67 10 3494 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/f402bc6aa08ce67b8c60c0f4204e8068.pdf b7b9fc83db5b0583bb5ce9a9d3e1b758 PDF Text Text Journal of Economic and Social Studies Contemporary Forms of Supporting Entrepreneurship and Investments on SMEs: The case of Polog Region in the Republic of Macedonia Jeton Mazllami Faculty of Business and Economics, South East European University-Tetovo, Republic of Macedonia, j.mazllami@seeu.edu.mk Abstract: The world economy is facing a variety of financial and economic challenges caused by different economic and political crises. Furthermore, the crises have had a negative impact that has been reflected on the macroeconomic indicators of each national economy. In these circumstances the transition economies, especially the Western Balkan countries needed to cope with the ever growing international competition, increasing unemployment, lack of private initiatives and investments, low level of economic growth and development. As a result, the attention is oriented towards SMEs, the importance of SMEs as a key pillar to sustainable growth and competitiveness on national and global market. The focus of this research is the importance of various contemporary forms which support entrepreneurship in order to increase investments, such as: business start-up centres, clusters, business incubators, economic zones and investment funds. The main objective of this research is to determine and measure the relationship between the SMEs from Polog region and contemporary institutions: business development centre (BDC) and technology park (TP) at SEE University, Enterprise Support Agency (ESA) as a private company and economic chamber of Macedonia which support private initiatives and increase their investments. In order to determine the relationship, a survey on SMEs in Polog region is conducted. The methodology used is cross tabulation two-way tables with measures of association based on data analysis from surveys and processed by STATA software. The main finding of this research is the positive impact of BDC, ESA and economic chamber on Polog region SMEs on the increase of their investments. Volume 6 Number 1 Spring 2015 Keywords: Investments, SMEs, Entrepreneurship, BDC, Growth, Economic Development JEL Classification: D02, M13, M21 Article History Submitted: 01 June 2015 Resubmitted: 07 July 2015 Resubmitted:14 September 2015 Resubmitted:13 December 2015 Accepted: 04 February 2016 http://dx.doi.org/10.14706/JECO SS16613 81 �Jeton Mazllami Introduction The world economy is challenged by different political, economic and financial issues that impact various negative repercussions on international business and macroeconomic indicators at the national level. Nowadays, the worldwide economies are characterized by high competition, declining trend of private initiatives and weak economic growth and development. The actual economic position of all economies, especially transition countries, offers an opportunity to develop entrepreneurship and gives a greater importance to SMEs. Small and medium-sized companies are a key link of development and economic growth especially for economies with two levels of government, local or regional level and central government. Supporting the SMEs provides a key role in increasing investments and increasing employment and overall well-being at the same time. What is meant by SMEs? What is included in SMEs will depend on the Company Law of each country which is object of analysis. The Republic of Macedonia has the status of a Country candidate to adhere to EU, and in general the Law needed to adapt to EU law. In this case it will be offer the thresholds related to SMEs in Republic of Macedonia (Company Law, 2006) and EU (EC, 2005), (Appendix Table-6). According to the Macedonian Company Law the category SMEs includes three types of entities: the micro size commercial entity, the medium size commercial entity and the small size commercial entity. A micro size commercial entity shall be a commercial entity that, in each of the last two accounting years, or in the first year of business activities, has met the first criteria and at least one of the second or third of the following criteria: • • • 82 The average number of employees, based on the number of their full-time working hours, is up to 10 employees; and The gross annual revenue acquired from any source does not exceed EUR 50,000 in Macedonian Denars counter-value; and not more than 80% of the gross income of the enterprises acquired from one client/consumer and/or from an individual who is related to this client/consumer; and All rights to participate in the micro-company are owned by not more than two natural persons. Journal of Economic and Social Studies �Contemporary Forms of Supporting Entrepreneurship and Investments on SMEs: The case of Polog Region in the Republic of Macedonia A small size commercial entity shall be a commercial entity that, in each of the last two accounting years, or in the first year of business activities, has met the first criteria and at least one of the second or third of the following criteria: • • • The average number of employees, based on the number of their full-time working hours, is up to 50 employees; and The annual income is less than EUR 2,000,000 in Macedonian Denar counter-value, and the total turnover is less than EUR 2,000,000 in Macedonian Denar counter-value; and/or The average value (at the beginning and at the end of the accounting year) of the total assets is less than EUR 2,000,000 in Macedonian Denar counter-value. A medium size commercial entity shall be a commercial entity that, in each of the last two accounting years, or in the first year of business activities, has met the first criteria and at least one of the second or third of the following criteria: • • • The average number of employees, based on the number of their full-time working hours, is up to 250 employees; The annual income is less than EUR 10,000,000 in Macedonian Denar counter-value; and/or The average value (at the beginning and at the end of the accounting year) of the total assets is less than EUR 10,000,000 in Macedonian Denar counter-value. The SMEs from Polog region are characterized by a traditional and contemporary entrepreneurial approach. The entrepreneurial approach is a very complex process and composed by the following characteristics: innovation, cooperation with start-up and business centres, risk-taking, decision making, etc. The stated characteristics make the contemporary entrepreneurial approach more different compared to the traditional approach. The relationship between the business sector and the contemporary forms which support and develop them are different during the different stages of the economic development. In this occasion this research paper tends to offer information about the importance of these forms which have supported the SMEs and would have the possibility to support the same in the Polog region of Macedonia in the coming future. Volume 6 Number 1 Spring 2016 83 �Jeton Mazllami Literature Review Modern economies have devoted great importance to contemporary forms which support the private initiatives. They developed the business ideas, supporting the creation of business plans with the final goal to most effectively establish SMEs. In transition economies the SMEs are supported especially by central and local institutions sometimes by other state institutions. Unfortunately, in Macedonia and in other transition economies, the contemporary institutions supporting the enterprises are developed slower. Every transition economy needed to create a strategy to develop these forms. The strategies of every transition economy should utilize the contemporary experiences from developed countries and encourage the entrepreneurs from SMEs to increase investments and employment. There is a substantial literature from relevant international institutions, some of which is mentioned in the following text. Business start-up centre or business development centre is an entity which assists individuals to develop their business ideas from their beginning toward formalizing their real business activities, in other words a new business entity (Mazllami, 2011). The access to business centers is very specific. The SMEs can take different consultations related to very important issues such as: how to start doing business or how to continue business activities, how to implement the business plan as a condition for a successful business. Founders of such business start-ups or business development centres are usually higher education institutions such as universities or faculties, local governments and others. According to the empirical analysis of the newly established 564 companies in Yangtze delta area in China, Tao Chen and Zh. Zhue have managed to conclude that environmental trust has positive effect on the construction of network relationship and network capacity, while the knowledge acquisition was significantly and positively correlated to the start-up firm performance (Zhao, Ordóñez and Tennyson, 2015). A business incubator is an entity which supports processes that accelerate the successful development of start-ups and fledgling companies by providing entrepreneurs with an array of targeted resources and services. These services are usually developed or orchestrated by incubator management and offered both in the business incubator and through its network of providers (Oklahoma, 2014). 84 Journal of Economic and Social Studies �Contemporary Forms of Supporting Entrepreneurship and Investments on SMEs: The case of Polog Region in the Republic of Macedonia According to the EU Centre for Strategy & Evaluation Services (IBRD, 2010), a business incubator is an entity that accelerates and systematizes the process of creating successful enterprises by providing them with a comprehensive and integrated range of support, including: incubator space, business support services, clustering and networking opportunities; a successful business incubator will generate a steady flow of new businesses with above average job and wealth creation potential. On a world level, the application of incubators in SMEs began as a method of economic development at federal, regional and local level. Regarding the location where the incubators function, two types of incubators are known: regional/local incubator and corporate incubator. According to Davies Mark, the Business incubator has an important impact during the developing process of the new enterprise known as start-up of the business cycle (Figure 1). Figure 1. Business Cycle MATURITY Source: Davies Mark: Mixed-use Incubator Handbook a Start-up Guide for Incubator Developers, author’s design An economic zone is an entity with a specific specialty to solve problems related to foreign trade, but gradually the focus of their activities is oriented towards production industry, scientific and technical innovation goals. The economic zone can be considered as an independent part of a national economy, but conversley the economic zone is an important part of the developing economic system. Economic zones largely contribute to the accomplishment of national interests whether it is in economic or social plan. The benefits from economic zones are enormous. They usually provide lower customs and taxes rates or charges on imports of raw materials. According to the traditional approach to economic zones there are three types of economic zones: industrial, commercial and service and mixed economic zone. According to the contemporary approach (IFC, MIGA, and IBRD, Washington 2008) the economic zone is a special economic zone such as: Free Trade Zone Volume 6 Number 1 Spring 2016 85 �Jeton Mazllami (FTZ), Traditional Export Processing Zone (EPZ), Hybrid Export Processing Zone (EPZ), Freeport, Urban Free Zones, Single Factory Export Processing Zone (EPZ). The principles incorporated in the basic concept of a special economic zone include: • • • • Geographically delimited area, usually physically secured (fenced-in) Single management/administration Eligibility for benefits based upon physical location within the zone Separate customs area (duty-free benefits) and streamlined procedures. Technology Park is an organization, physical or virtual, managed by a specialized professional team that provides value-added services, whose main aim is to increase the competitiveness of its region or territory of influence by stimulating a culture of quality and innovation among its associated businesses and knowledge-based institutions, organizing the transfer of knowledge and technology from its sources to companies and to the market place, and by actively fostering the creation of new and sustainable innovation-based companies through incubation and spin-off processes; and provides other value-added services together with high quality premises and facilities (Bellavista and Sanz, 2009). Creative cluster is a geographic concentration of interconnected companies, specialized suppliers, service providers, firms of related industries, and associated institutions (universities, standards agencies, trade associations) in a particular field that compete but also cooperate. The geographic scope of a cluster relates to the distance over which informational, transactional, incentive, and other efficiencies occur (Porter, 2000). According to Porter’s definition, the cluster stages include many types of institutions and different actors. In this case we have identified six main types: firms, financial entity, public institutions, universities, collaboration organizations and media. (Figure-2) Some authors from UK explain the very important role of anchor institutions (university and business school) to develop the SMEs through consultancy, contract research, professional and human development workshop or seminars, start-ups and others supporting activities for enterprises (Smallbone, Kitching and Blackburn, 2015). 86 Journal of Economic and Social Studies �Contemporary Forms of Supporting Entrepreneurship and Investments on SMEs: The case of Polog Region in the Republic of Macedonia Figure 2. Network of Institutions-Creative Clusters Source: O. Sölvell,: Clusters – Balancing Evolutionary and Constructive Forces, 2008, author’s design Wim Naude from Maastricht School of management in the paper Entrepreneurship and economic development: Theory, evidence and policy (2013), conclude that the entrepreneurship provides a new perspective to develop economies; entrepreneurship influences development outcomes positively as well as negatively; and entrepreneurship is in turn significantly determined by the dynamics of development. Overview of Business Entities in the Republic of Macedonia: The Polog Region Case The economy of a country or region includes a complex set of all economic activities as parts of a whole, which are closely related and dependent on one another. All these branches of economic activities in general represent the economy of a country. Activities of social life, which form the economic base, financial and material life of people, and economic reports between people derived from work and satisfaction from work are included within the economy of a country. According to the new law on territorial reorganization in the Republic of Macedonia, the number of municipalities was reduced from 124 to 85. This regrouping was attempted to achieve an optimal size of municipalities to emphasize the economic potential in terms of realization of economic activities. According to Volume 6 Number 1 Spring 2016 87 �Jeton Mazllami the reshuffling of regional municipalities in Republic of Macedonia and according to statistical classification nomenclature-territorial units NUTS-3 have 8 regions: Vardar, Eastern, North Eastern, Southwest, Southeast, Pelagonija, Polog and Skopje. The Polog region includes two major cities of Polog valley, Tetovo and Gostivar. The Polog region is known as a region of private initiatives and the executor of many successful businesses. Based on the trend of the enterprise category (micro, small, medium and large) in the Polog Region during last 5-years (2009-2013) it could be concluded that (Figure 3): • • • • The total number of SMEs has increased for 659 entities (from 6.577 to 7236), The number of micro business entities has significantly increased for 1776 entities (from 3.896 to 5671), The number of small business entities has significantly decreased for 1130 entities (from 2644 to 1514) The number of medium and large business entities has shown slower growth compared to other categories. Figure 3. The number of SMEs in Polog Region (2009-2013) Source: State Statistical Office of RM, author’s calculation 88 Journal of Economic and Social Studies �Contemporary Forms of Supporting Entrepreneurship and Investments on SMEs: The case of Polog Region in the Republic of Macedonia The analysis of participation of Polog SMEs as part of the Macedonian economy during 2009-2013 is as follows (Figure 4): • • The percentage of total SMS has increased from 9.3% to 10,2%, The higher percentage from SMEs are micro business entities Figure 4. The number of Polog Region SMEs as part of RM economy (%), (2009-2013) Source: State Statistical Office of RM, author’s calculation There are several contemporary institutions of a high significance to the citizens and the business sector in the Polog region. There are two higher education institutions: the State University of Tetova (SUT) and South East European University (SEEU). In SEEU there are two contemporary institutions which are supporting the SMEs of Polog region: the Business Development Centre (BDC) and the Technology Park (TP). There are some private entities which are supporting SMEs in the Polog region, but of a high relevance and long time experience such as: Enterprise Support Agency (ESA) and Economic Chamber of North-West Macedonia (ECNWM). The objective of the research is to measure and test the level of relationship between the category of companies (micro, small and medium) and contemporary forms (BDC, TP, ESA, EC) and their impact on them. The focus of the research is the relationship between categories as follows: 1. Category of companies vs. Institutions which support the entrepreneurship 1.1 Category of companies vs. Institutions which support the entrepreneurship (Economic chambers, BDC and ESA) Volume 6 Number 1 Spring 2016 89 �Jeton Mazllami 2. Category of companies vs. Service satisfaction about services provided by BDC and ESA 3. Category of companies vs. Increasing the services received by BDC, TP and ESA 3.1 Category of companies (which increase the investments) vs. Increasing the services received by BDC, TP and ESA 4. Attendance of seminars, training, workshops for R&D vs. Trend of investment in the past three years Data and Methodology The research data is generated by a questionnaire conducted in 244 SMEs in the Polog Region, Republic of Macedonia. The questionnaire contains 9 questions which will transform in 9 variables processed by STATA (Appendix Table 6). The survey sample for SMEs of Polog region on one hand is dominated mostly by business trade activity 41.8%, production 29.1% and in the other 87.7% by micro companies, 9.4% small companies, and only 2.9% by medium companies (Figure 5, 6). Figure 5. Business Activity Figure 6. Category of company The used methodology is cross tabulation two-way tables with measures of association of the survey conducted in the Polog region SMEs processed by STATA software. According to this methodology the following hypotheses will be tested: 90 Journal of Economic and Social Studies �Contemporary Forms of Supporting Entrepreneurship and Investments on SMEs: The case of Polog Region in the Republic of Macedonia The null hypothesis (Ho): No relationship between variables The alternative hypothesis (Ha): Existing relationship between variables o o The estimation and testing of hypotheses will be realized as follows: • • Cross tabulation two-way tables with measures of association. Statistic Testing: X2 (chi-square) tests (Wolfe, 1999), Cramer’s V test, Gamma, Kandall’staub test and Fisher’s exact test (Jann, B. 2008). Measuring Results and Testing Hypotheses The focus of this research is testing four main hypotheses and two auxiliary hypotheses as follows: Hypothesis-1 No relationship between company category and institution type which support entrepreneurship. According to the cross tabulation results between company category and institution which support entrepreneurship, it could be concluded: (Table 1): • • • • 31.78% of micro enterprises have declared that local government is supporting their entrepreneurship activities, Banks 24.77%, BDC & ESA 18.22%, etc. 30.43% of the small enterprises believe that Local Government and University BDC & ESA Government are supporting their entrepreneurship activities. Most medium companies (57.14%) have declared that central government are supporting their entrepreneurship activities. In general, according to the sample of Polog region 31.56% of SMEs have declared that local government is supporting their entrepreneurship activities, Banks 23.36%, central government 21.72%, BDC & ESA 18.85% and economic chamber 4.51%. Volume 6 Number 1 Spring 2016 91 �Jeton Mazllami Table 1. Category of Companies and Institutions which Support Entrepreneurship Company category Institutions which support entrepreneurship L Banks Central Gov Chambers Com Local Gov BDC&ESA Total f 53 44 10 68 39 214 R% 24.77 20.56 4.67 31.78 18.22 100 Micro Co% 92.98 83.02 90.91 88.31 84.78 87.7 Ce% 21.72 18.03 4.1 27.87 15.98 87.7 F 4 5 0 7 7 23 R% 17.39 21.74 0 30.43 30.43 100 Small Co% 7.02 9.43 0 9.09 15.22 9.43 Ce% 1.64 2.05 0 2.87 2.87 9.43 F 0 4 1 2 0 7 R% 0 57.14 14.29 28.57 0 100 Medium Co% 0 7.55 9.09 2.6 0 2.87 Ce% 0 1.64 0.41 0.82 0 2.87 F 57 53 11 77 46 244 R% 23.36 21.72 4.51 31.56 18.85 100 Total Co% 100 100 100 100 100 100 Ce% 23.36 21.72 4.51 31.56 18.85 100 Legend: Frequency (f), Row percentage (R%),Column percentage (Co%), Cells percentage (Ce%) The testing of correlation between the company category and institution which support the entrepreneurship is shown as follows: TESTING: RESULTS : Pearson chi2 (8) = 11.9107 Pr = 0.155 Because Pr>0.05 (5%IC) then we accept H(0) Crammer’s V= 0.1562 Gamma= 1.0000 V: ∈+ or -0.10 to 0.19 then the association is weak The results from testing hypothesis 1 indicate that in general there is no correlation between the Company Category (micro, small and medium size company) and the type of Institution that supports entrepreneurship (Banks, Central Government, Chambers of Commerce, Local Government, BDC and ESA). 