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2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo
The Effects and Role of Regional Development Agencies
in Economic Crises
Yusuf AKAN
Prof. Dr., Gaziantep Üniversitesi
Ġ.Ġ.B.F. Ġktisat Bölümü
yusufakan@hotmail.com
Ġbrahim ARSLAN
Doç. Dr., Gaziantep Üniversitesi
Ġ.Ġ.B.F. Ġktisat Bölümü
arslan@gantep.edu.tr
Eda GURSEL
AraĢ. Gör., Gaziantep Üniversitesi
Ġ.Ġ.B.F. Ġktisat Bölümü
Abstract: Regional development agencies,when looked at their historical.development
started to be constructed after the World Economic Crisis of 1929. Especially due to the
economic and social effects of the Second World War and interregional imbalances
,regional development agencies around the world became prominent. Countries have
began to understand that to get rid of the effects of the Economic crisis or to minimize
them , emphasizing the potentialities of the region themselves are so important that they
could compete with the world. Regional development agencies play the most important
role in the development of the region, considering the properties of each region.
Globalization has to adapt itself to the recent circumstances in order for all the unıts in
economy to be competitive. At the same time,we must benefit from the potentials of all
the regions to improve the economic conditions of the countries. Efficient use of
resources must be provided by preparing crisis programmes suitable to the region and
presenting them to the government to take which has been an effective precautions in
the crisis times. Regional imbalance problem has been an agenda in Turkey for years and
planned development started in the 1960s,thereby supporting the regional development
with the help of 5- year development programmes. In order for Turkey to increase the
competition power of the regions and to accelerate development , ıt has to give primary
importance to regional development and the agencies which play an important role in
it.In this study, the primary focus is to investigate the role and effects of development
agencies especially in the face of economic crises.
Key words: economic crisis, regional development agencies, Turkısh economy.
Introduction
It was understood that regional differences, seen almost in all countries of the world, is a problem to be
solved and there has been attached importance to development plans for regions. This situation was realized
immediately by developed countries and there has been tried to solve this problem by regional development
agencies. Development of regions and also country is provided by highlighting potential of the region by
development agencies and executing all situations, which are not followed by government, in coordination. At
globalization period, all units in all over the world are forced for competition and they have to integrate to these
conditions. Because of capital accumulation is not enough in Turkey, there is political uncertainty and it is a
country, to be face with crisis, it has been very difficult to apply stable policies for regional development. To
develop in high competition environment is enable by making long-term programs for taking place in
international area and taking provision for all kind of negative situations. There should be produce policies,
peculiar to the region for increasing prosperity level and decreasing economic and social instabilities between the
regions. In this study, regional development agencies, used as the most effective tool in performing policies and
policies, applied for decreasing crises will be discussed.
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�2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo
Definition of regional development agencies
The concept of ―region‖ is defined as community of countries, have same benefits under international
laws and in geographical, political and economic relationship. Producing and using of information , qualified
manpower, instable distribution in social, physical and economic infrastructure attach importance to necessity of
regional development. (Aktakas, 2006:1-7)
Generally, regional development agencies are agencies which accelerating economy, determining
regional problems, establishing strategies for solving these problems and supporting projects, developing these
strategies by gaining foreign capital to the country and giving consultancy services to domestic and foreign
investors with professional personnel.(Oskay, Kubar, 2007:204). Regional development agencies are institutions
which executing regional planning activities, providing technical and financial support to entrepreneurs by
determining advantaged and disadvantaged sectors of the region and taking full support of political and social
institution by gathering them together. (Tas, 2008:7). We will have been benefited from our own resources
rather than foreign resources by taking required precautions to use regional resources efficiently by the help of
regional development agencies and we can become nonreactive against to effects of outside at the time of crisis
and therefore we can be saved from crisis with the cheapest way.
The most comprehensive scope fields of regional development agencies are to collect information for
region by inspecting physical and humanly infrastructure of the region, and to develop development strategies,
which will improve the regional competitive power. (Tutar, Demiral, 2007:76).
Aims of regional development agencies
The most important aim of regional development agencies is to determine the specific characteristics
and problems of region and to develop economy of the region by improving policies, special to it and to provide
participation of local society to this development and to be benefited either the region and the country. To
provide technical support for planning studies of local administrations, to support regional plan and program
applications, to provide coordination gathering public organizations, civil organizations and private
organizations, to discover business and investment opportunities and to make the region an attraction centre are
the other aims of the region.(Oskay, Kubar, 2007:206). One of its duties is to prepare projects with universities
and education institutions for regional development(Arslan,2005:287). Improving of quality manpower, giving
educational services and forming a competition based business environment are also main aims of it.
Regional instability problem in turkey and development agencies
Regional development agencies were firstly established in 1930 at United States of America as
Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA). When developing countries are compared with developed countries, it was
seen that regional planning and regional development agencies there has not provided a sufficient development.
(Arslan,2005:275). As a result of destructive effects of Second World War, regional instability has increased in
European Countries. This situation has made necessity to form development plans in the world. There was
passed to planned development, related with DPT in Turkey on 1960. It was applied to priority regions for
development to remove regional development differences.
Also inequal spread of natural resources in Turkey could not provide stable spread of region at growth
and development period. (Aktakas, 2006:12). Trade centers generally major on west of Turkey. Because of
limited capital, high birth rate and unskilled manpower, there is an intensity from the eastern to the western of
Turkey. (Tas,2008:7). There is undercapitalization, high unemployment rate and undeveloped industrial structure
at less-developed countries. However, a faster development is provided for undeveloped regions rather than
other developed regions, the regional manpower rate will increase and the orientation to other developed regions
will decrease. (Benek:57).
Effect of crisis to economic development
It is to break stability of country with crisis and to cause a political and social problem and to create an
insecurity in society(Turk-Is, 2008: 5). As a result of global crisis effects on country and also structural problems
in economy, the problems of country get deeper. (Turk-Is, 2008:1). Generally, economic development means
completion of social, cultural, political development period of a country with economic growth. At the time of
crisis, not only economic but also social, cultural and political deterioration is occurred. Crisis, generally, causes
decreasing in economy and production quantity and increasing in inflation and unemployment rate and
instability in income distribution. (Altuntepe,131).
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�2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo
Macroeconomic Variables
Growth Rate
Unemployment Rate %
2009
-4.7
14.0
Cpı (2003 Index)
Export (Million Dollars)
6.8
102.129
Import (Million Dollars)
Gdp (Million Dollars)
140.926
617.611
Table 1: In 2009, macroeconomic variables in Turkey
Source: www. tuik.gov.tr
After crisis in 2001, the important developments have been made in financial reform, R&D,
information, communication, infrastructure fields to increase competitive power in Turkey. Turkey is effected
in respect of financial sector as well as real sector at the time of crisis. There is faced with problems such as
considering foreign investment as insecurity, increasing of short-term capital transactions and also high foreign
debt. (Kaya, Unal; 2009:1). At the time of crisis, the important thing is whether countries are prepared to these
situations. If countries whether this crisis with minimum effects, they will be able to protect their situations or
they will be able to increase their competition orders.
Role and effects of regional development agencies at economic crisis
The main subjects, should be interested by government are to remove regional instabilities in a country,
to solve their macro variables such as employment, growing and unemployment. It is clear that the developing
countries is effected from this situation rather than the others at crisis terms (Altuntepe:129). There should be
provided a specified coordination for applying these strategies from base to ceiling. The long-term and shortterm effects of crisis on countries are determined by precautions, taken against to crisis by countries before crisis
(Aktan,Sen, 2002:2). If Turkey becomes well-prepared for these situations, it will be integrated to the world
positively at the time of crisis. Turkey has been entered to structuring period with crisis in 1970 and a period in
which regional development takes first place and there is effective role of regional development agencies.
Regional development agencies can develop strategies, confirmed with the facts of country and it may make
national economy strong, without needed to foreign resources by an effective planning which will be guiding for
private sector and will be binding for public sectors. Development agencies should make studies for protecting
and widening the employment by gathering private sectors and government together(Turk-Is, 2008:2).
It is to take required actions against problems which will be able to occurred by the planning through
regional development agencies. There is an important duty of regional development agencies about developing
of industry by discovering internal potential of the region, drawing investments to the region and inciting SMEs
and increasing them to competitiveness level. (Arslan,2005:286). After crisis in Turkey in 2000‘s, regional
policy applications were realized and the period of conformity to EU has been accelerated. Regions should be
pen for innovations and opportunities. Therefore they can provide their development by using information and
technologies(Cetin, 131).
Especially there should be taken precautions for financial problems of SMEs, which is faced with crisis terms.
Also, credit resources should be retained fresh to help them for weathering their financial problems. Supports for
R&D studies should be continue at those uncertainty terms. Supportive policies should be continued for
providing conformity of manpower with the situations.
Conclusion
Developed countries discovered the importance of increasing of life standards, raising welfare level,
increasing employment rate and to be a competitive country years ago and saw that regional development
agencies should be used effectively.
It was understood that regional instabilities could not be removed with central plannings and it is needed
to the plans and strategies which will be able to use regional resources effectively. Regional development
agencies cover with the most important work for realizing these plans and strategies. The importance of regional
development agencies has not been discovered for years and it has entered to our life as a liability for EU
adaptation process.
It will help for regional development by using limited resources of the country effectively with regional
development policies and so that it will be provided national development. Regional development agencies can
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�2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo
carry the country to an international platform by help of high technology and knowledge confirm with the
region. There is shown a changing in the direction of well-attended and cooperation with not programs, which
will come from centre but by using own information of regional development agencies.
If there is not enabled to be given an effective charge to regional development agencies, there will be
continued to contend with macro economic problem is, the main problem of the country, for years and it will
become a dream fort he country to take place at international competitive area. There con be weathered the crisis
periods with minimum damage by using long-term programs made by regional development agencies and by its
economic and social advantages.
Against to technologic developments in the world, all units at the world are forced for competition. We effect
from economic developments in the world and we have to account for move according to these effects. Its aim is
to discover region potential with cooperation of civil, special and public institutions via regional development
agencies, to make it competitive situation by using information and technology and to make us well-advised at
the time of crisis.
References
AktakaĢ,B.G.(2006). Bölgesel Yerel Kalkınma, Bölgesel geliĢme için bir model,Çukurova üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler
Enstitüsü Yüksek Lisans Tezi Ankara .
Aktan, C. C.,& ġen,H.(2002). Ekonomik Kriz : Nedenler ve Çözüm Önerileri,Yeni Türkiye Dergisi
Arslan,K.(2005). Bölgesel Kalkınma Farklılıklarının Giderilmesinde Etkin Bir Araç: Bölgesel Planlama Ve Bölgesel
Kalkınma Ajansları, Ġstanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi Yıl:4 Sayı:7 s.275-294.
Altuntepe,N.(---). 2008 Küresel Krizinin Ülkelerin Ġstihdam Yapısı Üzerine Etkilerinin Dinamik Bir Analizi Süleyman
Demirel Üniversitesi, ĠĠbf, iktisat Bölümü.
Benek,.S. Ortaya ÇıkıĢı, GeliĢme Seyri Ve Bölgeye Etkileri Bakımından Güneydoğu Anadolu Projesi (GAP), Ankara
Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi 64-3,
http://dergiler.ankara.edu.tr/dergiler/42/998/12142.pdf
Çetin, M. Yerel Kalkınma Ajansları, Bozok Üniversitesi, Yozgat Ġktisadi ve Ġdari Bilimler Fakültesi, Ġktisat Bölümü,
http://eab.ege.edu.tr/pdf/6_2/C6-S2-M12.pdf
KarataĢ,A.(2009).Kalkınma Ajansları ve Kümelenme ĠliĢkisi, Çerçeve Haziran.
Oskay,C.S.& Kubar,Y. (2007).Avrupa Birliği‘ne Uyum Sürecinde Türkiye‘de Bölgesel Kalkınmanın Finansmanında
Kalkınma Ajansları,Selçuk Üniversitesi Karaman Ġ:Ġ:B:F Dergisi Yerel Ekonomiler Özel Sayısı.
Özer,Y.E. Küresel Rekabet - Bölgesel Kalkınma Ajansları ve Türkiye, Review of Social, Economic & Business Studies,
Vol.9/10, 389-408.
TaĢ;C.(2008). Kalkınmaya giden yol kalkınma ajanslarından mı geçer?, Gündem,Eylül
Tutar, F.,&Demiral,M.(2007). Yerel Ekonomilerin Yerel Aktörleri: Bölgesel Kalkınma Ajansları,EskiĢehir Osmangazi
Üniversitesi ĠĠBF Dergisi Nisan, 2(1), 65-83.
Türk ,ĠĢ(2008), Türkiye ĠĢçi Sendikaları Konferasyonu, Ekonomik Krize KarĢı Önlemler Raporu , kasım,Ankara.
Yazkan,E. (2008).Bölgesel geliĢme politikalarının baĢarısında kalkınma ajanslarının rolü, . Yüksek Lisan Tezi,Kocaeli
Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Siyaset Bilimi Ve Kamu Yönetimi, Kocaeli.
http://www.planlama.org/new/imp/bolgesel-kalkinma-ajanslari.html
http://www.dpt.gov.tr/bgyu/kalkinmaajans/ajans.html
http://www.ttb.org.tr/mevzuat/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=698&Itemid=41, Orta Vadeli Program (20102012)
333
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The Effects and Role of Regional Development Agencies in Economic Crises
Author
Author
AKAN, Yusuf
ARSLAN, İbrahim
GURSEL, Eda
Abstract
A summary of the resource.
Regional development agencies,when looked at their historical.development started to be constructed after the World Economic Crisis of 1929. Especially due to the economic and social effects of the Second World War and interregional imbalances ,regional development agencies around the world became prominent. Countries have began to understand that to get rid of the effects of the Economic crisis or to minimize them , emphasizing the potentialities of the region themselves are so important that they could compete with the world. Regional development agencies play the most important role in the development of the region, considering the properties of each region. Globalization has to adapt itself to the recent circumstances in order for all the unıts in economy to be competitive. At the same time,we must benefit from the potentials of all the regions to improve the economic conditions of the countries. Efficient use of resources must be provided by preparing crisis programmes suitable to the region and presenting them to the government to take which has been an effective precautions in the crisis times. Regional imbalance problem has been an agenda in Turkey for years and planned development started in the 1960s,thereby supporting the regional development with the help of 5- year development programmes. In order for Turkey to increase the competition power of the regions and to accelerate development , ıt has to give primary importance to regional development and the agencies which play an important role in it.In this study, the primary focus is to investigate the role and effects of development agencies especially in the face of economic crises.
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
2010-06
Keywords
Keywords.
Conference or Workshop Item
PeerReviewed
HB Economic Theory
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Text
2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo
The Determination of University Selection Based Upon Analytic Hierarchy
Process
Orhan ADIGÜZEL
Assistant Prof., University of Suleyman Demirel
Isparta, TURKEY
orhanadiguzel@gmail.com
Ali Cüneyt ÇETĠN
Assistant Prof., University of Suleyman Demirel
Isparta, TURKEY
ccetin@iibf.sdu.edu.tr
Abstract: The most important factor in career planning of a person is to direct him depending
upon his features. The best way of choosing career is to compare the wishes of a person with the
requirements of that career so that he can decide the best one. Particularly, those who think to have
a university education for their careers come across difficulties while deciding on their career path
on account of the fact that the global world can offer various opportunities for education in a great
many places. The student must choose by taking into account some criteria. As an example,
several factors play a crucial role in this process such as the academic success of the university, the
working opportunities provided, the distance of the university to the hometown of the student, the
economic status of that city, the facilities of accommodation. Considering all these factors, the
student should give an optimal decision. In this context, the common decision including both the
personal different opinions and convincing for all is strongly needed. AHP (Analytic Hierarchy
Process) has gained a very big momentum at these kind of situations.
Introduction
The key to help to a student in the process of career planning is to give him an encouragement that will have
an impact in the future for the career planning activities (Laker & Laker, 2007, p.138). The fact to be known about
career is that the person is responsible for the career development himself (Walker & Levesque, 2006, p.28). The
reason is that in terms of career development and management in the literature, much has been emphasized personally
gained and experienced career instead of organization based career development .( Kidd & Green, 2006, p.229). The
person in the personal planning stage while choosing his career, he has been affected by a number of factors. The best
career choice is, to reach the best by comparing what he wants and what he needs. The matter is to decide upon the
best among the alternatives and upon the methods by which the decisions will be taken.
The selection of the department in high schools until the university exam, even the selection of the type of
the high schools and the private courses for the preparation of the university exam is determined by the selections
following the decisions. The selection of the university after high school is particularly significant for the students
who are at the beginning of their careers. In this term, the students are a little bit confused due to the efforts to choose
the best among a number of alternatives. In this case, the most important moment for decision is to choose the best
alternative of the university.
The student is supposed to choose by taking into account some criteria such as the academic achievement
of the university, the chance of the graduates in having jobs, the distance of the university to the homeland, the
economic status and the opportunities for accommodation of the city. Considering all these factors, the student
should give an optimal decision. By means of this, throughout undergraduate study, some of the regrets should be
prevented and motivation and concentration should be used for the productivity and the efficiency of the education.
In this case, a common decision is needed by means of which both the differences of personal opinions can be
assessed and everyone can be persuaded at the same time.
From this perspective, AHP is a mathematical method which lays emphasis on the features of a person as
well as group, and which assesses both the qualitative and quantitative variables together (Dağdeviren et al., 2004,
p.132). At the same time, it provides opportunity for deciding effectively in the solution of decisional problems
(Dündar & Ecer, 2008, p.198). AHP enables to modeling in a hierarchical way showing the relationship between
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�2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo
decision makers with complex problems, the ultimate goal of the problem, criteria, sub criteria, and the alternatives
(Kuruüzüm & Atsan, 2001, p.84). Recently, this problem has captured attention a lot, and it is used in the solution of
decision making problems in real life. Particularly, in the efficiency analysis, in the productivity analysis, and in the
problems of performance asessment, the AHP is seen to be widely used.
The Determination of University Selection
There are many application processes all around the world in the higher education system. Recruitment
structures and college admissions vary widely from country to country. For example, mostly, all British higher
education institutions are members of the UCAS, therefore, nearly all those wishing to study for their first degrees in
the UK have to apply through the UCAS. In the USA, students apply to one or more colleges or universities by
submitting an application which each college evaluates according to its own criteria. For the graduate education,
virtually all graduate programs require applicants to submit scores on standardized tests. In Turkey the Student
Selection and Placement Center (ÖSYM) prepares the centralized University Entrance Examination (Yamamato,
2006, p.59).
In addition to the differences of the applications depending upon the countries, there are also some
differences in the selection of the university of a student. In occurrence of these differences, the impacts of the
opportunities are effective. While some of the universities bring forth the the quality of their education, the others
mention about the technological facilities. At the same time, some of the universities are boastful about the employed
students, but the others are important for their social opportunities in the campus. The students on the verge of
choosing the university will be affected from all these differences and will need to search the reality of these
opportunities and they will focus on the criteria and the factors determined well in advance. These factors and the
criteria become more clear after collecting informations from many sources about the universities (Veloutsou et al.,
2005, p.281). The location of the the university, local social life and campus, the future career prospects and
opportunities, financial considerations, the quality of education, the institutions‘ infrastructure, job prospects,
personal motives have impacts on selection (Keskinen et al., 2008, p.639-640; Soutar & Tourner, 2002, p.40-41;
Veloutsou et al., 2005, p.161-162)
The Analytic Hierarchy Process
The Analytic Hierarchy Process is decision-making process that breaks complex problems down into levels
of decision criteria that can be managed more readily. The AHP synthesizes information and evaluates decision
criteria in a way that enables the use of both real data and qualitative evaluations of factors in one model (Liu et al.,
2008,p. 437). As Saaty mentions that it also organizes the basic rationality by breaking down a problem into its
smaller constituent parts and then guides decision makers through a serious of pairwise comparison judgments to
express relative strength or intensity of impact of the elements (Varma et al., 2008, p.346).
The AHP method can support managers in a broad range of decisions and complex problems including
supplier-selection decisions, facility-location decisions, forecasting, risks and oppurtunities modeling, choice of
technology, plan and product design, and so on. Further more the AHP approach also shows some interesting
advantages (Costa & Evangelista, 2008, p.71):
Effectiveness also in presence of descriptive and evaluative lacks;
Effectiveness when there is a co-presence of qualitive and quantitive;
It overcomes the diffuculty of the evaluation of decisional factors;
Control of the answers consistency and the final results coherence;
Possibility to focus on every aspect of the problem always going down to a greater level of detail
and stratifying the analysis; and
Dynamism and adaptability of the method
The calculation procedure of AHP is presented below (Hsu and Chen, 2008, p. 46):
Establishment of pair-wise comparision matrix A. Let C1,C2,C3,…..,Cn be the set of criteria, while aij represents a
quantified judgement on a pair of criteria Ci, Cj. The relative importance of two criteria is rated using a scale with
the digits 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9, where 1 denotes ―equally important‖, 3 for ―slightly more important‖, 5 for ―strongly more
important‖, 7 for ―demonstrably more important‖ and 9 for ―absolutely more important‖. The digits 2, 4, 6 and 8
areare used to facilitate a compromise between slightly differing judgments. A n-by-n matrix A is derived as fallows
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�2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo
a11 a12 ... aj
a
21 a 22 ... aj
.
.
A
.
.
.
.
ai1 ai 2 ... aij
(1)
Where aij = 1 and aji = 1/ aij, i,j = 1, 2, …..,n.
In matrix A, the problem involves assigning a set of numerical weights W1, W2, W3, ……Wn to the n
criteria C1, C2, C3, …….Cn that ―reflects the recorder judgments‖. If A is a consistency matrix, the relations
between weights Wi and judgments aij are simply given by Wi / Wj = aij (for i,j = 1, 2, 3, ……n)
Eigenvalue and eigen vector. Saaty suggested that the largest eigenvalue λmax
If A is a consistency matrix then eigen vector X can be calculated by the equation (2):
(A – λmaxI) X = 0
(2)
Consistency test. Saaaty proposed utilizing consistency index (CI) and consistency ratio (CR) to verify the
consistency of the comparison matrix. Additionally, CI and CR are defined as fallows:
CI = (λmax – n) / (n – 1)
(3)
CR = CI / RI
(4)
Where RI denotes the average consistency index over numerous random entries of same order reciprocal
matrices. If CR ≤ 0,1 the estimate is accepted; otherwise, a new comparison matrix is solicited until CR ≤ 0,1.
The Study
Imagine that any high school graduate student determined some of the criteria about the university planned
by means of the decision either collectively or individually. These criteria are such as the image and the prestige of
the university, the knowledge in education and the technological opportunities, the career opportunities, the
possibility of employment of the university graduates, the atmosphere of the campus and the social life, the
opportunities for accommodation, and transportation, yet still, let‘s consider that the student gives more paramount
importance to the five of them more than the others. Let‘s say these are the criteria like ―the image and the prestige
of the university‖, ―the knowledge in education and the technological opportunities‖, ―the career opportunities in the
university‖, ―the possibility of employment of the university graduates‖, ―the atmosphere of the campus and the
social life‖. The university alternatives and the results of these alternative universities out of 100 point in terms of the
criteria are shown below in Table 1:
1.
1. UNIV. 2.
2. UNIV.
3. UNIV.
4. UNIV.
5. UNIV.
80
100
70
60
90
IMAGE-PRESTIGE
90
70
80
100
80
KNOWLEDGE-TECH.
50
80
90
60
70
CAREER
70
70
60
60
80
EMPLOYMENT
60
60
100
90
90
CAMPUS
Table 1
In this stage of the application, initially, the comparison of the criteria was done in accordance with the method of
AHP and indicated in Table 2. In the process of the determination of the level of importance, the opinion of the
student and the environment left impacts, and comparisons were made depending upon these opinions.
I-P
K-T
CAR
EMP
CAM
I-P
K-T
CAR
EMP
CAM
Table 2
1
2
1/2
1
3
2
1/3
1/4
5
4
1/3
3
1/5
1/2
4
1/4
1
5
1/3
1/5
1
1/7
3
7
1
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�2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo
1 1/ 2 3
2
1
2
1 / 3 1 / 2 1
A
4
5
3
1 / 5 1 / 4 1 / 3
1/ 3
1/ 4
1/ 5
1
1/ 7
5
4
3
7
1
0.184
0.195
0.094
W
0.481
0.044
The Consistency Ratio of Matris A = 0.0545
The calculated vector in the column W shows values of numerical importance. In the framework of these
results, the most important criteria with the percentage of 48 % is ―employment‖ whereas the least criteria is ―the
atmosphere of campus‖ with the percentage of 5 %. In the Table 3 below, the criteria‘s values of importance in
percentage are given sequently.
