<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<itemContainer xmlns="http://omeka.org/schemas/omeka-xml/v5" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://omeka.org/schemas/omeka-xml/v5 http://omeka.org/schemas/omeka-xml/v5/omeka-xml-5-0.xsd" uri="https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/items/browse?output=omeka-xml&amp;page=67&amp;sort_field=Dublin+Core%2CCreator" accessDate="2026-06-12T15:37:07+01:00">
  <miscellaneousContainer>
    <pagination>
      <pageNumber>67</pageNumber>
      <perPage>10</perPage>
      <totalResults>3494</totalResults>
    </pagination>
  </miscellaneousContainer>
  <item itemId="765" public="1" featured="0">
    <fileContainer>
      <file fileId="862">
        <src>https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/a96c9ca119186029f3b045c23acbefd2.docx</src>
        <authentication>cb3ce9f422fc2328d5127bebc411d2eb</authentication>
      </file>
      <file fileId="863">
        <src>https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/b9c485cbe5aef5481bf4c6736ddf2831.pdf</src>
        <authentication>a39ecc775f3bee82a9dbe763976e8d89</authentication>
        <elementSetContainer>
          <elementSet elementSetId="4">
            <name>PDF Text</name>
            <description/>
            <elementContainer>
              <element elementId="52">
                <name>Text</name>
                <description/>
                <elementTextContainer>
                  <elementText elementTextId="6178">
                    <text>The Perception of Parents from the Area of the Northern Sandžak about the
Child's Addiction to the Internet
Suada Aljković Kadrić
International University
Bosnia and Herzegovina
suada.a.kadric@hotmail.com
Tarik Obralić
University of Travnik
Bosnia and Herzegovina
obralict@hotmail.com
Abstract: The crisis of social values has resulted in the crisis of education which is directly
related to the use of Internet as a modern addiction. The crisis of education is recognized in
terms of an identity crisis at personal and national level. The responsibility for the failure of the
education among children equally depends on many factors within the educational process of a
child. Those factors vary starting from parents to the educational institution. The main cause of
the educational crisis can be identified through a deficit of self-esteem. In most of the cases,
failures occur due to the wrong time arrangement and neglecting of the basic needs of
individuals, in another word the Internet. The internet users are constantly searching for new
information – in the means of communication. The internet addiction provides a short-term
satisfaction, and the consequences are very unpleasant.
Keywords: educational crisis, addiction, leisure time.

138

�138

�</text>
                  </elementText>
                </elementTextContainer>
              </element>
            </elementContainer>
          </elementSet>
        </elementSetContainer>
      </file>
    </fileContainer>
    <elementSetContainer>
      <elementSet elementSetId="1">
        <name>Dublin Core</name>
        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
        <elementContainer>
          <element elementId="79">
            <name>Extent</name>
            <description>The size or duration of the resource.</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="6170">
                <text>2599</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="6171">
                <text>The Perception of Parents from the Area of the Northern Sandžak about the Child's Addiction to the Internet</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="96">
            <name>Author</name>
            <description>Author</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="6172">
                <text>ALJKOVIĆ KADRIĆ, Suada
OBRALIĆ, Tarik</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="94">
            <name>Abstract</name>
            <description>A summary of the resource.</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="6173">
                <text>The crisis of social values has resulted in the crisis of education which is directly related to the use of Internet as a modern addiction. The crisis of education is recognized in terms of an identity crisis at personal and national level. The responsibility for the failure of the education among children equally depends on many factors within the educational process of a child. Those factors vary starting from parents to the educational institution. The main cause of the educational crisis can be identified through a deficit of self-esteem. In most of the cases, failures occur due to the wrong time arrangement and neglecting of the basic needs of individuals, in another word the Internet. The internet users are constantly searching for new information – in the means of communication. The internet addiction provides a short-term satisfaction, and the consequences are very unpleasant.    Keywords: educational crisis, addiction, leisure time.     </text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="45">
            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="6174">
                <text>International Burch University</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="6175">
                <text>2014-04</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="97">
            <name>Keywords</name>
            <description>Keywords.</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="6176">
                <text>Article
PeerReviewed</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="43">
            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="6177">
                <text>ISSN 2303-4564     </text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
        </elementContainer>
      </elementSet>
    </elementSetContainer>
    <tagContainer>
      <tag tagId="6">
        <name>H Social Sciences (General)</name>
      </tag>
    </tagContainer>
  </item>
  <item itemId="766" public="1" featured="0">
    <fileContainer>
      <file fileId="864">
        <src>https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/c5470a4d656141b5cb89734ac590369b.docx</src>
        <authentication>a6dcdc25c97b14316743c2a6e39c566c</authentication>
      </file>
      <file fileId="865">
        <src>https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/ddc6d0e678544cd9cd696e48ab8ca986.pdf</src>
        <authentication>ea839ed891ac4bf3bae2a83bb2ea14ca</authentication>
        <elementSetContainer>
          <elementSet elementSetId="4">
            <name>PDF Text</name>
            <description/>
            <elementContainer>
              <element elementId="52">
                <name>Text</name>
                <description/>
                <elementTextContainer>
                  <elementText elementTextId="6187">
                    <text>Entrepreneurship: Analysis of the Literature
Dino Arnaut
International Burch University
Bosnia and Herzegovina
arnaut.dino@gmail.com
Uğur Ergün
International Burch University
Bosnia and Herzegovina
ugur.ergun@ibu.edu.ba

Abstract: Throughout the world, shifts in population demographics, technological modification,
fluctuating economies and alternative dynamic forces have transformed societies as never
before, bringing new challenges in addition to opportunities to the forefront. Among the
responses to those everyday shifting forces is an actual increase in stress on entrepreneurship by
governments, organizations and the general public. Entrepreneurship cannot be a panacea for it
all, but it can surely be part of the answer. Entrepreneurship is a very popular topic for the
researchers in almost every part of the world. This paper seeks to create a roadmap for the
entrepreneurship literature. This task is not easy since entrepreneurship itself is a multifarious
and complex social and economic phenomenon. This roadmap’s sole purpose is to highlight
aspects of entrepreneurship that can act as a guideline for policy makers to help them
understand the most important questions and issues, and to understand better the distinctions of
entrepreneurship in emerging markets from that in developed countries. This is critical in order
to develop private sector in developing countries. This paper examines recent empirical evidence
that systematically and collectively supports the claim that entrepreneurship cause important
economic benefits, such as economic development and growth.
Keywords: entrepreneurship, literature
development, economic growth.

review,

roadmap,

self-employment,

economic

165

�165

�</text>
                  </elementText>
                </elementTextContainer>
              </element>
            </elementContainer>
          </elementSet>
        </elementSetContainer>
      </file>
    </fileContainer>
    <elementSetContainer>
      <elementSet elementSetId="1">
        <name>Dublin Core</name>
        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
        <elementContainer>
          <element elementId="79">
            <name>Extent</name>
            <description>The size or duration of the resource.</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="6179">
                <text>2645</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="6180">
                <text>Entrepreneurship: Analysis of the Literature</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="96">
            <name>Author</name>
            <description>Author</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="6181">
                <text>ARNAUT, Dino
ERGUN, Ugur</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="94">
            <name>Abstract</name>
            <description>A summary of the resource.</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="6182">
                <text>Throughout the world, shifts in population demographics, technological modification, fluctuating economies and alternative dynamic forces have transformed societies as never before, bringing new challenges in addition to opportunities to the forefront. Among the responses to those everyday shifting forces is an actual increase in stress on entrepreneurship by governments, organizations and the general public. Entrepreneurship cannot be a panacea for it all, but it can surely be part of the answer. Entrepreneurship is a very popular topic for the researchers in almost every part of the world. This paper seeks to create a roadmap for the entrepreneurship literature. This task is not easy since entrepreneurship itself is a multifarious and complex social and economic phenomenon. This roadmap’s sole purpose is to highlight aspects of entrepreneurship that can act as a guideline for policy makers to help them understand the most important questions and issues, and to understand better the distinctions of entrepreneurship in emerging markets from that in developed countries. This is critical in order to develop private sector in developing countries. This paper examines recent empirical evidence that systematically and collectively supports the claim that entrepreneurship cause important economic benefits, such as economic development and growth.    Keywords: entrepreneurship, literature review, roadmap, self-employment, economic development, economic growth.  </text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="45">
            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="6183">
                <text>International Burch University</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="6184">
                <text>2014-04</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="97">
            <name>Keywords</name>
            <description>Keywords.</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="6185">
                <text>Article
PeerReviewed</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="43">
            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="6186">
                <text>ISSN 2303-4564     </text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
        </elementContainer>
      </elementSet>
    </elementSetContainer>
    <tagContainer>
      <tag tagId="6">
        <name>H Social Sciences (General)</name>
      </tag>
    </tagContainer>
  </item>
  <item itemId="767" public="1" featured="0">
    <fileContainer>
      <file fileId="866">
        <src>https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/9cbe193473e45d671361326a5ba52acc.docx</src>
        <authentication>4e82f2950313744ae8e32e454270453d</authentication>
      </file>
      <file fileId="867">
        <src>https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/f19bb527850dd781939b2edb616c8709.pdf</src>
        <authentication>7f31b831b68e52f957f279fc51c12fc8</authentication>
        <elementSetContainer>
          <elementSet elementSetId="4">
            <name>PDF Text</name>
            <description/>
            <elementContainer>
              <element elementId="52">
                <name>Text</name>
                <description/>
                <elementTextContainer>
                  <elementText elementTextId="6196">
                    <text>Credit Card Frauds in Banking
Tuğba Eyceyurt Batır
Ataturk University
Turkey
t.eyceyurt@hotmail.com

Abstract: This paper explores the credit card fraud and methods of it, and gives information
about what to do in case of encountering credit card fraud by chargeback topic. In light of this
information, the purpose of this paper is to enlighten credit card users and create awareness of
using a credit card. Some relevant and required data from some authorized organizations and
public enterprises are obtained, like: Association of Certified Fraud Examiners “ACFE”, The
Union of Credit Cards, Interbank Card Canter, Department of Anti-Smuggling and Organized
Crime and some special banks. By this data, it is given theoretical knowledge dealing with fraud
types and occurrence rates. Since the economic necessities of people increase, there are more
requirements to new meaning and tools of payment and nowadays credit cards are the most
important instrument of payment meeting this requirement. Increasing of banks’ kind of services
with developing technology not only brings benefits to people but also brings some risks. There
are some frauds that try to earn illegal money by using developing technology. But the
technology not only benefits fraud but also benefits to people who examine the fraud and it is
very easy to find out them with a careful examination.
In this paper it is studied on the types of credit card fraud such as, application fraud, lost –
stolen cards, account takeover, fake and counterfeit cards. Also it includes parts of gaining
information by taking reports and data from different and safe official sources. Besides that,
paper investigated about how often the occurrence of these methods. Nowadays, due to the fact
that frequency of using credit cards and online shopping is increased substantially, the cost of
frauds accrues. So, banks are more attentive and more careful as improving their struggle
methods. Banks’ auditing on time, the care of customer and contracted merchant will be useful
considerably while struggling against fraud.
Keywords: Banking, Credit card, Fraud, Chargeback.

117

�117

�</text>
                  </elementText>
                </elementTextContainer>
              </element>
            </elementContainer>
          </elementSet>
        </elementSetContainer>
      </file>
    </fileContainer>
    <elementSetContainer>
      <elementSet elementSetId="1">
        <name>Dublin Core</name>
        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
        <elementContainer>
          <element elementId="79">
            <name>Extent</name>
            <description>The size or duration of the resource.</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="6188">
                <text>2577</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="6189">
                <text>Credit Card Frauds in Banking</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="96">
            <name>Author</name>
            <description>Author</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="6190">
                <text>BATIR, Tugba Eyceyurt</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="94">
            <name>Abstract</name>
            <description>A summary of the resource.</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="6191">
                <text>This paper explores the credit card fraud and methods of it, and gives information about what to do in case of encountering credit card fraud by chargeback topic. In light of this information, the purpose of this paper is to enlighten credit card users and create awareness of using a credit card. Some relevant and required data from some authorized organizations and public enterprises are obtained, like: Association of Certified Fraud Examiners “ACFE”, The Union of Credit Cards, Interbank Card Canter, Department of Anti-Smuggling and Organized Crime and some special banks. By this data, it is given theoretical knowledge dealing with fraud types and occurrence rates. Since the economic necessities of people increase, there are more requirements to new meaning and tools of payment and nowadays credit cards are the most important instrument of payment meeting this requirement. Increasing of banks’ kind of services with developing technology not only brings benefits to people but also brings some risks. There are some frauds that try to earn illegal money by using developing technology. But the technology not only benefits fraud but also benefits to people who examine the fraud and it is very easy to find out them with a careful examination.  In this paper it is studied on the types of credit card fraud such as, application fraud, lost – stolen cards, account takeover, fake and counterfeit cards. Also it includes parts of gaining information by taking reports and data from different and safe official sources. Besides that, paper investigated about how often the occurrence of these methods. Nowadays, due to the fact that frequency of using credit cards and online shopping is increased substantially, the cost of frauds accrues. So, banks are more attentive and more careful as improving their struggle methods. Banks’ auditing on time, the care of customer and contracted merchant will be useful considerably while struggling against fraud.  Keywords: Banking, Credit card, Fraud, Chargeback.  </text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="45">
            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="6192">
                <text>International Burch University</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="6193">
                <text>2014-04</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="97">
            <name>Keywords</name>
            <description>Keywords.</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="6194">
                <text>Article
PeerReviewed</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="43">
            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="6195">
                <text>ISSN 2303-4564     </text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
        </elementContainer>
      </elementSet>
    </elementSetContainer>
    <tagContainer>
      <tag tagId="6">
        <name>H Social Sciences (General)</name>
      </tag>
    </tagContainer>
  </item>
  <item itemId="768" public="1" featured="0">
    <fileContainer>
      <file fileId="868">
        <src>https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/dedd2e8cf2d20e1aebe967189c852204.pdf</src>
        <authentication>4efaa716ced8b86c2158f523102ba772</authentication>
        <elementSetContainer>
          <elementSet elementSetId="4">
            <name>PDF Text</name>
            <description/>
            <elementContainer>
              <element elementId="52">
                <name>Text</name>
                <description/>
                <elementTextContainer>
                  <elementText elementTextId="6205">
                    <text>PREGLEDNI NAUČNI RAD

Od globalnih strukturalnih promjena ka novom
konceptu suvereniteta
From Global Structural Changes to a New
Concept of Sovereignty
Profesor Nedžad Bašić, PhD
Human Rights Conflict Prevention Centre
Pravni fakultet, Univerzitet u Bihaću
nedzad.basic@pravnifakultet.ba
Sažetak: Ekonomska globalizacija, koja po najraširenijem

odredjenju obuhvata globalno kretanje roba, usluga i kapitala, što
uvjetuje nove oblike i sadržine organizacije proizvodnje koja sve
više izrasta u novi oblik globalne proizvodnje za globalno tržište,
nije u mogućnosti u potpunosti odrediti suštinu fenomena postmoderne globalizacije. Ono što danas čini proces globalizacije
ekonomskim, političkim i kulturnim fenomenom jeste prije svega
rapidan rast komunikacija, rapidan rast mreže network sistema
globalnih institucija i rapidan rast participanata u globalnim
komunkacijama. U procesu globalizacije odvijaju se strukturalne
promjene u kojima država sve više gubi poziciju nužnog faktora
globalnog proizvodnog procesa, što izrasta u odredjujuću odrednicu
fenomena globalizacije krajem 20 stoljeća. Rast velikog broja
medjunarodnih vladinih organizacija (IGOs), medjunarodnih
nevladinih organizacija (INGOs), regionalnih organizacija (EU,
Pacific Asia, NAFTA), dramatičan rast MNCs i transnacionalnih
komercijalnih
banaka,
te
stalni
rast
medjusobnog
multidimenzionalnog i multipliciranog komuniciranja izmedju
ovih organizacija, korporacija i vlada država, vodi ka
„rekonfiguraciji političke moći“. Politička moć se sve vise difuzira, s
jedne strane, izmedju nacionalnog i subnacionalnog nivoa, dok s
druge strane, difuzija političke moći sve je evidentnija izmedju
nacionalne vlade i supranacionalnih institucija i organizacija. U
ovom divergentnom procesu „rekonfiguracije političke moći“, dolazi
i do sve izraženije transformacije moći države ka novim
kompleksnim formama upravljanja u globalnim kompleksnim
političkim procesima u kojima se koncept nacionalnog teritorijalnopolitičkog suvereniteta sve više transformira u koncept „globalnog
institucionalnog suvereniteta“.
Centar za društvena istraživanja | Godina 1 | Broj1

Ključne riječi: Globalne

strukturne promjene,
globalne sistemske mreže,
efekt prelijevanja,
direktna strana ulaganja,
geopolitički suverenitet,
globalna proizvodnja,
širenje državne vlasti,
dezagregacija države,
globalni institucionalni
suverenitet, globalni
sigurnosni problemi
Historija članka
Dostavljen: 20.08.2013.
Prihvaćen: 15.01.2014.

105

�Nedžad Bašić

Abstract: Global movement of goods, services and capital, that

causes the new forms of content and organization of production,
that is increasingly growing into a new form of “global production
for the global market”, is not able to fully define the essence of
phenomenon of globalization itself. What makes the process of
globalization is particularly rapid growth of communications, rapid
growth of global participants and rapid growth of network system of
global institutions. In the process of globalization, with a new form
of communication between the growing number of participants in
global relations, the structural changes taking place in which the
state is losing its global position of the necessary factors of global
production process. The growth of a large number of international
governmental organizations (IGOs), international nongovernmental organizations (INGOs), regional organizations (EU,
Asia Pacific, NAFTA), the dramatic growth of MNCs, and the
steady growth of mutual multidimensional and multiplication
communication between these organizations, creates a process to a
"reconfiguration of political power." Political power has been
increasingly disseminated, on the one side, between national and
sub-national level, while on the other hand, the diffusion of political
power is evident among national government and supranational
institutions and organizations. In this divergent process of
"reconfiguration of political power", the transformation of state’s
power has been turned up to a new complex forms of global
governance in a complex political process in which the concept of
national geo-political sovereignty has been increasingly transformed
into the concept of "global-institutional-sovereignty."

