there are only two kinds of people, the Prolific and the Devouring, and that these opposites are both inimical to each other and necessary—for ‘if they were reconciled mankind would cease to exist ’ (105). Proverbs of Hell, the second part of The Marriage of Heaven and Hell starts with a note; A Memorable Fancy – 1; As I was walking among the fires of hell, delighted with the enjoyments of genius, which to angels look like torment and insanity, I collected some of their proverbs, thinking that as the sayings used in a nation mark its character, so the proverbs of hell show the nature of infernal wisdom better than any description or buildings or garments.(Blake, 165) In this section of the poem, Blake goes on expressing the concepts using their opposites and his ironic manner can be clearly analyzed in his lines; Prisons are built with stones of law, brothels with bricks of Religion. The best wine is the oldest, the best water the newest. Prayers plough not; praises reap not; joys laugh not; sorrows weep not. The head sublime, the heart pathos, the genitals beauty, the hands and feet proportion.(Blake, 168) Leo Damrosh (2015) explains the section, Proverbs of Hell, as a dictionary of anti-proverbs; A memorable section of The Marriage of Heaven and Hell is entitled “Proverbs of Hell,” which are really anti-proverbs. Ordinary proverbs convey conventional �5 truisms, … Blake’s aphorisms are anything but conventional: “Exuberance is beauty”; “The cistern contains, the fountain overflows”; …“The road of excess leads to the palace of wisdom.” At times these anti-proverbs seem deliberately intended to shock: “Sooner murder an infant in its cradle than nurse unacted desires.” (103) The second poem which will be analyzed is ‘The Tyger’ which has been a source of speculation with its different interpretations; When the stars threw down their spears And watered heaven with their tears, Did He smile His work to see? Did He who made the Lamb make thee? Tiger, tiger, burning bright In the forests of the night, What immortal hand or eye Dare frame thy fearful symmetry? (Blake 67-74) In this poem, it is clear that Blake uses ‘the tyger’ and ‘the lamb’ as contraries. The tyger and the lamb are not clear-cut opposites like the heaven and hell, but the characteristics of the tyger and the lamb can be considered to be considerably diversified. Bloom (2003) explains the characteristics of the tyger and the lamb stating that; It would be simplistic to state that “The Lamb” is good and “The Tyger” is evil. And it is probably not what Blake intended. “The Tyger” is experience. It is bright, energetic, and vital. It is familiar with its domain and is assertive in its environment. While the Lamb merely follows the flock, the tiger has learned from experience and is autonomous. No longer following the crowd or a single shepherd, the tiger is a hunter directly in search of satisfaction. (19) Though there are different explanations of the tyger, Bloom sees it as a luminous creature roaming the forest at night. He also identifies the tyger with Lucifer and thinks that Blake is struck by the beauty, strength, and balance of the beast, and questions what inspiration is behind its creation. The powerful imagery, comparing the fire in the tiger’s eyes and the fire used to create it, suggesting that the tiger can also be a reflection of the fires of Hell (Bloom 2003, 17). Line by line, the tiger grows more powerful and frightening: a beast without boundaries. Yet, the speaker tries to reason with the mighty animal, asking about its creator and its opposite of the animal kingdom: the lamb. The work bears a similarity to Blake’s “The Lamb”, which appears, appropriately, in the “Innocence” part of the volume of poems. “The Tyger” is part of the “Experience.” Did Blake believe that transformation from the gentle lamb into the powerful tiger is an integral part of maturation?(Bloom 2003, 18) �6 These lines above bring a new perspective to the relationship of the tyger and the lamb. The question; ‘Did Blake believe that transformation from the gentle lamb into the powerful tyger is an integral part of maturation?’ also brings a new dimension to the speculation. Though lamb is seen and stated as opposite, it can be the superior version of the tyger. As William Blake sees the opposites and contraries as complementary, it can be assumed that the tyger and the lamb are also complementary elements, which are created by the same power embodying all the contraries. The third poem is The Lamb, in which Blake asks the same question, but this time it is about the creator of the Lamb. However in this poem, we have the answer, Blake states that ‘the creator’ calls himself a Lamb. Little lamb, who made thee? Dost thou know who made thee? Little lamb, I’ll tell thee; Little lamb, I’ll tell thee; He is callèd by thy name, For He calls Himself a Lamb.(Blake44-49) As it was mentioned before that William Blake sees the opposites as complementary, it can be said that the Tyger and the Lamb are also integrative elements. Damon (2013) supports this notion in his A Blake Dictionary. ‘In the song of Innocence and experience, it counterbalances ‘The Lamb.’ The Lamb symbolizes the Loving God; the Tyger, the Angry God. … The Tyger is not the contrary of the Lamb, but its negation’ (1577). The quotation below, defines the concept, the Lamb and also foregrounds the embodying feature of the creator. Blake is against the idea of interpreting God as having only good characteristics. Goodness cannot define God, as it is not enough to define the source of everything created. However, goodness can be a concept created by God, as good, evil, heaven, hell, angels, devils, the Tyger, and the Lamb were created. Everything is unified and represents God in Blake’s poetry. But that is not what Blake meant when he made the lamb the symbol of innocence. He meant that there really is behind the universe an eternal image called the lamb, of which all living lambs are merely the copies or the approximation. He held that eternal innocence to be an actual and even an awful thing. … God is not a symbol of goodness. Goodness is a symbol of God.(Bloom 2008, 96) 3. Conclusion In conclusion, in the poems The Marriage of Heaven and Hell, The Tyger, and The Lamb, Blake employs the contrary ideas, a way of irony, to criticize and portray the effects of the social transformations of his age. However, the reader needs to gain a deeper understanding of Blake’s purpose. To see the concepts as only contrary on the surface may not fulfill his �7 purpose. He tries to unite all the contraries, which are sprung from the same source. In The Tyger, Blake asks a question; ‘Did He who made the Lamb make thee?’ (Blake, 74). To categorize and label the concepts as purely ‘good’ or ‘evil’ is not a good way to follow in the journey of understanding them. Blake tries to define some of the concepts with their contraries, but in his perception, he gives a different meaning to them. Blake’s depiction of hell, for example, is completely different than the sense of hell, which was depicted by religion. It can be said that the contraries of Blake as the substance are distinct from the contraries of mankind, but the characteristics referred to them are opposites. Blake’s utilizing irony in his definitions of the concepts is a good example of the view that in a philosophical disposition of Romanticism has often been seen as irony, an ability to accommodate conflicting perspectives of the world (Habib, 145). References: Beer, John. 2005. William Blake, A Literary Life. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Blake, William.2005.Collected Poems. Ed. W. B. Yeats. New York: Routledge Classics. Bloom, Harold Ed. 2003. Comprehensive Research and Study Guide, William Blake. New York, Infobase Publishing. Bloom, Harold Ed. 2008. Bloom’s Classic Critical Views, William Blake. USA: Infobase Publishing. Damon, S. F. 2013. A Blake Dictionary, The Ideas and Symbols of William Blake. Hanover, New Hampshire: Darthmouth College Press. Damrosch, Leo. 2015. Eternity’s Sunrise, The Imaginative World of William Blake. UK: Yale University Press. Frye, Northrop. 1990.Fearful Symmetry, A Study of William Blake. New Jersey, USA: Princeton University Press. 10th Printing. Habib, M.A.R. 2011.Literary Criticism from Plato to Present, An Introduction. UK: WileyBlackwell. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 3283 Title A name given to the resource Irony in William Blake’s Poetry Author Author Denizer Bozkurt, Serap Abstract A summary of the resource. Irony, stating something meaning another, turns into a philosophical method of understanding opposite concepts with Friedrich Schlegel’s Fragments published in the eighteenth century. It accords irony an ontological and epistemological function and changes its scope. William Blake, one of the prominent names of Romantic poetry, employs the binary oppositions and creates a different perspective of irony. In addition to the usage of traditional binary systems such as; good and evil, heaven and hell, he structures new binary systems. The traditional binary systems used by Blake are challenging as he redefines the opposite concepts in a holistic manner. On analyzing these three poems; “The Marriage of Heaven and Hell”, “The Tyger” and “The Lamb” it would be fair to claim that he presents a different perspective of construing the world with the employment of irony using integrative binary oppositions in the Romantic period. Keywords: romantic poetry, irony, William Blake Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2016-05-25 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed PE English https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/6eb72e0f6d78b6a636303dd001eed1ee.pdf 0e60b273d59627e6ea0a451a658fb5e5 PDF Text Text The Conceptual Direction of Prevention Informational Threats in Academic and Educational Publications Sarvar Mahmudov & Muhayo Umaralieva Uzbek Scientific-Research Institute of Pedagogical Sciences, Uzbekistan Abstract In