The Sequence of The Assessment Criterium
Approximate
Values
of
Importance
Importance in Percentage
Employment
% 48
1
2
Knowledge-Technology
% 20
3
Image-Prestige
% 18
4
Career
%9
5
Campus
%5
Table 3
The formula used while finding W is, at the same time, used to compare and contrast the criteria of all the
candidates with one another. In this context, the stages of finding out matris C such as C1, C2, C3, C4, and C5 in the
results of all the contrasts in every criterium is in the following:
3. UNIV.
4. UNIV.
5. UNIV.
1. UNIV.
2. UNIV.
1
1/5
3
5
1/3
1.UNIV.
5
1
7
9
3
2. UNIV.
1/3
1/7
1
3
1/5
3. UNIV.
1/5
1/9
1/3
1
1/7
4. UNIV.
3
1/3
5
7
1
5. UNIV.
1
5
1 / 3
V1
1 / 5
3
1/ 5 3
1
7
1/ 7 1
1/ 9 1/ 3
1/ 3 5
5
9
3
1
7
1/ 3
3
1/ 5
1/ 7
1
0.134
0.502
0.067
C1
0.034
0.260
The Consistency Ratio of Matris C1= 0.0541
The Comparison of the University in terms of “Image and Prestige”
531
�2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo
Assessing from the perspective of ―Image and Prestige‖, it can be stated that the university in the second
order is much more preferable with the percentage of 50.2 %.
1. UNIV.
2. UNIV.
3. UNIV.
4. UNIV.
5. UNIV.
1
5
3
1/3
3
1. UNIV.
1/5
1
1/3
1/7
1/3
2. UNIV.
1/3
3
1
1/5
1
3. UNIV.
3
7
5
1
5
4. UNIV.
1/3
3
1
1/5
1
5. UNIV.
1
1/ 5
1/ 3
V2
3
1/ 3
5 3
1/ 3
1 1/ 3 1/ 7
3 1 1/ 5
7 5
1
3 1
1/ 5
3
1 / 3
4
5
1
0.245
0.046
0.105
C2
0.497
0.105
The Consistency Ratio of Matris C2= 0.0284
The Comparison of the University in terms of “Knowledge and Technological Opportunities”
As for the criteria of ―Knowledge and Technological Opportunities‖, the university in fourth order is
leading the others with the percentage of 49.7 %.
The Comparison of the University in terms of “The Opportunites of Career in the Unıversity”
1. UNI.
2. UNI.
3. UNI.
4. UNI.
5. UNI.
1. UNI.
2. UNI.
3. UNI.
4. UNI.
5. UNI.
1
7
9
3
5
1/7
1
3
1/5
1/3
V3
1
7
9
3
5
1/ 7
1
3
1/ 5
1/ 3
1/9
1/3
1
1/7
1/5
1/ 9
1/ 3
1
1/ 7
1/ 5
1 / 5
3
5
1 / 3
1
1/ 3
5
7
1
3
1/3
5
7
1
3
1/5
3
5
1/3
1
0.034
0.260
0.502
C3
0.067
0.134
The Consistency Ratio of Matris C3= 0.0541
According to the criterium of ―The Career Opportunities in the University‖ the university in the third order
is in a better state with the percentage of 50.2 %.
The Comparison of the University in terms of “The Possibility of the Graduate Employment”
1. UNI.
2. UNI.
3. UNI.
4. UNI.
5. UNI.
1
1
3
3
1/3
1. UNI.
1
1
3
3
1/3
2. UNI.
1/3
1/3
1
1
1/5
3. UNI.
1/3
1/3
1
1
1/5
4. UNI.
3
3
5
5
1
5. UNI.
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�2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo
1
1
1
1
1 / 3 1 / 3
V4
1 / 3 1 / 3
3
3
3
3
1
1
5
3
3
1
1
5
1/ 3
1/ 3
1/ 5
1/ 5
1
0.195
0.195
0.073
C4
0.073
0.462
The Consistency Ratio of Matris C4= 0.012
The university in the fifth order is much more successful in the criterium of ―The Possibility of Graduate
Employment‖ with the percentage of 46.2 %.
The Comparison of the University according to the criteria of “The Atmosphere of Campus and Social Life”
1. UNIV.
2. UNIV.
3. UNIV.
4. UNIV.
5. UNIV.
1
1
1/9
1/7
1/7
1. UNIV.
1
1
1/9
1/7
1/7
2. UNIV.
9
9
1
3
3
3. UNIV.
7
7
1/3
1
1
4. UNIV.
7
7
1/3
1
1
5. UNIV.
1
1
9
V5
7
7
1
1
9
7
7
1/ 9 1/ 7
1/ 9 1/ 7
1
3
1/ 3 1
1/ 3
1
1/ 7
1 / 7
3
1
1
0.038
0.038
0.476
C5
0.222
0.222
The Consistency Ratio of Matris C5= 0.025
The results of the last criterium of ―Campus Life and Social Life‖ are as in the Matris of C5. In this
criterium, the university in the third order is more likely to be preferred with the 47.6 % percentage.
After this point, to calculate the sequence is of great significance. Depending upon the values, it can be
mentioned that the decision about the university selection will be optimal. In this way, the decisions of the students
would be rational, not regretful.
The decision matris is seen in the last part of this application through this Formula [ Cij ] m×n ×[ Wi ]n×1.
0.134
0.502
0.067
0.034
0.260
0.245
0.046
0.105
0.497
0.105
0.034
0.260
0.502
0.067
0.134
0.195
0.195
0.073
0.073
0.462
0.038 0.184
0.171
0.221
0.038 0.195
0.476 × 0.094 D= 0.136
0.222 0.481.
0.154
0.312
0.222 0.044
When the values in the Matris D are assessed regarding the Table 4, 5 th university is in the first sequence
with the percentage of 32%. And this choice is the best and optimal one for the student.
533
�2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo
The Sequence
Importance
1
of
Universities
5th UNIVERSITY
Approximate
Values
Importance in Percentage
31%
2
2nd UNIVERSITY
22%
3
1st UNIVERSITY
17%
4
4th UNIVERSITY
16%
5
3rdUNIVERSITY
14%
of
Table 4
Conclusion and Suggestions
All of us wants to have a very prestigous job at the end of our education for which we spend a great amount
of time on account of the fact that a job that makes us happy enables our life meaningful and productive. The
efficiencies of a certain job, perhaps, are presented to a great number of students in many universities. However, the
universities have some ups and downs in terms of the opportunities. Even this is the case for the same faculties of the
same university. To say in another way, the university that can offer opportunities should be prefered, not an
ordinary one. From this perspective, the decision of university selection which is the most critical stage of the
education should be given rationally. AHP is the method of mathematical decision by means of which the qualitative
and the quantitative cases can be assessed together.
As in the example of here, the university candidate ascertains some certain criteria both with group and
individual decisions. These criteria are ―the image and the prestige of the university‖, ―the knowledge in education
and the technological opportunities‖, ―the career opportunities in the university‖, ―the possibility of employment of
the university graduates‖, ―the atmosphere of the campus and the social life‖. The candidate student decides the
university of 5th university among the five university alternatives through the AHP method. It can be demonstrated
that this result is the most optimal and rational one. This method enables the student to reach the most liked
occupational efficiencies in the best and useful atmoshere.
AHP can be used not only in the university selection, but also in all of the management and the
organizational activities as the solution to the decisional problems. By means of this, the interested people, the
workers, and the managers can find the opportunity to reach the most suitable decision in a shortest way and thanks
to the consistency of the decisions, the unnecessary repetitions of the same procedures will be prevented.
References
Costa, R. & Evangelista, S. (2008). An AHP approach to assess brand intangible assets, Measuring Business Excellence, Vo.12,
No.2, 68-78.
Dağdeviren, M.,Akay, D., Kurt, M. (2004). ĠĢ değerlendirme sürecinde analitik hiyerarĢi prosesi ve uygulaması, Gazi Üniversitesi
Müh. Mim. Fak. Dergisi, Vol.19, 131-138.
Dündar, S. & Ecer, F. (2008). Öğrencilerin GSM operatörü tercihinin analitik hiyerarĢi süreci yöntemiyle belirlenmesi, Celal
Bayar Üniversitesi Ġ.Ġ.B.F Yönetim Ekonomi Dergisi, Vol.15, No.1, 195–205.
Hsu, P. F. & Chen, B. Y.(2008). Integrated analytic hierarchy process and entropy to develop a durable goods hain store
franchisee selection model, A Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics, Vol.20, No. 1, 44-54.
Keskinen, E., Tiuraniemi, J., Liimola A. (2008). University selection in Finland: How the decision is made, International Journal
of Educational Management, Vol. 22, No.7, 638-650
Kidd,
J. M. & Green, F. (2006). The careers of research scientists: Predictors of three dimensions of careeer commitment and
intention to leave science, Personnel Review , Vol. 35, No.3, 229-251.
Kuruüzüm, A. & Atsan, N. (2001). Analitik hiyerarĢi yöntemi ve iĢletmecilik alanındaki uygulamaları‖ Akdeniz Ġ.Ġ.B.F. Dergisi,
No.1, 83-105.
534
�2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo
Laker, D. R. & Laker, R. (2007), The five- year Resume: A career planning exercise, Journal of Management Education, Vol.31,
No.1, 128-141.
Liu, L.B., Berger, P., Zeng, A., Gerstenfeld, A.(2008). Applying the analytic hierarchy process to the offshore outsourcing location
decision, Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, 13(6), 435-449.
Soutar, G. N. & Turner, J. P.(2002). Student‘s preferences for university: A conjoint analysis, The International Journal of
Educational Management, 16(1), 40-45.
Varma, S., Wadhwa S., Deshmukh S.G.(2008). Evaluating petroleum supply chain performance, A Pacific Journal of Marketing
and Logistics, Vol.20, No.3, 343-356.
Veloutsou, C., Lewis J. W., Paton R. A.(2004). University selection: Information Requirements and importance, The International
Journal of Educational Management Vol.18, No.3, 160-171.
Veloutsou, C., Lewis J. W., Paton R. A.(2005). Consultation and realibility of information sources pertaining to university
selection, International Journal of Educational Management Vol.19, No.4, 279-291.
Walker, H. F. ve Levesque, J. /2006). Climbing the career ladder : It is up to you , Quality Progress , Vol 39, No.10, 28-32.
Yamamato, G. T. (2006). University evaluation-selection: A Turkish case, International Journal of Educational Management,
Vol.20, No.7, 559-569.
535
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Title
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The Determination of University Selection Based Upon Analytic Hierarchy Process
Author
Author
ADIGÜZEL, Orhan
ÇETİN, Ali Cüneyt
Abstract
A summary of the resource.
The most important factor in career planning of a person is to direct him depending upon his features. The best way of choosing career is to compare the wishes of a person with the requirements of that career so that he can decide the best one. Particularly, those who think to have a university education for their careers come across difficulties while deciding on their career path on account of the fact that the global world can offer various opportunities for education in a great many places. The student must choose by taking into account some criteria. As an example, several factors play a crucial role in this process such as the academic success of the university, the working opportunities provided, the distance of the university to the hometown of the student, the economic status of that city, the facilities of accommodation. Considering all these factors, the student should give an optimal decision. In this context, the common decision including both the personal different opinions and convincing for all is strongly needed. AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process) has gained a very big momentum at these kind of situations.
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
2010-06
Keywords
Keywords.
Conference or Workshop Item
PeerReviewed
HB Economic Theory
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Text
A Multilingual Media Monitoring System (MMMS) for Balkans
B. Gültekin ÇETĐNER
Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences
International University of Sarajevo (IUS)
Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
cetiner@ius.edu.ba
Mete GÜNDOĞAN
Faculty of Economics and Business Administration
International University of Sarajevo (IUS)
Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
mgundogan@ius.edu.ba
Osman GÜRSOY
Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences
Researcher in Computer Engineering
International University of Sarajevo (IUS)
Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
ogursoy@ius.edu.ba
Abstract: This paper describes a developed Multilingual Media Monitoring System (MMMS)
software and reports how it may be utilized to effectively facilitate PR facilities at an academic
institution in Balkans.
There are many international charity projects of Turkey in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH).
These institutes comprise the academics and businessmen both from Turkey and Bosnia. Due to
major number of the stakeholders and students from Turkey and Bosnia as well as other
different countries, and the mission of such an institution to become an international Balkan
institution requires the establishment to perform PR facilities in Balkans effectively in a multinational and multilingual manner. Therefore, a software system called Multilingual Media
Monitoring System (MMMS) was developed by the authors herein to manage the PR facilities
more effectively by easing the collection, search and evaluation of the news in Balkan region
and Turkey. The paper describes the system in detail.
Keywords: Media Monitoring, PR, Information Technology, Content Analysis, Balkan
Cooperation
Introduction
After the war, many internatinal educational institutions have been established in BiH. They have both
academicians and students from about many different countries of which the majority is from Turkey and Bosnia.
The decision of the establishments goes back to the start of the post-war period when Alija Izzetbegovic, the first
president of the independent Bosnia and Herzegovina had made a call to Turkey to establish the good relations
with Turkey and help the country to reestablish the economy and development. Educational curricular structures
of these institutions are usually based on a flexible model to allow the interdisciplinary studies and program
changes considerably easy. The inspiration of the educational models is based on the structuring of curriculum at
advanced academic institutions by revising them according to needs of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
The international structure and stakeholders of such institutions from different countries make it
necessary to develop a multilingual effective news monitoring system for PR facilities in Balkan region and
Turkey. Therefore, a project was developed during 2009 to ease the PR facilities of such an institution. The main
purpose of the project was to collect the content in several languages (currently in English, Bosnian and Turkish),
to categorize, evaluate and search this content by predefined staff in several roles. Collection of news and other
content is made by usually editors and evaluated by commentators. The software project shortly called as
PRNews is a Multilingual Media Monitoring System (MMMS) and described herein this paper in detail.
Media Monitoring Systems
356
�Media Monitoring systems are used by modern organizations to collect information for more effective
decisions and often strategic management purposes.
The application of content analysis, linguistic, and information retrieval methodologies are the focal point of the
discussion in media monitoring systems. Content analysis is described as a well-described systematic strategy of
inquiry to the analyzed media content object, or in other words, to a communication text (Arıkan, 2009). From
the very beginning of the research it must be described what is looked after. In this project, Arıkan attempts to
deliver primary information on a content analysis project to analyze Turkish Media by computer assistance. He
discusses the methodological, scientific and application problems and issues related to the project.
Media monitoring can help demonstrate that political competitors and the public at large should have
confidence in the media, electoral authorities and the government that is responsible for providing genuine
elections. Shortcomings in media conduct can be identified through monitoring in time for corrective action.
Abuse of the mass media’s power to affect voter choices also can be documented, which allows the population
and the international community to appropriately characterize the true nature of the electoral process. More may
be found regarding media monitoring for political purposes in (coliver and Patrick, 1994) and (Lange and Palmer,
1995).
A Digital Media Monitoring project for Parliament was reported (Gilbert, 2005). An Electronic Media
Monitoring Service (EMMS) was developed to allow Senators and Members to browse, search and view
television and radio items on desktop PCs. In this system, news and current affairs items are recorded in
Canberra by Parliamentary Library staff and published onto the EMMS web site for access by Senators and
Members in Parliament House and their electorate offices. Using the system developed, media programs may be
digitally captured, encoded and archived for retrieval and playback by the Library’s clients.
A news media monitoring or media tracking system can be used to collect, evaluate and search certain
content of news coverage for more effective PR in an organization. The content may be related to a subject,
person or any organization and may be on a hardcopy magazine and newspaper, or in a digital form. The
collected and evaluated content under different categories may then be sent to related bodies or searched online.
The following sections describe a multilingual news media monitoring system developed by the authors.
Multilingual Media Monitoring System (MMMS)
The Multilingual Media Monitoring System (MMMS) described herein allows administrative staff to
browse, search and view news items online. News and current affairs items are recorded at a centre by staff
arranged as editors and administrators and published onto the MMMS web site for access by staff assigned as
users. It is integrated into the institution's database which means that any staff or client may be assigned the tasks
with predefined users. The Use-case diagram in Figure 1 shows the users as participants and their roles to be
played in the MMMS system.
Multilingual Media Monitoring
System
Add/Modify
Users
Editor
Adm in
Add Languages
Add
Categories
Add/Modify New s
Advisor
Evaluate New s
User
Search
«include»
Rate
Show New s
Figure 1. Use-case Diagram for MMMS
357
�The Admin user has all rights to describe, add and user profiles and their permissions. Admin also may
add additional languages and perform operations of all other users. Besides Admin user, there are 3 other users
as Editor, Advisor and User. Editor may add categories and add/modify news. Editor user is a typical PR user
who can collect, modify the news content. Advisor may add, modify and rate (evaluate) the news content similar
to Editor. User is typically a manager who sees all the results in read-only form. He/she can search and see the
content and its related ratings. The user may rate the content.
The media monitoring service is highly useful and this project has involved technology and ready to be
applied to any academic institution. Using the new technology, media contents for Balkan region are digitally
captured, encoded and archived for retrieval and playback by the MMMS clients. The following part describes
the project, the technology, standards employed, and how certain issues were overcome to provide an in-demand
PR service for administrators.
System Design for MMMS
The MMMS developed herein is a web based software application using open source application
development standards such as PHP programming language and MySQL as Database Management System. The
data model for the designed database is given in Figure 2.
Languages
category
notification
Language
Category_ID
Description
catName
Notification_ID
User_ID (FK)
category
keywords
Language (FK)
users
media
User_ID
Media_ID
title
source
author
date
summary
keywords
Category_ID (FK)
Language (FK)
Editor_User (FK)
Comments
comment_ID
Comment
Rating
Media_ID (FK)
Commentator_ID (FK)
username
password
email
name
middlename
surname
lastlogin
profile
Figure 2. Data Model related to Database for MMMS
The media content has title, source, author, date of information, summary, and keywords which are used
to search later the media document. Each media content is categorized with related category ID. The PR user
(editor or advisor) is also recorded as Editor User. Each Media content has also language associated with. User
table is integrated into the Database of hosting institution. Therefore, new users from the academic and
administrative personnel may be added to the user pool in MMMS easily. Comments may be given and ratings
may be added by different users. Category table keeps all categories added into the system. Categories may be
edited by both Admin and editor users. Currently there are 3 languages in the system but more languages may be
added to the system.
Notification is perhaps one of the most important tables in the system. Users are notified through their
emails if there is a new media content in the system related to their category, keywords and language of interest.
Users may also search inside the media content based on the filtering of language, keywords and category.
User Interfaces for MMMS
The user interfaces are many and difficult to show all herein. Therefore, only several important ones are
described in this section. User interfaces are related to the Cases given in Figure 1. The participants are given
different permissions according to their roles. The Figure 3 shows menu options for users with the roles Admin,
Editor and User. The Admin user has permission to add/modify users whereas editor cannot change the users but
can add News and Categories. The normal user has only read-only permission to search and see the news. The
users can manage the CRUD (Create/Retrieve/Update/Delete) operations depending on their security levels. The
users may be added by administrators with different privileges depending on the role of the user selected from
358
�the human resources associated with the institution’s database for employees. The alternative usage of the
system may involve people from different organizations in Balkan region and Turkey to monitor the news media
for research and other purposes. In this case, the actors described in Figure 1 may be distributed throughout the
countries. For example, advisors from Istanbul may rate the content produced by an editor in Albania and users
of Kosovo may see the content related to Kosovo produced by Istanbul editors etc. This kind of usage of the
system requires a network of users from different countries with different roles.
Figure 3. Menu Options for (a) Admin (b) Editor, and (c) User
The most important part of the system is the search facility as shown in the left side of Figure 4 which
shows the screenshot to be seen by admins, advisors, editors and users. The right part in the figure may be seen
by only admins, advisors and editors. It contains a pool of the news produced mainly by editors. The search
mechanism contains certain criteria for search and sort facilities. Filtering is available for category, language,
search keywords and dates. Search is made on the html content based on the OR function of Boolean algebra.
The html content may include pictures and videos. However, the system cannot search for information yet in
binary content such as videos and pictures. The html results related to content are brough to the user as pdf files.
Editing of the content is made over html. Sorting is possible based on the Title, Source of Information, Author,
Category and Date. Editing of the content is possible via related functions. Although rarely used deletion of a
content is also possible. This may be an option to be used by editors and advisors if the content’s rating and
evaluation require so. Currently system does not allow the users to share selected content via sending through
emails. A workflow management system may also be added in future versions to accept content in a hierarchical
manner. This means approval of content by advisors and certain editors. Currently system is very useful for
copying and pasting digital information from digital soft copies related to events. For facilitating hard copy
information, the editor needs to scan and convert the hardcopy contents (such as newspaper, leaflet etc) manually
to soft copy formats through Optical Character regognition (OCR) softwares.
359
�Figure 4. A typical screen to be seen by editors
Conclusions
The paper has described a Multilingual Media Monitoring System (MMMS) developed by the authors
for the purpose of tracking the media for news content of both Balkan region and Turkey related to the conduct
of PR facilities at any educational institution. The main purpose was to provide up-to-date information needed by
the managers of the institution to help in their decision making processes for more effective PR. It was found
useful by higher level managers in tracking the news in three different languages. The system may be utilized in
a way to monitor the information gathering throughout the Balkan region by embedding editorial board members
and advisors from different countries. The system is ready to be operated by any educational or academic
institutions as well as any governmental institutions.
References
Arikan, Aykut (2009), “Computer Assisted Turkish Based Media Content Analysis System - Project 107k209: A
Case Study“, Bilgi Dünyasi, 10 (2)
Coliver, Sandra And Patrick Merloe (1994) “Guidelines For Election Broadcasting In Transitional Democracies”,
United Kingdom, Article 19, National Democratic Institute For International Affairs
Lange, Yasha And Palmer, Andrew (1995) “Media And Elections: A Handbook”, European Institute For Media,
Brussels:Tacis
Gilbert, Catherine (2005) “Digital Media Monitoring Project For Parliament”, 12th Information Online
Conference, Sydney, 1-3 February, Australia
360
�
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527
Title
A name given to the resource
A Multilingual Media Monitoring System (MMMS) for Balkans
Author
Author
ÇETİNER, B. Gültekin
GÜNDOĞAN, Mete
GÜRSOY, Osman
Abstract
A summary of the resource.
This paper describes a developed Multilingual Media Monitoring System (MMMS) software and reports how it may be utilized to effectively facilitate PR facilities at an academic institution in Balkans. There are many international charity projects of Turkey in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH). These institutes comprise the academics and businessmen both from Turkey and Bosnia. Due to major number of the stakeholders and students from Turkey and Bosnia as well as other different countries, and the mission of such an institution to become an international Balkan institution requires the establishment to perform PR facilities in Balkans effectively in a multinational and multilingual manner. Therefore, a software system called Multilingual Media Monitoring System (MMMS) was developed by the authors herein to manage the PR facilities more effectively by easing the collection, search and evaluation of the news in Balkan region and Turkey. The paper describes the system in detail.
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
2010-06
Keywords
Keywords.
Conference or Workshop Item
PeerReviewed
Q Science (General)
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59089037fce68ea27046c93f45ccedf4
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Text
Integrated Water Resources Management:
A Path to Achieving Sustainable Development
Mehmet Ali Yurdusev
Department of Civil Engineering, Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Turkey
yurdusev@bayar.edu.tr
Tekin Tezcan
Department of Civil Engineering, Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Turkey
tekin.tezcan@bayar.edu.tr
Abstract: Water resources development is one of the most important national development
factors for developing countries whereas it is a service sector issue in developed countries.
Water management has become one of the conflict areas as the demand for water increases
while the resources available degrade. As a solution to this, integrated water resources
management has been proposed to make tradeoffs among the parties involved. This article
discusses the issues of integrated water resources management with its possible links with
sustainable development.
Introduction
Water resources management comprises a series of water-related activities including developing water resources
schemes for beneficial and protective purposes and managing the system effectively based on both supply and
demand considerations. From beneficial point of view, water resources development deals with the promotion of
necessary infrastructure elements to bring the water in nature to where it is to be used. Thus, it requires huge
investment as it is quite large in scale and time consuming. The development side of water resources
management is referred to as source management. The need for protection from the excess water, namely flood,
has also resulted in the development of large flood control schemes. As such, water resources development has
been one of the most important factors for the national developments of the countries. This is still true for the
developing countries where the water resources have not yet fully developed. On the other hand, it is one of the
issues of service sectors in developed countries and has lost its impact on the development of those countries.
Operational side of water resources management has two dimensions. One is the real operation of the system
developed to sustain water supply for the use for a variety of purposes including drinking, irrigation and power
generation. The other is the management of the demand for water, namely demand management, which
comprises a series of activities to encourage or sometimes to force people to use less water to achieve more
efficient use of water in service. The demand management issue may be shadowed in developing countries as
they are still trying to develop their water resources for irrigation, power generation and even drinking. It can be
seen, however, it is much more popular in developed countries as their main concern is the efficient management
of their already developed water resources.
