66 10 3494 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/525c20959d45395caea77d7c191b0907.pdf 21cc6d8c2424f1811ee3d637fb80a01c PDF Text Text ��������������������� Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 3004 Title A name given to the resource Constitutionality of the Bankruptcy Proceedings in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina: How Did We Kill Working Class? Author Author Begić, Zlatan Razić, Selma Abstract A summary of the resource. According to Constitution of B&H, as well as constitutions of entities and cantons, Bosnia and Herzegovina is a state of human rights in full capacity. International instruments which guarantee a wide range of human rights and freedoms are integral part of the legal order of Bosnia and Herzegovina. In the Federation of B&H, 22 international documents listed in the annex to the Constitution have the power of constitutional provisions. However, it often happens that laws and regulations of executive authority entirely suspend or limit rights and freedoms guaranteed by the constitution. Thus, in most cases, there is a mismatch of constitutional-normative regulations in comparison with the real state created by laws, and in some situations, by regulations of executive authorities. It’s a widespread practice that has, unfortunately, affected almost all areas of life. The paper analyzes the provisions of Bankruptcy Law of the Federation of B&H which substantially limits many constitutionally guaranteed rights of employees of debtor in bankruptcy proceedings. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2015-12-28 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed DOI Digital object identifier DOI: 10.14706/DO15223 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-5706 K Law (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/76191cf365a48239da0821b054d04b34.pdf 7283e5f7005615d39c3e0fd3e8d58f14 PDF Text Text Constructed Wetland Filter Use for Controlling Nutrient and Sediment Runoff from Golf Course Developments Yasin Çağatay Seçkin College of Architecture Istanbul Technical University Turkey cseckin@itu.edu.tr Abstract: Interest in the control of pollution entering into waterways has risen significantly since the last quarter of 20th Century and golf course developments have been identified as areas that use some of the chemical pollutants found in these waterways. Runoff control of pollutants from golf course developments is vital in assuring clean waterway systems for the future. This study investigates the runoff issues that can be related to golf course turf grass systems and their control through use of wetland filters. Three issues addressed in this study are suspended sediment, nitrogen, and phosphorus levels contained in turf grass runoff. Sediment runoff levels were found to be low to moderate for turf grass systems, while nutrient transport in runoff from turf grass areas can become a significant problem. Constructed wetland filtration systems were investigated as one potential method for controlling turf grass runoff. The design and construction of these wetland filters was investigated to determine their potential for filtering runoff from golf course facilities. Data showed that significant levels of runoff sediment and nutrient pollution could be removed if proper design and construction processes are followed. Information The game of golf as it is known today originated in the British Isles hundreds of years ago (Love, 2008) and as knowledge of the game spread, it became increasingly popular, and by the early 1900s had begun to experience tremendous growth. Depending on this growth, the importance of the field of turfgrass science was realized, and the associations, such as USGA or EGU, began sponsoring publications and research through the embodied departments or independent organizations (Beard, 2002). Since the beginning of this process, great steps have been taken to make turf grasses on golf courses the finest of all turfgrass areas. Intensive management practices have resulted in turfgrass areas becoming denser, softer, shorter and greener than previously thought possible. It is needless to say that, for reaching this result, considerable quantities of pesticides and fertilizers are used annually on golf courses throughout the World. The fate of these chemicals can be traced to the creeks, streams, lakes, and groundwater aquifers and the major environmental consequence of these intensive maintenance practices is the potential degradation of adjacent waterways and groundwater aquifers from chemical and nutrient runoff. Runoff Issues Runoff can be defined as any surface flow that may occur on turfgrass, soil, or other related surfaces after evaporation, interception, infiltration, plant uptake, and detention storage has been satisfied. Runoff events typically occur after: � � � � Extended periods of rain in which the soil profile becomes saturated and incapable of storing further water molecules. During rain or irrigation events in which precipitation rates exceed infiltration rates of soil. On areas with extreme slopes where gravity flow provides a quicker gradient for water movement than soil infiltration. On surfaces where soil structure is extremely exposed and compacted so that water cannot readily be absorbed. 493 �These forms of surface runoff are typically the means by which pollutants from golf course developments enter into the waterways and groundwater aquifers. In most cases, sediment runoff is identified as a potential guilty in the pollution of these waterways and aquifers, but more serious problems are posed by the potential eutrophication of downstream lakes and slow-moving water bodies by the nutrients that attach themselves to these soil particles (Balogh et al, 1992). Turfgrass management practices can have a direct effect upon runoff events and the levels of pollutants that they transport. Nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) are the nutrients most widely applied through use of fertilizers on golf course turfgrass areas. Especially, nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) are two of the most important nutrients used for the establishment and maintenance of golf course turf. Nitrogen is needed in the largest amount by turfgrass plants. This nutrient is essential for shoot growth, green-up, hardiness, rate of growth and shoot density. Phosphorus is vital to energy transformations in turfgrass plants and is key in turfgrasss establishment, rooting, growth and reproduction (Beard, 2003). Ideally, all of the fertilizer applied on golf course turf has to be taken up by the plants. But, extended periods of rain, irrigation system malfunction, extreme slopes or extremely compacted soils can cause nutrient runoff into the waterways. It is very crucial to control this kind of runoff from polluting the waterways. According to an USGA-sponsored research, nutrient runoff poses a greater threat to water quality than leaching (Kenna and Snow, 2000) and wetlands provide an effective control of nutrients (Vadineanu, 2005). Sediment and Nutrient Removal by Wetland Systems By definition, wetlands are regions that are flooded or saturated by either surface water or ground water often and long enough to support both flora and fauna specially adapted to saturated soil conditions (LaFlamme, 2005). They receive water from surrounding lacustrine systems, precipitation, groundwater and runoff. They act like a giant sponge absorbing water during wet periods and releasing water during dry periods of the year. In addition, wetlands can be considered as the kidneys of the planet since they have the ability to filter out pollutants, transform nutrients and serve as sinks for many compounds (Jordan et al., 1999). As well as natural wetlands, there exist constructed wetlands. These wetlands are mainly constructed with the purpose of treating wastewater. Constructed wetlands are capable of providing many of the same basic operational benefits of a natural wetland, but with a much greater degree of efficiency and control (Dodson, 2005). Natural wetlands have been used as convenient wastewater discharge sites for as long as sewage has been collected. But, wetlands constructed for the purpose of treating water have a much shorter history. The worldwide spread of this technology originated from research conducted at the Max Planck Institute in West Germany, starting in 1952 (Bastian and Hammer, 1993; Sakadevan and Bavor, 1998; Verhoeven and Meuleman, 1999) and in the western hemisphere during the 1970s. Implementation of wetland technology has been accelerating around the world since 1985 and now there are many thousands of treatment wetlands across the globe (Kadlec and Wallace, 2009). Constructed wetlands control water runoff velocities so effectively that they can provide major sinks for suspended sediment. The removal of sediment from golf course watersheds is the first step in providing cleaner water to adjacent ecosystems. Recently, the use of construction wetlands as a means of reducing NPS pollution has garnered more attention. Constructed wetlands assimilate nutrients at remarkable levels and utilize added nutrients to increase net wetland productivity. The rate at which wetlands are able to assimilate these nutrients is dependent on four basic factors (Bayley, 1985): � � � � The hydrologic cycle or regime. The oxidation-reduction state of the soil. The nutrient levels currently in soil. The soil organic material content. If properly designed to satisfy these four factors, the wetland filtration system can be efficient in the removal of nutrient pollutants. However, to be truly effective, constructed wetlands must be carefully designed, constructed, monitored, and maintained. 494 �Guidelines for Constructed Wetlands on Golf Courses For any constructed wetland filtration system to operate correctly, it must be first sited and designed properly. The design process used by many golf course architects is a viable means of accomplishing this goal. The basic design process involves the following steps: (1) inventory, (2) analysis, (3) design, (4) construction, and (5) management. If these five steps are correctly instituted into the use of wetland filtration systems on golf courses, it will insure the designer of an efficient wetland filter design, effective incorporation into the golf course facility, and the most cost effective wetland filter location. Inventory The designers use the inventory process to identify existing site features and site conditions. These features and conditions are important for developing a wetland filtration system. First of all, determination of the effective drainage area that any wetland system will be filtering is a critical factor in the overall design process. The effective drainage area is the land from which water will runoff into a water body in a typical year. This must be identified for runoff calculation and wetland sizing purposes. Effective drainage area is one of the important parameter of the Rational Method, which is widely practiced in runoff calculation and the formulation is presented as follows (Seçkin, 2004): Q = 0.00277 C i A Q = peak flow (m3/s) C = runoff coefficient (dimensionless) i = precipitation intensity (mm/h) A = effective drainage area (ha) After calculating the runoff, next challenge is to find out how big a constructed wetland will be necessary to treat the first flush of polluted runoff from the golf course. As well as turfgrass or meadow areas, residential and commercial neighborhoods may also be located in the same watershed as the golf course facility, and may contribute significant nutrient loading levels to wetland filtration systems. Therefore, watershed areas that contain man-made landscapes such as residential neighborhoods, commercial developments or roadway systems must be included in the sizing of any wetland filter. If wetland filtration systems receive excess nutrient loading, the efficiency level of pollutant filtration will drop in significantly. Soil type and existing site vegetation also needs to be included in this inventory activity. The location of these features is needed to assist in determining the best wetland filtration system location. In addition to these, the golf course’s hole routing will play a major role in the location of a wetland filtration systems. Wetlands should be located as amenities to the golf course, thus proper hole location is critical for identifying runoff problem areas and creating strategic golf hole layouts. Analysis The location of existing site features and their potential relationship to the golf course and watershed areas is a key element in this process. Environmentally sensitive areas and natural drainage systems must be evaluated and identified so that proper wetland location and integration into the golf course development can occur. Calculation of nutrient removal levels to determine the feasibility of utilizing a wetland filtration system on a golf course development is a key evaluation step in this process. Here, it is important to note that there must be enough water in the wetland to maintain saturated soils and emergent plants. Additional volume within the wetland may be needed if the frequency of runoff will not create continuously moist soil conditions to provide habitat in which emergent plants can flourish (Melby and Cathcart, 2002). Storage volume and water elevations can be calculated using the following formula (Hammer, D, 1997): ∆V = V + I – E ∆L = L + ∆V / A x D V = volume of storage I = inputs, E = exports L = water level or elevation A = area of the wetlands 495 �D = depth Design The design process involves the actual implementation of the site inventory and site analysis information. Once the ideal site is found and the wetland filter size figured, incorporation of the wetlands into the golf course can begin. Wetland features can serve as excellent hazards on golf course facilities, and the interaction of wetland and golf course correctly can greatly enhance the strategic aspects of the golf course and the enjoyment of a round of golf. These interactions should be diagrammatically highlighted since alteration of the course or wetland may be necessary to achieve the desired results. Wetland vegetation selection is one of the most vital components of design process. Vegetation plays a vital role in wetlands, as they provide a suitable environment for microbial growth and filtration. The vegetation provides oxygen to the bacteria located in its root zone. It also maintains the permeability of the growth media. The stem and leaves in the water column promote sedimentation and provide a substrate for the growth of beneficial microorganisms (State of Georgia, 2002). In addition, plants add greatly to the aesthetic value of the wetland (USDA, n.d.). Besides vegetation, many factors should be evaluated and incorporated into the process, when designing a wetland filtration system. Some of the more critical factors are listed below (Mitsch, 1993): � � � � � Utilize the natural energies of the watershed systems. Incorporate the wetland system into the existing landscape. Provide sufficient buffering from areas, which experience heavy pedestrian or vehicular traffic. Design the system for ease of maintenance. Orient the wetland filtration system so that the greatest level of runoff flow runs parallel to the wetland. If these factors are met in the design layout, the incorporation of the wetland filter into the landscape could easily be provided as well as successful filtration of runoff. Construction After the site inventory, analysis and design processes have been completed; the site can be directly evaluated for construction purposes. Existing topsoil may be suitable as a substrate base for wetland filtration systems. If the topsoil is not predominantly clay or sand then it will most likely work as an effective rooting base. This soil should be scrapped from the site and stored in an appropriate location for later use. Reuse of this soil will drastically reduce construction costs. In addition, to protect existing environmentally sensitive areas and to prevent excessive soil erosion into adjacent drainage ways, proper Best Management Practices (BMP) for erosion control must also be instituted before any construction begins. Wetlands are frequently constructed by excavating, backfilling, grading, diking and installing water control structures to establish desired hydraulic flow patterns. If the site has highly permeable soils, an impervious, compacted clay liner is usually installed and the original soil placed over the liner. Wetland vegetation is then planted or allowed to establish naturally (U.S. EPA, 2004). After initial plant selection and rough grading of the site, any stockpiled topsoil material can be distributed in the planting zone areas. The best soil for plant establishment is usually a fertile loam or organic soil with a little sand content. Heavy clays should be avoided due to natural settling and compaction, which can make initial vegetation rooting and eventual spreading difficult. The plants should be well established before any wastewater is added to the system. A minimum of 4 to 6 weeks should be allowed for plant establishment after planting before wastewater is added to the wetland (State of Georgia, 2002). 