92 Journal of Economic and Social Studies �Contemporary Forms of Supporting Entrepreneurship and Investments on SMEs: The case of Polog Region in the Republic of Macedonia Hypothesis-1.1. No relationship between company categories and institution type which support entrepreneurship with special emphasis on economic chamber, business development centre (BDC) & enterprise support agency (ESA). According to the cross tabulation results between company category and especially with economic chamber, business development centre (BDC) & enterprise support agency (ESA) the following can be concluded: (Figure 7, Appendix Table 7) • • • • 23.4% or 57 of 244 SMEs have declared they have used services provided by EC, BDC and ESA 20.4% or 10 of 49 micro companies have declared they have used services provided by economic chamber and 79.6% or 39 of 49 micro companies that they have used services provided by BDC & ESA. All 7 of the small companies have declared they have used services only provided by BDC & ESA. One medium company has declared it has used services provided only by the economic chamber. Figure 7. Relation Between Company Category and Institutions Which Support Entrepreneurship (Economic Chamber, BDC and ESA) The testing of correlation between the company category and economic chamber, BDC and ESA, is as follows: Volume 6 Number 1 Spring 2016 93 �Jeton Mazllami TESTING: Pearson chi2 (2) = 5.8945 Pr = 0.052 Crammer’s V= 0.3216 Gamma= 1.0000 RESULTS : Because Pr=0.05 (at 95% confidence) then we accept H(a) There is a relationship between Company categories vs. EC, BDC&ESA. V=0.3216 ∈ (+ or - ) 0.30 or above, this association is strong G=1.0000 then there is a positive strong relationship The results from testing hypothesis 1.1 indicate that there is a relationship between the enterprises category and EC, BDC and ESA. These results confirm the declarations of SMEs from Polog region that the institution type mentioned above have supported their entrepreneurship activities and in general have improved the entrepreneurship climate in Polog region. Hypothesis-2 No relationship between company category and service satisfaction of services provided by BDC and ESA. The most important issue of SMEs in Polog region is the level of satisfaction from services provided by BDC and ESA. As a result of cross tabulation of SMEs related to this issue the following results have been obtained (Table 2): • • • 11.2% (24 companies) and 46.3% (99 companies) from all micro companies have declared that they have been very satisfied and satisfied with services provided by BDC and ESA. 8.6% (2 companies) and 56.6% (13 companies) of all small companies have declared they have been very satisfied and satisfied with services provided by BDC and ESA and 71.4% (5 companies) of medium company have declared they have been very satisfied and satisfied with services provided by BDC and ESA. Table 2. Enterprises Category and Service Satisfaction of Services Provided by BDC and ESA Company category Micro Small Medium Total 94 Service Satisfaction of services provided by BDC and ESA Very dissatisfied Dissatisfied Satisfied Very satisfied Total 45 44 99 24 214 3 5 13 2 23 0 2 5 0 7 48 51 117 26 244 Journal of Economic and Social Studies �Contemporary Forms of Supporting Entrepreneurship and Investments on SMEs: The case of Polog Region in the Republic of Macedonia The testing of correlation between these categories is as follows: TESTING: Pearson chi2 (6) = 4.423 Pr = 0.620 Crammer’s V= 0.0952 Gamma= 0.216 RESULTS : Because Pr>0.05 (at 95% confidence) then we accept H(0) No relationship between Enterprise Category &service satisfaction about services provided by BDC&ESA V=0.0952∈ (+ or - ) 0.01 to 0.10 this association is very weak G=0.2165<1.0000 then there is a positive weak relationship The results from testing hypothesis 2 indicate that there is no relationship between enterprise categories and service satisfaction about services provided by BDC and ESA. The results do not confirm the declarations of SMEs from Polog region about the service satisfactions of the institution type mentioned above. In this case, as a result of a very poor level of correlation between category types which are the object of study do not relate to the declaration of SMEs concerning this issue. Hypothesis-3 No relationship between company categories and increasing services received by BDC, TP and ESA One of the goals of this research is to measure the correlation between SMEs and the process of increasing services received by BDC, TP and ESA. As a results of cross tabulation of SMEs answers related to this issue, the following results have been obtained. (Table 3): • • 59.8% of micro companies, 21.7% of small companies and 55.3% of medium companies have declared that the services received by BDC, TP and ESA will increase in the future. SMEs of Polog region believe that in the future these institutions should help and will support more their entrepreneurial activities. Volume 6 Number 1 Spring 2016 95 �Jeton Mazllami Table 3. Company Category and the Increasing of Services Received by BDC, TP and ESA Company category Micro Small Medium Total F R% F R% F R% F R% Increasing the services received by BDC, SEEU Tech Park and ESA YES NO Total 128 86 214 59.81 40.19 100.00 5 18 23 21.74 78.26 100.00 2 5 7 28.57 71.43 100.00 135 109 244 55.33 44.67 100.00 The testing of correlation between these categories is as follows: TESTING: Pearson chi2 (2) = 14.2680 Pr = 0.001 likelihood-ratio chi2 (2) = 14.6491 Pr= 0.001 Crammer’s V= 0.2418 Gamma= 0.3928 Fisher's exact = 0.000 RESULTS : Because Pr=0.001<0.05 (at 95% confidence) then we accept H(a) Relationship exists between Enterprise Category & Inst. which support entrepreneurship V=0.2418 ∈ (+ or - ) 0.20 to 029, this association is moderate G=0.3928<1.0000 then there is a positive moderate relationship Here we reject the (H ) and conclude that there is a 0 relationship between variables The results from testing hypothesis 3 indicate that there is a positive relationship between enterprise categories and increasing services received by BDC, TP and ESA. These results confirm the declarations of SMEs from Polog region as a significant issue that the services received by BDC, TP and ESA will have a positive trend and will support more their entrepreneurship in the future. Hypothesis-3.1 No relationship between category of enterprise (which increased the investments in the last three years) and increasing services received by BDC, TP and ESA 96 Journal of Economic and Social Studies �Contemporary Forms of Supporting Entrepreneurship and Investments on SMEs: The case of Polog Region in the Republic of Macedonia According to the cross tabulation answers of SMEs which increased the investments in the last three years and increasing services received by BDC, TP and ESA we have obtained the following results: (Figure 8, Appendix Table 8) • • 40.98% or 100 of 244 SMEs have declared that during the last three years have increased their investments. 54.0% or 47 of 87 micro companies, 1% or 1 of 10 small companies and 33.3% or 1 of 3 medium companies are declared parallel to their investment increase have increased the services received by BDC, TP and ESA. Figure 8. Enterprise Category with Increased Investments in the last 3 Years and BDC, TP and ESA Volume 6 Number 1 Spring 2016 97 �Jeton Mazllami The testing of correlation between these categories is as follows: TESTING: RESULTS : Because Pr=0.027<0.05 (at 95% confidence) then we Pearson chi2 (2) = 7.2595 accept H(a) Pr = 0.027 There is relationship between company category with likelihood-ratio chi2 (2) = 8.2249 increased investments & institution type BDC, TP, Pr= 0.016 ESA) V=0.2694 ∈ (+ or - ) 0.20 to 029, this association is Crammer’s V= 0.2694 moderate Gamma= 0.5526 G=0.5526<1.0000 then there is a strong relationship Kendall's tau-b = 0.1973 Fisher's exact = 0.015 F=0.015 near 0, we conclude that there is a relationship between variables The results from testing hypothesis 3.1 indicate that there is a positive relationship between SMEs which have increased their investments in the last 3-years and increasing services provided by BDC, TP and ESA. These results confirm the strong opportunity of SMEs of Polog region to increase their investments being supported by BDC, TP and ESA. In general, this will improve the investment climate in region and broader. Hypothesis-4 No relationship between company categories which have attended seminars, training, workshops for R&D and trend of their investments in the last three years. According to the cross tabulation answers between categories mentioned in hypothesis 4, we can conclude as follows: (Table 4) • • • 98 56.1% or 137 of 244 SMEs have declared that have attended seminars and workshop on research and development (R&D). 51.0% or 51 of 100 SMEs which have increased their investments during last 3 years declared that have attended seminars, training, workshops and R&D activities. 3.6% or 5 of 137 SMEs which have attended the seminars, training, workshops and R&D activities have declared that have had significant increase of investments. Journal of Economic and Social Studies �Contemporary Forms of Supporting Entrepreneurship and Investments on SMEs: The case of Polog Region in the Republic of Macedonia Table 4 Companies which have Attended Seminars, Training, Workshops and the Trend of Increasing Investments during last 3 years Attendance of seminars training, WSH – R&D YES No Total Trend of investment during last three years K Decrease Increase Sig.Increase The same Total F R% F R% F R% 30 21.90 14 13.08 44 18.03 51 37.23 49 45.79 100 40.98 5 3.65 12 11.21 17 6.97 51 37.23 32 29.91 83 34.02 137 100.00 107 100.00 244 100.00 The test results of the relationship between companies which have attended seminars, training, and workshops for R&D & Trend of investment during last three years are as a follows: TESTING: Pearson chi2 (3) = 9.5457 Pr = 0.023 likelihood-ratio chi2 (3) = 9.6539 Pr= 0.022 RESULTS : Because Pr=0.023<0.05 (at 95% confidence) then we accept H(a) There is relationship between attendance of seminars, training, WSH –R&D & trend of investments last three years Crammer’s V= 0.01978 V=0.01978 ∈ (+ or - ) Less than 0.10, this association is very low Gamma= 0.0338 G=0.0338<<1.0000 then there is a strong relationship Kendall's tau-b = 0.0198 Fisher's exact = 0.023 Here we reject the (H ) and conclude that is a 0 relationship between variables The results from testing hypothesis 4 indicate that there is a positive relationship between companies which have attended seminars, training, workshops on R&D and positive trend of investment in the last three years. SMEs from Polog region believe that if they attend more training and workshops for R&D in the future, it will improve their entrepreneurial performance and will impact the overall entrepreneurial performance of the region. Volume 6 Number 1 Spring 2016 99 �Jeton Mazllami Conclusion According to the estimates, results and testing of the answers and feedback from questionnaires conducted for SMEs of the Polog Region in Republic of Macedonia, the research leads to the following conclusions: There are good entrepreneurs in the Polog region who need support especially by public institutions as well as banks and contemporary forms of business support. In general, there are insignificant relationships between company categories of Polog region and all institutions which support entrepreneurship such as: banks, local and central government, economic chambers, technologic parks, business development centres and enterprise support agencies. The economic chamber, BDC and ESA have a positive impact in supporting and assisting the development of SMEs. But unfortunately, the SMEs of Polog region do not have an adequate service satisfaction related to the services provided by BDC and ESA, even though they continue to receive services from them. SMEs of Polog region which have had increasing investments in the past three years have received increased the services received by BDC, TP and ESA such as: seminars, training, and workshops. These activities are conducted in order to research and develop their company and to achieve a positive trend of their investments. Universities, BDC, business start-up agencies, technologic parks should provide services according to the SME needs. This approach will create new opportunities for entrepreneurs and more chances to develop the existing or new companies. The entrepreneurs should understand that the relationship with contemporary institutions is meant to give them more benefits and profit. References Baporikar, N. (2015). Handbook of Research on Entrepreneurship in the Contemporary Knowledge-based Global Economy, USA, IGI Global. Bellavista, J. & Sanz, L. (2009). Science and technology parks: Habitats of innovation: Introduction to special section. Science and Public Policy, Vol. 36 Issue 7, 499-510. 100 Journal of Economic and Social Studies �Contemporary Forms of Supporting Entrepreneurship and Investments on SMEs: The case of Polog Region in the Republic of Macedonia Dagogo, W.D. & Ollor, G.W. (2012). The effect of venture capital financing on the economic value added profile of Nigerian SMEs, African Journal of Accounting, Economics, Finance and Banking Research, Vol. 5, 37-51. IBRD (2010). Global Good Practice in Incubation Policy Development and Implementation, Washington DC, infoDev. IFC, MIGA, and IBRD (2008). Special Economic Zones Performance, lessons learned, and implications for Zone Development, Washington. Jann, B. (2008). Multinomial goodness-of-fit: Large-sample tests with survey design correction and exact tests for small samples. Stata Journal 8, 147–169. Mariotti, S. & Glackin, C. (2015). Entrepreneurship: Starting and Operating a Small Business (4th Edition), Prentice Hall, New York. Mazllami, J. (2011). Investments and Local Economic Development in the Tetovo region, (PhD Dissertation). Michael E. Porter (2000). Location, Competition, and Economic Development: Local Clusters in a Global Economy, Economic Development Quarterly, Vol. 1, 15– 34. Naude, W. (2013). Entrepreneurship and Economic Development: Theory, Evidence and policy, IZA Discussion Paper Series, No.7507. Öksüzoğlu-Güven, G. (2015). Decision Making in SMEs: Insights from Business Ethics and Entrepreneurship. In Human Rights and Ethics: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications, IRMA. Oscar Torres-Reyna (2014). Getting Started in Frequencies, Crosstab, Factor and Regression Analysis, Data & Statistical Services, Princeton University. Official Gazette "No. 84/05, and 25/07(2006). Company Law in Republic of Macedonia, SV and Ministry of Economy. Volume 6 Number 1 Spring 2016 101 �Jeton Mazllami Oklahoma Department of Commerce, (2014). Small business incubator certification program: Anual report, Oklahoma Department of Commerce, (http://digitalprairie.ok.gov/cdm/ref/ collection/stgovpub/id/14848) Smallbone, D., Kitching, J., & Blackburn, R., (2015). Anchor institutions and small firms in the UK: A review of the literature on anchor institutions and their role in developing management and leadership skills in small firms, UKCES, https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/ 414390/Anchor_institutions_and_small_firms.pdf. SME Envoy Report (2005). The activities of the European Union for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), European Commissions (http://ec.europa.eu/research/bioeconomy/pdf/ small-and-medium-sizedenterprises_en.pdf). Todorovic, K. & Smallbone, D. (2014). Advances in Logistics, Operations, and Management Science (Aloms) Book Series, IGI Global. Wolfe, R. (1999). Partitions of Pearson’s 2 for analyzing two-way tables that have ordered columns. Stata Technical Bulletin 51: 37–40. Reprinted in Stata Technical Bulletin Reprints, vol. 9, pp. 203–207. College Station, TX: Stata Press. Zhao, J., Ordóñez de Pablos, P., & Tennyson, R. D. (2015). Organizational Innovation and IT Governance in Emerging Economies, Hershey, PA: IGI Global. Appendix: Table 5. Thresholds of Enterprise Category EU/MKD Country EU MKD Enterprise category Medium-sized Small Micro Medium-sized Small Micro Headcount < 250 < 50 < 10 50 → 249 10 → 49 1→9 Turnover € 50 million € 10 million € 2 million € 10 million € 2 million € 50 thousand Total balance sheet € 43 million € 10 million € 2 million € 10 million € 2 million € 50 thousand Source: SMEs EU Envoy Report 2005 and Company Law of MKD, author’s design 102 Journal of Economic and Social Studies �Contemporary Forms of Supporting Entrepreneurship and Investments on SMEs: The case of Polog Region in the Republic of Macedonia Table 6. DATA Describe Variable var1 var2 var3 var4 var5 var6 var7 var8 Storage type str22 str6 str18 str22 str17 str27 Display format %22S %9S %18S %22s %17s %27s str3 %9s str22 %22S str3 %9S var9 Variable label Business Activity Enterprise category The reasons for opening of enterprise Institutions which support your entrepreneurship Service Satisfaction from Universities and ESA Associations which needed to protect your interests Attendance of seminars, trainings, workshops for R&D Trend of investment in the past three years Increasing the services received by BDC, SEEU T. Park and ESA Table 7. Category of Companies and Economic Chamber, BDC, ESA Enterprise category Medium Micro Small Total Institutions which support the entrepreneurship Economic BDC&ESA Total Chambers 1 0 1 10 39 49 0 7 7 11 46 57 Table 8. Enterprises