In so-called developed countries, water management issue has become one of the conflict areas as the water
demanding sectors, namely stakeholders, have increased with also increased quantities as opposed to the
degrading resources available to use. Therefore, integrated water resources management concept has long been
spelled as a compromising tool to achieve an acceptable solution for the parties involved. If achieved, this would
present an efficient regulation of a large portion of national economies of the states as water resources
management covers quite a large variety of activities as mentioned previously. This article discusses the issues of
integrated water resources management with its possible links with sustainable development with the brief
discussions related to both sustainable development and integrated water resources management.
352
�Sustainable Development
Any article on sustainable development (SD) cannot disregard mentioning the first and the most widely accepted
definition given by the so-called Brundtland Report (Brundtland, 1987) as follows:
“Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the
ability of future generations to meet their own needs.”
Since the Brundtland Commission first defined the concept of sustainable development, much discussion has
been made on the concept on scientific, technical, economical and even political platforms. From the overtwenty-year SD history, it could be possible to find many other definitions for it. Above all, it can be regarded
as a reaction to what it may be called “wild development” that had been observed before. The aim was to
transform the wild nature of development into the one that was acceptable by the weak. The weak are the society
including the future generations and the ecology. Therefore, an acceptable development, e.g. sustainable
development, should consider and integrate the social, environmental and economic issues as depicted in (Fig. 1)
(The President’s Council on Sustainability, 2010). As shown in (Fig. 1), a development considering social and
environmental issues could be bearable; the one with social and economic considerations could be equitable and
the solution with environmental and economic ones could be viable. However, if it is to be sustainable, it should
consider social, economic and environmental issues. A sustainable solution is such a solution which
•
•
•
•
•
•
incorporates the environment and the economy,
protects ecosystems and health of the society,
meets international obligations,
promotes equity,
prevents environmental pollution, and
respects for nature and the needs of future generations (Economic Development Agency of Canada,
2006).
To achieve such a development, an integrated approach to planning and making decisions which considers
environmental and natural resource costs of different economic options and the economic costs of different
environmental and natural resource options is normally required (The President’s Council on Sustainability,
2010). Having formulated such an integrated approach, it is necessary to articulate detailed principles and control
measures to direct the action plans to sustainability. The action plans are equally important elements of achieving
sustainable development and should be built based on the specific features of the issue and by the participation
of the parties that will be affected.
Figure 1. Issues in Sustainable Development, taken from The President’s Council on Sustainability (2010)
353
�Integrated Water Resource Management
As for sustainable development, it is quite possible to find fancy verbal definitions for integrated water resources
management
(IWRM).
One
could
be
taken
from
web-based
Water
Encyclopedia
(http://www.waterencyclopedia.com) as follows:
“Integrated water resources management is the practice of making decisions and taking actions while
considering multiple viewpoints of how water should be managed.”
The above definition is illustrated by the same encyclopedia in (Fig. 2). As seen in (Fig. 2), IWRM describes a
process of managing water resources in an integrated manner taking into account the views of parties involved
such as the stakeholders, governments and interest groups to achieve certain purposes and services using the
knowledge provided by several scientific disciplines. The following quotation (GWP TAC, 2000) well describes
the IWRM process:
Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM) promotes the coordinated development and management of
water, land and related resources in order to maximize economic and social welfare (in an equitable manner)
without compromising the sustainability of vital ecosystems. This process involves the holistic coordination and
management of natural systems and human activities, which create the demands for water, determine land use
and generate waterborne waste.
The concept of IWRM is somewhat new and as such it was built over more-than-half-century bad water
management experience. As such, it can be regarded a response to the problems encountered in water
management, which has become a major conflict area where several sides are competing for the same quantity of
water.
Figure 2. IWRM process, taken from http://www.waterencyclopedia.com.
Achieving IWRM requires the organization of water industry accordingly. Since water resources and the bodies
demanding these resources spread in a certain geographical area, IWRM should normally be “place-based” or
“enterprise-based”, dealing with a particular location (Clark et al., 2002). River basins have long been regarded
as the spatial unit of water management. However, this should be disputed as the river basins are not isolated
from each other in terms of both the origin of water resources and the close interactions among the human
activities in neighboring basins. Whatever spatial unit is accepted, the main issue is to set appropriate
institutional arrangements towards achieving the IWRM, where the big challenge lays. It is unfortunate to say
that there are not many countries that have organized its water industry accordingly although there have been
several international initiatives such as water framework directive of European Union.
From the discussion provided above, it can be paradoxically said that water resources are expected to be
managed in a manner that those who demand for water including the ecological environment should be made
354
�happy. Expectedly, this is absolutely impossible. What should/can be done is then to reach a compromising
arrangement by which everybody could be a little bit happy. Experiences have shown that such a compromising
solution can only be achieved by the participation of all parties. That is, a participatory approach should be
followed to set up the practices for IWRM. Technical experts can, in this regard, present available methodologies
or acceptable plans/programs to the sides involved. There is also another issue that should be resolved, which is
what mechanism will be used to get together the sides or who are the sides. This is a case-specific issue that
should be considered carefully. Probably, a perfect mechanism will not be established; but any mechanism for
this purpose will somehow work and the outcome will yield much better proposals.
Concluding Discussions on IWRM and Sustainable Development
The discussions provided separately on SD and IWRM have uncovered that what both IWRM and SD try to
achieve is by and large the same. Sustainable development is a little bit older than IWRM. It is also broader and
does not exclude any human activity. It has something to say for every development process. As such, it is much
more difficult to materialize SD although it is also much more popular than IWRM. In other words, it will
require much more time to have “sustainable” development activities.
Unlike sustainable development, IWRM is a little bit restricted to a specific area, water resources, and tries to
realize much more efficient and helpful water management. Since it deals with water issues, there is much more
chance to realize the IWRM purposes although there are several challenges to be overcome (Grigg, 2008). The
world-wide experiences have shown several good examples such as fully privatized but highly regulated British
water industry.
Since water is a natural monopoly, water activities and water management accordingly affect almost every
development issue. A better managed water industry will make positive impact on other sectors. Therefore, the
water resources of a region or a country managed in an integrated manner will contribute the sustainability of
other human activities. In this sense, IWRM can be regarded as a tool, use of which will add positive
contributions to the sustainable development. From another point of view, IWRM is essential to sustain our
water resources. If we continue to use water, which we do not have any other option, we have to think and
explore the ways where the sustainability of our water resources is to be granted.
References
Brundtland G. H. (1987). Our Common Future, World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED), Oxford
University Press, page 54.
Clark, W. C., Lebel, L., Gallopin, G., Jaeger, J.,Mabogunje, A., Dowdeswell, E., Hassan, M., Juma, C., Kates, R., Corell, R.
(2002) in Science and Technology for Sustainable Development (Int. Council for Science, Paris), pp. 12–29.
Economic Development Agency of Canada for the Region of Quebec. (2006). Sustainable Development Strategy 2007-2010.
Montréal, Canada.
Global Water Partnership Technical Advisory Committee (GWP TAC) (2000). IWRM. Publ. Global Water Partnership,
Stockholm, Sweden.
Grigg, Neil S.(2008) 'Integrated water resources management: balancing views and improving practice', Water International,
33: 3, 279 — 292.
http://www.waterencyclopedia.com/Hy-La/Integrated-Water-Resources-Management.html
The President’s Council on Sustainability. (2010) Indiana State University Climate Action Plan, Indiana State University,
USA.
355
�
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458
Title
A name given to the resource
Integrated Water Resources Management: A Path to Achieving Sustainable Development
Author
Author
Yurdusev, Mehmet Ali
Tezcan, Tekin
Abstract
A summary of the resource.
Water resources development is one of the most important national development factors for developing countries whereas it is a service sector issue in developed countries. Water management has become one of the conflict areas as the demand for water increases while the resources available degrade. As a solution to this, integrated water resources management has been proposed to make tradeoffs among the parties involved. This article discusses the issues of integrated water resources management with its possible links with sustainable development.
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
2010-06
Keywords
Keywords.
Conference or Workshop Item
PeerReviewed
Q Science (General)
-
https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/f5a4f6fd515ea4b6564ccb1f287fb207.pdf
65856e2c8554fb9031f560393afe5243
PDF Text
Text
The Effects of Initial Boron Concentration on Energy Consumption in
Boron Removal by Electrocoagulation
Alper Erdem YILMAZ
Atatürk University, Engineering Faculty, Department of Environmental Engineering 25240, Erzurum,
TURKEY, aerdemy@atauni.edu.tr
Recep BONCUKCUOĞLU
Atatürk University, Engineering Faculty, Department of Environmental Engineering 25240, Erzurum,
TURKEY, rboncuk@atauni.edu.tr
M. Muhtar KOCAKERĐM
Atatürk University, Engineering Faculty, Department of Chemical Engineering
25240, Erzurum, TURKEY, mkerim@atauni.edu.tr
Baybars Ali FĐL
Atatürk University, Engineering Faculty, Department of Environmental Engineering 25240, Erzurum,
TURKEY, baybars@atauni.edu.tr
Serkan BAYAR
Atatürk University, Engineering Faculty, Department of Environmental Engineering 25240, Erzurum,
TURKEY, sbayar@atauni.edu.tr
Abstract:In this study, it was investigated initial boron concentration affecting energy
consumption in boron removal from boron containing wastewaters prepared
synthetically, via electrocoagulation method. Initial boron concentration of solution was
selected as experimental parameter affecting energy consumption. The other parameters
such as solution pH, current density and temperature of solution were kept constant
during reaction time. Experiments were carried out with different initial boron
concentrations ranging from 100, 250, 500 and 1000mg/L. Increasing initial boron
concentration caused to increase specific conductivity of solution. Specific conductivity
of solution was a important parameter on energy consumption of electrocoagulation
system. The higher specific conductivity of solution caused to the lower energy
consumption values. While energy consumption value was 49,87 kW-h/m3 for 100
mg/L initial boron concentration, this value was decreased to 14, 3 kW-h/m3 for 1000
mg/L initial boron concentration under 3.0 mA/cm2 of current density, pH 8.0, 293 K of
solution temperature and 150 rpm of stirring speed.
Keywords: Electrocoagulation, energy consumption aluminum electrode, boron
removal
1. Introduction
High levels of boron are obtained in groundwater in some Mediterranean countries, such as Turkey, which
has the largest boron reserves in the world. Boron pollution is a severe problem for Turkey. Wastes from
the boron mines and boric acid plants are the main sources of the pollution. In addition to this, geothermal
waters contain high levels of boron concentration in west Anatolia in Turkey. The recent European Union
(EU) drinking water directive defines an upper limit of 1mg B/L. A minimum of boron in irrigation water is
required for certain metabolic activities, but at only slightly higher concentration, plant growth will exhibit
effects of boron poisoning, which are yellowish spots on the leaves and fruits, accelerated decay, and
ultimately plant expiration[1]. Boron is a naturally occurring element throughout the environment. Boron
has a number of minerals, in nature mostly calcium and/or sodium borates, such as colemanite
79
�(2CaO.3B2O3.5 H2O), ulexite (Na2O.2CaO.5B2O3.16H2O), tincal (Na2O.2B2O3.10H2O), etc. The main
boron-bearing end products in the industry are insulation and textile- grade fiber, borosilicate glass, fire
retardants, enamels, glazes and agricultural products [2]. Boron is an essential element for plant growth
however, and if present in a larger amount, it is necessary to remove from effluents due to its toxic
effectivity [3]. A minimum boron concentration in irrigation water is required for some metabolic activities
of plants, such as cellular multiplication, the metabolism of nucleic acids. Deficiency in boron level will
result in poor budding, excessive branching, and in general, inhibits plant growth. On the other hand, boron
concentration in irrigation water which is only slightly higher than the minimum will be negative for plant
growth and will exhibit signs of “boron poisoning” yellowish spots on the leaves and the fruit, accelerated
decay, and ultimately plant expiration [4]. Boron is important in the metabolism and utilization of calcium
in humans. Other benefits of boron include improvement of brain function, psychomotor response, and the
response to estrogen ingestion in postmenopausal women. In humans, the sign of acute toxicity include
nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, dermatitis and lethargy [5.Therefore, removal of boron from water and
wastewater is a crucial problem for environmental control. There are several methods suggested for boron
removal from aqueous solutions. Several methods have been investigated for removal of boron, including
ion exchange [6-7], adsorption[8-9], electrocoagulation[10-11], membran techniques like, nanofiltration
and reverse osmosis [12-13], electrodialysis[14-15].
EC (electrocoagulation) is an emerging water treatment technology and could be good choice to remove
boron from water: the amount of required chemicals is much lower, a smaller amount of sludge is produced,
no mixing of chemical is required, coagulant dosing as well required overpotantials can be easily calculated
and controlled, operating costs are much lower when compared with most of the conventional technologies
[16]. During the last two decades, a special research field, environmental electrochemistry has been
developed.
Electrocoagulation involves the generation of coagulants in situ by dissolving electrically either aluminum
or iron ions from respectively aluminum or iron electrodes. The metal ion generation takes place at the
anode; hydrogen gas is released from the cathode. Also, the hydrogen gas would help to float the
flocculated particles out of the water. This process sometimes is called electroflocculation. The electrodes
can be arranged in a mono-polar or bi-polar mode. The materials can be aluminum or iron in plate form or
packed form of scraps such as steel turnings, millings, etc. The most widely used electrode materials in
electrocoagulation process are aluminum and iron. I
When aluminum used as electrode materials, the chemical reactions are as follows;
• At the cathode:
3H2O + 3e− → 3/2H2(g) + 3OH(aq)−
• At the anode:
Al(s) → Al(aq)3+ + 3e−
• In the solution:
Al(aq)3+ +3H2O → Al(OH)3(s) +3H(aq) +
The H2 produced as a result of the redox reaction may remove dissolved organics or any suspended
materials by flotation
The purpose of the present study is too asseses the performance of EC on the treatment of boron, by
exploring the effects of parameter such energy consumption on boron removal efficiency.
2. Experimental
Wastewater samples used in the experiments were prepared synthetically using Na2B4O7 having 99.99 of
purity from Merck. The solution with boron concentration of 100 mg/L was prepared by dissolved 459.1
mg borax dried at 105 ◦C in distilled water and completed with distilled water to 1 L. The same operations
were repeated for the solutions with boron concentrations of 100, 250, 500 and 1000 mg/L with different
Na2B4O7 weights. The pH of the solution was adjusted by adding either sodium hydroxide or nitric acid.
80
�A laboratory-scale reactor (16 cm × 8cm × 8 cm), made of plexiglass, was used in all experiments (Fig.
1).Two groups of alternating electrodes being cathodes and anodes (by eight plates of each type) made of
aluminum were arranged vertically. The net spacing between the aluminum electrodes was 5 mm. They
were connected to terminals of a direct current power supply characterized by the ranges 2–10A for current
and 0–30V for voltage. At the beginning of each run the solution of boron of the desired concentration fed
into the reactor. Each run was timed starting with the dc power supply switching on.
The analytical determination of boron was done potentiometrically by means of mannitol, which forms a
complex compound with boric acid. For this purpose, boron analyses were carried out following: Solution
pH was adjusted to 7.60 after sample was filtered. Then, 5 g mannitol was added to solution. The solution
was titrated with 0.5N KOH until solution pH became 7.60. Boron amount was calculated from KOH
consumption. 1ml 0.5N KOH is equal to 17.41 mg B2O3[17]. This method was selected in order to prevent
aluminum interference in boron detection done by spectrophotometric methods such as Carmin,
Azomethine-H and Curcumin methods [18]
Figure 1. Schematic view of the experimental system ((1) dc power supply, (2) electrocoagulation cell,
(3) magnetic stirrer, (4) pump, (5) circulator, (6) pH and conductivity meter, (7) ampermeter, (8) voltmeter
and (9) pH control unit)
3. Result and discussions
The effect of initial boron concentration on the boron removal was examined with solutions including
boron of 100, 250, 500 and1000 mg/L. Current density of 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 A, optimum pH of 8.0 and
stirring speed of 150 rpm were kept constant in the experiments. Boron removal efficiency decreased
with increasing boron concentration. This can be explained as following; although the same amount Al+3
passed to solution at the same current density for all boron concentration, Al+3 was insufficient for
solutions including higher boron concentration. The results obtained were shown graphically in Figure 2.
81
�100
removal efficiency, %
90
80
2A
70
4A
6A
60
8A
10 A
50
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
concentration, ppm
Figure 2. The effects of initial boron concentration on removal efficiency (pH 8.0, 293 K of solution
temperature and 150 rpm stirring speed)
The effect of initial boron concentration on electrical energy consumption was examined with solutions
including boron of 100, 250, 500 and 1000 mg/L. Current density of 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 A, optimum pH of 8.0
and stirring speed of 150 rpm were kept constant in the experiments. Increasing initial boron concentration
increased amount of ions in solution. As a result of this case, the solution conductivity increased with
increasing boron concentration. Increasing of amount of ionized species in solution obtained more
transmission for electric applied under constant current density.
82
�Figure 3. The effects of initial boron concentration on energy consumption (pH 8.0, 293 K of solution
temperature and 150 rpm stirring speed)
In order word, this situation caused to decrease total resistance in electrocoagulation cell. Because of
increasing boron concentration, potential applied to solution and energy consumption decreased. In Figure
4, the change of boron removal and energy consumption for 500 mg/L was demonstrated as a function of
reaction time. As seen in Figure 3, energy consumption increased constantly with increasing boron removal
during reaction time. Other initial boron concentrations had the same tendency. The results obtained were
shown graphically in Figure 3. As seen in Figure 3, the lowest energy consumption curve was obtained in
the experiments carried out with 1000 mg/L of initial boron concentration solution because it had the
highest conductivity. When specific conductivity of solution with 1000 mg/L of initial boron concentration
reached to 5245 mS/cm, specific conductivity of solution with 100 mg/L of initial boron concentration
remained at 835 mS/cm. The solutions which are given conductivity values had pH 8. The effect of
conductivity on electrical energy consumption could be explained with following equations:
(1)
where W is the electrical energy consumption (kW h/m3), V the potential (V), I the current (A), t the time
is the volume of solution (m3). Applied potential could be explained with the equation:
(h) and
(2)
where R is the resistance (Ώ). From Eqs. (1) and (2), following equation could be obtained:
(3)
Electrical conductivity is a measure of how well a material accommodates the transport of electric charge.
Electrical conduction is an electrical phenomenon in which a material (solid or otherwise) contains
movable particles with electric charge, which can carry electricity. When a difference of electrical potential
is applied to a conductor, an electric current appears. Conductivity stated as the inverse of electrical
resistivity, is defined as the ratio of the current density to the electric field strength and has the SI units of
Siemens per meter (S/m). Electrical conductivity caused to decrease energy consumption because there was
a relationship between electrical conductivity and resistance. The decreasing initial boron concentration of
solution caused to rise of electrical conductivity. Thus, high conductivity values of solution caused to low
resistance values and low energy consumption.
83
�25
400
20
300
15
200
10
100
5
0
0
0
5
10
20
30
40
50
60
75
90
105
energy consumption, kW-h/m3
concentration, mg/L
500
120
time, min
Figure 4. The change of boron removal and energy consumption for 500 mg/L as a function of reaction
time
4. Conclusions
The present study clearly demonstrated the applicability of electrocoagulation process using the aluminum
electrode for boron removal. The effects of operational parameters such as initial boron concentration on
boron removal efficiency and energy consumption were studied in detail and explained as well. When
effect of initial boron concentration on energy consumption was investigated, the obtained results shown
that increasing boron concentration increased conductivity of solution. Thus, solution with higher boron
concentration had more ions at the same volume. The higher conductivity values decreased energy
consumption.
References
[1]
Kavak, D., Removal of boron from aqueous solutions by batch adsorption on calcined alunite using experimental
design, Journal of Hazardous Materials 163 (2009) 308–314
[2]
G.I. Smith and M.D. Medrano, 1996, Continental Borate Deposits of Cenozoic Age, in: E.S. Grew, L.M. Anovitz,
eds., Reviews in Mineralogy, Boron-Mineralogy, Petrology and Geochemistry Mineralogical Society of America,
Washington, DC, vol. 33, pp. 263-298.
[3]
R.M. Adams, (1997), Boron, 1964, Metallo-Boron Compounds and Boranes, Wiley, NY,
[4]
Boncukcuoğlu, R., Yılmaz, A.E., Kocakerim, M.M., Çopur, M., (2004) An Empirical Model for Kinetics of Boron
Removal from Boron-containing Wastewaters by Ion Exchange in a Batch Reactor, Desalination, 160, 159-166,
[5]
F.H. Nielsen, (1997), Boron in human and animal nutrition, Plant and Soil, 193 199–208.
[6]
M. Badruk, N. Kabay, M. Demircioğlu, H. Mordo, U. Đpekoğlu, (1999), Removal of boron from wastewater of
geothermal power plant by selective ion-exchange resins. II. Column sorption-elution studies Seperation Science and
Technology, 34, 15, 2981-2995
84
�[7]
W.D. Peterson, 1975, Removal of boron from water, US Patent 3856670, CA, 83, 102888b,
[8]
N. Öztürk and D. Kavak, (2004),Boron removal from aqueous solutions by adsorption on waste sepiolite and
activated waste sepiolite using full factorial design, Adsorption 10 245–257.
[9]
Y. Fujita, T. Hata, M. Nakamaru, T. Iyo, T. Yoshino, T. Shimamura, (2005),A study of boron adsorption onto
activated sludge, Bioresource Technology, 96(2), 1350-1356
[10]
A. E. Yilmaz, R. Boncukcuoglu, M. M. Kocakerim, B. Keskinler (2005) The investigetion of parameters affecting
boron removal by electrocoagulation method, J. Hazard. Mater. 125 160-165.
[11]
A. E. Yilmaz, R. Boncukcuoğlu, M. M. Koc
akerim, M. T. Yilmaz, C. Paluluoğlu, (2008), Boron removal from
geothermal waters by electrocoagulation, J. Hazard.Mat., 153(1-2), 146-151
[12]
P. Dydo, M. Turek, J. Ciba, J. Trojanowska, J. Kluczka, (2005), Boron removal from landfill leachate by means of
nanofiltration and reverse osmosis, Desalination, 185 1-3 131-137
[13]
E. Huertas, M. Herzberg, G. Oron, M. Elimelech, (2008),Influence of biofouling on boron removal by nanofiltration
and reverse osmosis membranes, Journal of Membrane Science, 318( 1-2), 264-27.
[14]
Z. Yazicigil, Y. Oztekin, (2006), Boron removal by electrodialysis with anion-exchange membranes, Desalination,
190( 1-3), 71-78
[15]
Y. Oren, C. Linder, N. Daltrophe, Y. Mirsky, J. Skorka, O. Kedem, (2006), Boron removal from desalinated seawater
and brackish water by improved electrodialysis, Desalination, 199( 1-3), 9 52-54
[16]
G.C. Cushnie, Electroplating Wastewater Pollution Technology, Noyes Publications, NJ, USA (1985).
[17]
A.A. Nemodurk, Z.K. Karalova, Analytical Chemistry of Boron, Israel-Program for Scientific Translations,
Jerusalem, 1965, p. 33.
[18]
R.N. Sah, P.H. Brown, Microchem. J. 56 (1997) 285–304
85
�
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337
Title
A name given to the resource
The Effects of Initial Boron Concentration on Energy Consumption in Boron Removal by Electrocoagulation
Author
Author
YILMAZ, Alper Erdem
BONCUKCUOĞLU, Recep
KOCAKERİM, M. Muhtar
FİL, Baybars Ali
BAYAR, Serkan
Abstract
A summary of the resource.
In this study, it was investigated initial boron concentration affecting energy consumption in boron removal from boron containing wastewaters prepared synthetically, via electrocoagulation method. Initial boron concentration of solution was selected as experimental parameter affecting energy consumption. The other parameters such as solution pH, current density and temperature of solution were kept constant during reaction time. Experiments were carried out with different initial boron concentrations ranging from 100, 250, 500 and 1000mg/L. Increasing initial boron concentration caused to increase specific conductivity of solution. Specific conductivity of solution was a important parameter on energy consumption of electrocoagulation system. The higher specific conductivity of solution caused to the lower energy consumption values. While energy consumption value was 49,87 kW-h/m3 for 100 mg/L initial boron concentration, this value was decreased to 14, 3 kW-h/m3 for 1000 mg/L initial boron concentration under 3.0 mA/cm2 of current density, pH 8.0, 293 K of solution temperature and 150 rpm of stirring speed.
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
2010-06
Keywords
Keywords.
Conference or Workshop Item
PeerReviewed
Q Science (General)
-
https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/0f758afc67c3855f3f28ad5b55d1d631.pdf
9031366ac68156b8189c17e00aa3d319
PDF Text
Text
2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo
Travertine as Construction and Building Material
Saffet YAĞIZ
Pamukkale University
Denizli, Turkey
syagiz@pau.edu.tr
Abstract An experimental study was conducted to investigate physico-mechanical
properties of travertines being quarried in western Turkey as construction and buildings
material. Four common type of travertine, one of the most common construction materials
in the world, were collected from quarries operated around the city of Denizli in south of
Turkey, and related rock property tests including both dry and saturated unit weight of
travertine, effective porosity, water absorption by weight, uniaxial compressive strength,
P-wave velocity, slake durability test were conducted on the samples. Consequently, the
results of the performed tests were evaluated according to the national and international
construction stone regulations. Concluding remark is that travertine quarrying in the
Denizli Basin of Turkey satisfies the relevant natural stone standards with negligible
distinction to be used for construction and building purposes.