496 �Figure 1: Profile of a free water surface (FWS) constructed wetland (U.S. EPA, 2000). Management Wetland management is vital issue for assuring proper wetland filter function. Wetland systems are not capable of establishing themselves within short periods of time. For example, additional vegetation planting may be required to speed plant coverage, replace damaged plants or to try more suitable varieties. Maintenance may also be needed to control the spread of undesired plant species. In addition, inlets and outlets can become blocked with debris, which will require periodic removal. Inlet and outlet structures should be inspected regularly and especially following big storm events (Jones, 1997). Furthermore, proper turfgrass management practices must occur so that the wetland filtration system does not experience extreme sediment or nutrient loading. Conclusion Water bodies are important strategical areas on most all golf course facilities. These water bodies can provide the golf course architect with a potentially beautiful amenity to use in creating their golf course design goals. To the player, these can become strategical features that must be negotiated in order to achieve an acceptable score. These water bodies can also act as signatures by which the golf course would be remembered, carrying its influence beyond the property of the facility. In other words, water features have and always will be important features in a golf course development; this includes wetlands. Constructed wetlands have been implemented as wastewater treatment facilities in many parts of the world and the wetlands used on a golf course have the potential for accepting, storing and filtering runoff from within the course and from neighboring areas. Today, some golf course developments are experimented with wetlands to filter irrigation runoff for reuse on the course, but the environmental significance of this type of use of constructed wetlands is minor at best. Golf course architects and superintendents must do more to insure the safety of the waterways. It is one of the important jobs of every superintendent to insure that the level of runoff is minimized as much as possible. This is where wetland filtration systems become a valuable amenity on golf course developments. It is time that the golf industry makes an effort to support the study and development of methods for controlling runoff from golf course turfgrass systems, so that the future popularity of the game of golf and the health of our environment will be assured. References Balogh, J.C., Gibeault, V.A., Walker, W.J., Kenna, M.P. & Snow, J.T. (1992). Background and Overview of Environmental Issues, In J.C. Balogh & W.J. Walker (Ed.), Golf Course Management & Construction: Environmental Issues (pp.1-38). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. Bastian, R. & Hammer, D. (1993). The Use of Constructed Wetlands for Wastewater Treatment and Recycling, In G. Moshiri (Ed.), Constructed Wetlands for Water Quality Improvement (pp.59-65). New York, NY: CRC Press. 497 �Bayley, S.E. (1985). The Effect of Natural Hydroperiod Fluctuations on Freshwater Wetlands Receiving Added Nutrients, In P.J. Godfrey, E.R. Kaynor, S. Pelczarski & J. Benforado (Ed.), Ecological Considerations in Wetlands Treatment of Municipal Wastewater (pp.180-189). New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold. Beard, J.B. (2003). Turfgrass: Science and Culture, USA: Pearson US Imports & PHIPEs Beard, J.B. (2002). Turf Management for Golf Courses, Chelsea, MI: Ann Arbor Press. Dodson, R.G. (2005). Sustainable Golf Courses: A Guide to Environmental Stewardship, Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. Hammer, D.A. (1997). Creating Freshwater Wetlands, Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. Jones, W.W. (1997). Design Features of Constructed Wetlands for Nonpoint Source Treatment, USA: U.S. EPA and the Indiana Department of Environmental Management Jordan, T., Whigham D., Hofmockel, K. & Gerber, N. (1999). Restored wetlands in crop fields control nutrient runoff. In J. Vymasal (Ed.), Wetlands-Nutrients, Metals and Mass Cycling (pp.49-60). Leiden, The Netherlands: Backhuys Publishers. Kadlec, R.H. & Wallece, S.D. (2009). Treatment Wetlands, Boca Raton, FL: Taylor& Francis. Kenna, M.P. & Snow, J.T. (2000). The United States Golf Association Turfgrass and Environmental Research Program Overview, In J.M. Clark & M.P. Kenna (Ed.), Fate and Management of Turfgrass Chemicals (pp.2-35). Washington DC: American Chemical Society. LaFlamme, C. (2005). Nutrient removal using a constructed wetland in Southern Québec, Montreal, Canada: McGill University. Love, B. (2008). An Environmental Approach to Golf Course Development, Brookfield, WI: American Society of Golf Course Architects. Melby, P. & Cathcart, T. (2002). Regenerative Design Techniques: Practical Applications in Landscape Design, New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons. Mitsch, W.J. (1993). Landscape Design and the Role of Created, Restored, and Natural Riparian Wetlands in Controlling Nonpoint Source Pollution, In R.K. Olsen (Ed.), Created and Natural Wetlands for Controlling Nonpoint Source Pollution (pp.43-70). USA: U.S. EPA Office of Research and Development and Office of Wetlands, Oceans and Watersheds. Sakadevan K. & Bavor, H. (1998). Phosphate adsorption characteristics of soils, slags and zeolite to be used as substrates in constructed wetland systems, Water Research. 32(2): 393-399. Seçkin, Ö.B. (2004). Peyzaj Konstrüksiyonu, Đstanbul, Türkiye: Đstanbul Üniversitesi. Seçkin, Y.Ç. (2009). Sustainable Redevelopment of Sanitary Landfills as Future Golf Courses, In H. Padem (Ed.), International Symposium on sustainable Development ISSD 2009 Science and Technology Proceedings, Volume 3, June 9-10, 2009, Sarajevo, Bosnia Herzegovina: IBU Publications. State of Georgia, Department of Natural Resources, Environmental Protection Division (2002). Guidelines for Constructed Wetlands for Municipal Wastewater Facilities, USA: State of Georgia. USDA-Natural Resources Conservation Service and the US EPA-Region III (n.d.) A Handbook of Constructed Wetlands, Volume 1, USA: USDA & US EPA. U.S. EPA Office of Water (2004). Constructed Treatment Wetlands, USA: US EPA. U.S. EPA (2000). Constructed Wetlands Treatment of Municipal Wastewaters, USA: U.S. EPA. Vadineanu, A. (2005). Identification of the Lagoon Ecosystems, In Đ.E. Gönenç & J.P. Wolflin (Ed.), Coastal Lagoons: Ecosystem Processes and Modeling for Sustainable Use and Development (pp.7-42) Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. Verhoeven J.T.A & Meuleman, A.F.M. (1999). Wetlands for Wastewater Treatment: Opportunities and Limitations. Ecological Engineering. 12: 5-12. 498 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 572 Title A name given to the resource Constructed Wetland Filter Use for Controlling Nutrient and Sediment Runoff from Golf Course Developments Author Author Seçkin, Yasin Çağatay Abstract A summary of the resource. Interest in the control of pollution entering into waterways has risen significantly since the last quarter of 20th Century and golf course developments have been identified as areas that use some of the chemical pollutants found in these waterways. Runoff control of pollutants from golf course developments is vital in assuring clean waterway systems for the future. This study investigates the runoff issues that can be related to golf course turf grass systems and their control through use of wetland filters. Three issues addressed in this study are suspended sediment, nitrogen, and phosphorus levels contained in turf grass runoff. Sediment runoff levels were found to be low to moderate for turf grass systems, while nutrient transport in runoff from turf grass areas can become a significant problem. Constructed wetland filtration systems were investigated as one potential method for controlling turf grass runoff. The design and construction of these wetland filters was investigated to determine their potential for filtering runoff from golf course facilities. Data showed that significant levels of runoff sediment and nutrient pollution could be removed if proper design and construction processes are followed. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed Q Science (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/6b1eaf536440a11a8f10e43b3f84a8eb.pdf e0d73488a26f9a393063a8f4ce297516 PDF Text Text Journal of Economic and Social Studies Construction of Multi Dimensional Performance Measurement Model in Business Organizations: An Empirical Study Feyyaz YILDIZ Faculty of Business and Administrative Science, Afyon Kocatepe University, Turkey. feyyaz.yildiz@gmail.com Mustafa HOTAMIŞLI Faculty of Business and Administrative Science, Afyon Kocatepe University, Turkey. hotamisli@aku.edu.tr Ali ELEREN Faculty of Business and Administrative Science, Afyon Kocatepe University, Turkey. eleren@aku.edu.tr ABSTRACT The studies of performance measurement in firms have been conducted for a long period of time. However, the performance models and methods used in previous studies were limited. The purpose of this study is to test a performance based model that uses a modified approach in firms’ performance measurement. The new performance model used in this study is based on expectations in terms of performance measurement and evaluation of the firms with multiple dimensions. Different from the conventional gap models, the method used in this study is “Performance Measurement Method Based on Gap Percentages” developed by Eleren (2009). This method allows the researcher to use quantitative and qualitative data together. The model was tested with data collected from 42 firms engaged in business activities in marble industry in the Turkish province of Afyonkarahisar. Keywords: Performance Measurement, Multi-Dimensional Performance Evaluation Model, Gap Percentages Analysis, Marble Sector, Afyonkarahisar. Volume 1 Number 1 January 2011 33 �Feyyaz YILDIZ & Mustafa HOTAMIŞLI & Ali ELEREN Introduction Under the conditions of competitions which changed and became even more difficult with the globalization, the importance of performance management for the firms (enterprises) has become even more important. Performance management is taken into consideration within the management information systems concept-wise and consists of functions such as measurement of performance and development. Following the performance in general from the individuals and units to the general bears importance in terms of power and sustainability under the conditions of competition. Thus, the managers of the enterprises (firms) give a greater importance to performance management systems today. Sometimes the strategy and goals developed by the business organizations in the course of time may be in conformity to all the activities of the organization and obtaining a performance model based on exceeding the goals previously will become an obligation. Performance measurement and evaluation for firms was executed with simple and limited methods with single measure only until recently and it was based on partial measurements. However today, with the developments in the performance management systems as well as the use of improved statistical and mathematical methods, many models and methods have been developed in measurement and assessment of performance with multiple criterions and multiple dimensions. If the goal in performance measurement and assessment models is the evaluation of the performance of the enterprise in question, the goals to be determined and the criterions of evaluation should have gaps based on the structure of the sector. Thus, the sector based precision must be taken into consideration during the formation of these models. As the models are being prepared, other than the models prepared in the way to address to all sectors in the way to address them constantly, the importance of designing the models based on the sectors exclusively have gained importance due to reasons such as sector gaps, changes in conditions. Furthermore, changes based on time oblige the models to become more flexible so as to use it in the subsequent time interval. Many methods have been used in performance measurement. One of them is Gap methods which is used for measurement of performance even if not frequently. This method which we meet in performance measurement based on the quality of service (Servqual or Serperf) is based on the principle of comparison of expected (targeted) results and the realized (factual) results. Literature Review There are many studies related to performance, performance management and measurement of performance in literature. The concept “Performance management system” was first used by Beer and Ruh (1976). Thereafter, Bell created a foundation for development of the system to a further point with his studies in (1978) and (1987). The studies in this field started to increase in number since 1990s.There are many definitions available in the literature on performance, performance management and performance models. In their study named Auditing Productivity in the firms, Baş and Artar (1991) explained performance as; “the quantitative and qualitative explanation of intended goals that is related with an individual, a group or an enterprise engages and performs, in other 34 Journal of Economic and Social Studies �Construction of Multi Dimensional Performance Measurement Model in Business Organizations:.... words it is a quantitative and qualitative explanation of what they achieved and performed related with their tasks”. According to Akal (1992), performance is “the concept which determines what was obtained as the result of a purposeful and planned activity in general context.” According to Macey (2001), performance management is an extensive process to make a firm reach its goals with performance management and functional strategies. Barutçugil (2002) defined performance management as “the management process which undertakes to perform collection of information for the current and future position of the organization, to compare the same and to commence and continue the required and new activities to provide constant development of the performance so as to direct the business organizations to the objectives”. Harrington (1996) defined it as “the series of operations which determine at which rate the organizations can reach to the previously determined objectives”. According to Tekeli (2003) the performance measurement is, “the information obtained by the comparison or association of the factors which affect the success of a firm”. In more technical terms, the performance measurement is “the process of regular and systematic data collection, analysis and reporting to be used by a firm to follow up the resources it uses, the results it obtained with the produced goods and services”. You may find briefly the primary models in performance literature and the performance dimensions used in these models as listed in the following Table 1. Table 1. Multi Dimensional Performance Evaluation Models (Ağca, 2009, p.56). Innovation Learning and Development Employees √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ Vision/ Strategy √ √ √ √ √ Laitinen 2002 √ Integrated performance measurement model for SMEs √ EFQM 1991-1999 √ European Quality Foundation Perfection Model √ √ Neely et al. 2002 √ √ Performance Prism Model √ √ Chen-nel et al. 2000 √ √ Organizational Performance Evaluation Model √ Atkin-son et al. 1997 √ Responsibility Based Performance Evaluation Model √ Bititci et al. 1997 Market Product/Quality of Processes Product /Speed of Process Efficiency/ Productivity Flexibility Integrated Performance Measurement Model Fitzgerald et al. 1991 Results Determinants Model √ √ Kaplan and Norton 1992 Lynch and Cross 1991 Performance Pyramid √ √ Balanced Scorecard Indicator Keegan et al. 1989 Financial Customer PERFORMANCE DIMENSIONS Performance. Measurement Matrix MULTI DIMENSIONAL PERFORMANCE EVALUATION MODELS √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ Volume 1 Number 1 January 2011 √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 35 �Feyyaz YILDIZ & Mustafa HOTAMIŞLI & Ali ELEREN Competition Social Responsibility and External Environment √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ Other than the models used for performance measurement, there are also methods of measuring. The information relating to these methods are given in the following Table 2 in brief. As the table is analyzed, it can be seen that the simulation and statistical methods are predominantly preferred. However, it can be observed that there is significant increase in the use of Decision Making Methods with Multiple Criterions. The reason for preferring these methods are other than the fact that they are methods which are easily applicable, it can work with quantitative and qualitative data and it allows a model consisting of different dimensions and variables to be transformed into a single performance variable. The most frequently used method among the Decision Making Methods with Multiple Criterions is the Analytical Hierarchy Process and TOPSIS method. At the same time, the approaches of these methods taken into consideration with fuzzy logic are preferred. Table 2. Examples from the methods used in the measurement of the performance (Akyüz, 2006, p.26. ; Eleren,.2009, p.1304). AUTHORS Jagadees and Babu (1994) Chenhal (1996) Tong and Chen (1998) Berry and Cooper (1999) Caporaletti et al. (1999) Lo and Pushpakumara (1999) Martin et al. (1999) Suwignjo et al. (2000) Bititci et al. (2001) MacCarthy and Wasuri (2001) Selen and Asheyeri (2001) Chan et al. (2002) Corbett and Pan (2002) Yurdakul (2002) Chan et al. (2003) Sarkis (2003) Chen and Chen (2004) Triantis and Otis (2004) Agus (2005) Ali and Wadhwa (2005) Meer et al. (2005) Silandria (2005) Pearn and Wu (2006) Sandrock et al. (2006) Eleren and Özgür(2006) Eleren (2007) Eleren and Soba (2009) METHODS USED IN THE MEASUREMENT OF THE PERFORMANCE SPC √ PE √ FA MCDM DEA SEM LP NLP FUZ √ REG SIM √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ SPC: Statistical Process Control, PE: Process Efficiency, NLP: Non Linear Programming, DEA: Data Enandlope Analysis, SEM: Structural Equation Model, LP: Linear Programming, FA: Factor Analysis, FUZ: Fuzzy Logic, REG: Regression – SIM: Simulation, MCDM: Multi Criteria Decision Making, (egg; AHP, and TOPSIS.Model.) 36 Journal of Economic and Social Studies �Construction of Multi Dimensional Performance Measurement Model in Business Organizations:.... Methodology In forming a performance model, determination of performance dimensions and variables, and weighing of variables are required. This research was conducted through a survey among the senior managers of the firms which continue their business activities in the marble industry as registered to the Chamber of Industry and Trade in Province of Afyonkarahisar in TurkeyThe purpose of this study is to develop a multidimensional performance measurement model and to determine the dimensions of this model, variables within each dimension and weighing of each variable for a sector. The sample of the study is composed of the 42 firms engaged in business activities in marble industry in the Province of Afyonkarahisar, registered to the Chamber of Industry and Commerce of Afyonkarahisar and the information relating to these firms for the year 2009.Primary data were used in the study. In order for the researcher to reach its goals, the original data he needs, the data he has collected with the use of relevant devices are named as the primary data (Altunışık et al., 2005). At this point, in order to reach the primary data, face to face interview among conventional survey methods was used. In the selection of the sampling, the method used was sampling method which is not random and based on probability. In preparing the scale used to obtain the data, the scale used by Eleren and Soba (2009) was considered as the basic scale. However, although it originally consists of six dimensions, the dimensions at this stage were limited to four dimensions as employee satisfaction, finance, production and marketing functions. Two staged scale was used consisting of questions with the purpose of collecting data for each variable the questions relating to weighing the dimensions and the variables relating to such dimensions. In the survey section prepared to collect information, there are questions relating to each dimension. The target relating to the relevant variables in the questions and the results which were realized have been asked to be evaluated. The questions relating to the first of the dimensions were answered by the employees and the others were answered by the senior management. Empirical Results Firms participated in this study; 100% of them are classified as SME (according to the criteria of workforce, turnover and capital). 