this article the ability (potentialities) of pedagogical publications in information security through analysis and monitoring of published materials, developmentcriteria for evaluating their content revealed; the structure of the concept of prevention of information threats in scientific – pedagogical and educational publicationsis presented. Key words. Pedagogical publications, information threats, psychology, manipulation of consciousness, information, content. Introduction After Uzbekistan’sindependence, the mass media, in particular, scientific-pedagogical and educational-methodical publications turned into a tribune of free expression of their thoughts, attitudes, and positions of scientific and pedagogical community (public) and professionals. Therefore, (accordingly) the pedagogical publications facing the challenge (teaching editions of the task)to protect of the recipients of education from the negative effects on their culture and spirituality through publications submitted materials, information and recommendations.In this context, the pertinentquestions are: (of) studying the main reasons for the emergence in the academic and educational publications not scientifically grounded materials, informationthat leads(leading) to a negative conclusion, monitoring and acceptance of necessary measures on prevention of negative influence of the ideas alien to our society and psychological manipulation through media; the development of criteria for evaluation of materials prepared for publication and the implementation of public control in this direction. In his congratulatory message to the media and the press in connection with their national holiday, the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan stressed that from time to time, there is a sense of nostalgia for an outdated system and ideology of the past, and not to fall into dependence on these sentiments.It is necessary to open the eyes of our people, especially the youth to the true value, in connection with which all increased the role and responsibility of the media in the education of the �person with solid convictions and a strong will. As a result of studying and analyzing the problems associated with the prevention of information risk in the academic and educational publications. some activities have been identified that need to be urgently implemented. These include: – development and introduction of a mechanism of public control and assessment of the content presented in the academic and educational publications; – revision and improvement of the procedure and recommendations for publication of articles, analytical materials, represented in mass media publications, and their expertise; – definition of the role of scientific-pedagogical and educational-methodical publications in the strengthening of spiritual and moral positions, pedagogical and psychological ideology (Outlook) of the teacher’s, their political views and beliefs; – providing continuous protection from potential threats in the media, development of appropriate scientifically grounded concept in this area. Stages of monitoring and implementation A mechanism to counter information threats through monitoring of scientific-pedagogical and educational publications implies implementation of the following functions: Social. The identification of the essence (entity) of (to) ensuring information security in academic and educational publications, i.e. formation and development of critical views, evaluations in relation to information, that represents threat and negatively affects the research and teaching community. Spiritual and moral. The strengthening of the teacher’s ability to counter information threats through scientific-pedagogical and educational-methodical publications, the strengthening and development of socially significant qualities of critical thinking in relation to values and norms accepted by the society, the mechanism of protection of spiritual, social and psychological health. Cultural. The development and adoption among the scientific and pedagogical community of culture of information consumption. In the course of our study we turned to teachers of educational institutions with a request to answer the survey questions.Read: "Is there a (do you) need to perform a special study on ways to counter information threats through research and teaching and methodical publications, to monitor them, to instill in teachers the threat of the confrontation of information risk, to introduce into the curricula and programs of courses of retraining and the improvement of of teachers qualifications, the theme of combating �information threats by means of scientific-pedagogical and educational publications?"Almost all the teachers and faculty respondents gave a positive answer. According to the result of the study, it was concluded that a threat to society may come from submitting materials to be published in pedagogical publications with the aim of changing attitudes in a negative way on national history, folk traditions and customs, national culture, development of education in the country, national and universal values, spiritual and moral qualities, political and socio – psychological principles, or informationprepared (is executed) at a low professional level that does not meet scientific-methodical requirements. Therefore, material or information that is not scientifically grounded, does not have a clear structure, is defective in the scientific-theoretical attitudecan be (it is also possible to) classified as informationallydangerous.In order to prevent informational threats from the materials published in pedagogical publications (journals), it is necessary to develop and openly publish criteria to assess the content of materials from the point of view of their safety.In our opinion, it should befocusedon the following indicators: – disclosure of human abilities and satisfaction of its educational requirements, ensuring the priority of national and universal values, the harmonious interaction of man, society and the environment; – enrichment of the aesthetic worldview of the recipients of education, formation of their high spirituality, culture and inventive thinking; – the preservation and enrichment of national history, national traditions and customs in their continuity and connection with national culture, development of the national education system; respect for the history and culture of other peoples; – the intrinsic link (unity) of training and education, the focus of the education process at comprehensive development of personality; – the formation of spiritual-moral qualities, work skills, creative thinking, conscious attitude to the environment and career choices on the basis of educational and scientific and cultural knowledge, national and universal values; – implementation of the principles of building a democratic state and fair (just) civil society; – implementation of the principle of priority of a combination of personal interests and education in the state social policy; – the perception of the concepts of national consciousness, patriotism, national pride as the basis of a rich national cultural – historical traditions and intellectual heritage of our people; – refusal of the ideological views of the past; – continuous implementation of the requirements of high spirituality and morality, corresponding to the level of developed democratic countries (States). �– the approach to defining the content of education from the point of view of prospects of socio-economic development of the country, the needs of society, modern science, culture, engineering and technology; – the use of productive forms and methods of spiritual and moral upbringing and education of recipients of education; –ensuring effective integration of education, science and production. The concept of information security in academic and educational publications includes the following structural parts. 1.An analysis of real (practical) state of the availability of information threats in the media, in particular, in scientific-pedagogical and educational publications. 2.The principles of prevention of informational threats to scientific-pedagogical and educational publications. 3.Informational-logical model of counter information threats through scientific-pedagogical and educational-methodical publications. 4. Characteristics of the objects, participants, public co-executors of opposing information threats through scientific-pedagogical and educational-methodical publications. 5.The stages of the movement. Conclusion Today is quite acutely felt the impact of the threats, ideological propaganda and cultural expansion in education and spiritually - moral education of students: so it's important to remember about the organization of effective protection of young people from information risk. References: 1. Богатырева Ю. Подготовка будущих педагогов к обеспечению информационной безопасности школьников. – Тула.: 2014. 2. Белов Е.Б., Лось В.П., Мещеряков Р.В., Шелупанов А.А. Основы информационной безопасности. Учебное пособие для вузов. – М.: Горячая линия, 2006. 3. Бохеньский Ю. Духовная ситуация веремени. // вопросы филисофии. – 1993. 4. Глобализация, энциклопедия. Под ред. И.И.Мазур и А.Н.Чумакова. – М., 2003. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 3282 Title A name given to the resource The Conceptual Direction of Prevention Informational Threats in Academic and Educational Publications Author Author Mahmudov, Sarvar Umaralieva, Muhayo Abstract A summary of the resource. In this article the ability (potentialities) of pedagogical publications in information security through analysis and monitoring of published materials, developmentcriteria for evaluating their content revealed; the structure of the concept of prevention of information threats in scientific – pedagogical and educational publicationsis presented. Key words. Pedagogical publications, information threats, psychology, manipulation of consciousness, information, content. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2016-05-24 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed PE English https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/862356dbf8e35b7a4b4a13366a2df05b.pdf d121768fa09991c981ed8d9a7e080be4 PDF Text Text Formatted: Line spacing: Multiple 1,15 li The Development of the Professional Competencies of Teachers on the Basis of an Innovative Approach Sabithon Turgunov & Muhayo Umaralieva Uzbek Scientific-Research Institute of Pedagogical Sciences, Uzbekistan Abstract: In the article the question of organization, management and improvement of the quality and effectiveness of teaching processes in secondary institutions,revealed the role of the teacher in coordinating students ' activities. The authors have proposed a number of recommendations on the development of the professional competence of the teacher. Formatted: Left: 2,54 cm, Right: 2,54 cm, Top: 2,54 cm, Bottom: 2,54 cm Formatted: Left, Line spacing: Multiple 1,15 li Formatted: Font: Not Bold, Italic Formatted: Centered, Indent: First line: 0 cm, Line spacing: Multiple 1,15 li Formatted: Line spacing: Multiple 1,15 li Formatted: Indent: First line: 0 cm, Line spacing: Multiple 1,15 li Keywords: Competence, a component of the pedagogical process, management, quality, efficiency. Formatted: Line spacing: Multiple 1,15 li 1. Introduction Formatted: Indent: First line: 0 cm, Line spacing: Multiple 1,15 li Formatted: Line spacing: Multiple 1,15 li One of the important stages of continuing education identified in the National programme on personnel training, is training and coaching that, in turn, is directly connected with reforming the system of retraining and advanced training of pedagogical staff and providing the necessary conditions for the organization of this process at a high level. Comprehensive development and modernization of the educational system has necessitated the necessary skill set of today's teacher. This is high spirituality and pedagogical skills, social activities, independent thinking and innovation, a sense of responsibility towards society, government and family for the results of training and education. 2. Coordination of pedagogical processes and activities Formatted: Indent: First line: 0 cm, Line spacing: Multiple 1,15 li Rapid changes and improvements occurring in the field of education and youth policy of the state require teachers to quickly orientate themselves in their essence, to constantly enhance professional knowledge, to master the skills of working in partnership with students with regard to the principles of subjectivization and activity of students ' personality, to create conditions to increase the motivation and organization of reflexive activity in the educational process. From this it follows that the main tasks of educational institutions for the organization and management of pedagogical processes are: the organization and control of educational process on a scientific basis, making available to students the necessary information related to the assimilation of the program material, all-round personality development of students, preparing them for life in modern society. Organization of pedagogical processes and management is implemented in many areas. Formatted: Line spacing: Multiple 1,15 li �Denote primary: – define instructional, educational and developmental goals based on the topics studied in accordance with educational programmes; planning students ' activities on implementation of the identified goals and objectives; the use of educational technology; – identification of potential students and projections of situations that allow you to implement scheduled tasks, their distribution; – determination of factors affecting the efficiency of the educational process; ensuring an individual approach to students, the use of "active" technologies; – selection and preparation of teaching tools used in the pedagogical process; – ensuring succession and continuity of the pedagogical process; – establishment of cooperation between schools, families, makhallas; – the use of advanced pedagogical experience and modern information technologies in the pedagogical process; – implementation of STATE requirements and monitor compliance; – collection and analysis of information about the learning process by conducting a questionnaire survey among the students; – correction and update tasks aimed at the development and improvement of the activities of the students; – organization self-study in accordance with the requirements of the STATE; – organization of innovation activities, and contributing to the formation and development of interest in self-learning activities; – control and coordination of learning, of work and play activities of students. Therefore, the functional duties of a teacher are extremely versatile: from the organization and management of pedagogical process, and achieving the planned results to the monitoring, analysis and assessment of the level of mastering of educational material, implementation of the requirements of the STATE subject to the coordination of all activities of subjects within the educational process. Coordinating the activities of the subjects of the educational process involves not only the cooperation of teachers and students directly in the process of cognitive activity( in class or outside of it), but also the cooperation of the teaching staff and administration of educational institutions in matters of management of the educational process. Management activity, organized on the principles of cooperation and friendly relations, is essential to determine the educational and developmental goals, the choice of direction of their implementation, the rational allocation of tasks, coordination of activity of participants of the educational process, improvement of pedagogical skills and professional experience of the teaching staff. In the educational process in the framework of cooperation defined by the equal status of teachers and students, the status of subjects of this process, in which achievement of results, is related to the level of professional competence of the teacher. According to many experts, the educational process is carried out on subjective relations, greatly enriches the experience of the teacher. The quality of the management depends on the effectiveness of �pedagogical processes, sustainable competency development of teachers, improving their expertise and skills. In turn, the teacher's personality largely determines the success of students and ways of achieving it. The teacher in the pedagogical process serves as a manager and as a member of the cognitive activity, and the role of the manager, and as a member of the cognitive activity, and this status obliges them to possess professional training and high moral qualities. In our opinion, the quality of competence that should be possessed by the head of the educational institution, is fully applicable also to ordinary teachers. 3. Formatted: Indent: First line: 0 cm, Line spacing: Multiple 1,15 li Formatted: Line spacing: Multiple 1,15 li The competence of the teacher consists of his spiritual worldview, psychological and pedagogical, organizational and technological abilities, and all together creates a capacityfor professionalism. This potential is manifested in the pedagogical process and affects its efficiency. The concept of the competence of the teacher in organizing and managing pedagogical processes includes individual abilities and the professional level of teachers and their desire for self-development and continuous updating of knowledge, and the desire to organize the educational process according to modern requirements. In the organization of the pedagogical process the teacher needs to rely on atechnological systematic approach to management; to master the features and tools of management; to know the content and significance of educational technology and to implement them in practice; it is reasonable to use methods of leadership; to learn the basics of management education, to innovate, to apply information technology and communication tools; to organize the management of the educational process on a scientific basis; to implement state educational standards, to accumulate and use necessary information, etc. From the above it follows that the competence of teachers selects a number of areas and components which play a role in the development of personal and human qualities of the teacher, his professionalism and ability to work, communication and morale. i.e. communication skills and moral character. So, a competent teacher: knows the necessary skills for the effective organization of the educational process, knows the psychology of the age, has a moral potential and high spirituality, has the ability to use modern technologies in the educational process, has a rich professional experience. He owns the secrets of professional skills, world and religious knowledge. This organizer and entrepreneur, a patriot and internationalist, friendly and caring person, and most importantly – he is able to teach another, to come to the rescue at the right moment. About say, "He's a master of his craft". "Skills" (the Arabic word for "maarat" means art, skill, dexterity. Used expressions: the great master, a craftsman, an artisan. Hence the expression and even the term "professional skills" When people say that about a teacher, we primarily mean the ability to organize and manage the pedagogical process, to coordinate the activities of process participants, to enhance their activity. In the current understanding of professional competence nested components such as the organization of the educational process on a scientific basis, the research skills of the teacher, the ability for management, leadership, propensity for self-development and self-education – �in short, the ability to build the educational process in accordance with modern requirements. 