Key words: Buildings, Construction, Travertine
Introduction
Travertine that could be used in both interior and exterior of buildings is one of the most useable
construction and buildings stones in the world. Travertine is a variety of calcium carbonate commonly formed
around the hot and cold carbonate-bearing springs. Travertine consists predominantly of quartz grains that usually
held together by cementing material with small percentages of feldspar and mica particles and clay. As silica and
iron oxide provide the strongest bond for travertines, calcium carbonate gives weakest. Their color ranges from light
white, yellow through dark brownish. Even though travertine is often called marble, simply a very pure and mostly
porous form of limestone. The Denizli extensional basin in western Turkey has widespread travertine accumulation
since Late Quaternary (Figure 1). The total area occupied by modern and old travertines is more than 100 km 2 and its
thickness can reach up to 60 m (Özkul et al. 2000). Most of the studies performed on the Denizli travertines are
generally focused on Pamukkale (one of the famous travertine deposite of the world) and mainly related to
hydrogeology of hot waters, geothermal potential, wasting and conversation (Koçak, 1971; EĢder et al. 1991;
Ekmekçi et al. 1995). Some studies have been subjected to dating, morphological classification and relations
between travertine and active tectonic-seismicity of the region (Altunel and Hancock, 1993a and 1993b; Hancock et
al. 1999).
The most common lithotypes presently quarried in Denizli basin are shrub, reed and crystalline crust type
travertine respectively; So far, there is no attempt made to investigate physico-mechanical properties of travertine to
examine the quality of them for construction purposes. In this paper, travertine types commonly quarried in the area
was investigated and results of the research are discussed herein from the scope of their usability and suitability for
construction and buildings.
Geological Composition of Travertine Quarried in the Denizli Basin
Thermal spring waters usually contain large amounts of calcium bicarbonate. As the spring water reaches
to earth surface, the water lose most of the dissolved carbon dioxide (gases) and the calcium carbonate in solution
readily precipitates as a thin layer of calcite (Demirdağ, 2007). Travertine precipitated at different depositional
conditions; so they exhibit variation of color, appearance, bedding, porosity, texture, strength and chemical
composition in the Basin (Yağız, 2009). Mainly quarried travertine lithotype in the basin includes; shrub type
travertine represented by small bush like growths are common deposit on horizontal and sub horizontal surface
(Chafetz, 1984); onyx type travertine commonly forms as a result of rapid precipitation due to fast flowing water on
smooth slope; reed type travertine deposited marsh-pool, mound and self built channels (Pentecost, 1990) and noche,
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compact and subunit of reed type one (Guo and Riding, 1998; Akyol et al. 2005). Every travertine type has its
specific texture and chemical composition because of its own depositional and environmental conditions (Figure 2).
Figure 1. Location map of the sampling area, Denizli-Turkey
1 Shrub type
2 Onyx type
3 Reed type
4 Noche type
Figure 2. Macro photograph of the studied rock samples collected from quarries
Laboratory Testing Methods
Travertine blocks were obtained from quarries operating around the city of Denizli and consequently,
samples were prepared to conduct laboratory tests in accordance with the specification of the International Society
for Rock Mechanics (ISRM, 1981) and Turkish Standard Institute (TSE 699, 1987).
Index Properties of Travertine
The samples with 70x70x70mm dimension were used in determination of unit weight, porosity and water
absorption of travertines as recommended (ISRM, 1981; TSE 699, 1987). The spacemen volume was computed from
an average of several caliper readings. Dry weight of sample was obtained with a balance, capable of weighing to an
accurac
dry
sat) was obtained from the ratio of sample
weight to the volume in kg/m3. The effective porosity (n‘), pore volume and water absorption by weight (w) was
determined via saturation and caliper techniques (ISRM, 1981). Rock fullness ratio (F) also computed by multiplying
bulk density of rock with the ratio of water absorption by weight to void ratio. For each travertine type, the
measurements were carried out on ten samples and the average values of the relevant properties with standard
deviation are tabulated as in Table 5.
Uniaxial Compressive Strength Test
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�2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo
The uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) of rock was tested on cubical-samples (having dimension of
70x70x70mm) smoothly sawed from large size blocks in accordance with TSE 699 standards. The ends of the
samples were cut parallel to each other and at right angle to the longitudinal axis and then smoothened to ensure that
the samples were free from abrupt irregularities and roughness. The stress rate applied uniformly within the limits of
0.5-1.0 MPa/s. The test was conducted perpendicular to observed beddings or layers on a sample to get rid of
anisotropy affect on obtained values. Ten samples were tested for each travertine type and the average values were
recorded as the UCS of travertine (Table 5).
P-Wave Velocity Test
P-wave velocity of travertine was measured on the UCS samples using the Portable Ultrasonic Nondestructive
Digital Indicating Tester (PUNTID plus). This tester measures the time of propagation of ultrasound pulses in a
sample in the range (0.1kHz. The measurement was carried out perpendicular to visual beddings or layers by using good coupling agent
necessary between rock surfaces and both receiver and transducer face for accuracy of measurement. Afterward, Pwave velocity was computed from the ratio of distance between transducer and receiver to the time that P-wave takes
to travel the distance. The tests were performed on 10 samples by following ISRM methods for each travertine type
and the average values were used in the dataset. As result of tests, studied travertine types show high P-wave velocity
ranging from 4.5 to 5.0km/s according to P-wave classification as given in Table 1.
Vp (km/s)
<2.5
2.5-3.5
3.5-4.0
4.0-5.0
>5.0
Description
Very low
Low
Moderate
High
Very high
Shrub
Onyx
Reed
Noche
x
x
x
x
Table 1. P-wave velocity classification for studied travertine types (Anon, 1979a)
Slake Durability Test (SDI)
The slake durability test was carried out by using the standard testing method developed (Franklin and Chandra,
1972) and as suggested (ISRM 1981). To perform the test, ten rock lumps made blunt with chisel (ten pieces of about
40–60 g each) were taken and rotated in a drum half immersed in tap water about 20 oC for 10 min at 20rpm. Test
drum was made of a standard sieve mesh of 2mm so that the products of slaking from rock samples could pass
through the sieve into the water bath. The slake durability index (Id 2) corresponding to the second cycle was
computed as the percentage ratio of final to initial dry weights of rock in the drum after the drying and wetting
cycles. The test was performed on ten sample of each travertine type with four cycles as suggested by various
researchers (Gökçeoğlu et al. 2002; Dhakal et al. 2002; Gupta et al. 2007; Yağız and Akyol, 2008). Consequently,
the averaged values of slake durability indices for each travertine type with standard deviation were tabulated in
Table 2. As shown in Table 2, the shrub and noche type travertine shows almost same slaking behavior while reed
type gives lower durability, but onyx type demonstrates the highest durability for soaking in tap water that pH ranges
from 6.75 to 7.05.
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�2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo
Slaking
cycle
Units
%
Shrub type
x ± SD
Onyx type
x ± SD
Reed type
x ± SD
Noche type
x ± SD
Number
of test
Id1
%
99.23±0.08
99.53±0.04
98.94±0.12
99.25±0.11
10
Id2
%
98.91±0.10
99.24±0.07
98.55±0.14
98.87±0.12
10
Id3
%
98.57±0.11
99.05±0.09
98.23±0.16
98.59±0.13
10
Id4
%
98.34±0.12
98.86±0.10
97.95±0.19
98.32±0.16
10
Table 2. Average slake durability indices and standard deviation of travertine types
The lower value of slake durability represents the higher susceptibility for degrading. So, slake durability of
travertine was classified according to first and second cycle of durability indices (Yağız, 2010) in Table 3. As
mentioned previously, each test was conducted on ten samples and the average values of the results are also reported
together with standard deviations herein (Table 4).
Id2
Id1
Durability
Shrub
Onyx
Reed
Noche
>30
<60
Very low
30–60
60–85
Low
60–85
85–95
Medium
85–95
95–98
Medium high
95–98
98–99
High
>98
>99
Very high
Class of travertine according to Id1
V. High
V. High
V. High
High
Class of travertine according to Id2
V. High
V. High
V. High
V. High
Table 3. Durability of travertine types according to slake durability classification (Frank and Chandra, 1972)
UCS
x ± SD
(MPa)
Vp
n‘
w
x ± SD
x ± SD
x ± SD
(km/s)
(%)
Shrub
61±20.6
4.8±0.12
Onyx
58±15
Reed
41±16.6
Travertine
type
x ± SD
x ± SD
(%)
Fullness
x ± SD
(%)
(kg/m3)
(kg/m3)
1.35±0.46
0.55±0.19
98.65±0.46
2427±25.2
2440±22.2
4.7±0.19
2.05±0.88
0.76±0.34
97.95±0.88
2664±46
2683±38.1
4.5±0.11
1.89±0.50
0.80±0.22
98.11±0.50
2317±56.3
2336±54.0
dry
sat
Noche
64±10.9
5.0±0.08 1.59±0.89
0.66±0.38
98.41±0.89
2373±48.1 2389±42.1
x =average values and SD=Standard deviation
Table 4. Engineering properties of travertine type based on average values of ten tested samples
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�2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo
64
TSE11143
(1987)
>50
TSE2513 ASTMC97 ASTMC170
(1987)
(1990)
(1990)
>52
41
64
>30
-
-
-
2318
2373
>2300
-
>2305
-
0.76
0.80
0.66
<3
<7.5
<0.2
-
1.35
2.05
1.89
1.59
-
<12
-
-
Vp Class
High
High
High
High
-
-
-
-
SDI Class (Id1 and Id2)
High
High
High
High
-
-
-
-
Properties of travertine
Shrub
Onyx
Reed
Noche
UCS (MPa) (tile flooring)
61
58
41
(for wall covering)
61
58
2427
2663
w (%)
0.55
n‘(%)
3
dry (kg/m )
Table 5. Suitability of investigated travertine types for construction and buildings
Discussions
The uniaxial strength, P-wave velocity, effective porosity, slake durability index, fullness ratio, water
absorption by weight and both dry and saturated unit weight of travertine that were quarried around the city of
Denizli were investigated. 10 samples were prepared and the tests were performed for each type of travertine in order
to obtain the best representative value for each rock property. TSE and ASTM standards were used to investigate
quality of travertine types as construction materials. Further, P-wave velocity and slake durability classification were
performed according to the scientific classifications recommended by various researchers (Anon, 1979a; Frank and
Chandra, 1972) as represented in Table 5. Properties of investigated travertine types are very good and acceptable
except effective porosity in ASTM standards that counts travertine as marble. The ASTM standard stated that the
effective porosity of travertine should be more than three percent (Table 5). In fact, this range is actually impossible
for travertine that is more porous and weaker than marble. In TSE, natural stone were categorized in detail according
to their origin (TSE 11143, 1993; TSE2513, 1977); on the other hand, the stone were categorized as general in the
ASTM standard (ASTM C97, 1996; ASTM C170, 1990); however, such a variation between two different standards
is likely.
Conclusions
In this study, several type of travertine was investigated according to their physic-mechanical properties and
usability for modern civil construction and buildings. It is fact that the travertine is categorized as sedimentary origin,
porous and weak rocks; therefore, the important issue is not only its properties but also where to be used.
Investigated travertine types quarried in the Denizli Basin of Turkey have reasonably good quality to be used for
construction and buildings purposes in accordance with national and international standards. Further, P-wave
velocity of travertine types is high meaning is that they do not have much micro crack and alteration. The slake
durability of those travertine is very high according to the relevant durability classification. So, these travertine types
could be used for the purposes without thinking of annual precipitation or humid environments. Concluding remark
is that even though reed type travertine being porous has low density and the uniaxial compressive strength is the
lowest in comparison with others, type of travertine quarried in the area have acceptable stone quality to be used for
developing and constructing building and recreation environments in the modern cities.
References
Akyol, A., Yağız, S., Özkul, M., ġen, G., Kato, S: (2005). Physical properties of hot spring travertines related to lithotypes at
Pamukkale Region in Denizli. In: Proceedings of 1st Int. Symposium on Travertine, M, Özkul, S. Yağız, B. Jones, (Eds), 286-290
Denizli, TR
Altunel, E., Hancock, P.L. (1993a) Morphology and structural setting of Quaternary travertines at Pamukkale, Turkey. Geological
Journal, 28, 335-346.
671
�2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo
Altunel, E., Hancock, P.L. (1993b). Active fissuring and faulting in Quaternary travertines at Pamukkale, western Turkey. Z.
Geomorph. N. E. 285-302.
Anon, (1979a). Classification of rocks and soils for engineering geological mapping, part 1-Rock and Soil materials. Bulletin of
International Association of Engineering Geology, 19, 364-371.
ASTM C97 (1996). Standard test method for absorption and bulk specific gravity of dimension stone. Annual Book of ASTM
Standards Vol. 4.08.
ASTM C170 (1990). Standard test method for compressive strength of dimension stone. Annual Book of ASTM Standards Vol.
4.08.
Chafetz, H.S., Folk, R.L. (1984). Travertines: Depositional morphology and the bacterially constructed constituents. Journal of
Sedimentary Petrology, 54(1), 289-316
Demirdağ, S. (2007). The effect of using different polymer and cement based materials in pore filling applications on technical
parameters of travertine stone. Cnstruction and buildings materials, online.
Dhakal, G., Yoneda, T., Kato, M., Kaneko, K. (2002). Slake durability and mineralogical properties of some pyroclastic and
sedimentary rocks. Engineering Geology, 65, 31–45.
EĢder, T., Yılmazer, S. (1991). Geothermal resources of Pamukkale and travertine forming, Tıbbi Ekoloji ve Hidroklimatoloji
Dergisi, In: Special issue for the Symposium, Özer N. (Ed), 32-51.
Ekmekçi, M., Günay, G., ġimĢek, ġ. (1995). Morphology of rimstone pools, Pamukkale, Western Turkey. Cave and Karst
Sciences, 22,103-106.
Franklin, J.A., Chandra, C. (1972). The slake durability test. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 325–
341.
Gökçeoğlu, C., Ulusay, R., Sönmez, H. (2002). Factor affecting the durability of selected weak and clay bearing rocks from
Turkey, with particular emphasis on the influence of the number of drying and wetting cycles. Engineering Geology, 57, 215–237.
Guo, L., Riding, R. (1998). Hot-spring travertine facies and sequences, late Pleistocene, Rapolano Terme, Italy. Sedimentology,
45(1), 63-180.
Gupta, V., Ahmed, I. (2007). The effect of pH of water and mineralogical properties on the slake durability (degradability) of
different rocks from the Lesser Himalaya, India. Engineering Geology, 95, 79-87.
Hancock, P.L., Chalmers, R.M.L., Altunel, E., Çakır, Z. (1999). Travitonics: using travertines in active fault studies. Journal of
Structural Geology, 21, 903-916.
ISRM, (1981). Rock characterization testing and monitoring, ISRM Suggested Methods. International Society for Rock
Mechanics, 211p.
Koçak, A. (1971). Hydrogeological investigation of Denizli-Pamukkale and Karahayit. Mineral Research and Exploration
Institute, Report No.5670.
Özkul, M., Varol, B., Alçiçek, M.C. (2002). Depositional environments and petrography of Denizli travertines, Bulletin of the
Mineral Research and Exploration, 125, 13-29.
Pentecost, A. (1990). The formation of travertines shrubs: Mammoth Hot Spring, Wyoming. Geological Magazine, 127, 159-168.
TSE 699 (1987). Methods of testing for natural buildings stones, Institute of Turkish Standards. 75p Ankara TR
TS2513, (1977) Natural stone testing methods, Institute of Turkish Standard, Ankara, TR
TSE11143, (1993). Travertine as building and facing stone, Institute of Turkish Standard, 8p Ankara TR
Yağız, S., Akyol, E. (2008). Investigation on the relationship between lithological features and slake durability index of travertine
in Denizli. Project Report no: MHF004, (unpublished report).
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�2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo
Yağız, S. (2009). Predicting Uniaxial compressive strength, modulus of elasticity and index properties of rocks using Schmidt
hammer. Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environments, 68,55-63.
Yağız, S. (2010). Geomechanical properties of construction stones quarried in South-western Turkey. Scientific Research and
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673
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307
Title
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Travertine as Construction and Building Material
Author
Author
YAĞIZ, Saffet
Abstract
A summary of the resource.
An experimental study was conducted to investigate physico-mechanical properties of travertines being quarried in western Turkey as construction and buildings material. Four common type of travertine, one of the most common construction materials in the world, were collected from quarries operated around the city of Denizli in south of Turkey, and related rock property tests including both dry and saturated unit weight of travertine, effective porosity, water absorption by weight, uniaxial compressive strength, P-wave velocity, slake durability test were conducted on the samples. Consequently, the results of the performed tests were evaluated according to the national and international construction stone regulations. Concluding remark is that travertine quarrying in the Denizli Basin of Turkey satisfies the relevant natural stone standards with negligible distinction to be used for construction and building purposes.
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
2010-06
Keywords
Keywords.
Conference or Workshop Item
PeerReviewed
HB Economic Theory
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https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/4774a8c93fc53e6c55df5e4f6168a701.pdf
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PDF Text
Text
2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo
Does (De)regulation Matter in Financial Crises?
Examining the Obama Administration's New Bank Plan
Talat ULUSSEVER
Dr.,Department of Finance and Economics
King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals
Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
talat@kfupm.edu.sa
Recai AKYEL
Dr., Office of the President
The Turkish Court of Accounts
Ankara, Turkey
recaiakyel@hotmail.com
Yusuf TEKĠN
Dr., Faculty of Security Sciences
The Police Academy
Ankara, Turkey
ytekin@pa.edu.tr
Abstract: The fact that financial crises have happened with regular intervals and probably
will happen in the future in much the same way has attracted great attention on the
dynamics of crises from scholars as well as policy makers, and causes and remedies have
been intensively discussed in the literature. Some have argued that deregulation of
financial markets have significantly contributed to the recent crises, and thus they very
much favor for sound regulation on financial markets, especially on big investment banks.
Conversely, the other view strongly disfavors the aforementioned vision, and supports the
liberal idea that the state should not intervene the market with any tool including the
regulation. The objective of this study is to analyze the dynamics of the recent crises,
investigate their causes, and discuss whether the states can be held responsible against
them in the sense of (de)regulating the markets and ensuring the stability of the system.
As a case study, the Obama administration's new bank plan is examined to shed lights on
the current discussion.
Key words: Financial crisis, (de)regulation, Obama's new bank plan
Introduction
The recent financial crisis has been widely acknowledged as the most serious one since the Great
Depression and thus world financial system, and particularly the world banking system, has been affected as bad as
any since the stock market crashes of 1929. Accordingly, banking systems in many countries have suffered from an
impaired ability to play their vital role in credit extension to the real economy. Despite the fact that the world
political and financial systems, particularly US system, have been tilted in favor of business deregulation and against
new rules, the recent global financial crisis that has negatively affected almost whole society has somehow changed
the thoughts. Now, governments all over the world, especially the US government, have been forced to intervene in
the highflying financial industry to avert an economy-wide crash, which will typically result in an expansion of the
government's role in financial markets. Obviously, if not directly entering the market, the government's role in
financial markets means more regulations. In other words, the new popular motto is regulation in deregulation out.
Needless to say that new regulations should not ignore important concepts like efficiency and effectiveness.
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�2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo
It is a well-known fact that financial markets, especially banks, are subject to more developed regulatory
mechanisms than other sectors of the economy in order to safeguard the public's savings, bring stability to the
financial system, and prevent abuse of financial service customers. In fact, banks lie at the heart of the world's
financial system and have indispensable functions in business life. In addition, banks play crucial role in the
economic life of the nations. The economic performance of the nations, thus, is strongly related to the soundness of
their banking systems. Although banks create no new wealth, their borrowing, lending, and related activities
facilitate the process of production, distribution, exchange and consumption of wealth. Consequently, banks are
considered as one of the building blocks of the nations' economic development.
No need to mention that the size, variety and characteristics of financial transactions may produce awfully
harmful effects on the entire economic system, which justify the more developed regulatory and supervisory regime
of the banks and financial institutions, with the explicit objective of ensuring the soundness and stability of the
system. There are countless examples of how weak or incomplete regulatory mechanism of banks and financial
institutions has created dramatic financial, economic, and social problems. However, regulation is still an unpleasant
word on many people's eye, especially on managers and stockholders, who often see the rules imposed upon them by
the governments as costly, burdensome, and unreasonably damaging to innovation and efficiency. This state of mind
with help of some popular concepts of economics and finance, like freedom, efficiency, international competition
and economies of scale, gained momentum in 1980's, and the rules of the game in financial arena rather changed in
1990's; more and more financial service regulations were set aside or weakened, and free market place, not
government dictation, was relied upon to shape and restrain what financial firms could do. A well-known example is
the 1999 Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act, also known as Financial Services Modernization Act. This act removed the
regulatory walls of the Glass-Steagall Act, which is an important legislation from the Great Depression era that
imposed a number of regulations on financial institutions like separating banking from security trading, underwriting
and insurance industry.
The objective of this study is to analyze the dynamics of the recent crises, investigate their causes, and
discuss whether the states can be held responsible against them in the sense of (de)regulating the markets and
ensuring the stability of the system. The remaining part of the paper is as follows: The section 2 briefly discusses the
causes and characteristics of the recent crisis. In the third section, bailout debate is presented. The forth section
investigates the regulation-deregulation discussion. The Obama's bank plan is scrutinized in the fifth section. Finally,
the final section provides concluding remarks.
The Recent Financial Crisis: Causes and Characteristics
The financial crisis began in early 2006 when the sub-prime mortgage market in the U.S. began to show an
increasing rate of mortgage defaults. In late 2006, these defaults led to a decline in US housing prices after nearly a
decade of remarkably high growth. By late 2007, the prime mortgage markets were showing higher than normal
default rates. Collateralized Mortgage Obligations (CMOs), a type of collateralized debt obligations (CDOs),
allowed these problems to spread from the mortgage market to other sectors of the economy, having especially
widespread effects on financial markets as a whole. CMOs were mortgage-backed securities issued by investment
banks and other financial institutions, which since they were not part of the commercial banking system, were
allowed to operate unregulated by the federal government. As the value of mortgages fell owing to increasing default
rates, the value of these securities fell as well.
The risk significantly increased in the early 2000s as sub-prime loans became the primary mortgage used in
securitization. As the housing bubble deflated, many portfolios of these securities fell below book value. Since the
big investment banks and large hedge funds were allowed to borrow excessively on the huge margin described in the
previous paragraph, the drop in value due to mark to market accounting forced the investment banks to write down
the value of the security or portfolio as a defensive measure against even greater losses. The rapid drop in value of
securitized assets also forced margin calls as some hedge funds, for example, did not have sufficient additional
collateral to protect against the margin call. Creditors who lent money to investment banks required certain margin
and capital ratios and refused to extend additional credit to funds or investment banks as the value of their assets
dwindled. This is what happened to Bear Stearns, which had to be taken over by JP Morgan with the assistance of the
government and to Lehman Brothers, which was forced into bankruptcy. It is also what forced Merrill Lynch to
merge with Bank of America and Goldman Sachs and Citigroup to cease to exist as Investment Banks.
The credit crisis dramatically collapsed the market cap values of many of the key players in the mortgage
industry (whether they made risky loans or not) and in the investment banking community which had successfully
securitized all forms of credit for so long. As the table 1 illustrates, investors in these stocks lost over $1 trillion of
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market cap value (these stocks dropped 92% from their mid 2000 value) as a result of the mortgage securitization
process based on securitizing risky loans and allowing excessive leverage to acquire such assets.
Mortgage
Companies
Mid 2000s
Company
Price
Fannie Mae
Freddie Mac
$80
$50
Washington Mutual $45
Mar-09
Shares
(mil.)
1000
1400
Mkt
Cap
Price
(mil.)
$80,000
$0.40
$70,000
$0.17
Mkt
(mil.)
$400
$238
1700
$76,500
$0.05
$85
$30,160
$6.00
$3,480
Acquired by Bank of America
$1,750
-
$55
Bankruptcy
Countrywide
$52 580
Financial
New
Century
Financial Corp.