106

Keywords: Global

structural changes, global
network system, spillover
effect, foreign direct
investment, geopolitical
sovereignty, global
production, diffusion of
state power,
disaggregation of state,
global institutional
sovereignty, global
security issue
JEL Classification: K10,
K19, K40
Article History
Submitted: 20.08.2013.
Accepted: 15.01.2014.

Društveni ogledi - Časopis za pravnu teoriju i praksu

�Od globalnih strukturalnih promjena ka novom konceptu suvereniteta

UVOD
Kako razumjeti proces globalizacije, posljedice globalizacije i kako promatrati
odnose u savremenoj medjunarodnoj zajednici u eri globalizacije, središnja su pitanja za
studente medjunarodnih odnosa.
Globalizacije nije nov fenomen u razvoju ljudske zajednice. Ovo prije svega ako
se ima u vidu da se globalizacija, kako u stručnoj terminologiji tako i u svakodnevnim
komunikacijama, prvenstveno vezuje za razvoj medjunarodne trgovine, investicija,
razvoj svjetskog tržišta, medjunarodnog transporta i komunikacija, što zasigurno nisu
procesi novijeg datuma. 1 Ekonomska globalizacija, koja po najraširenijem odredjenju
obuhvata globalno kretanje roba, usluga i kapitala, što uvjetuje nove oblike i sadržine
organizacije proizvodnje koja sve više izrasta u novi oblik globalne proizvodnje za
globalno tržište, nije u mogućnosti u potpunosti odrediti suštinu fenomena postmoderne globalizacije čije se odredjenje nužno vezuje za novi oblik globalne
proizvodnje. 2 Ono što danas čini proces globalizacije ekonomskim, političkim,
ekološkim i kulturnim fenomenom jeste prije svega rapidan rast komunikacija, rapidan
rast network sistema globalnih institucija, rapidan rast participanata u globalnim
komunikacijama, te sve izraženije kreiranje proizvodnog procesa kao globalnog oblika
proizvodnje. 3

“Since the modern international trading system developed in the second half of the
nineteenth century, there have been three major phases of rapid growth in international trade
and investment…” (P. Hirst, “The Global Economy- Myths and Realities”, International
Affairs, 3/1997, p. 411).
2
J. Sachs, “International Economics”, “Unlocking the Mysteries of Globalization” Foreign
Policy, 110/1998, p. 218.
3
“The issue is not how old globalism is, but rather how ‘thin’ or ‘thick’ it is at any given
time. “’Thick’ relations of globalization…, involve many relationships that are intensive as
well as extensive: long distance flows that are large and continuous, effecting the lives of
many people. The operation of global financial markets today, for instance, effect people
from Peoria to Penang. Globalization is the process by which global become increasingly
thick…The degree of thickness of globalism may be giving rise to three changes not just in
degree but in kind: increased density of network, increased ‘institutional velocity’ and
increased transnational participation.” (R. O. Keohane and Joseph S. Nye Jr., “Globalization:
What’s New? What’s Not (And So What)”, Foreign Affairs, Spring 2000, p. 108).
1

Centar za društvena istraživanja | Godina 1 | Broj1

107

�Nedžad Bašić

Stvaranje velikih lokalnih, regionalnih i transnacionalnih network sistema koji
su medjusobno globalno interlinkirani preko različitih oblika komunikacija izmedju
pojedinaca, grupa i zajednica, počev od kulturnih, jezičkih, profesionalnih, pa sve do
vjerskih, kriminalnih, ekoloških i finacijskih, čini danas proces globalizacije intenzivnim
multidisciplinarnim ekonomskim, ekološkim, financijskim, političkim, i kulturnim
mozaikom komunikacija, u kojem se odvijaju procesi dramatične transformacije
medjunarodne zajednice. U procesu globalizacije, gdje novi (masivni) oblik
komunikacija izmedju sve većeg broja participanata u globalnim odnosima, odvijaju se
strukturalne promjene u kojima država sve više gubi poziciju nužnog faktora globalnog
proizvodnog procesa, što izrasta u centralnu odrednicu fenomena globalizacije krajem
20 stoljeća. 4 Rast velikog broja medjunarodnih vladinih organizacija (IGOs),
medjunarodnih nevladinih organizacija (INGOs), regionalnih organizacija (EU, Pacific
Asia, NAFTA), dramatičan rast
MNCs, te stalni rast medjusobnog
multidimenzionalnog i multipliciranog komuniciranja izmedju ovih organizacija,
korporacija i vlada država, vodi ka „rekonfiguraciji političke moći“. Politička moć se sve
vise difuzira, s jedne strane, izmedju nacionalnog i subnacionalnog nivoa, dok s druge
strane, difuzija političke moći sve je evidentnija izmedju nacionalne vlade i
supranacionalnih institucija i organizacija. U ovom divergentnom procesu
„rekonfiguracije političke moći“, dolazi i do sve izraženije transformacije moći države ka
novim kompleksnim formama upravljanja u globalnim procesima u kojima se koncept
nacionalnog teritorijalno-političkog suvereniteta sve više transformira u koncept
„globalnog funkcionalno institucionalnog suvereniteta“.

In both modern domestic political systems and the modern international system, the state
has been the key structural arena within which collective action has been situated and
undertaken, as well as exercising structural and relational power as an actor in its own right.
However, the state is being not only eroded but also fundamentally transformed within a
wider structural context. The international system is no longer simply a states system; rather
it is becoming increasingly characterized by a plural and composite - or what I have elsewhere
called "plurilateral" - structure.(1) This transformation has significant consequences for the
logic of collective action. The word "globalization" often is used to represent this process of
change. Globalization is neither uniform nor homogeneous; its boundaries are unclear and its
constituent elements and multidimensional character have not as yet been adequately
explored.(2) But by reshaping the structural context of rational choice itself, globalization
transforms the ways that the basic rules of the game work in politics and international
relations and alters the increasingly complex payoff matrices faced by actors in rationally
evaluating their options. (P. G. Cerny, "Globalization and the Changing Logic of Collective
Action," International Organization, Vol. 49, no. 4, Autumn 1995).
4

108

Društveni ogledi - Časopis za pravnu teoriju i praksu

�Od globalnih strukturalnih promjena ka novom konceptu suvereniteta

Proces globalizacije praćen je takodjer sa visokim frekvencijama vjerske,
socijalne i kulturne komunikacije, što kreira novi identitet i novi odnos pojedinca
prema kulturi, naciji, politici 5 što postupno stvara potrebu za novim globalnim
institucijama koje bi bile sposobne rekonstruirati postojeće globalne podjele i izvršiti
redistribuciju političke i ekonomske moći. 6
Otuda ovako široko odredjenje procesa globalizacije, koji se najčešće vezuje za
posljedice tehnološke revolucije, koja se posmatra kao proces mikro-ekonomskog
razvoja, zahvata i procese medjuzavisnosti izmedju država, koji se determiniraju kao
makro-politički proces, koji se odvija u komunkaciji izmedju država, multinacionalnih
korporacija i globalnih institucija i organizacija, kao odredjujućih subjekata suvremenih
medjunarodnih odnosa. Sa ovog aspekta odredjenja, proces „globalizacije“ ne bi se
mogao posmatrati isključivo u formi ekonomskih, već isto tako i u formi političkih,
kulturnih, ekoloških i vojnih globalnih komunikacija. 7
Sa rastom međuzavisnosti između nacionalnih država, MNCs,
međunarodnih monetarnih institucija, komercijalnih banaka i financijskih grupa,
suvremena globalizacija, koja je temeljena na tehnološkoj, ekonomskoj i
informatičkoj revoluciji, izrasta u sistemski odnos koji je sposoban proizvesti tzv.
"network effect", kreirajući novi lanac inovacija, kreiranje novih i širenje starih
ekonomskih, socijalnih, kulturnih i ekoloških veza međuzavisnosti u suvremenim
međunarodnim odnosima. Nemogućnost države da individualno i nezavisno od
R.O. Keohane, J.S.Nye Jr, p. 107.
"The global nexus of multinational corporations and international financial institutions has
accumulated vast power and influence at the expense of national capitalism and state agencies."
R. L. Heilbroner in M.l T. Klaire, “The New Challenges to Global Security”, Current
History, April 1993, p. 156).
7
« In one way or another, discussions of globalization usually highlight the question of
borders, i.e. the territorial demarcations of state jurisdictions, and associated issues of
governance, economy, identity and community. Around this theme of borders one can
distinguish three common understandings of the term 'globalization'. The first identifies
globalization as an increase of cross-border relations. The second treats globalization as an
increase of open-border relations. The third regards globalization as an increase of transborder relations. Although these three notions overlap, they also have qualitatively different
emphases. The third conception is the newest and offers the most distinctive and helpful
insight into contemporary world affairs. Subsequent sections of this article will therefore
build on the notion that globalization involves a growing transcendence of borders ». (J. A.
Scholte, “International Affairs” (Royal Institute of International Affairs” 1944) Vol. 73, No.
3, Globalization and International Relations (Jul., 1997), p. 427-452.
5
6

Centar za društvena istraživanja | Godina 1 | Broj1

109

�Nedžad Bašić

drugih participanata odgovori na brojne izazove koji proizvodi „network effect“ čini je
visoko motiviranom da uspostavlja odnose medjuzavisnosti sa drugim participantima u
globalnim odnosima, u cilju riješavanja sopstvenih izazova i problema.
"Network effekt" kreira novo globalno okruženje u kojem jedan događaj u
jednom mjestu sa jednom dimenzijom može imati katalizatorski efekat na ekonomske,
socijalne, kulturne ili vojne procese u drugim mjestima. 8 U isto vrijeme to može imati
kvalitetne implikacije na kreiranje međunarodnih režima /kao što su: General
Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, the International Monetary Fund, World Trade
Organisation –WTO, World Bank, UN, EU, / koji imaju veliki utjecaj na mogućnost
riješavanja problema od interesa za državu, a koje ona sama ne može riješiti, što ima
veliki efekat na dalji proces globalizacije. Ovaj odnos funkcionalne medjuzavisnosti
izmedju temeljnih interesa države, dakako samog njenog preživljavanja, i
supranacionalnih-globalnih institucija i organizacija, bez čega ne bi mogla biti riješavana
pitanja globalne financijske nestabilnosti, trgovine, nejednakosti, siromaštva, gladi, ili
zaštite okoliša kao i globalne zaštite prava čovjeka, čini jedan od temeljnih pokretača
procesa globalizacije, koji se sve više determinira u fokusu temeljnih preduvjeta opstanka
čovječanstva.
Stvaranje globalnog, otvorenog i istovremeno kontroliranog tržišta kroz
proces globalizacije, vodi koordiniranom stvaranju transnacionalnih normi
međunarodne birokratije, koje se stvaraju u okviru medjunarodnih organizacija i
institucija: Međunarodnog monetarnog fonda /International Monetary Fund -IMF/,
Evropske unije /EU/, Svjetske trgovinske organizacije /World Trade Organisation,
WTO/, Svjetske banke (World Bank) i dr. Ovi globalni standardi i norme sve više
bivaju prihvaćene od strane države čak kada su i u suprotnosti sa njenim
kratkoročnim nacionalnim interesima. 9 Država više nije u mogućnosti da obezbjedi
sama sopstveno preživljavanje. Poseban vid globalizacije ostvaruje se kroz stvaranje
tzv. industrijskih saveza /Industrial Alliances/ koji nude veću sposobnost pristupa
potrebnim informacijama ili tehnologijama koje su nepristupačne na nacionalnom
nivou.
Kroz ekonomsku, tehnološku, kulturnu i normativnu globalizaciju stvara se
novi međunarodni poredak, koji traži novi koncept preživljavanja države, dakako i
novi koncept suvereniteta države.

8
9

R.O. Keohane, J.S.Nye Jr, p. 109.
A. M. Slaughter, “The Real New Order”, Foreign Affairs, November/December, 1997.

110

Društveni ogledi - Časopis za pravnu teoriju i praksu

�Od globalnih strukturalnih promjena ka novom konceptu suvereniteta

Globalne strukturalne promjene i globalna struktura međuzavisnosti
Profiliranje znanja kroz sistematsko mobiliziranje znanstvenog istraživanja koje
je podržano od strane države za specifične, prije svega, za vojne namjene, bilo je vukuća
snaga tehnološkog i ekonomskog razvoja međunarodne zajednice u 20. stoljeću.
Promjene na tehnološkom i ekonomskom planu vidno su utjecale i na strukturu
političkih procesa i političkih odnosa u međunarodnoj zajednici krajem prošlog stoljeća.
U novoj svjetskoj ekonomiji međuzavisnost između članica međunarodne zajednice
poprima novu strukturu i novu sadržinu. Neo-kolonijalizam kao oblik inkorporacije
nerazvijenih zemalja u međunarodnu zajednicu ustupa mjesto globalnoj proizvodnji,
međunarodnom tržištu, trgovini i međunarodnim financijama kroz čije mehanizme
dolazi do novog oblika međuzavisnosti na globalnoj razini. Zahvaljujući ovim novim
mehanizmima globalizacije i najsiromašnije zemlje svijeta aktivno su uključene u
globalni sistem financija, trgovine i proizvodnje kao partneri na svjetskom tržištu.
Uključivanjem ovih zemalja u proces globalizacije otvaraju se nove mogućnosti rasta i
razvoja siromašnih zemalja ali isto tako i nove, rafinirane, metode marginaliziranja
siromašnih, te proširivanje jaza između siromašnih i bogatih. 10
Implementacijom novih tehnologija i novih tehnoloških procesa od strane
MNCs dolazi do suštinskih promjena u investicionoj politici, trgovini i politici
planiranja i razvoja. Novi tehnološki razvoj, prije svega razvoj mikroelektronskih
sistema, otvara tendencije ka nižim osnovnim investicijama, obezbjeđuje maksimalne
uštede repromaterijala, odnosno sirovina, pojednostavljuje mehanizam kontrole rada,
smanjuje učešće živog rada, skraćuje prazan hod tehnoloških postrojenja, obezbjedjuje
kraći period reprogramiranja proizvodnje što skraćuje period specijalizacije i povećava
fleksibilnost proizvodnog procesa, čime se omogućuje proizvodnja u manjim serijama i
time obezbjeđuje stabilnost kvalitete proizvoda i njihove prilagodljivosti potrošačkim
zahtjevima. 11

Dugoročni trendovi razvoja pokazuju da se gap izmedju najrazvijenijih i najsiromašnijih nacija
produbljuje geometrijskom progresijom. U 1820. odnos izmedju ovih zemalja iznosio je 3:1, u
1913. odnos je bio 11:1, u 1950. taj odnos je dosegao 35:1, da bi samo za narednih 13 godina
iznosio 35:1., a 1992. odnos izmedju najbogatijih i najiromašniji bio je 72:1 sa tendencijom
daljeg produbljavanja. (1999 Human Development Report, United Nations Development
Programme). See also in J. Sachs, Internacional Economics: “Unlocking the Mysteries of
Globalisation”, Foreign Policy 110/1998, reprinted in P. O'Meara at all, “Globalisation and
the Challenges of a New Century”, Indiana University Press, 2000, p. 217).
11
R. Kaplinski, “Micro-Electronic and the Third World”, Radical Science Journal, 55/1981.
10

Centar za društvena istraživanja | Godina 1 | Broj1

111

�Nedžad Bašić

Kroz ove promjene koje su rezultat tehnološkog razvoja i djelovanja MNCs,
kao određujućih oblika organizacije i upravljanja globalnim proizvodnim procesima,
uspostavlja se nova struktura odnosa između razvijenih i nerazvijenih zemalja, kao i
nova struktura odnosa izmedju rada i kapitala. U uvjetima kada su visokorazvijene
zemlje obezbijedile viši stupanj tehnološke prednosti ispred nerazvijenih zemalja,
strategija “liberalne ekonomije“ sa ograničenjem slobodne konkurencije na globalnom
tržištu izrasta u novi mehanizam produbljavanja gapa između ove dvije grupe zemalja.
U uvjetima globalne proizvodnje, položaju regije u kojoj se nalazi data zemlja, kao i
historijski background razvoja te države, sve više dolazi do izražaja u kreiranju novog
kompleksa nejednakog razvoja medjunarodne zajednice. 12 Opći ekonomski rast bilježi
se i u razvijenim i u nerazvijenim zemljama, sa različitom indeksom rasta zavisno o kojoj
se regiji radi, što izrasta u poseban fenomen globalizacije. Ovaj fenomen različitog
regionalnog indeksa rasta radja nove protivuriječnosti i uvodi svijet u nove još uvijek
nerješive ekonomske, a odatle i u političke, kulturne i socijalne globalne probleme. 13
U procesu globalizacije odnosi izmedju razvijenih i nerazvijenih sve se više
pomjeraju od odnosa u trgovini ka odnosima u proizvodnji, sa čime se i suštinski
mijenja i sam odnos izmedju razvijenih i nerazvijenih zemalja. U novom globalnom
obliku proizvodnje odnos izmedju proizvodjača i potrošača je stubokom promjenjen.
Globalni oblik proizvodnje nužno traži i obezbjedjenje novog oblika globalne potrošnje,
što opet ima za pretpostavku obezbjedjenje nove potrošačke kulture što zahtjeva višu
kupovnu moć potrošača, što traži i novi, dakako, viši životni standard i potrošača u
nerazvijenim, perifernim zemljama, odnosno regijama. Traži se nova sadržina
U 1820. godini gap izmedju najbogatije i najsiromasnije ekonomije u svijetu iznosio 4:1, dok
je u 1998. godini taj gap je iznosio čak 20:1.
13
The crucial puzzle for understanding today’s vast inequalities, therefore, is to understand
why different regions of the world have grown at different rates during the period of modern
economic growth. Every region began the period in extreme poverty. Only one sixth of the
world’s population achieved high-income status through consistent economic growth.
Another two thirds have risen to middle-income status with more modest rates of economic
growth. One sixth of humanity is stuck in extreme poverty, with very low rates of economic
growth during the whole period. First we must understand why growth rates differ over long
periods of time so that we can identify the key ways to rise economic growth in today’s
lagging regions…The key fact of modern times is not the transfer of income from one region
to another, by force or otherwise, but rather the overall increase in world income, but at
different rate in different regions”. (J. Sachs,2005, “The End of Poverty”, Penguin Books, p.
30-31).
12