18% of the firms consist of single person enterprises, 68% consist of limited liability companies and others consist of joint stock corporations. 86% of the firms are family businesses and family members are assigned in management positions. 62% of the senior managers of the firms consist of persons with bachelor’s degree or higher proves that they attach importance to education although they are SMEs or family businesses. 92% of the workers consist of men and their average age is 29 and this qualifies as young work force. Despite this, their average work experience is 14 years which proves that they started business at a very young age. Volume 1 Number 1 January 2011 37 �Feyyaz YILDIZ & Mustafa HOTAMIŞLI & Ali ELEREN Model is formed in three stages which are listed as follows; • • Determining and weighting dimensions of the model, Determining and weighting variables related with the dimensions of the model, In the first stage, the senior managers were asked to evaluate the dimensions between 1-5 and as the result of these evaluations, the average points were proportioned to the total points based on the significance levels. They are as follows; • • • • Employee expectations and satisfaction (W=0,189), Production Management (W=0,274), Marketing Management (W=0,261), Financial Management (W=0,276) In the second stage, the senior managers were asked to evaluate the variables relating to all dimensions between 1-5 and as the result of this evaluation; the significances of the variables within the dimension was calculated. The results of this evaluation is as follows: 1. In terms of Employee expectations and satisfaction, the purpose was to determine the employees’ level of satisfaction from the enterprise and the management. The evaluation questions were asked to only 145 of 489 employees who work in 42 enterprises. Table 3. Employee expectations and satisfaction factor and its variables 1.EMPLOYEE EXPECTATIONS AND SATISFACTION I am satisfied with the salary and wage against what I perform as my job. The working/living quality provided is satisfactory. Peace and safety has priority in terms of work satisfaction. Everyone has fair share of speaking in management. I believe that the distribution of wages and bonuses is fair and just. We believe that the work load is suitable. I believe that we have sufficient work safety We work in team spirit. It is satisfying that the theoretical and applied trainings are provided. All workers have adopted the culture of the enterprise. N : 489 / n: 145 SIGNIFANCE LEVEL AVERAGE W/w 2.99 0.189 4.75 0.118 4.42 0.110 4.31 0.107 4.27 0.106 4.20 0.104 4.11 0.102 3.93 0.098 3.59 0.089 3.49 0.087 3.22 0.080 2. The evaluation of the variables relating to production management function was 38 Journal of Economic and Social Studies �Construction of Multi Dimensional Performance Measurement Model in Business Organizations:.... conducted by the business owners/senior management. Most of the variables consist of quantitative data. Table 4. Product Management Factor and its Variables SIGNIFANCE LEVEL 2. PRODUCT MANAGEMENT Diversity of Products (*) Age of production technology (*) Rate of capacity usage (*) Rate of Wastage % (*)(-) Number of patents developed (*) Number of patents owned (*) Level of professionalism in production (1-5) Vocational training studies ( hour / year) (*) Number of projects performed during last five years (*) Number of work accidents and sicknesses incurred during last five years (*)(-) N : 124 / n: 42 Note: [(*) Quantitative Data ; ( - ) Negative Directional]. AVERAGE 4.33 4.54 4.48 4.31 4.22 4.04 3.93 3.91 3.41 3.36 3.25 W/w 0.274 0.115 0.114 0.109 -0.107 0.102 0.100 0.099 0.086 0.085 -0.082 3. The evaluation of the variables relating to marketing management function was conducted by the business owners/senior management. Most of the variables consist of quantitative data. Table 5. Marketing Management Factor and its variables SIGNIFANCE LEVEL 3. MARKETING MANAGEMENT Rate of increase in annual sales (*) Rate of decrease in customer complaints (1-5) Ratio of exports in all sales (*) Number of trade mark registered products (*) Level of professionalism in marketing management (1-5) Total number of products (*) Number of Web based / e-trade sales % (*) Level of cooperation with Professional logistics companies (1-5) Training of sales personnel ( … hour / year) Rate of marketing costs in total costs % (*)(-) N : 124 / n: 42 Note: [(*) Quantitative Data; ( - ) Negative Dimensional]. AVERAGE W/w 4.12 4.11 4.05 3.92 3.83 3.79 3.61 3.52 3.37 3.34 3.28 0.261 0.116 0.114 0.107 0.104 0.103 0.101 0.092 0.091 0.087 -0.085 4. The evaluation of the variables relating to financial management function was conducted by the business owners/senior management. Most of the variables consist of quantitative data Volume 1 Number 1 January 2011 39 �Feyyaz YILDIZ & Mustafa HOTAMIŞLI & Ali ELEREN Table 6. Financial Management Factor and Variables 4. The evaluation of the variables relating to financial management function was SIGNIFANCE LEVEL conducted by the business owners/senior management. Most of the variables AVERAGE W/w consist of quantitative data. 4. FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT Table 6. Financial Management Factor and Variables Level of professionalism in financial management (1-5) Periodical conduct of Financial planning, analysis and audits (1-5) Management Accounting application (1-5) 4. FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT Equity Capital / Total Assets Level of professionalism in financial management (1-5) Periodical Rate conductofofAccounts Financial planning, analysis and audits (1-5) Turnover Receivables Management Accounting application (1-5) Liquidity (Current Ratio) Equity Capital / Total Assets Turnover of Accounts Receivables Net ProfitRate / Equity Capital Liquidity (Current Ratio) Net TotalCapital Assets NetProfit Profit / /Equity Net Profit / Total Assets Stock Turnover Stock Turnover Net Capital Rate of turnover NetWorking Working Capital Rate of turnover 124 / /n:n: 42 42 N N: :124 Note:Note: [(*)[(*) Quantitative Data]. Quantitative Data]. 4.36 0.276 4.66 0.114 0.112 W/w0.109 0.276 0.100 0.114 0.1120.100 0.109 0.096 0.100 0.1000.095 0.096 0.0950.094 0.094 0.091 0.091 0.0900.090 SIGNIFANCE LEVEL 4.62 AVERAGE 4.55 4.36 4.34 4.66 4.62 4.15 4.55 4.09 4.34 4.15 4.01 4.09 3.93 4.01 3.93 3.87 3.87 3.71 3.71 The factors and variables and their weights to be used in forming the performance model and The factors and variables and their weights to be used in forming the performance model their weights were determined in the previous section. At this point, the model below was and their weights were determined in the previous section. At this point, the model below generated with the use of the data mentioned here. was generated with the use of the data mentioned here. Performance Function is denoted by by f(x), Wi , , Performance Function is denoted f(x),factor factor(dimension) (dimension)weights weightsare are denoted denoted by by W i variables of the gap percentage are denoted by x and the weights of the variables are denoted ij variables of the gap percentage are denoted by xij and the weights of the variables are by wi; denoted by wi; f(x) = W1*F1 + W2*F2 + W3*F3 + W4*F4 (1) = W1*(w11*x11 + w12*x12 + …) + W2*(w21*x21 + w22*x22+ ….) + …. (2) Discussion Discussion The data have been prepared in an M.S. Excel file with all factors and the related variables. have been prepared in an participated M.S. Excel file factors and related variables. As The all data 42 enterprises which have in with the all research werethetransferred to the As all 42 enterprises which haveincreased participated in the research were transferred to the worksheet, since the size of the file excessively, 10 enterprises have been selected among the enterprises define thefile small and mid-scaled so ashave to represent them worksheet, since thetosize of the increased excessively,enterprises 10 enterprises been selected andamong performance model wastoapplied the enterprises define on thethese smallenterprises. and mid-scaled enterprises so as to represent them and performance model was applied on these enterprises. Calculation of Gaps and Gap The data to all dimensions and variables Calculation of Gaps and Percentages: Gap Percentages: Therelating data relating to all dimensions and for each enterprise were entered in M.S. Excel worksheet. The data entered consist of binary variables for each enterprise were entered in M.S. Excel worksheet. The data entered consist data system. These are the realized and expected performance values. These values are of binary the realized and expected and performance values. These values classified intodata foursystem. groupsThese beingare quantitative and qualitative positive and negative are classified into four groups being quantitative and qualitative and positive and negative dimensional. Likert questions consist of qualitative values between 1 and 5. Moreover, dimensional. Likert questions consist of qualitative values between 1 and 5. Moreover, quantitative data such as rate of capacity usage or liquidity consist of rations or numbers quantitative datavariables. such as rate of capacitythe usage or liquidity consist rations which or numbers which express these Furthermore, variables such as rate ofofwastage is not which express these are variables. the variables as rate coefficients of wastage which is desired to be increased definedFurthermore, as negative directional andsuch the weight have the sign (-). As the differences are calculated, the formulations mentioned below will be used: value (3) Journal of expected) Economic and Social Studies 40 gap = (Performance value realized) – (Performance �Construction of Multi Dimensional Performance Measurement Model in Business Organizations:.... not desired to be increased are defined as negative directional and the weight coefficients have the sign (-). As the differences are calculated, the formulations mentioned below will be used: gap = (Performance Value Realized) – (Performance Value Expected) (3) The result being zero means that the expected prediction was not provided hence low performance. If the result is zero, it means that full performance was maintained and if it is over zero, it means that it was exceeded. Performance gap percentages are other indications of the gap and since the rate defined for performance calculation is between -1/+1 , it allows that the data will be standardized before they were used in performance model. gap percentage=(Performance Value Realized–Performance Value Expected) / (Performance Value Expected) (4) After formation of the performance function f(xi), by using all ratios, groups and weights, performance points can be determined. The points are calculated as the result of the operations below respectively. For each enterprise involved in performance evaluation individually; • The gaps and the gap percentages between the performance values expected and realized for each observation will be calculated for all performance dimensions and variables. • The weighted gap percentages will be calculated by multiplying the gap percentages with the weights of the variables. • The weighted gap percentages of the variables at all dimensions will be calculated and the dimension scores will be found. • The weighted dimension scores will be calculated by multiplying the score dimensions with their own dimensional weights. • At the last stage, the weighted score for each dimension will be summed and the total scores of the enterprises will have been obtained. As the scores were ranked in order of amplitude, the performance order of the enterprises will have been formed. If the score is negative, it is interpreted that the enterprise failed to reach its goals in terms of all dimensions. If it is zero, it means that it fully reached its target and if it is a positive number than it will be interpreted that it has exceeded its targets and became more successful. • Theoretically, it is assumed that total points vary between -1,00 and +1,00. Moreover, since the performance scores based on dimensions were found by summing them, it should be taken into consideration that the numbers of variables should be different in all dimensions. For instance, in this study, each dimension was defined with 10 variables (questions). If different number of variables were present in dimensions, it needs to be balanced after summing the dimension scores taking the Volume 1 Number 1 January 2011 41 �Feyyaz YILDIZ & Mustafa HOTAMIŞLI & Ali ELEREN number of the variables in consideration comparatively. Table 7. The Dimensions of the Enterprises and the Performance Points and Ranking in Total PERFORMANCE DIMENSIONS 1. EMPLOYEE EXPECTATIONS AND SATISFACTION I am satisfied with the salary and wage against what I perform as my job. The working/living quality provided is satisfactory. Peace and safety has priority in terms of work satisfaction. Everyone has fair share of speaking in management. I believe that the distribution of wages and bonuses is fair and just. We believe that the work load is suitable. I believe that we have sufficient work safety We work in team spirit. It is satisfying that the theoretical and applied trainings are provided. All workers have adopted the culture of the enterprise. 2. PRODUCT MANAGEMENT Diversity of Products (*) Age of production technology (*) Rate of capacity usage (*) Rate of Wastage % (*)(-) Number of patents developed (*) Number of patents owned (*) Level of professionalism in production (1-5) Vocational training studies ( hour / year) (*) Number of projects performed during last five years (*) Number of work accidents and sicknesses incurred during last five years (*)(-) 42 Journal of Economic and Social Studies �Construction of Multi Dimensional Performance Measurement Model in Business Organizations:.... ENTERPRICES A01 A02 A03 A04 A05 A06 A07 A08 A09 A10 AVR - 0,004 - 0,010 - 0,023 - 0,021 - 0,015 - 0,010 - 0,015 0,002 - 0,013 0,004 - 0,011 0,004 - 0,003 - 0,003 - 0,003 - 0,001 - 0,002 - 0,004 - 0,002 - 0,003 - 0,002 -0,002 - 0,002 - 0,001 - 0,003 - 0,002 0,004 - 0,003 0,004 0,002 - 0,001 0,003 0,000 - 0,002 - 0,003 - 0,001 - 0,002 - 0,003 0,003 - 0,001 0,002 0,001 - 0,001 -0,001 - 0,001 - 0,003 - 0,003 - 0,003 - 0,003 - 0,002 - 0,003 - 0,000 - 0,003 0,002 -0,002 0,001 0,003 - 0,003 - 0,002 - 0,003 - 0,003 - 0,002 0,003 - 0,002 - 0,001 -0,001 - 0,002 - 0,002 - 0,003 - 0,001 - 0,003 - 0,001 - 0,002 - 0,002 - 0,001 0,004 -0,001 - 0,002 - 0,001 - 0,002 - 0,002 - 0,001 0,003 - 0,002 - 0,001 - 0,002 - 0,000 -0,001 - 0,001 - 0,001 - 0,001 - 0,001 - 0,002 - 0,001 - 0,002 - 0,001 0,002 - 0,001 -0,001 0,003 0,003 - 0,002 - 0,003 - 0,001 - 0,002 - 0,002 0,002 - 0,003 - 0,002 -0,001 - 0,001 - 0,002 - 0,001 - 0,002 - 0,003 - 0,001 - 0,002 - 0,001 - 0,002 0,002 -0,001 0,002 - 0,006 - 0,011 - 0,012 - 0,001 0,001 - ,005 - 0,009 0,002 - 0,001 -0,004 - 0,000 - 0,003 - 0,000 - 0,001 0,001 - 0,000 0,002 0,002 0,004 - 0,003 0,000 0,002 - 0,001 - 0,001 - 0,002 - 0,002 0,001 0,003 - 0,001 - 0,003 - 0,001 -0,001 0,001 - 0,001 - 0,001 0,003 0,002 0,001 0,001 0,001 0,000 0,002 0,001 0,019 0,018 0,018 0,019 0,017 0,016 0,019 0,017 0,019 0,016 0,018 0,000 0,000 - 0,006 - 0,005 0,000 - 0,006 - 0,006 - 0,004 0,000 0,000 -0,003 0,000 0,000 0,000 - 0,006 0,000 - 0,004 - 0,005 0,000 0,000 0,000 -0,002 - 0,004 - 0,003 - 0,002 - 0,002 - 0,003 - 0,002 - 0,003 - 0,004 - 0,003 0,003 -0,002 - 0,002 - 0,002 - 0,003 - 0,003 - 0,002 - 0,003 - 0,002 - 0,002 - 0,002 - 0,003 -0,002 - 0,005 - 0,005 - 0,006 - 0,007 - 0,006 - 0,006 - 0,006 - 0,006 - 0,005 - 0,006 -0,006 0,003 - 0,008 - 0,008 - 0,007 0,002 0,004 - 0,007 - 0,008 0,002 - 0,007 -0,003 Volume 1 Number 1 January 2011 43 �Feyyaz YILDIZ & Mustafa HOTAMIŞLI & Ali ELEREN 3. MARKETING MANAGEMENT Rate of increase in annual sales (*) Rate of decrease in customer complaints (1-5) Ratio of exports in all sales (*) Number of trade mark registered products (*) Level of professionalism in marketing management (1-5) Total number of products (*) Number of Web based / e-trade sales % (*) Level of cooperation with Professional logistics companies (1-5) Training of sales personnel ( … hour / year) Rate of marketing costs in total costs % (*)(-) 4. FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT Level of professionalism in financial management (1-5) Periodical conduct of Financial planning, analysis and audits (1-5) Management Accounting application (1-5) Equity Capital / Total Assets Turnover Rate of Accounts Receivables Liquidity (Current Ratio) Net Profit / Equity Capital Net Profit / Total Assets Stock Turnover Net Working Capital Rate of turnover PERFORMANCE SCORE RAN. NUM. 44 Journal of Economic and Social Studies �Construction of Multi Dimensional Performance Measurement Model in Business Organizations:.... - 0,015 0,012 - 0,017 - 0,018 0,003 - 0,011 - 0,019 - 0,013 - 0,018 - 0,003 -0,010 - 0,004 0,003 - 0,004 - 0,005 - 0,004 - 0,001 - 0,002 - 0,005 - 0,005 - 0,004 -0,003 - 0,003 - 0,001 0,001 - 0,002 - 0,000 - 0,002 - 0,002 0,003 - 0,002 0,000 -0,001 - 0,005 - 0,004 - 0,003 - 0,005 0,006 - 0,006 - 0,005 - 0,006 - 0,005 - 0,005 -0,004 - 0,006 0,006 - 0,005 - 0,006 - 0,004 - 0,005 - 0,006 0,004 - 0,003 - 0,004 -0,003 - 0,003 - 0,002 - 0,004 - 0,003 - 0,002 - 0,002 - 0,003 - 0,003 - 0,002 - 0,004 -0,003 - 0,003 - 0,002 - 0,002 - 0,003 - 0,002 - 0,002 - 0,003 - 0,003 - 0,002 - 0,003 -0,003 - 0,006 - 0,008 - 0,007 - 0,006 - 0,005 - 0,004 - 0,004 - 0,007 - 0,006 0,007 -0,005 - 0,002 - 0,003 - 0,002 - 0,002 - 0,003 - 0,004 - 0,003 - 0,002 - 0,002 - 0,003 -0,002 0,002 0,000 0,002 - 0,000 0,000 - 0,002 - 0,003 0,000 - 0,000 - 0,005 -0,001 0,015 0,022 0,007 0,015 0,017 0,017 0,011 0,005 