Investment Banks Mid 2000s
Goldman
Sachs
$240 460
Group
Bear
Stearns
$133 135
Companies
Citigroup
$52 5450
Merrill Lynch
$92 2000
Lehman Brothers $60 689
Other
Financial
Mid 2000s
Institutions
Bank of America $52 5000
American
$72 2500
International Group
Combined Mkt Cap
of Above Financial Institutions
Cap
Notes
Government conservatorship
Government conservatorship
Bankruptcy banking ops sold to J P
Morgan Chase
Mar-09
$110,400
$100
$46,000
No longer an investment bank
$17,955
$2.00
$270
Acquired by J P Morgan Chase
$283,400
$184,000
$41,340
$2.00
$6.00
$0.04
$10,900
$12,000
$28
No longer an investment bank
Acquired by Bank of America
Bankruptcy
Mar-09
$260,000
$6.00
$30,000
Received $45B in bailout funds
$180,000
$0.35
$875
Received $180 bln in bailout funds
$104,331
$1.2 Trillion in Mkt Cap Lost
$1,335,505 -
Table 1: The Market Capitals of Major Companies Before and After 2008 Crisis
Source: http://www.wikinvest.com
The problem was augmented by the Credit Default Swap (CDS). CDSs were nominally insurance contracts
on CMOs, but they became a tangled web, which dragged the financial system down as sellers of CDSs bought
matching CDSs to protect themselves against default risk until nearly all the players in the investment banking
market were linked together by these liabilities. Thus, these CMOs and CDSs became the infamous ―toxic assets‖.
The defaults in the mortgage markets caused a collapse in the value of the corresponding CMOs, which created a
cascade of additional problems as the multitude of CDSs were executed, dragging down the balance sheets of the
major players in investment banking. This led to the freezing of private credit markets. Finally, the collapse in value
of CMOs lead to a significant problem: since no one was trading CMOs, it was no longer clear what they were
worth. The fact that the financial system is based on trust, the evaporation of trust meant that no private financial
institution was willing to lend its scarce cash to any other since the former couldn‘t trust that the latter was correctly
revealing the extent of its CMO holdings, and neither could be sure what those holdings were worth.
These liquidity problems turned to insolvency in September of 2008, when private lending froze completely
in a number of important credit markets, such as commercial paper. As a result, non-financial businesses were unable
to get access to the financing they required to function normally, leading to problems in the real economy.
The real economy began to exhibit problems related to the financial crisis as early as March 2006, when
investment expenditure on residential structures began to decline. In early 2008, this decline spread to investment in
business equipment and consumer spending on durable goods. It wasn‘t until the summer of 2008 that consumer
spending broadly and GDP began falling, signs of a recession. In December 2008, the National Bureau of Economic
Research, official arbiter of business cycles dated the formal beginning of the recession as December 2007. While
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the public had been concerned about recession for much of the year, it wasn‘t until the fall that the economy began to
decline at more than a 6% annual rate. Congress responded by passing the TARP plan to assist failing financial
institutions. This plan was meant to decrease the severity of the recession by treating its cause: the financial crisis.
The financial crisis and recession in the U.S. spread globally through both financial and trade linkages.
Seeing housing prices in the U.S. rising, foreign banks sought opportunities to invest in the U.S. housing market,
such as through CMOs issued by investment banks. When the mortgages backing these securities began to fall in
value, the value of the securities themselves began to fall. Seeing their asset prices falling, investors attempted to
liquidate their holdings beginning in August of 2007. These assets became frozen because of a lack of buyers in the
market. As credit became scarce and in response to a lack of confidence in U.S. financial institutions, international
banks began to raise the interest rate at which they lent money to one another, known as the LIBOR.
Additionally, the economic slowdown in the U.S. led to declining U.S. imports from its major trading
partners, the European Union, Mexico and China. When export sales languished, foreign GDPs fell too, spreading
the recession worldwide. Despite recent claims that the US is no longer the locomotive of the world economy, the
current crisis shows those claims to be false.
To summarize the origins of the recent financial crisis step by step 28;
Banks and thrift institutions make mortgages, loans with a piece of real estate as collateral. Mortgages can
be sold on a secondary market.
Corporations such as Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae were set up in the 1930s to create a secondary market in
mortgages. They would buy mortgages from the banks, then package multiple mortgages and sell them to
other lenders, these packages are called, ―mortgage backed securities.‖
The root of the current financial crisis were ―mortgage backed securities.‖ Bundles of ―mortgage backed
securities‖ were known as Collateralized debt obligations were also placed on the market
Along with low interest rates and rising house prices, banks and other lenders began making loans to riskier
borrowers and requiring less equity from borrowers. The ―risk‖ of these loans could be diversified by
bundling many loans in the ―mortgage backed securities
When housing prices began falling the summer of 2007, lenders worried about the credit worthiness of the
loans in the bundles they held.
As people began worrying about the credibility of the mortgage backed securities, the price of those bonds
fell and interest rates rose. Individuals and institutions who held these bonds thought it was easy to
liquidate, but found that they could do so at a loss. Further selling only depressed the price more.
Investment banks including banks and mortgage lenders were more involved in the creation of the
―mortgage crisis securities.‖ Many investment banks retained some interest in these assets because they
were also involved in debt servicing.
In the summer of 2007, the investment banks were under pressure, and their attempts to obtain liquidity by
selling assets made the crisis worse.
A new kind of financial instrument, the Credit Default Swap, played a major role in the crisis in 2008.
This new instrument is an insurance policy against bond default. Just like ―mortgage backed securities‖, the
assets being traded were not uniform, nor was the prices of these assets was visible to all the traders.
When investment banks and insurance companies such as AIG had large positions in Credit Default Swap,
came under pressure, and the bond prices started falling. Some Credit Default Swaps required the insurer to
make partial compensation to the policy owners.
The uncertainty over the net position and liabilities of the investment banks brought several of them down.
The buyers had the incentives to understand the risk of the underlying assets, but was caught up in the
bubble mentality, others saw large profits and wanted to get in on the action
Bailout Discussions
In consequence of the 2008 financial crisis, several giant financial firms failed and, as expected, they
claimed the government bailout. Even though there was a strong public opposition to the failed firms' bailout call, the
US government bailed them out with little exception.
28
http://www.sourcewatch.org
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As a result, taxpayers have had to foot a huge bill to save the nation's debt-ridden banks because the government and
pro-bailout people claimed that if those failed financial institutions were not saved, then the economy could collapse.
They, furthermore, have argued that if there are losses to be covered and it is a matter of saving the financial system
from collapse, then taxpayers do have to pay and always have done. They implicitly send message to the taxpayers
by saying that if you want the financial system to collapse, you do not bailout anybody. If the system collapses,
everybody will suffer and the economy will face a serious depression, which definitely creates more catastrophes
then the bailout.
Nearly two year has passed since Congress and former President Bush gave the Treasury Department the
authority to distribute hundreds of billions of taxpayer dollars to failed banks, automakers, and AIG. Treasury gave
money to more than 700 companies, but a handful of firms received Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP) money
in especially massive amounts. On the other hand, Congress neither specified how the money must be spent, nor
dictated how the money must be used by aided institutions (e.g., not to pay CEO bonuses), nor imposed any system
of checks and balances. As some people predict, banks may be using the bailout money to advance their own selfinterest (they are, after all, for profit entities) rather than to thaw the credit freeze since there is no any system of
checks and balances as mentioned above.
Under what conditions would multi-billion-dollar bailouts of private businesses be acceptable? What are the
criteria that would be used for deciding when it is prudent to use public money to save private business? It is possible
to ask more questions like those. They are obviously terrific questions with no obvious common answers. Different
group of people can answer the above questions, however they possibly cannot satisfy others. Even the other people
can claim that the answers and/or justifications are biased and cannot help the economy at all especially in the long
term.
While researchers, academics as well as practitioners were still discussing the recent financial crisis and
bailout issues, the big banks in the US announced that they made large profits and handed out huge bonuses only a
year after one of the biggest banking crises and bailouts in the history. Thus, thousands of top traders and bankers on
Wall Street were awarded huge bonuses and pay packages, even as their employers were battered by the financial
crisis.
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CORP.
Y
E
WHAT HAPPENED
A
R
COST
Bear
Stearns
2
0
0
8
JP Morgan Chase and the federal government bailed out Bear Stearns when the
financial giant neared collapse. JP Morgan purchased Bear Stearns for $236 million;
the Federal Reserve provided a $30 billion credit line to ensure the sale could move
forward.
$30
billion
Fannie
Mae /
Freddie
Mac
2
0
0
8
On Sep. 7, 2008, Fannie and Freddie were essentially nationalized: placed under the
conservatorship of the Federal Housing Finance Agency. Under the terms of the
rescue, the Treasury has invested billions to cover the companies' losses. Initially,
Treasury Secretary Hank Paulson put a ceiling of $100 billion for investments in each
company. In February, Tim Geithner raised it to $200 billion. The money was
authorized by the Housing and Economic Recovery Act of 2008.
$400
billion
(A.I.G.)
On four separate occasions, the government has offered aid to AIG to keep it from
2
collapsing, rising from an initial $85 billion credit line from the Federal Reserve to a
0
combined $180 billion effort between the Treasury ($70 billion) and Fed ($110
0
billion). ($40 billion of the Treasury‘s commitment is also included in the TARP
8
total.)
Auto
Industry
In late September 2008, Congress approved a more than $630 billion spending bill,
2
which included a measure for $25 billion in loans to the auto industry. These low0
$25
interest loans are intended to aid the industry in its push to build more fuel-efficient,
0
billion
environmentally-friendly vehicles. The Detroit 3 -- General Motors, Ford and Chrysler
8
-- will be the primary beneficiaries.
Troubled
Asset
Relief
Program
2
0
0
8
Citigrou
p
Citigroup received a $25 billion investment through the TARP in October and another
2
$20 billion in November. (That $45 billion is also included in the TARP total.)
0
$280
Additional aid has come in the form of government guarantees to limit losses from a
0
billion
$301 billion pool of toxic assets. In addition to the Treasury's $5 billion commitment,
8
the FDIC has committed $10 billion and the Federal Reserve up to about $220 billion.
Bank of
America
2
0
0
9
In October 2008, Congress passed the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act, which
authorized the Treasury Department to spend $700 billion to combat the financial
crisis. Treasury has been doling out the money via an alphabet soup of different
programs. Here‘s our running tally of companies getting TARP funds.
Bank of America has received $45 billion through the TARP, which includes $10
billion originally meant for Merrill Lynch. (That $45 billion is also included in the
TARP total.) In addition, the government has made guarantees to limit losses from a
$118 billion pool of troubled assets. In addition to the Treasury's $7.5 billion
commitment, the FDIC has committed $2.5 billion and the Federal Reserve up to
$87.2 billion.
Table 2: The major bailouts in 2008 and 2009
http://www.propublica.org/special/government-bailouts
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$180
billion
$700
billion
$142.2
billion
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This has unavoidably attracted much criticism given how instrumental the banks were in causing the crisis.
It is obviously immoral and insincere: If they win, they walk away with the profits; if they lose, the taxpayer picks up
the tab. Consequently, this picture beyond doubt created widespread public anger against Wall Street bankers.
A report29, released by Andrew M. Cuomo, the New York attorney general, provides a little more details
about the bailouts. The report confirms that nine of the financial firms that were among the largest recipients of
federal bailout money paid about 5,000 of their traders and bankers bonuses of more than $1 million apiece for 2008.
For instance, bonuses of more than $1 million went to 953 traders and bankers at Goldman Sachs, while Morgan
Stanley awarded seven-figure bonuses to 428 employees. Even though they are weaker banks, Citigroup and Bank of
America distributed million-dollar bonuses to hundreds of their workers.
Thus, many people raised their voice by saying, "risk is being socialized, yet profits are privatized." That
means the rich elite makes money at the expense of the taxpayers. That is completely unfair and not what it should
be.
It is morally revolting that the architects of the crisis had huge bonuses only a year after being bailed out by
the taxpayer. With large profits made by the banking industry allowing the payment of the massive bonuses, it not
just created widespread public anger as mentioned above, but also justified the argument that the new regulation for
the banking industry is must. Thus, it has become obviously necessary to regulate the banking industry in such a way
that excessive risk taking becomes not possible.
Deregulation in Financial Market
Financial regulation is a form of supervision, which subjects financial institutions to certain requirements,
restrictions and guidelines, and aims to maintain the integrity of the financial system. As Warren Buffet noted,
‗Credit Default Swaps are the financial weapons of mass destruction‘ (The Economist, September 2008). However,
shadow banking and credit default swaps (CDSs), allowing betting instruments, remained unregulated.
The lack of regulation of credit default swaps and the shadow-banking sector caused the financial system to
grow larger, even more insolvent, and even more unstable. As noted, CDSs were initially used to transfer the risk on
a bond onto someone else, but the deliberate lack of oversight meant traders could use these insurance-type contracts
to place bets on bonds they did not own; eventually this led to the selling of the insurance contracts themselves when
demand became high.. The CDS market grew enormously, but the lack of regulation allowed the gambling on
insurance contracts to spiral out of control, until it consisted of more ‗bet money‘ than actual bonds. The market
eventually came to encompass $60 trillion of bets on bonds, while only $5 trillion worth of bond money was
circulating. This meant certain companies were promising billions of dollars in the form of protection that they did
not have. American Insurance Group (AIG), for instance, owed over $400 billion worth of CDSs that it could not
produce, necessitating its bailout by the US government. In addition, the non-regulation of CDSs and shadow banks
allowed CDS deals to be made in private, generating in turn a lack of transparency extending to the finances of
anyone vested in the market and obscuring the stability of transactions and of finances in general (Stiglitz, 2009).
When the crisis hit and the extent of the opacity became apparent, confidence plummeted and credit froze, and
because of the market‘s interconnectedness, the failure of one bank meant the demise of them all. The taxpayer
would ultimately pay for these mistakes through the government bailout of the fallen institutions.
Had hedge funds and investment banks been required to hold proper reserves to back the CDSs with liquid
assets, the financial crisis would likely not have reached the level it did. Such regulatory measures would have
prevented companies from taking the significant risks that have characterized finance in the 1990s and early twentyfirst century, and the CDS market would not have been likely to ‗balloon‘ as it did in the first place (Blumberg
2008).
The non-regulation of CDSs and America‘s shadow banking sector during the decade leading up to the
global crisis was therefore an occurrence that could have been avoided. US policymakers and regulators had ample
warning that unregulated CDSs and bank-like institutions would undermine the system‘s credibility, and cause a
global financial calamity.
Obama's Bank Plan
In response to the distress and turmoil created by the financial firms and banks, the Obama administration
proposed a two-part plan regulation, suggesting the comprehensive changes to the financial sector regulation.
29
http://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/31/business/31pay.html
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President Obama first proposed a new tax or fee on the 50 largest U.S. financial institutions related to the costs of the
government bailout of the financial industry. The idea is to discourage excessive risk-taking, to re-balance a tilted
playing field and to generate needed revenue. The fee is expected to raise $90 billion over the next 10 years, and
$117 billion over about 12 years. Although the tax would be imposed on 50 largest banks, insurance companies and
large broker-dealers, roughly 60% of the revenue is expected to come from the 10 largest financial firms. If approved
by lawmakers, the fee would go into effect June 30, 2010 and last at least 10 years. It would amount to 0.15% of total
assets minus high-quality capital, such as common stock, and disclosed and retained earnings.
Yet even if Congress goes along with this fee proposal, it will practically not be enough. Because the
executives who run these institutions are likely to force shareholders to bear the burden of the tax, while they just
keep on much as before. In fact, shareholders have already suffered as the executives undertook mergers, paid out
bonuses and took other actions that have diminished shareholder value. Moreover, a new tax would probably give the
bankers one more excuse not to restart lending.
Mr. Obama made a second and more direct proposal by adapting the ideas of Paul Volcker, the former Fed
chairman, on 22nd of January, 2010. This regulation restricts banks from making investments that are not intended to
benefit customers, which is known as proprietary trading. Mr. Obama's new proposal put new limits mainly on the
size and activities of the largest banks by intending to toughen existing limits on the size of financial firms and force
them to choose between the protection of the government's safety net and the often-lucrative business of trading for
their own accounts or owning hedge funds or private-equity funds. Mr. Obama highlighted this point by saying,
"Never again will the American taxpayer be held hostage by a bank that is too big to fail."
The second proposal focused on two points.
The first concerns restrictions on the scope of activities. In the case of having insured deposits, and hence
accessing to emergency funds from the central bank, the banks would not be allowed to own or invest in private
equity or hedge funds nor would they be able to engage in ―proprietary‖ trading though they could continue to offer
investment banking for clients, such as underwriting securities, making markets and advising on mergers.
The second focuses on size. Banks already face a 10% cap on national market share of deposits. This would
be updated to include other liabilities, namely wholesale funding. The aim is to limit concentration, which has
increased greatly over the past 20 years, accelerating during the crisis as healthy banks bought sick ones. The four
largest banks now hold more than half of the industry‘s assets.
This second proposal is easily considered as, at least, seeking to return the "spirit of Glass-Steagall Act" and
will for sure impede the growth of the largest banks and bar them from making what Mr. Obama called "reckless"
investments.
Citibank's merge with Travelers Group in 1998 had been seen as a violation of the Bank Holding Company
Act (BHCA), and Citibank had thus been given two-year forbearance. Following the GLB act, however, not
Citigroup/Traveler Group merger just became legal but several new mergers also took place.
This is an undeniable fact that the repeal of important portions of the Glass-Steagall Act made banks seek
high returns by investing money from checking and savings accounts into "creative" and "innovative" financial
instruments such as collateralized debt obligations (CDOs), mortgage-backed securities (MBSs) and credit default
swaps (CDSs). These risky investments have been blamed to be caused to the collapse of the financial markets in
2008 and the resulting global financial crisis.
The original idea of freeing up the banks or justification of the GLB act was to allow the US banks to
compete at the national and international scale especially with European banks. However, many US banks engaged
in very aggressive and riskier investments seeking higher returns following the GLB act. These aggressive behaviors
were amplified as banking companies grew more complicated, drawing funding from more sources and investing in a
wider range of activities. Increasingly, some investments were made to profit the firms' employees and shareholders,
which are unrelated to the needs of customers. Those banks had been making increasingly massive profits until the
bubble burst in 2008. Although the impetus for the climb in profitability primarily came from the investment banking
activities, the key area of growth was in securities with especially mortgage assets. Furthermore, the banks‘ activities
had been increasingly funded from the wholesale market by lending between banks on narrow margins and not the
traditional depositor base in the commercial part of the banks‘ business. The problem was not truly recognized
before 2008. When the bubble burst, it became not just obvious how risky these activities had been but the enormous
scale of securitization combined with high leverage also almost led to a collapse of the whole financial system. In
fact, being derivative products there were many third parties that had significant exposure to asset-backed securities
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(ABS). Consequently, the investment activities of those banks, aggressively seeking higher profits and market share
regardless of the risk, pervaded the whole economy.
Another bill, known as the Commodity Futures Modernization (CFM) Act, had been passed just a year after
the GLB Act. I do not think it is false that those two acts together undoubtedly contributed to the 2008 crisis. The
(CFM) act unleashed the derivatives market and paved the way for banks to become more aggressive about investing
in mortgages. This is basically how it ended up with the largest banks filled with toxic assets, off-balance sheet
commitments, and in-house hedge funds among other "investments."
Concluding Remarks
As it is known, commercial banks function as intermediary between depositor and borrower and provide the
loans and services to households and companies that are the life-blood of business activity and job creation.
Investment banks, by contrast, have often engaged in activities that are more intensive use of complex instruments
subject to high-risk volatility, and invested bank capital in hedge funds and private equity firms, which are in high
return-high risk category. Nobody has problem with hedge funds and other speculative clubs, so long as they are not
risking taxpayer money, whether directly like Fannie and Freddie or indirectly by threatening to bring down the
system.
The recent financial crisis has provided a clear lesson against allowing excess leverage and risk-taking
through financial innovations that do not correspond to corporate and retail customers‘ banking needs. In retrospect,
one can trace the origins of the crisis to a shift over time away from the ‗credit culture‘ of commercial banking
towards an ‗equity culture‘ focused on generating profits for shareholders and management by exploiting new
financial innovations and leveraging them while taking advantage of regulatory and tax loopholes. Therefore, as
proposed in Mr. Obama's plan, separating these from mainstream activities like deposit-taking and lending, as well as
some investment banking activities that correspond to customer needs, such as underwriting, market-making,
broking and some derivatives services, could definitely bring important benefits for commercial banking. The
separation could notably decrease contagion and counterparty risks, and help sustainable growth by focusing
management attention on the core needs of bank clients without major distractions and disruptions.
As Acharya (2009) claims, the goal of bank regulation is to restrain systemic risk rather than the individual
risk of institutions. Accordingly, imposing a fee especially on the largest financial institutions, both for their
expected losses when individual institution's failure and for expected losses when whole market's failure in the case
of the financial system as a whole becomes undercapitalized, minimizes the systemic risk, thus suggest a solution,
possibly good and efficient solution. As a consequence, even though it may have some possible flaws, given this
framework for regulating systemic risk, Mr. Obama's proposal of imposing a fee against systemic risk of institutions
is not just fair on the eye of public but also makes true economic sense.
Moreover, again even though there are some concerns, separating commercial banking and other forms of
financial intermediation from proprietary trading definitely limit systemic risk without affecting financial sector‘s
ability to function its core activities.
Obviously, one can easily count several points that need to be fixed and raise some concerns with Mr.
Obama‘s new bank plan. On balance, however, both, a fee against systemic risk and scope restrictions, deserve a
serious consideration and seem to be right steps in the right direction. The plan will help creating a sound and more
reliable financial system and separating core commercial banking from some higher-risk activities in financial
conglomerates and placing a moratorium on further consolidation could help to avoid the new financial crises by
resolving some major risks inherent to the current financial system.
References
Acharya, Viral. (2009). A Theory of Systemic Risk and Design of Prudential Bank Regulation. Journal of Financial Stability,
5(3), 224-255.
Blumberg, A. (2008). Another Frightening Show About the Economy. This
American Life Episode Transcript, Program 365.
Stiglitz, J. (2009). Capitalist Fools. Vanity Faire. January, 2009. Online available at
http://www.vanityfair.com/magazine/2009/01/stiglitz200901.
The Economist, September 2008
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http://www.wikinvest.com
http://www.propublica.org/special/government-bailouts
http://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/31/business/31pay.html
110
�
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Extent
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191
Title
A name given to the resource
Does (De)regulation Matter in Financial Crises? Examining the Obama Administration's New Bank Plan
Author
Author
ULUSSEVER, Tala
AKYEL, Recai
TEKİN, Yusuf
Abstract
A summary of the resource.
The fact that financial crises have happened with regular intervals and probably will happen in the future in much the same way has attracted great attention on the dynamics of crises from scholars as well as policy makers, and causes and remedies have been intensively discussed in the literature. Some have argued that deregulation of financial markets have significantly contributed to the recent crises, and thus they very much favor for sound regulation on financial markets, especially on big investment banks. Conversely, the other view strongly disfavors the aforementioned vision, and supports the liberal idea that the state should not intervene the market with any tool including the regulation. The objective of this study is to analyze the dynamics of the recent crises, investigate their causes, and discuss whether the states can be held responsible against them in the sense of (de)regulating the markets and ensuring the stability of the system. As a case study, the Obama administration's new bank plan is examined to shed lights on the current discussion.
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
2010-06
Keywords
Keywords.
Conference or Workshop Item
PeerReviewed
HB Economic Theory
-
https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/0b59bc1a2e3324f24407004dfca16223.pdf
26cec2f9dd535ef00bd9f3de6b8984a2
PDF Text
Text
Nonlinear Transverse Vibrations of a Slightly Curved Beam Carrying
Multiple Concentrated Masses: Primary Resonance
E. Ozkaya
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Celal Bayar University, Muradiye, 45140 Manisa, Turkey
M. Sarigul
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Celal Bayar University, Muradiye, 45140 Manisa, Turkey
H. Boyaci
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Celal Bayar University, Muradiye, 45140 Manisa, Turkey
hakan.boyaci@bayar.edu.tr
Abstract: In this study, nonlinear vibrations of curved Euler-Bernoulli beams carrying
arbitrarily placed concentrated masses have been investigated. Sag-to-span ratio of the beam,
which was assumed to have sinusoidal curvature function at the beginning, was taken as 1/10.
Equations of motion were obtained by using Hamilton Principle. Cubic nonlinear terms
aroused at the mathematical model because of the elongations occurred during the vibrations
of the simple-simple supported beam. Method of multiple scales, a perturbation technique,
was used for solving the equations of motion about analytically. Natural frequencies were
obtained for different numbers, sizes and locations of the masses as control parameters.
Analytical solutions were found for primary resonance case. Frequency-amplitude and
frequency-response graphs were drawn using different control parameters for these resonance
cases. Stability of the solutions was investigated in detail.
Keywords: curved beam, nonlinear vibrations, concentrated mass.