112

Društveni ogledi - Časopis za pravnu teoriju i praksu

�Od globalnih strukturalnih promjena ka novom konceptu suvereniteta

obrazovanja, traži se novi državni welfare sistem u perifernim zemljama, stvara se novi
socio-kulturni identitet koji nije više isključivo fiksiran za lokalni sistem vrijednosti i
tradicionalne potrošačke navike. Svijet postaje sve više funkcionalno medjuzavisniji.
Efekt globalne proizvodnje dramatično transformira lokalnog perifernog potrošača u
veoma značajnog partnera u globalnom procesu proizvodnje.
Razvoj novih tehnologija znatno je podigao značaj intra-korporacijske suradnje
posebno u mikroelektronici, kompjuterskoj industriji, telekomunikacijama,
biotehnologiji, hemiji.., što je vodilo brzom rastu disperzivnosti proizvodnje u svjetskim
razmjerama. Tarifne barijere bile su uklonjene, što je omogućilo dramatičan rast
trgovine i stranih direktnih investicija. Tržišni ugovori i sporazumi kojima se je stvarala
globalna zona slobodne trgovine vodili su globalnoj deregulaciji i privatizacije.
Brzi razvoj transporta, komunikacija i informatike učinio je mogućim
organizirati i koordinirati različite proizvodne procese i obezbijediti proces donošenja
odluka na velikim geografskim distancama, što je omogućilo separiranje procesa
donošenja odluka od procesa same proizvodnje, što je stimuliralo rapidan rast stranih
direktnih investicija. Kroz globalizaciju proizvodnje u formi stvaranja velikih network
sistema između različitih institucija, država i MNCs, otvorene su velike mogućnosti za
tehnološke inovacije koje su vodile kreiranju novih proizvoda, smanjujući pritom rizik i
poteškoće koje su povezane sa ulaganjima u sektor istraživanja i razvoja (R&amp;D) 14
Moćan razvoj novih znanja i novih tehnologije dramatično je uticao na razvoj
transporta i komunikacija, te na dramatično smanjenje cijena transporta i komunikacija,
s jedne strane, te na kontroliranu liberalizaciju ekonomske politike, s druge strane. 15
Zahvaljujući brzoj globalizaciji proizvodnje, trgovine i financija, cijena izolacije
iz ovih procesa drastično raste i svaka zemlja koja izostane van ove globalne mreže biva
suočena sa smrtnom opasnošću za svoj opstanak sa katastrofičnim posljedicama po
sigurnosno pitanje. Prijetnja negativnim posljedicama u slučaju izostanka iz globalne
integracije drastično je utjecala na politiku države, sve više prisiljavajući državu da
S. G. Brooks and W. C. Wohlforth, “Power, Globalization, and the End of the Cold
War”, International Security, vol. 25,
3/ 2000, p. 35-36.
15
“Cijena triminutnog telefonskog razgovora između Njujorka i Londona pala je sa $250 u
1930. godini na svega nekoliko centi u 2001. Broj telefonskih linija preko Atlantika povećan je sa
100.000 u 1986. godini, na više od 2 miliona linija u 2001. Broj internet provajdera povećan je
sa 5.000 u 1986. na preko 30 miliona u 2001”. (M. Wolf, “Will the Nation-State Survive
Globalisation?”, Foreign Affairs, January-February 2001, p. 182).
14

Centar za društvena istraživanja | Godina 1 | Broj1

113

�Nedžad Bašić

izbjegava politiku izolacionizma, što će u uvjetima velike tehnološke diskrapance
izmedju razvijenih i nerazvijenih zemalja otvoriti nove političke probleme. 16
U odgovoru na izazove globalizacije, nacionalne države nastoje obezbijediti šire
mogućnosti kooperiranja sa MNCs, prije svega nastojeći privući strane direktne
investicije, obezbijediti bolje uvjete za zajednička ulaganja domaćih sa stranim
firmama /joint ventures/, obezbijediti druge komparativne prednosti, te biti što
intenzivnije uključene u globalne tržišne i financijske tokove.
Kako proces globalizacije istovremeno podrazumijeva značajno jačanje
globalnih, regionalnih ili bilateralnih ugovora kojima se regulira trgovinskoinvesticiona politika, poreska politika, pravo intelektualne svojine, strana investiciona
ulaganja, uključivanje države u proces globalizacije ima značenje i reduciranja
tradicionalne regulatorne-normativne moći same države, što će se značajno odraziti
na političkom i socijalnom planu.

Promjena funkcije države u sistemu strukturalnih promjena
U modernoj proizvodnji značaj zemljišta kao faktora proizvodnje u
poređenju sa značajem mobilnosti kapitala, mobilnosti rada i razvojem informacija,
znatno opada. Sa direktnim investicijama, mobilnost kapitala značajno supstituira
mobilnost dobara. Dosežući šira tržišta sa većim absorbcionim mogućnostima na
kojima fluktuira jeftina i više kvalificirana radna snaga, MNCs u mogućnosti su
obezbijediti proizvodnu mrežu bez političke kontrole dijela stranog teritorija, što
nacionalna država nije u mogućnosti obezbijediti, što njenu moć u poređenju sa
MNCs znatno dovodi u pitanje. 17 Međuzavisnost i globalizacija promijenili su i
“But if historical experience demonstrates anything, it is that integration is not
technologically determined. If it were, integration would have gone smoothly forward over
the past two centuries. On the contrary, despite continued falls in the costs of transportation
and communications in the firs half of the twentieth century, integration actually reversed
course. Policy, not technology, has determined and extend and pace of international
economic integration. If transport and communications innovations were moving toward
global economic integration throughout the last century and a half, policy was not – and that
made all the difference. For this reason, the growth in the potential for economic integration
has greatly outpaced the growth of integration itself since the late nineteenth century.
Globalization has much further to run, if it is allowed to do so.” (Ibid).
17
“The transnational company is not totally beyond the control of national government. It
must adapt to them. But these adaptions are exceptions to policies and practices decided on
for worldwide markets and technologies. Successful transnational companies see themselves
16

114

Društveni ogledi - Časopis za pravnu teoriju i praksu

�Od globalnih strukturalnih promjena ka novom konceptu suvereniteta

strategiju preživljavanja nacionalne države. Vojni konflikti između država sve
više se supstituiraju drugom vrstom konflikata koji su sve više determinirani
ekonomskim integracionim procesima čiji su nosioci MNCs. Ekonomska
integracija sve više supstituira ratni konflikt izmedju država sa čime se sve više
ističe nužnost integriranja ekonomskih i vojnih struktura-sistema države. 18
Sa opadanjem tradicionalne moći države, sa sve izraženijim rastom moći
multinacionalnih kompanija, medjunarodnih institucija i medjunarodnih
financijskih grupa, postupno se u pitanje dovodi i sam međunarodni sistem, čiji
ugaoni kamen čine suverene države/nacije, što nužno zahtijeva i nov teoretski
koncept suvereniteta države. Promjena strukture globalne proizvodnje značajno je
utjecala na kulturni i civilizacijski identitet i strateško ponašanje učesnika u
međunarodnim odnosima što će značajno utjecati na dramatičnu promjenu odnosa
između država, posebno odnosa između velikih sila, kao i na promjenu odnosa
između države i pojedinca.
Sa promjenom faktora proizvodnje i ekonomski elementi nacionalne
sigurnosti postupno su se mijenjali. Geo-politički koncept sigurnosti biva postupno
supstituiran sa novim tržišno-tehnološkim konceptom sigurnosti u kojem D-ram

as a separate, national entities. This self-perception is evidenced by something unthinkable a
few decades ago: a transnational top management. The world’s best-known management
consulting firm, McKinsey &amp; Co., for instance, through headquartered in New York, is
headed by Indian. And for many years the number two man at Citibank, the only big
commercial bank that has gone transnational, was Chinese. The U.S. government is trying to
counteract this trend by extending American legal concepts and legislation beyond its shores.
It is doing so with respect to antitrust laws, and almoust uniqualy American concept. It is
also trying to rein in transnational companies through America laws covering torts, product
liability, and corruption. And America goes to battle against transnational companies through
economic sanctions against Cuba and Iraq. Although the United States is still the world’s
largest economic power – and likely to remain so for many years – the attempt to mold the
world economy to American moral, legal, and economic concepts is futile. In a global
economy in which major players can emerge almost overnight, there can be no dominant
economic power.” (P. F. Drucker, “The Global Economy and the Nation-State”, Foreign
Affairs, September-October 1997, vol. 76. no. 5, p. 168-169).
18
R. Rosecrance, “Economic and National Security: The Evolutionary Process”, p. 209-210,
in Security Studies for the 21st Century, 1997.
Centar za društvena istraživanja | Godina 1 | Broj1

115

�Nedžad Bašić

memory chip i microprocessor imaju određujuću ulogu što proces proizvodnje i
sigurnosno pitanje dovodi u visok stupanj međuzavisnosti. 19
Mada nacionalna država i dalje ostaje glavnim međunarodnim akterom u
procesu globalizacije, njen kapacitet obezbijediti uvjete sopstvenog preživljavanja nije
više toliko determiniran posjedovanjem vojne sile i moći kao što je to bilo ne tako
davno. Sa dobijanjem kontrole nad ekonomijom, MNCs postupno potiskuju državu
kao dominantnu silu u međunarodnim ekonomskim odnosima, 20 namećući novi model
globalnih odnosa 21 u kojima se one pojavljuju kao samostalni pregovarački partneri ili
By changing factor of production economic elements of national security has been also
gradually shifted Geopolitics pattern of security issue being replaced with new pattern of security
in which D-ram memory chips, flat panel screens, microprocessors, CAD/CAM capabilities play
principal role that make high level of interdependence between production and security matter.
“Computers and computers components – processing units, memory, storage devices – continue
to climb in performance while dropping in price; as they do so, they are driving a revolution in
how people world-wide live, work – and make war. For cellular communications and powerful
laptop computers are not just a convenience for fast moving people – they can also form the
backbone of, for example, a highly redundant and robust mobile military command-control
system. Technologically, the for the coming years is `diffusion`. As commercial needs and
standards increasingly dominate, dual-use technology – technology with both civilian and
military applications - will proliferate widely with important security implications. This will true
on the large scale – where pharmaceutical know-how can be equally applicable to chemical
weapons or aspirin, bio warfare toxin or antibiotics – and the small – where the realtor`s cellular
modem becomes the terrorist`s remote detonator. (Z. Khalilzad and I. O. Lesser (eds),
“Sources of Conflict in the 21st Century, Project AIR Force”, Rand, 1998, p. 21).
20
“These firms often have attractive assets that native once lack. They may have command of
batter technology and therefore are more likely to gain and keep market shares – and also to give
employment to local citizens. They may have batter access to capital, and they may have
established distribution systems giving them instant access to foreign customers – and there fore
to foreign exchange if they will step up a local production plant….The results of competition
between states is an ongoing process of state/firm bargaining in which governments may often
offer grater inducements, waive more rules and demands, to a foreign firm to enter its territory
than it will to a native one to stay.The native firm, finding its market share eaten away by foreign
competition , may scream for protection.” (S. Strange, “The Defective State”, “What Future for
the State”, Deadalus, Vol. 124, .2/1995, p. 59-60).
21
“Perhaps the most important is that the nature of the competition between states in the
international system has fundamentally changed. The second proposition is largely
consequential: as the form of competition between states has been changed, so have their
nature and their behavior towards one another. The third proposition, which is hardly new
of original, is that authority over society and economy is undergoing another period of
19

116

Društveni ogledi - Časopis za pravnu teoriju i praksu

�Od globalnih strukturalnih promjena ka novom konceptu suvereniteta

kao moćni saveznici država u pregovorima. 22 Sa sve izraženijim pomjeranjem moći od
vojno-političke strukture nacije-države ka tržišnoj tehnološko-ekonomskoj
transnacionalnoj strukturi, mjenja se i sama priroda moći. U novom globalnom
okruženju struktura moći sve više apsorbira sposobnost globalne, prevashodno
znanstvene, tehnološke, ekonomske i komercijalne komunikacije, što ne čini vojni
potencijal nacije-države beznačajnim, ali ga u svakom slučaju čini manje sposobnim da
uspješno realizira interese nacije-države u novom globalnom okruženju u kojem se
pojavljuju brojni novi i moćni akteri.
Proces globalizacije dramatično utiče na promjene prirode same moći, čija
akumulacija nužno zahtjeva nove oblike djelovanja države-nacije, što vodi promjeni
prirode same države, te promjeni sadržine i oblik komunikacija izmedju država-nacija i
novog globalnog oblika reprodukcije i moćnih aktera u globalnim procesima. 23
diffusion, after two or three centuries in which it become increasingly centralized in the
institution of the state. The three propositions together suggest two quite important
conclusions. One, based on tacit premises about the state as the most important unit of
analysis, is that much of Western social science is obsolescent, if not quite out-of-date. The
second – the good news – is that the three propositions may offer the basis for a Cartesian
synthesis of opposed paradigms in international studies, a synthesis which could resolve, a
long last, a jejune dialogue of the deaf between apparently incompatible schools of though
about international relations that has bedeviled academic discussion – and puzzled a great
many student- for most of latter half of the twentieth century- (Ibid, p. 55).
22
``When I say that the nature of the competition between states has fundamentally
changed, I mean that in the past states competed for control over territory and the wealthcreating resources within territories, whether natural or man-created. Now there are
increasingly competing for market shares in the world economy. In this competition,
territory is no longer the main basis for health-creation, no more than the amount of land in
cultivation determines the value-added output of an agricultural enterprise. Resources –
water, minerals, forests, etc. – may be in asset in competition for market shares, just as the
luck of them may be a constraint and a handicap… And when I say that as direct
consequence of this largely economic competition, the nature of state and their behavior has
changed, I mean that industrial policy and trade policy are becoming more important than
defense and foreign policy.`` (Ibid, p. 55-56).
23
“The reasons suggested here – the accelerating rate of scientific discovery and technological
change; the shift from land, labour, and capital (in that order of importance) as the key
factors of production to capital, information, and energy; and the shift from production for
local and national markets to worldwide markets – were structural changes. Just how these
structural changes have undermined the authority and ultimately, I believe, the legitimacy of
the state can be summarized in three major hypothesis, and one minor one. The first major
hypothesis is that there has been a great increase in the asymmetries of state authority. In
Centar za društvena istraživanja | Godina 1 | Broj1

117

�Nedžad Bašić

Sam proces globalizacije po svojoj prirodi inherentno insistira na snaženju
globalnih aspekata djelovanja države kako bi država mogla uspješno pratiti nove
zahtjeve globaliziranog oblika proizvodnje. Kako je sama priroda djelovanja države
prirodno ograničena egzistencijom drugih suverenih država sve se urgentnije iskazuje
potreba za postojanjem neke vrste globalne vlade, koja bi mogla kreirati i
inaugurirati globalna pravila koja bi mogla da reguliraju sve izraženije globalne
zahtjeve novog oblika proizvodnje.
Modeliranje globalne vlade suočavalo je medjunarodnu zajednicu sa nekoliko
krucijelnih problema, na koje nije bilo odgovora. Prije svega postavljalo se je pitanje
odnosa izmedju globalne vlade i individualnih sloboda, pitanje opstanka kulturnog i
političkog identiteta brojnih kulturnih i političkih zajednica (država) i njihovog daljeg
komuniciranja sa globalnom vladom, te pitanje principa donošenja odluka na
supranacionalnoj razini od strane globalne vlade. U ovim pitanjima bile su
koncentrirane sve protivurječnosti koje su proisticale iz globalnih strukturalnih
promjena. S jedne strane, nužnost inauguriranja globalno-centraliziranog sistema
donošenja odluka, a s druge strane, nemogućnost uspostavljanja i funkcioniranja takvog
centraliziranog globalnog sistema. 24
Traženje rješenja za ovu centralnu dilemu globalizacije vodilo je u dva pravca.
U jednom pravcu bile su koncentrirane ideje koje su tržile rješenje ove dileme u
„network sistemu“ koji bi se kreirao u interakcijskom odnosu izmedju vlada država,
MNCs i globalnih nevladinih organizacija (NGO) i globalnih institucija. Ovaj model
„transnacionalnog network sistema“ susreo se je sa problemom „demokratskog
other words, while the US government may have suffered some loss of authority, the loss has
been to the markets, not to other states; whereas, for the other states, their vulnerability not
only to the forces of world markets but also to the greater global reach of US authority has
markedly increased. The second hypothesis is that some authority over less politically
sensitive issues has shifted from national states to international authorities of various kinds,
both interstate institutions and private and commercial organizations. There has been, one
could say, an ‘upward’ shift of authority as well as the first ‘sideways’ one. The minor
hypothesis – not so universally experienced – is that there has been in many states a
‘downward’ shift of authority, from central authority to local and regional authority. And the
third major hypothesis is that, as result mainly of the integration of the world economy, in
finance, transport, and communication, as well as production, there are some important
responsibilities of political authority that no one in a system of territorially defined states is in
a position fully to discharge”. (Ibid, p. 63).
24
A.M. Sloughter, p. 8.
118