0,009 0,018 0,014 - 0,009 0,010 - 0,019 - 0,010 - 0,009 0,003 - 0,004 - 0,009 - 0,010 0,000 -0,006 - 0,003 0,003 - 0,003 - 0,003 0,004 - 0,002 - 0,004 - 0,003 - 0,003 - 0,003 -0,002 - 0,003 - 0,002 - 0,002 - 0,003 - 0,003 - 0,002 - 0,003 - 0,002 - 0,003 0,003 -0,002 - 0,004 - 0,003 - 0,003 - 0,003 - 0,004 0,002 - 0,003 0,004 - 0,003 - 0,003 -0,002 - 0,003 - 0,002 - 0,003 - 0,002 - 0,003 0,002 0,002 - 0,003 - 0,002 - 0,002 -0,002 0,004 0,001 0,002 0,003 0,004 0,000 0,002 0,001 0,002 0,002 0,002 - 0,000 0,001 - 0,003 - 0,001 0,000 - 0,001 - 0,001 - 0,000 - 0,002 0,001 -0,001 - 0,002 0,004 - 0,002 - 0,000 - 0,002 - 0,004 - 0,001 - 0,004 - 0,002 0,003 -0,001 0,001 0,005 - 0,002 0,001 - 0,006 0,002 0,001 0,000 - 0,000 0,001 0,000 0,004 0,003 0,000 0,002 0,002 0,004 0,003 - 0,002 0,003 0,002 0,002 - 0,002 0,002 - 0,003 - 0,004 - 0,001 0,000 - 0,001 - 0,000 0,000 - 0,001 -0,001 - 0,068 - 0,061 - 0,012 - 0,017 - 0,043 - 0,024 - 0,030 0,000 - 0,026 10 9 3 5 8 6 7 2 - 0,015 4 0,008 1 Volume 1 Number 1 January 2011 45 �Feyyaz YILDIZ & Mustafa HOTAMIŞLI & Ali ELEREN Total Performance Points and Ranking of The Firms: As the transactions mentioned in the previous section were followed up, the performance scores of the firms were calculated based on all dimensions and variables and it was shown above. Based on this; • All the firms at the model stage were not included in the sample application. Taking the matrix dimensions of the work sheet it was limited to 10 enterprises. The names of the enterprises were not mentioned since permission hasn’t been obtained. However they were denominated by numbers from 1 to 10. • The study is directly applicable to quantitative and qualitative data. • The Model is designed on an exclusive basis to the sectors taking the characteristics and the priorities of the sector in consideration. It also has the nature to be redesigned for each sector. Once, the model has been designed, the data based on each year can be used and be evaluated in comparative evaluations. • As the results were analyzed, it can be seen that the enterprise no. A02 takes the lead. It can be seen that especially the points which were obtained from finance and marketing dimensions were effective. Conclusion Many studies have been done on performance measurement and evaluation in the literature so far. Many models have been developed during these studies and different methods have been tried. It is of essential importance for the business organizations to determine their positions and their future goals precisely under the conditions of competition which became harder as well as following it up constantly. Due to this reason, it is inevitable that similar studies will continue on performance. The difference of the study in terms of the model and the method is based on re-evaluation of the differences based on gaps formed according to the differences between the previously used gap model and the results performed. The method applied allows separate scoring for all dimensions and by monitoring the scores, it is allowed to interpret how the scores have been formed and to analyze the quantitative - qualitative data together. The precision of the model varies based on the accurateness of data, participation of the significant rate of firms or enterprises in the sector, and the level of awareness of the participants as to the necessity of such a study. The Model is applicable in terms of individual evaluation of the enterprises (within its own course) and collective performance evaluations following its design for the sectors with dimensions, variables and weights. A02, A10 and A05 firms take the first three of ten enterprises denominated at the application stage of the study in code numbers. A02 firm which takes the first place has gained an advantage in terms of marketing and finance as it was evaluated in terms of dimensions. In terms of dimensions, A10 and A08 firms take the lead based on the in employee satisfaction,; A01 and A09 firms take the lead based on production, A02 and A05 firms take the lead based on marketing management and A02 and A06 firms take the lead based on financial management. 46 Journal of Economic and Social Studies �Construction of Multi Dimensional Performance Measurement Model in Business Organizations:.... References Agus, A. (2005). The Structural Linkages between TQM, Product Quality Performance, and Business Performance: Preliminary Empirical Study in Electronics Companies. Singapore Management Review, 27 (1), 87-105. Ağca, V. (2009). Türk İmalat İşletmelerinde Çok Boyutlu Performans Değerleme (PD) Modellerine Dayalı Performans Göstergelerinin Kullanılabilirliği, (The Usefulness of Performance Measures Based On Multi-Dimensional Performance Measurements Models in Turkish Manufacturing Firms), Dumlupınar University, Social Science Institute Journal, 23, 51-66. 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Quantitative Models for Performance Measurement Systems-Alternate Considerations. International Journal of Production Economics, 86, 81-90. Selen, W. J. & Ashayeri, J. (2001). Manufacturing Cell Performance Improvement: A Simulation Study. Robotics and Computer Integrated Manufacturing, 17, 169-176. Silveria, G. J. C. (2005). Market Priorities, Manufacturing Configuration and Business Performance: An Emprical Analysis of the Order-Winners Framework. Journal Of Operations Management, 23, 662-675. Smith, PC. & Goddard, M. (2002). Performance Management and Operational Reseach: A Marriage Made in Heaven?. Journal of the Operational Research Society, 53, 247-255. Suwignjo, P., Bititci, U. S. & Carrie, A. S. (2000). Quantitative Models for Performance Measurement Systems. International Journal of Production Economics, 64, 231-241. 50 Journal of Economic and Social Studies �Construction of Multi Dimensional Performance Measurement Model in Business Organizations:.... Tong, L. I. & Chen, J. P. (1998). Lower Confidence Limits of Process Capability Indices For NonNormal Process Distributions. International Journal of Quality & Reliability Management, 15(8/9), 907-919. Triantis, K. & Otis, P. (2004). Dominance-Based Measurement of Productive and Environmental Performance for Manufacturing. European Journal of Operational Research, 154, 447-464. Yurdakul, M. (2002). Measuring A Manufacturing System’s Performance Using Saaty’s System with Feedback Approach. Integrated Manufacturing Systems, 13(1), 25-34. Volume 1 Number 1 January 2011 51 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1057 Title A name given to the resource Construction of Multi Dimensional Performance Measurement Model in Business Organizations: An Empirical Study Author Author YILDIZ, Feyyaz HOTAMIŞLI, Mustafa ELEREN, Ali Abstract A summary of the resource. The studies of performance measurement in firms have been conducted for a long period of time. However, the performance models and methods used in previous studies were limited. The purpose of this study is to test a performance based model that uses a modified approach in firms’ performance measurement. The new performance model used in this study is based on expectations in terms of performance measurement and evaluation of the firms with multiple dimensions. Different from the conventional gap models, the method used in this study is “Performance Measurement Method Based on Gap Percentages” developed by Eleren (2009). This method allows the researcher to use quantitative and qualitative data together. The model was tested with data collected from 42 firms engaged in business activities in marble industry in the Turkish province of Afyonkarahisar. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2011-01 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General),HB Economic Theory,HG Finance https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/34048bab28a0cc099fad37b8bb8d2173.pdf 4c8e75c473c84491dd6cce9aff918ede PDF Text Text 1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Consumer Approach to New Product Development Policies against Global Warming’s Effects Yusuf KARACA Assist. Prof. Dr. Department of Business Administration, Afyon Kocatepe University, Turkey karaca@aku.edu.tr Tuğrul KANDEMĐR Assist. Prof. Dr. Department of Business Administration, Afyon Kocatepe University, Turkey Abstract: Global warming and global problems caused by global warming is one of the most discussed issues in all over the world. Beside consumers accepting this problem as a serious threat, there are consumers who are insensitive and don’t perceive it as a threat. From starting this point, main aim of this study is to determine how consumers perceive this issue and how these perceptions affect buying behavior of them. Especially to determine demand of goods which were developed against the effects of global warming. Study focused on two main research questions. First one is what is the level of consumers’ global warming threat perception and second one is does this threat perception create an effect about products developed to decrease effects of global warming. By casting access, cost and time sample in this study was chosen from consumers living in Ankara and in this respect a survey was made to 388 consumers by using face to face interview technique. Data was evaluated by the help of SPSS program. In evaluation, frequency and chi-square tests were made. At the end of the analysis, while there is not any important relationship between consumers’ global warming perception and consumers’ demographic variables, there is a relationship between consciousness level of consumers on this subject and global warming threat perception. Additionally, a relationship between consumers’ global warming perception and demand for the products in this area was found. Key Words: Global Warming, Consumer Perception, Consumer Buying Behavior 1. Introduction The present study aims to evaluate a current universal issue, global climate change, or commonly referred to as global warming and its prospective effects in marketing from the consumers’ standpoint. Marketing is an area to be considerably affected by the aforementioned warming, Marketing remains a field that may change depending on time, place, and conditions, and firmly sticks to social structures. Global warming also appears to be a development which can potentially transform the social structure and shape the future of the world. The goal of our study was to understand the viewpoint and sensitivity of the society as well as individuals who are also consumers towards global warming, and within this framework, to provide businesses with the gained perspective. The world’s social structures have undergone periodic transitions. Among stages of transitions in human history stand out the inhabitation of hunter-gatherer and nomadic societies, and formation of agricultural communities. Another key transition has been the shift from agricultural society to an industrial one, which still affects the modern life. With the advent of the Industrial Revolution, we witness many tasks, normally done with manual labor, being accomplished by machines. The onset of machinery and increase in emissions of carbon dioxide and similar gases into the nature and atmosphere in a way to interrupt natural cycle of climatic conditions have led to varying changes on earth. 2. Global Warming and Its Historical Development Many factors add to global warming, but increase in the amount of greenhouse gases appears to be one of the most important. Carbon dioxide gases are of particular importance because while this gas is transparent to the incoming shortwave, solar radiation, it absorbs the outgoing longwave, infrared radiation. The most frequently cited abrupt cause for global warming is the increase of carbon emissions due to the burning of fossil fuels. (Dutta and Radner, 2008, p:3) 469 �1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo One must attribute the climatic changes which occurred between the appearance of humans on the scene and the Industrial Revolution to natural causes. From the latter half of the 19th century onwards, It stays certain that human intervention also contributed to these natural changes. (Öztürk, 2002, p:48–49) In the last 100-150 years, carbon dioxide (CO2) and other greenhouse gases, presumed culprits of global warming, have substantially modified the chemical composition of the earth’s atmosphere. (Akbulut, 2000, p:25) While some portion of the radiation from the Sun is reflected back into space by the earth's atmosphere, another portion is absorbed by the earth. A considerable amount of the longwave radiation emitted from the heated Earth is re-absorbed by the atmosphere. While atmospheric gases are very transparent to shortwave solar radiation, they prove to be less transparent to longwave terrestrial radiation as a result of the accumulated greenhouse gases. Thus, when the build-up of heat near a planet's surface is more than expected, the phenomenon is called atmospheric greenhouse effect. An elaborate explanation for the greenhouse effect might be: (Öztürk, 2002, p:53) 1. 51 % of the shortwave solar radiation remains trapped by the Earth: Through this energy, the Earth is heated. 2. A portion of the energy absorbed by the earth is redirected back to the atmosphere. 3. Some of the solar energy is re-radiated from the atmosphere into the space, without reaching the Earth. 4. Some energy from the warmed Earth is emitted to the atmosphere in longwave radiation. Some of this longwave energy is intercepted by atmospheric greenhouse gases. This trapped energy heats the lower layers of the atmosphere, which is the atmospheric greenhouse effect. 5. Some of the energy absorbed by greenhouse gases is emitted back to space. 6. Some of the energy emitted from the Earth directly escapes to space. Global warming seems to be a process where heat in atmospheric layers near the Earth surface and on the Earth surface itself rises artificially as a result of various human activities which culminate in an increase in the concentration of greenhouse gases. (Doğan, 2005, p:58, Akbulut, 2000, p:25, Türkeş, 2001, p:1) Warming which emerged on the Earth’s surface in the latter half of the 19th century has markedly intensified after the 1980’s, becoming warmer and warmer in the subsequent year, and warmest years on record have occurred globally. 1998 has been the warmest year in the historical record dating back to 1860, both in terms of global mean temperature and mean temperatures of the northern and southern hemispheres. Most sensitive climatic models which handle the impact of greenhouse gases and aerosols together suggest a 1–3.5 C° increase in global mean surface temperature and a 15–95 cm sea-level rise by 2100. (Türkeş, 2001, p:1) Likewise, record-breaking warmest temperatures were observed across the globe in January, 2007, as announced by the Meteorology Agency of Japan. It was further noted by the authorities that the record temperatures were considered to be the impact of global warming, and temperatures across the planet were 0.45 degrees Celsius above average in January, the highest since figures were first compiled in 1891. (www.milliyet.com.tr) With its prospective effects, global warming remains an issue capable of shaping not only our lifestyles but the future generations’ as well. Though not yet fully experienced in every corner of the globe, global warming commits the earth irreversibly to further global climatic change and consequent ecological, economic and social disruption. (Doğan, 2005, p:59) All individuals, institutions and organizations must undertake the mission to mitigate the problems that are causing global warming around the world. With regard to design, planning, and construction phases of cities, and utilization of goods and services, utmost sensitivity on global warming must be a 'core criterion' for individuals and institutions alike. Decreasing the use of fossil fuels by switching to renewable energy resources Advances in the technology of renewable energy sources, including wood-derived fuels, might reduce our reliance on fossil fuels and thus reduce global emissions of carbon dioxide significantly. If we are to avoid the effects of a global climate change triggered by global warming, we must develop new systems of renewable energy resources. To that end, new technologies have been devised which combine the utilization of heat and energy, reduce carbon emissions up to 60-80 %, and offer much more effective energy options. In particular, importance of policies which aim to rapidly introduce renewable energy resources and co-processing technologies into markets has been made clear. (Doğan, 2005, p:69) 3. Turkey’s Approach to Global Warming To better understand the reflections on global climate change in our country, a project entitled “Climate Change Scenarios for Turkey”, sponsored by TÜBĐTAK, is underway. During the simulations under the scheme, projections were achieved as to what kind of climate lies ahead of us in the 21st century. The results showed that most dramatic changes would occur in the summer in southern Turkey and in countries like Iraq, Syria, Iran, and Jordan. Naturally, most striking changes are expected to occur during the spring and summer, the two seasons when highest temperatures can be observed. Another projection is that in some regions 14-15 more days will be added to the number of hot days above 35 C° in the past 30 years. In a similar vein, amount of precipitation is 470 �1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo expected to change. Total mean precipitation falling in Turkey is predicted to decrease towards the end of the current century, The Kyoto Protocol was signed under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change to tackle the global climate change. Turkey signed the convention later than the other European countries with the stipulation that her industry would be adversely affected. It suffered long hesitation to sign the convention. Turkey later joined the Kyoto Protocol by passing a law on February 5, 2009. The core idea in the Kyoto Protocol is to gradually reduce world greenhouse gas emissions to slow the progress of global warming. For this purpose, it entails a set of preventive measures to reduce the amount of greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide, carbon dioxide in the atmosphere to such a level that will prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system. (Akoğlu, 2009, p: 37) From Turkey’s viewpoint, many urgent investments must be made in industries like energy, automobile, logistics, and aviation. The protocol doesn’t impose any limitation on greenhouse gas emissions on Turkey by the year 2013. From then onwards, however, Turkey will be subject to an addendum agreement to the protocol, not bypassing our country’s interests. Kyoto Protocol stipulates the following sanctions on the topics below: (Akoğlu, 2009, p: 37) o Legislation will be introduced to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases resulting from various industrial activities, vehicles, and heating. o Energy efficiency must be enhanced by means of mechanisms such as heating with less energy, using vehicles burning less gas, and utilizing technological systems consuming less energy. o Wastes will be recycled to the maximum extent possible. When they are dumped to a landfill, they must be rendered harmless. To this end, modern facilities will be constructed. o Alternative energy sources will be a target for the reduction of methane and carbon dioxide emitted to the atmosphere. o Utilization of solar energy will be extended. Despite being a controversial issue, nuclear power plants will be encouraged since they don’t cause any carbon dioxide emission. o Waste management and treatment in plants which consume huge amounts of energy, like in cement, steel, and lime factories, will be re-organized. o Systems and technologies emitting less carbon dioxide to the atmosphere will be adopted. Since coal based thermal power plants prevail in our country, systems in these facilities need to be renewed. o More tax will be levied on whoever consumes more fuel and produces more carbon dioxide. 