Category with Increasing Investments last 3 Years and BDC, TP & ESA Enterprise category Medium Micro Small Total Increasing the Services received by BDC, SEEU Tech Park and ESA YES NO Total 1 2 3 47 40 87 1 9 10 49 51 100 Volume 6 Number 1 Spring 2016 103 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2974 Title A name given to the resource Contemporary Forms of Supporting Entrepreneurship and Investments on SMEs: The case of Polog Region in the Republic of Macedonia Author Author MAZLLAMI, Jeton Abstract A summary of the resource. The world economy is facing a variety of financial and economic challenges caused by different economic and political crises. Furthermore, the crises have had a negative impact that has been reflected on the macroeconomic indicators of each national economy. In these circumstances the transition economies, especially the Western Balkan countries needed to cope with the ever growing international competition, increasing unemployment, lack of private initiatives and investments, low level of economic growth and development. As a result, the attention is oriented towards SMEs, the importance of SMEs as a key pillar to sustainable growth and competitiveness on national and global market. The focus of this research is the importance of various contemporary forms which support entrepreneurship in order to increase investments, such as: business start-up centres, clusters, business incubators, economic zones and investment funds. The main objective of this research is to determine and measure the relationship between the SMEs from Polog region and contemporary institutions: business development centre (BDC) and technology park (TP) at SEE University, Enterprise Support Agency (ESA) as a private company and economic chamber of Macedonia which support private initiatives and increase their investments. In order to determine the relationship, a survey on SMEs in Polog region is conducted. The methodology used is cross tabulation two-way tables with measures of association based on data analysis from surveys and processed by STATA software. The main finding of this research is the positive impact of BDC, ESA and economic chamber on Polog region SMEs on the increase of their investments. Keywords: Investments, SMEs, Entrepreneurship, BDC, Growth, Economic Development Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2016 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed DOI Digital object identifier doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.14706/JECOSS16613 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 1986 – 8502 HB Economic Theory https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/4185b962c7b2e1090b65243b0dbbab63.pdf c9e429afa68c8df8f76a72e2686eb35b PDF Text Text Journal of Natural Sciences and Engineering, Vol. 2, No.2 (2020) DOI number: 10.14706/JONSAE2021311 Contemporary housing trends in Sarajevo Emina Mehic1 1-International Burch University, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina emina.mehic@stu.ibu.edu.ba Abstract – Within the last 20 years, there has been witnessed a significant increase of the urban population of Sarajevo, as a result of economic and social migrations. Consequently, this has caused an increasing demand for new housing which is mainly profit-oriented without any beneficial social, environmental or cultural implication. Primary objective of this research is to analyze the current situation and to assess the quality of the buildings not only as a housing solution, but as a complex that unites the community who inhabits it. This research will be conducted in a qualitative manner in analysis and statistical approach over the data related to the urbanization, building standards and positive effects of the building. Newly built parts of settlements Otoka and Stup will be used as case studies, since these parts of the city are most influenced by the mass production of the new housing solutions. This paper stresses out the correlation between high demand for the new housing and decreased quality of the housing without respecting minimum spatial and environmental standards, without basic amenities, social infrastructure and recreational and cultural activities. There is a need for improvements in contemporary housing design that will reflect with positive impacts on social, environmental, economic and cultural aspects of urban living. Keywords - Contemporary housing trends, qualitative analysis, Otoka, Stup 1. Introduction City of Sarajevo is becoming a large construction site, meaning that more and more residential buildings and buildings in general are being built. For the past couple of years, the fast appearance of the entire residential settlements is noticeable. The parts of the city that are affected the most are Otoka and Stup. One of the most characteristic housing solutions are definitely residential settlements called Stup Nukleus, a newly built residential and business complex in Stup, municipality of Ilidža and Nova Otoka in Otoka, municipality of Novi Grad. With the urbanization of the capital city of Sarajevo extending rapidly. It is not a surprising phenomenon that more and more investors are seeking an opportunity for profit. In order to realize why the interest is so high in these specific parts of the city, history and urban plans for Sarajevo will give us a more precise point of view. Otoka is a settlement in the capital city of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Sarajevo, located in municipality Novi Grad. Otoka is closely coupled with the following: Buća Potok (North side), Čengić vila (East side), �Journal of Natural Sciences and Engineering, Vol. 2, No.2 (2020) DOI number: 10.14706/JONSAE2021311 Aneks (South-East side), Švrakino Selo (South side). Its residential core represents a chain of high-rise buildings (Streets: Žrtava Fašizma, Brčanska, Aleja Lipa). [2] The majority of residential buildings built in this part of the city was built by the government in early 70s when Otoka was considered one of the most prominent, modern and cleanest parts of the Sarajevo suburbia. The residential design of this part of the city was also advanced considering the other buildings. As shown on Figure 1, These were built during socialist regime, since significant attention was paid to environmental aspects of the settlement. There were designated areas for parks, elementary schools, preschools and shopping. [1] Originally residential settlements were built on the left side of Miljacka river, which before the 70's was mainly empty fields. Accordingly, there were no plans for extensive construction on the other side of the river, since the idea was to maintain Otoka Meandar as the green “lungs” of the city containing recreational areas and walking paths. The area to the North between two major traffic axis – Bulevar Meše Selimovića and Džemala Bijedića street were treated as industrial site. After the 1990’s war new buildings were erected in the Meandar area. “Stadium Otoka” was built in 1993 and it was additionally upgraded and renovated in 2011. “Istiklal Mosque” was also built in 2001, beside these two, Vistafon multipurpose hall and Olympic pool – two large scale projects were built in this period. Even though these are mainly sport and recreational buildings that provide social interaction and entertainment opportunities the green lungs of the city were seriously jeopardized. In the meantime, with the construction of the mentioned buildings industrial zones slowly started decaying and as the market needs and industry demand changed. The industrial companies that owned the area were destroyed in the shady privatization processes that followed the war. Industries that have survived the war and privatization, were allocated outside of the city. This created an opportunity to transform the entire industrial zone into residential settlement.[6] [7] �Journal of Natural Sciences and Engineering, Vol. 2, No.2 (2020) DOI number: 10.14706/JONSAE2021311 Examining urbanization plans we can conclude that the first residential zone was expected to be at maximum 6-8 floor height, but today we can see that the floor height almost doubled and we can notice 12-13 story buildings. The building blocks that we are examining now in Nova Otoka were initially planned with a maximum height of 21 meter, but with the change of the regulatory plan in 2017, their height increased to 42m. However, even though the height of the buildings was increased the distances or the number of the pertaining facilities remained the same. Another important issue is vehicular congestion that is happening on a daily basis in this part of the city, because Otoka as mentioned is the geographical center of the city. It is a connection point from the hill settlements and the valley, with tram connection and the main road. Furthermore, once the Otoka settlement was previously built vehicle traffic was directed with neighbourhood lanes planned in a ring style around the perplexing which added to more secure conditions generally and decreased the congestion. Stup, shown on Figure 3., is a settlement in the capital city of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Sarajevo, located in the municipality Ilidža. Geographically it is located in the western part of the city further from the city centre. It is encompassed by the river Miljacka on the South, and on the North by the river Dobrinja. Neighboring settlements are Briješće, Alipašin most, Alipašino Polje, Olimpijsko selo, Nedžarići, Zračna luka Butmir, Ilidža, Pejton, Otes and Azići. This part of the city was quite rural since it was considered on the outskirts of the city, so mainly low-rise, single family houses and industrial buildings were located in this area. These were mainly owner-occupied housing and there were now larger scale buildings. Once the regulatory plan was provided, Stup area was separated into zones. One of the zones - Stup Nukleus was designated as a residential settlement zone comprising recreational and green areas. However, there were multiple missteps during the implementation of the plan itself. The Institute for Development Planning of �Journal of Natural Sciences and Engineering, Vol. 2, No.2 (2020) DOI number: 10.14706/JONSAE2021311 Sarajevo Canton hasn’t specifically stated the dimensions of the single buildings, but rather provided zones for approved buildings with pertaining area coverages and building indexes. On the other hand, the developer chose to ignore the regulations and building indexes and built the entire buildable area. This has 8caused very high building density, for instance we have several cases of 6-meter distance between two 13 story buildings. Regarding the historical narrative of Stup Nukleus the site in 1992 was owned by a farming cooperative. After the war, the area became privately owned. Construction of the Stup Nucleus residential settlement began in 2011. The Municipality of Ilidža drafted a Study on the socio-economic justification for the establishment of a public institution in the Stup II settlement in November 2017, which plans for the construction of the school to begin this year, but it never happened. The closest school to this settlement is currently Aleksa Santic Elementary School, located in the Aerodromskom naselju, which is more than one kilometer away, and access to it is very dangerous because of the frequent traffic, especially for younger children. Regarding the vehicular connection of Stup, it is connected to the main traffic axis- Džemala Bijedića street and it contains one of the biggest road loops that is connecting city to other magistral roads that are leading to Mostar, Zenica or Tuzla. With this being said, we can now incorporate the general characteristics of both settlements to create a detailed analysis of the new building construction trends and he future of building in the capital city of Sarajevo. [3] Figure 3. Stup in Yugoslavia, as spacious new settlement near to industrial zone [www.klix.ba] 2. Methodology The case study will show the quality, trends, potential problems and possible improvements for contemporary housing trends in Sarajevo. This will allow us to contain all necessary information that will be relevant for our research. The results will be used to give recommendations for the design of residential housing in the future. �Journal of Natural Sciences and Engineering, Vol. 2, No.2 (2020) DOI number: 10.14706/JONSAE2021311 3. Case study Urbanistic criteria: On Figure 4. below the regulatory plan of Stup Nukleus can be seen. Based on the urban typology and regulation plan proposed we will be able to bring up some conclusions and find relevant data that will affect the evaluation of the results. [9] Figure 4. Regulation plan of Stup Nukleus [Institute for Planning Development of Sarajevo Canton] Stup Nukleus was built in three separate phases and even though the majority of it was built during the first phase. The construction process started in 2001 and it consisted of 5 buildings with heights varying between 5 and 12 stories high. Smallest distance between these buildings is 6 meters and it is between the 10 story building and 7 story building which creates a big issue in terms of vistas, day light and extreme, almost inhuman density. [4] Buildings are taking around 7.471 m2 of the site area which is 20.245 m2. We can come to a conclusion that more than a third of the actual site is covered by the buildings. Furthermore, this brings us to the calculation of Urban Density Index (expressed through floor area ratio) which in this case equals 0,36902939. This is quite a lot taking into a consideration that buildings are over 10 stories high, creating the image of very high physical concentration and spatial congestion. �Journal of Natural Sciences and Engineering, Vol. 2, No.2 (2020) DOI number: 10.14706/JONSAE2021311 Figure 5. Regulation plan of Stup Nukleus in the first phase of development [Institute for Planning Development of Sarajevo Canton] The second phase, represented on the Figure 7., of Stup Nukleus development contained incredible amount of 11 buildings ranging from 6 to 13 floors high. The smallest distance between these buildings is 7,5 m. The total area covered by the buildings is 18. 455 m2 out of 51. 056 m2 of the total site area. The Urban Density Index (expressed through floor area ratio) for the second phase of Stup Nukleus is 0,3614658414 which is smaller than the first mentioned phase. [3] Figure 6. Regulation plan of Stup Nukleus in the second phase of development [Institute for Planning Development of Sarajevo Canton] �Journal of Natural Sciences and Engineering, Vol. 2, No.2 (2020) DOI number: 10.14706/JONSAE2021311 Figure 7. Completion of Stup Nucleus I [Tibra Pacifc] However, the situation on site is considerably worse than the first phase. Because the amount of extremely high buildings is much more pronounced than before and some parts of the site are simply incapable of receiving any daylight. There are also cases where the buildings are facing each other to extent of creating privacy issues. Figure 8. Construction of Stup Nucleus 2 in third phase of Stup Nucleus development [Tibra Pacific] The third phase contains similar situation like it is shown on regulatory plan bellow, it contains 4.508 m2. These one is still in development so it is hard to get the exact value for the UDI, it contains 3 buildings and 1the highest one is 9 floors high. �Journal of Natural Sciences and Engineering, Vol. 2, No.2 (2020) DOI number: 10.14706/JONSAE2021311 Figure 9. Regulation plan of Stup Nukleus in the third phase of development [Institute for Planning Development of Sarajevo Canton] On the other hand, when we talk about Nova Otoka we can notice 5 new buildings with two of them with the same height of 12 floors, which as mentioned before has doubled after the change of regulatory plan. The covered area of Nova Otoka is 10.601 m2 out of the total area of 26.930 m2, and one more building that is in further location, not in between these buildings has area of 2031 m2. [10] It is important to notice that the UDI in Nova Otoka is 0,3936502042. It is high, but there is a factory in between the buildings that is contains the rest of this field. This technically means that here the building density is almost close to ~ 0,86. For the general size of sit it is high and it takes large portion of space. Figure 10. Regulation plan of Otoka [Institute for Planning Development of Sarajevo Canton] �Journal of Natural Sciences and Engineering, Vol. 2, No.2 (2020) DOI number: 10.14706/JONSAE2021311 Environmental, social and cultural criteria: Based on the documentation and geographical analysis of the site, where Stup Nukleus is located we can conclude that there is no park in the close proximity of the complex, never the less there are no amenities for children or any similar project planned. The closest park that is intended for recreational and leisure purposes is 25 minutes walk from the complex and it is 1.9 km away. On the other hand, based on the analysis of Nova Otoka site we conclude that there is only one very small park within the complex, however the amenities for children are quite limited. Closest larger park that is intended for recreational and leisure purposes is 37 minutes walk from the complex and it is 3.3 km away. Considering the social aspects of the mentioned complexes we can notice a very bad trend of lack of care for the social interaction. It is important to mention the better position of Otoka compared to Stup that didn’t have any predispositions for social and cultural facilities, which Otoka inherited from socialist Yugoslav construction. After the careful examination of the site, we have concluded that Stup Nukleus has 5 privately owned coffee shops and 3 restaurants which based on the population and building density is not enough. [8] Beside these private commercial activities, there is no any sort of entertainment, recreational or cultural enforcing amenity in either one of the sites we are examining in this case study. [5] Architectural criteria: Stup Nukleus is commonly considered to be one of the worst complex built in Sarajevo in last two decades. The main issue we have discovered based on the interviews, was that the insufficient distance between buildings. [11] We will select the sample apartment from these buildings. The example that we used is the apartment with 2 bedrooms and has total of 58 m2. The selected type is the most common and the most repetitive type of the apartment in the entire complex. Regarding the layout and the dimensions of the rooms it is noticeable that from the lobby the living room with the kitchen and dining are accessible. The total area for these spaces is of 17,80 m2. From this space you can access the balcony 9,20 m2. To the left of the lobby there is a bathroom, area of 4,06 m2. The master bedroom is 14,37 m2 with access to the loggia. To the right of the front door is a pantry, area of 1,80 m2, while access to a smaller bedroom that has area 8,39 m2, from the living room. Some of these apartments are above the 7th floor. Which brings us to the next point and that is the disadvantages of Stup Nukleus buildings. This disadvantage is the insufficient amount of natural light. This issue is closely connected to the distance between buildings. The floors above the 7th floor, do have access to the natural light. Other parts are poorly designed and they get at most 3 hours of daylight. Looking upon the window to space ratio, we can notice that there is lack of windows throughout of the apartment, the rooms are small and they are really hard to fit any larger piece of furniture. As well on the floor plan you can see that the kitchen and bathroom are too small. Beside that, this apartment as you can see is facing the north side. This side is the side that gets the small amount of light in it. The issue is with �Journal of Natural Sciences and Engineering, Vol. 2, No.2 (2020) DOI number: 10.14706/JONSAE2021311 the air circulation from the kitchen to the only window in the left part of apartment that has to go through living and dining room. Figure 11. 