Društveni ogledi - Časopis za pravnu teoriju i praksu

�Od globalnih strukturalnih promjena ka novom konceptu suvereniteta

legitimiteta“ i odsustva „koncepta odgovornosti“, što je ostavljalo otvorenim pitanje
djelovanja globalnih institucija i MNCs u konteksta njihovih profitibilnih interesa, što
nije garantiralo efektnost riješavanja zajedničkih globalnih problema.
U drugom pravcu bile su koncentrirane ideje koje su u prvi plan stavljale
stvaranje novog globalnog „network sistema“ kroz frekventne interakcije izmedju
nacionalnih i subnacionalnih medjusobno korespondirajućih institucija nacija-država,
što bi omogućilo da ovaj „globalni network sistem“ razvije sopstvenu autonomiju,
odgovornost i identitet svoga djelovanja u različitim segmentima globalnih odnosa,
ostvarujući pritom frekventne interakcije sa drugim subjektima globalnih odnosa
(NGOs, MNCs, globalnih komercijalnih banaka i sl.), djelujući kao neka vrsta
„globalnog network sistema“ gdje proces donošenja odluka ne bi bio centraliziran i ne bi
bio praćen prisilnom komponentom, a čija bi autentičnost i odgovornost proisticala iz
njihove unutarnje nacionalne legitimnosti. 25 Nova priroda moći i uspostavljanje ovog
„globalnog network sistema“ vodi sve izraženijoj horizontalnoj i vertikalnoj difuziji,
odnosno disagregaciji nacije-države. Ovaj proces difuzije-disagregacije države ne čini
državu manje ili više moćnom, manje ili više značajnim subjektom globalnih odnosa,
niti pak vodi definitivnom nestajanju države-nacije iz globalnih procesa. 26 Medjutim,
ono čemu ovaj proces vodi je promjena prirode djelovanja države, koja više ne može da
djeluje kao unitarna država u globalnim odnosima sa prerogativima klasičnog koncepta
državne suverenosti.
Promjena prirode moći i promjena prirode djelovanja države na globalnoj ravni
vodi kreiranju novog „svjetskog poretka“ kao sistema globalnog odlučivanja u kojem se
kroz proces disagregacije i difuzije moći nacionalne države i drugih participanata
medjunarodnih odnosa obezbjedjuje novi globalni network, kroz čije se funkcioniranje

“Government network can help address the governance tri-lemma, offering a flexible and
relatively fast way to conduct the business of global governance, coordinating and even
harmonizing national government action while initiating and monitoring different solutions
to global problems. Yet they are decentralized and dispersed, incapable of exercising
centralized coercive authority. Further, they are government actors. They can interact with a
wide range of NGOs, civic and corporate, but their responsibilities and constituencies are far
brooder. These constituencies should be able to devise ways to hold them accountable, at last
to the same extent that they are accountable for their purely domestic activity”. (Ibid, p. 11).
26
F. Fukuyama, “State Building – Governance and World Order in the 21st Century”,
Cornell University Press, Ithaca. New York. 2004.
25

Centar za društvena istraživanja | Godina 1 | Broj1

119

�Nedžad Bašić

obezbjedjuje mogućnost dosezanja minimuma standarda zajedničkog preživljavanja i
prosperiteta čovječanstva. 27

Pad i uspon moći nacije-države
Promjena prirode mobilnost rada, kapitala, novog sistema znanja i
informacija čini suvremenu nacionalnu državu nemoćnom da potpuno kontrolira
ove mobilne faktore proizvodnje, što ima određujući utjecaj na difuziju moći
nacionalne države u suvremenim svjetskim odnosima. 28
Sa sposobnošću da efektnije kontroliraju transfer tehnologija, monetarnu i
financijsku politiku, multinacionalne korporacije, velike komercijalne banke,
globalne institucije te moćni javni mediji, koji su sposobne proizvesti i kontrolirati
promjene u procesu proizvodnje, globalnih financija i globalnih političkih procesa, 29
“A disaggregated world order would be a world latticed by countless government networks.
These would include horizontal networks and vertical networks- networks for collecting and
sharing information of all kinds, for policy coordination, for enforcement cooperation, for
technical assistance and training, perhaps for ultimately for rule making. They would be
bilateral, multilateral, regional or global. Taken together, they would provide the skeleton or
infrastructure for global governance.” (A.M. Sloughter, p. 15-16).
28
“Although current capital mobility has precedents from the pre-World War I era, the
composition of capital flows has changed. Short-term capital today is more mobile than ever
before. Moreover, long-term flows now are somewhat differently constituted than in the
earlier period. Investment in the early twentieth century took the form of tangible assets
rather than intangible ones. Portfolio flows predominated over direct investment in the
earlier period (that trend has been reversed since World War II); within portfolios, stocks
have increased in relative importance to roughly equal bonds today. And finally, before 1914,
direct investment was undertaken largely by companies investing in mining and
transportation, whereas today multinational companies predominate, with a large proportion
of their investment in service.” (M. Wolf, p. 180).
29
«Control of money, credit, and fiscal policy was one of the three pilars on which Jean
Bodin, the briliant Franch lawyer who coined the term sovereignty, set the nation-state in his
1576 Six Books of the Republic. It has never been study pillar. By the late 19 century the
dominant currency was no longer state-minted coins or state-printed bank notes, but credit
created by fast –growing privately controlled commercial banks. The nation-state countered
with central bank. By 1912, when United States established the Federal Reserve System,
every nation-state had its own central bank to control the commercial banks and their credit.
But throughout the nineteenth century, one nation /state after another put itself /or was put/,
under the control of the nonnational gold standard, which impose strict limits on the
27

120

Društveni ogledi - Časopis za pravnu teoriju i praksu

�Od globalnih strukturalnih promjena ka novom konceptu suvereniteta

sve značajnije zauzimaju poziciju pregovaračkog partnera sa nacionalnim državama
sa čime se međunarodni /međudržavni/ odnosi sve više transformiraju u svjetske
odnose, u kojima država gubi klasičnu moć utjecaja i samostalnog donošenja odluka.
Ekonomska moć MNCs sve više supstituira moć nacionalne države da
kontrolira i utiče na nacionalni kapital sa čime se relevantnost nacionalne države na
ekonomskom i financijskom polju dramatično mijenja. 30 Ekonomska moć
multinacionalnih korporacija i velikih komercijalnih banaka, koje prate poslovanje
multinacionalnih korporacija, sve više potiskuje odredjujuću ulogu nacionalne države
u globalnim ekonomskim i financijskim odnosima. Imajući u vidu ogromnu
količinu novca koji cirkulira na svjetskim deviznim tržištima, 31 država više nije u
mogućnosti da samostalno obezbjedjuje sopstveno snadbijevanje novcem, da
kontrolira svoju deviznu i kamatnu politiku. Zahvaljujući visokom stupnju
mobilnosti kapitala i radne snage, veliki procent biznisa i trgovine danas se odvija
unutar i izmedju velikih MNCs i nalazi se van domašaja kontrole države.
Moć koju ostvaruju na ekonomskom i financijskom planu pojačava rast
političke moći MNCs što otvara šire okvire novog oblika konflikta između rada i
kapitala. Rastuća moć MNCs sve više potiskuje međudržavne ka međukorporacijskodržavnim odnosima, što otvara novi vid konflikta koji sve više izrasta u konflikt
između procesa, koji se odvijaju unutar i između MNCs (proces intranacionalizacije i
transnacionalizacije kapitala), i političkih procesa, koji se odvijaju između država, još
uvijek značajnih subjekata međunarodnih političkih odnosa. Ovaj konflikt između
country’s money and fiscal policies. And the gold exchange standard, established in the
Bretton Woods agreements after World War II, while a good deal more flexible than the preWorld War I gold standard, still did not give individual countries full monetary fiscal
sovereignty…” (P. Drucker, p. 160).
30
“While the hope that governments will practice self-discipline is fantasy, the global
economy impose new and more severe restraints on government. It is forcing government to
back into fiscal responsibility. Floating exchange rates have created extreme currency
instability, which in turn has created an enormous mass of “world money”. This money has
no existence outside the global economy and its main money markets. It is not being created
by economic activities like investement, production, consumption, or trade. It is created
primarily by currency trading. It fits none of the traditional definitions of money, whether
standard of measurement, storage of value, or medium of exchange. It is totally anonymous.
It is virtual rather than real money. But its power is real.” (Ibid, 162).
31
Na stranim deviznim tržištima u 1995. cirkuliralo je dnevno u prosjeku preko $1.230
milijardi, što je činlo apsolutno nemoćnim čak i najbogatije države da kontroliraju devizni
kurs. (Financijal Times, 11 March, p.1 ).
Centar za društvena istraživanja | Godina 1 | Broj1

121

�Nedžad Bašić

sve međuzavisnijih država i MNCs, izrasta u novi vid globalnog konflikta između
procesa globalizacije, s jedne strane, i identiteta lokalne zajednice, s druge strane, što
ovaj konflikt neizbježno čini kulturnim i socijalnim konfliktom. U ovom novom
obliku konflikta socijalna (welfare) država izrasta u značajnog partnera u globalnom
socijalnom konfliktu izmedju MNCs i društva. 32
Kroz sve izraženiju globalnu ekonomsku integraciju, država znatno gubi
sposobnost kontrole nad tokovima kapitala, kretanju dobara i usluga. Država gubi
moć kontrole migracijskih tokova radne snage, te gubi monopol nad stokiranjem i
upravljanjem velikim brojem informacija. 33 Visok stupanj mobilnosti kapitala,
dobara i usluga čini znatno otežanim državnu kontrolu u oblasti kreiranja i
provođenja poreske politike, redistribucije javnih prihoda, te kreiranje
makroekonomske politike. Ubiranje raznih vrsta poreza postaje sve teže za vladu
zbog postojanja dugačke liste tzv. “fiscal termites” koji umnogome umanjuju moć
vlade da suvereno odlučuje u ovoj, oduvijek za države rezerviranoj, oblasti. Visok
stupanj preko-granične maloprodajne trgovine, rast elektronske komercijale,
dramatična ekspanzija trgovine unutar MNCs, otežano oporezivanje mobilnog
kapitala, te sve izraženija mogućnost zamjene bankovnih računa sa elektronskim
novcem /tzv. smart card/, sve više dovode državu u novu poziciju u fiskalnoj politici.

“To be fair, globalization has brought dramatic benefits in some countries. Ironically, the
greatest successes have been in East Asia – those very nations that did not play by the rules of
the so called Washington consensus of privatization, deregulation, fiscal austerity, and lower
trade barriers. Many of those countries protected their markets, redistributed land, invested
in education, targeted and subsidized their exports, and purposefully ran mercantilist trade
surpluses, all of which Washington winked at during the Cold War. But in recent years, most
of these countries succumbed to pressures to open their economies and deregulate their
financial systems. As a result, they become the major victims of the recent global economic
crisis that thrust literally millions of working people back into poverty.” (J. Mazur, “Labor’s
New Internationalism”, Foreign Affairs, January-February 2000, vol. 79, no.1, p. 82).
33
“The most powerful engine of change in the relative decline of states and the rise of non
state actors is the computer and telecommunications revolution, whose deep political and
social consequences have been almost completely ignored. Widely accessible and affordable
technology has broke governments’ monopoly on collection and management of large
amounts of information and deprived governments of the deference they enjoyed because of
it. In every sphere of activities, instantaneous access to information and the ability to put it to
use multiplies the number of players who matter and reduces the number who command
great authority. The effect on the loudest voice – which has been governments’ – has been
the greatest” (J. T. Mathews, “Power Shift”, Foreign Affairs, January-February 1997, p. 51).
32

122

Društveni ogledi - Časopis za pravnu teoriju i praksu

�Od globalnih strukturalnih promjena ka novom konceptu suvereniteta

Također visok stupanj globalne mobilnosti radne snage čini znatno otežanim
oporezivanje zarada radnika koje čine glavni izvor fiskalnih prihoda države.
Posebno veliki utjecaj na slabljenje moći države u fiskalnoj politici proizvest
će masovna upotreba interneta. Poteškoće u lociranju internet servera, nemogućnost
kontrole nad internet transakcijama (lodiranje softvera, filmova, muzike i sl.) sa čime
se znatno izbjegava plaćanje poreza, autorskih prava i sl., vodi znatnom smanjenju
moći države da kontrolira financijske i ekonomske tokove, što ima velikog utjecaja
na slabljenje njene budžetske pozicije. 34
U susretu sa transnacionalnim oblikom proizvodnje država gubi znatan dio
svoje sposobnosti da efektno utiče na makroekonomsku politiku i da kontrolira
posljedice nove makroekonomske strategije. Visok stupanj medjuzavisnosti u
globalnim ekonomskim procesima i transakcijama prisiljava nacionalnu državu da
veliki procenat svoje makroekonomske politike prenese na regionalne ili globalne
institucije. Globalne finacijske i monetarne institucije, kao npr. Medjunarodni
monetarni fond (International Monetary Fund - IMF) i Svjetska banka (World
Bank), Evropska centralna banka…, imaju veliki utjecaj na nacionalnu financijsku i
monetarnu politiku država preko direktnog dizajniranja i monitorisanja finacijskog i
monetarnog programa njihovih strukturalnih prilagodjavanja. Isto tako Svjetska
trgovačka organizacija (World Trade Organization – WTO) obavezuje države članice
da usklade svoje unutarnje pravne propise sa medjunarodnim trgovačkim pravom
kojim se reguliraju globalne financijske, monetarne i tržišne transakcije. Sa ovim se
umnogome restriktira regulatorna uloga države na vanjskom planu. 35
Proces globalizacije koji se odvija preko MNCs složen je proces u kojem
prodaja, usluge, javni odnosi i pravni poslovi isključivo bivaju lokalno determinirani,
određeni uvjetima moći lokalne vlade i lokalnog tržišta, dok je proizvodnja dijelova,
planiranje, istraživanje financiranje, marketing, cijene i menadžment determinirani
isključivo procesima koji se odvijaju na globalnom planu, odnosno na svjetskom
tržištu. Ova dvostruka unutarnja i globalna karakteristika procesa globalizacije
određuje temeljnu determinantu suvremenih međunarodnih odnosa u kojima se

M. Wolf, p. 185-186.
T. J. Sinclair, Passing Judgment: “Credit Rating Processes as Regulatory Mechanisms of
Governance in the Emerging World Order”, Review of International Political Economy,
Spring 1994, p. 133-159.
34
35

Centar za društvena istraživanja | Godina 1 | Broj1

123

�Nedžad Bašić

odvija glavni sukob između globalne i lokalne dimenzije svjetske ekonomije, u kojem
funkcija nacionalne države i njenog suvereniteta biva stubokom promijenjena. 36
Međutim, i pored toga što moć države da regulira ekonomske, trgovačke,
monetarne i financijske odnose na tradicionalan način sve više opada, njena uloga u
novoj konstelaciji međunarodnih odnosa sve više raste u novom značenju. MNCs sve
više trebaju državu za regulaciju njihovih odnosa u sve napregnutijim socijalnim
odnosima sa organiziranim sindikatima rada. Država mora i dalje obezbjeđivati
osnovne okvire reprodukcije /socijalna politika, obrazovanje, zaštita imovinskih
prava, zaštita industrijske i intelektualne svojine…/ što u tom pravcu vodi sve
izraženijem jačanju njene unutarnje regulatorne funkcije u kooperaciji sa
transnacionalnim kapitalom. 37
Smanjenje moći države da kontrolira mobilnost kapitala, radne snage, da
efektno kontrolira fiskalnu i monetarnu politiku ne znači da proces globalizacije čini
državu slabijom i manje potrebnom nego što je to bilo u ranijem periodu. Značaj
države u procesu globalizacije mijenja svoju prirodu i iskazuje se prije svega u njenoj
sposobnosti kreirati uvjete potrebne za efektno uključivanje zemlje u globalne
integracione procese. Ovdje se prije svega misli na sposobnost države obezbjediti
odgovarajući kvalitet i potrebnu zaštitu vlasničkih prava, odgovarajući kvalitet i
efektnost građanskih usluga, personalnu sigurnost ljudi i odgovarajuće obrazovanje
sopstvenog stanovništva. Da bi se ovi preduvjeti za efektno uključivanje u
integracione procese dosegli, država mora biti čvrsto integrirana u globalnu
impregniranu ekonomsku, političku i institucionalnu strukturu sa visokim stupnjem
vibracija (fleksibiliteta) i identiteta sopstvenog stanovništva i njegove lojalnosti prema
sopstvenoj državi iz čega i proističe njena sposobnost obezbijediti unutarnju
stabilnost i sigurnost, što je jedan od bitnih preduvjeta za efektno uključivanje države
u globalne integracione procese, što je i preduvjet njenog političkog preživljavanja. 38

“Whereas the fear in the 1970s was that multinationals would become an arm of
government, the concern now is that they are disconnecting from their home countries’
national interests, moving jobs, evading taxes, and eroding economic sovereignty in the
process.” (J.T. Mathews, p. 56) .
37
“Losing its financial and monetary sovereignty may make the nation-state stronger rather
than weaker.” (P.F. Drucker, p. 164).
38
“Globalization does not make state unnecessary. On the contrary, for people to be
successful in exploiting the opportunities afforded by international integration, they need
states at both ends of their transactions. Failed states, disorderly states, weak states, and
36