4. Products against the effects of global warming and consumers’ approaches Humans have been thoughtlessly and irresponsibly destroying the earth for thousands of years with a desire to dominate and exploit it as much as possible. In many respects, the issue of global warming differs from other climatic events and changes occurring naturally for thousands or millions of years. Above all, global warming is not a phenomenon which occurs in the nature’s own cycle. It is wholly the result of human intervention and a combination of cumulative and incremental events triggered by humans. It first emerged with the dawn of Industrial Revolution when people interfered with the environment and started to alter its circumstances. With the advancements in technology, nature and the environment were thoughtlessly abused, without thinking the hazardous outcomes it could cause towards human and living life, thereby bringing about global warming which has occurred as a consequence of these irresponsible behaviors. It was only in the 1970’s that the entire world came to recognize the dangerous borders of global warming. (Kadıoğlu, 2001; Öztürk, 2002). Global warming is changing consumption habits, too. While some industries are being affected by global warming more than others, it is forcing firms to make amendments in their future plans, and shaping human lifestyle beyond expectation. Hot sunny days have caused biggest disappointments for the textile industry, and various businesses which look forward to winter seasons to sell winter products have been adversely affected. Goods of companies keeping their assets in stock have remained in their warehouses. Manufacturers have suffered a 30 % capital loss. ( www.inepo.com ). Whatever business you're in, your company will increasingly feel the effects of climate change. Investors already are discounting share prices of companies poorly positioned to compete in a warming world. Many businesses face higher raw material and energy costs as governments around the globe increasingly enact policies placing a cost on emissions. Consumers are taking into account a company’s environmental record when making purchasing decisions. There’s a burgeoning market in greenhouse gas emission allowances (the socalled carbon market), with annual trading in these assets valued at tens of billions of dollars. Firms that manage and mitigate their exposure to the associated risks while seeking new opportunities for profit will gain a competitive advantage over rivals in a carbon-constrained future. (Lash-Wellington, 2007:95) . This situation seems to be inevitable in the near future with respect to consumer preferences. In other words, businesses must “create values for the customer” as well as “create values to protect the environment”. Therefore, all activities 471 �1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo must be categorized according to whether or not they create further added value for the products of the business and the environment. As humans have been instrumental in global warming, we need to find the solution not in nature’s own cycle and balance, but in raising awareness to do things. 90 % of people have gained knowledge about global warming. This knowledge assigns them some tasks to do individually. First of all, we must read nature very well. We must use products which saves us all kinds of means. We must inspect the properties of products we are using and consider their impact on nature. We must particularly keep away from fossil fuels. We must enhance the utilization of environment-friendly alternative energy resources. We must cooperate with NGOs which exert efforts on the issue. (www.indeksiletisim.com ). 5. Methodology The present study has been undertaken to determine the extent of consumers’ grasp of global warming and whether or not any change has occurred in their choices of products based on this grasp. Our study chose Ankara, capital of Turkey, as the main mass. Geographically, it is located in the middle of Turkey and has continental climate. In recent years Ankara has been one of the cities where effects of global warming have proved to be evident. It has experienced water shortage due to inadequate rainfall. Ankara has been the choice because it offers a suitable population for the study and it falls within easy reach. We drafted a questionnaire for data collection. By means of convenience sampling we conducted the survey with 388 persons with whom we had face-to-face meeting. The questionnaire drafted consisted of three sections. The first section comprised five-point Likert scale type of questions which tried to determine consumers’ understanding of global warming and their approach to the phenomenon. The second section contained questions aimed to make out consumers’ source of information regarding global warming and their preferences for environment-friendly products against its effects. Questions regarding consumers’ demographic properties took place in the third section. The questionnaire used was first applied to a limited mass, and was later used as a data-collection means after its reliability was justified. 6. Research Findings and Analysis First of all, the reliability analysis for the questionnaire is done. According to the results of the analysis, the questionnaire is found as reliable (Cronbach’s Alpha = 0,807). Table 1: Demographic Feature of the Sample Age 18-25 26-30 31-40 41-50 51 and above Overall Education Not literate Literate Elementary education Middle school University Graduate Overall Marital Status Married Single Overall Frequency 103 71 90 76 47 387 Frequency 4 18 34 125 189 18 388 Frequency % 26,6 18,3 23,2 19,6 12,1 100 % 1,0 4,6 8,8 32,2 48,7 4,6 100 % Occupation Public Officer Worker Bureaucrats Teacher Free Profession Student Overall Gender Female Male Overall Income 0-500 501-1000 1001-1500 Frequency 58 42 13 29 84 63 385 Frequency 155 233 288 Frequency 37 75 % 15,1 10,9 3,4 7,5 21,8 16,4 100 % 40 60 100 % 9,6 19,5 94 24,4 221 163 384 57,6 42,4 100 1501-2000 2001-2500 2501-3000 3001 and above Overall 74 53 25 27 385 19,2 13,8 6,5 7,0 100 When we examine the features of the sample, it is seen that the data is not equally distributed but it does not show a trend of gathering in a certain point. In other words, we see that there are sufficient data on each group for the analysis in terms of demographic features. When we examine the data in Table 1, it seems that 472 �1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo youngs in age group, graduates in educational group, married persons in marital status group, 1000-1500 Turkish Liras gap in income group, males in sex group, and independent business owners in profession group become important. 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Mean 8 Standard deviation 7 I strongly agree 6 I agree 5 Global warming is a threat to our world. Global warming is a threat to our country. Global warming is a threat to the region where we live The effects of global warming are not only on climate. In global warming, the products work with solar energy should be used more widely. Products that may reduce damage of global warming must be increased to use Products on the market are not quality products to reduce these global warming effects More products are needed to reduce these global warming effects In this regard, I think in the future many new products will be generated. Businesses must make their products available to the solution of this problem now. When I buy these products, over price difference is not important Informed(conscious) consumers should follow these issues and must use these products Consumers in the fight against global warming, have responsibilities too. I use products to reduce the effects of global warming in my home. There is no such thing as global warming, climate change, this situation is temporary. Global warming is a game invented by the developed countries to sell more goods. I do not find sufficient activities of states and international organizations to reduce the effects of global warming in the world. States and international organizations should seek an urgent solution for global warming issue. Business organizations thoroughly understand the results of global warming and should develop products that prevent global warming. Businesses have not yet fully understood about the results of global warming bring. Businesses must develop new products for the effects of global warming. Businesses need to do market research to understand problems of global warming in their business field. Global warming will affect consumers' consumption preferences no idea 1 2 3 4 I disagree QUESTĐONS (Factors) I strongly disagree Table 2: Threat Perceptions Againist Global Warming and Attitudes to New Products % 4,9 4,7 4,1 4,2 % 7,6 4,9 6,2 3,1 % 4,3 3,4 5,7 10,6 % 27,6 35,4 37,2 37,9 % 55,6 51,6 46,8 44,2 1,14 1,05 1,05 1,01 4,15 4,24 4,15 4,13 2,6 4,4 11,5 40,6 40,9 0,96 4,11 3,9 3,4 7,5 35,1 50,1 1,00 4,24 4,4 3,9 17,3 38,0 36,4 1,04 3,97 2,6 3,1 8,8 43,0 42,5 0,91 4,19 2,1 10,1 18,6 39,9 29,3 1,02 3,84 3,4 6,5 12,4 42,4 35,3 1,02 3,99 6,4 25,5 13,1 35,6 19,4 1,23 3,35 3,6 8,5 4,9 49,0 34,0 1,02 4,01 2,6 2,8 5,7 45,6 43,3 0,88 4,24 4,9 20,3 14,8 41,0 19,0 1,15 3,48 44,4 27,1 8,5 12,4 7,6 1,29 2,11 45,1 28,9 12,9 6,7 6,4 1,19 2,00 12,7 12,7 16,3 35,7 22,6 1,30 3,43 3,1 3,6 9,8 43,7 39,8 0,95 4,13 3,4 2,6 7,7 47,4 38,9 0,92 4,15 3,9 5,7 16,5 45,1 28,8 1,00 3,88 2,3 3,1 9,6 47,5 37,5 0,88 4,14 3,1 3,6 9,8 48,3 35,2 0,93 4,08 4,6 6,2 10,1 43,6 35,5 1,06 3,99 When we examine threat perception as well as attitudes in relation to global warming, it strongly seems that a consciousness among consumers has become visible in regard to global warming. In addition to this, we see that consumers believe that everybody should do something about global warming. It is strongly believed in this regard that companies should make contribution to the solution by developing new products. The second question, global warming a big thread for Turkey, the sixth question, the products which will reduce global warming and its negative effects should be produced more, and the thirteenth question, consumers should take responsibilities in fighting against global warming, get the highest value with the average of 4,24. These tree questions summarize the main idea of the study. 473 �1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Table 3: Which types of products diminishing the effects of global warming are you using at your home? Frequency % Energy saving products 185 47,8 Products that reduce harmful gas production 22 5,7 Does not contain harmful chemical products 32 8,3 Water saving products 40 10,3 Fuel saving products 37 9,6 I do not have a specific preference in this matter 71 18,3 Overall 387 100,0 It seems that consumers prefer energy saving products with a ratio of 47,6% within product groups which will diminish effects of global warming. It also seems that other products are preferred by consumers’ fairly low rates. In this case it could be said that consumers think that they will make contribution to the solution of global warming by using energy saving products. Table 4: How does your attitude toward products developed against global warming in your shopping Frequency % This is not an issue that I notice in my shopping 84 21,6 After that, I pay attention to these issues 106 27,3 Sometimes, it takes my attention 116 29,9 Definitely I consider these issues 37 9,5 I both consider and recommend my environment 45 11,6 Overall 388 100,0 It is clearly shown that when consumers do shopping, their product preferences are not very sensitive and careful about global warming. Table 1 indicates that consumers are very sensitive to global warming, but when they do shopping they are not. In this regard, we can say that the level of consciousness of consumers is not as expected. Table 5: How is your Information level On Global Warming Frequency % I have not enough information about this issue 100 25,8 I have information about this issue is limited with the media. 173 44,6 I have enough information on this issue. 80 20,6 In this regard, I've reviewed a lot of sources to inform 25 6,4 In this regard, I can say I am an expert. 10 2,6 Overall 388 100,0 It seems that consumers do not have adeqaute knowledge about global warming or a much part of their knowledge is limited with the information provided by the media. 7. Hypotheses and Results of the Research When planning the research, we formed the main research questions as follow: What kind of perception do consumers have on global warming? Does the perception of consumers ensure their preference to the products reducing global warming effects or not? The hypotheses and their evaluation results as follow: H1: The perception of global warming threat affects the demands of consumer’s product development. H2: There is a correlation between consciousness level and consumers’ demand for the products developed. H3: There is a correlation between consumers’ demographic features and consciousness level in relation to global warming. H4: There is a correlation between consumers’ demographic features and the demand for the products developed against to the threat of global warming. The regression analysis for the first hypothesis reveals significant results (F =216, 55 and P = 0,000). According to the obtained linear model, the perception of global warming threat explains 35.8 % of the demand for product 474 �1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo development (Adjusted R2 = 0,358). The intercept of the model is 2,30 (Beta = 2,307, t = 15,288 and P = 0,000). The perception of global warming threat in the model is also found statistically significant (t =14,716 and P = 0,000). The coefficient of demand for the perception of global warming threat against new product development is 0.494. The regression model is as follow: Y = 2,30 +0,494 x The Attitude Against Product Development Ki-square tests done for H2, H3, and H4 hypotheses are not statistically significant. 8. Concluding remarks Global warming is a threat and can lead to vital problems for the world. Even though the public is informed about the scope of the problem, it is clear that initiatives and policies about the problem is not enough. Developing new products diminishing the negative effects of global warming can be a solution for the problem. Developing a new product is a long and costly process, and requires R-D. That is why it is important that consumers should demand for these newly products. The demand for the new product depends primarily on how consumers perceive global warming as a threat. The purpose of this study is to answer questions mentioned above. The results of the study verify the first hypothesis. Based on this result, it can be said that the consumers selected as sample have a very high perception of global warming threat. As a result of this perception, consumers demand for developing products which diminish effects of global warming. In short, the perception of global warming threat supports attitudes directed toward developing new products sensitive to global warming. In order to test H2 hypothesis, Ki-square test statistic is used. However, the results are not statistically significant. This means that there is no correlation between the consciousness level in regard to global warming and products demand which sensitive to global warming. This result may be explained in two different ways: Firstly, an error is done in the research. Because at least theoretical level, consumers’ consciousness level affects the demand of products which are sensitive to global warming. Secondly, consumers perceive having consciousness about global warming as the same demanding for products sensitive to global warming. It is obvious that there is a need for new studies and research in order to find clear answers to these questions. Ki-square test statistics does not verify H3 and H4 hypotheses. In other words, there is no correlation between demographic features of consumers and their approaches to the subject of global warming, and product demands sensitive to global warming. Based on this result, we can say that, all the consumers consisted of the sample, regardless of demographic features, approach consciousness to the issue of global warming. It can be seen in frequency table, the perception in all consumer groups is quite high. As a conclusion it can be said that people is quite sensitive to global warming issue. And it is expected that they will demand for the new products developed by companies which are sensitive to global warming. It is possible for companies by taking into consideration this demand that they can try to develop new products and thus they can both make contribution to the solution of global warming and make profit. Undoubtedly, this approach will get benefit for everybody at institutional, individual, and social level. References Abulut, S. (2000). Küresel Isınmanın Böcek Popülâsyonları Üzerine Muhtemel Etkileri, Ekoloji Çevre Dergisi Cilt: 9 Sayı: 36. Akoglu, A. (2009). Türkiye Kyoto Protokolüne Katılıyor, Bilim ve Teknik Dergisi, TÜBĐTAK, Mart 2009, Yıl: 42, Sayı: 496. Dogan, S. (2005). Türkiye’nin Küresel Đklim Değişikliğinde Rolü Ve Önleyici Küresel Çabaya Katılım Girişimleri, Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi, Đktisadi ve Đdari Bilimler Dergisi, Cilt 6, Sayı 2, 2005 Dutta, P. K., Roy Radner,. (2009). A Strategic Analysis of Global Warming: Theory and Some Numbers, Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization (2008), doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2009.01.013. Gözcelioglu, B. (2009). Türkiye Đçin Đklim Değişikliği Senaryoları, Bilim ve Teknik Dergisi, TÜBĐTAK, Mart 2009, Yıl: 42, Sayı: 496. Kadioglu, M. (2001). Bildiğimiz Havaların Sonu Küresel Đklim Değişimi ve Türkiye. Güncel Yayıncılık. Đstanbul. Lash, J. & Wellington, F. (March 2007). Competitive Advantage On A Warming Planets. Harvard Business Review. P.30 http://www.milliyet.com.tr/2007/02/09/son/sonyas21.asp. Öztürk, K. 2002). Kemal, Küresel Đklim Değişikliği ve Türkiye’ye Olası Etkileri, Gazi Üniversitesi, Gazi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi Cilt 22, Sayı 1. 