4. In conclusion it should be emphasized that the scientific organization of the educational process contributes to its quality and effectiveness, enhancing the students’ objective analysis and assessment from the teacher. To realize its purpose in this process the teacher with the philosophical and spiritual world view, psychological-pedagogical and organizational-technological potential, possessing the technology of data collection, objective evaluation and information processing, able to predict situations and factors that adversely affect the activity of the pupils, and to identify ways of achieving the objectives. Such a teacher can be called a teacher with a high degree of pedagogical competence. References: 1.Моисеев А.М. Качество управления школой: каким оно должно быть.–Москва, 2001. .Азизхўжаева Н.Н. Ўқитувчимутахассислигигатайёрлаштехнологияси. –Тошкент: НизомийномлиТДПУ,2000. 3. Джураев Р.Х, ТурғуновС.Т. Таълиммуассасаларинибошқаришдаменежментнинг асосий тушунчалари. – Тошкент: “Фан”,2006. Formatted: Indent: First line: 0 cm, Line spacing: Multiple 1,15 li Formatted: Line spacing: Multiple 1,15 li Formatted: Indent: First line: 0 cm, Line spacing: Multiple 1,15 li Formatted: Indent: First line: 0 cm, Line spacing: Multiple 1,15 li � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 3281 Title A name given to the resource The Development of the Professional Competencies of Teachers on the Basis of an Innovative Approach Author Author Turgunov, Sabithon Umaralieva, Muhayo Abstract A summary of the resource. In the article the question of organization, management and improvement of the quality and effectiveness of teaching processes in secondary institutions,revealed the role of the teacher in coordinating students ' activities. The authors have proposed a number of recommendations on the development of the professional competence of the teacher. Keywords: Competence, a component of the pedagogical process, management, quality, efficiency. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2016-05-21 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed PE English https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/51ded43fed075ce940721ed2cfe55c22.pdf e270edbdc4823208fcee2c8a3da61df5 PDF Text Text Women in Coleridge’s “Christabel”, “The Rime of the Ancient Mariner” and “The Eolian Harp”: Sexualisation and the Cultural Expectations Muammer Özoltulular Bülent Ecevit University, Turkey Abstract: To face it, it is quite challenging to draw distinctive borders of women issues when it comes to Romantic poets of English literature. These poets were reforming many issues of the contemporary culture of England such as valuing the nature, which was deteriorated by Industrial Revolution of the period, and emphasizing intuition over reason. However, the changes those poets endeavouring to create might not be considered as revolutionary since these poets could not manage to stay away from the traditions of their societies. The aim of this paper is to analyse the place of women in Coleridge's "The Rime of the Ancient Mariner, The Eolian Harp and Christabel": how he sexualised women and what were the cultural expectation from women at the time. Allocating an exaggerated feminine aspect to women nearly climaxes in one of Coleridge’s memorable poems “The Rime of the Ancient Mariner”. Coleridge attends sexualising women in “Christabel” with the help of specific word choice. Additionally, it might be put forward that Coleridge gives significance to virginity, which is identified with the Blessed Virgin Mary in Christianity when Coleridge’s being ‘a staunch Anglican in religion’ is taken into consideration. In most of the patriarchal societies, virginity equates purity, which is utilized by men to suppress women. Moreover, negative attitudes of Coleridge towards his wife, Sara Fricker, must be concentrated on to have an insight into the poet’s views on women. Considering the attitudes of Coleridge towards his wife, the assertions above on sexualisation of women and cultural expectations from them in the eyes of Coleridge might be conceived as accurate. Keywords: Sexualisation, Women, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Cultural Expectations 1. Introduction To face it, it is quite challenging to draw distinctive borders of women issues when it comes to Romantic poets of English literature. These poets were reforming many issues of the contemporary culture of England such as appreciating nature, which was deteriorated by Industrial Revolution of the period, and emphasizing intuition over reason. However, the changes those poets endeavouring to create might not be considered as revolutionary since they could not manage to separate themselves from the traditional norms of their societies. Therefore, the poetry of Romantic period poets is commonly criticised by many scholars nowadays. It may be argued that Samuel Taylor Coleridge, one of the limited reformist poets of the period, prisons female characters in his poems to the norms of the society of his time even �2 though it is known that he is impressed by the writings of Mary Wollstonecraft, who is considered one of the founding feminist philosophers. H. J. Jackson (1993) states that he fears that the inhabitants of the twentieth century most probably will not like Coleridge when they are informed about Coleridge’s views on women in “Coleridge’s Women, or Girls, Girls, Girls are Made to Love” (p. 577).The aim of this paper is to analyse the place of women in “Christabel”, “The Rime of the Ancient Mariner” and “The Eolian Harp”: how he sexualised women and what were the cultural expectations from women during his time. 2. Analysis of Coleridge’s Poems on the Basis of Cultural Expectation from Women during 19th Century and the Sexualisation of Women In the first place, it may be claimed that sexualising women is frequently encountered in Coleridge’s poetry when the fact that the poet’s descriptions of female characters are excessively feminine is taken into account. Allocating an exaggerated feminine aspect to women nearly climaxes in one of Coleridge’s memorable poems “The Rime of the Ancient Mariner”: Her lips were red, her looks were free, Her locks were yellow as gold: Her skin was as white as leprosy, The Night-mare Life-in-Death was she, Who thicks man’s blood with cold.(190-4) In the excerpt, Coleridge identifies the spirit beast haunting the ship as a curse due to unfair killing of the Albatross. His identification of the spirit beast as feminine may be asserted to conform to female image in his time, which is capable of drawing the attention of the reader with feminist concerns. The spirit beast’s red lips and free looks may be regarded sexual representatives of an attractive woman for men considering the norms of beauty in patriarchal societies. In addition, the phrase ‘Life-in-Death was she’ in the excerpt reveals the attitude of the poet towards women, who is attractive, desirable and provocative. According to Coleridge, to approach towards such a women might be sinful and dangerous as her beauty and sexual attractiveness have the power of freezing the blood of men, who looks at him. Coleridge sexualises women not only in his poem mentioned above but also in “Christabel” poem of his. The excerpt below is taken from the first part of the poem “Christabel”, where the reader meets with Christabel and Geraldine, two main characters of the poem: There she seems a damsel bright, Drest in a silken robe of white, That shadowy in the moonlight shone: The neck that made that white robe wan, Her stately neck, and arms were bare; Her blue-veined feet unsandal’d were, And widely glittered here and there The gems entangled in her hair. I guess, ‘twas frightful there to see, �3 A lady so richly clad as sheBeautiful exceedingly! (58-68) Coleridge, in the first line of this verse, applies to the word ‘damsel’ instead of a word usage such as ‘a young woman’, most probably because he considered this usage as required for implying the significance of being virgin. Besides, the colour of the robe chosen for the young woman may convey a specific meaning of virginity as colour white signifies purity and the state of being untouched. It might be put forward that Coleridge gives significance to virginity, which is identified with the Blessed Virgin Mary in Christianity when Coleridge’s being ‘a staunch Anglican in religion’ (Stillinger, Lynch. 2012 p. 437) is taken into consideration. In the second line, Coleridge continues to attribute a different feminine beauty to the ‘damsel’ clothing her in silk. Silk as a fabric has a function of directly reminding the reader of sexuality. In the third and fourth lines, Coleridge focuses on this young woman’s white neck and bare arms. Moreover, the poet with bare feet image creates a so-called requirement for women to stay inside their houses. Bare feet image finds ground with the phrase ‘barefoot and pregnant’, which was put forward in the early twentieth century, meaning that women should not work outside their houses and should have many children during their productive years. In the same poem, the readers proceed to encounter with sensational depiction of women according to the sets of patriarchal system in terms of beauty. A simile is benefited from to sexualise women in the second line of the excerpt taken from “Christabel”: “Red as a rose is she (34)”. The purpose of Coleridge’s preference of red colour for a rose while depicting a woman might be considered concrete as sexualising women in the eyes of men. The subject of virginity is also encountered in “The Elion Harp”. The excessive pride allocated for virginity in the poet’s time is reflected in his poem. In the line “Like some coy maid yielding to her lover (16)”, Coleridge reveals that he regards virginity significant and draws a parallel between purity and virginity with his word usage. His choice of the word ‘maid’ may be claimed to be connected with his view of women, which is humiliating since women are evaluated based on phallocentric value, virginity. Additionally, it might be claimed that he creates an image of submissive women, whereby he claims that virginity is advantageous for a woman. The maid’s defining as ‘coy’ supports the idea that submission is told to be positive characteristics of a woman by the poet. The speaker of the poem “The Elion Harp” expresses his gratitude to God in the stanza below: I praise him, and with Faith inly feels, Who with his saving mercies healéd me, A sinful and most miserable man, Wildered and dark, and gave me to possess, Peace, and this Cot, and thee, heart-honoured Maid.