124

Društveni ogledi - Časopis za pravnu teoriju i praksu

�Od globalnih strukturalnih promjena ka novom konceptu suvereniteta

Globalna difuzija moći države
U procesu globalizacije moć države da obezbjedjuje nacionalnu sigurnost
svakako je promijenjena ali ne i eliminirana. Mogućnosti rata, kao metoda rješavanja
konfliktnih interesa između država, nije otklonjena mada je efektnost rata kao
metoda rješavanja konflikta znatno smanjena i suštinski promijenjena. Međutim,
proces globalizacije donio je nove oblike prijetnje sa novim sadržajima koji će tražiti
nove efektnije metode otklanjanja novih prijetnji i novih izazova državi, na koje ona
sama ne može efektno odgovoriti.
Proces globalizacije ne samo da je učinio moć i silu manje učinkovitijom u
rješavanju konflikata interesa u međunarodnoj zajednici i otklanjanju prijetnji
sigurnosti države, već je učinio i sam pojam sigurnosti znatno složenijim. Globalni
terorizam, organizirani kriminal, trgovina drogama, trgovina ljudima, korumpiranost
lokalnih vladajućih režima, pranje novca, etnički i vjerski konflikti, prevrti i pobune,
siromaštvo u kombinaciji sa enormnim rastom populacije i ekološke degradacije, sa
sve moćnijim utjecajem ekstremno radikalnih vjerskih i političkih pokreta na široke
slojeve stanovništva, čine unutarnje sigurnosno pitanje sve izraženije globalnim
pitanjem. Novi oblici prijetnje miru i stabilnosti u svijetu nužno traže uspostavljanje
novog međunarodnog poretka koji bi bio sposoban odgovoriti na nove izazove
globalizacije.
Proces globalizacije znatno će utjecati na unutarnju socijalnu diversifikaciju
države što će bitno promijeniti odnose između pojedinca i države. Drastično
smanjenje cijene transporta, fantastičan razvoj mogućnosti komuniciranja, osobito
nakon razvoja interneta, mogućnosti brze i frekventne komunikacije između
pojedinaca i društvenih grupa sa različitim ili identičnim nacionalnim, vjerskim i
kulturnim identitetima, sa čime se sve više smanjuje moć države da kontrolira
centraliziranu mrežu informacija i komunikacija kao instrumenta sopstvene moći,
što sve više vodi fragmentaciji tradicionalnih zajednica, što vodi rapidno brzoj
promjeni socijalnog i kulturnog identiteta pojedinca i grupa.
Globalno disperzijom informacione tehnologije stvaraju se mogućnosti da se
razvije široke decentralizirane mreže komunikacija izmedju brojnih grupa i zajednica,
koje su utemeljene na poslovnim interesima, etničkom, vjerskom ili kulturnom
corrupt states are shunned as the black holes of the global economic system.” (M. Wolf, p.
190).
Centar za društvena istraživanja | Godina 1 | Broj1

125

�Nedžad Bašić

identitetu, kriminalnim ili političkim ciljevima, ili pak na socijalnom statusu njenih
članova. Zahvaljujući visokom stupnju decentralizacije i “network-modelu”
organizacije, za razliku od države koja je fundirana na “organizacionom
piramidalnom hijererhijskom modelu”, ove grupe postižu visok stupanj fleksibilnosti
u korišćenju novih tehnologija, što ih čini značajnim novim ne-državnim faktorima
globalnih odnosa.
Organizacije koje su utemeljene na “network model” koje su danas poznate
kao nevladine organizacije (Non Governmental Organization - NGO) zauzimaju
veoma značajno mjesto u novom globalnom hijerarhijskom poretku moći.
Zahvaljujući njihovom broju, njihovim aktivnostima, fleksibilnosti, te financijskoj
moći, teško je danas zamisliti uspješno djelovanje suvremene države bez kooperacije
sa ovim organizacijama. 39 Svojom aktivnošću nevladine organizacije sposobne su
značajno utjecati i promijeniti politiku čak i najmoćnijih zemalja, otvoriti nove
mogućnosti rješavanja međudržavnih problema koje same države nisu u mogućnosti
riješiti, upozoriti države i međunarodnu zajednicu na brojne socijalne, humanitarne,
ekonomske ili ekološke probleme koji bi mogli dovesti do međudržavnog ili čak
globalnog konflikta. 40
Velike kriminalne i terorističke “mreže” koje kontroliraju ogromne sume
novca pojavljuju se kao značajna prijetnja državi u globalnoj ekonomiji.
Deregulacija i privatizacija državnih poduzeća, brzo mijenjanje komercijalnih
41

«They breed new ideas; advocate, protest, and mobilize public support; do legal, scientific,
technical, and policy analysis; provide services; shape, implement monitor, and enforce
national and international commitments; and change institutions and norms.» (J.T.
Mathews, p. 53).
40
“NGOs’ easy reach behind others states’ borders forces governments to consider domestic
public opinion in countries with which they are dealing, even no matters that governments
have traditionally handled strictly between themselves. At the some time, cross-border NGO
networks offer citizens groups unprecedented channels of influence. Women’s and human
rights groups in many developing countries have linked up with more experienced, better
funded, and more powerful groups in Europe and the United States. The latter work the
global media and lobby their own governments to pressure leaders in developing countries,
creating a circle of influence that is accelerating change in many parts of the world.” (Ibid, p.
54).
41
Procjenjuje se da je samo organizirani kriminal početkom 2000s kontrolirao preko 750
milijardi dolara godišnje, od toga između 400 i 500 milijardi dolara samo kroz trgovinu
opojnih droga.
39

126

Društveni ogledi - Časopis za pravnu teoriju i praksu

�Od globalnih strukturalnih promjena ka novom konceptu suvereniteta

partnera, rast kretanja velike mase stanovništva preko nacionalnih granica, brza
ekspanzija globalnog finansijskog sistema, sve manje čini države sposobnim da se
suoče sa problemom organiziranog kriminala i globalnog terorizma, što ih sve više
gura ka nužnosti suradnje i kooperacije sa brojnim privatnim nevladinim
organizacijama. Isto tako raste utjecaj brojnih finansijskih organizacija i institucija
(World Bank, International Monetary Fund…) u određivanju uvjeta pod kojim
države mogu tražiti, dobijati i koristiti međunarodnu finansijsku podršku, što sve
više gura državu ka nužnosti kooperacije sa ovim institucijama.
Nužnost medjusobnog kooperiranja država na planu borbe protiv globalnih
terorističkih i kriminalnih mreža, te u dobijanju finasijske podrške za sopstveni
razvoj, sa nevladinim organizacijama privatnog sektora, vodi sve više difuziji moći
nacije-države, što otvara novo polje odnosa između države i privatnog sektora u
kojem se pored kooperacije razvija i sukob oko nove preraspodjele moći.
Sve izraženija nužnost ulaženja države u koaliciju sa NGOs, što je
prouzročilo i znatnu difuziju moći od države ka NGOs, država je prinuđena otvoriti
vanjskom utjecaju brojna polja sopstvene isključive nadležnosti i time relativizirati
brojne elemente državnog suvereniteta. Tako npr. pitanje intervencije u unutarnje
stvari nacije-države koja su bila u isključivoj nadležnosti država stubokom se mijenja
od završetka hladnog rata. Međunarodne organizacije kao što su UN, EU, Helsinki
Watch, OSCE, traže pravo vanjske intervencije u unutarnju isključivu nadležnost
države ne samo u slučaju ugrožavanja međunarodnog mira već i u slučajevima
masovnog narušavanja temeljnih prava čovjeka unutar nacionalnih državnih granica,
u slučajevima kada država svojim činjenjem ili nečinjenjem krši norme
međunarodnog prava. 42 Traži se pravo stranog prisustva i nadgledanje izbora za
See more about justification of external military intervention with an aim to end
suppression within state and to protect refugees and other inhabitants in Adam Roberts,
Humanitarian War: Military Intervention and Human Rights, 69 INT’L AFF. 434 (1993).
Also, many international lawyers are inclined to see a legal basis for intervention of the
international community in the internal affairs of state in the case “when government is
acting in a tyrannical manner its population, in the aim protect minorities from genocide or
violent oppression, combat gross and persistent violation of human rights, and act to protect
extreme cases of violence against a people.” J.A. Gallant, Humanitarian Intervention and
Security Council Resolution 688: A Reappraisal in Light of a Changing World Order, 1992
AM. U.J. INT’L POL’Y 881, at 890. A similar opinion can be seen in the statement of former
UN Secretary General Javier Perez de Cuellar: “We are clearly witnessing what is probably an
irresistible shift in public attitudes toward the belief that the defense of the oppressed in the
42

Centar za društvena istraživanja | Godina 1 | Broj1

127

�Nedžad Bašić

nacionalne institucije vlasti što je apsolutno bilo nezamislivo sa aspekta
tradicionalnog gledanja na suverenitet nacije-države. Traže se nove pravne norme i
novi standardi ponašanja u okviru kojih se sve više naziru okviri „globalnog
suvereniteta“ u kojem se odvija snažna difuzija moći nacije-države.
Proces jačanja funkcionalne koalicije između države i globalnih institucija
praćen je procesom difuzije političke i ekonomske moći od države ka MNCs, te ka
globalnim medjunarodnim organizacijama i institucijama, odnosno ka globalnim
institucijama. 43 Ovaj proces difuzije političke i ekonomske moći, dakako i vojne moći,
koji je ekstremno kulminirao poslije kolapsa Sovjetskog saveza, praćen je dvostrukim
kontradiktornim trendovima.
Na jednoj strani, ovaj globalni proces transformacije međunarodne zajednice u
svjetsku zajednicu viđen je uglavnom kao integracije između visokoindustrijaliziranih
zemalja, velikih transnacionalnih korporacija i financijskog kapitala, koji su gradili
svjetski sistem na promociji dominacije sistema vrijednosti najrazvijenijih zapadnih
zajednica. 44 Na drugoj strani, proces difuzije moći u međunarodnoj zajednici ostavio je
najveći dio svjetske populacije u siromašnim i marginaliziranim društvima, koja su
suočena sa brojnim socijalnim, etničkim i vjerskim podjelama i tenzijama, što podstiče

name of morality should prevail over frontiers and legal documents.” D. J. SCHEFFER ET AL.,
POST-GULF WAR CHALLENGES TO THE U.N. COLLECTIVE SECURITY SYSTEM: THREE
VIEWS ON THE ISSUE OF HUMANITARIAN INTERVENTION 4 (United States Institute of
Peace).
43
S. Strange,”What Future for the State”, The Defective State Deadalus, Vol. 124, 2/1995, p.
67.
44
''…FDI (Foreign Direct Investment) important as it is, continues to circulate between the
three main blocs of the Thriad: the great bulk of it is exchanged between the reach nations.
In 1981-90, 75 per cent of investment flows were accounted for by the United States and
Canada, the EU and EFTA, and Japan, countries together representing 14 per cent of the
world's population in 1990. If one adds the nine most important developing-country
recipients of FDI and the eight coastal provinces of China plus Beijing, these represented
another 14 per cent of the world's population and took 16.5 per cent of FDI in the same
period. Thus over 90 per cent of FDI was confined to just over a quarter of the world's
population''. (P. Hirst, ''The Global Economy-Myths and Realities'', International Affairs,
73, 3, p. 415).
128

Društveni ogledi - Časopis za pravnu teoriju i praksu

�Od globalnih strukturalnih promjena ka novom konceptu suvereniteta

njihovu globalnu kulturno-vjersku homogenizaciju zahtijevajući novi globalni sistem
distribucije moći i socijalne pravde. 45
Stisnut između globalnih procesa integracije i dezintegracije, proces globalne
difuzije moći kreira novo globalno socijalno i političko okruženje u kojem rastuća
socijalna frustracija čini kulturni i vjerski homogenizam marginaliziranih velikih
društvenih grupa sve vidljivijim i sve moćnijim. U ovom novo-nastajućem socijalnom
kontekstu glavna prijetnja globalnoj sigurnosti mogla bi biti odredjena kao nedostatak
funkcionirajuće demokratske strukture novog svjetskog poretka što bi moglo voditi
daljim globalnim socijalnim i kulturnim tenzijama u suvremenoj svjetskoj zajednici. 46

Promjena prirode suvereniteta države
Jedno od temeljnih pitanja koje se nameće u eri globalizacije jeste pitanje
da li globalne strukturalne promjene vode ka fundamentalnoj transformaciji
suvereniteta države u okviru čega se mijenja i sama priroda moći a time i priroda
nacionalne i globalne sigurnosti.
Globalne strukturalne promjene nisu imale istog efekta na sve države.
Države su u proces globalnih strukturalnih promjena ušle sa različitim kulturnim
i historijskim background-om, sa različitom ekonomskom strukturom, sa
različitim nivom tehnološkog i demokratskog razvoja, sa različitim političkim
opcijama i pretenzijama, što je imalo za posljedicu njihov različit položaju u
``We have entered a time of global transition marked by uniquely contradictory trends.
Regional and continental associations of States are evolving ways to deepen cooperation and
ease some of the contentious characteristic of sovereign and nationalistic rivalries. National
boundaries are blurred by advanced communications and global commerce, and the by the
decisions of States to yield some sovereign prerogatives to larger, common political
associations. At the some time, however, fierce new assertions of nationalism and sovereignty
spring up, and the other cohesion of State is threatened by brutal ethnic, religious, social,
cultural or linguistic strife. Social peace is challenged on the one hand by new assertions of
discrimination and exclusion and, on the other, by acts of terrorism seeking the undermine
evolution and change through democratic means.`` (B. B. Ghali, An Agenda for Peace,
United Nations, New York, 1992.).
46
``As a consequence of growing economic global interdependence, domestic conflict over
welfare and the economic and coercive structure of the internal welfare system can no longer be
isolated from the struggle between states and the imperatives of global market competition that
work to redistribute wealth and material capabilities among state.`` (Edward A. Kolodžijev,
Renaissance in Security Studies, International Studies Quarterly (1992), 36, p. 428.
45

Centar za društvena istraživanja | Godina 1 | Broj1

129

�Nedžad Bašić

procesu globalnih strukturalnih promjena. Sam proces globalizacije iziskivao je, s
jedne strane, pojačanu ulogu države u regulaciji tržišnih odnosa, u regulaciji
djelovanja transnacionalnog kapitala u formi garancije profita, garancije zaštite
vlasništva, zaštite stranih investicija, zaštite intelektualne svojine, kreiranja
poreske i valutne politike, kao i radnog zakonodavstva i zaštite radnika, što je
dakako imalo velikog utjecaja na pravac i tempo utjecaja strukturalnih promjena
na transformaciju suvereniteta država.
Da bi efektno mogla odgovoriti ovim potrebama globaliziranog kapitala
država je nužno zahvatala sve veći dio BNP u formi budžetskih rashoda, sa čime
se je funkcija države sve više pomjerala od funkcije socijalne zaštite stanovništva
ka funkciji obezbjedjenja konkurentnosti transnacionalnog kapitala. 47
Sve izraženija dominacija transnacionalnog kapitala učinit će odnose
država više relaksantnim i manje konfliktnim, iz čega će proisteći i viši stupanj
interaktivnosti u njihovim odnosima, dakako i viši stupanj ovisnosti djelovanja
država na globalnoj sceni. Premda se regulatorne aktivnosti država i dalje
fokusiraju na nacionalnom suverenitetu, država u procesu globalizacije teško
može obavljati samostalno klasične funkcije suvereniteta bez koordinacije i
suradnje sa drugim državama i medjunarodnim institucijama i transnacionalnim
organizacijama, sa čime se umnogome mijenja i sama priroda suvereniteta
države. 48
Globalna proizvodnja, uspostavljanje globalnih financija, organiziranje
velikih komercijalnih banaka, stvaranje of shore kompanija, koje djeluju na
P.G. Cerny, The Changing Architecture of Politics: Structure, Agency and the Future of
the State, London: Sage, 1989, p. 205.
48
„Why would individual states be motivated to seek to solve problems together? First, they
may be forced into it by powerful social agents or movements of verious kinds. I think this is
one reason why today states talk to each other about global problems. It's not necessarily
because they've found their own way to these problems, it is that they were forced to
confront them. Secondly, and related to this, I think states have learnt that, through
collaboration and the creation of common regimes and common international regulatory
frmeworks, they can find ways of coordinating their activity which reduce the cost to them of
acting alone; reduce uncertainity and risk; spread and share information; produce public
goods which they can't develop in isolation; and increase their collective effectiveness.“ (D.
Held, “Globallization, Cosmopolitanism and Democracy”, IDEES of the Centre d'Estudies
de Temes Contemporanis, Generalitat de Catalunya, 2001).
47

130

Društveni ogledi - Časopis za pravnu teoriju i praksu

�Od globalnih strukturalnih promjena ka novom konceptu suvereniteta

području više država, vodilo je u derogaciju sposobnost države da utiče na
globalne ekonomske i financijske tokove, da kontrolira svoju valutnu i
financijsku politiku, da kontrolira sticanje imovina stranaca i da regulira pitanje
vlasništva na teritoriju pod njenom jurisdikcijom i slično. Isto tako država se u
sučeljavanju sa regulatornim aktivnostima globalnih poslovnih asocijacija suočava
sa znatnim limitiranjem svoje regulatorne sposobnosti, što umnogome čini njenu
pravnu suverenost ograničavajućom. 49
Transnacionalna proizvodnja, intra-korporacijska trgovina, elektronske
novčane transakcije, što čini samu suštinu moderne globalizacije, dramatično
traže pomjeranje od klasičnog, ekskluzivno teritorijalno-političkog koncepta
državnog suvereniteta, ka „globalnom funkcionalnom suverenitetu“. 50