475 �1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Turkes, M. (2001). Küresel Đklimin Korunması, Đklim Değişikliği Çerçeve Sözleşmesi ve Türkiye. Tesisat Mühendisligi, TMMOB Makina Mühendisleri Odası, 2001. Süreli Teknik Yayın 61 www.indeksiletisim.com/images/Makale/Kuresel%20Isınma%20ve%20dogaya%20etkileri.pdf Erişim Tarihi: 06.08.2008 www.inepo.com/basin_haber_ekle/uplFiles_resim/KÜRESEL%20ISINMA-%20AA%20HABERĐ.doc 31.01.2007 476 Erişim Tarihi: � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 294 Title A name given to the resource Consumer Approach to New Product Development Policies against Global Warming’s Effects Author Author KARACA, Yusuf KANDEMiR, Tuğrul Abstract A summary of the resource. Global warming and global problems caused by global warming is one of the most discussed issues in all over the world. Beside consumers accepting this problem as a serious threat, there are consumers who are insensitive and don’t perceive it as a threat. From starting this point, main aim of this study is to determine how consumers perceive this issue and how these perceptions affect buying behavior of them. Especially to determine demand of goods which were developed against the effects of global warming. Study focused on two main research questions. First one is what is the level of consumers’ global warming threat perception and second one is does this threat perception create an effect about products developed to decrease effects of global warming. By casting access, cost and time sample in this study was chosen from consumers living in Ankara and in this respect a survey was made to 388 consumers by using face to face interview technique. Data was evaluated by the help of SPSS program. In evaluation, frequency and chi-square tests were made. At the end of the analysis, while there is not any important relationship between consumers’ global warming perception and consumers’ demographic variables, there is a relationship between consciousness level of consumers on this subject and global warming threat perception. Additionally, a relationship between consumers’ global warming perception and demand for the products in this area was found. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2009-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed HB Economic Theory https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/075c06019821d6a50acecf48879adff1.docx fd9251c1fff25e0d923224cb0b943588 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/875c8023b5d71f44b80b58a414c18c12.pdf fce3ef3a54fbd8e528fdf237690ca53b PDF Text Text The Importance of Cultural and Gastronomic Tourism in Local Economic Development: Zile Sample Mehmet Kocaman Gaziosmanpaşa University Turkey mehmet.kocaman@gop.edu.tr EmelMemisKocaman Gaziosmanpaşa University Turkey ememis4@hotmail.com Abstract: More rational source distribution in Turkey recently has brought forward the principles of optimality in investment planning. Therefore, many rural areas have been negatively affected from this state. Accordingly, alternative tourism provides important opportunities for rural regions. People living in these regions have become to give importance to local tangible and intangible cultural assets, which are present around their environment and gastronomic products consisting of regional tastes. As a branch of tourism consisting of local foods and beverages distinctive to each region, gastronomy positively contributes to local development. Foods with authentic geographical origins strengthen the image of region and enable branding and the development of rural tourism. Zile District, Tokat Province, could not receive sufficient share from state investments due to its location and therefore could not complete its economic development. Recently, cultural tourism practices in Zile District have accelerated; in this frame, old Zile houses have been restored and opened as boutique hotels and the number of businesses making and selling local foods has increased. In addition, cultural activities have started to be planned as a tool for economic development in Zile District. These activities include Zile Cherry Festival, Ramadan Activities, The Celebrations of Ahi-Order Week, Centuries-Old Fair of Zile, The Activities of Muharram Month, Asırlık Kırk Hatim (A centuries-old tradition to read the whole of Koran in forty days), and the festivals conducted in villages. This study expresses the elements regarding cultural and gastronomic tourism in Zile District and their contributions to regional economic development and indicates what should be done to get more effective benefits and to increase its positive contributions. Keywords: Local development, gastronomy, cultural tourism. 208 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2586 Title A name given to the resource Consumer Attitude Toward Mobile Marketing in BH Author Author Irma, JASARSPAHIC Teoman, DUMAN Abstract A summary of the resource. : Driven by the ongoing evolution in mobile technologies and the increasing popularity of the internet, the use of the mobile medium for marketing purposes is becoming more and more popular to marketers whose aim is definitely to promote their goods and services to the consumer, regardless on which way. There is no other marketing channel that is as personal, as pervasive and provides the opportunity for proximity to connect with consumers in the right place and time-that’s the power of mobile. Since many people are still unaware of the potential of marketing via mobile devices this research aimed to examine factors based on content of mobile marketing (information, entertainment, credibility, irritation, utility) and personalization factor that are affecting the formation of attitude toward mobile marketing targeting BH consumers, and also will try bring to light the response behavior of consumers attitude toward mobile marketing practices and how consumers perceive mobile marketing in BH. The research approach for this study is descriptive and the data will be collected by online surveys from young population of Bosnia and Herzegovina (BH). The focus of survey content will be different variables that affect consumer attitude toward mobile marketing and the findings will show which variables have positive effect and which have negative effect on consumers’ attitude. Keywords: Marketing Channel, Mobile marketing, Survey, Consumer Attitude. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014-04-24 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-4564 H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/f23d7bdb7efc09f568961300d305ecb8.pdf 95d3cdc59e8a7c5fd32180dfe530ce11 PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Consumer Oriented Marketing: Seafood Consumption Among Children M. TolgaTolon,DilekEmiroğlu Ege University Faculty of Fisheries, 35100, Izmir, Turkey Emails: tolga.tolon@ege.edu.tr, dilek.emiroglu@ege.edu.tr Abstract Parents’ dominance on determination of food consumption pattern of children has been changing in recent years by the effect of developing social communication via information technologies, improving education level and changing social status of the community. Increasing awareness of children on sustainable and healthy nutrition issues affects consumption habits of the modern families. Today, parents give more importance to the preference and proposals of their children for the food selection. In previous decade, adults were more health conscious and prefer healthy foods than the young ones but today an enormous amount of efforts has been launched to educate children about consuming healthy foods than never before. Families with the children are an important market segment for the seafood industry. However, children’sdislike of seafood or strong preferences for fast-food type consumption is the barriers to seafood marketing in many cases. Consequently, children are the preferential targets of seafood promotions and campaigns in most countries to gain more consumers today and in the future. In this study, seafood consumption pattern and preferences of the children in age group of 10-14 has been researched. Randomly selected 400 children were surveyed through a questionnaire with personal interviews. The surveys have been conducted in primary schools of two cities which localized as seaside and inland in west part of Turkey. Findings derived from the research have indicated that social interaction among children has strong impact on seafood consumption habit. Moreover, children would promote seafood consumption in their families. Besides education the forms of seafood specially cooked and packaged attractive to their age group and promotion campaigns lead most children to demand and consume more seafood. This paper provides sample clues for improving marketing strategy by focusing on children’s seafood consumption. The reasons of seafood resistance have to be identified clearly and continuouslyfor the consumer oriented marketing in seafood. Keywords: marketing, seafood, consumption, children, consumer oriented 1.INTRODUCTION The consumer-oriented marketing is a new model of marketing that company should view and organize its marketing activities from the consumer's point of view. Consumer-oriented marketing, which focuses on fine-tuning a business by determining its customer base, is an important development in the evolution of marketing. This process is defined by three functions within the consumer-oriented market model: analysis, modeling and planning. 105 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo When a product is marketed in a consumer orientated way there must be a lot of research needed to find out the facts about the consumer. This is something that can be done through surveys.Also knowing the habits of those markets and consumer needs can be profitable byutilizing that information ahead of time. The availability of customer information has grown exponentially, providing the raw material for more detailed analysis. Although this can be costly, the benefits of most consumer marketing campaigns do outweigh the initial research cost. Another benefit would be gained from the consumer oriented marketing is to target a certain consumer group by the right marketing tools or promotions as in the seafood consumption case. Families with the children are an important market segment for the seafood industry. As eating habits are formed in childhood, it is necessary that their determining factors be understood in order to establish effective educational and marketing processes that can change children’s eating behavior (Angelis, 1995). The literature on infant feeding shows that children’s eating behavior is firstly determined by their family and, in a second moment, by other psychosocial and cultural interactions (Maurem, 2000).Food consumption behavior, like any complex human behavior, will be influenced by many interrelating factors, like physical properties of the food (flavor, texture, odor), characteristics of the individual (personality, preferences, attitudes, perceptions, knowledge) or characteristics with the environment (availability, season, situation, culture) (Olsen, 2001). Innovative and sustainable marketing methods are essential to increase the per capita consumption in markets which the seafood is not present traditionally as Turkey. Inclusion of children into the seafood market would be possible by modern marketing methods as consumer oriented marketing. Therefore, children are the preferential targets of seafood promotions and campaigns in most countries to gain more consumers today and in the future. The main purpose of the present study was to provide sample clues for improving marketing strategy in context of consumer oriented marketing principles by focusing on children’s seafood consumption habits between 10-14 ages. The factors affecting seafood consumption behavior and reasons of seafood resistance were identified in sample case in order to be utilized in consumer oriented marketing strategyfor sustainable marketing efforts. 2.METHODOLOGY The subjects were students who are recruited from the primary schools of two cities, Muğla (agricultural city,20km from seaside) and İzmir (industrial city, near seaside) both located in west part of Turkey. Random selection of 400 children (203 girls, 197 boys) (stratified for age and town, 200 from each of the towns) ranging in age from 10 to 14 years was performed on the basis of local taxation registers in order to achieve an adequate variation of socio-economic factors. Although the detailed demographic data were not collected from any of the students who participated, it is known that families in this subject pool are in and below the Turkish median for income. None of the children in the present study had previously participated in anyseafood or economic survey. 106 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo A questionnaire asking respondents about their attitudes and seafood consumption behavior was constructed and pre-tested.The questionnaire was developed on the basis of consumer oriented marketing strategies which include to reveal the clues about consumption pattern, knowledge background, social context related with seafood consumption of the target group. Descriptive statistics and chi-square test analysis were used to predict the relation between consumption behavior and other factors. All analyses were done with SPSS version 15, and a value of p≤0.05 was taken as the level of significance throughout. The p-values are reported only for the significant results. 3.RESULTS A total of 400 surveys were completed for this study during March 2012. Respondents surveyed can be sorted into one of four groups for purpose of data analysis (Table 1). Group 1 had 356 respondents (89%), which reported that they do eat fish or seafood regularly. Group 2 had 32 respondents who do not like the taste of fish and therefore not eating any fish or seafood. Group 3 had 8 respondents who are unable to buy or eat fish or seafood because of low financial situation. Group 4 had 4 respondents which reported that they had experienced health problems as poisoning and awn prick during fish consumption. Table 1. Grouping for survey respondents Number of children surveyed (N) Ratio (%) Groups 356 89 Group I – Eat fish regularly 32 8 Group II – Do not eat fish (Taste) 8 2 Group III – Do not eat fish (Financial) 4 1 Group IV – Do not eat fish (Health) The key points and seafood consumption pattern of target group were analyzed and summarized to develop a consumer oriented marketing strategy (Table 2). Table 2. Summary of the key points for consumer oriented marketing strategy in Group I. Question Frequency 107 Bi-weekly (42%) , Once in a month (26%), Every week (24%) �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Place Home (91%), Restaurant (4,5 %) , Outdoor (4,5%) Respect to decision Sometimes (56%), Always (33%) , Never (11%) Species Anchovy (30%) ,Seabream (18%), Sea bass (9%) Other seafood Mollusk (48%), Canned tuna (43%) , calamari (30%) , fish finger (27%) Identify Yes (81%) , No (19%) Benefit Answer (95 %) , No answer (5%) Source of knowledge School (42%) , Social Media (39 %) , Family (19%) Ads interest Yes (76%) , No (24 %) Angling Yes (52%) , No (48 %) Friends consumption Yes (94%) , No (6%) Sibling Consumption Yes (76%) , No (24%) Consumption frequency in Group 1was reported as 42% bi-weekly, 26% once in a month and 24% every week. Questions focused on the employment status of the respondents’ family have showed that 92% of the fathers and 23% of the mothers are employed in a job. Only 21% of the students’ both parents are found to be employed. Parents are in the middle and lower income group according to their business types. The most popular fish species according to respondent’s preference were anchovy (30%), sea bream (18%) and sea bass (9%). The evaluation of deboned or prepared seafood consumption has showed that 48% of the respondents like the taste of mussels, 43% canned tuna fish, 30% calamari and 27% fish finger . Most children stated that they consume seafood at home (91%), 5% of them are consuming at the restaurants and 4% at the outdoor facilities as picnic. Participants reported that 33% of their gatekeepers “always” respecttheir food decisions,nearly half of them (56%) respect “sometimes” and 11% “never” ask their children’s food preferences. An important amount (89%) of the gatekeepers is respecting their children’s decision in preparing and serving food types. 