Introduction
Many engineering problems such as bridges, rails, automotive industries, work pieces and machine elements
can be modeled as curved beams. Before proceeding to our investigation on these beams, some researches made
on the beam vibrations, both linear and nonlinear, must be mentioned. Some of these studies are such that,
Rehfield (1974) derived the equations of motion of a shallow arch with an arbitrary rise function and studied the
free vibrations approximately. Singh and Ali (1975) studied a moderately thick clamped beam with a sinusoidal
rise function by adding the effects of transverse shear and rotary inertia. Nayfeh et al. (1979) developed a new
method, which is a combination of perturbation method and numerical method, to be used in the analysis of
forced vibrations. Using two beam elements one has three degree-of-freedom and other four, Krishnan and
Suresh (1998) studied static and free vibration of curved beams. Taking account into the effect of shear
deformation and rotary inertia, they determined frequencies of these beams. For a general state of non-uniform
initial stress, Chen and Shen (1998) derived the virtual work expressions of initially stressed curved beams. They
investigated the influence of arc segment angles, elastic foundation, and initial stresses on natural frequencies.
Oz et al.(1998) examined a simply supported slightly curved beam resting on an elastic foundation with cubic
non-linearities. Considering free-undamped and forced-damped vibrations, he analyzed the effects of the elastic
foundation, axial stretching and curvature on the vibrations of the beams. Tarnopolskaya, De Hoog and Fletcher
(1999) examined the vibrational behavior of beams with arbitrarily varying curvature and cross-section in the
lower region of the spectrum. For a particular type of beam curvature and cross-section, they examined whether
or not the mode transition takes place. Lacarbonara et al. (2002) developed open-loop nonlinear control strategy,
and applied it to a hinged-hinged shallow arch. They assumed the beam subjected to a longitudinal enddisplacement with frequency twice the frequency of the second mode (principal parametric resonance). Tien et
al. (1994) studied the dynamics of a shallow arch subjected to harmonic excitation. In the presence of both
external and 1:1 internal resonance, he examined the bifurcation behavior of the shallow arch system.
Lacarbonara, Yabuno and Okhuma (2003) investigated experimentally the principal parametric resonance of the
second mode of a simply supported first-mode buckled beam. By considering axial loads slightly above the first
buckling load, they examined the frequency-response curves for different excitation amplitudes and the spacetime characteristics of the nonlinear resonant motions. Nayfeh et al. (1999) studied to construct the nonlinear
738
�normal modes of a fixed-fixed buckled beam about its first post-buckling mode. Abe (2006) studied the validity
of nonlinear vibration analysis of continuous systems with quadratic and cubic nonlinearities. Lee, Poon and Ng
(2006) studied to derive the equations of motion for a clamped–clamped curved beam subjected to transverse
sinusoidal loads. Taking into account the effects of beam mid-plane stretching and damping Nayfeh and
Pakdemirli (1994) investigated the nonlinear vibrations of a beam-mass-spring system. In their analysis
frequency-response and force-response curves shows that the nonlinearity arouses due to stretching and location
of nonlinear spring supporting the mass. Posiadala (1997) presented the solution of the free vibration problem of
a Timoshenko beam with additional attached elements. By using the Lagrange multiplier formalism, he showed
the influence of the various parameters on the frequencies of the combined system. Ozkaya et al. (1997) studied
nonlinear vibrations of a beam-mass system under different boundary conditions. For different boundary
conditions, locations and magnitude of the masses, he examined the effects of mid-plane stretching on the beam
vibrations. Assuming simply supported end conditions, Ozkaya (2001) studied an Euler–Bernoulli beam carrying
concentrated masses. He investigated the effects of mid-plane stretching on free-undamped and forced-damped
vibrations of the beam in detail. Under assumption of simply supported end conditions Ozkaya (2002) studied
nonlinear vibrations of an Euler–Bernoulli beam carrying concentrated masses. He investigated free-undamped
and forced-damped vibrations of this beam–mass system for different locations, magnitudes and number of the
masses. Adessi et al. (2005) studied the regime of high pre-stressed beams. Considering a lumped mass that is
rigidly clamped to the beam at an arbitrary point along its span and assuming different boundary
conditions(simply supported and hinged-hinged), they examined post-buckling configurations of the beam. The
effect of the point concentrated mass on the large amplitude free vibrations of beam under symmetric
configuration was investigated. Zhou and Ji (2006) studied free vibration characteristics of a non-uniform beam
with arbitrarily distributed spring-mass. For the special cases of the proposed solution, they investigated the
coupled vibrations of a beam and distributed spring-mass in detail. Hassanpour et al. (2007) investigated the
vibrations of a beam with a concentrated mass within its interval length subjected to a quasi-static axial force. By
choosing the location of the concentrated mass arbitrarily, they studied the transient and steady state behavior of
the resonator in the time domain. Maiza et al. (2007) studied to describe the determination of the natural
frequencies of a Bernoulli–Euler beam with general boundary conditions at the ends and carrying a finite number
of masses at arbitrary positions, by considering their rotatory inertia. To present a general solution of the
problem, they used translational and rotational springs at both ends as well as elastic restraints. Sochacki (2008)
considered a simply supported beam loaded by both a longitudinal force and a concentrated mass in a chosen
position along the beam length. He investigated the influence of additional mass and elasticity as well as an
undamped harmonic oscillator on the position of the solutions on the stability chart. By considering, a
continuous beam attached spring–mass systems and using directly differential equation of motion, Lin and Tsai
(2007) obtained the natural frequencies and associated mode shapes of the vibrating system. They used FEA and
thus made no other assumptions. Yesilce and Demirdag (2008) studied the multi-span uniform Timoshenko
beam carrying multiple spring-mass systems with/without axial force effect. They described the determination of
the natural frequencies and mode shapes of vibration as well as the effect of axial force. Finally, nonlinear
transverse vibrations of a slightly curved Euler Bernoulli beam carrying a concentrated mass has been studied by
E. Ozkaya et al. (2009)
In this study, nonlinear vibrations of curved beams carrying multiple concentrated masses were investigated.
For the beam which is of Euler-Bernoulli type, it was assumed firstly that the beam had the form of sinusoidal
rising function and was constricted from both ends by the immovable simply supports. The method of multiple
scales (MMS), a perturbation method, was used in order to seek analytical solutions for the derived mathematical
model. The primary resonance was investigated. Natural frequencies were calculated according to different
control parameters such as number, magnitude and position of the masses. Amplitude and phase modulation
equations were derived. Effects of the addition of nonlinear terms to the natural frequency were searched via
frequency-amplitude and frequency-response graphs. Experiencing different control parameters, responses to the
excitations were investigated. Having obtained solutions, the stable and unstable regions of the system were
determined by using the stability analysis.
739
�Yˆ0 , wˆ
x̂2
x̂1
M2
M1
L
10
xˆ , uˆ
L
Figure 1. The curved beam carrying multiple concentrated masses.
Equations of motion
In Fig. 1, for the beam constricted at both ends with immovable supports, ŵm and ûm denote transversal and
longitudinal displacements, respectively. Assuming that ratio of the maximum amplitude of the beam to its
projected length L is equal 1/10, let us keep in mind the curvature function of the beam to be in the form of
sinusoidal variation as given below:
L
xˆ
Y0 (xˆ ) = . sin π .
(1)
10
L
Let us assume that n number of concentrated masses is attached on the beam. The following equation and
boundary conditions providing this equation can be written:
n xˆ r +1
2
1
E.A.
ˆ′
′
′
″
′
′
″
″
&
&
ρ.A.wˆ m +1 + E.I.wˆ m +1 =
m = 0, 1... n.
(4.a)
Y0 .wˆ r +1 + wˆ r +1 .dxˆ . Yˆ0 + wˆ m +1 ,
2
L r =0
xˆ r
′
′
&ˆ&
= wˆ p +1
= wˆ p +1′
= wˆ p +1″
wˆ p
= M p .w
, wˆ p′
, wˆ p ″
, E.I . wˆ p ″ − wˆ p +1″
p
xˆ = xˆ p
xˆ = xˆ p
xˆ = xˆ p
xˆ = xˆ p
xˆ = xˆ p
xˆ = xˆ p
xˆ = xˆ p
xˆ = xˆ p
∑∫
wˆ 1 xˆ = xˆ = wˆ 1″
0
xˆ = xˆ 0
= wˆ n +1 xˆ = xˆ
n +1
= wˆ n +1″
xˆ = xˆ n +1
=0,
(4.b)
p = 1, 2... n.
where M is the concentrated mass attached on the beam, x̂ is the distance from the immovable end at left-hand
side, E is the Young’s modulus, ρ is the density, A is the cross sectional area of the beam, I is the moment of
inertia of the beam cross-section with respect to the neutral axis. (˙ ) and (' ) denote differentiations with respect
to the time t and spatial variable x, respectively.
Eq. (4.a) is the equation of motion for the system and consists of n+1 equations. Equations of the motion
and the boundary conditions are dependent on the size of the system and the material used. These equations can
be made independent from the dimensional parameters by making the following definitions:
w = wˆ r , Y = Yˆ r , x = xˆ L , η = xˆ L , t = E.I ρ.A.L2 .tˆ, α = M ( ρ.A.L ) , I = r 2.A (5)
p
0
p
0
p
p
p
p
where r is the radius of gyration of the beam cross section, α is the ratio between the concentrated mass and the
mass of the beam, η is the dimensionless displacement variable.
Adding dimensionless damping and forcing terms after non-dimensionalization, Eq. (4) can be rewritten
as follows:
n η r +1
2
1
′
ıv
&&m +1 + wm +1 + 2.µ .w& m +1 =
w
Y0 .wr +1′ + wr +1′ .dx . Y0 ″ + wm +1″ + F m +1. cos Ω.t ,
(6.a)
2
=
0
r
η
r
∑∫
wp
x = ηp
= w p +1
w1 x = η = w1″
0
x = ηp
x = η0
, w p′
x = ηp
= wn +1 x = η
n +1
= w p +1′
= wn +1″
x = ηp
, w p″
x = ηn +1
x = ηp
= w p +1″
x = ηp
′
′
&& p
, w p ″ − w p +1″
= α p .w
x = ηp
= 0 . η 0 = 0 , η n +1 = 1 .
740
x = ηp
,
(6.b)
�where µ is the dimensionless damping coefficient, F and Ω are the amplitude and frequency of the dimensionless
external forcing term, respectively. In a similar way, the curvature function of the beam can be written in the
following non-dimensional form:
(7)
Y0 (x) = sin(π . x)
Perturbation Analysis
In this section, approximate solutions to the system will be searched. Method of multiple scales (MMS), a
perturbation technique, will be applied to the partial differential equations and corresponding boundary
conditions directly. Eq. (6) is assumed to have a solution as a series expansion of the form below:
3
wm +1(x,t;ε ) =
∑ ε .w
j
( m +1) j (x,T0 ,T1 ,T2 ) + ...
(8)
j =1
where ε is a small bookkeeping parameter artificially inserted into the equations. Taking this parameter as 1 at
the end, we obtain a weakly nonlinear system. In this expansion, T0=.t is the fast time scale, and T1=ε.t and
T2=ε2.t are the slow time scales in MMS. Derivatives with respect to time are written as:
d 2 dt 2 = D0 2 + 2.ε.D0 .D1 + ε 2 .( D1 2 + 2.D0 .D2 ) + ... Dn≡∂/∂Tn,
d dt = D0 + ε.D1 + ε 2 .D2 + ...,
(9)
First order (ε1) of the expansion in Eq. (9) corresponds to the linear problem of the system. Other orders
constitutes nonlinear problem of the system. In order to counter the effects of the nonlinear terms, the forcing
and damping terms are ordered as follows:
r
µ = ε 2 .µ,
F p +1 = ε 3 .F p +1
(10-11)
Let us assume that the curvature function is of order 1 (ε0). In this case, substituting Eqs. (8-11) into Eq. (6) and
separating each order of ε, one obtains the following equations:
order ε (j=1):
n η r +1
2
ıv
D0 .w( m + 1)1 + w( m + 1)1 =
Y0′.w( r + 1)1′dx .Y0 ″
(12.a)
r =0 η
r
′
″
=w
=w
=w
w
, w ′
, w ″
∑∫
p1 x =η
p
( p + 1)1 x =η
p
p1
x =η p
( p + 1)1
p1
x =η p
x =η p
( p + 1)1
x =η p
2
″′
w ″′ − w
, w11 x =η = w11″
= w( n + 1)1
= w( n + 1)1″
=0,
( p +1)1 = α p .D0 .w p1
x =η n +1
0
p1
x=η p
x =η 0
x =η n+1
(12.b)
order ε2 (j=2):
2
D0 .w( m + 1) 2 + w( m + 1) 2
ıv
n η r +1
n η r +1
2
″ 1
′
′
′
= −2.D0 .D1.w( m + 1)1 +
Y0 .w( r + 1) 2 dx .Y0 + .
w( r + 1)1 dx .Y0 ″
2 r =0
r =0 η
ηr
r
∑∫
∑∫
,
n η r +1
+
Y0′.w( r + 1)1′dx .w( m + 1)1″
r =0 η
r
′
=w
w ′
,
w ″
(
)
(13.a)
∑∫
w p2
x =η p
= w( p + 1) 2
x =η p
p2
x =η p
( p + 1) 2
p2
x =η p
x =η p
= w( p + 1) 2 ″
x =η p
2
″′
w ″′ − w
,w
= w12″
= w(n +1)2
= w(n +1)2″
= 0 (13.b)
p2
( p + 1)2 = α p . D0 .wp 2 + 2.D0.D1.w p1
x =η n+1
x =η p 12 x =η0
x =η0
x =η n+1
order ε3 (j=3):
741
�2
ıv
2
D0 .w( m+1) 3 + w( m+1) 3 = −2.µ.D0 .w( m+1)1 − 2.D0 .D1.w( m+1) 2 − (D1 + 2.D0 .D2 ).w( m+1)1 + Fm+1.cosΩt
n ηr +1
n ηr +1
n ηr +1
′
′ ″
′
′ ″
′
′
″
+ ∑ ∫ Y0 .w( r +1) 3 dx .Y0 + ∑ ∫ w( r +1)1 .w( r +1) 2 dx .Y0 + ∑ ∫ Y0 .w( r +1) 2 dx .w( m+1)1
r =0 ηr
r =0 ηr
r =0 ηr
1
+ .
2 r =0
n
ηr +1
′2
∑∫
η
w p3
x =η p
w( r +1)1
r
= w( p + 1)3
(14.a)
n ηr +1
″
″
′
′
.dx .w( m+1)1 + ∑ ∫ Y0 .w( r +1)1 dx .w( m+1) 2
r =0 ηr
x =η p
, w p3′
x =η p
= w( p + 1)3′
x =η p
w p3″
,
(
x =η p
= w( p + 1)3″
(
x =η p
) )
2
2
″′
w ″′ − w
= α p . D0 .w p3 + 2.D0 .D1 .w p 2 + D1 + 2.D0 .D2 .w p1 .
,
( p + 1) j
x =η p
pj
x =η p
w13
x =η 0
= w13″
x =η 0
= w( n + 1)3
x =η n +1
= w( n + 1)3″
x =η n +1
=0,
(14.b)
Primary Resonance Case
Primary resonance occurs in case that the forcing frequency is close to one of the natural frequencies of the
system. Thus, a sudden arise in the vibration amplitude happens. In order to solve linear problem in Eq. (12), we
assume the solutions at order ε as of the following form:
[
]
w( m + 1)1 (x,T0 ,T1 ,T2 ) = A(T1 ,T2 ).ei.ω .T0 + cc .Ym + 1 ( x )
(15)
where cc is the complex conjugate of the preceding terms, and ω is the natural frequency, Ym+1 are the functions
describing the mode shapes. Inserting Eq. (15) into Eq. (12), following differential equations and boundary
conditions can be obtained:
n η r +1
ıv
2
Ym +1 − ω .Ym +1 =
Y0′.Yr +1′dx.Y0″
(16.a)
r =0 η
r
∑∫
Yp
x =η p
= Y p +1
,
Y p′
x =η0
= Y1″
x =η p
Y1
x =η p
x =η 0
= Y p +1′
= Yn +1
x =η p
Yp″
,
x =η p
= Yn +1″
x =η n +1
= Y p +1″
x =η n +1
x =η p
Y ″′ − Y ″′ + α .ω 2 .Y
=0,
p +1
p
p
p
x=η p
,
=0
(16.b)
In order to obtain the solutions at order ε2 of the perturbation series, it is required that a solvability
condition such as D1A (T1, T2) = 0 must be satisfied. Thus, the amplitude A=A (T2) does not depend on T1. For
obtaining the solution resulting from non-secular terms, Eq. (15) must be inserted into Eq. (13). In this case,
equations at order ε2 accept solutions of the form as below:
[
]
w( m +1) 2(x ,T2) = A2 .e 2.i.ω .T0 + cc .φ(m + 1)1(x) + 2.A.A .φ( m + 1) 2(x)
(17)
Inserting Eq. (17) into Eq. (13), differential equations and boundary conditions can be written as follows:
n η r +1
n η r +1
n η r +1
2
″ 1
′
′
′
″
ıv
2
φ( m +1)1 − 4.ω .φ( m +1)1 =
Y0 .φ( r + 1)1 dx .Y0 + .
Yr + 1 dx .Y0 +
Y0′.Yr + 1′dx .Ym + 1″ (18.a)
2
r =0 η
r =0 η
r =0 η
r
r
r
′
′
″
″
=φ
=φ
=φ
φ
, φ
, φ
,
∑∫
p1 x =η
p
( p + 1)1 x =η
p
(φ
″′
p1
p1
x =η p
∑∫
( p + 1)1
p1
x =η p
− φ( p + 1)1″′ + 4.α p .ω 2 .φ p1
)
x =η p
= 0,
x =η p
( p + 1)1
∑∫
x =η p
φ11 x =η = φ11″
0
x =η 0
= φ( n + 1)1
x =η n +1
= φ( n + 1)1″
x =η n+1
= 0,
(18.b)
φ( m +1) 2ıv
n η r +1
n η r +1
n η r +1
2
1
Y0′.φ( r +1) 2′dx .Y0 ″ + .
Yr + 1′ dx .Y0 ″ +
Y0′.Yr + 1′dx .Ym + 1″
=
2
r =0 η
r =0 η
r =0 η
r
r
r
∑∫
∑∫
∑∫
742
(19.a)
�φ p2
= φ( p + 1) 2
x =η p
x =η p
, φ p 2′
x =η p
= φ( p + 1) 2′
″′
″′
= 0,
φ p 2 − φ( p + 1) 2
x =η p
φ12
x =η p
x =η 0
, φ p 2″
= φ12
= φ( p + 1) 2″
x =η p
″
= φ( n +1) 2
x =η0
x =η p
x =η n+1
,
= φ( n +1) 2
″
=0
(19.b)
x =η n+1
At order ε3 of the perturbation series, having substituted Eqs. (15-17) into Eq. (14), the resulting
equation will accept the solution of the following form:
w( m+1)3(x,T0 ,T2 ) = ϕ m+1(x,T2 ).e i.ω .T0 + Wm+1(x,T2 ) + cc
(20)
where Wm+1(x,T2) corresponds to the solution for the non-secular terms, and cc to the complex conjugate of the
preceding terms.
Excitation frequency is taken close to any natural frequency of the system as below:
Ω = ω + ε2.σ
(21)
where σ is the detuning parameter denoting closeness of the forcing frequency to the natural frequency. Under
this assumption, inserting Eq. (20) into Eq. (14) and eliminating the secular terms, the following differential
equations and boundary conditions can be obtained:
ϕ m +1
ıv
n ηr +1
n ηr +1
2
1
″
i .σ .T2
3
′
′
&
− ω .ϕ m +1 −
+ .
Y0 .ϕ r +1 dx .Y0 = −2.i.ω. A + µ. A .Ym+1 + Fm+1.e
Yr +1′ .dx .Ym+1″
2
2
r =0 η
r =0 ηr
r
(
∑∫
2
)
∑∫
n ηr +1
n ηr +1
n ηr +1
″
″
′
′
′
′
+
Yr +1 .φ( r +1)1 dx .Y0 + 2.
Yr +1 .φ( r +1) 2 dx .Y0 +
Y0 ′.φ( r +1)1′ dx .Ym+1″
r =0 η
r =0 η
r =0 η
r
r
r
∑∫
∑∫
(22.a)
∑∫
n ηr +1
n ηr +1
n ηr +1
2
′
′
″
′
′
″
′
′
″
+ 2.
Y0 .φ( r +1) 2 dx .Ym +1 +
Y0 .Yr +1 dx .φ( m+1)1 + 2.
Y0 .Yr +1 dx .φ( m+1) 2 . A .A
r =0 η
r =0 η
r =0 η
r
r
r
∑∫
ϕp
∑∫
= ϕ p +1
x =η p
x =η p
,
ϕ p′
x =η p
= ϕ p + 1′
∑∫
x =η p
, ϕ p″
= ϕ p + 1″
x =η p
ϕ ″′ − ϕ ″′ + α .ω 2 .ϕ
= 2.i.α p .ω.Y p
p +1
p
p
p
x =η p
x=η p
, ϕ1
x =η p
x =η0
= ϕ1″
x =η0
= ϕ n +1
x=ηn +1
= ϕ n+1″
x =ηn+1
=0
(22.b)
The solvability condition for Eq. (22) can be written as follows:
[
]
2
2.i.ω. k . A& + µ. A + A .A.Γ =
1
i.σ .T2
. f .e
2
(23)
where normalization process and coefficients f, k, Γ are as below:
n
ηr +1
∑ ∫Y
η
r +1
r =0
n
Γ=
η r +1
∑∫
η
r =0
n
+
.dx = 1 ,
n
f =∑
n
η r +1
0
∫
η
r
η r +1
∑∫
η
r =0
r
ηr +1
r =0
r
Yr + 1′.φ( r + 1)1′ + 2.Yr + 1′.φ( r + 1) 2′ dx.Y0 ″ +
∑ ∫ Y ′.Y
η
r =0
2
r
Fr +1 .Yr +1 .dx ,
n
k = 1 + ∑ α r .Yr
r =1
2
x =η r
(2426)
2
3
.Yr +1′ + Y0′.φ( r +1)1′ + 2.Y0′.φ(r +1) 2′ dx.Ym + 1″
2
(27)
′dx.φ( m + 1)1″ + 2.φ( m + 1) 2″
r +1
r
Let the complex amplitudes A be written as follows:
1
1
A(T2 )= .a.e i.θ ,
A (T2 )= .a.e − i.θ ,
θ =θ(T2 )
(28-29)
2
2
where a is the real amplitude and θ is the phase. Inserting these definitions into Eq. (23), and separating real and
imaginary parts, one obtains the following phase-modulation equations:
743
�µ
1 f
.a + a& =
. .sinγ,
2
.ω k
k
1 f
3
− a.θ& + λ .a =
. . cos γ
2.ω k
(30-
31)
where phase γ and λ, indicating the effects of the nonlinear terms to the natural frequency, can be obtained as
below:
n η r +1
λ=−
.∑ ∫ Yr + 1 .Γr + 1 .dx , γ = σ.T2 − θ ,
8.ω.k r = 0 η
r
1
(32-33)
Using Eq. (16), natural frequencies of the curved beam-mass system can be calculated. The first five
natural frequencies were given in Tabs. 1 and 2 for different magnitudes and locations of the masses. From these
tables, one can see that increasing the magnitudes of the concentrated masses result increase in the natural
frequencies. If the number and magnitudes of the masses attached near to the middle of the beam increase, the
natural frequencies will increase more.
Free undamped vibration behavior of the system can be examined from the nonlinear frequency-amplitude
curves. In order to investigate the steady-state solutions, a& is assumed to be zero and f=µ=σ=0 is taken. Thus,
the nonlinear frequency equation defined as below in Eq. (34) can be written as in Eq. (35) under constant
amplitude assumption as a=a0;
2
ω = ω + θ& , ω = ω + λ.a
(34-35)
nl
nl
0
From above equations, relation between the nonlinear frequency and
parabolic type.
η1
η2
α1
α2
ω1
ω2
ω3
1
1
7.415
27.830
55.415
0.1 0.3
1
10
3.016
26.559
51.089
10
1
5.360
19.114
38.637
1
1
6.741
28.184
54.793
0.1 0.5
1
10
2.601
27.381
51.553
10
1
5.230
14.057
51.300
1
1
7.535
22.674
60.319
0.1 0.7
1
10
3.027
20.376
58.944
10
1
5.630
12.584
51.182
1
1
5.779
25.166
60.945
0.3 0.5
1
10
2.538
22.040
54.787
10
1
2.881
18.174
59.622
0.3
0.7
1
1
10
1
10
10
6.343
2.952
2.311
18.180
13.950
6.373
83.793
82.956
82.038
the vibration amplitude is noticed to be of
ω4
99.112
94.530
96.707
116.644
114.269
108.899
125.032
124.297
121.441
141.294
140.869
137.002
ω5
196.791
194.769
195.720
186.171
182.097
184.774
174.866
168.195
171.654
183.112
179.432
180.906
λ(ω1)
-0.6176
-0.2423
-0.4506
-0.5635
-0.2185
-0.4731
-0.6333
-0.2449
-0.6025
-0.4812
-0.2129
-0.2347
137.955
135.816
134.247
172.914
167.630
161.940
-0.5298
-0.2431
-0.1933
Table 1: The first five natural frequencies and the effects of the nonlinearity (λ) for the first mode of the curved
beam with two concentrated masses.