T.J. Sinclair, 'Passing judgment: credit rating processes as regulatory mechanisms of
governance in the emerging world order', Review of International Political Economy I,
Spring 1994, pp. 133-59.
50
In particular, supra-territorial capitalism has cost contemporary states one of the principal
marks of sovereignty: namely, complete and exclusive control of the national currency and
associated financial markets. For example, globally circulating monies have greatly
complicated a state's management of its money supply, exchange rates and interest levels.
With volumes on the world's wholesale foreign exchange markets running at $1,230 billion
per day in 1995, even the most powerful states cannot singly maintain their target exchange
rates. Meanwhile, global banking has offered ample scope for money laundering, tax evasion
and reckless lending. Indeed, laundered money, which today moves as much as $500 billion
per annum through banks in the United States alone, has financed mafia-type organizations
that have grown to rival the state in certain districts of Brazil, China, Colombia, Italy,
Pakistan, Russia, and Thailand. Likewise, Eurobonds lie beyond the regulatory authority of
the state in whose currency they are denominated. Trans-border equity listings avoid
supervision by the state in which the company headquarters is located. Trillions of dollars in
global derivatives business, too, operate in relative detachment from territorial jurisdiction.
Indeed, few government regulators are close to understanding the 'rocket science' of the more
complex derivatives instruments. On the whole, the power of global finance capital is such
that governments have felt constrained to appease the markets with insistently applied
policies to lower inflation and public sector deficits-often with painful consequences for
weaker sectors of the population. More tangible forms of global capital also readily override
state sovereignty. For example, trans-border manufacturing and trading companies regularly
frustrate tax collectors through transfer pricing and offshore corporate registration. These
firms can also with relative ease relocate production facilities and sales outlets to other
jurisdictions if they find a particular state's regulations overly burdensome. Usually this threat
alone is sufficient to make a state amenable to, inter alia, privatization and liberalization.
49

Centar za društvena istraživanja | Godina 1 | Broj1

131

�Nedžad Bašić

Da bi obezbjedila nesmetano i uspješno inkorporiranje u regionalne i
globalne kooperacije, u okviru kojeg jedino može preživjeti, država je sve više
zainteresirana ustupiti dio svoje klasične (pravne) suverenosti regionalnim i
medjunarodnim organizacijama i globalnim institucijama. 51 Brojne države u
svoje ustave unose „dobrovoljna“ ograničenja svoje suverene nadležnosti nastojeći
time obezbjediti što povoljniji položaj u procesu globalnih strukturalnih
promjena. 52 Uz to, brojna ograničenja državnog suvereniteta u procesu
globalizacije, često su rezultat pritisaka transnacionalnog kapitala, prije svega na
male i manje moćne nacionalne države, koje su prisiljene pribjeći restrikciji
suvereniteta da bi preživjele. 53

Thus governments have not pursued 'deregulation' or flocked to the WTO as a result of
sovereign initiative, but because (rightly or wrongly) they assume such steps to be
indispensable to jobs creation, technology transfer and general economic prosperity in a
globalizing world.
51
„Today, some of the most fundamental problems we face, for example, the regulation of
trade, the management of financial instability, exploding inequalities, the protection of the
environment and the defence of the genetic basis of humankind are not issues which can any
longer be solved by states or a people acting alone. Most modern political theory presupposes
the idea of a self-determining people that can set it's own fate. Today, we're in the world of
'overlapping communities of fate', where the fate of different peoples is interconnected, set
either by powerful states or by processes - from financial markets to the environment –
which are global in their scope and ramification.“ (D. Held, 2001).
52
“Several state constitutions in fact explicitly prescribe the cession of sovereignty in the
interest of regional collaboration. (The Italian, Portuguese and Spanish constitutions contain
such provisions in respect of the European Union. Latin American governments participating
in the Mercosur trade pact are currently exploring similar formulations.) Since 1978 the
International Monetary Fund has, through so-called Article IV consultations, undertaken
detailed authoritative reviews of the macroeconomic policies of its member governments. The
IMF and World Bank have exercised even greater influence over a government's monetary
and fiscal policies when these agencies design and monitor a structural adjustment program
(SAP), as they have done at one time or another since the late 1970s for over 100 countries.
The recently created World Trade Organization marks another striking growth of supra-state
governance. For example, the WTO charter commits member states to alter their statutes and
procedures to conform with trans-world trade law and in trade disputes a WTO ruling
against a state is binding unless every member of the organization votes to overturn the
judgment. In these ways and others, many decisions concerning the regulatory environment
for capitalism now come to rather than from the state”.
53
For example, weaker states in particular tend to need an IMF/World Bank stamp of
approval before they will obtain flows of FDI or a rescheduling of their trans-border debts, let
132

Društveni ogledi - Časopis za pravnu teoriju i praksu

�Od globalnih strukturalnih promjena ka novom konceptu suvereniteta

Sve izraženija transformacija klasičnog pravnog suvereniteta države u
procesu globalizacije, dramatično vodi u institucionalnu i teritorijalnu
decentralizaciju države, u kojoj lokalne institucije države bivaju moćnije
linkirane sa transnacionalnim korporacijama, medjunarodnim i regionalnim
institucijama ili institucijama drugih država, nego sa centralnim institucijama
svoje matične države, sa čime se gubi unutarnja teritorijalna i institucionalna
koherentnost nacionalnog suvereniteta države. 54
Kako su MNCs jedan od najmoćnijih instrumenata obezbjedjivanja
države sa nužno potrebnim financijskim sredstvima za njeno funkcioniranje, sa
novim tehnologijama i sa vojnom opremom, to država sve izraženije inklinira
prilagodjavanju svojih unutarnjih regulatornih propisa potrebama i interesima
MNCs te stvaranju odgovarajućeg ambijenta atraktivnog za transnacionalni
kapital, što suverenitet nacionalne države sve izraženije uvodi u visok stupanj
fluidnosti i difuzije, što nije ništa drugo do refleks borbe izmedju
transnacionalno organiziranog kapitala i lokalno-nacionalno sindikalno
organiziranog rada. U tom konfliktu izmedju transnacionalnog kapitala i
sindikata dolazi do velike krize geo-političkog koncepta suvereniteta države.

Ka novom globalnom sigurnosnom kompleksu
Opadanje značaja zemljišta kao faktora proizvodnje i sve izraženiji rast
značaja mobilnosti kapitala i mobilnosti rada, sa dramatičnim razvojem aplikativnih
tehnologija u razvoju transporta i informatike, i sa sve izraženijim izrastanjem faktora
novog kompleksa znanja i inventivnosti u odredjujući demijurg globalnog

alone new credits. Meanwhile, global business lobbies like the WEF and the Alliance for
GATT Now a pressure group of 285 firms spearheaded by Texas Instruments, have been
among the strongest proponents of the WTO.
54
In China, Guangdong, Xinjiang, Shandong, and Yunnan Provinces have similarly
distanced themselves from Beijing in dealing with trans-border companies. Tatarstan has
done the same vis-à-vis Moscow In southern India the state of Andhra Pradesh is, in the
context of a campaign to attract FDI, negotiating its own structural adjustment loan with the
World Bank, separately from the central government in New Delhi. (see more in D. S. G.
Goodman and G. Segal, eds, “China deconstructs: polities, trade and regionalism“(London:
Rutledge, 1994). And Financial Times, 26 March 1997, p. 6.
Centar za društvena istraživanja | Godina 1 | Broj1

133

�Nedžad Bašić

ekonomskog razvoja, značaj državnih granica u procesu globalizacije početkom ovog
stoljeća, drastično opada u odnosima izmedju džava. 55
Visok stupanj tehnološke povezanosti i visoka rezonanca mobilnosti kapitala
i rada, vodi sve izraženijem rastu međuzavisnosti u međunarodnoj zajednici drastično
smanjujući mogućnost rješavanja konflikta vojnim mjerama, osobito među
razvijenim zemljama. 56 Pomjeranje istočnoevropskih zemalja i novih zemalja
nasljednica Sovjetskog saveza, kao i zemalja Trećeg svijeta, ka modelu tržišne
ekonomije sa demokratskim institucijama, nosilo je nove promjene sa političkim
naznakama sa čime ekonomski razvoj ovih zemalja i njihova povezanost sa razvijenim
zemalja sve više potiskuje vojni faktor kao način rješavanja međudržavnih problema i
u ovom dijelu svijeta.
Nakon sloma koncepta „Hladnog rata“ tradicionalna uloga države u
obezbjeđenju nacionalne sigurnosti sve se više pomjera od vojno-političkog ka
tehnološko-tržišnom faktoru što dovodi do sve intenzivnijeg međuzavisnog odnosa

“In one way or another, discussions of globalization usually highlight the question of
borders, i.e. the territorial demarcations of state jurisdictions, and associated issues of
governance, economy, identity and community. Around this theme of borders one can
distinguish three common understandings of the term 'globalization'. The first identifies
globalization as an increase of cross-border relations. The second treats globalization as an
increase of open-border relations. The third regards globalization as an increase of transborder relations. Although these three notions overlap, they also have qualitatively different
emphases. The third conception is the newest and offers the most distinctive and helpful
insight into contemporary world affairs. Subsequent sections of this article will therefore
build on the notion that globalization involves a growing transcendence of borders” (J. A.
Scholte, “Global Capitalism and State, International Affairs”, Royal Institute, Vol. 73, no. 3,
July 1997).
56
“Liberal theories emphasize that changes in the global economy shift the cost/benefit ration
for war and that changed incentives, in turn, influence the likely-hood of conflict. With the
respect to the globalization of production the onlz prominent argument in this regard is
advanced by Richard Rosecrance, who maintains that recent production shifts by
multinational corporations have caused the structure of the most advanced countries to
change in a way that reduces greatly the economic benefits of seizing territory, thereby
lowering the likely-hood of war” (S. G. Brooks, 2005, Producing Security: Multinational
Corporations, Globalization, and the Changing Calculus of Conflict, Princeton University
Press, Princeton and Oxford, p. 45).
55

134

Društveni ogledi - Časopis za pravnu teoriju i praksu

�Od globalnih strukturalnih promjena ka novom konceptu suvereniteta

vojnog i ekonomskog sistema sigurnosti, sa čime ekonomska i vojna sigurnost države
nose visok stupanj međusobne sublimacije, ali i kontradikcije.
Eliminacija sigurnosne autarkičnosti odrazit će se kako na djelovanje malih
država koje nisu bile u mogućnosti da adekvatno obezbjede svoj sigurnosni sistem
izolirano, tako i velikih super sila kojima u odsustvu tehnološke internacionalizacije
prijeti opasnost tehnološkog zaostajanja, što nosi opasnost i slabljenja njihove vojne
moći. Internacionalizacija u vojno-tehnološkom kompleksu isključuje
samodovoljnost a samim tim i sposobnost i najmoćnijih država da samostalno vode
velike i komplicirane vojne operacije.
Kako tehnološki razvoj sve izraženije vodi sužavanju razlika izmedju
proizvodnje namjenjene za civilne i vojne potrebe, svaka izolacija u vojno
tehnološkom razvoju vodila bi ne samo slabljenju vojne odbrambene moći države,
već i u drastično opadanje stupnja disperzivnosti proizvodnih aktivnosti MNCs, što
bi imala dramatičan utjecaj na ekonomsku poziciju prvenstveno visokorazvijenih
zemalja, kao domicilnih zemalja velikih MNCs. Otuda će strukturalne promjene
inherentno sve više potiskivati državu ka sve višem stupnju otvorenosti i
medjuzavisnosti, što će stubokom mijenjati njihovu sigurnosnu politiku, tražeći novi
pristup kako nacionalnom tako i globalnom konceptu sigurnosti.
Novi odnos između država i novih globalnih nedržavnih subjekata vodi u
nužnost definiranja novog koncepta nacionalne i posebno globalne sigurnosti. U
novim uvjetima sigurnost države se postiže lakše pošto nova globalna ekonomija sve
više smanjuje razloge za vođenje oružanih konflikata u cilju uspostavljanja vojne i
političke kontrole nad drugim državama, što je u prethodnoj fazi razvoja
međunarodne zajednice najčešće bio preduvjet ekonomskog razvoja nacije-države.
Strukturalnim promjenama koje su nastale krajem prošlog stoljeća ne samo da se
umanjuje potrebe za političkom kontrolom nad teritorijima drugih država, čime se
umanjuje potreba za vođenjem osvajačkih ratova, već se značajno reduciraju
beneficije koje su u prethodnoj fazi razvoja proisticale iz vojno-političke kontrole
teritorija drugih država. Zahvaljujući strukturalnim promjenama, na kojima ja
baziran proces globalizacije proizvodnje, svaka vojno-politička kontrola stranih
teritorija vodi direktnom smanjenju atraktivnosti za strane direktne investicije u zoni
konflikta, što vojno-političku okupaciju čini ekonomski destimulativnom za državu.
Istovremeno svaka vojno-politička kontrola stranog teritorija nužno zahtjeva, kako
političku, tako i ekonomsku centralizaciju, što nužno vodi ka reduciranju
inventivno-proizvodne profilakse u politički kontroliranim regijama što drastično
Centar za društvena istraživanja | Godina 1 | Broj1

135

�Nedžad Bašić

smanjuje ekonomsko-tehnološke beneficije vojne okupacije. 57 Iste negativne vibracije
mogu se detektirati i u regijama sa visokim stupnjem kulturnih, vjerskih ili rasnih
tenzija, ili uspostavljenog modela kulturne, rasne ili vjerske dominacije i
hegemonizma.
Kako nova znanja, nove tehnologije, inovacije i informacije, kao mobilni
faktori globalne proizvodnje, teško da mogu biti stavljeni pod kontrolu države putem
povećanja vojne sile, to državu sve više čini nemoćnom da ih kontrolira na ovaj
način. Istovremeno, mogućnost stranog kapitala da proizvodi na lokalnom tržištu za
potrebe lokalnog stanovništva umanjuje značaj niza političkih mjera koje država
poduzima u cilju zaštite domaćeg tržišta. 58 Proizvodnja dobara na lokalnom tržištu za
lokalnog potrošača, čini strane MNCs sve senzibilnijim prema kupovnoj sposobnosti
odnosno prema životnom standardu lokalnog stanovništva, sa čime se uspostavlja
potpuno novi link izmedju globalne proizvodnje i razvoja lokalne zajednice, odnosno
lokalne zajednice i stranog kapitala.
Zahvaljujući ovoj promjeni u odnosima između faktora proizvodnje i
države, uspostavljen je novi oblik odnosa između država kao i države i društva. U
tim odnosima vojna sila gubi tradicionalni značaj za dalji ekonomski razvoj
nacionalne države i međunarodne zajednice. Strukturalne promjene koje su se desile
u relacijama između faktora proizvodnje vode prerastanju znanja u određujući faktor
proizvodnje, koji sve više prerasta u kompleksnu filozofiju novog razvoja, 59 koja sve
dramatičnije zahtjeva i novu filozofiju medjunarodnih odnosa i novi model
globalnog sigurnosnog kompleksa.
U novoj filozofiji globalne sigurnosti od odredjujućeg je značaja pomjeranje
fokusa od koncepta prijetnje i ugroženosti ka konceptu mogućnosti preživljavanja i
stvaranja osjećanja globalne sigurnosti, kao kohezivnim faktorima postmodernističke globalne zajednice. 60 Zastupnici ove filozofije globalnog sigurnosnog

Ibid, p. 161
See more in Stephen G. Brooks, Producing Security (2007), Princeton University Press,
Princeton and Oxford, p. 16-46.
59
P.F. Drucker, p. 166
60
"In the uncertain world of subsistence societies, the need for absolute standards and a sense
that an infallible higher power will ensure that things ultimately turn out well filled a major
psychological need. One of the key functions of religion was to provide a sense of certainty in
insecure environment. Physical as well as economic insecurity intensify this need.."(R.
57
58

136

Društveni ogledi - Časopis za pravnu teoriju i praksu

�Od globalnih strukturalnih promjena ka novom konceptu suvereniteta

kompleksa (B. Buzan, O. Waever, M. Kelstrup, P. Lemaitre, C. Bretherton, G.
Ponton), prvenstveno polaze od koncepta tzv. društvene sigurnosti (societal
security), definirane u etno-nacionalnom terminu, u okviru koje se apostrof stavlja
na regionalnu integraciju u okviru koje se efektnije doseže etno-nacionalni identitet i
osjećanje mogućnosti preživljavanja etno-nacionalnih zajednica, što vodi daljoj
intenzifikaciji globalne integracije i medjuzavisnosti, sa čime se umnogome jačaju
refleksi novog oblika razmišljanja o nužnosti suradnje i kooperacije izmedju država,
što amortizira uzroke brojnih nacionalnih, etničkih i vjerskih konflikata u eri
globalizacije.
Ovaj novi oblik razmišljanja u postmodernističkom pristupu
medjunarodnim odnosima odbacuje postojanje samo jedne interpretacije realnosti u
svijetu o tome kako je medjunarodna zajednica organizirana i šta država mora uraditi
da bi preživjela, kao što to čine realisti i institucionalisti. Za njih kompleksnost
ponašanja čovjeka, dakle i zajednice, odredjena je prije svega različitim kulturnim,
vjerskim i historijskim determinantama, te otuda za njih je mnogo značajnije
razumijevanje alternativnih interpretacija globalne i nacionalne sigurnosti, što vodi
eliminaciji unilateralnog odredjenja mira i sigurnosti. 61
Pomjeranje fokusa sigurnosnog pitanja od prijetnje i ugroženosti ka
kompleksu suradnje i kooperacije u cilju dosezanja mogućnosti preživljavanja, traži
novi tzv. komunitarni diskurs sigurnosti, u okviru kojeg osjećanje sigurnosti
preživljavanja odredjujuće utiče na ponašanje čovjeka, što zajednicu vodi u koncept
nove realnosti, u kojoj se kooperacija iskazuje kao odredjujuća determinanta
demokratizacije i mogućnosti preživljavanja zajednice, i time dosezanja sopstvenog
kulturnog, nacionalnog i etničkog identiteta. Slijedeći nit ovakvog razmišljanja sve se
više vrši otklon od državno-centričng sistema medjunarodnih odnosa ka
komunalnom i globalnom društvu u kojem se sve izraženije kreira globalna
ekonomija, globalne pravne norme i globalne komunikacije, što vodi stvaranju
elemenata globalne kulture i globalnog identiteta. što vodi ka dramatičnoj krizi
klasičnog teritorijalno-političkog koncepta suvereniteta države.
Inglehart, “Globalization and Postmodern Values”, The Washington Quarterly, Winter 2000,
pp. 223-224).
61
“If the world is thought of in terms of anarchy then ‘power politics’ will be seen as the
solution to the problem of insecurity. On the other hand, if anarchy and power politics are
not seen as being an endemic feature of global history then other more peaceful approaches
to security might be tried.” (J. Baylis and S. Smith, 2005, “The Globalization of World
Politics”, Oxford University Press, p. 315).
Centar za društvena istraživanja | Godina 1 | Broj1