108 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Totally 304 respondent (76%) from all groups reported that they are remembering at least one commercial ad about seafood or fish products. Even 73% of non-fish eating groups’ members (Group II,III,IV) arealso remembering at least one commercial ad about seafood and fishes. Most of the children (81%) had stated that they know or can identify the fish species that they eat. However, no significant relation has found between “fish eating”and “fish awareness”(p>0.05) A significant relation has been determined between “fish awareness” and “commercial fish ads” in all groups (p=0.028, p≤0.05). Seventy seven percent (77%) of the respondents which are remembering fish ads are also stating that they are aware of fish species. Although the seafood promotion activities in the schools were very rare, 88% of the respondents who witness a seafood promotion activity reported as they know or can identify the fish species. Also the fish consumption ratio within this group was 99%. There is a significant relation between the “fish promotion in schools” and “fish awareness” as well as “fish consumption” (p=0.021, p≤0.05) No significant relation can be found between the “aquarium hobby” and the “fish consumption”. The presence of aquarium and hobby breeding of fishes as pet do not affecting the fish consumption positive or negatively (p>0,05). Nearly all of the children (95%) had responded the “What are the benefits of fish consumption” question. The reported benefits of seafood were focused on eye wellness, intelligence development, bone and muscle development, growth, protein and omega-3 supply. Nearly half of the respondents (42%) stated that they learn such knowledge from lectures in schools, 39% from newspaper, magazines and internet, 19% from their parents and family members. The question asking that “have you ever been in a bait fishing activity?” was responded as “Yes” by 52% of the respondents. Almost all of the children (93%)thoseanswered this question positively were also stated as they are eating fish regularly. There is a significant relation between the “bait fishing” and “fish consumption habit” (p=0.02, p≤0.05). Greater than 94% of the respondents in all groups reported that their friends are eating fish regularly. This ratio was slightly higher in the Group I as 95%. Significant relation has been found between the “fish consumption” of the respondents and their “friend’s fish eating behavior” (p=0.016, p≤0.05) Sibling’s nutritional behavior also has impact on the respondent’s fish consumption pattern. The percentage of children reporting their sibling’s fish consumption behavior as positive was 76% in Group I. Sibling’s fish consumption behaviorhas a significant impact on respondent’s fish consumption habit (p=0.04 , p≤0.05). 4.DISCUSSION Companies should principally develop their strategies for their target groups in consumer oriented marketing applications. The strategy adopted in this study was to increase the amount and frequency of consumed seafood by product diversification and adaptation according the needs of target consumer group as children. The researched group that has high percentage of seafood consumer (Group I) is a preferential target for consumer oriented marketing strategy. However, 8% of the respondents (Group II), 109 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo who do not like the taste and therefore not consuming seafood, would also be included into the target group of marketing strategy. Psychosocially, eating behavior relies on parents’ active participation as nutritional educators through family interactions that affect children’s eating habits (Gillespie and Acterberg, 1989). The gatekeeper in the family is defined as the primary food decision maker and studies have shown that the gatekeeper's decisions are greatly influenced by other family members', food likes and dislikes (Wandel et al 1995). The high respect level (89%) of gatekeepers to the food decisions of their children and consumption of seafood intensively at home and with family members are the signs of a two-way interaction between children and parents on food consumption habits and decisions. In addition, the findings derived from the research had shown that proper knowledge about seafood is especially supplied by the teachers and followed by media sources as newspapers, internet and magazines.The nutritional facts about the seafood had been properly understood and adopted by almost all of the children researched. Although, children of such age group is not defined as a primary customer in context of economy, their consumption habits and demands are effectively forcing families to involve in seafood market as primary customers. Moreover, children would promote seafood consumption in their families. Social interaction among children has strong impact on seafood consumption behavior. It is an important clue in developing marketing strategy that social environment of children especially their friends have more impact than their families on consumption behavior. In this case, children do not eat only because of hunger feeling but also by suggestion of the environment and social context (Birch and Fisher, 1997). Children’s dislike of seafood or their strong preference for hedonic consumption are barriers to seafood consumption (Olsen, 2001). Children prefer fast food type deboned seafood varieties instead of fish meals that are cooked and served in classic styles. The demand of children for such type of seafood as mollusk, canned tuna fish, calamari, fish finger and fish balls is a strong sign for such preference. Analyzing the serving and eating styles of best preferred meals of the target group and serving seafood products in such forms has to be included in the marketing strategy which would promote effective consumption in the market. Children’s point of view to the seafood products is another important key point in planning consumer oriented marketing strategies. As the aquarium hobby do not affecting fish eating motivation of the children in positive or negative manner, but involving in activities such as bait fishing and fishing for nutritional aims would promote seafood consumption of the children strongly.Informative promotions that are emphasizing edibility of the aquatic organisms would increase the market effectiveness of seafood among the target consumers. Considering the memorable feature of seafood ads by the most of the children, suitable ads that conforms the interests of children would be published through interactive social media and TV’s as consumer oriented marketing strategy. Immediate and future campaigns can be then planned well so that it can create better impact to the consumer segment. 5.CONCLUSION There are a lot of other buying factors that consumers may have but children do not consider price over other factors. Children’s preferences are mainly driven by their hedonic needs. It’s important to take into consideration consumer’s habits, values, and all other factors that influence 110 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo their decisions. With these data at hand, any company can create strategies that can work around the individual needs of these customers. ACKNOWLEDGE Special thanks to primary school teachers Miss ÖzlemÇizmecigil and Mrs.DenizÇakıroğlu who collaborate in conducting surveys and collecting precious data. REFERENCES Alphanet Marketing (2012) Consumer Oriented Marketing Definition, URL http://www.alphanetmarketing.com/2010/12/consumer-oriented-marketing-definition.html Angelis R.C. Ped;13:126-7. (1995)Alimentaçãonainfânciavsconseqüênciasulterioresnasaúde. Rev Paul Birch L.L and Fisher J.A. (1997) The role of experience in the development of children’s eating behavior. Why we eat what we eat. The psychology of eating. 2nd ed. p. 113-41. Washington Brown A.J. (1998) Effective Customer-Oriented Marketing, URL http://www.informationmanagement.com/infodirect/19980401/932-1.html Gillespie A.H and Acterberg C.L. (1989) Comparison of family interaction patterns related to food and nutrition. J Am Diet Assoc ;89:509-12. Maurem R. and Lilian M.S. (2000) Development children’s eating behavior, Jornal de Pediatria Vol. 76, Supl.3, S229-S237 Mennell S, Murcott A, Otterloo AH. (1992) The sociology of food: Eating, diet and culture. Current Sociology. J Intern SocAssoc; 4O:l-147. Olsen S.O. (2001) Consumer involvement in seafood as family meals in Norway: an application of the expectancy-value approach, Journal of Appetite, Volume 36, Issue 2, Pages 173–186 Roininen K. Roininen, L. Lähteenmäki, H. Tuorila (1999) Quantification of consumer attitudes to health and hedonic characteristics of foods, Journal of Appetite, 33 (1999), pp. 71–88 Wandel M, Bugge A, SkoglundRamm J. (1995) Matvaneriendringogstabilitet (Change and stability in food habits). SIFO,:4. 111 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1369 Title A name given to the resource Consumer Oriented Marketing: Seafood Consumption Among Children Author Author M., TolgaTolon Abstract A summary of the resource. Parents’ dominance on determination of food consumption pattern of children has been changing in recent years by the effect of developing social communication via information technologies, improving education level and changing social status of the community. Increasing awareness of children on sustainable and healthy nutrition issues affects consumption habits of the modern families. Today, parents give more importance to the preference and proposals of their children for the food selection. In previous decade, adults were more health conscious and prefer healthy foods than the young ones but today an enormous amount of efforts has been launched to educate children about consuming healthy foods than never before. Families with the children are an important market segment for the seafood industry. However, children’sdislike of seafood or strong preferences for fast-food type consumption is the barriers to seafood marketing in many cases. Consequently, children are the preferential targets of seafood promotions and campaigns in most countries to gain more consumers today and in the future. In this study, seafood consumption pattern and preferences of the children in age group of 10-14 has been researched. Randomly selected 400 children were surveyed through a questionnaire with personal interviews. The surveys have been conducted in primary schools of two cities which localized as seaside and inland in west part of Turkey. Findings derived from the research have indicated that social interaction among children has strong impact on seafood consumption habit. Moreover, children would promote seafood consumption in their families. Besides education the forms of seafood specially cooked and packaged attractive to their age group and promotion campaigns lead most children to demand and consume more seafood. This paper provides sample clues for improving marketing strategy by focusing on children’s seafood consumption. The reasons of seafood resistance have to be identified clearly and continuouslyfor the consumer oriented marketing in seafood. Keywords: marketing, seafood, consumption, children, consumer oriented Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/587747b101065c2987621f33d4175939.pdf 2c2548f68c56de3392e6bd0cadf403f5 PDF Text Text ������������� �  ��������������о о �����   � �    � � � �  �  � �          �              �  о      o  o �    � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 3287 Title A name given to the resource Consumer Protection in Croatia with a Special Emphasis on Distance and Off-Premises Contracts Author Author Petrašević, Tunjica Poretti, Paula Abstract A summary of the resource. The aim of this paper is to present consumer protection in Croatia with special emphasis on distance and off-premises contracts. The focus in this paper is on a rather narrow, but extremely important field of consumer protection. Namely, it depicts situations in which consumer is unprepared and unable to reconsider a purchase of a certain product or service. In the first part of the paper a brief overview of the development of consumer protection in Croatia is presented, from the Stabilization and Association Agreement in 2001 until the present. Then, in the second part of the paper novelties which were brought to the „new“ Consumer protection Act by the implementation of Directive 2011/83/EU on consumer rights, in the manner that regulation of distance contracts are presented prior to the regulation of off-premises contracts. In the third part of the paper establishment of out-of-court resolution of consumer disputes according to Directive on alternative dispute resolution for consumer disputes (Directive on consumer ADR) and Regulation on online dispute resolution for consumer disputes (Regulation on consumer ODR) are presented. Solutions which could enable simplified and efficient resolution of both national and cross-border disputes within a system of alternative dispute resolution for consumer disputes originating from distance and off-premises contracts are analysed and a critical consideration of their implementation in Croatian consumer protection legislation is carried out. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2016-04-15 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-5706 K Law (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/44db670e2b855d596593b7a5a4efb994.pdf 0e10bc9a6c40fddd9d2c2376e1e80d74 PDF Text Text 1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Consumer Willingness to Pay for Pesticide Free Tomatoes in Turkey Zeki Bayramoğlu Selcuk University Faculty ofAgriculture Depertmant of Agricultural Economics Konya, TURKEY Ziya Gökalp Göktolga Gaziosmanpasa University Faculty of Agriculture Depertmant of Agricultural Economics Tokat, TURKEY Abstract: Willingness to pay for pesticide free tomatoes were calculated and its effects of socio-demographic and risk variables were measured. The data were obtained from 666 consumers by survey method in May 2005. The surveys are conducted in Ankara and Tokat Provinces at same time. Ordered probit model was used to determine the probability of WTP for pesticide free tomatoes. The findings showed that 34.23 % of Turkish consumers not willing to pay, are 77.02 % willing to pay less than 30 percent premium and 22.97% are willing to pay more than 30 percent premium. This is shown that Turkish consumers will accept to pay only a small premium for pesticide free tomatoes. Furthermore, gender, education, statue of mother, acknowledges of ecologic agriculture, healthy food and risk index factors are impact on willingness to pay. Keywords: Willingness to pay; Consumer Preferences; ordered probit. Introduction The main use of pesticides is in agriculture to ensure that crops remain healthy and wastage through disease and infestation is prevented. According to the FAO data, 4046 metric tons of fungicides and bactericides, 5946 metric tons of herbicides and 13169 metric tons of insecticides were used in Turkey. In addition total pesticides use by per hectare was calculated in Turkey as 0.56 kg. Although, this amount is low when compared with some developed countries,for example cost of 48221 tons of fungicides and bactericides, 9982 metric tons of herbicides, and 8874 metric tons of insecticides were used in Italy. Total pesticides use by per hectare in Italy is 4.32 kg.This amountis 1,73 in UK (FA O, 2005). In this study, tomato was selected to determine consumer’s willingness to pay for pesticide-free fresh vegetables. In the Turkey, consumers commonly think that tomato has highest level residues pesticide and hormone (Akmaz, 2005). In addition,in another study tomato was chosen since tomatoes are widely purchased by Turkish consumer (Akgungor et al., 1999). Consumers are very concerned about pesticide residues on food in recent years. In some researches shows that consumers are very concerned about pesticide residues on food and are willing to pay a significant premium to purchase food they perceive to be less risky. There are a lot of studies connected with pesticide residues at food in developed country. For examples (Buzby et al. 1995; Misra, et al. 1991; Fu, et al. 1999; Boccalettiand Nardella 2000). Thereis only one study made on this areain Turkey (Akgungor et al.,1999). Our study is a example for consumer’s willingness to pay free pesticide residues in developing country. This study can provide a comparison between developed and developing country about consumer’s attitude. The purpose of this study is to calculate the effects of socio-demographic and risk variables on willingnessto pay for pesticide freetomatoes.Itis believed thatthisstudy will produce some results which could provide importantinformation for producers and retailers and help them. Material and Methods The data were obtained from 406 householdsin Ankara province and 260 householdsin Tokat province by survey method in May 2005. The surveys were made face to face by technique. Total 666 surveys were conducted in Ankara and Tokat provinces. We used ordered probit model to analyze willingness to pay. To see this, consider the following 98 �1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo regression (Greene, 2000): WTP * = β ' x + ε (1) * where WTP isthe an unobserved latent variable, X is a vector ofindependent variables effecting WTP (age, gender, education, household size,income, statue of mother, acknowledge of ecologic agriculture, Healthy food, risk index), ß is a vector of parameters demonstrating the relationship between dependent variable (WTP) and independent variables, ε is an unobserved disturbance term. The relation between the unobserved WTP* and observed outcome for respondenti, WTP (WTP=0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7) can be summarized as follows: W TP = 0 if WTP*≤ 0, (2) =1 if µ 0< WTP*≤ µ 1, = 2 if µ 1< WTP*≤ µ 2, … … … ….. = 7 if µ 6 ≤ WTP*, W here µ is a parameter representing a threshold separating the categories in the observed variable. The probability can be written following equations (3): Prob (wtp=0)=Φ(-β … … … ….. ' x ). Prob(wtp=7)= 1- Φ( µ 6 – β x ). For the probabilities,the marginal effects ofthe repressors are ' ∂pr ( wtp = 0) = −φ ( β ' x) β , ∂x ∂pr ( wtp = 1) = φ (− β ' x) − φ ( µ − β ' x) β , ∂x [ ] (3) (4) … … … …. ∂pr ( wtp = 7) = −φ ( µ 6 − β ' x) β . ∂x Inthe study,thresholds are ranked eight categories. Thisisfollowing: Not willing to pay (0), willing to pay one to five percent premium, willing to pay six to ten percent premium, willing to pay 11-15 percent premium, willing to pay 16-20 percent premium, willing to pay 21-25 percent premium, willing to pay 26-30 percent premium, willing to pay more than a 30 percent premium. Survey design Respondents were asked to answer several questions grouped in the three main sections. In the first section, we asked to respondent’s socio-demographic characteristic such as age, gender, education, household size,income, statue of mother.In the second section, we asked to questions related to respondent’s risk attitude. For design of the risk index follow question was asked. “According to you, how many percent peoples damage because of pesticide residues in no certificated tomatoes (regular tomatoes)?” The maximum value was standardized at 100. In addition, we asked to questions about healthy food. “Which alternative is the most importantto you in food?” The alternatives are healthy food, price of food,taste of food, promotion of food. In the section we asked acknowledge of ecologic agriculture. “Do you know the ecologic agriculture?” In the last section we asked to questions related to WTP. Willingness to pay (WTP) was used the dependent variable. We elicited WTP by asking respondents to indicate how much above regular prices they would be willing to pay for pesticide free tomatoes. Answers of the consumers about WTP for pesticide free tomatoes are collected and they are as follows: 1-No (0%), I would never pay above regular prices 2-Yes,I would pay between 1% and 5% more for pesticide free tomatoes 3-Yes,I would pay between 6% and 1%0 more for pesticide free tomatoes 4-Yes,I would pay between 11% and 15% more for pesticide free tomatoes 5-Yes,I would pay between 16% and 20% more for pesticide free tomatoes 6-Yes,I would pay between 21% and 25% more for pesticide free tomatoes 7-Yes,I would pay between 26% and 30% more for pesticide free tomatoes 8-Yes,I would pay more than 30% more for pesticide free tomatoes. 