(61-5) As can be seen from the last line of the stanza above, Coleridge regards women as a private property such as a place to live, granted by God to him. Besides, the poet utilizes the word �4 ‘maid’ one more time in the poem, which is capable of helping the readers to comprehend the importance of virginity for the poet. In the second place, Coleridge displays cultural expectations from women such as being mild, obedient, withdrawn, and passive in his poems. When the poetry of Coleridge is examined, the reader may easily come to the conclusion that the poet himself claims that a perfect woman is a submissive one. For instance, the poet likens the desultory breeze to /some coy maid half yielding to her lover/ in his poem “The Eolian Harp”. Another example of requirements of women according to the poet comes in the same poem identifying Mariana with the adjective of ‘meek’ in the line: Meek daughter in the family of Christ. Similar connotations are abundant in Coleridge’s poetry: The lovely lady, Christabel, Whom her father loves so well, What makes her in the wood so late, A furlong from the castle gate? She had dreams all yesternight Of her own betrothed knight; And she in the midnight wood will pray For the weal of her lover that's far away. (23-30) The verse above is taken from “Christabel” and sheds light upon the vision of favourable women from the perspective of the poet. Christabel’s being a lovely lady is paralleled with her father’s love towards her in the first two lines. The reader seems to be asked to value Christabel as lovely only because her father loves her. In short, Christabel is a lovely lady since she corresponds to the requirements that have been allocated by men. A different indication of cultural expectations from women comes in the sixth line of the verse above. The joint usage of the words, which function for the same purpose; ‘her’ and ‘own’ respectively, points to the possession of men over women in the line. Finally, Christabel’s pray for her fiancé might be considered as submissiveness of women as well. 3. Conclusion Negative attitudes of Coleridge towards his wife, Sara Fricker, must be concentrated on to have an insight into the poet’s views on women. He humiliates Sara whenever possible blaming her due to her sex, intellect, and her abilities, which might provide readers with an micro-understanding of Coleridge’s perspective of women in general. Additionally, Coleridge dares to declare that women are inferior to men in some aspects:“Permit me, my dear Sara! Without offence to you, as Heaven knows! It is without any feeling of Pride in myself, to say – that in sex, acquirements, and in the quantity and quality of natural endowments whether of Feeling, or of Intellect, you are the Inferior.”(Coleridge & Taylor. 1994. p. 163). This is a part from a letter that Coleridge writes to his wife, Sara, after they have a serious quarrel. In his letter, as can be seen; Coleridge has his own criteria for a good woman and finds those, who stay under the limit of his criteria, inferior. The poet utilizes the exaggerated power received from patriarchal system to humiliate women on the basis of sex �5 .after all. Considering the attitudes of Coleridge towards his wife, the assertions above on sexualisation of women and the conformity of Coleridge’s views on women to the cultural expectations of his period might be conceived as accurate. As is seen in the analysis of the poems of Coleridge in the body part of this paper, it may be argued that he sexualises women in his poems: “Christabel”, “The Rime of the Ancient Mariner” and “The Eolian Harp”. It might be concluded that Coleridge conforms to the ideals and responsibilities assigned to women in patriarchal societies in his time and sexualises women, which can be understood with a focus on the word usage of him in his poetry. References: Abrams, M. H., & Greenblatt, S. (2012). The Norton Anthology of English Literature. New York: Norton. Coleridge, S. T., & Taylor, A. (1994). Coleridge’s Writings. Basingstoke: Macmillan. Griggs, E. L. (1956). Collected Letters of Samuel Taylor Coleridge.UK: Clarendon Press. Jackson, H. J. (1993). Coleridge’s Women, or Girls, Girls, Girls are Made to Love. Studies of Romanticism 3, 577-600. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 3280 Title A name given to the resource Women in Coleridge’s “Christabel”, “The Rime of the Ancient Mariner” and “The Eolian Harp”: Sexualisation and the Cultural Expectations Author Author Özoltulular, Muammer Abstract A summary of the resource. To face it, it is quite challenging to draw distinctive borders of women issues when it comes to Romantic poets of English literature. These poets were reforming many issues of the contemporary culture of England such as valuing the nature, which was deteriorated by Industrial Revolution of the period, and emphasizing intuition over reason. However, the changes those poets endeavouring to create might not be considered as revolutionary since these poets could not manage to stay away from the traditions of their societies. The aim of this paper is to analyse the place of women in Coleridge's "The Rime of the Ancient Mariner, The Eolian Harp and Christabel": how he sexualised women and what were the cultural expectation from women at the time. Allocating an exaggerated feminine aspect to women nearly climaxes in one of Coleridge’s memorable poems “The Rime of the Ancient Mariner”. Coleridge attends sexualising women in “Christabel” with the help of specific word choice. Additionally, it might be put forward that Coleridge gives significance to virginity, which is identified with the Blessed Virgin Mary in Christianity when Coleridge’s being ‘a staunch Anglican in religion’ is taken into consideration. In most of the patriarchal societies, virginity equates purity, which is utilized by men to suppress women. Moreover, negative attitudes of Coleridge towards his wife, Sara Fricker, must be concentrated on to have an insight into the poet’s views on women. Considering the attitudes of Coleridge towards his wife, the assertions above on sexualisation of women and cultural expectations from them in the eyes of Coleridge might be conceived as accurate. Keywords: Sexualisation, Women, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Cultural Expectations Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2016-05-19 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed PE English https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/7cd0f5f20612954d0e53f3fb65c67508.pdf 91f7be2e1a3238fe3b50e6a9f4baf35e PDF Text Text Interpretation of Navoi’s Image in the Uzbek Poetry during the Years of Independence Gulbakhor Ashurova Tashkent State Pedagogical University Named After Nizami, Uzbekistan Abstract: This article is dedicated to the issue of the interpretation of Navoi’s image in Uzbek poetry during the years of independence. It also sheds light on how this issue is presented in the works of modern Uzbek poets. Keywords: Alisher Navoi, Uzbek poetry during the years of independence, Navoi’s image, Navoi’s personality, creative work, ailment, spirit, spirituality, perfection. 1. Introduction There are quite a lot of works in the Uzbek poetry devoted to Alisher Navoi, a great thinker, a statesman, who had made a considerable contribution to the progress of science, culture, literature and art of his epoch, to his image and his unique character. Through the image of Alisher Navoi, depicted in different styles, one can visualize the spiritual world of this master of words from new horizons. Since the times of Navoi, many hundreds of poets have written emulations, hemistiches and studies devoted to his works. The world of imagination and astonishment, figurativeness and artistic merit of Navoi are so strong that one cannot help become inspired by them. It goes without saying that the unique personality of this thinker and poet is behind all these achievements. Navoi is not an ordinary personality. Apart from being a promoter of the ideas of humaneness, he was an active and courageous man who tried to implement them into real life. This is why he became a hero of poems and tales during his lifetime. Special research has been devoted to the image of Navoi in people’s thoughts and interpretations (Ahmedov N. Mangu barhayot obraz “Eternal image”. SharqYulduzi. 1988, No4; Ahmedov N. Tarixiy shaxs talqini.“About historical personality”. Tashkent, publishing house named after G. Gulom, 1989). Alisher Navoi is an incomparable son, thinker and poet of not only the Uzbek people, but he is a representative of all the Turkic-speaking peoples as well. Studying his personality and creative work closely helps to understand and resolve many such important issues related to life, epoch, time, nation and human destiny. 2. Analysis �After Uzbekistan gained independence, interest in Navoi’s personality and artistic work increased even further. In this article, we are going to focus our attention on poems devoted to Alisher Navoi’s image in Uzbek poetry during the years of independence. The creative approach of the people’s poet of Uzbekistan (state honorary title) and a hero of Uzbekistan Abdulla Oripov to the image of Navoi is unique: according to him, the poet is our national pride, honor and dignity, because “Such a name called Uzbek has become known to the world thanks to Navoi.” We could feel Abdulla Oripov’s special love towards Alisher Navoi. For Abdulla Oripov, Alisher Navoi is the greatest of great people, the master of masters and his “creative work and activities are equal to an entire ocean” (Oripov A. Selected works. Four volumes. – Tashkent: Adabiyot va san’at, 2001. Fourth volume.