137

�Nedžad Bašić

Kriza klasičnog geo-političkog suvereniteta države praćena je sa novim
globalnim prijetnjama čije se rješenje više ne može tražiti u koordinatama
tradicionalnog djelovanja teritorijalno ograničene moći države. Ekološke katastrofe,
globalno siromaštvo, velike epidemije, globalni terorizam kao i globalno povezani
organizirani kriminal, nužno traže globalni sistem djelovanja, u kojem država dobija
novu ulogu u kreiranju novog globalnog društva, dakle i novu ulogu u kreiranju
osjećanja mogućnosti preživljavanja čovjeka i zajednice, što i čini temelj novog
funkcionalnog koncepta globalnog suvereniteta. 62

LITERATURA
Knjige:
A. M. Sloughter “A New World Order”, Princeton University Press, Princeton and
Oxford, 2004.
A. Roberts, Humanitarian War: Military Intervention and Human Rights, 69 INT’L
AFF. 434, 1993.
D. Held, “Globallization, Cosmopolitanism and Democracy”, IDEES of the Centre
d'Estudies de Temes Contemporanis, Generalitat de Catalunya, 2001.
D. S. G. Goodman and G. Segal, eds, “China deconstructs: polities, trade and
regionalism“ London: Rutledge, 1994.
E. A. Kolodžijev, Renaissance in Security Studies, International Studies Quarterly,
1992.
F. Fukuyama, “State Building – Governance and World Order in the 21st Century”,
Cornell University Press, Ithaca. New York. 2004.
“What globalization can bring to bear on the topic of security is an awareness of
widespread systemic development without any resulting need to downplay of the role of the
state, or assume its obsolescence. The question that has to be addressed by the student of
contemporary security is not whether security should be reconceptualized around individuals
or societies as alternatives to the state, but how the practice of states is being reconfigured to
take account of new concerns with human rights and social identity.” (I. Clark,
“Globalization and International Relations Theory”, Oxford University Press, 1999, p. 125).
62

138

Društveni ogledi - Časopis za pravnu teoriju i praksu

�Od globalnih strukturalnih promjena ka novom konceptu suvereniteta

I. Clark, “Globalization and International Relations Theory”, Oxford University Press,
1999.
J. Baylis and S. Smith, “The Globalization of World Politics”, Oxford University
Press, 2005.
P.G. Cerny, The Changing Architecture of Politics: Structure, Agency and the Future of
the State, London: Sage, 1989.
S. G. Brooks, Producing Security: Multinational Corporations, Globalization, and the
Changing Calculus of Conflict, Princeton University Press, Princeton and Oxford,
2005.
Z. Khalilzad and I. O. Lesser (eds), “Sources of Conflict in the 21st Century, Project
AIR Force”, Rand, 1998.

Članci:
A. M. Slaughter, “The Real New Order”, Foreign Affairs, November/December,
1997.
B. B. Ghali, An Agenda for Peace, United Nations, New York, 1992.
J. A. Scholte, “International Affairs” (Royal Institute of International Affairs” 1944)
Vol. 73, No. 3, Globalization and International Relations (Jul., 1997), p. 427-452.
J. Mazur, “Labor’s New Internationalism”, Foreign Affairs, January-February 2000,
vol. 79, no.1, p. 82.
J. T. Mathews, “Power Shift”, Foreign Affairs, January-February 1997, p. 51.
J. Sachs, “International Economics, “Unlocking the Mysteries of Globalization” Foreign
Policy, 110/1998, p. 218.
J. Sachs,2005, “The End of Poverty”, Penguin Books, p. 30-31.

Centar za društvena istraživanja | Godina 1 | Broj1

139

�Nedžad Bašić

M. Wolf, “Will the Nation-State Survive Globalisation?”, Foreign Affairs, JanuaryFebruary 2001, p. 182.
P. Hirst, “The Global Economy- Myths and Realities”, International Affairs, 3/1997,
p.411.
P. G. Cerny, "Globalization and the Changing Logic of Collective Action,"
International Organization, Vol. 49, no. 4, Autumn 1995.
P. F. Drucker, “The Global Economy and the Nation-State”, Foreign Affairs,
September-October 1997, vol. 76. no. 5, p. 168-169.
R. O. Keohane and Joseph S. Nye Jr., “Globalization: What’s New? What’s Not (And
So What)”, Foreign Affairs, Spring 2000, p. 108.
R. L. Heilbroner in M.l T. Klaire, “The New Challenges to Global Security”, Current
History, April 1993, p. 156.
R. Kaplinski, “Micro-Electronic and the Third World”, Radical Science Journal,
55/1981.
R. Inglehart, “Globalization and Postmodern Values”, The Washington Quarterly,
Winter 2000, pp. 223-224.
R. Rosecrance, “Economic and National Security: The Evolutionary Process”, p. 209210, in Security Studies for the 21st Century, 1997.
S. G. Brooks and W. C. Wohlforth, “Power, Globalization, and the End of the Cold
War”, International Security, vol. 25, 3/2000, p. 35-36.
S. Strange, “The Defective State”, “What Future for the State”, Deadalus, Vol. 124,
.2/1995, p. 59-60.
T. J. Sinclair, Passing Judgment: “Credit Rating Processes as Regulatory Mechanisms of
Governance in the Emerging World Order”, Review of International Political
Economy, Spring 1994, p. 133-159.
Ruso, Žan Žak, Društveni ugovor, Školska knjiga, Zagreb, 1978.
140

Društveni ogledi - Časopis za pravnu teoriju i praksu

�Od globalnih strukturalnih promjena ka novom konceptu suvereniteta

Soboul, Albert, Francuska revolucija, Naprijed, Zagreb 1989.
Sokol, Smiljko, Politička i ustavna povijest jakobinskog razdoblja Francuske
revolucije, Globus, Zagreb 1989.

Centar za društvena istraživanja | Godina 1 | Broj1

141

�</text>
                  </elementText>
                </elementTextContainer>
              </element>
            </elementContainer>
          </elementSet>
        </elementSetContainer>
      </file>
    </fileContainer>
    <elementSetContainer>
      <elementSet elementSetId="1">
        <name>Dublin Core</name>
        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
        <elementContainer>
          <element elementId="79">
            <name>Extent</name>
            <description>The size or duration of the resource.</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="6197">
                <text>2367</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="6198">
                <text>From Global Structural Changes to a New  Concept of Sovereignty    Od globalnih strukturalnih promjena ka novom  konceptu suvereniteta</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="96">
            <name>Author</name>
            <description>Author</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="6199">
                <text>BAŠIĆ, Nedžad</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="94">
            <name>Abstract</name>
            <description>A summary of the resource.</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="6200">
                <text>Global movement of goods, services and capital, that causes the new forms of content and organization of production, that is increasingly growing into a new form of “global production for the global market”, is not able to fully define the essence of phenomenon of globalization itself. What makes the process of globalization is particularly rapid growth of communications, rapid growth of global participants and rapid growth of network system of global institutions. In the process of globalization, with a new form of communication between the growing number of participants in global relations, the structural changes taking place in which the state is losing its global position of the necessary factors of global production process. The growth of a large number of international governmental organizations (IGOs), international non-governmental organizations (INGOs), regional organizations (EU, Asia Pacific, NAFTA), the dramatic growth of MNCs, and the steady growth of mutual multidimensional and multiplication communication between these organizations, creates a process to a "reconfiguration of political power." Political power has been increasingly disseminated, on the one side, between national and sub-national level, while on the other hand, the diffusion of political power is evident among national government and supranational institutions and organizations. In this divergent process of "reconfiguration of political power", the transformation of state’s power has been turned up to a new complex forms of global governance in a complex political process in which the concept of national geo-political sovereignty has been increasingly transformed into the concept of "global-institutional-sovereignty."    Sažetak: Ekonomska globalizacija, koja po najraširenijem odredjenju obuhvata globalno kretanje roba, usluga i kapitala, što uvjetuje nove oblike i sadržine organizacije proizvodnje koja sve više izrasta u novi oblik globalne proizvodnje za globalno tržište, nije u mogućnosti u potpunosti odrediti suštinu fenomena post-moderne globalizacije. Ono što danas čini proces globalizacije ekonomskim, političkim i kulturnim fenomenom jeste prije svega rapidan rast komunikacija, rapidan rast mreže network sistema globalnih institucija i rapidan rast participanata u globalnim komunkacijama. U procesu globalizacije odvijaju se strukturalne promjene u kojima država sve više gubi poziciju nužnog faktora globalnog proizvodnog procesa, što izrasta u odredjujuću odrednicu fenomena globalizacije krajem 20 stoljeća. Rast velikog broja medjunarodnih vladinih organizacija (IGOs), medjunarodnih nevladinih organizacija (INGOs), regionalnih organizacija (EU, Pacific Asia, NAFTA), dramatičan rast MNCs i transnacionalnih komercijalnih banaka, te stalni rast medjusobnog multidimenzionalnog i multipliciranog komuniciranja izmedju ovih organizacija, korporacija i vlada država, vodi ka „rekonfiguraciji političke moći“. Politička moć se sve vise difuzira, s jedne strane, izmedju nacionalnog i subnacionalnog nivoa, dok s druge strane, difuzija političke moći sve je evidentnija izmedju nacionalne vlade i supranacionalnih institucija i organizacija. U ovom divergentnom procesu „rekonfiguracije političke moći“, dolazi i do sve izraženije transformacije moći države ka novim kompleksnim formama upravljanja u globalnim kompleksnim političkim procesima u kojima se koncept nacionalnog teritorijalno-političkog suvereniteta sve više transformira u koncept „globalnog institucionalnog suvereniteta“.</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="45">
            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="6201">
                <text>Social Sciences Research Center of International Burch University</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="6202">
                <text>2014-04</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="97">
            <name>Keywords</name>
            <description>Keywords.</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="6203">
                <text>Article
PeerReviewed</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="43">
            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="6204">
                <text>ISSN 2303-5706     </text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
        </elementContainer>
      </elementSet>
    </elementSetContainer>
    <tagContainer>
      <tag tagId="6">
        <name>H Social Sciences (General)</name>
      </tag>
    </tagContainer>
  </item>
  <item itemId="769" public="1" featured="0">
    <fileContainer>
      <file fileId="869">
        <src>https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/03d85478f6c35a2996a934d4d8819868.pdf</src>
        <authentication>57706d85b1b93bd104635491e398517a</authentication>
        <elementSetContainer>
          <elementSet elementSetId="4">
            <name>PDF Text</name>
            <description/>
            <elementContainer>
              <element elementId="52">
                <name>Text</name>
                <description/>
                <elementTextContainer>
                  <elementText elementTextId="6214">
                    <text>UVODNA RIJEČ GLAVNOG UREDNIKA

Poštovani čitaoci,
Čast i zadovoljstvo mi je da u ulozi glavnog urednika predstavim prvi broj
časopisa „Društveni ogledi“. Osnivanjem Centra za društvena istraživanja
Internacionalnog Burč univerziteta, javila se ideja za pokretanjem naučnog časopisa
koji bi predstavljao rezultat potrebe za ukazivanjem na bitna pitanja iz oblasti
društvenih nauka, prevashodno prava, u teoriji i praksi. Časopis ima za cilj
unapređenje naučno-istraživačkog rada u oblasti pravnih i drugih srodnih društvenih
nauka, a namijenjen je svima koji se bave istraživačkim radom, nudeći im mjesto
susreta, zbližavanja, premoštavanja različitih stavova i mišljenja, ostavljajući prostor
zajedničkom djelovanju.
Uzimajući u obzir specifično pravno uređenje Bosne i Hercegovine, naročito
u smislu približavanja evroatlanskim integracijama, časopis ima za cilj savladavanje
poteškoća sa kojima se naša država susreće na tom putu, te iznalaženje mogućih
rješenja kako u vidu teorijskog poimanja, tako i u praktičnom smislu.
Također, značaj časopisa se ogleda u tome što pruža mogućnost dijaloga na
nivou cijele Bosne i Hercegovine i šire, te teži uspostavljanju jedinstvenog naučnoistraživačkog prostora internacionalnog karaktera. To je opredijelilo uređivački
odbor da buduće brojeve časopisa selektira po tematskim cjelinama, odnosno
aktuelnim pravnim pitanjima s kojima se Bosna i Hercegovina susreće u procesu
pridruživanja Evropskoj uniji.
Zasluge za ovaj veliki projekt pripadaju kolegama sa Pravnog fakulteta
Univerziteta u Sarajevu, Pravnog fakulteta Univerziteta u Tuzli, Pravnog fakulteta
Univerziteta u Zenici, Pravnog fakulteta Univerziteta u Bihaću i Pravnog fakulteta
Univerziteta u Mostaru, a naročitu zahvalnost iskazujemo Internacionalnom Burč
univerzitetu, pokrovitelju cjelokupnog projekta.

Glavni urednik
Prof. dr. Abedin Bikić

Centar za društvena istraživanja | Godina 1 | Broj1

7

�</text>
                  </elementText>
                </elementTextContainer>
              </element>
            </elementContainer>
          </elementSet>
        </elementSetContainer>
      </file>
    </fileContainer>
    <elementSetContainer>
      <elementSet elementSetId="1">
        <name>Dublin Core</name>
        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
        <elementContainer>
          <element elementId="79">
            <name>Extent</name>
            <description>The size or duration of the resource.</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="6206">
                <text>2362</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="6207">
                <text>UVODNA RIJEČ GLAVNOG UREDNIKA</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="96">
            <name>Author</name>
            <description>Author</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="6208">
                <text>BIKIĆ, Abedin</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="94">
            <name>Abstract</name>
            <description>A summary of the resource.</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="6209">
                <text>Poštovani čitaoci,    Čast i zadovoljstvo mi je da u ulozi glavnog urednika predstavim prvi broj časopisa „Društveni ogledi“. Osnivanjem Centra za društvena istraživanja Internacionalnog Burč univerziteta, javila se ideja za pokretanjem naučnog časopisa koji bi predstavljao rezultat potrebe za ukazivanjem na bitna pitanja iz oblasti društvenih nauka, prevashodno prava, u teoriji i praksi. Časopis ima za cilj unapređenje naučno-istraživačkog rada u oblasti pravnih i drugih srodnih društvenih nauka, a namijenjen je svima koji se bave istraživačkim radom, nudeći im mjesto susreta, zbližavanja, premoštavanja različitih stavova i mišljenja, ostavljajući prostor zajedničkom djelovanju.</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="45">
            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="6210">
                <text>Social Sciences Research Center of International Burch University</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="6211">
                <text>2014-04</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="97">
            <name>Keywords</name>
            <description>Keywords.</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="6212">
                <text>Article
PeerReviewed</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="43">
            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="6213">
                <text>ISSN 2303-5706     </text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
        </elementContainer>
      </elementSet>
    </elementSetContainer>
    <tagContainer>
      <tag tagId="6">
        <name>H Social Sciences (General)</name>
      </tag>
    </tagContainer>
  </item>
  <item itemId="770" public="1" featured="0">
    <fileContainer>
      <file fileId="870">
        <src>https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/4774009235f838f081b0b522b7de0780.docx</src>
        <authentication>fb81473f592e6cb2a72542b75a21ea25</authentication>
      </file>
      <file fileId="871">
        <src>https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/9c3121deb7c9c1ecc2419c34061d81f7.pdf</src>
        <authentication>0d98cc2ac1f7a702133f634fd0b94e55</authentication>
        <elementSetContainer>
          <elementSet elementSetId="4">
            <name>PDF Text</name>
            <description/>
            <elementContainer>
              <element elementId="52">
                <name>Text</name>
                <description/>
                <elementTextContainer>
                  <elementText elementTextId="6223">
                    <text>Global Water Issues and Changes in Water Resources Management Policies
Ömer Faruk Bilbay
Mustafa Kemal University
Turkey
bilbay1987@hotmail.com
Veysel Eren
Mustafa Kemal University
Turkey
bilbay1987@hotmail.com
Yakup Bulut
Mustafa Kemal University
Turkey
bilbay1987@hotmail.com
Abstract: Water is a very important natural resource for both sustain of universe and whole live
life. Water has maintained its importance throughout history and it had played effective role on
emerging and developing of many civilizations. Today, such a fast growing world population,
global warming, decreasing of water resources, high cost of alternative fresh water,
unconsciously and primitive farming irrigation, wasting urbanization which out of order, water
pollution because of industry waste and another problems has been emerged. This situation has
made water resources management as an international discussion both aspect of politic and
economic.
Deficiencies in the amount and quality of water have been considered to be a threat both people
and live species. . Therefore, nowadays the basis of the sustainability of water resources has
become more important and necessity. In addition to national and international actors nongovernmental organizations take on an important role in this regard the importance of the future
path of the water with carrying out the support of the financial incentive, conferences, decisions,
projects and they have demonstrated that how fresh resources water will be very important for
the future of life. In this study we will examine reason of global water problems, sustainable
water resources management, the transformations and changes in water resources policies and
give advices about solution.
Keywords: Water Resources, Water Politics, Water Problems, Sustainability, Water
Management, Global Warming.