58 m2 apartment in Stup Nucleus as average size apartment [www.olx.ba] On the other hand, as mentioned before, Nova otoka is also a project from the same construction company as Stup Nukleus complex and it is considered to be more contemporary and higher level than Stup. Since Nova Otoka was just recently completed, we were able to find more information about the technical execution of the construction and about building layout itself. This apartment is located on the west side of the complex and it is on 12th floor, meaning there is just one floor above it. [3] Further more As mentioned before Nova otoka is also a project from the same construction company as Stup Nukleus complex and it is considered to be more contemporary building than the previously mentioned building. Since Nova Otoka was just recently completed, we were able to find more information about the technical execution of the construction and about building it self. Floors facilities: two floors basement, ground floor and 12 residential floors. The basement floors are designed as parking spaces, ground floor contains offices, while the 12 floors above the ground floor are planned as housing units. The complex contains 12 floors, but the last 2 floors are two story penthouses. This complex apartment size varies from 32,49 m2 to 133,63 m2 where average area of the apartments is 65 m2. This apartment is located on first floor of 12 story building A. It is on South and facing the main road, which is very frequent and has high vehicle density during the day, especially the Otoka settlement due to the issues with traffic jams is know to be the start of the jams making vehicle concentration very high. �Journal of Natural Sciences and Engineering, Vol. 2, No.2 (2020) DOI number: 10.14706/JONSAE2021311 In order to make better comparison, we will select the similar size of the apartment from “Nova Otoka” complex, which has 57.16 m2. The apartment consists out of living room with connected kitchen and dining room with the total area of 22,64 m2. Master bedroom with area of 13,15 m2 is directly next to children bedroom: 7,10 m2 and within the lobby with area of 3,72 m2, across from the bedroom there is toilet with area of 4,24 m2 within the living room we can notice the balcony: 6,31 m2. Figure 12. 57 m2 apartment in Nova Otoka as average size apartment [www.olx.ba] Additionally, more significantly the shape, the rooms inside of the buildings are just not practical, because placing a bed in middle of the room, leaves around 70 cm of space that is accessible. This is a new practice and it proving to be bad and non-functional. Resident will always have a lack for space for wardrobes. 4. Conclusion Evaluating the situation and the data presented above, we can state that the analysis showed that most of these new complexes like the Stup Nukleus and Nova Otoka are built mainly for profit, without any concern for environmental, social or cultural benefits of such developments. There is lack of care for providing smart residential building solutions or on the other hand any basic social, recreational and cultural infrastructure resulting in inhuman, unsocial and quite hostile built environment without any sense of identity. A significant improvement can be done by adding areas like parks and playgrounds for children. Instead, the developers are opting for rather cruel profit machine that will bring money exclusively to the investors. There is a significant influence of scale, more precisely building density and distances between buildings on the overall quality of the studied complexes. One of the main issues especially noted in Stup Nukleus �Journal of Natural Sciences and Engineering, Vol. 2, No.2 (2020) DOI number: 10.14706/JONSAE2021311 is that there is an evident lack of daylight in between the buildings, especially where the distance between two buildings is not more than 8 meters. This is causing privacy issues, issues with vistas which can also lead to the further psychological issues. From the regulatory plan is very important to state that the density and the height of the buildings is not by any regulations or laws that are set in place. The case study has shown that the layout of the bedrooms within the buildings is highly questionable, based on their position and the size. The versatility, the flexibility and the functionality of certain spaces, bedrooms foremost, are dubious due to their limited size. [4] Furthermore, it is important to conclude with saying that there needs to be improvements and persistency of government to pursue the execution of the initially set regulatory plans. Moreover, there is an evident need for a clear set of residential standards in terms of room size, layout, orientation etc. These standards should be used and applied as regulatory mechanisms. This will prevent any future mistakes. On the other hand, the investors need to keep in mind all of the aspects of living, rather than just providing profitable housing solutions without any amenities. Lastly, the final users of the housing should be more aware of all the consequences and implications of the inadequate residential settlements, instead of focusing just on price per m2. 5. REFERENCES [1] Bošnjak, Katarina. “URBANI IDENTITET SARAJEVA.” AABH, 5 Nov. 2016 aabh.ba/urbani-identitet-sarajeva/. [2] “Općina Novi Grad Sarajevo.” Općina Novi Grad Sarajevo, 2015; www.novigradsarajevo.ba/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=17&Itemid=21. [3] Sarajevo, Canton. “Building Regulations and Laws for Canton Sarajevo”, 2017, propisi.ks.gov.ba [4] Bachelard, G. (1994). The Poetics of Space. Boston: Beacon Press books [5] Finci, J. (1962). Development of Disposition and Function in Residential Culture of Sarajevo. Sarajevo: [6] NP Oslobodjenje. Grabrijan, D., & Neidhardt, J. (1957). Architecture of Bosnia and the Way to Modernity. Ljubljana. [7] Ernst, J. Z., Vukicevic, B., Jakulj, T., & Ilich, W. (2017, August 22). Sarajevo Paradox: Survival throughout History and Life after the Balkan War. Retrieved from Columbia University: from http://www.columbia.edu/cu/ece/research/intermarium/vol6no3/ernst.pdf [8] Federalni zavod za statistiku. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://fzs.ba/index.php/popis-stanovnistva/popisstanovnistva-2013/preliminarni-rezultati-popisa-2013/ [9] “PACIFIC’ d.o.o. Kiseljak.” TIBRA, 2019, tibra-pacific.com/tibra_new/. [10] Otoka, Nova. “NOVA OTOKA.” NOVA OTOKA, 1 Aug. 2015, www.novaotoka.com/en/home.php [11] Općina Ilidža https://www.opcinailidza.ba/uploads/files/shares/REGULACIONI%20PLANOVI/Regulacioni%20plan 20Stup%20Nukleus.pdf � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Journal of Natural Sciences and Engineering Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 2637-2835 DOI Digital object identifier 10.14706 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Description An account of the resource Journal of Natural Sciences and Engineering (JONSAE) is a peer-reviewed, biannually published international journal focusing on empirical and theoretical research in all branches of Engineering and Natural Sciences. It is published on the behalf of Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences of International Burch University and aims to provide the best content regarding by publishing original research papers, review articles, special issues, feature articles, and book reviews. All manuscript submissions are subject to initial appraisal by the Editor, and, if found suitable for further consideration, to peer review by independent, anonymous referees. All peer review is double-blind and submission is online. The journal welcomes theoretical, applied, interdisciplinary and methodological work, with preference on empirical research, critical approach and problem-solving methods in manuscripts. Language A language of the resource English Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Contemporary housing trends in Sarajevo Author Author Emina Mehić Abstract A summary of the resource. Within the last 20 years, there has been witnessed a significant increase of the urban population of Sarajevo, as a result of economic and social migrations. Consequently, this has caused an increasing demand for new housing which is mainly profit-oriented without any beneficial social, environmental or cultural implication. Primary objective of this research is to analyze the current situation and to assess the quality of the buildings not only as a housing solution, but as a complex that unites the community who inhabits it. This research will be conducted in a qualitative manner in analysis and statistical approach over the data related to the urbanization, building standards and positive effects of the building. Newly built parts of settlements Otoka and Stup will be used as case studies, since these parts of the city are most influenced by the mass production of the new housing solutions. This paper stresses out the correlation between high demand for the new housing and decreased quality of the housing without respecting minimum spatial and environmental standards, without basic amenities, social infrastructure and recreational and cultural activities. There is a need for improvements in contemporary housing design that will reflect with positive impacts on social, environmental, economic and cultural aspects of urban living. Keywords Keywords. Contemporary housing trends, qualitative analysis, Otoka, Stup Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 2637-2835 DOI Digital object identifier 10.14706/JONSAE2021317 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 3505 Title A name given to the resource CONTEMPORARY VS. MODERN EDUCATION Author Author Vasić, Nebojša Abstract A summary of the resource. The main objective of this paper is to analyze major differences between traditional and modern education which encapsulates the following topics; the nature of learning, learning structure, classroom climate, the hierarchy of educational needs, major learning outcomes, teacher’s roles, interactive learning, MI theory, learning styles etc. So far we have faced two antagonistic visions of education; one which is labeled as traditional (or conservative) and the other treated as modern (or progressive). It seems that most of followers of either traditional or modern education overemphasize positive features of their preference and consequently they neglect to notice benefits “on the other side”. The lack of objectivity leads inevitably to many misunderstandings and unnecessary frictions among English teachers. This paper is based on the “third-value approach” which seeks the solutions out of narrow prefabricated attitudes and rigid concepts. Instead of one-sided blindness we should vote for “the principled eclecticism” which takes into consideration the need to combine the two (seemingly utterly antagonistic positions) in order to define more effective approaches regardless of their theoretical assumptions and often unrealistic claims. Keywords: traditional education, modern education, educational needs, learning outcomes, interactive learning, principled eclecticism, teacher’s roles, classroom climate Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2016 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed PE English Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2742 Title A name given to the resource CONTENTS Author Author IBU, JST Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014-06 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2233 - 0054 T Technology (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/03f8f958b8687a8487977d07d8c9cebc.pdf ffad55e34f64d71b4b0d2f5693a954b2 PDF Text Text 1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo CONTRASTIVE ANALYSES OF POSTPOSITIONS IN TURKISH LANGUAGE AND PREPOSITIONS IN BOSNIAN LANGUAGE ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE NOVEL „DEATH AND THE DERVISH― Mr. Edina Solak Faculty of Education, University of Zenica, Bosnia and Herzegovina edina262@gmail.com Alica Arnaut Faculty of Education, University of Zenica, Bosnia and Herzegovina alica_arnaut@yahoo.com Abstract: When transferring from one language, language A, to the other , language B, similarities and differences can easily be perceived. Very often, some language categories are found in one language, but not in the other one. In order to detect those similarities and differences, we need contrastive analyses. Turkish language does not identify category of prepositions, and instead of prepositions, postpositions or quasi-postpositions are being used, occasionally even case endings. Subject relations in Bosnian language are expressed by prepositions, while in Turkish language different morpho syntactic resources and word classes ( case endings, flex ion, post positions, quasi-post positions etc.) are being used. In this paper, we shall borrow examples from Mesa Selimovic's novel „Death and the Dervish―, and discus the question of prepositional concord in Bosnian with post positions in Turkish. When listing adverbs in Turkish, we are noticing different words for prepositional expressions in Bosnian: words and endings, since Turkish language does not identify prepositions like other Indo European languages do, therefore prepositions are placed after the correlated word. Hence, the main difference is that prepositions are placed in front of the autonomous words case form, and post positions after the word to which case ending of that same post position is implicated. This will be discussed further. Key words: postpositions, prepositions, Turkish language, Bosnian language, contrastive analyses, description 2. DESCRIPTION OF POSTPOSITIONS IN TURKISH LANGUAGE According to ĥauńeviĤ's Grammar of Contemporary Turkish Language, in grammatical classification of words, postpositions refer to a closed ( limited in number) class of words which, along with nominal words, are used for expressing different relations between nominal forms and other parts of sentence. (ĥauńeviĤ, 1996:406) Postpositions and postpositional structures are similar to our prepositions and prepositional structures. The difference is that postpositions come after a noun. Nouns which are followed by postpositions usually take nominative, genitive, dative and ablative case. Postpositions were named so because they follow the word they govern, determining its function in the sentence and its relation to the rest of the sentence. They were previously termed as adpositions (analog to the term prepositions). (ĥauńeviĤ 1996:406) Postpositions may be classified according to the case they take: 1. Postpositions taking absolutive case of nouns and genitive case of pronouns 2. Postpositions taking dative case 3. Postpositions taking ablative case 2.1 Postpositions which take nominative nouns and genitive pronouns This means that the following postpositions require the nominative/absolutive case of a noun following them, and genitive of pronouns. These include: 383 �1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo 1. Postposition KADAR- has the following meaning in our language: kao, koliko, poput (as, as much as, like). This postposition is used for expressing comparison according to quantity, degree and level of some quality or characteristic. Evim, evin kadar küçük değil. - ―Moja kuĤa nije mala kao tvoja. ― Orhan Ali kadar çalıĢıyor. - ―Orhan radi kao/koliko i Ali.‖ When postposition kadar stands next to numbers it has the meaning of oko, do (around, until) Bir kadar. - ―Oko jedan.‖ Okulda iki saat kadar kaldım. -―Ostao sam u ńkoli dva sata.‖ Pronouns with postposition kadar take genitive ending in all persons except the third person plural. Benim kadar- kao ja bizim kadar- kao mi Senin kadar- kao ti sizin kadar- kao vi Onun kadar- kao on onlar kadar- kao oni As it is shown, the pronoun onlar, which remains in the absolutive case, does not take the genitive ending. Demonstrative pronouns BU, ġU and O (ovo, ono and to-this, that and it) with genitive ending and postposition kadar are used for making comparisons to a specific person or object. Bunun kadar.- ―Kao ovaj/koliko i ovaj.‖ With demonstrative pronouns and interrogative pronoun ne, kadar becomes an adverb of quantity. Bu kadar yeter.- ―Ovoliko je dovoljno.‖ 2. Postposition GĠBĠ has the following meanings: kao, poput (like, similar to/as). Postposition gibi is used for comparison according to quality and characteristics. ġeker gibi tatlı.- ―Sladak kao šećer. ― Ben senin gibi değilim.- ―Ja nisam kao ti. ― When used with demonstrative pronouns, which are in the absolutive case, postposition gibi forms adjective pronouns. Bu gibi-ovakav ġu gibi- takav O gibi- onakav Postposition gibi takes the absolutive case of the noun regardless of the function of a postpositional construction in a sentence. (ĥauńeviĤ, 1996:408) Seni ablam gibi seviyorum.- ―Volim te kao sestru‖. (the accusative case) 3. Postposition ĠLE: s(a) (with, by) Postposition ile can be joined with a noun it follows or it can be written separately. ArkadaĢla or arkadaĢ ile –sa prijateljem Postposition ile has two basic meanings: a) a means or an instrument needed for performing and activity Ablam Ġstanbul`a uçakla gitti.- ―Moja starija sestra je otišla u Istanbul avionom.― b) sociative relation, participation, togetherness In this case the postposition ile is added the Persian adverb beraber or its Turkish synonym birlikte, which in our language means together. Emin arkadaĢlarıyla birlikte/beraber okuyor. ―Emin uči (zajedno) sa svojim prijateljima.― Postposition ile requires nominative noun case and genitive case of pronouns. Interrogative pronoun kim with postposition ile takes genitive (kiminle), while interrogative pronoun ne takes nominative (ne ile). Kiminle gidiyorsunuz? – ―S kim idete?‖ Ne ile yazıyorsunuz? – ―Čime pišete?― 4. Postposition ĠÇĠN Postposition için has the following meanings of our prepositions: a) Za, radi (for, because) Tatile için hazırlık.- ―Priprema za odmor.‖ Sizin için.- ―Radi vas.‖ b) Zbog (because of) Senin için.- ―Zbog tebe.‖ c) O (about - rarely used in this meaning) SavaĢ için bir roman.- ―Roman o ratu.‖ d) Na (for - temporal meaning) Saraybosna‘ya üç gün için geldim. ―Došao sam u Sarajevo na tri dana. ― 384 �1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo e) Postposition için joins with interrogative pronoun ne- to form niçin (ne+ için), ―zańto‖ (why)', ‗‗zbog čega‖ ( because of what). 5. Postposition ÜZERE has the following meanings: radi, na, po (in order to, for the purpose of, in accordance with) It usually stands with verbal nouns and forms adverbs of intention with them. Dönmek üzere.- ―Da bi se vratio.‖ (radi povratka) In this meaning it is synonymous to postposition için. It also has the meaning of our prepositions na (in) and po (in accordance with, according to). O Ģekil üzere.- ―Na onaj način.― Orhan, adeti üzere erken kalkıyor. ―Orhan, po svom običaju, rano ustaje.― 2.2 Postpositions which require the dative case Postpositions taking the dative case are: 1. Postposition KADAR Postposition kadar expresses either spatial or temporal meanings. This postposition has the following meanings of our prepositions. a) do (from...to) Saraybosna`dan Zenica`ya kadar. - ―Od Sarajeva do Zenice.‖ Sabaha kadar ders çalıĢıyordum. –― Učila sam do jutra (sabaha).― b) za (in- temporal meaning) BeĢ güne kadar denize gideceğiz. – ―Za pet dana ćemo ići na more.― Very often, a Persian word ta is placed in front the noun preceding the postposition kadar for the purpose of emphasizing the meaning. (ĐiniĤ, 1989) Ta akĢama kadar.- ―Sve do večeri.― 2. Postposition DEK/DEĞĠN In contemporary language the postposition dek or değin is increasingly used as a synonym for the postposition kadar. These two forms differ in the fact that postposition dek is mainly used to express place and time, and değin only for time. Sabaha dek ders çalıĢtım. – ―Učio sam do jutra.― AkĢama değin. – ―Do večeri. ― 3. Postposition DOĞRU73 This postposition has the following meanings of our prepositions: a) prema, ka (to, towards) Otele doğru yöneldik. – ―Uputili smo se ka hotelu.