η1
η2
η3
0.1
0.3
0.5
0.3
0.5
0.7
α1
1
1
1
10
1
10
1
1
1
10
10
10
α2
1
1
10
10
10
1
1
10
1
10
1
10
α3
1
10
1
1
10
1
1
1
10
1
10
10
ω1
5.645
2.528
2.862
2.700
2.039
4.647
5.097
2.470
2.804
2.013
2.233
1.759
ω2
22.643
19.436
17.845
14.023
9.683
14.049
18.180
18.180
12.675
9.243
6.373
6.373
744
ω3
52.994
51.143
50.760
24.003
50.284
38.150
45.474
32.340
41.748
27.458
36.714
16.030
ω4
71.324
66.114
63.359
60.998
56.843
65.455
137.955
137.955
135.549
135.455
134.247
134.247
ω5
178.259
175.608
177.419
177.176
174.928
177.937
151.362
148.660
147.998
145.672
143.636
141.485
λ(ω1)
-0.4696
-0.2120
-0.2330
-0.2186
-0.1694
-0.4008
-0.4250
-0.2071
-0.2320
-0.1675
-0.1866
-0.1467
�0.1
0.4
1
1
1
10
10
10
0.8
1
10
1
1
10
1
1
1
10
1
1
10
6.279
2.656
3.612
5.004
2.540
3.426
18.917
17.272
11.968
13.185
12.278
8.059
40.669
37.368
39.452
25.970
19.465
21.966
101.989
99.382
98.765
99.472
97.452
96.126
193.321
189.805
193.034
186.149
181.964
185.802
-0.5244
-0.2211
-0.3070
-0.4521
-0.2103
-0.3067
Table 2: The first five natural frequencies and the effects of the nonlinearity (λ) for the first mode of the curved
beam with three concentrated masses.
For the first mode of the vibration, λ values indicating the effects of the nonlinear terms to the natural
frequency were given in Table 1 and 2. As seen from Eq. (35), for λ values with negative sign nonlinear terms
have decreasing effect on the natural frequencies for the first mode. This decreasing effect reduces with
increasing both magnitudes and number of the masses.
In Figs. (2-3), nonlinear frequency-amplitude curves have been plotted for different number of the masses,
mass ratios, and mass locations from the left support. These curves were drawn for the case of two concentrated
masses in Fig. 2. In Fig. 2.a, these masses have the same magnitude. Holding the place of one of these masses
constant (η1=0.1), characteristics of the frequency-response curve were investigated by changing the location of
the other mass. These masses have different magnitudes in Fig. 2.b. Changing the location of the big mass
(α=10), its effect on the nonlinear frequency was searched. Nonlinear frequency-amplitude curves in Fig. 3 were
drawn for the case of three concentrated masses. Having equal masses in magnitude, different mass locations
were used for each curve in Fig. 3.a. Thus, the effects of both symmetric and asymmetric cases on the nonlinear
frequency-amplitude curves were investigated. In Fig. 3.b, masses in different magnitudes were used and placed
on the beam constituting the symmetric and asymmetric cases. As seen from these curves, increasing the number
and magnitudes of the concentrated masses decrease both linear and nonlinear frequencies of the system.
1
1
0.8
0.8
0.6
0.6
a
a
0.4
0.4
0.2
0.2
0
5
5.5
6
6.5
7
0
2
7.5
3
4
5
6
ωnl
ωnl
α1=1, α2=1, η1=0.1, η2=0.3,
b)
α1=1, α2=1, η1=0.3, η2=0.5,
α1=1, α2=1, η1=0.3, η2=0.7
Figure 2: Nonlinear frequency-amplitude curves for the first
concentrated masses.
a)
1
1
0.8
0.8
α1=10, α2=1, η1=0.1, η2=0.3
α1=1, α2=10, η1=0.3, η2=0.5
α1=1, α2=10, η1=0.3, η2=0.7
mode of the curved beam with two
0.6
0.6
a
a
0.4
0.4
0.2
0.2
0
4.5
5
5.5
ωnl
0
2
6
745
2.2
2.4
2.6
ωnl
2.8
3
�α1=1, α2=1, α3=1, η1=0.1, η2=0.3, η3=0.5
b)
α1=1, α2=10, α3=1, η1=0.1, η2=0.3, η3=0.5
α1=1, α2=10, α3=1, η1=0.3, η2=0.5, η3=0.7
α1=1, α2=1, α3=1, η1=0.3, η2=0.5, η3=0.7
Figure 3: Nonlinear frequency-amplitude curves for the first mode of the curved beam with three
concentrated masses.
a)
For the case of system being damped and externally forced, let us investigate the nonlinear vibration
behavior of the system. At steady-state region, a& and γ& were taken as zero denoting no change in amplitude and
phase with time. Eliminating γ in Eqs. (30-31), one can obtain the relation between the detuning parameter (σ)
and the amplitude as below:
2
2
µ
f
−
(36)
2
ω
.
.a
.
g
g
0
Forced and damped vibrations of the system can be investigated by plotting the frequency-amplitude curves
from Eq. (36). These curves were drawn for f=1(forcing) and µ=0.2(damping) in Figs. (4-5). Case of two
concentrated masses was considered in Fig. 4. In Fig. 4.a, taking the masses equal in magnitude, effects of the
mass locations on the frequency-response curves were investigated. In Fig. 4.b, considering different magnitudes
of the masses, effects of the big one and its location on the curves were treated. Case of three concentrated
masses was considered in Figs. 5. Making up symmetric and asymmetric cases according to different mass
locations, their effects on the frequency-response curves were investigated. From these figures, increasing the
magnitudes and number of masses the maximum amplitudes of the vibration increase and the system exhibits
more softening behavior.
σ = λ.a0 2 ±
0.5
1
0.4
0.8
0.3
0.6
a
a
0.2
0.4
0.1
0.2
0
-0.5
-0.25
0
0.25
0
-0.5
0.5
-0.25
0
0.25
0.5
σ
σ
α1=1, α2=1, η1=0.1, η2=0.3
b)
α1=10, α2=1, η1=0.1, η2=0.3
α1=1, α2=10, η1=0.3, η2=0.5
α1=1, α2=1, η1=0.3, η2=0.5
α1=1, α2=10, η1=0.3, η2=0.7
α1=1, α2=1, η1=0.3, η2=0.7
Figure 4: Forcing frequency-response curves for the first mode of the curved beam with two concentrated
masses.
a)
0.5
1
0.4
0.8
0.3
0.6
a
a
0.2
0.4
0.1
0.2
0
-0.5
-0.25
0
0.25
σ
0.5
746
0
-0.5
-0.25
0
0.25
σ
0.5
�α1=1, α2=1, α3=1, η1=0.1, η2=0.3, η3=0.5
b)
α1=1, α2=10, α3=1, η1=0.1, η2=0.3, η3=0.5
α1=1, α2=10, α3=1, η1=0.3, η2=0.5, η3=0.7
α1=1, α2=1, α3=1, η1=0.3, η2=0.5, η3=0.7
Figure 5: Forcing frequency-response curves for the first mode of the curved beam with three concentrated
masses.
a)
Results
In this study, nonlinear vibrations of a curved beam carrying multiple concentrated masses were investigated.
Beam was assumed Euler-Bernoulli type and sinusoidal function was used for the curvature of the beam.
Primary resonance case was investigated. Approximate solutions were obtained by means of the method of
multiple scales, a perturbation technique. In perturbation series, the first order corresponds to the linear problem
of the system. Including effects of the nonlinear terms to the linear solution at other orders, the nonlinear system
was solved. For the steady-state case, free-undamped and forced-damped vibrations were investigated. Effects of
the magnitudes, locations and number of concentrated masses on nonlinear vibrations were analyzed in detail.
In the primary resonance case, nonlinear effects result in softening behavior of the curved beam-mass
system. Such a behavior enables nonlinear frequencies to decrease with amplitude in free-undamped vibrations,
and those frequency-response curves to bend to the left in the forced-damped vibrations. Softening behavior was
observed to increase with increasing mass ratios and mass numbers. In this case, the nonlinear frequencies
decrease, the region of jump phenomena expands, and the maximum amplitudes increase. Same behavior was
seen in the case of masses being placed to the middle point of the beam instead of ends of the beam.
References
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748
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Title
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Nonlinear Transverse Vibrations of a Slightly Curved Beam Carrying Multiple Concentrated Masses: Primary Resonance
Author
Author
Ozkaya, E.
Sarigul, M.
Boyaci, H.
Abstract
A summary of the resource.
In this study, nonlinear vibrations of curved Euler-Bernoulli beams carrying arbitrarily placed concentrated masses have been investigated. Sag-to-span ratio of the beam, which was assumed to have sinusoidal curvature function at the beginning, was taken as 1/10. Equations of motion were obtained by using Hamilton Principle. Cubic nonlinear terms aroused at the mathematical model because of the elongations occurred during the vibrations of the simple-simple supported beam. Method of multiple scales, a perturbation technique, was used for solving the equations of motion about analytically. Natural frequencies were obtained for different numbers, sizes and locations of the masses as control parameters. Analytical solutions were found for primary resonance case. Frequency-amplitude and frequency-response graphs were drawn using different control parameters for these resonance cases. Stability of the solutions was investigated in detail.
Date
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2010-06
Keywords
Keywords.
Conference or Workshop Item
PeerReviewed
Q Science (General)
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https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/591eb07ccdafcc335c1211721c85ab6f.pdf
0014e308278e48d841e6c6eb1e6d8afa
PDF Text
Text
2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo
The Forward and Backward Linkage Effects of the Energy Sector in Turkey
Mehmet MERCAN
mmercan48@hotmail.com
Abdullah ÖZDEMIR
abdullahozdemir@hotmail.com
Abstract: Energy sector has a great importance for producers and consumers. Energy sector has
been found as a leading sector as a result at the input-output analysis. This analysis has been done
by using input-output tables which are constructed by goverment Statistical Institude. Turkey is
dependent to other countries as energy. To satisfy the development in Turkish economy is only
available by reducing the depandencies to the other countries by the energy. Also it should be
continued as the leading sector.
Key Words: Input-Output Analysis, Energy Sector.
Introduction
Energy constitutes the most important causes of wealth through a variety of manifestations. Besides water,
coal. Petroleum and other valuable resources, the existence of wind and sun are sources of wealth as well.
Energy resources are used as inputs by other sectors in manufacturing industries. Therefore, it is important
to know the forward and backward linkages of this sector for the general situation of the economy.
The importance of energy resources has doubled in Turkey because of the energy crises experienced in
recent years. In this context, this study aims to find and interpret the forward and backward linkage effects of the
energy sector.
The purpose in this study is to observe the direct and indirect effects of input exchange between sectors and
their change over the years. The main data set used in the study is the Input-Output Flow Tables about Turkish
economy that is prepared by the Turkish Statistical Association (TUIK). The data for 1996, 1998 and 2002 are used
in the study.
The Importance of the Energy Sector
An increase in energy prices also increases the costs of inputs and product prices. Energy prices that are not
fixed influence inflation and increase the pressure for economic stagnation through affecting total demand. The more
important the use of energy resources in an economy the higher the inflationist pressure against the increases in oil
prices (LeBlanc and Chinn, 2004: 8).
Increases in the prices of energy resources raise the costs of airways, transportation and the costs of the
companies that produce chemical products and therefore, lead to inflation. For this reason, any change in energy
prices is watched very closely (Bennet, 2003: 1).
Plants in the energy sector should be planned long before the demand for energy exists. Otherwise, delays in
planning and investments raise the cost of energy and adversely affect economic activities and societal wealth. It is
imperative to determine the potential needs in the energy sector at least ten years in advance, decide the projects to
cover the increasing demand, and make necessary political decisions (Gerek, 1998: 370-371).
In developing countries like Turkey, the sectors that produce energy have important structural ties with
other sectors. Especially electricity sector in Turkey positively affect economic growth because of its backward
linkage. In today‘s modern societies, electrical energy used increasingly ignite other sectors of the economy by
providing considerable amounts of inputs. The insufficiency of electric energy supply that should increase parallel to
economic growth adversely affects economic growth as well as prevents the stimulatory effect on the economy
(Terzi, 1998: 63).
Input-Output Analysis
685
�2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo
The input-output model is a model that considers the relationship between the level of activities in the all
sectors of economy (Akkaya and Pazarlioglu, 2000: 14).
The input-output models are simple mathematical equilibrium models that quantitatively analysis the
mutual linkages between production and consumption units on the whole economy scale in a multi-sectoral way.
Different from micro economical analysis that focuses on the behaviors of firms and households and macroeconomic analysis that analyzes the whole economy, the input-output analysis‘ focus is on sectors and good
exchanges between sectors. The input-output models provide an opportunity to quantitatively analyze the production
and use of outputs of productive sectors on whole economical and sectoral basis and fulfill and important gap
between partial and total analyses especially in the analysis of empirical problems (Aydogus, 1999: 1-2).
In the input-output model, under the assumption that the share of technology or inputs in production costs is
constant, the equilibrium prices of goods and services produced in every sector can be obtained as the prices of main
inputs (Aydogus, 1993: 36).
According to Hirschman, the effects of forward and backward linkages that reflect sectors‘ ―feeding‖ and
―stimulating‖ powers on other sectors must be considered (Hirschman, 1958: 9). In Hirschman‘s unbalanced growth
model, one of the most important factors that restricts economic growth is the ability of decision making, especially
the ability to take an investment decision.
Inferring from Hirschman‘s ideas, a quadruple grouping can be developed. The categories of this grouping
that considers forward and backward linkages together can be summarized as follows:
Category 1: Sectors that have high forward and backward linkage effects.
Category 2: Sectors that have high backward but low forward linkage effects.
Category 3: Sectors that have high forward but low backward linkage effects.
Category 4: Sectors that have low backward and forward linkage effects.
The above arrangement shows sectoral investment priorities from the lowest to the highest. According to
this, the sectors in the first category constitute the key sectors in the economy and have the highest investment
priority. The scarce resources should primarily be devoted to these sectors. If there are still unused resources, then,
they should be devoted to the sectors in the second category. Sectors in the III. and IV. categories come last in terms
of investment priorities, that is, these sectors are expected to be stimulated by the key sectors (Aydogus, 1999: 100101).
The Forward and Backward Linkage Effects for 1996, 1998, and 2002
The 1996 and 1998 input-output tables prepared by TUIK consist of total 97 sectors and the 2002 table
consists of 59 sectors. The forward and backward linkage effects are as follows in terms of sectoral arrangement. The
Table consists of 97 sectors but to observe it more clearly it is divided. In Table 1, there are Forward Linkage Effects
(FLE) and Backward Linkage Effects (BLE) of 24 sectors.
686
�Sectors
1-Growing of cereals and other crops n.e.c.
2-Growing of vege- tables, horticultural specialities
and nursery products
3-Growing of fruit, nuts, beverage and spice crops
4- Farming of animals
5-Agricultural and animal husbandry service activities
(excl. veterinary act.)
6-Forestry, logging and related service activities
7- Fishing
8- Mining of coal and lignite
9-Extraction of crude petroleum and natural gas
10- Mining of metal ores
11- Quarrying of stone, sand and clay
12- Mining and Quarrying n.e.c.
13- Production, proces- sing and preserving of meat and
meat products
14-Processing and preserving of fish and fish products
15- Processing and preserving of fruit and vegetables
16- Manufacture of vegetable and animal oils and fats
17-Manufacture of dairy products
18-Manufacture of grain mill produtcs, starches and
starch products
19-Manufacture of preparad animal feeds
20-Manufacture of bakery products
1996
ĠBE GBE
5,89 1,66
1998
ĠBE GBE
5,07 1,42
1,21
1,54
2,53
1,50
1,20
1,93
1,23
1,89
2,00
1,31
1,14
1,74
1,92
1,87
1,16
1,65
4,31
1,26
1,33
1,23
2,13
1,22
1,41
1,33
1,23
1,61
1,40
1,31
1,42
1,72
1,15
1,50
1,32
1,16
1,38
1,24
1,78
1,17
1,26
1,44
1,25
1,45
1,27
1,23
1,72
2,49
1,55
2,07
1,11
1,13
1,54
1,10
1,86
1,96
2,33
2,19
1,02
1,37
1,53
1,21
1,74
1,70
2,06
1,87
1,57
1,33
1,02
2,14
2,32
2,16
1,55
1,27
1,03
1,81
2,04
2,03
Sectors
Agriculture, hunting and related service activities
Forestry, logging and related service activities
Fishing, operating of fish hatcheries and fish farms; service activities incidental to fishing
Mining of coal and lignite; extraction of peat
Extraction of crude petroleum and natural gas; service activities incidental to oil and gas
extraction excluding surveying
Mining of uranium and thorium ores
Mining of metal ores
Other mining and quarrying
Manufacture of food products and beverages
Manufacture of tobacco products
Manufacture of textiles
Manufacture of wearing apparel; dressing and dyeing of fur
Tanning and dressing of leather; manufacture of luggage, handbags, saddlery, harness and
footwear
Manufacture of wood and of products of wood and cork, except furniture; manufacture of
articles of straw and plaiting materials
Manufacture of pulp, paper and paper products
Publishing, printing and reproduction of recorded media
Manufacture of coke, refined petroleum products and nuclear fuels
Manufacture of chemicals and chemical products
Manufacture of rubber and plastic products
Manufacture of other non-metallic mineral products
Table 1: 1996 ,1998 ve 2002 Years Total Backward and Forward Linkage Effect of First Twenty Sector (Direct+Indirect)
(Tables was calculated by using the Input-Output Table 1996, 1998 ve 2002 Years)
IBE :Forward linkage effect
GBE:Backward linkage effect
2002
ĠBE GBE
1,86 3,66
1,35
1,64
1,60
1,45
1,06
1,37
1,05
1,00
1,92
2,14
2,95
2,79
2,98
3,21
3,24
1,00
1,16
1,82
2,52
1,14
3,81
1,32
2,94
1,69
2,88
2,59
2,65
2,30
1,68
3,99
1,65
2,81
2,06
2,69
2,66
5,82
2,63
2,39
�2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo
21- Manufacture of sugar
22-Manufacture of cocoa, chocolate, sugar confertionery and other
food products n.e.c.
23-Manufacture of alcoholic beverages
24- Manufacture of soft drinks; production of mineral waters
25- Manufacture of tobacco products
26-Manufacture of textiles
27- Manufacture of other textiles
28-Manufacture of knitted and fabrics and articles
29- Manufacture of wearing apperel, except fur apparel
30-Dressing and dyeing of fur; manufacture of articles of fur
31- Tanning and dressing of leather; manufac.of luggage, handbags
& harness
32-Manufacture of footwear
33-Sawmilling and planing of wood
34- Manufacture of wood and of products of wood and cork
1,37
2,18
1,33
1,94
1,43
1,24
1,27
1,08
2,96
1,26
1,13
1,13
1,39
2,02
1,56
2,24
2,00
2,45
2,13
2,49
2,37
2,45
1,34
1,16
1,08
1,08
2,67
1,22
1,07
1,53
1,01
1,88
1,51
2,10
1,83
1,76
1,68
1,76
1,88
1,86
1,91
1,14
2,19
1,43
2,46
2,55
2,42
2,17
1,69
1,07
2,06
1,45
1,96
2,00
2,08
1,98
35- Manufacture of paper and paper products
36-Publishing
3,41
1,09
2,10
1,86
2,39
1,09
1,69
1,53
37- Printing and service activities related to printing
38- Manufacture of coke, refined petroleum produtcs
39- Manufacture of basic chemicals, plastics in primary & synthetics
rubber
40- Manufacture of fertilizers and nitrogen compounds
1,51
5,79
2,10
1,55
1,52
3,92
1,62
1,13
4,89
1,77
2,16
2,16
1,79
1,30
1,58
1,66
Manufacture of basic metals
Manufacture of fabricated metal products, except machinery and equipment
Manufacture of machinery and equipment n.e.c.
Manufacture of office machinery and computers
Manufacture of electrical machinery and apparatus n.e.c.
Manufacture of radio, television and communication equipment and apparatus
Manufacture of medical, precision and optical instruments, watches and clocks
Manufacture of motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers
Manufacture of other transport equipment
Manufacture of furniture; manufacturing n.e.c.
Recycling
Electricity, gas, steam and hot water supply
Collection, purification and distribution of water
Construction
Sale, maintenance and repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles; retail sale
services of automotive fuel
Wholesale trade and commission trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles
Retail trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles; repair of personal and
household goods
Hotels and restaurants
Land transport; transport via pipelines
Water transport
Table 2: 1996 ,1998 ve 2002 Years Total Backward and Forward Linkage Effect of Second Twenty Sector (Direct+Indirect)
(Tables was calculated by using the Input-Output Table 1996, 1998 ve 2002 Years)
688
2,35
5,74
2,60
1,94
1,17
2,40
2,21
1,57
2,52
1,73
2,85
2,17
2,27
1,21
1,96
1,98
1,20
1,92
1,37
1,26
3,25
2,98
1,55
2,56
1,02
4,98
1,38
1,54
2,24
2,13
2,62
4,59
1,86
2,53
3,14
1,57
2,10
1,80
4,76
1,89
�2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo
Sectors
41-Manufacture of pesticides, other agro-chemicals and paints, varnishes
42-Manufacture of pharmaceuticals, medicinal chemicals & botanical
products
43-Manufacture of cleaning materials, cosmatics and other chemicals &
fibres
44- Manufacture of rubber products
45- Manufacture of plastic products
46-Manufacture of glass and glass products
47-Manufacture of ceramic products
48-Manufacture of cement, lime and plaster related articles these items
49- Cutting and finishing of stone and man. of other non-metallic
mineral products n.e.c.
50-Manufacture of basic iron and steel
51-Manufacture of basic precious and non- ferrous metals
52- Casting of metals
53-Manufacture of fabricated metal products, tanks, reser.&steam gen.
54- Manufacture of other fabricated metal products; metal working
services
55-Manufacture of general purpose machinery
56- Manufacture of special purpose machinery
57- Manufacture of domestic appliances n.e.c.
58-Manufacture of office, accounting and computing machinery
59-Manufacture of electrical machinery and apparatus n.e.c.
60-Manufacture of radio, television and communication equip- ment &
apparatus
1996
ĠBE GBE
1,49 2,01
1998
ĠBE GBE
1,32 1,59
1,68
1,84
1,27
1,54
2,19
1,47
1,64
1,32
1,08
2,06
2,09
2,31
1,83
1,79
1,67
1,39
1,56
1,28
1,10
1,72
1,72
1,69
1,61
1,58
1,24
1,83
1,44
1,60
1,06
4,61
3,05
1,13
1,16
1,54
2,26
2,13
2,18
2,24
1,04
3,28
1,80
1,28
1,50
1,68
1,81
1,74
1,67
1,69
2,40
1,51
2,85
1,10
1,59
1,73
2,10
2,01
2,02
2,04
1,61
2,15
1,81
1,15
1,37
1,06
1,05
1,26
1,73
1,68
1,76
1,57
1,49
1,66
1,82
1,81
1,20
1,44
Sectors
Air transport
Supporting and auxiliary transport activities; activities of travel agencies
Post and telecommunications
Financial intermediation, except insurance and pension funding
Insurance and pension funding, except compulsory social security
Activities auxiliary to financial intermediation
Real estate activities
Renting of machinery and equipment without operator and of personal and
household goods
Computer and related activities
Research and development
Other business activities
Public administration and defence; compulsory social security
Education
Health and social work
Sewage and refuse disposal, sanitation and similar activities
Activities of membership organisation n.e.c.
Recreational, cultural and sporting activities
Other service activities
Private households with employed persons
Table 3: 1996 ,1998 ve 2002 Years Total Backward and Forward Linkage Effect of Third Twenty Sector (Direct+Indirect)
(Tables was calculated by using the Input-Output Table 1996, 1998 ve 2002 Years)
689
2002
ĠBE GBE
2,68 1,36
2,41
3,38
2,20
1,91
1,64
2,54
1,59
2,17
4,47
1,26
1,38
2,33
2,20
1,18
1,95
2,90
1,98
2,06
1,60
1,27
1,33
4,64
1,02
1,14
2,32
2,37
2,23
2,14
2,23
1,00
1,12
1,43
1,46
1,70
1,11
1,00
�Sectors
61-Manufacture of medical, precision &optical instruments, watches and
clocks
62- Manufacture of motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers
63- Building and repairing of ships, pleasure &sporting boats
64-Manufacture of railway and &tramvay lokomo- tives & rolling stock
65-Manufacture of aircraft and spacecraft
66-Manufacture of transport equipment n.e.c.
67-Manufacture of furniture
68- Manufacturing n.e.c.