151

�151

�</text>
                  </elementText>
                </elementTextContainer>
              </element>
            </elementContainer>
          </elementSet>
        </elementSetContainer>
      </file>
    </fileContainer>
    <elementSetContainer>
      <elementSet elementSetId="1">
        <name>Dublin Core</name>
        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
        <elementContainer>
          <element elementId="79">
            <name>Extent</name>
            <description>The size or duration of the resource.</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="6215">
                <text>2612</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="6216">
                <text>Global Water Issues and Changes in Water Resources Management Policies</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="96">
            <name>Author</name>
            <description>Author</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="6217">
                <text>BILBAY, Omer Faruk
EREN, Veysel
BULUT, Yakup</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="94">
            <name>Abstract</name>
            <description>A summary of the resource.</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="6218">
                <text>Water is a very important natural resource for both sustain of universe and whole live life. Water has maintained its importance throughout history and it had played effective role on emerging and developing of many civilizations. Today, such a fast growing world population, global warming, decreasing of water resources, high cost of alternative fresh water, unconsciously and primitive farming irrigation, wasting urbanization which out of order, water pollution because of industry waste and another problems has been emerged. This situation has made water resources management as an international discussion both aspect of politic and economic.    Deficiencies in the amount and quality of water have been considered to be a threat both people and live species. . Therefore, nowadays the basis of the sustainability of water resources has become more important and necessity. In addition to national and international actors non-governmental organizations take on an important role in this regard the importance of the future path of the water with carrying out the support of the financial incentive, conferences, decisions, projects and they have demonstrated that how fresh resources water will be very important for the future of life. In this study we will examine reason of global water problems, sustainable water resources management, the transformations and changes in water resources policies and give advices about solution.    Keywords: Water Resources, Water Politics, Water Problems, Sustainability, Water Management, Global Warming.  </text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="45">
            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="6219">
                <text>International Burch University</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="6220">
                <text>2014-04</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="97">
            <name>Keywords</name>
            <description>Keywords.</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="6221">
                <text>Article
PeerReviewed</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="43">
            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="6222">
                <text>ISSN 2303-4564     </text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
        </elementContainer>
      </elementSet>
    </elementSetContainer>
    <tagContainer>
      <tag tagId="6">
        <name>H Social Sciences (General)</name>
      </tag>
    </tagContainer>
  </item>
  <item itemId="771" public="1" featured="0">
    <fileContainer>
      <file fileId="872">
        <src>https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/5acc37572264cfe717918cc6df3f1646.docx</src>
        <authentication>042f36e99eda683b40526900dc75aedd</authentication>
      </file>
      <file fileId="873">
        <src>https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/0a7fc9033f4e4d704f64c601767210fc.pdf</src>
        <authentication>5c2a03aee60300f06fe260c8214b82d0</authentication>
        <elementSetContainer>
          <elementSet elementSetId="4">
            <name>PDF Text</name>
            <description/>
            <elementContainer>
              <element elementId="52">
                <name>Text</name>
                <description/>
                <elementTextContainer>
                  <elementText elementTextId="6232">
                    <text>Small and Medium Enterprises (SME’s) in the Region of Prizren
Dren Bllaca
Epoka University
Albania
dbllaca10@epoka.edu.al

Abstract: The objective of this study is to analyze the financial investment of small and medium
enterprises in Republic of Kosovo, respectively in the region of Prizren. The development of
private sector is one of the main objectives of the development of Kosovo society. Establishment
and development of the SMEs sector is dependent on the development of the system of financing
the investments in these companies. Commercial banks and micro-financing institutions have
financed investments of SMEs through various loans and micro-credits. Therefore the main
objectives of this paper are: Identification of the financing situation of SMEs in the region of
Prizren, research and reflection of the activities of commercial banks and micro-financing
institutions in the region of Prizren, research forms and conditions for financing SMEs and
proposals for the improvement of the institutional environment and avoidance of financing
problems for SMEs investments.
Keywords: SME, Investments, Financing, Economy, Envelopment.

177

�177

�</text>
                  </elementText>
                </elementTextContainer>
              </element>
            </elementContainer>
          </elementSet>
        </elementSetContainer>
      </file>
    </fileContainer>
    <elementSetContainer>
      <elementSet elementSetId="1">
        <name>Dublin Core</name>
        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
        <elementContainer>
          <element elementId="79">
            <name>Extent</name>
            <description>The size or duration of the resource.</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="6224">
                <text>2656</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="6225">
                <text>Small and Medium Enterprises (SME’s) in the Region of Prizren</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="96">
            <name>Author</name>
            <description>Author</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="6226">
                <text>BLLACA, Dren</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="94">
            <name>Abstract</name>
            <description>A summary of the resource.</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="6227">
                <text>The objective of this study is to analyze the financial investment of small and medium enterprises in Republic of Kosovo, respectively in the region of Prizren. The development of private sector is one of the main objectives of the development of Kosovo society. Establishment and development of the SMEs sector is dependent on the development of the system of financing the investments in these companies. Commercial banks and micro-financing institutions have financed investments of SMEs through various loans and micro-credits. Therefore the main objectives of this paper are: Identification of the financing situation of SMEs in the region of Prizren, research and reflection of the activities of commercial banks and micro-financing institutions in the region of Prizren, research forms and conditions for financing SMEs and proposals for the improvement of the institutional environment and avoidance of financing problems for SMEs investments.    Keywords: SME, Investments, Financing, Economy, Envelopment.     </text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="45">
            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="6228">
                <text>International Burch University</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="6229">
                <text>2014-04</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="97">
            <name>Keywords</name>
            <description>Keywords.</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="6230">
                <text>Article
PeerReviewed</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="43">
            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="6231">
                <text>ISSN 2303-4564     </text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
        </elementContainer>
      </elementSet>
    </elementSetContainer>
    <tagContainer>
      <tag tagId="6">
        <name>H Social Sciences (General)</name>
      </tag>
    </tagContainer>
  </item>
  <item itemId="772" public="1" featured="0">
    <fileContainer>
      <file fileId="874">
        <src>https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/d568519ac38564feb082eb65a095b6f4.docx</src>
        <authentication>32fec0e9b789c400750ec2534bb972ad</authentication>
      </file>
      <file fileId="875">
        <src>https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/90d074c71271139faffa5e6c918b4037.pdf</src>
        <authentication>46c0f215fd5d593edb91cd2e59c7c72c</authentication>
        <elementSetContainer>
          <elementSet elementSetId="4">
            <name>PDF Text</name>
            <description/>
            <elementContainer>
              <element elementId="52">
                <name>Text</name>
                <description/>
                <elementTextContainer>
                  <elementText elementTextId="6241">
                    <text>Small and Medium Enterprises (SME’s) in the Region of Prizren
DrenBllaca
Epoka University
Albania
dbllaca10@epoka.edu.al

Abstract: The objective of this study is to analyze the financial investment of small and
medium enterprises in Republic of Kosovo, respectively in the region of Prizren. The
development of private sector is one of the main objectives of the development of Kosovo
society. Establishment and development of the SMEs sector is dependent on the development
of the system of financing the investments in these companies. Commercial banks and microfinancing institutions have financed investments of SMEs through various loans and microcredits. Therefore the main objectives of this paper are: Identification of the financing
situation of SMEs in the region of Prizren, research and reflection of the activities of
commercial banks and micro-financing institutions in the region of Prizren, research forms
and conditions for financing SMEs and proposals for the improvement of the institutional
environment and avoidance of financing problems for SMEs investments.
Keywords: SME, Investments, Financing, Economy, Envelopment.

177

�</text>
                  </elementText>
                </elementTextContainer>
              </element>
            </elementContainer>
          </elementSet>
        </elementSetContainer>
      </file>
    </fileContainer>
    <elementSetContainer>
      <elementSet elementSetId="1">
        <name>Dublin Core</name>
        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
        <elementContainer>
          <element elementId="79">
            <name>Extent</name>
            <description>The size or duration of the resource.</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="6233">
                <text>2665</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="6234">
                <text>Small and Medium Enterprises (SME’s) in the Region of Prizren</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="96">
            <name>Author</name>
            <description>Author</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="6235">
                <text>BLLACA, Dren</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="94">
            <name>Abstract</name>
            <description>A summary of the resource.</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="6236">
                <text>The objective of this study is to analyze the financial investment of small and medium enterprises in Republic of Kosovo, respectively in the region of Prizren. The development of private sector is one of the main objectives of the development of Kosovo society. Establishment and development of the SMEs sector is dependent on the development of the system of financing the investments in these companies. Commercial banks and micro-financing institutions have financed investments of SMEs through various loans and micro-credits. Therefore the main objectives of this paper are: Identification of the financing situation of SMEs in the region of Prizren, research and reflection of the activities of commercial banks and micro-financing institutions in the region of Prizren, research forms and conditions for financing SMEs and proposals for the improvement of the institutional environment and avoidance of financing problems for SMEs investments.    Keywords: SME, Investments, Financing, Economy, Envelopment.    </text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="45">
            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="6237">
                <text>International Burch University</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="6238">
                <text>2014-04</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="97">
            <name>Keywords</name>
            <description>Keywords.</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="6239">
                <text>Article
PeerReviewed</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="43">
            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="6240">
                <text>ISSN 2303-4564     </text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
        </elementContainer>
      </elementSet>
    </elementSetContainer>
    <tagContainer>
      <tag tagId="6">
        <name>H Social Sciences (General)</name>
      </tag>
    </tagContainer>
  </item>
  <item itemId="773" public="1" featured="0">
    <fileContainer>
      <file fileId="876">
        <src>https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/a3aa54af7ccca761c38fee99b0a982e3.docx</src>
        <authentication>b4411cc2189d388b56ab64384bf5d646</authentication>
      </file>
      <file fileId="877">
        <src>https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/1958baff4d24fabcd402adac284f5cf5.pdf</src>
        <authentication>94b31c9eeab85cdb4ba5ab2e11c70c8e</authentication>
        <elementSetContainer>
          <elementSet elementSetId="4">
            <name>PDF Text</name>
            <description/>
            <elementContainer>
              <element elementId="52">
                <name>Text</name>
                <description/>
                <elementTextContainer>
                  <elementText elementTextId="6250">
                    <text>IT function in the Higher Educational Institution; the Role of IT Center on
International Burch University
Edis Bulić
International Burch University
Bosnia and Herzegovina
edis.bulic@ibu.edu.ba
Abstract: This paper aims to examine the importance of IT center’s role in supporting
administrative and academic staff at International Burch University. IT Center exists as part of
the administrative infrastructure International Burch University. The main activity of this
subdivision is building a network of communication based on latest computer technology and
complete customer support. The primary goal of IT Center is a constant improvement of the
system units, monitoring and implementation of modern information technology with the idea of
quality and automated customer support.
The research is theoretical. We will do the comparison between definition of the IT Function and
actual implementation in practice on International Burch University, also applied managerial
models.
The results of the study can be the useful resource for future research and help better practical
implementation of IT center support at International Burch University.
Keywords: higher educational institution, IT center, administrative and academic staff.

148

�</text>
                  </elementText>
                </elementTextContainer>
              </element>
            </elementContainer>
          </elementSet>
        </elementSetContainer>
      </file>
    </fileContainer>
    <elementSetContainer>
      <elementSet elementSetId="1">
        <name>Dublin Core</name>
        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
        <elementContainer>
          <element elementId="79">
            <name>Extent</name>
            <description>The size or duration of the resource.</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="6242">
                <text>2611</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="6243">
                <text>IT function in the Higher Educational Institution; the Role of IT Center on International Burch University</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="96">
            <name>Author</name>
            <description>Author</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="6244">
                <text>BULIĆ, Edis</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="94">
            <name>Abstract</name>
            <description>A summary of the resource.</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="6245">
                <text>This paper aims to examine the importance of IT center’s role in supporting administrative and academic staff at International Burch University. IT Center exists as part of the administrative infrastructure International Burch University. The main activity of this subdivision is building a network of communication based on latest computer technology and complete customer support. The primary goal of IT Center is a constant improvement of the system units, monitoring and implementation of modern information technology with the idea of quality and automated customer support.     The research is theoretical. We will do the comparison between definition of the IT Function and actual implementation in practice on International Burch University, also applied managerial models.    The results of the study can be the useful resource for future research and help better practical implementation of IT center support at International Burch University.      Keywords: higher educational institution, IT center, administrative and academic staff.  </text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="45">
            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="6246">
                <text>International Burch University</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="6247">
                <text>2014-04</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="97">
            <name>Keywords</name>
            <description>Keywords.</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="6248">
                <text>Article
PeerReviewed</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="43">
            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="6249">
                <text>ISSN 2303-4564     </text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
        </elementContainer>
      </elementSet>
    </elementSetContainer>
    <tagContainer>
      <tag tagId="6">
        <name>H Social Sciences (General)</name>
      </tag>
    </tagContainer>
  </item>
  <item itemId="774" public="1" featured="0">
    <fileContainer>
      <file fileId="878">
        <src>https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/7cde1f223e823ef3e0bd6302c0bba337.docx</src>
        <authentication>c56b1b95c5f9f5dda93c737073e3e274</authentication>
      </file>
      <file fileId="879">
        <src>https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/3b89cbf08d61fb5f7d022c23a4e19791.pdf</src>
        <authentication>da1d039a45f3d5330465aeeb972a25b6</authentication>
        <elementSetContainer>
          <elementSet elementSetId="4">
            <name>PDF Text</name>
            <description/>
            <elementContainer>
              <element elementId="52">
                <name>Text</name>
                <description/>
                <elementTextContainer>
                  <elementText elementTextId="6259">
                    <text>The Impact of the Action Centered Leader on the Business Motivation:
Mediterranean Instutions in Turkey
NihalCantürk
Mehmet AkifErsoy University
Turkey
ncanturk@mehmetakif.edu.tr
HüseyinÇiçek
Mehmet AkifErsoy University
Turkey
hcicek@mehmetakif.edu.tr

Abstract: This study has tried to answer whether the action-oriented leader positively impacts
on members' motivation or not. It has also examined relations between the people who
focused on the target and leader support them. It is projected to build a connection between
basic reasons underlying behavior of members- Maslow's hierarchy - and institutional goals.
This research has been directed to a field research on organization located in the
Mediterranean region. In this study, Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs is dependent variable and
action-oriented leader is the independent variable.
Action centered leader who leads individual and team in harmony for the common aim has an
innovative essence. It is expected that action oriented leader helps to boost employee’s
motivation. The leader motivates members for a confident aim. Meanwhile, the members have
been questioning why they have been trying for the aim of organization or have been running
all these works. The members know why they have been trying and why they have been
working and focus on the target and have been motivated.As a motivation tool, Maslow's
hierarchy of needs (1943) has been engaged. And also, Porter's model (1961) which has been
based is safety, social, esteem, autonomy and self-actualization was measured in five stages.
Keywords: action centered leadership, leader – member interaction, motivation, hierarchy of
needs, Mediterranean region.

176

�</text>
                  </elementText>
                </elementTextContainer>
              </element>
            </elementContainer>
          </elementSet>
        </elementSetContainer>
      </file>
    </fileContainer>
    <elementSetContainer>
      <elementSet elementSetId="1">
        <name>Dublin Core</name>
        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
        <elementContainer>
          <element elementId="79">
            <name>Extent</name>
            <description>The size or duration of the resource.</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="6251">
                <text>2664</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="6252">
                <text>The Impact of the Action Centered Leader on the Business Motivation: Mediterranean Instutions in Turkey</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="96">
            <name>Author</name>
            <description>Author</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="6253">
                <text>CANTRUK, Nihal
CICEK, Huseyin</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="94">
            <name>Abstract</name>
            <description>A summary of the resource.</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="6254">
                <text>This study has tried to answer whether the action-oriented leader positively impacts on members' motivation or not. It has also examined relations between the people who focused on the target and leader support them. It is projected to build a connection between basic reasons underlying behavior of members- Maslow's hierarchy - and institutional goals. This research has been directed to a field research on organization located in the Mediterranean region. In this study, Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs is dependent variable and action-oriented leader is the independent variable.  Action centered leader who leads individual and team in harmony for the common aim has an innovative essence. It is expected that action oriented leader helps to boost employee’s motivation. The leader motivates members for a confident aim. Meanwhile, the members have been questioning why they have been trying for the aim of organization or have been running all these works. The members know why they have been trying and why they have been working and focus on the target and have been motivated. As a motivation tool, Maslow's hierarchy of needs (1943) has been engaged. And also, Porter's model (1961) which has been based is safety, social, esteem, autonomy and self-actualization was measured in five stages.  Keywords: action centered leadership, leader – member interaction, motivation, hierarchy of needs, Mediterranean region.  </text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="45">
            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="6255">
                <text>International Burch University</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="6256">
                <text>2014-04</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="97">
            <name>Keywords</name>
            <description>Keywords.</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="6257">
                <text>Article
PeerReviewed</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="43">
            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="6258">
                <text>ISSN 2303-4564     </text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
        </elementContainer>
      </elementSet>
    </elementSetContainer>
    <tagContainer>
      <tag tagId="6">
        <name>H Social Sciences (General)</name>
      </tag>
    </tagContainer>
  </item>
</itemContainer>