‖ Okula doğru gitti.- ―Otišla je prema školi.― b) oko, pred (around, somewhat before) ( temporal meaning) KıĢa doğru.- ―Pred zimu.‖ Saat beĢe doğru görüĢeceğiz.- ―Vidjet ćemo se oko pet sati.― 4. Postposition KARġI Postposition karĢı has the following meaning: a) naspram, nasuprot, prema (opposite to, towards) AyĢe‘ye karĢı outran bayan.- ― GospoĎa koja sjedi naspram Aiše.― Eve karĢı oturdu. – ―Sjeo je nasuprot kuće.― Hayvanlara karĢı sevgi. – ―Ljubav prema ţivotinjama.‖ b) protiv (against) c) Bize karĢı yazıyorsun. – ―Pišeš protiv nas.― oko (around) (temporal meaning) 73 In addition to the postposition doğru (towards, to, around, somewhat before), there is also a noun doğru which means ―the truth‖. 385 �1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo AkĢama karĢı. - ―Pred večer/oko večeri. ― 5. Postposition GÖRE Has the following meaning: prema, po, u skladu sa (in one`s opinion, according to) Bana göre bu adam kötüdür- ―Po mom mišljenju ovaj čovjek je loš (po meni ovaj čovjek je loš).‖ Gazetelere göre durum çok iyidir.- ―Prema novinama situacija je veoma dobra.‖ Kanunlara gore.- ―U skladu sa zakonima.‖ In addition to the above postpositions, the following Arabic lexemes have the function of postpositions in dative case: a) TEVFIKAN- its synonym is the postposition göre (prema-according to) Bu kanuna tevfikan.- ―Prema ovom zakonu.‖ b) NAZARAN- its synonym is the postposition göre (prema- according to) Gazetelere nazaran.- ― Prema novinama.‖ c) NĠSPETEN/ NĠSPETLE- its synonym is the postposition göre It has the following meanings: po, prema, u skladu/usporedbi sa (according to, in comparison to, compared with) Bana nispetle sen küçüksün.- ―U usporedbi sa mnom ti si mali.‖ d) DAĠR- similar to our preposition o (about) ġehrinize dair çok Ģey biliyorum.- ―Znam mnogo o vašem gradu.‖ e) AĠT Has the following meanings: o, koji pripada, koji se tiĦe (about, belonging to, concerning) Tarihe dair kitabından.- ―Imam knjigu o historiji (napisao sam knjigu o historiji).‖ Bu kalem sana aittir.- ―Ova olovka pripada tebi.‖ Bu olay sana ait değildir.- ―Ovaj dogaĎaj se ne tiče tebe.‖ f) RAĞMEN Has the following meaning: unatoĦ, uprkos (in spite of, despite) Buna rağmen.- ―Uprkos tome.‖ g) MUKABĠL Has the following meaning: za, u zamjenu za, ekvivalentno sa, prema, suprotno, protivno, nasuprot, uprkos (for, equivalent to, according to, opposite from, in spite of, despite). Bir ay iĢine mukabil.- ―U zamjenu za njegov jednomjesečni posao.‖ Dillerine mukabil.- ―Nasuprot svojim ţeljama.‖ Dillerine mukabil gitti.- ―Uprkos svojim ţeljama otišla je.‖ h) BĠNAEN, has the meaning zbog (because of, due to) ĠĢine binaen gidemedi.- ―Nije mogao ići zbog posla.‖ i) ĠSTĠNADEN- its synonym is the postposition binaen (zbog- because of) Sana istinaden sinemaya gitmedik.- ―Zbog tebe nismo otišli u kino.‖ 2.3 Postpositions taking the ablative case These postpositions require that the nouns preceding them take the ablative case. Postpositions taking ablative case are the following: 1. postposition ÖNCE/EVVEL – the same as our prije (before) Senden önce girdim.- ―Ušao sam prije tebe.‖ Sonbahardan evvel gel!-― DoĎi prije jeseni!‖ Postposition once/evvel requires the absolutive case of the preceding noun- if the noun is preceded by a number (usually expressing time). BeĢ gün önce Bursa'dan geldim.- ―Došla sam iz Burse prije pet dana.‖ On yıl evvel.- ―Prije deset godina.‖ 2. postposition SONRA 386 �1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo This postposition has the meaning of our preposition: poslije, nakon (after). Senden sonra geldim.-―Ušla sam poslije tebe.‖ Yemekten sonra okula gitti.- ―Otišao je u školu nakon jela.‖ If there is a number before a noun that precedes the postposition sonra, then this noun must take the absolutive case, i.e. it does not take ablative ending. Orhan iki saat sonra geliyor.- ―Orhan dolazi za dva sata.‖ Ġki hafta sonra Tuzla'ya vardık.- ―Stigli smo u Tuzlu nakon dvije sedmice.‖ 3. Postposition BERĠ In our language it may be translated as: od (prije), veĤ (since, yet, already) On günden beri eve gelmiyor.- ―Ne dolazi kući od prije deset dana/Ne dolazi kući već deset dana.‖ Ankara'dan beri susmuyorsun.- ―Ne šutiš od Ankare.‖ Postposition beri is very often substituted by the expression bu yana. Ankara'dan bu yana yol güzel.- ―Od Ankare je lijep put.‖ SavaĢtan bu yana.-―Od rata.‖ Postposition beri was derived from the adverb beri- the closer side of something. Beriye gel!- ―DoĎi bliţe.‖ 4. Postposition DOLAYI/ÖTÜRÜ Has the meaning of zbog, usljed (because of, due to) Sınavlardan dolayı gelmedim.- ―Nisam došao zbog ispita.‖ Neden ötürü Ġstanbul'a gelmediniz?- ―Zbog čega niste došli u Istanbul?‖ 5. Postposition BAġKA Has the meaning of our prepositions: osim and izuzev (except, save for) Benden baĢka evde kimse yok.- ―U kući nema nikog osim mene.‖ Bunu Mustafa'dan baĢka herkes bilir.- ―To zna svako izuzev/osim Mustafe.‖ 6. Postposition YANA Has the following meanings: za, uz, na strani, što se tiĦe (for, next to, as far as) Orhan'dan yanayım.- ―Ja sam na Orhanovoj strani./ Ja sam uz Orhana.‖ Irmaktan yana oturuyoruz.-―Sjedimo pored rijeke./ Sjedimo uz rijeku.‖ Benden yana gelsin.- ―Što se tiče mene neka doĎe.‖ 7. The following adverbs have the function of postpositions taking ablative: DIġARI- vani (out/outside), ĠÇERĠ- unutra (in, inside), YUKARI – gore (up, above), AġAĞI- dolje (down), ĠLERĠ- naprijed (in front of), GERĠ- nazad/pozadi (behind), that are equivalent to our prepositions: iz, u, uz, niz/kroz, ispred, iza (from, in, next to, down/through, in front of, behind). Okuldan dıĢarı çıktım.- ―Izašao sam iz škole.‖ Selma odadan içeri girdi.- ―Selma je ušla u sobu.‖ Ali tepeden yukarı çıkıyor.- ―Ali se penje uz brdo.‖ Pencereden aĢağı baktı.- ―Pogledala je kroz prozor.‖ Benden ileri bir çocuk duruyordu.- ―Ispred mene je stajalo neko dijete.‖ Otelden geri bir park bulunuyor.- ―Iza hotela se nalazi jedan park.‖ We rarely find them with nouns in the absolutive case (ĥauńeviĤ, 1996:413) Some Arabic lexemes have the function of postpositions in ablative cases: a) ĠTĠBAREN Has the following meanings: od, počev od (since, starting with) Bu aydan itibaren.- ―Od ovog mjeseca.‖ Bu tarihten itibaren çalıĢacağım.- ―Počev od ovog datuma radit ću.‖ In contemporary language it is more common to use the gerund form baĢlayarak instead of the postposition itibaren. Bugünden baĢlayarak.- ―Počev od danas.‖ b) MAADA- its synonym is the postposition baĢka, and it has the meaning of our preposition osim (except, except for). 387 �1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo Benden maada kimse gitmedi.- ―Niko nije otišao osim mene.‖ 3. DESCRIPTION OF PREPOSITIONS IN BOSNIAN LANGUAGE Prepositions are unchangeable words that stand in front of certain case forms of independent words, and are used for denoting and closely describing their different relations to other words in a sentence. They do not have a separate lexical meaning. (JahiĤ, HaliloviĤ and PaliĤ. 2000:297) Prepositions, as an unchangeable class of words, describe the relations between people, things and natural phenomena. These are words that affect the case of the word they stand next to. They usually refer to nouns and nominal pronouns, but they can also refer to adjectives and numbers. Nominative and vocative are the only cases without prepositions, and all other cases are termed as dependent cases that require prepositions. (www.wikipedia.org/prijedlozi u bosanskom jeziku) 3.1. 1. Prepositions used depending on the relationship space/spatial relationship U kući je bila Alma. Pred školom se igraju djeca. 2. time/temporal relationship Radit ćemo poslije ručka. RoĎena sam u zimu. 3. Cause Nije otišao u školu zbog bolesti. 4. intention or objective Otišla sam po svoju lutku. Došla sam u školu radi učenja. 5. purpose/intention Kupila sam poklon za mamu. 6. Manner Pričala je kroz nos. 7. Comparison Bolja je od nje. 8. Company Dugo sam učila sa prijateljicama. Prepositions were named after the fact that they are placed before the word they relate to. Prepositions nasuprot, radi, unatoč, uprkos/usprkos (opposite, because of, despite, in spite of) can be placed after independent words. (JahiĤ, HaliloviĤ and PaliĤ, 2000:298) Idem u školu radi učenja. - Idem u školu učenja radi. Nasuprot nama nalazio se restoran. - Nama nasuprot nalazio se restoran. Unatoč tome radovao se. - Tome unatoč radovao se. Uprkos kazni izašao je. - Kazni uprkos izašao je. In a sentence prepositions may stand next to a noun, pronoun, adjective and rarely an adverb: until spring, in Turkish, since this morning. Some prepositions can always stand next to one particular case, and some prepositions with two or three. However, as previously mentioned, no preposition can stand with nominative and vocative because they are independent cases that do not denote relation. 388 �1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo 3.2. Prepositions according to the case they require Prepositions that agree with one case74 are: 1. 2. 3. 4. With the genitive: bez (without), blizu (close to, near), čelo (front),do (next to), duţ (along), ispred (in front of), ispod (under), iz (from), iza (behind), izmeĎu (between), iznad (above), izvan (outside), kod (at), kraj (by, beside), nadno (down), nakraj (after), nasred (in the middle of),navrh (atop), niţe (below), od (from), oko (around), osim (besides, except), podno (beneath), poput (like, as), posred (amid), pozadi (at the back,behind), pored (near, next to, beside), poslije (after), poviše (over), preko (across), prije (before), protiv (against), put (towards), radi (because of), sred (amid), uvrh (atop), uzduţ (alongside), van (outside), više (above), vrh (atop), due to, for. Dative: ka (to), nadomak (within reach), nasuprot (opposite from), unatoč, uprkos (despite, although, in spite of). Accusative: kroz, niz, uz (over/across, down, along/next to) Locative: pri (at) Prepositions that agree with two cases: 1. 2. mimo (past)- this preposition agrees with the genitive and accusative regardless of the meaning. Prošli su mimo kuće.- Prošli su mimo kuću. S (a) (of /from)- stands next to the genitive when it denotes origin, separation, cause, and it answers the questions where from and why. Knjiga je pala s police. Stradala je sa svoje naivnosti. It takes instrumental case when it denotes company, manner, time, it responds to the questions with whom, with what, when. S tobom je završila razgovor. Sve se budilo s dolaskom jutra. 3. Prepositions meĎu (between), nad (above), pod (beneath), pred (in front of, before) agree with the following cases: - with the accusative when they denote destination, goal of movement; these prepositions answer the question where (to) Sjeo je meĎu rodbinu. Pokušala se nadnijeti nad njeg. Otišao je pod planinu. Stavila sam pred njega knjigu. - with the instrumental when they denote orientation; they answer the question where Izgubio se meĎu prijateljima. Kiša je padala nad Sarajevom. Izgubili su se pod planinom. Razgovarali su pred restoranom. 4. Prepositions na (on), o (against), po (for the purpose of, in) are used in the following cases: - with the accusative when they denote the goal of movement or some other activity, they answer the question where Popeo sam se na drvo. Udarila sam rukom o sto. Išla sam u biblioteku po knjigu. - with the locative when denoting the place of action, movement in space; they answer the question where to, where. Dugo je leţao na krevetu. Njegova sreća je visila o koncu. Šetali smo po parku. 2 There are certain examples in language where some of the mentioned prepositions stand next to some other case forms. Such usage is considered dialectal. 389 �1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo 5. - - Preposition prema (towards) requires the following cases: this preposition stands next to the dative when it denotes the direction of a movement, orientation towards a goal. Vozio je satima prema Zenici. the locative, when it denotes a place/location where something or someone is. The locative is specific because it is always used with prepositions. Sjedi okrenut prema krevetu. Prepositions agreeing with three cases are the following: 1. - - Preposition u (in) agrees with the following cases: with the genitive when it denotes belonging U nesretna čovjeka sve je moguće. with the accusative when it denotes the place as the destination of a movement, i.e. when it answers the question where (to) Krenuli smo u školu. with the locative when it denotes the place of action as location, answers the question where Sjedimo u školi. Preposition za (during, by/behind) agrees with the following cases: - it is used with the genitive when it answers the question when Za ţivota nije vidjela takvo nešto. - with the accusative when it answers the question where Sakrili smo se za kuću. - With the instrumental when it answers the questions: where, where to, when Čekali smo za kućom da se pribliţi. Pošlo mi je za rukom. Pričala je o tome za večerom. Prepositions: do, osim, mjesto/umjesto (to, except, instead), may precede a group of prepositions and nouns and in such cases they add their meaning to the meaning of a prepositional phrase, but additional preposition denotes the case. (JahiĤ, HaliloviĤ i PaliĤ, 2000:299) Stigli smo do pred kuću. Popeli smo se do navrh brda. Otišli su sami u kino umjesto s nama. Pripremali smo zabavu za uoči Bajrama. Complex prepositions of opposite meaning linked by a conjunction and may be used with the same noun- if these prepositions are in the same case. (JahiĤ, HaliloviĤ and PaliĤ, 2000:299) Pogledaj ispod i iznad stola. Djeca su se igrala ispred i iza škole. Pjevali su prije i poslije koncerta. This can also be explained by saying that every preposition is followed by a noun. Pogledaj ispod stola i iznad stola. This can also be explained by saying that instead of a noun used after the second preposition the same case as for the personal pronoun can be used. Pogledaj ispod stola i iznad njega. In this way other groups of different prepositions and same nouns are also connected. Djeca su se igrala ispred škole i iza škole. Djeca su se igrala ispred škole i iza nje. In situations when prepositions do not take the same case, they may not be connected. Sjedili su ispred kuće i pod kućom. Incorrect: Sjedili su ispred i pod kućom. For the purpose of facilitating pronunciation, several prepositions which do not end in a vowel may be added an a: before the words that begin with the same or similar consonant; before the words beginning with such consonant; if a preposition is followed by only one sound; if a preposition is followed by an unchangeable word or a word used as an unchangeable. In this way prepositions kroz, niz, s and uz (across, down, with and by) get a movable a in front of words beginning with z, s, ņ, ń: kroza šumu, sa ţenama, uza šumu, sa školom, sa psom. 390 �1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo Preposition k (to) gets an a in front of words beginning with k, g or h, and in front of words where k, g or h is positioned in the second place and where there is none of the consonants positioned in the first place. Uputio se ka kući. Odvezli su se ka granici. Naputiše se ka hramu. Uputio se ka skakaonici. Potrčaše ka zgarištu. It is more common to use no prepositions in these examples: Uputio se kući. Potrčaše zgarištu. Naputiše se hramu. Prepositions kroz, nad, niz, pod, pred, s, uz (through, above, along, under, with, by) always have an a in front of enclitics me, te, se. nj (me, you, him) (also when combined with kroza se, nada te, niza me, preda nj, sa mnom. (JahiĤ, HaliloviĤ and PaliĤ, 2000) 3.3. Prepositions and their origin According to their origin prepositions may be divided into regular/real and irregular/unreal. 1. Regular/real prepositions Regular prepositions are the words which are used only as prepositions and whose meaning cannot be related to the meaning and the base form of any other type of word; these include: do, iz, k/a, kod, na, nad, nakon, niz, o, od, osim, po, pred, radi, s, u, uz, za (to, from, towards/toward, at, on, above, over, after, down, of, from, except, in front of, because of, with, in, for). 2. Irregular/unreal prepositions Irregular prepositions are those prepositions whose meaning may be connected to the meaning and the base form of some other word. Irregular prepositions include: a) Derivational prepositions- these prepositions are formed by using the fossilization of some form of a word; these include: front, back, along, towards, next to, above, (of accusative); by/with, via, by force (of instrumental). These prepositions also include prepositions derived from adverbs; with verbs, these words are used as adverbs (e.g. Primakli smo se blizu), and as prepositions when used with nouns: blizu (near) (e.g. Stanujem blizu stanice), mimo (past), niţe (down), pored (next to), poslije (after), prije (before), širom (throughout/over/across), uprkos (despite), van (beyond, out),više (up). b) Complex prepositions- are formed by joining two prepositions, or by joining a preposition and a noun. Complex prepositions are: ispod, ispred, iza, izmeĎu, iznad, nadohvat, nakraj, naokolo, nasuprot, navrh, pokraj, poput, posred, potkraj, poviše, povrh, udno, uoči, uzduţ (under/below, in front, behind, between, above, within reach, at the end of, round, opposite, atop, next to, as, amidst, prior to, alongside). Several prepositional phrases with two or more parts may take the role of prepositions: first member is a preposition that governs the noun, with noun being the second part; third part, if there is one in the phrase, is also a preposition which the case of the following independent word depends on, for example: po imenu Hasan (nominative), po cijenu slobode (genitive), sa stajalińta suda (genitive), u doba Mehmeda Fatiha (genitive), u zavinsosti od ugovora (genitive), bez obrzira na razliku (acusative), u vezi sa tuţbom (instrumental) (JahiĤ, HaliloviĤ, PaliĤ, 2000). 3. CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS OF POSTPOSITIONS IN TURKISH AND BOSNIAN LANGUAGE As mentioned in the introductory section of this paper, the contrastive analysis is used for contrasting i.e. comparing languages. In this paper I will examine the contrastive analysis between postpositions in Turkish and Bosnian language. Our prepositions are unchangeable word class that usually precedes nouns, and in this way they affect the case of the noun they stand next to. However, postpositions follow the nouns, but just like prepositions they affect the case of the nouns i.e. they determine whether a noun will take the nominative, genitive, ablative or dative case. In the following examples and sentences I borrowed from Meńa SelimoviĤ‘s novel ‗‘ Death and the Dervish‘‘ we will examine whether our prepositions are the same as postpositions, and whether they agree partly or completely. 391 �1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo EXAMPLES: ―Ah esirlerim benim, sizin için korku yok bugün, üzülmeyeceksiniz de,‖ (M. Selimoviç: ―DerviĢ ve Ölùm‖, p. 22) This sentence in Bosnian: ―O robovi moji, nema za vas straha danas, i nećete biti ţalosni.‖ (M. SelimoviĤ: Death and the Dervish, p. 17) Analysis: The postposition used in this sentence is için and it must take the absolutive noun case and genitive of pronouns. In this example it requires the genitive, because it is attached to a second person plural pronoun (siz). Postposition için is a semantic equivalent to our prepositions: radi, zbog, o, na (for, because of, of, on). In the sentence in Bosnian the preposition for is used, which agrees with three of our cases (genitive, accusative and instrumental). In this example it agrees with the accusative, and if concerning its origin it falls into the category of real/regular prepositions i.e. its meaning cannot be connected to the meaning and base form of any other word in a sentence. The following example shows the situation when a postposition için takes an absolutive case noun. Preposition for, which agrees with the accusative case, is used in the Bosnian version of the sentence. ―Hedef ve gayelerimizi tayin edip, hayatta akla gelen herĢey için bir kural yaratarak, bir yeryüzü düzeni kurabilsek, çok iyi olur tabii.