– p 129). Because Navoi “used his creative work and artistic merit and poems not only for the sake of art, but in order to implement his ideas, goals and wishes” (Oripov A. Selected works. Four volumes. – Tashkent: Adabiyot va san’at, 2001. Fourth volume.– p 130). More than five centuries have passed since the times of Navoi and the poets of the XXI century are still inspired by his poems. They stress that, “as a one thousand-year-old man makes the history speak, he speaks about poet Navoi that he never parted with the works of such poets like Nizami and Fuzuli”. Abdulla Oripov’s poem called “The Navoi Street” is devoted to a street named after Navoi: Streets are also like people sometimes. They have their name, fate and honor. Some of them are called O’rda, others like a sacred place, Some of them carry nation’s honor. This is the history of a street, which still has the footprints of such great people like (writers) Oybek and Mirtemir, (actors) Olim Xo’jayev and Shukur Burxonov … All of them are dear to the motherland. The nation will never forget them. Though Alisher was always in the lead. People like Majdiddin dared to challenge him. One could feel that Navoi’s image, his spirit and views are living in one of the ancient streets of the capital. It is always crowded day and night. In the poem we could see clearly how Navoi is living with the nation and the people of Tashkent, which is expressed by means of comparison, transference and description. For the generation of young poets, going back to Navoi is felicity. A poem called “My poetry” by the people’s poet Sirojiddin Sayyid is full of these feelings: I am on earth but my master is in the skies. �My university is Navoi. I am like a straw in his ocean. I just love its waves. His poem called “Mutolaa” (“Reading”) speaks about a generation who has read Navoi’s works and is inspired by them: Your passes shine by the light. Your skies are so blue. And Navoi enters our hearts. Like an ocean and like skies. In his poem called “ Mir Alisher” he describes Navoi using such comparisons like “the dawn of Turkic people,” “the loud sound of being alive,” “the color of greatness,”“the great ocean,” “endless motherland” and “eternal like motherland.” Whereas his poem called “Navoini o’qish” (“Reading Navoi”) stresses that everyone who is afraid of ignorance “should read Navoi.”“In order not to be second to anyone,” in order to control one’s own desires, to learn to not to be ashamed of and to blessed by the people, one should read Navoi Beruni and Avicenna, Ulugbek and Babur Mirza. Have left so many magnificent buildings, So, young hearts should beat stronger, And should read Navoi! What if Uzbeks stop reading Navoi? People’s poet Erkin Vohidov has described such a tragedy in this way: If Uzbeks stop reading Navoi, There will be no more golden heads. If they love Demyan Bedniy (a Russian poet) instead of Bedil, There will be no black hair, just yellows. If Uzbeks stop reading Navoi, It is the time for crying. �If they make fun and ignore education, It is equal to singing when someone is dying. If an Uzbek knowsUzbek knows himself perfectly, That means he acted thumbs up. He would tell the entire world, That he is the descendant of Navoi. One has to work hard to learn Navoi. Not only the Uzbek people, but the peoples of the entire world and representatives of various nations should also read Navoi! He is a great poet of not only one nation or people. He is an incomparable creator of the universe and humanity. It is not for nothing that his monuments have been erected in such cities asMoscow, Baku and Tokyo. In order to be with Navoi, we should at least try to study and understand him. The poem above, by the people’s poet Erkin Vohidov, proves this truth clearly. We learn humanity from Navoi. As if our hearts become calm, our feelings controlled and our faces shine. People’s poet of Karakalpakistan Guliston Matyoqubova’s poem called “Ziyoga botayotgan daryo” (“The river getting filled with knowledge”) expresses endless gifts, restless thoughts of a lyric hero whose feelings are like a river. Due to a “secret that makes your heart feel sad,” “me” who “has become pale” and “busy with his own thoughts” imagines that he is standing next to Navoi . “… I am alone on the river shore. You are my world, you are in my heart. I am like a star in a heart’s night, You are the dream of this helpless heart.” The lyric hero who is looking for Navoi with the aim of telling him about his “pains floating on the water,” talks to him in his thoughts, “his heart trembles in his voice” like a “seven-day-old moon.” As if the eyes of the lyric hero “smile full of shine”. While entering the world of poetry, he feels as if “his heart is left” with roads through which Navoi passed once. Like Navoi, her feelings flow over the banks of Amu Darya and “pains float” on the water … The lyric hero “through wings made of great hopes sees the view of his own city.” She says with pride that “with the help of a great force and free love, we walked with Navoi.” �In his poem called “Alisher Navoi”, one of the young poets G’ulom Fathiddin expresses his endless respect and admiration for the master of words in the following way: No one can carry Navoi’s weight, He opened a thousand doors to hearts. I am speechless how a cradle, Could embrace such a great heart?!!! He compares the greatness of Navoi’s heart with mountains and stresses that his life, words, image, the way he loves life, his spiritual heritage left for the motherland, are given to him from the Almighty. Thanking the Almighty for giving such a gift to generations, he expresses his final amazement in a high tone: “Tell me how the earth and the sky could embrace such a nation which grew up such a great scholar?” The poet’s poem called “The valley of amazement” begins with the description of the birthday of the great thinker: girls from heaven, angels bring a cradle, stars sing lullabies, no sound of dangerous swords and the night is quiet, the morning of Khorasan is lit with a rainbow and mother Turkestan expressing thanks… Wishing you all good deeds. Angels bring milk from heaven’s river. And a kingly decorated cradle. Calmly rocks with pleasure. The author describes Navoi’s childhood by means of a poem, and we clearly imagine for ourselves the childhood of a genius before who,“there were many wet-nurses, and many authors gave up before your talent”; at seven he learnt by heart the Koran, Hadith and Mantiqut-Tayr, stood on the path of gaining knowledge, gifted by God and who surprised the world. Unwillingly, we can imagine communication between young Alisher and Sharafiddin Ali Yazdi, and relations between teacher Jami and Navoi. This historical truth is described in a poem in the following way: Praised for him in pleasant surprise. Even teacher Sharafiddin Ali Yazdi Lutfi was also amazed many times, Jami looks shocked at this young child. The author, when he was young, wanders around the world. �After he was expelled by Mirza Abu Said, in his dreams he travels across Saikhun, Jaikhun, Taft, Herat, Mashhad, Astrabad, Bukhara and Samarkand, which had seen the sufferings of the poet. And while traveling he tries to understand Navoi’s thoughts about missing the fatherland, kith and kin and friends. And gives him his due. In his poems inspired by the spirit and prayers of teachers, connects himself with Lutfi and Jami, Yassavi and Khoja Ahrar, Farididdun Attar, and by showing respect to them tries to draw the image of the poet, who created in the blossoming valley and cured hearts suffering from love”. A part of the poem called “Ishq vodiysi ichra…” (“Through the valley of love”) in a poetic way describes the great love of Navoi: Every moment and every time, You were supported by great love and by great beauty. About what kind of “great love” is the author talking about? In this case the author is talking about “divine love”, peculiar to Navoi’s creative work, which has a higher meaning than images of “flower and nightingale”, “lover and beloved”. As Navoi began to know himself through the stairs of perfection and describes the lover moving towards the “divine love” through mystic ideas, the author of the poem also colorfully revived the image of the poet whose heart was filled with the ideas of Sufism. Those who followed Navoi, from beggars to kings, “flew to highest levels of perfection.” You have Lutfi’s look in your hearts, You have a belt given to you by Jami. In the first of these two lines, if Sufism in Navoi’s creative work has links with Lutfi’s spiritual world; then the “belt” presented by Jami means firmness of the person in love towards divine love, his will and courage, and proves his decisiveness in achieving his goals. This is why, every line written by Navoi is filled with spirit and gives our hearts divine light. The author describes Navoi’s creative field in the following way: You have entered this space like a lion,/ You created your works driven by inspiration. You read sufferings of deer in their eyes. You create cloth for divine spirits. While describing the quality of the great master of words with the help of such poetic methods like comparison, transferring, metaphor, metonymy, the author stresses proportionality between the figure and image. The attention of the reader is focused on the spiritual world of a great person and a perfect master who had achieved the happiness of both worlds. By the image of “deer” we understand agile, elegant and graceful people. �Like human beings, signs of sufferings could be seen in their eyes, too. For Navoi, this means sufferings of people moving towards “divine love” through the stairs of perfection. 