69-Production, collection and distribution of electricity
70-Manufacture of gas; distribution of gaseous fuels
71-Collection, purification and distribution of water
72-Construction
73-Sale, maintenance and repair of motor vehicles, motorcycles; retail sale
of fuel
74-Wholesale trade and commission trade, except of motor vehicles &
motorcyles
75-Retail trade, repair of personal and household materials
76-Hotels; camping sites and other provision of short-stay accommodatin
77-Restaurants, bars and canteens
78-Transport via railways
79-Land transport; transport via pipelines
80-Water transport
81- Air transport
82-Supporting and auxiliary transport activities; activities of travel agencies
83-Post and telecom- nications
84-Financial intermedediation, except insurance and pension funding
85- Insurance
86-Real estate activities
87-Renting of machinery and equipment without operator & of personal and
household goods
88-Computer and related activities
89- Research and development
90- Other business activities
91-Education
92-Health and social work services
93-Activities of membership organizations n.e.c
94- Recreational, cultural and and sporting activities
95-Other service activities
96- Public services
97-Ownership of dwelling
1996
ĠBE
1,29
GBE
1,82
1998
ĠBE
1,04
GBE
1,56
1,60
1,10
1,30
1,18
1,39
1,07
1,21
4,38
1,16
1,53
1,06
2,40
2,15
1,48
1,93
1,16
2,25
2,24
1,96
1,45
1,77
1,25
2,02
1,45
1,21
1,01
1,02
1,02
1,08
1,08
1,05
3,69
1,18
1,38
1,16
2,17
1,72
1,54
1,48
1,23
1,66
2,01
1,27
1,35
1,18
1,19
1,67
1,29
5,87
1,39
3,54
1,26
2,65
1,61
1,40
1,24
6,05
2,12
1,17
1,15
2,19
5,34
1,34
1,51
1,08
1,46
1,81
1,91
2,20
1,54
1,80
1,97
2,28
1,38
1,48
1,74
1,51
1,60
2,97
1,23
1,80
1,07
5,11
1,70
1,20
1,03
2,22
5,23
1,20
1,55
1,18
1,25
1,69
1,70
1,58
1,35
1,48
1,55
1,86
1,15
1,43
1,44
1,52
1,62
1,11
1,28
3,42
1,02
1,04
1,00
1,38
1,21
1,00
1,00
1,95
1,14
1,75
1,74
1,59
1,47
1,53
1,63
1,00
1,31
1,13
1,30
2,92
1,05
1,03
1,04
1,47
1,10
1,00
1,00
1,53
1,61
1,48
1,53
1,29
1,48
1,48
1,46
1,00
1,25
Table 4:1996 ,1998 ve 2002 Years Total Backward and Forward Linkage Effect of Third Twenty Sector
(Direct+Indirect)
(Tables was calculated by using the Input-Output Table 1996, 1998 Years)
.
If the total increase in production caused by the increase in demand by one unit in a sector can be defined as
that sector‘s backward linkage effect and the increase in a certain sector‘s production by one unit increase in last
demand can be defined as that sector‘s forward linkage effect.
In this context, the study includes calculations of both forward and backward linkage effects for
1996, 1998 and 2002.
�2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo
When the tables 1,2,3, and 4 above are analyzed, it is seen that sectors with high forward linkage effects
have an important place for creating supply to other sectors. Below are the sectors with high forward linkage effects.
As can be seen in Tables 1,2,3, and 4 for the year 1996, the sectors with the highest forward linkage effects
are the 79th sector highway transportation (6,05), 1 st sector grain and vegetable plantation (5,89), 74 th sector
wholesale and trade brokering (5,87), 38 th sector coke furnace and refined petroleum product manufacturing (5,78),
84th sector intermediary financial institutions (5,34), 39 th sector main chemical materials, synthetic rubber and plastic
raw material production (4,88), 50th sector iron-steel industry (4,61), 69th sector production and distribution of
electricity (4,38), 9th sector crude oil and natural gas production (4,31), 35 th sector paper and paper product
production (3,40), 51st sector main metal industry other than iron and steel (3,04), and 26th sector textile threads and
weaving (2,96). As can be seen the other sectors of the economy used the most input from highway transportation
and agricultural sector. The energy sub-sectors such as refined petroleum products and electricity production and
distribution are among the first five sectors in terms of providing inputs to other sectors.
As can be observed in Tables 1,2,3, and 4, the highest forward linkage effect sectors for 1998 total (direct
and indirect) are; 84th sector intermediary financial institutions and auxiliary activities (5,22), 79 th sector highway
transportation (5,11), 1st sector grain and vegetable plantation (5,07), 38 th sector coke furnace and refined petroleum
product production (3,92), 69th sector electricity production and distribution (3,69), 74 th sector wholesale and
brokering (3,53), 50th sector iron and steel industry (3,27), 75 th sector retail, and the repair of personal and home
equipment (2,96), 26th sector textile thread and weaving (2,67), and 35th sector paper and paper product
manufacturing (2,39).
The sectors with highest forward linkage effects for 2002, as can be seen in Tables 1,2,3, and 4, are;
clothing manufacturing (3,21), electricity, gas, steam and hot water production and distribution (2,97), textile
manufacturing (2,97), food and drink manufacturing (2,95), leather tanning and processing; suitcase, handbag,
saddler, harness and shoe manufacturing ((2,93), research and development services (2,90), wood and cork products
manufacturing (2,88), furniture production (2,84), tobacco products manufacturing (2,79), plastic and rubber
production (2,69), airway transportation (2,68).
When direct forward linkage effects for 1996 are analyzed, highway transportation, grain and other plants
plantation, wholesale and trade brokering coke furnace, refined petroleum products and intermediary financial
institutions are the five sectors with highest sector linkage effects.
The highest forward linkage effects for 1998 includes the first five sectors including the production of grain
and other plants, highway transportation, intermediary financial institutions, wholesale trade and trade brokering,
electricity production and distribution.
The two sub-sectors of the energy sector are among the first five sectors with the highest forward linkage
effects in 1996 and 1998.
In 2002, food and drink production, clothing manufacturing, fur processing and dying, wood and cork
products production, electricity, gas, steam and hot water production and distribution and research and development
services are the first five sectors with highest direct forward linkage effects.
The sectors with the highest forward linkage effects are important for reducing dependency on foreigners
since they can be used as inputs in other sectors. In terms of their use as inputs in 1996 and 1998 highway
transportation, agriculture and electricity production and distribution, petroleum refinery, iron and steel industry,
textile, paper products manufacturing, wholesale trade and trade brokering sectors are remarkable. In 2002, clothing
manufacturing, electricity production and distribution, petroleum, textile, leather tanning and processing, shoe
manufacturing, tobacco, research and development services, wood and cork products manufacturing, plastic and
paper products production, and airway transportation rather than highway transportation came forward.
When we look at the years 1996, 1998, and 2002 together, the sub-sectors of the energy sector such as
petroleum refinery, electricity production and distribution,, cruse oil production, coal and nuclear energy production,
and natural gas production are among the first sectors that provide inputs to other sectors.
The sectors with the highest backward linkage effects are the sectors which have influence for stimulating
the level of production in other sectors. That is, since these sectors demand inputs from other sectors, they stimulate
the economy.
When the backward linkage effects for 1996, 1998, and 2002 are analyzed, the high linkage effects of the
sub-sectors of the manufacturing industry stand out. It is well known that the manufacturing industry is very
important in stimulating the level of production in other sectors in developing countries.
When 1996 backward linkage effects are examined, meat processing and keeping, clothing, leather tanningsuitcase, handbag production, textile threads-weaving sectors are the first five sectors.
691
�2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo
In terms of backward linkage effects for 1998, metal industry, chemical materials production, wholesale
trade and trade brokering, the activities of financial institutions and highway and pipeline transportation are the first
five sectors.
The sectors with the highest backward linkage effects in 1996 are shoe manufacturing, meat processing and
keeping, clothing manufacturing, leather tanning-suitcase, handbag manufacturing, and textile thread and weaving
and finishing. The sectors with the highest backward linkage effects in 1998 are non-alcoholic beverage and spring
water production, timber and hardwood industry, meat processing and keeping, vegetative-bestial oil, animal food
production. As seen, the sectors that are the sub-sectors of the manufacturing industry are the sectors with the highest
backward linkage effects in 1996 and 1998.
The five sectors with the highest backward linkage effects in 2002 (direct and indirect) are chemical
material production, main metal industry, electricity, gas, steam and hot water production and distribution, highway
and pipeline transportation, and wholesale trading and trade brokering.
The sectors with high backward and forward linkage effects are described as the locomotives of an
economy. When the similar studies are reviewed, it was concluded that the manufacturing industry in the 1980s and
1990s is the locomotive (pioneer) sector. The locomotive sectors in 1996 are plastic products production and iron
and steel industries. In 1998, the locomotive sectors are chemical products, synthetic rubber and plastic material
manufacturing, iron and steel industry and metal industry.
The locomotive sectors in 2002 are electricity, gas, steam and hot water production and distribution, textile
products manufacturing, plastic and rubber products manufacturing, coke coal, refined petroleum products and
nuclear fuel production and food and beverage production.
Even though the manufacturing sector was the locomotive sector in the previous years, in 2002, the energy
sector became a locomotive sector and contributed to economic revival.
Conclusion
In the years analyzed, the sub-sectors of the manufacturing industry in 1996 and 1998 are the sectors with
high direct and total backward linkage effects. In 2002, it is seen that the energy sector has both high backward and
forward linkage effects. When the Tables above are analyzed in detail, the sub-sectors of the energy sector score high
in terms of both backward and forward linkage effects. According to Hirschman‘s categorization, the sectors with
high backward and forward linkage effects at the same time are described as the locomotive sectors. Therefore, the
sub-sectors of the energy sector in 2002 fit in this category.
As a result, investment in the energy sector in Turkey should be increased. In this context, studies aiming to
reduce dependency on foreign powers in energy should be done. Especially, the industrial model based on the fossil
fuel increases dependency. Turkey can support the other sectors only if can it use resources such as wind, solar and
hydrologic energy.
References
AKKAYA, ġ., PAZARLIOĞLU, M. V., (2000). Ekonometri I, Berk Masa Üstü Yayıncılık, Ġzmir, 581 s.
AYDOĞUġ, O., (1993). Türkiye Ekonomisinde Maliyet-Fiyat ĠliĢkileri Sektörel Fiyat OluĢumu ve Enflasyon, 3. Ġzmir Ġktisat
Kongresi, Sektörel GeliĢme Stratejileri, Ġzmir, 35-48 ss.
AYDOĞUġ, O., (1999). Girdi-Çıktı Modellerine GiriĢ, Gazi Kitabevi, Ankara, 121 s.
BENNETT, R. F., (2003). 10 Facts About Oil Prices, Joint Economic Committee, Economic Update, 4 p.
TÜĠK, (1985). Türkiye Ekonomisinin Input-Output Yapısı 1985, TĠK Yayınları, Ankara, 87 s.
TÜĠK, (1994). Türkiye Ekonomisinin Input-Output Yapısı 1990, TĠK Yayınları, Ankara, 89 s.
TÜĠK, (2001). Türkiye Ekonomisinin Input-Output Yapısı 1996, TĠK Yayınları, Ankara, 141 s.
TÜĠK, (2004). Türkiye Ekonomisinin Input-Output Yapısı 1998, TĠK Yayınları, Ankara, 127 s.
692
�2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo
LEBLANC, M.; and CHINN, M., (2004). Do High Oil Prices Presage Inflation? The Evidence from G-5 Countries, UC Santa
Cruz Economics Department 2000-05 Working Paper Series, 25 p.
TERZĠ, Ġ., (1998). Türkiye‘de Elektrik Tüketimi ve Ekonomik Büyüme ĠliĢkisi: Sektörel Bir KarĢılaĢtırma, Ġktisat-ĠĢletme ve
Finans Dergisi, Ġstanbul, ss. 62-71.
693
�
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309
Title
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The Forward and Backward Linkage Effects of the Energy Sector in Turkey
Author
Author
MERCAN, Mehmet
ÖZDEMIR, Abdullah
Abstract
A summary of the resource.
Energy sector has a great importance for producers and consumers. Energy sector has been found as a leading sector as a result at the input-output analysis. This analysis has been done by using input-output tables which are constructed by goverment Statistical Institude. Turkey is dependent to other countries as energy. To satisfy the development in Turkish economy is only available by reducing the depandencies to the other countries by the energy. Also it should be continued as the leading sector.
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
2010-06
Keywords
Keywords.
Conference or Workshop Item
PeerReviewed
HB Economic Theory
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de0bc673ef110e1312c5c22b9f63e365
PDF Text
Text
Urban Greenway Planning: The Example of Kayseri (Turkey) Urban
Complex
Banu Öztürk Kurtaslan
Selcuk University Faculty of Agriculture
Department of Landscape Architecture
Konya-Turkey
bkurtaslan@selcuk.edu.tr
Abstract: After the “alle”s which were constituded in Medieval, greenways that took form
with the “parkway” idea of Olmsted and Vaux in XIX. Century are the open space connectors
which arrange parks, natural reserves, historical sites, and their cultural components. The
greenways which have been constituted with ecological, cultural, recreational and aesthetic
purposes are also important constituents of urban open and green area system.
The planning approach of greenways and the open and green area systems that they connected
with, have interesting examples in England and America. But in our country this planning
approach hasn’t stil been settled. It’s also possible to observe this in Kayseri urban complex.
However there are areas which surround the city and be considered as “greeenway”.
Especially the narrow-deep valleys that surround the city from south-east are unplanned
“greenways” which analyse the transition from urban to rural areas, and existing their rich
cultural petterns. The city in which rapid urbanization continue with the impact of the
industriy, combining with the tresholds on the south make possible of forming a greenbelt
here. In this study it wil be investigated that the possibilities of forming greenways and
activities in possible greenways.
Introduction
In order for the urban green areas to be able to form a system from spatial point of view, it needs
planning them in connection to each other. Today, the entire world accepts this requirement. The open and
green areas connected to each other are effective on emerging of a macro form of a city and directing the urban
development (Özdilek 2004, s.27). In this issue, one mentions the systems such as green belt, green wedge, and
green fabric. And greenways are especially important in terms of that they can make a connection between
such planned green areas.
The greenways are the connectors of open area, which connect to each other the parks, natural reserves,
and other cultural components. (Flink & Searns, 1993)
Greenway planning is an international approach developing along 19th and 20th (Fabos, 1995). The
developing success of the concept “greenway” depends on encouraging to protect the landscape, protecting the
natural and cultural heritage, and providing the possibilities for public recreations.
The greenways are the courses of communication, which increase the quality of life of the
environment and neighboring areas, which is developed through an integrated advertisement, allocated to the
disintegrated voyages (such as pedestrians, bikes, and horses), not motorized. When these linear connectors
particularly take place along the linear elements such as stream and ridgeline, they may emerge as the visual
courses, which provides possibilities for the recreational activities
such as jogging, walking, and cycling
(Comine et al., 2004; p.271 -287). These courses can also be planned as integrated with the other recreational
areas such as urban park, camping area, and sports area. In addition, these courses can serve for daily
transportation, connecting to each other the area such as housing, business, and commerce.
The greenways can be considered in three main categorizes; ecological, recreational, and the green
areas having historical and cultural values (Fabos, 2004).
The notion “park way” developed by F. Law, Olmsted, and Vaux in the late 1800s leaded to the
formation of the concept “greenway” (Shuyler, 1986). In the other words, it made a leadership to the formation
of the concept “greenway” like Olmsted and Vaux. Ebenezer Howard also made an important contribution to
the development of the concept “greenway”.
In spite of their commonly shared antecedents, the movement of greenway in Europe developed
differently from its counterparts in USA. Additionally, one-fragmented approach without discontinuity was
followed and this approach spread many countries (Toscolini & Fumagalli, 2006, pp 112 -133).
323
�Today, the concept green area highly developed. The greenways currently include their esthetic and
leisure functions as well as a number of different aims. These aims are not only toward protecting the nature, but
also towards the education, historical and cultural heritage, and protecting the public health
(www.rivermed.com)
The greenways can be in the local, urban, regional .national, and even continental scale. According
to the scale, and thus transportation distances, these ways, converging on certain points, can be supported by
motorized ways, railways, and auto parks (Flink and Searns, 1993; p.42 ). According to their properties and
aims, some greenways may not include trails.
One of the important ecological uses of greenways is that; when they located along the stream
corridors, they can aid in buffering surface waters, from non-point source pollution. When it takes in the urban
area, it makes it possible to be protected in the existing natural state of the areas threatened by the future
development of the city (Conine et al.2004.p.271 -287).
Besides such benefits, the greenways have several economic benefits. They increase the real properties
values in their close neighborhoods and consider reaction based job possibilities. They also offer tourist
attractions (Flink ve Searns, 1993; p.42).
“Today, city planners and administrators are increasingly expecting connected landscape corridors to
provide more than park and recreation functions. They are promoting especially metropolitan greenways
networks that help shape urban growth.” (Erickson, 2003; p.199 -221)
Greenway planning in Turkey is still in theoretical level. The academic studies carried out can not be
not largely implemented. Planning practice of the city Kayseri did not form such a concept. In close
neighborhood of the city, the valley shaped, unplanned greenways, which the topography gives a direction, are
largely kept by law codes and regulations. In this work, on current plan of the city, the existing and potential
green areas are investigated and the uses (recreation, protecting etc.) that these greenways will be able to make it
possible are studied.
Location of Kayseri City and Its Short History
Kayseri is a Central Anatolian city (Figure 1). It is a city which is surrounded by hills and settled on a
flat plain. The city is situated in the Central Kızılırmak Region in Central Anatolia. The old city whic is called
“Mazaka” has settled down XI. Century B.C. (Baydur 1970). Kayseri possesses unique natural and cultural
values especially in the near surroundings of the city and within city boundaries. Mount Erciyes which is the
highest mountain in the Central Anatolian District (3917 m), is a magnificent volcanic mountain on the sout part
of Kayseri.
“Kayseri is on an important intersection point which a lot of civilization had chosen for settlement. The
first name of the city was “Hilakku”. Apart from it, the city has named as “Mazaka”, Eusebia”, and it is called
“Caesarea” in Roman and Byzantine times. Since antique times Kayseri has an important settlement as “Small
Cilicia” region in Cappadocia. The “Kültepe Kaniş-Karum” was an important settlement at the time of Assyrian
trade colonies. In Mazaka an its vicinity Hittite, Persian, Cappadocia State, Roman and Turkish sovereignities
by turns. The city which is on the Silk Road was an important settlement in the periods of Greek, Roman,
Byzatine and Seljuk in terms of politics and culture; this importance have been continued in the Ottoman period.
It is not known exactly but, it is considered that the city settled on the plain approximately after XI. Century
(Kurtaslan and Kocatürk 2005)”.
324
�Figure 1. Location of the city in its country.
Materials and Methods
In the study, as material, a literature such as article, thesis, book, declaration, plan report, and so on
discussing the concept greenway, and on the city Kayseri were used. However, the satellite pictures, plans,
maps, and original pictures on the study domain, were utilized as visual materials.
In the study, the concept “greenway” based on literature review before all else was used. Later, characteristic
properties (natural and cultural structure) of the existing and potential greenways taking place in the domain of
study will be discussed from satellite images and pictures with the observation made in its place. In respect with
the relationships of greenways with the urban microform, it will be discussed which decisions will be made on
the greenways.
Greenways In Kayseri Urban Complex
As stated earlier, in planning approaches Kayseri city, especially in the city, the concept greenway
takes place. In he city, there are no approaches such as park system, and greenway. Only several parks along the
ways, which have a linear structure, can be attributed as greenway. In this scope, the areas, which take place in
the close neighborhood of the city, and can be attributed as greenway, are partly protected by law codes and
regulations.
In the existing settlement order within the city, there is no possibility to create the greenways within
the city, because there is not any suitable openness, and any structure on which the integrated decisions will be
made. Linear parks in the urban areas and the afforested green sidewalks can be considered in the scope of
greenway. For example, Đnönü Park taking place in the city is a highly long and continuous greenway (Figure 2).
This greenway do not undertakes any connecting way. It has a buffering attribute to compensate the adverse
affects, such as noise and pollution, of the traffic between busy vehicle traffic and dense housing area.
Figure 2. Wiew of Đnönü Parkı on satellite photo (KASKĐ 2002).
The narrow-deep valleys wich are located especially on the south-east of the city are important elements
of the geomorphologicalstructure. The greenways defined by valleys which are located on the south-east and
nort-west are in the semi-rural areas which are adjacent to the city. Especially the urban developments in Talas
and Mimar Sinan settlements which are based on multi story dense development are threatening the
contemporary settlements both in valley slopes and other semi-rural areas. The existence of these semi-rural
settlements has been known from XV. Century and they have been householder for Christian and Moslem
communities until XX. century. In the settlement pattern, there are natural, urban, archeological and mixed
protected areas. These settlements with vineyards and orchards, architectural structures which exhibits local
materials and Works (houses, bridges, stone walls, churches, stone carving houses etc.), underground crossings,
contemporary street patterns presents very important contributions to the identity of the city (Figure 5). In these
traditional settelments vineyards and orchards which are on the valley slopes have been important elements of
the geogaphy until XX. Century which the Armenian, Greek and Turks have lived in as mixed (Imamoglu 2001).
There aren’t traditional settelments in all valleys in the city. Some valleys exist with their natural
situations there aren’t any housing in their vicinitiy
325
�The natural characteristics of valleys have been largely protected. Valleys which slit the plateaus
presents interesting rock formations. These valleys are forming important habitats for birds and other wildlife.
Erciyes Mountain and surrounding areas are poor in terms of permanent streams.
Figure 3. Derevenk Valley and near dense housing areas (KASKĐ 2002).
Figure 4. The multi-storey dense housing areas which threaten the traditional settlements in Talas (Original 2003).
References
Baydur, N. 1970., Kültepe (Kanes) ve Kayseri Tarihi Üzerine Araştırmalar (Eski Çağlardan Đ.S. 395 Yılına Kadar). Đstanbul.
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Conine et al. 2004. Conine, A., Xiang, W., Young J. And Whitley, D. Planning for multi-purpose greenways in Concord,
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Erickson, D.L., 2004. The Relationship of Historic City Form and Contemporary Greenway Implementation: A Comparison
of Milwaukee, Wisconsin (USA) and Ottawa, Ontario (Canada). Landscape and Urban Planning. 68 (2-3), 2004. 199-221.
Fabos, J.Gy., and Ahern, J., 1995. The Greenway Movement, Uses and Potentialities of Greenways. Greenways: The
Beginning of an International Movement. pp. 1–13.
Fabos, J.G., Greenway Planning in the United States: Its Origins and Recent Case Studies, Landscape Urban Planning. 68
(2004), pp. 321–342.
Flink, C. A. ve Searns, R., M., 1993. Greenways. USA. p. 42, 63.
Gobster, P.H., 2004. The Human Dimensions of Urban Greenways: Planning for Recreation and Related Experiences and
Lynne M.Westphal. Volume 68, Issues 2-3 , 30 May 2004, Pages 147-165
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�Imamoglu, V. 2001. Kayseri Bağ Evleri. Đş Bankası Kültür Yayınları. Đstanbul. 16, 31, 18, 29, 107, 119.
Toccolini, A., Fumagalli, N. And Senes,G., 2006. Greenways Planning in Italy: the Lambro River Valley Greenways System.
Landscape and Urban Planning. 76 (1-4). Pp.112-133
Karatepe, Ş. 1999. Kendini Kuran Şehir. Kayseri. p.52.
KASKĐ 2002. Kayseri Uydu Görüntüleri. Kayseri Su ve Kanalizasyon Đdaresi. Kayseri.
Kurtaslan Ö. B., Kocatürk, F. Investigating The Changing Process of Vineyards and Orchards In Kayserı City And Its
Vicinity. 2nd International Conference on Landscape and Urban Horticulture University of Bologna. 9-13 June. Italy.
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Shuyler, D. 1986. The New Urban Landscape. The Johns Hopkins University Press. London.
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�
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Extent
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448
Title
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Urban Greenway Planning: The Example of Kayseri (Turkey) Urban Complex
Author
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Kurtaslan, Banu Öztürk
Abstract
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After the “alle”s which were constituded in Medieval, greenways that took form with the “parkway” idea of Olmsted and Vaux in XIX. Century are the open space connectors which arrange parks, natural reserves, historical sites, and their cultural components. The greenways which have been constituted with ecological, cultural, recreational and aesthetic purposes are also important constituents of urban open and green area system. The planning approach of greenways and the open and green area systems that they connected with, have interesting examples in England and America. But in our country this planning approach hasn’t stil been settled. It’s also possible to observe this in Kayseri urban complex. However there are areas which surround the city and be considered as “greeenway”. Especially the narrow-deep valleys that surround the city from south-east are unplanned “greenways” which analyse the transition from urban to rural areas, and existing their rich cultural petterns. The city in which rapid urbanization continue with the impact of the industriy, combining with the tresholds on the south make possible of forming a greenbelt here. In this study it wil be investigated that the possibilities of forming greenways and activities in possible greenways.
Date
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2010-06
Keywords
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Conference or Workshop Item
PeerReviewed
Q Science (General)