‖ (M. Selimoviç: ―DerviĢ ve Ölùm‖, p. 149) This sentence in Bosnian: ―Dobro bi bilo kad bismo mogli odrediti cilj i namjere i stvoriti pravila za sve ţivotne prilike, da uspostavimo zamišljen red.‖ (M. SelimoviĤ: Death and the Dervish, p. 94) ―Bu olaydan ötürü üzgün olduğumu, bu felaketin, en yakınım olan birinin ölümü kadar beni etkilediğini, kaderimin beni, düĢmanların, günahlıların gittiği yerde öz kardeĢimi görmekten esirgemediğini, Allah‘a ve dinime yıllarca Ģerefle hizmet ettiğim halde suçun bir kısmı benimmiĢ gibi, insanların bana ĢaĢkınlıkla baktığını söyledim.‖ (M. Selimoviç: ―DerviĢ ve Ölùm‖, p. 107) This sentence in Bosnian: ―Rekao sam da ţalim što se to desilo, nesreća me pogodila kao smrt moga najbliţeg, sudbina me nije sačuvala od nevolje da roĎenog brata vidim tamo kuda odlaze griješnici I neprijatelji, i da me ljudi gledaju s čuĎenjem, kao da sam i ja ponio dio krivice, ja koji godinama časno sluţim Bogu i vjeri.‖ (M. SelimoviĤ: Death and the Dervish, p. 70) Analysis: Turkish postpositions used in this sentence are: ötürü (zbog- because of), kadar (kao, koliko, poput- as, like), gibi (kao, poput- like, as). First of these is ötürü which requires the noun to take the ablative ending. Postposition ötürü is a semantic translation equivalent to our preposition zbog (because of), denoting the relation of cause, and it agrees with the genitive; in terms of its origin it falls under the category of real prepositions. In the sentence in Bosnian the preposition zbog (because of) is not used, but the translator adjusted the sentence relying on his/her native speaker`s sense in order to give it the proper meaning in Turkish language and used the postposition ötürü – zbog (because of). If we translated this sentence from Turkish into Bosnian it would look like this: ―Rekao sam da ţalim zbog toga što se desilo...‖ and we can notice that the meaning of the sentence would not change. The second postposition used in the sentence is postposition kadar. The postposition kadar requires the nominative of nouns and genitive of pronouns. In this example it requires the nominative/ absolutive case. The preposition which is used in the sentence in Bosnian, and which is translated in Turkish by using the postposition kadar is the preposition kao (as/like). The preposition kao (as/like) agrees with one of our cases, the genitive case.75 The third postposition used in this example is the postposition gibi- kao, poput (as, like), which also requires the nominative of nouns and genitive of pronouns. This postposition is used as the translation of our conjunction expressing manner- kao da (as if). This example shows that postpositions can be used to translate some of our conjunctions. In the following example we can see how postposition gibi is used to translate our prepositions: 75 As I previously mentioned, when used with demonstrative pronouns, kadar becomes an adverb of quantity; which is demonstrated in the following example: 'Ġkimiz de böyle az bir yatırımla bu kadar çok Ģey kazanmıĢ oluruz.' (MeĢa Selimoviç, ‗DerviĢ ve ôlùm‘, p.36).In Bosnian this sentence translates as: ―Tako malo ulaţemo, a toliko mnogo dobijamo.‖ (M. SelimoviĤ: ―Death and the Dervish‖, p. 25) 392 �1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo ―Bundan böyle, bir uyurgezer, bitkin bir sakat gibi, sokak sokak dolaĢmalara paydos.‖ (M. Selimoviç: ―DerviĢ ve Ölùm‖, p. 192) In Bosnian this sentence translates as: ―Ne smijem da hodam sokacima poput mjesečara, sa uzetom voljom, kao bogalj.‖ (M. SelimoviĤ: Death and the Dervish, p. 119) This example shows how postposition gibi is used to translate our preposition poput (like). Preposition poput (like), used in this sentence, agrees with the genitive, and in terms of the origin it falls under the category of unreal/irregular/complex prepositions (it was formed by joining a preposition and a noun). ―Hasan‘ın tekkeye gelip gittiğini duymuĢ, hiç olmazsa arada bir akıllı ve iyi insanlarla konuĢtuğuna memnun olmuĢ.‖ (M. Selimoviç: ―DerviĢ ve Ölùm‖, p. 35) In Bosnian, this sentence translates as: ―Čula je, Hasan dolazi u našu tekiju, i to joj je drago, da maker ponekad porazgovara s pametnim i dobrim ljudima.‖ (M. SelimoviĤ: Death and the Dervish, p. 24) ―Kimsenin benimle bu Ģekilde konuĢmasına müsaade etmez, öfke ile reddederdim.‖ (M. Selimoviç: ―DerviĢ ve Ölùm‖, p. 128) In Bosnian, this sentence translates as: ―Nikome ne bih dopustion da ovako sa mnom govori, odbio bih ljutito.‖ (M. SelimoviĤ: Death and the Dervish, p. 82) Analysis: The preposition ile is used in both sentences. It also requires the nominative of nouns and genitive of pronouns. We can notice that in the first example it stands next to a noun, so the noun does not take any ending, and it stays in the absolutive case. The situation is different in the second example, because the preposition ile stands next to the first person singular pronoun ben and thus takes the genitive ending. Postposition ile is equivalent to our preposition s(a) (with) which is used in both sentences in Bosnian language. Preposition s(a) (with) agrees with two cases- the genitive case (when it denotes origin, separation, cause; it answers the questions where from, because of what) and with instrumental (when it denotes company, manner, time; answers the questions with whom/what and where). In both sentences the preposition s(a) (with) agrees with the instrumental, and in terms of the origin it falls under the category of real prepositions. ―Onu görmek üzere dönmedim.‖ (M. Selimoviç: ―DerviĢ ve Ölùm‖, p. 117) In Bosnian, this sentence translates as: ―Nisam se okrenuo da a vidim.‖ (M. SelimoviĤ: Death and the Dervish, p. 75) Analysis: in the Turkish sentence the postposition üzere is used, and it is equivalent to our prepositions: radi, na, po (because of, on, of). However, in the Bosnian sentence neither of these prepositions is used. Instead, preposition da (in order to) is used, which, according to its meaning and function, can be classified as a conjunction expressing intention. Conjunction da (in order to) is translated in Turkish by using the postposition üzere which requires the nominative of nouns and genitive of pronouns. The postposition üzere usually stands next to verbal nouns ending in mak/mek, as shown in the given sentence. In this example we can see that postpositions do not always correspond to our prepositions, and sometimes they correspond to conjunctions or other grammatical categories. ―Yarın akĢama kadar beni gizle.‖ (M. Selimoviç: DerviĢ ve Ölüm, p. 67) In Bosnian, this sentence translates as: ―Skloni me do sutrašnje večeri. ― (M. SelimoviĤ: Death and the Dervish, p. 45) ―Dünyanın kuruluĢundaki Tanrı`nın katkısını gerçekten inkar ediyordu hafız Muhamed; Hasan ise, hem meseleyi sonuna kadar götürmek, hem kolaylıkla sağla yabileceği üstünlükten faydalanmak istemiyor, sadece Ģaka ile karıĢık uyarmalarda bulunuyordu.― (M. Selimoviç: „DerviĢ ve Ölùm―, p.125) In Bosnian, this sentence translates as: ―Hafiz Muhamed je zaista odricao boţje učešće u stvaranju svijeta, a Hasan je samo šaljivo na to upozoravao, ne ţeleći da stvar tjera do kraja niti da iskoristi prednost koju je mogao lako steći.‖ (M. SelimoviĤ: Death and the Dervish, p. 80) Analysis: Postposition kadar is used in these sentences, which is an equivalent to our prepositions: do and za (until and for). In this context, the postposition kadar requires the preceding noun to take dative case. The preposition used here is do (until). Preposition do (until) agrees with one of our cases, the genitive case. In terms of origin, this preposition belongs to the real prepositions. ―Artan bir bağlılık duygusu içinde tekkeye doğru ilerlerken, ayrıca, iyiki bu adamı bana gönderdiler; böylelikle hem korktukları, belli oldu, hem de hakaretleriyle kesin kararımı vermek için beni teĢvik ettiler, diye düĢündüm.‖ (M. Selimoviç: „DerviĢ ve Ölùm―, p.192) In Bosnian, this sentence translates as: 393 �1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo ―Razmišljao sam tako, idući prema tekiji, s poraslim pouzdanjem, da je čak I dobro što su mi poslali ovog čovjeka: otkrili su da se boje, a uvredom su podstakli moju odlučnost.‖ (M. SelimoviĤ: Death and the Dervish, p. 119) Analysis: postposition doğru used in this sentence has the following meaning of our prepositions: prema, ka, oko, pred (towards, to, around, in front of). Postposition doğru requires the noun to take the dative case, as shown in the example. In the Bosnian sentence, the preposition prema (towards) is used, which is equivalent to the postposition doğru. This preposition agrees with two cases: the dative (when it denotes direction of movement) and the locative (when it denotes the place where something or someone is). In the sentence preposition prema (towards) agrees with the dative. According to the origin it is categorized as a real preposition. In the sentence written in Turkish the preposition için is used and it requires the nominative of nouns and genitive of pronouns. However, in the sentence in Bosnian an adequate preposition was not used. ―Ne onun tarafını tutmak, ne de ona karĢı olmak istiyordum.‖ (M. Selimoviç: ―DerviĢ ve Ölùm‖, p. 73) In Bosnian, this sentence translates as: ―Nisam htio da budem ni protiv njega, ni za njega.‖ (M. SelimoviĤ: Death and the Dervish, p. 49) ―Ama nasıl olur da bana karĢı bu Ģekilde davranmaya cesaret edebilirdi?‖ (M. Selimoviç: ―DerviĢ ve Ölùm‖, p. 110) ―Ali kako smije prema meni tako da se ponaša?‖ (M. SelimoviĤ: Death and the Dervish, p. 71) Analysis: the postposition karĢi (nasuprot, napram, prema, protiv, oko- opposite from/to, around) is used in sentences but with different meanings. In the first sentence it is an equivalent to our preposition protiv (against), and in the second sentence it is an equivalent to our preposition prema (to). Postposition karĢi requires a noun to take the dative case as in the examples above. The preposition protiv (against) used in the first sentence agrees with our genitive and belongs to the category of real prepositions. Preposition prema (to), used in the second sentence, agrees with the dative and locative like its equivalent in Turkish- the postposition karĢi. In the sentence borrowed from the novel Death and the Dervish it agrees with the dative and belongs to the category of real prepositions. ―Ama bu kesin bir düĢünce değil, insanın ruh durumuna göre değiĢen bir duyuĢ havası, bir kuĢkuydu.‖ (M. Selimoviç: ―DerviĢ ve Ölùm‖, p. 76) In Bosnian, this sentence translates as: ―Ali to nije sigurna misao, već sumnja utisak koji se mijenjao prema raspoloţenju.‖ (M. SelimoviĤ: Death and the Dervish, p. 50) ―Seçtiğim yol, babama göre o kadar değersiz mi ki, beni daha sağlığımda gömdü.‖ (M. Selimoviç: ―DerviĢ ve Ölùm‖, p. 97) In Bosnian, this sentence translates as: ―Zar je put koji sam izabrao toliko ništavan za moga oca da me radi toga ţiva sahranio?‖ (M. SelimoviĤ: Death and the Dervish, p. 64) ―Bu kuruma göre, bugünkü haline tedricen gelmiĢ olan insan, tabiata yavaĢ yavaĢ intibak ettikten sonra, ona hükmeden bilinçli tek yaratıktır.‖ (M. Selimoviç: ―DerviĢ ve Ölùm‖, p. 125) In Bosnian, this sentence translates as: ―Po tom učenju, čovjek je postepeno postajao ono što jest, polako se prilagoĎavao prirodi, potčinjavajući je sebi, jedino stvorenje koje ima svijest.‖ (M. SelimoviĤ: Death and the Dervish, p. 80) Analysis: postposition göre is used in these sentences and it replaces three of our prepositions used in the sentences in Bosnian. Postposition göre takes the dative case. In examples in Bosnian the prepositions prema, za and po (according to, for) are used. First one is the preposition prema (according to) and it agrees with the dative and locative case-in the example it agrees with the dative as well as the postposition göre. The second preposition is the preposition za (for). This preposition takes the genitive, accusative and instrumental case. In the example it agrees with the genitive. The preposition in the third sentence is the preposition po (according to). It takes the accusative and locative. In this example it agrees with the locative. These three prepositions belong to the real prepositions. ―Yüzümde Ģaka ettiğime dair bir belirti, inancımda bir tereddüt bir akıl erdirememe ihtimali görmeye çalıĢıyormuĢ gibi, gözlerini dikmiĢ bana bakıyordu.‖ (M. Selimoviç: ―DerviĢ ve Ölùm‖, p. 38) In Bosnian, this sentence translates as: ―Posmatrala me netremice, kao da nastoji da vidi trag na mom licu, nesigurnost uvjerenja, moguću nedoumicu.‖ (M. SelimoviĤ: Death and the Dervish, p. 26) Analysis: as I already mentioned in this paper, some Arabic lexemes function as postpositions, and one of them is dair, which has the function of postposition with the dative case. In the previous sentences the two postpositions, dair and gibi, are used. These postpositions take different cases. As I already mentioned, dair takes the dative case and gibi the nominative of nouns and genitive of pronouns. Dair is an equivalent to our 394 �1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo preposition o (about/of). However, preposition o was not used in the sentence in Bosnian. The translator usedthe preposition dair to adapt the meaning to Turkish language. The second postposition used in the sentence is the postposition gibi which was used to translate our conjunction kao da (as if). We can also see in this example that postpositions are used to translate some of our conjunctions. ―Uzun koridorda yalnız baĢıma kalıp bana ait haberin gerekli yere ulaĢmasını beklerken, mutlak sessizliği dinliyordum. Bu büyük binanın içinde kimse yaĢamıyor, koridor ve odalarında kimse yürümüyordu sanki.‖ (M. Selimoviç: ―DerviĢ ve Ölùm‖, p. 20) In Bosnian, this sentence translates as: ―Ostavljen na dugom hodniku, čekao sam da glas o meni dopre gdje je potrebno, osluškivao tišinu, potpunu, kao da niko nije ţivio u ovom velikom zdanju, kao da se niko nije kretao po hodnicima i sobama.‖ (M. SelimoviĤ: Death and the Dervish, p. 15) Analysis: in the previous sentence in Turkish one of Arabic lexemes is used and with the dative it has the function of postposition; it is the postposition ait, and translated into Bosnian it means: o, koji pripada, koji se tiče (belonging to, concerning). In this example the postposition ait is an equivalent to our preposition o (about/of), and it belongs to the real prepositions. Preposition o agrees with two cases, the accusative and locative, and in the example it agrees with the locative. ―DüĢündüklerimin tamamen tersini düĢünen bu huzursuz, isyankar adam, bütün noksanlarına rağmen bana güvenebileceğim bir insan olarak görünüyordu.‖ (M. Selimoviç: ―DerviĢ ve Ölùm‖, p. 114) In Bosnian, this sentence translates as: ―Taj nemirni pobunjeni čovjek koji je mislio suprotno od svega što sam ja mogao da pomislim, hirom potpune nedosljednosti izgledao mi je kao čovjek na koga bih mogao da se oslonim.‖ (M. SelimoviĤ: Death and the Dervish, p. 74) ―Basit, saf olmasına rağmen, bu hikaye beni ĢaĢırttı.‖ (M. Selimoviç: ―DerviĢ ve Ölùm‖, p. 292) In Bosnian, this sentence translates as: ―Priča je naivna, a opet me je zaprepastila.‖ (M. SelimoviĤ: Death and the Dervish, p. 183) Analysis: in the previous two sentences one of Arabic lexemes which in the dative has the function of postposition, is used; it is the postposition rağmen, and it is equivalent to our preposition uprkos (in spite of). Preposition uprkos (in spite of) was not used in the sentences in Bosnian. For example, if we translated the second sentence from Turkish to Bosnian it would still have the same context even if we used our preposition uprkos (in spite of). The translator adapted this sentence to Turkish language by using the postposition rağmen. ―Bütün karmaĢıklıklar iki ay üç gün önce baĢladı.‖ (M. Selimoviç: ―DerviĢ ve Ölùm‖, p. 19) In Bosnian, this sentence translates as: ―Sve je počelo da se zapliće prije dva mjeseca i tri dana.‖ (M. SelimoviĤ: Death and the Dervish, p. 15) Analysis: önce is the postposition used in this sentence, i.e. the postposition that takes ablative. In this example the noun preceding the postposition önce does not take the ablative ending, because a number precedes the noun, and in this case, as previously explained, a noun cannot take the ablative ending. The preposition prıje (ago) was used in the sentence in Bosnian, serving as an equivalent to the postposition önce. This preposition agrees with our genitive case, i.e. it precedes the noun which takes the genitive ending. The preposition prıje (ago ) expresses the relation of time, and in reference to its origin it is an irregular/unreal preposition, which means that it was derived from an adverb. In the following sentence I will give an example when a noun, which precedes the postposition önce, takes the ablative ending, i.e. there is no number preceding the noun/pronoun. ―Eski ağaç, eski deri, eski nefes kokan odadan, yalnız arada bir artık alıĢtığım, benden önce buralarda yaĢamıĢ olan ölmüĢ genç kızların gölgeleri geçer.‖ (M. Selimoviç: ―DerviĢ ve Ölùm‖, p. 63) In Bosnian, this sentence translates as: ―U sobi miriše na staro drvo, na staru koţu, na staro disanje, sjenke su samo prolazile njome, ponekad, već mrtvih mladih djevojaka, navikao sam se na njih, tu su ţivjele prije mene.‖ (M. SelimoviĤ: Death and the Dervish, p. 43) This is also an example of postposition önce agreeing with our preposition prije (before). ―Bir iki gün sonra Hasan gelir.‖ (M. Selimoviç: ―DerviĢ ve Ölùm‖, p. 41) In Bosnian, this sentence translates as: ―Hasan se vraća za dan, dva‖ (M. SelimoviĤ: Death and the Dervish, p. 28) ―Dönmeye cesaret edemiyordum, ama camide olduğumdan emindim, ya benden sonra girmiĢ, ya da girdiğimde ben onu farketmemiĢtim.‖ (M. Selimoviç: ―DerviĢ ve Ölùm‖, p. 113) In Bosnian, this sentence translates as: ―Nisam smio da se okrenem, ali sam bio siguran da je u dţamiji, ušao je poslije mene, ali ga nisam vidio.‖ (M. SelimoviĤ: Death and the Dervish, p. 73) 395 �1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo Analysis: the postposition used in sentences in Turkish is the postposition sonra which corresponds to our prepositions poslije, nakon (after). Postposition sonra requires a noun to take the ablative case. In the first sentence the noun preceding the postposition sonra does not take the ablative ending (dan/den), because the noun is preceded by a number. In the second sentence the first person singular pronoun ben was given the ablative case ending because it is preceded by a number. In the first sentence in Bosnian preposition za (in) is used, so we can say that the postposition sonra agrees with preposition za (in), because this preposition is translated by the postposition sonra. The preposition za (in) agrees with three of our cases: the genitive, accusative and instrumental. In this example it agrees with the genitive, i.e. it answers the question when, and, concerning its origin, it is a real preposition. In the second sentence the preposition poslije (after) is used, which is an equivalent to the postposition sonra. The preposition poslije (after) agrees with the genitive, and concerning its origin it is an unreal/irregular preposition i.e. a derivative preposition, as is the case of the preposition prije (before). ―KardeĢım, on günden beri kalede hapis yatıyordu. ― (M. SelimoviĤ: ―DerviĢ ve Ölùm―, p. 19) In Bosnian, this sentence translates as: ―Brat je već deset dana leţao zatvoren u tvrĎavi.‖ (M. SelimoviĤ: Death and the Dervish, p. 15) Analysis: postposition beri is used in the Bosnian sentence. This postposition requires the noun preceding it to take the ablative case. The postposition beri is similar to our preposition od (prije) (since/for) that stands next to the genitive. The preposition već (already) is used in the sentence in Bosnian. This preposition is usually translated by postposition beri, as is the case in this example. Postpositions and prepositions usually agree, however there are a few exceptions, such as the example of the postposition beri which agrees with the preposition od (prije) (since/for) and adverb od(već) (already). The following example shows the case where our preposition od (since) is translated by the postposition beri. ―Dünden beri hiçbir Ģey yemediniz, dedi.