3. Conclusion Coming back to Navoi is an ongoing and inspiring process. Studying its continuity also helps to make exemplary conclusions. This is why, from the times of Navoi till the present times works have been written praising Navoi’s image. The life and creative work of Navoi is truly a school of example for us. For any talent acting, based on the experience of this thinker and poet, improves his knowledge and skills, ensures creative success. Because, of Navoi’s exemplary life, his great personality and attractive inspiration are still of the utmost importancetoday. References: “Abadiyat gulshani” (“The blossoming land of eternity”): Second book; Devoted to the 575th anniversary of Alisher Navoi’s birthday. The manager of the project is O’. Rahmatov, -T.:”Sharq”,2016. – p 192 Karimov I.A. “Yuksakma’navitat – yengilmas kuch” (“High spirituality – invincible power”). T.:”Ma’naviyat”, 2008. – p 176. Sirojiddin Sh. “Alisher Navoi: manbalarning qiyosiy-tipologik, tekstologik tahlili” (“Alisher Navoi: comparative-typological, textual analysis of sources”). T.: “Akadem nashr”, 2011. – p 328. Yusuv Chetindog. Alisher Navoi. T.: “Muharrir”, 2013. – p 156. Haqqulov I. “Navoiga qaytish” (“Back to Navoi”). T.: The Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, “Fan”, 2007. – p 224. Almaz Ulvi. “Alisher Navoi hayoti va ijodi namuna maktabi” (“The life and creative work of Alisher Navoi as a school of example”). Materials of a national conference. T.: 2016, 26 February. Ahmedov N. “Mangu barhayot obraz” (“Eternal image”). SharqYulduzi. 1988, No4. Oripov A. Selected works. Four volumes. – Tashkent: Adabiyot va san’at, 2001. Fourth volume. – p 384. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 3278 Title A name given to the resource Interpretation of Navoi’s Image in the Uzbek Poetry during the Years of Independence Author Author Ashurova, Gulbakhor Abstract A summary of the resource. This article is dedicated to the issue of the interpretation of Navoi’s image in Uzbek poetry during the years of independence. It also sheds light on how this issue is presented in the works of modern Uzbek poets. Keywords: Alisher Navoi, Uzbek poetry during the years of independence, Navoi’s image, Navoi’s personality, creative work, ailment, spirit, spirituality, perfection. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2016-05-17 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed PE English https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/49d5f65879e198af400473679fc38173.pdf b4de420b850e4833a922e8e71e909463 PDF Text Text The Photographic Message: Common people Images in Contemporary Ads Mirza Džanić University of Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina Abstract: The use of common people and objects as persuasive tools is an advertising strategy focuses on the assumption that common man can easily be identified with the masses i.e. target group for an advertiser. The ads feature people who appear to be average and typical ant thus lead the reader to believe that the product is for everyone (Howe and Edelstein 2000: 24). As Goddard (2005: 81-82) points out, ‘symbolic representation can be a powerful source of meaning in texts of all kinds. Symbols are much more about associations of ideas than about any literal or straightforward equation, and much more about group convention than about individual personalized meaning’. Accordingly, the semiotic analysis in this paper contains what Barthes (1977: 33) explained as follows: ‘…if the image contains signs, we can be sure that in advertising these signs are full, formed with a view to the optimum reading: the advertising image is frank or at least emphatic’. Keywords: semiotics, images, ads, common people, denotation, connotation. 1. Introduction As an attention-drawing tool, advertisers exploit people’s desires, fears, wishes, guilts and other motions and needs in general. In doing so, they encourage consumers to think that particular products can satisfy their desires (whatever they may be: for social status, belonging, sexual attractiveness etc.), alleviate their fears and calm their guilt. This strategy produces results despite the fact that people mostly know, on a conscious level, that most of products advertised will not satisfy their needs to such an extent. Companies, which spend a lot on advertising, count on the assumption that people are ‘subconsciously more susceptible then they would like to admit’ (Solomon 2001: 47). Advertisers presume that people have a number of unfulfilled urges and motives in their minds. As Fowles (2001: 62) points out, ‘mental forces such as lust, ambition, tenderness, vulnerabilities are constantly bubbling up, seeking resolution. Kress and Leuween (2006: 175) emphasize that ‘images represent the relations between the people, places and things they depict, and the complex set of relations that can exist between images and their viewers’. Each image contains a number of representational relations. In a consumer society common objects are transformed into signs of all the things that people covet most. In other words, special brands convey special status that one is striving for. From a semiotic point of view, these special brands send a signal which is a sign of some sort of power. A typical example of that power i.e. social distinction is ‘owning a country estate and enjoying the peace and privacy that attend it’ (Solomon 2001: 50). Accordingly, ads for cars such as Mercedes-Benz or Jaguar usually feature drivers �‘motoring quietly along a country road, presumably on their way to or from their country houses’ (Solomon 2001: 50). Any ad is placed within a circuit of a certain culture, as Matheson (2005: 44) puts it, and people are identifying meaning within it. In other words, ‘communication works because it draws on shared cultural resources in familiar social situations - something which becomes apparent when people who speak the same language but live in different cultures manage to misunderstand each other’ (Gumperz; cited in Matheson 2005: 35). 2. Plain Folks Advertising What is most noticeable in these examples is the phenomenon called plain folks advertising. (Howe and Edelstein 2000: 24) The use of common people as a persuasive tool is an advertising strategy, which, unlike the one exploiting the images of celebrities, focuses on the assumption that common man can easily be identified with the masses (i.e. target group for an advertiser, in this context). The ads feature people who appear to be average and typical ant thus lead the reader to believe that the product is for everyone (Howe and Edelstein 2000: 24). Furthermore, the appeal to the need for autonomy is characterized by the use of the second person pronoun - you. It is the individuality of the reader i.e. a potential customer that is in focus here: possibilities are made for you - you need to think of them and you must decide which one suits you best. Generally, what the examples below say is that ‘You can have it the way you want it’ as Fowles (2001: 71) puts it. As for the common objects exploited in the ads, the reader is challenged to decode the message, taking connoted meaning into consideration in order to comprehend what message the advertiser is conveying by, for example, employing illumination of the green light in the ad. Such examples illustrate the importance of connoted message in the process of decoding a message. As Goddard (2005: 81-82) points out, ‘symbolic representation can be a powerful source of meaning in texts of all kinds. Symbols are much more about associations of ideas than about any literal or straightforward equation, and much more about group convention than about individual personalized meaning’. 3. Analysis The messages these ads convey deal with common human problems as well, whether they are considered as the most fundamental such as the issues of health, employment, life insurance, or more consumerist issues (which, on the other hand, for some people are fundamental ones) such as how to afford to buy a new car etc. In other words, everything that makes one’s life miserable if not properly (and in time) taken care of. Accordingly, the faces and gestures of common people in question suggest the problem (directly stated or implied, enhanced by the textual part of the message), while the advertised product or service promise to solve the problem in question, just as it happens to common people shown in the picture. 3.1. Example 1 �Figure 1 The key persuasive element in the textual part of this ad is the notion of the American dream, which can be justified as follows. The American way of life or the way of doing business upholds the individual and their right to make their own decisions autonomously. Therefore, they are more or less ‘going it alone in their lives’ (Fowles 2001: 66), trying to achieve the American dream of rising above the crowd, ‘of attaining a social summit beyond the reach of ordinary citizens’ (Solomon 2001: 47). In addition, the need for advertisers to use affiliation as an appeal presents something contrary to that deeply-funded stereotype, which probably occurs because people privately lack something. As a result, such a situation makes a fertile ground for advertisers to send the messages like this one. The promotion of solitary way of the American life, which stands for a virtue in terms of achieving the American dream on one’s own, often shows its contradictory nature. Namely, such a way of life has led to developing an estranged society with many categories of citizens (e.g. senior citizens, the sick, the poor etc.) ending up alone and helpless. The focus of this appeal is on what people lack, miss or look forward to. This is why the companies advertised usually do not mention their performances or qualities as being the best, fastest or whatever by which they outperform the competition. Instead of that, the reader is offered the phrases like: there before you need us, caring more about you, most friendly airline, a smile in the sky, friendliness, the smiling faces of our friendly staff, smiles that are unmistakable. Affiliation as a need used as the main persuasive and manipulative tool in the language of advertising stands for the