‖ (M. Selimoviç: ―DerviĢ ve Ölùm‖, p. 230) In Bosnian, this sentence translates as: ―Od juče niste ništa okusili.‖ (M. SelimoviĤ: Death and the Dervish, p. 143) The preposition od (since) in this sentence agrees with the genitive and falls in the category of real prepositions. The postposition beri is often replaced by the phrase bu yana, which we can see in the following examples. ―Hiç tanımadığım kaçak hakkında yüreğimde bu güzel özellikleri sayarken, dün geceden bu yana aldığım yolu farketmemiĢtim.‖ (M. Selimoviç: ―DerviĢ ve Ölùm‖, p. 115) In Bosnian, this sentence translates as: ―I dok sam tako ispisivao u svom srcu lijepe osobine potpuno nepoznatog odmetnika, nisam ni primjetio koliko sam put prešao od sinoć.‖ (M. SelimoviĤ: Death and the Dervish, p. 74) ―Ġlkbahardan bu yana, üç aydır kaldığımız bu düzlükten, nehrin kıyısında mevzilenen düĢman kuvvetlerine arada bir saldırıyorduk.‖ (M. Selimoviç: ―DerviĢ ve Ölùm‖, p. 283) In Bosnian, this sentence translates as: ―Od proljeća smo se tu zadrţali, već treći mjesec napadajući ponekad neprijatelja koji se učvrstio na obali rijeke.‖ (M. SelimoviĤ: Death and the Dervish, p. 177) ―Adamcağız, oğlundan ötürü yataklara düĢmüĢ.‖ (M. Selimoviç: ―DerviĢ ve Ölùm‖, p. 34) In Bosnian, this sentence translates as: ―Jadan čovjek, zbog sina je i u postelju pao.‖ (M. SelimoviĤ: Death and the Dervish, p. 24) Analysis: the postposition ötürü is used in the sentence in Turkish, which is similar to our preposition of cause zbog (because of), which is used in the sentence in Bosnian. The postposition ötürü requires a noun to take the ablative case, and preposition zbog (because of) agrees only with one case, the genitive case, and according to its origin it is a real preposition. ―Ne benim, ondan baĢka kimse, ne de onun benden baĢka kimsesi vardı.‖ (M. Selimoviç: ―DerviĢ ve Ölùm‖, p. 103) In Bosnian, this sentence translates as: ―Koga imam osim njega? I koga on ima osim mene?‖ (M. SelimoviĤ: Death and the Dervish, p. 67) Analysis: the postposition baĢka, which agrees with the ablative case, is used in this sentence. It is similar to our preposition osim (except) which is used in the sentence in Bosnian. Preposition osim (except) agrees with the genitive case, i.e. it requires the noun following it to take the genitive case. Preposition osim (except) belongs to the real prepositions according to its origin. 396 �1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo ―Bu kalabalığın canlanması ayakların oldukları yerde kıpır kıpır kıpırdanması, baĢların gelenlerden yana tecessüsle çevrilmesi, ses ve herhalde soluklarını bile kesen heyecanlarından da belli oluyordu.‖ (M. Selimoviç: ―DerviĢ ve Ölùm‖, p. 90) In Bosnian, this sentence translates as: ―Najavljivale su ga ţivlje kretnje, uznemireno sitno pomicanje nogu što su se premještale na jednom mjestu, radoznalo okretanje prema onima što su nailazili, grč što ih je stegao oduzevši im glas, i dah valjda.‖ (M. SelimoviĤ: ―Death and the Dervish‖, p. 60) Analysis: the postposition yana is used in the sentence which translated into our language means za, uz, na strani (for, next to, on sb`s side). Postposition yana requires the noun preceding it to take the ablative case. Preposition prema (towards) is used in the sentence in Bosnian which is translated into Turkish by using the postposition doğru which takes the dative case. However, the translator used the postposition yana. Our prepositional phrase76 na strani (on sb`s side) is translated by postposition yana in the following example: ―Evet, ondan yanayım.‖ (M. Selimoviç: ―DerviĢ ve Ölùm‖, p. 152) In Bosnian, this sentence translates as: ―Da, na njenoj sam strani.‖ (M. SelimoviĤ: Death and the Dervish, p. 96) In this example the postposition yana is used to translate our prepositional phrase na strani (on sb`s side). The first member of the preposition which also governs the sentence takes two of our cases: the accusative and locative. In this sentence the preposition na (on) agrees with the locative. ―Pencereden dıĢarıya baktım.‖ (M. Selimoviç: ―DerviĢ ve Ölùm‖, p. 109) In Bosnian, this sentence translates as: ―Pogledao sam kroz prozor.‖ (M. SelimoviĤ: Death and the Dervish, p. 71) Analysis: some adverbs with the ablative ending may have the function of postpositions. One such adverb is dıĢarı, which is used in the previous sentence. As I have already mentioned, when this adverb functions as a postposition, it requires the noun preceding it to take the ablative case. In the sentence the preposition kroz (through) is translated by the ―postposition‖ dıĢarı. This preposition agrees with one case, the accusative, i.e. the noun following it must take the accusative case. According to its origin the preposition kroz (through) is a real/regular preposition, and in relation to the sentence it expresses the relation of manner. In the following example we can see that when adverbs in Turkish are used together with a noun in the ablative case, they correspond to our prepositions. ―Evet, onun yüzünden belirsiz bir Ģekilde tahmin ediyor, sezliniyor, ama, gözlerimi kaldırımdan yukarıya kaldırmak yürekliliğini gösteremiyordum.‖ (M. Selimoviç: ―DerviĢ ve Ölùm‖, p. 236) In Bosnian, this sentence translates as: ―PogaĎam, sasvim neodreĎeno naslućujem, zbog njega i ne smijem da dignem pogled s kaldrme.‖ (M. SelimoviĤ: Death and the Dervish, p. 146) Analysis: one of the adverbs is also used in this example, and when it is conjoined with a noun with the ablative ending it becomes a postposition, i.e. a preposition. The adverb used as a postposition in this sentence is yukarı (gore-up), which is here similar to our preposition s(a) (from, off). This preposition is used in the accusative case, and in terms of its origin it is a real/regular preposition. The sentence in Bosnian also contains some prepositions which are not translated by these postpositions but by some other grammatical words. 5. CONCLUSION This paper comprises the contrastive analysis between postpositions in Turkish language and prepositions in Bosnian language, i.e. this paper discusses whether the two languages agree and to what extent, and whether there are differences between them and what they are, etc. The examples in this contrastive analysis were borrowed from the novel Death and the Dervish. There are similarities between the postpositions and prepositions in these two languages, as well as differences. One of the similarities is that both prepositions and postpositions affect the case of the adjacent word. The difference is that prepositions precede the case of independent words, while postpositions follow the word whose case they affect. 76 Several prepositional phrases comprising two or three members may be used as prepositions. 397 �1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo Not all postpositions that exist in Turkish language, which I previously explained, can be found in this novel. In the sentences in Bosnian, some of our conjunctions and adverbs are translated by postpositions; and at some places postpositions are used without their equivalents being used in Bosnian examples. On the basis of this analysis and according to examples I borrowed from the novel Death and the Dervish I concluded that in the novel the postpositions and prepositions agree in their meaning with only minor exceptions. References ģauńeviĤ, Ekrem: Gramatika savremenoga turskog jezika, Hrvatska sveuĦilińna naklada, Zagreb, 1996. ĥediĤ, Ibrahim: Osnovi gramatike bosanskog jezika, Institut za jezik, Sarajevo, 2001. ĐiniĤ, Slavoljub: Udţbenik turskog jezika, treĤe izmjenjeno izdanje, NauĦna knjiga, 1989. ĐorħeviĤ, Radmila: Uvod u kontrastiranje jezika, Zavod za udņbenike i nastavna sredstva, Beograd, 1987. HaliloviĤ, Senahid: Pravopis bosanskoga jezika, Preporod, Sarajevo, 1996. JahiĤ, Dņ, HaliloviĤ, S. and PaliĤ, I: Gramatika bosanskoga jezika, Dom ńtampe Zenica, Zenica, 2000. KadriĤ, Adnan: O suodnosu padeţne i prijedloţne semantike u Berbićevom opisu bosanskog i turskog jezika, Prilozi za orijentalnu filologiju, issue no.51, p.25-107, 2001. KlaiĤ, B: Rječnik stranih riječi, Zagreb, 1983. SelimoviĤ, M: Death and the Dervish, Univerzal Tuzla izdavaĦka kuĤa, Tuzla, 1986. SelimoviĤ, M: ‗‘DerviĢ ve Ölùm‘‘, Yeryùzù yayınları, Ġstanbul, 1985. www.wikipedia.org/prijedlozi u bosanskom jeziku. 398 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 58 Title A name given to the resource CONTRASTIVE ANALYSES OF POSTPOSITIONS IN TURKISH LANGUAGE AND PREPOSITIONS IN BOSNIAN LANGUAGE ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE NOVEL „DEATH AND THE DERVISH― Author Author Mr.Solak, Edina Arnaut, Alica Abstract A summary of the resource. When transferring from one language, language A, to the other , language B, similarities and differences can easily be perceived. Very often, some language categories are found in one language, but not in the other one. In order to detect those similarities and differences, we need contrastive analyses. Turkish language does not identify category of prepositions, and instead of prepositions, postpositions or quasi-postpositions are being used, occasionally even case endings. Subject relations in Bosnian language are expressed by prepositions, while in Turkish language different morpho syntactic resources and word classes ( case endings, flex ion, post positions, quasi-post positions etc.) are being used. In this paper, we shall borrow examples from Mesa Selimovic's novel „Death and the Dervish―, and discus the question of prepositional concord in Bosnian with post positions in Turkish. When listing adverbs in Turkish, we are noticing different words for prepositional expressions in Bosnian: words and endings, since Turkish language does not identify prepositions like other Indo European languages do, therefore prepositions are placed after the correlated word. Hence, the main difference is that prepositions are placed in front of the autonomous words case form, and post positions after the word to which case ending of that same post position is implicated. This will be discussed further. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2011-05 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed P Philology. Linguistics Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 870 Title A name given to the resource Contrastive Analysis of Discourse Markers in the Interviews with Presidents of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the U.S.A. Author Author Zovko, Ivana Abstract A summary of the resource. Since politics and politicians are two of the most popular and most discussed topics in today’s world, especially in Bosnia and Herzegovina, in this paper the author tries to make a brief analysis of political discourse but from the linguistic point of view, pointing out usage of discourse markers in the interviews with presidents of Bosnia and Herzegovina and trying to compare them with the one used in the interviews with the U.S.A presidents. The introductory part is focused on some theoretical hypotheses regarding function of discourse markers, their main purpose and usage in English and Croatian. By comparing examples of discourse markers found in the English and Croatian/Bosnian/Serbian speaking area the author shows how often they are used by politicians as means for linking their ideas with the primary function of bringing to the listener’s attention what they want to say, what they want to point out in order to be attractive with their thoughts to the listeners. Many politicians also use them in order to show disagreement with the idea they are about to relay or suggest a cause and effect relationship between what they just said and the next bit on its way. Final chapters bring a statistical analysis of discourse markers used in the interviews from the mentioned speaking areas and author’s viewpoints and conclusions which can be summarized in one most important and that is that usage of those linking devices makes political discourse more vivid or real for a listener no matter in which speaking area. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed P Philology. Linguistics Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 3405 Title A name given to the resource CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH AND BOSNIAN CONSONANT Author Author JOLDIC, Dzenita PERKIC, Lidija Abstract A summary of the resource. Learning a foreign language has always been rather demanding job. Learning our mother tongue, we have already acquired certain patterns of behavior that language units exhibit and when learning a new language we first notice the differences in these patterns. We become particularly aware of the differences between the patterns of our mother and second language because we memorize new language by contrasting it to the first one. However, when it comes to similarities between the languages, we do not tend to be so careful. We usually take them for granted and imply that if two language units exhibit similarity they also exhibit equality. This false similarity then misleads us into false equality. We tend to believe that words that are pronounced similarly have the same meaning, which is not always the case. The same implies to phonemes. We are well aware of the English phonemes that do not exist in our own language and believe that those existing in both languages are equal. However, there are phonemes which exist in both languages but are pronounced in a different way and are therefore totally different. This paper addresses this teaching and learning challenge raising awareness of the consonants which exist in both languages but are pronounced in a different way. Methodology used in the paper is providing of the necessary theoretical background and the contrastive analysis of the consonants according to the place and manner of their articulation. The analysis has shown that half of the existing consonants are present in both languages but only half of them are equivalents. As such this paper highlights potential problems in pronunciation and raises learners' awareness. Keywords: English consonants, Bosnian consonants,contrastive analysis, place of articulation, manner of articulation. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed PE English https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/4e9e89ef3370f32d5dbdb24caf40acc6.pdf 2e37532ef6a51ad7e09e5efa6a3aa2a1 PDF Text Text CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH COMPOUNDS AND THEIR CORRESPONDENTS IN ALBANIAN LANGUAGE Jeta Rushidi South East European University, Macedonia Article History: Submitted: 10.06.2015 Accepted: 23.06.2015 Abstract Contrastive analysis or contrastive linguistics is related to the field of applied contrastive studies which predicts and clarifies the difficulties in the process of second language acquisition. It is also claimed that a comparison of different levels between the mother tongue and the target language (phonology, morphology, syntax, lexis, culture) would identify points of difference or difficulty and provide results that would be important in language teaching. This paper aims at describing and analyzing the similarities, dissimilarities, and identities between the English and Albanian compounds by form and meaning. Considering the fact that the dissimilarities are the main cause of difficulty in the learning of the second language or a foreign language, the paper will look at the most common errors Albanian university students make whilst translating compounds from Albanian to English and vice versa. The research presents a combined methodological design, both quantitative and qualitative approach. Correspondingly, English and Albanian grammar books were used as the primary sources in this contrastive study. The research also included the conducting of a test run questionnaire and the subsequent analysis of its results. Consequently, the results gave some insightful ideas or indications regarding implications in teaching and learning compounds in an ELT context. Key words: contrastive analysis, compounds, English, Albanian, EFL. 1 �1. Introduction Contrastive analysis (CA) has been firstly introduced by Charles Fries in (1952), and fully described by Lado in his book Linguistics across Cultures (1957). Contrastive analysis is a systematic branch of applied linguistics which deals with the linguistic description of the structure of two or more different languages. Despite the fact that there are ‘linguistic universals’ shared among languages (Lado,1957:239) i.e. all languages have something in common. It is also claimed that this comparison would identify points of difference or difficulty and provide results that would be important in language teaching. Compounding is a universal word formation device (Libben, 2006), but different languages make use of compounding to different extents. However, compounding as a word formation process is one of the most productive processes in both English and Albanian language. This paper will contribute to: the theoretical linguistics, to the general theory of contrastive linguistics, to the development of contrastive studies in Albanian. Moreover, from a practical view, it aims to facilitate the teaching and the learning process of compounds. 2. Previous Studies Much research has been conducted on morphological contrastive analysis between English and Albanian language. Researchers have come up with appealing findings and useful suggestions regarding methodological implications in teaching English lexis to EFL students. Shqerra, N & Shqerra, E (2015) examine the role of derivation and compounding in the process of English language acquisition and claim the following: Since each language has its own characteristics, there are always differences, which hamper the foreign language acquisition. In such cases, theory and practice should be considered necessary for students. Consequently, additional focus should be given especially to derivational rules (p.117). Kurani & Muho (2014) compare English and Albanian compounds in terms of their plural form. Based on their analysis, it is found that the plural of compound nouns in Albanian language is formed by changing only the second part of the compound nouns, by changing only the first part of the compound nouns, and by unchanging form in the plural (the same as the 2 �singular). Nevertheless, the majority of English compound nouns have one basic head, with which they end, and are pluralized in typical way in English. Additionally, a compound that has one head, with which it begins, usually pluralizes its head. Furthermore, two-headed compounds in which the first head has a standard plural form, however, tend to pluralize only the final head (p.33). The first written document in Albanian is Meshari i Gjon Buzukut in 1555. The lack of materials regarding Albanian language has made it difficult to tell about the first time compounds have been used and noticed in this language. Correspondingly, compounding as a word formation process has been analyzed relatively late in Albanian grammar books. However, Kostallari (1972) has come up with a list of 17 compound nouns from the period 1304 – 1431. Compounding is one of the most productive word formation processes in English and Albanian. In both languages, compounding is almost present in all parts of speech. Sherko (2014) in her study, based on the statistical results, concludes that there is a difference in terms of productivity. The statistical difference between the productivity of compounds is the following: Albanian language consists of 11.8 % compounds whereas English consists of 4.48%. So the number of compounds in Albanian is higher than in English. This analysis is conducted by analyzing two dictionaries. The Albanian dictionary analyzed is Fjalori i Gjuhës së Sotme Shqipe (1980) consisted of 41.000 words and the English dictionary analyzed is Oxford Student’s Dictionary (OSD) consisted of 41.000-40.000 words. 