human need to be looked after, as far as advertisers are concerned and as far as they assume what the reader’s need is. What we have in this message in particular is a story of three firefighters who work hard for us so they need to be appropriately awarded via proper retirement plans and life insurance once they are retired. Pragmatically analyzed, from this notion, an implicature can be drawn that the consulting company advertised needs to be hired in order to get such quality service and care, otherwise there is no American dream fulfilled. As for the pictorial part of the ad, i.e. the semiotic part of the analysis, the three firefighters in the picture symbolize gender and race equality (featuring a white man, a black man and a woman), by which the advertiser sends the message that anyone is capable of achieving the American dream, regardless of their sex or race. Connotative meaning of �heroism is also involved here as a persuasive tool, as firefighters are generally perceived in the public as heroes. Thus everyone admires them and is ready to support them because, among other things, they are crawling on their hands and knees through flames and heat approaching 200 degrees. From the above, it can be noted that the advertiser here exploits an empathy-based persuasive technique, placing the emphasis on the image rather than on the textual part of the message. According to Barthes (qtd. in Beasley and Danesi 2002: 45), ‘the notion of connotation is of great importance for the study of advertisements because it constitutes a fund of knowledge of a particular culture into which a sign taps’. Therefore, as we have to take any ad within the appropriate social, historical and cultural setting, the picture of firefighters is ultimately iconic, especially in the USA after the September 11 attacks, even though the cult of firemen as heroes dates back to the 19th century. The images of firefighters in all possible situations have become commonplace in mass media and frequently exploited by advertisers. What is additionally employed here is the necessity for those heroes to be taken care of when they retire. Naturally, it applies to all other profession. The firefighters in the picture are only a sign that even superheroes need what, as the advertiser puts it, individuals and groups, companies and partnerships need: …the same quality service and care. Again, equality is implicated here again this time through the means of a presupposition. The advertiser’s message is that everyone, being offered the same freedom of choice, can achieve the American dream. Finally, this image contains is what Barthes (1977: 33) explained as follows: ‘…if the image contains signs, we can be sure that in advertising these signs are full, formed with a view to the optimum reading: the advertising image is frank or at least emphatic’. 3.2. Example 2 Figure 2 What characterizes this ad is the look of the people in it, they appear happy and content, which has a calming effect on a potential customer and serves as a persuasive tool. In this light, this advertising message is similar to the message conveyed in the previous example in �the sense of using the stereotypical image of a happy family as a persuasive tool. Accordingly, the similar iconicity is exploited here. Therefore, in this example we have an image and the accompanying text that underline the above mentioned notion as, apart from the fact that you have insurance on your house and car, what really matters is we can help cover the things that mean most. Pragmatically seen, it is presupposed that most people insure their houses and cars. However, it is their own lives and the lives of their dearest ones that seem to be neglected in this context. By the phrase We can help cover the things that mean most it is implicated that our lives are above everything else (…the economy that means most: yours!). Accordingly, the linguistic message is complemented by the image of a typical family, looking happy and satisfied. This image is a sign that works as a signifier for the concept of what means most. By employing such an image, the advertiser makes sure that the phrase what means most is not misinterpreted or misunderstood, as it could have been, provided that there is no pictorial element involved. 4. Conclusion According to Jhally (2003: 251), advertising does not work by ‘creating values and attitudes out of nothing but by drawing upon and rechanneling concerns that the target audience (and the culture) already shares’. In addition, affiliation as a need used as the main persuasive and manipulative tool in the language of advertising stands for the human need to be looked after, as far as advertisers are concerned and as far as they assume what the reader’s needs are. Here it is the need to feel secure and safe, and the desired feeling can only be satisfied if the advertised service is used. Among the things that make people happy, and this is what advertisers use a lot when appealing to human emotions, are a happy family life, loving relations, control of your own life, friendship etc. In a word, what matters, as the core of perceived happiness, is something that is rather social life than material possessions. Therefore, according to most quality of life surveys that ask people what they are seeking in life, commodities are ‘only weakly related to these sources of satisfaction’ (Jhally 2003: 251). However, what advertisers do in such cases is connecting goods, which are not the locus of perceived happiness, with the things that are perceived to bring us satisfaction. References: Barthes, R. (1977). Image Music Text. London: Fontana Press. Fowles, J. (2001). Advertising’s Fifteen Basic Appeals. In Petracca, M. and M. Sorapure (eds.), Common Culture. 3rd Edition. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Goddard, A. (2005). The Language of Advertising. London: Routledge. Howe, K. and J.Edelstain (2000).Understanding Advertising: History, Persuasion, Techniques, Mass Media, Target Audiences, Ad Creation.San Luis Obispo, CA: Dandy Lion Publications. �Jhally, S. (2003). Image-Based Culture: Advertising and Popular Culture. In Gender, Race, and Class in Media. London: Sage Publications. Kress, G. and T. van Leeuwen (2006). Reading Images: The Grammar of Visual Design. London: Routledge. Matheson, D. (2005). Media Discourses. New York: Open University Press. Petracca, M. and M. Sorapure (eds.) (2001). Common Culture. 3rd Edition. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Solomon, J. (2001). Masters of Desire. In Petracca, M. and M. Sorapure (eds.), Common Culture. 3rd Edition. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 3279 Title A name given to the resource The Photographic Message: Common people Images in Contemporary Ads Author Author Džanić, Mirza Abstract A summary of the resource. The use of common people and objects as persuasive tools is an advertising strategy focuses on the assumption that common man can easily be identified with the masses i.e. target group for an advertiser. The ads feature people who appear to be average and typical ant thus lead the reader to believe that the product is for everyone (Howe and Edelstein 2000: 24). As Goddard (2005: 81-82) points out, ‘symbolic representation can be a powerful source of meaning in texts of all kinds. Symbols are much more about associations of ideas than about any literal or straightforward equation, and much more about group convention than about individual personalized meaning’. Accordingly, the semiotic analysis in this paper contains what Barthes (1977: 33) explained as follows: ‘…if the image contains signs, we can be sure that in advertising these signs are full, formed with a view to the optimum reading: the advertising image is frank or at least emphatic’. Keywords: semiotics, images, ads, common people, denotation, connotation. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2016-05-17 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed PE English https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/a045c84cdb9a64dd1ffb8cf43e0181ba.docx c266db00d282eaf50016c20df25c5939 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 3277 Title A name given to the resource The Role of Construct State in Multi-Word Lexical Units Formation in Arabic Author Author Dizdar, Elma Abstract A summary of the resource. As times change and new concepts become part of our reality, Arabic, just like any other language, is facing the challenge of building new lexical units into its vocabulary. However, its word formation system, relying heavily on derivation based on root and pattern system, characteristic of Semitic languages, defies the use of affixation, conversion and compounding as major word formation methods in English and other Indo-European languages. Although there are some examples of affixation and compounding in Modern Standard Arabic, their use remains largely limited, with blurred boundaries in linguistic description between the two and the Arabic equivalent of blending, i.e. naḥt. Therefore concepts expressed by compounds in other languages are usually rendered by the construct state or annexation construction in Arabic. Still, such structures manifest a high degree of variation in terms of their lexicalization and semantic compositionality, thus ranging from free word combinations to multi-word lexical units. The paper focuses on description of lexicalized non-compositional instances of Arabic construct state, including examples from Modern Standard Arabic, as well as a phenomenon dating from Classical Arabic. In addition to analysis of syntactic and semantic structure of Arabic construct state multi-word lexical units, based on which they are divided into several classes, discussion centers on different stylistic mechanisms operative in formation of their meaning. Keywords: Arabic, lexical, units, formation, construct, state. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2016-05-15 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed PE English