3. Present Study The theoretical approach consisted of form and meaning was appropriate for this research work since patterns of compounds can be expressed in different forms and have different meanings between these two languages. For instance, patterns of English adjective compounds (noun + adjective & adverb + adjective) can correspond to adverb compounds in Albanian language. The empirical approach consisted of conducting a test run questionnaire where EFL students were asked to identify patterns of given compounds and translate them from English to Albanian and vice versa. 3 �3.1. Research Questions 1. Are there similarities, dissimilarities and identities between English and Albanian compounds by manner of formation? 2. Are there similarities, dissimilarities and identities between English and Albanian compounds by meaning? 3. Which are the most common errors EFL students make whilst identifying patterns of compounds and translating them from English to Albanian and vice versa? 3.2. Participants Twenty-six EFL university students from the Law Faculty at South East European University (SEEU) in Tetovo - Macedonia participated in this study. They all attended English for Specific Purposes 2 – Legal Studies at the Language Center at SEEU. 3.3. Instruments The instruments used were Albanian and English Grammar Books, a test run questionnaire on English compounds (Appendix A), and a test run questionnaire on Albanian compounds (Appendix B). 3.4. The Procedure The procedure conducted for the data collection regarding the 1st and 2nd research question The primary sources (grammar books) were used in order to provide a description on compounding in English and in Albanian. Patterns of compounds consisted of two roots were listed only. Afterwards, a morphological analysis was conducted by comparing and contrasting the two languages in order to detect the similarities, dissimilarities, and identities between the classification of compounds in these two languages. The procedure conducted for the data collection regarding the 3rd research question The first test run questionnaire conducted for the third research question consisted 26 compounds in English (see Appendix A). Students were asked to translate the English 4 �compounds in Albanian and they were required to classify the English compounds according to their components to the given patterns. The second test run questionnaire conducted for the third research question consisted of 26 compounds in Albanian (see Appendix B). Students were asked to translate the Albanian compounds into English and classify the Albanian compounds according to their components to the given patterns. 4. Analysis and Discussion of the Findings 4.1 Findings Contributing to the Research Question 1 & 2 Results regarding the similarities, dissimilarities and identities between English (Jackson, Ze Amwela, 2005:79-85) and Albanian (Sherko, 2014:65-84; 138-185; Albanian Language Grammar 1, 2002) compounds by manner of formation and meaning are the following: The classification of English patterns The classification of Albanian patterns of of noun compounds noun compounds 1.Noun + Noun: 1.Noun + Noun: ash-tray, arm-chair, test-book bukëpjekes, kryeparlamentar, kryeministër, 2. Verb + Noun: 2. Verb + Noun: dare-devil, pick-pocket No case 3. Adjective +Noun: 3. Adjective +Noun: black-bird, blue-collar, hard-cover bukurshkrim, mirëmëngjes, 4. Adverb + Noun: 4. Adverb + Noun: after-thought, back-talk, down-grade. nënkryetar, nëntoke, drejtshkrim Table 1. Comparison of the classification of English and Albanian noun compounding patterns After the detailed comparative and contrastive analysis conducted in terms of the formation of noun compounds, English and Albanian grammar are similar/identical regarding the following compounding patterns: N+N (1), Aj + N (3), Adv + N (4) however they are different in terms of V + N compounds (2). It means that the pattern V + N does not exist in Albanian 5 �language as a noun compound pattern because noun compounds are not formed by joining a verb and a noun in Albanian language. Regarding verb compounds, English and Albanian grammars are similar/identical regarding the following compounding patterns: N+V (5), V + V (6), AJ + V (7), and Aj + V (8). There are no dissimilarities in terms of manner of formation between English and Albanian verb compounds: The classification of English patterns of The classification of Albanian patterns verb compounds of verb compounds 5. Noun +Verb: 5. Noun +Verb: baby-sit, brain-wash, house-keep Buzeqesh 6. Verb + Verb: 6. Verb + Verb: dive-bomb, drop-kick Shtypshkruaj 7. Adjective + Verb: 7. Adjective + Verb: dry-clean, sweet-talk, white-wash keqkuptoj, mirëkuptoj, keqadministroj 8. Adverb + Verb: 8. Adverb + Verb: down-grade, over-do bashkëbisedoj, mbingarkoj, nënvlerësoj Table 2. Comparison of the classification of English and Albanian verb compounding patterns In terms of adjective compounds (Table.3), English and Albanian grammars are similar/identical regarding the following compound patterns: N + Aj (9), V + Aj (10), Aj + Aj (11), and Av + Aj (12). It is worth of emphasizing that both languages do not have the pattern V + Aj in forming verb compounds whereas the three other patterns are present in both languages. The classification of English patterns of The classification of Albanian patterns adjective compounds of adjective compounds 9. Noun +Adjective: 9. Noun +Adjective: earth-bound, ox-eyed, sea-sick syzi, mjekërzi, zemërmirë, shpirtmirë, 10. Verb + Adjective: 10. Verb + Adjective: No case No case 6 �11. Adjective + Adjective: 11. Adjective + Adjective: blue-green, metallic-green, south-west shqiptaro-amerikan, kërkimor-shkencor 12. Adverb + Adjective: 12. Adverb + Adjective: near-sighted, off-white gjysmështrire, gjysmëfjetur, bashkëlidhur Table 3. Comparison of the classification of English and Albanian adjective compounding patterns Regarding adverb compounds (Table 4), there is one similarity only. The pattern Av + Av (16) is noticed in both languages whereas Aj + Av (15) does not exist in both languages as a pattern. However, the differences between these two languages is the one of N + Av (13) which does not exist in English but it exists in Albanian language. Moreover, the pattern V + Av = N (14) is present in English whereas does not exist in Albanian language: The classification of English The classification of Albanian patterns of patterns of adverb compounds adverb compounds 13. Noun +Adverb: 13. Noun +Adverb: No case gojehapur, balleçelur 14. Verb + Adverb= Noun: 14. Verb + Adverb= Noun: drive-in , lift-off No case 15. Adjective + Adverb: 15. Adjective + Adverb: No case No case 16. Adverb + Adverb: 16. Adverb + Adverb: in-to, through-out gjysmemajtas, gjysmeshtrire, gjysmefjetur, Table 4. Comparison of the classification of English and Albanian patterns adverb compounding patterns After presenting the similarities and dissimilarities between English and Albanian compounding patterns by form, it can be noted that in terms of meaning, English and Albanian compounding patterns such as N+N and Aj + Aj are noticed to be similar and identical whereas the rest are dissimilar between these two languages. This can be seen in Appendix A, Part I and Appendix B, Part I where the correct answers are highlighted in grey. 7 �4.2 Findings contributing to the 3rd research question Results regarding the most common errors EFL students make whilst identifying patterns of English compounds ((Appendix A, Part I) where the correct answers are highlighted in grey) and translating them from English to Albanian (see Appendix A, Part II) show that the most common errors made by students regarding the classification are made with these patterns: N+ N, V +N, V+V, Aj + V, Aj + Aj, Aj+ V, Av +V, Aj + Av. However, in terms of translation, the pattern V + Av = Noun is mostly incorrectly translated. Results regarding the most common errors EFL students make whilst identifying patterns of Albanian English compounds ((Appendix B, Part I) where the correct answers are highlighted in grey) and translating them from English to Albanian (see Appendix B, Part II) imply that the most common errors made by students regarding the classification are made with these patterns: N+N, V+N, Aj + N, Av + N, N+V, Aj+ Aj, Av+ Aj, N+Av, Av + Av. However, in terms of translation, the errors are noticed in the following patterns: N+ Aj, N+Av , Aj + V, Av+V, and Aj+ N. 5. Conclusions This paper examined the similarities, dissimilarities and identities between English and Albanian compounding patterns and analyzed the mistakes that students make whilst translating and classifying the given compounds according to their components. The main findings of this research showed that the difference between English and Albanian in terms of the number of patterns is that there are 13 patterns of compounds in English whereas there are 12 patterns of compounds in Albanian. In terms of the similarities, dissimilarities and identities between English and Albanian compounds by manner of formation, it was concluded that the following patterns are similar in English and Albanian language: 1. N+ N 3.Aj +N 4. Av + N 5. N+V 8 �6. V + V 7. Aj + V 8. Av + V 9. N +Aj 11. Aj + Aj 12. Av+ Aj 16. Av + Av Whereas, the dissimilarities in terms of form are noticed in the following patterns: 2. V + N 13. N +Av: No case 14. V+ Av = Noun Regarding the similarities, dissimilarities and identities between English and Albanian compounds by meaning, it was concluded that the following patterns are similar in English and Albanian Language: 3. Aj +N 4. Av + N 8. Av+ V However, the dissimilarities in terms of meaning are noticed in the following patterns: 1. N + N 5. N +V 6. V + V 7. Aj + V 9. N +Aj 11. Aj + Aj The analysis regarding the most common errors EFL students make whilst identifying patterns of compounds and translating them from English to Albanian and vice versa show/imply that the most common errors made by students regarding the classification are made with these patterns: N+ N, V +N, V+V, Aj + V, Aj + Aj, Aj+ V, Av +V, Aj + Av, Aj + N, Av + N, 9 �N+V,Av+ Aj, N+Av, Av + Av. However, in terms of translation, the following patterns are mostly incorrectly translated: N+ Aj, N+Av , Aj + V, Av+V, Aj+ N, and V + Av = Noun. References: Akademia e Shkencave e Shqiperise,(2002). Instituti I gjuhesise dhe letersise. Gramatika e Gjuhes Shqipe 1. Kompozimi (70-73). Jackson, H., Ze Amwela, E., Words, Meaning and Vocabulary, An introduction to Modern English Lexicology, Continuum, 2005 (79-85) Kostallari, A. (1972). Parimet themelore për hartimin e “Fjalorit të gjuhës së sotme shqipe”, në “Studim e mbi leksikun dhe mbi formimin e fjalëve në gjuhën shqipe” II, Tiranë, 1972, f. 3. Kurani,A & Muho,A (2014). A morphological comparative study between Albanian and English language. European Scientific Journal. Lado, R. (1957). Linguistics across Cultures. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. Libben, Gary. (2006). Why study compound processing? In Libben, G, Jarema, Gonia (eds.), The representation and processing of compound nouns. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006, pp. 1-22 Sherko, E (2014). Perngjitja, perberja, dhe lokucionet ne gjuhen shqipe dhe ne gjuhen angleze. . retrieved 05.29.2015, from file:///F:/Dokturatura-Esmeralda-Sherko-Fakulteti-i-Histori- Filologjise-Departamenti-i-Gjuhesise.pdfKostallari A., Mbi disa terma te klasifikimit te fjaleve sipas perberjes strukturore dhe sipas fjaleformimit, ne: Studime Filologjike 1/1972 (65-84; 138185). Shqerra, N & Shqerra, E (2015). The Role of Derivation and Compounding in the Process of English Language Acquisition. Journal of Educational and Social Research MCSER Publishing, Rome-Italy Vol. 4 No.2 April 2014.p.117 10 �Appendices Appendix A Part I. Classify the English compounds according to their components 7 3 1 4 3 4 6 2 5 7 5 2 1 5 Liftoff Southwest Seasick Bluegreen Earthbound Overdo 1 22 7 18 1 1 2 3 2 2 6 1 1 13 2 3 5 3 10 6 Whitewash 3 5 14 26 Dryclean 4 20 19 21 Backtalk Afterthought Hardcover Bluecollar 6 23 2 1 Blackbird Pickpocket Dropkick Divebomb Housekkep 6 20 26 6.V + V 7.Aj+ V Brainwash 5 3 5.N+V 8.Av + V Babysit 22 1 4.Av + N Testbook Throughout Into 25 2.V+ N 3.Aj +N Offwhite 25 Nearsighted 1.N + N Armchair Student classification of English Compounds Ashtray Appendix A 13 1 6 3 4 19 9.N +Aj 19 18 5 10.V+ Aj = No case 11.Aj + Aj 2 12.Av + Av 7 2 15 13 5 18 4 4 13.N +Avb =No case 2 3 14.V + Av= Noun 2 15.Aj + Av= No case 2 2 5 16.Av+ Av 2 24 13 17 1 3 1 11 �Part II. Translate the English compounds into Albanian language. English Compounds Students’ translation in Albanian 1. ash-tray (N + N) 1.tavëll,shpuzore, 2. arm-chair (N+ N) 2. kolltuk 3. near-sighted (Av + Aj) 3. miop,shkurtpamës 4. off-white ( Av + Aj) 4, i/e përhimte,ngjyrë qumshti 5. in-to (Av + Av) 5. në 6. through-out (Av + Av) 6.gjate, përmes, 7. test-book N+ N 7.libër testesh 8. baby-sit N + V 8.kujdesem per femije, 9. brain-wash N + V 9. ndërroj pikëpamjen e dikujt/larje truri 10.house-keep N + V 10.mirëmbajtje shtëpie 11. dive-bomb V + V 11.hedhje e bombës nga lartë, bombë pikiate, 12. drop-kick V + V 12 goditje,shkelmos 13. pick-pocket V + N 13. xhepist,vjedhje xhepash 14. black-bird Aj + N 14. korb, zog i zi, mellenjë, 15. blue-collar Aj + N 15. jakë e kaltërt 16. hard-cover Aj + N 16.kopertinë e fortë 17. after-thought Av + N 17. mendim i mëvonshëm,rishqyrtim,pishman 18. back-talk Av + N 18. flas prapa shpine, përgojoj 19. dry-clean Aj + V 19. pastrim kimik, pastrim I thate, pa ujë 20. white-wash Aj + V 20. zbardh, fshehja e te këqijave, 21. over-do Av + V 21.teproj 22. earth-bound N +Aj 22.tokësor, 23. sea-sick N +Aj 23. semundje deti, 24. blue-green Aj +Aj 24.e kaltert në te gjelbert 25. south-west Aj +Aj 25. jugperëndim 12 �26. lift-off V + Av = Noun compound 26.nisje, ngritje, Appendix B 1.N + N 6 3 2.V+ N 1 2 3.Aj +N 1 1 1 3 1 3 1 4 2 3 5 5 1 23 3 1 1 3 18 18 16 16 15 16 1 18 12 6 2 5 10 15 2 9 17 7 3 3 1 23 7 1 11 2 3 Gjysmëmajtas Bashkëlidhur 2 1 1 1 1 4 3 4 1 3 3 3 1 17 8 3 1 5 10.V+ Aj = No case 1 11.Aj + Aj 1 3 1 2 1 12.Av + Aj 3 9 1 13.N+Av 4 4 2 15.Aj + Av= No case 3 3 1 3 2 1 1 1 3 2 1 3 14.V + Av= Noun 16.Av + Av 3 1 3 15 Gjysmëfjetur 3 1 3 Kërkimor-shkencor Syzi 4 3 12 2 Shtypshkruaj Buzëqesh Drejtshkrim Nëntoke Nënkryetar Mirëmengjes Bukurshkrim Hekurudhë Bregdet 10 21 3 8.Av + V 9.N+Aj Frymëmarrje 3 6.V + V 7.Aj+ V Kryeminister Nënvlerësoj Mbingarkoj 14 3 1 4 Bashkëbisedoj 22 4.Av + N 5.N+V Mirëkuptoj Shqiptaro-amerikan Kokëfortë Shpirtmire Zemërmire Gojehapur Student classification of Albanian Compounds Keqkuptoj Part I. Classify the Albanian compounds according to their components 4 4 2 1 4 1 2 4 1 3 7 1 3 9 7 13 �Part II. Translate the Albanian compounds into English. Albanian compounds Students’ translation in English 1. keqkuptoj Aj+v 1. misunderstand 2. gojehapur N+Aj, n+av 2. 3. zemermire N+Aj, 3. generous/goodhearted/kindhearted 4. shpirtmire N+Aj 4. kind soul/good soul/ 5. kokeforte N+Aj 5. stuborn 6. shqiptaro-amerikan aj + aj 6. albanian-american 7. mirekuptoj aj + v 7. understand/well understand 8. chit chat/have a conversation/co- 8. bashkebisedoj av + v conversation 9. mbingarkoj av + v 9. overload 10. nenvleresoj av + v 10. underestimate/discredit 11. kryeminister n+n 11. primeminister 12. frymemarrje n+ n 12. breathing 13. bregdet n+n 13. seashore/coast/bay 14. hekurudhe n+ n 14. railway 15. calligraphy/good writing/penmaship 15. bukurshkrim aj + n 16. miremengjes aj + n 16. good morning 17. nenkryetar adv + n 17. viceprecident 14 �18. nentoke av + n 18. underground 19. drejtshkrim adv + n 19. orthography/right writing/correct spelling 20. buzeqesh n+v 20. smile 21. shtypshkruaj v + v 21. type/written press/typewriting 22. syzi N+Adj 22. black eyed 23. kerkimor-shkencor Aj + Aj 23. scientific-research 24. gjysmefjetur Av+ Aj,Av+ Av 24. half asleep 25. bashkelidhur Av+ Aj, Av+ Av 25. bounded/attached/annexed 26 gjysmemajtas Av+ Av 26. half left/half on the left 15 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2892 Title A name given to the resource CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH COMPOUNDS AND THEIR CORRESPONDENTS IN ALBANIAN LANGUAGE Author Author Rushidi, Jeta Abstract A summary of the resource. Contrastive analysis or contrastive linguistics is related to the field of applied contrastive studies which predicts and clarifies the difficulties in the process of second language acquisition. It is also claimed that a comparison of different levels between the mother tongue and the target language (phonology, morphology, syntax, lexis, culture) would identify points of difference or difficulty and provide results that would be important in language teaching. This paper aims at describing and analyzing the similarities, dissimilarities, and identities between the English and Albanian compounds by form and meaning. Considering the fact that the dissimilarities are the main cause of difficulty in the learning of the second language or a foreign language, the paper will look at the most common errors Albanian university students make whilst translating compounds from Albanian to English and vice versa. The research presents a combined methodological design, both quantitative and qualitative approach. Correspondingly, English and Albanian grammar books were used as the primary sources in this contrastive study. The research also included the conducting of a test run questionnaire and the subsequent analysis of its results. Consequently, the results gave some insightful ideas or indications regarding implications in teaching and learning compounds in an ELT context. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2015-07 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed P Philology. Linguistics Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 3435 Title A name given to the resource CONTRASTIVEANALYSISAS A DIDACTICTOOL IN THE ACQUISITION OF THE SPANISH ARTICLEFOR SLOVENIANLEARNERS Author Author Gemma, Santiago Alonso Abstract A summary of the resource. The aim of this paper is to present an approach to the teaching for meaningful learning of the article from the perspective of Contrastive Analysis between the Spanish and Slovene article. This work will take into account, firstly, on the role of plurilingualism set by the CEFR, and secondly, the pedagogical potential of notion of linguistic awareness, and all the didactics implications that entails. The research wants to focus on the similarities and differences between the uses of article in Slovenian and Spanish language, in order to contribute to the development of plurilingual awareness of the Slovene students. Although several hypotheses in Contrastive Analysis have been rejected in the past, we still consider it as a very useful tool for language teaching. Keywords: Contrastive Analysis, Spanish article, mother tongue, Second Language Acquisition, plurilingualism, linguistic awareness. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed PE English Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 3347 Title A name given to the resource CONTRIBUTION OF TRUE COGNATES TO MATERIAL DEVELOPMENT Author Author Çakir, Abdulkadir Abstract A summary of the resource. After we had discovered that there were nearly 2500 English cognates in the Turkish language and seen the facilitating role of true cognates in teaching English to Turkish students, we designed some cognate-based teaching materials. Thus, the purpose of this paper is to illustrate how we can construct cognate-based teaching materials to teach English to Turkish learners. The use of cognate-based material in Turkish classes indicates us that they not only increase the students’ motivation but also enhances their performance. Briefly cognate-based materials prove to play an extremely affective and facilitating role in teaching English. Keywords: cognate, material development, contextualize, transfer Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed PE English