99 �1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Results Variables Definition and code Number of Responde nts Percentage (%) 58 130 221 158 99 8.71 19.52 33.18 23.72 14.86 Gender Male =1 Female =0 458 208 68.77 31.23 Education Primary school =1 Middle school = 2 High school = 3 University =4 Graduate =5 111 98 273 173 11 16.67 14.71 40.99 25.98 1.65 Household size 1-2 =1 3-5 =2 6-8 =3 9-+ =4 75 501 87 3 11.26 75.23 13.06 0.45 Income - 500 YTL =1 501 - 1000 YTL =2 1001 – 1500 YTL =3 1500 - + YTL =4 49 284 174 159 7.36 42.64 26.13 23.87 Statue of mother Employed mother=1 Unemployed mother=0 234 432 35.14 64.86 Age - 25 = 1 26-30 = 2 31-40 = 3 41-50 = 4 51 + = 5 Acknowledge of ecologic agriculture If know of ecologic agriculture 295 before survey =1, 371 otherwise=0 Healthy Food 398 If selectthe healthy food as 1 st.=1 If other alternative( price, shape, 268 taste, promotion) select as 1 st. =0 Code Mean Variable Mean 3.16 39.04 0.68 0.68 3.03 3.03 2.02 4.17 2.66 1329.24 0.35 0.35 0.44 0.44 0.40 0.40 44.29 55.71 59.75 40.25 Risk Index 666 100 -Consumer’s risk perceive in regular tomatoes. (100 %) 1YTL= 1, 37$ in May 2005. Table1. Definition ofindependent variables and its base statistics 26.24 Definition of independent variables and its base statistics have showed in Table 1. According to the 100 �1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo survey results,average age of consumersis 39.04. The male respondents constitute 68.77 % of totalrespondents while female respondents constitute 31.23 % of it. The survey results have showed that 16.67% of households are primary school graduates, 14.71% are middle school graduates, 40.99% are high school graduates, 25.98% are university graduates, and %1.65 are post graduates. The average household size has been found as 4.17 people that is lower than the average household size (4.9 people) in Turkey [9]. Average monthly income of households has been found as 1329.24YTL. Mother of households 35.14% are study in any work, 64.86% are unemployed. The respondents 44.25% have got acknowledge of ecologic agriculture, but 55.71% haven’t got acknowledge of ecologic agriculture. Risk difference variable calculateimpact of health risk perception. Table 2 shows distribution of dependent variable (WTP). Respondent’s 34.23% not willing to pay, 77.02% willing to pay less than 30 percent premium. 22.97% of respondents are willing to pay more than 30 percent premium. This is shown thatthe respondents will acceptto pay only a small premium for pesticide free tomatoes. W T P category Category Number of Code Respondents Not willing to pay (0) 0=0 228 Willing to pay one to five percent premium 1-5=1 44 Willing to pay six toten percent premium 6-10=2 89 Willing to pay 11-15 percentpremium 11-15=3 20 16-20=4 49 Willing to pay 16-20 percentpremium 28 Willing to pay 21-25 percentpremium 21-25=5 55 Willing to pay 26-30 percentpremium 26-30=6 Willing to pay more than a 30 percent premium 31-+=7 153 Table 2. Distribution of dependent Variable (WTP) Percentage (%) 34.23 6.61 13.36 3.00 7.36 4.20 8.26 22.97 Table 3 shows thatthe resultsof the ordered probit model of WTP for pesticide free tomatoes. The loglikelihood ratio testindicates that the estimated model is statically significant at 0.01 level. Gender, education, acknowledge of ecologic agriculture, healthy food and risk index variables are significant at 0.01 levels. Statue of mother variable is significant at 0.05 levels. Age, household size,income variables are not significant. Coefficient of gender variable has a positive sign. This sign shows that male respondents are willingness to pay more a premium to pesticide free tomatoes than female respondents. Coefficient of education variable has a positive sign. The coefficient indicates that probability of willingness to pay higher prices for pesticide free tomatoes increases as the levels of education increase. This resultsupportsthe results of previous studies which were made by several other authors (Fu, et al.,1999; Sukant et al., 1991; Goktolga, et al., 2006). Coefficient of statue of mother variable has a positive sign. The coefficient illustrated that employed mothers are more willingness to pay for pesticide free tomatoes than unemployed mother. This resultis natural because of employed mothers are more conscious for safe food than unemployed mothers. Coefficient of acknowledge of ecologic agriculture variable has a positive sign. The positive coefficient of this variable indicates that there is a positive relationship between the probability of paying a premium and acknowledge of ecologic agriculture variable. The result shows the probability of W TP for pesticide free tomatoes increases when consumers are more concerned about organic agriculture. Variables Coefficient t-statistic Constant -1.08 -3.875 Age 0.447 1.132 Gender 0.321 2.989* Education 0.112 2.872* Household size 0.769 0.830 Income 0.424 0.689 Statue of mother 0.230 2.204** Acknowledge of ecologic agriculture 0.461 4.780* Healthy food 0.318 3.557* Risk Index 0.623 5.074* Log likelilihood: -1114.113 ,Chi-squared: 155.773, Degrees of freedom: 9 Note: * and ** denotes significance atthe 0.01 level and at0.05 level,respectively. Table 3. Results ofthe ordered probit model 101 �1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Healthy food variable’s sign is positive. This sign shows thatthere is positive relationship between the probability of paying a premium and healthy food variable. The probability of WTP for pesticide free tomatoes increases when consumers would rather food healthy than other choice. Risk index variable’s sign is positive. Positive sign shows that probability of WTP for pesticide free tomatoes increases when consumer’s risk perception increase in regular (uncertificated)tomatoes. Marginal effects of ordered probit model have been showed in Table 4. Marginal probabilities have been calculated from the estimated model. In each row, the sum of marginal probabilities is zero in ordered probit model (Greene, 2000). In the Table 4 all variable’s sings are negative until WTP2. After this category all variables have got positive sing. These signs show a unit increase variables of age, gender, education, household size, income, statue of mother, acknowledge of ecologic agriculture, healthy food and risk index decreases the probability of willingness to pay a premium for pesticide free tomatoes in categories lower than WTP 3 category, while the probabilitiesinthe higher categoriesincluding WTP 3 increases. The most positive change the probabilities of age, gender, education, household size,income, statue of mother, acknowledge of ecologic agriculture, healthy food and risk index variables have observed in the WTP 7 category. Coefficient of variables in this WTP 7 category show that a unit increase age, gender, education, household size, income, statue of mother, acknowledge of ecologic agriculture, healthy food and risk index increases the probabilities of a positive WTP by 0,0123, 0.0886, 0.0308, 0.0212, 0.0117, 0.0634, 0.1269, 0.0876 and 0.0017 in WTP 7 category,respectively.In other one study,for willingnessto pay more than 20%, marginal coefficients of knowledge of pesticide-borne health risks, pesticides concern index and food-borne risk concern index were calculated as 0.0079, 0.0021 and 0.0004, respectively in Italy (Boccaletti and Nardella, 2000). variables Constant Age Gender Education Household size Income Statue of mother Acknowledge of ecologic agriculture Healthy Food Risk index W TP=0 0.3907 -0.0161 -0.1155 -0.0402 -0.0276 -0.0152 -0.0827 -0.1656 -0.1142 -0.0022 W TP=1 0.0299 -0.0012 -0.0088 -0.0031 -0.0021 -0.0012 -0.0063 -0.0127 W TP=2 0.0096 -0.0004 -0.0028 -0.0010 -0.0007 -0.0004 -0.0020 -0.0041 W TP=3 -0.0069 0.0003 0.0020 0.0007 0.0005 0.0003 0.0015 0.0029 W TP=4 -0.0304 0.0012 0.0090 0.0031 0.0021 0.0012 0.0064 0.0129 W TP=5 -0.0259 0.0011 0.0077 0.0027 0.0018 0.0010 0.0055 0.0110 -0.0087 -0.0028 0.0020 0.0089 .0076 -0.0002 -0.0001 0.0000 0.0002 0.0001 Table 4. Marginal Effects for Ordered Probit W TP=6 -0.0675 0.0028 0.0199 0.0069 0.0048 0.0026 0.0143 0.0286 W TP=7 -0.2995 0.0123 0.0886 0.0308 0.0212 0.0117 0.0634 0.1269 0.0197 0.0004 0.0876 0.0017 Conclusion The purpose of this study is to calculate the effects of socio-demographic and risk variables on willingness to pay for pesticide free tomatoes. The results of the study suggest that Turkish consumers in Ankara and Tokat provinces are generally concerned with pesticide free tomatoes, with only 34.23% ofthe respondents not willing to pay higher prices for pesticide free tomatoes.In other words, 65.77% of the respondents are willing to pay higher prices for pesticide free tomatoes, 77.03% of those respondents are not willing to pay a premium higher than 30% of the regular price. According to results; gender,education, statue of mother, acknowledge of ecologic agriculture, healthy food and risk index variables are statically significant and they have positive effects on the WTP pesticide free tomatoes. The results suggest that the firms marketing and producing farmer to pesticide free tomatoes should develop strategies for male individuals, persons have high education level, working mother, individuals have acknowledge of ecologic agriculture, consumers who prefer food healthy as first choice and consumers who don’tlike a risk. The results can provide important findings for pesticide free tomatoes marketing firms and pesticide free tomatoes producers. For successful a marketing and product, pesticide free tomatoes price premium should not exceed 30% of regulartomatoes pricesin market.Ifthe premium exceeds 30% regular price in market,sales rate will be low. In addition,the results can provide important findings for policy maker working this area. 102 �1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo References Akmaz, M., 2005. Determination of consumer’s consciousness level about of ecologic agriculture in Tokat Province. GOP University, license seminar, Tokat. Akgungor , S., Miran, B., and Abay, C., 1999. Consumer willingness to pay for reduced pesticide residues in tomatoes: The Turkish case. American Agricultural Economics Association –1999, Selected Paper, Available from: http://agecon.lib.umn.edu/ Boccaletti S. and Nardella M., 2000. Consumer willingness to pay for pesticide-free fresh fruit and vegetables in Italy. International Food and Agribusiness Management Review 3, 297–310. Buzby, J., Ready, R.C., and Skees, J.R., 1995. Contingent valuation in analysis: a case study residue risk reduction food policy of a pesticide- residue risk reduction. Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 27 (2), 613-625. FAO, 2005. Statistical databases, Available from: www.fao.org/waicent/portal/statistics Fu, T., Liu, J., and Hammitt, J., 1999. Consumer willingness to pay for low-pesticide fresh produce in Taiwan. Journal of Agricultural Economics 50, 220-233. Goktolga, Z.G., Bal, G.S., and Karkacier, O., 2006. Factors effecting primary choice of consumers in food purchasing: The Turkey case, Food Control 17, 884-889. Greene, W.H., 2000. Econometric analysis. Prentice-Hall.Inc., Fourth Edition. Misra, S., Huang, C., and Ott, S. 1991. Consumer willingness to pay for pesticide-free fresh produce. Western Journal of Agricultural Economics, 16, 218–227. SIS, 2003. Statistical yearbook of Turkey 2002. State Institute of Statistics Prime Ministry Republic of Turkey, Publication number. 2779. Sukant, K.M., Huang, C.L., and Ott, S.L ., 1991. Consumer willingness to pay for pesticide-free fresh produce, Western Journal of Agricultural Economics, 16 (2), 218-227. 103 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 486 Title A name given to the resource Consumer Willingness to Pay for Pesticide Free Tomatoes in Turkey Author Author Bayramoğlu, Zeki Göktolga, Ziya Gökalp Abstract A summary of the resource. Willingness to pay for pesticide free tomatoes were calculated and its effects of socio-demographic and risk variables were measured. The data were obtained from 666 consumers by survey method in May 2005. The surveys are conducted in Ankara and Tokat Provinces at same time. Ordered probit model was used to determine the probability of WTP for pesticide free tomatoes. The findings showed that 34.23 % of Turkish consumers not willing to pay, are 77.02 % willing to pay less than 30 percent premium and 22.97% are willing to pay more than 30 percent premium. This is shown that Turkish consumers will accept to pay only a small premium for pesticide free tomatoes. Furthermore, gender, education, statue of mother, acknowledges of ecologic agriculture, healthy food and risk index factors are impact on willingness to pay. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2009-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed Q Science (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/67f10ea1851daf433d868f1f0bc180b5.pdf 2602618cfe3f1354fa4b70fa1e072aa4 PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Consumers` Perception of Corporate Social Responsibility in Contemporary World – a Review Danijela Šarčevid Institute of Meat Hygiene and Technology, Belgrade, Serbia danijelas@inmesbgd.com Sanel Jakupovid Univerzitet Apeiron, Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina sanel.j@apeiron-uni.eu Corporate social responsibility (CSR) increasingly receives attention from managers and researchers, especially in the area of consumer perception and response of CSR. Most of this research was conducted in the context of developed countries. It shows that research on consumer perception towards CSR in developing countries needs to be developed. In latest research, literatures result shows some interesting findings. When consumers have to buy similar products with the same price and quality, CSR could be the determining factor. They would buy from the firm that has a socially responsible reputation. Also, a company′s CSR position leads to consumer identification with company, which in turn leads to better company evaluations. A common problem of most studies researching the link between CSR and consumer behavior is assumed or artificially inducted awareness CSR. Consumers generally have a low level of awareness about what corporate social responsibility is. Nonetheless, when consumers are made aware of what CSR is, it appears that CSR does lead to positive attitudes and stronger behavioral intentions toward buying products from socially responsible company. The positive link between CSR and consumers patronage makes managers realize that corporative social responsibility is not only an ethical/ideological imperative, but also an economic one in today′s contemporary global market place. More companies are willing to increase their CSR investment and integrate it into the long term strategies plan to maintain or even enhance long term market performance. The purpose of this paper is to consider and analyze the profle of modern consumer (careful to consequences of its purchasing decision in terms of social, ethical and environmental aspects), in order to identify the role of CSR for consumer through a study on critical, ethical and responsible purchase. Through wide literature review, paper shows consumers`perception of CSR in contemporary world. Keywords: Corporate Social Responsibility, Consumers Perception, Contemporary Global Market Place. 85 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1511 Title A name given to the resource Consumers` Perception of Corporate Social Responsibility in Contemporary World – a Review Author Author ŠARČEVIĆ, Danijela JAKUPOVIĆ, Sanel Abstract A summary of the resource. Corporate social responsibility (CSR) increasingly receives attention from managers and researchers, especially in the area of consumer perception and response of CSR. Most of this research was conducted in the context of developed countries. It shows that research on consumer perception towards CSR in developing countries needs to be developed. In latest research, literatures result shows some interesting findings. When consumers have to buy similar products with the same price and quality, CSR could be the determining factor. They would buy from the firm that has a socially responsible reputation. Also, a company′s CSR position leads to consumer identification with company, which in turn leads to better company evaluations. A common problem of most studies researching the link between CSR and consumer behavior is assumed or artificially inducted awareness CSR. Consumers generally have a low level of awareness about what corporate social responsibility is. Nonetheless, when consumers are made aware of what CSR is, it appears that CSR does lead to positive attitudes and stronger behavioral intentions toward buying products from socially responsible company. The positive link between CSR and consumers patronage makes managers realize that corporative social responsibility is not only an ethical/ideological imperative, but also an economic one in today′s contemporary global market place. More companies are willing to increase their CSR investment and integrate it into the long term strategies plan to maintain or even enhance long term market performance. The purpose of this paper is to consider and analyze the profle of modern consumer (careful to consequences of its purchasing decision in terms of social, ethical and environmental aspects), in order to identify the role of CSR for consumer through a study on critical, ethical and responsible purchase. Through wide literature review, paper shows consumers`perception of CSR in contemporary world. Keywords: Corporate Social Responsibility, Consumers Perception, Contemporary Global Market Place. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-10 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-4564 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/e680972fba0fa79b6e481318f4fab073.pdf 1c0f8acec688840fa1c340ed2cbd71ca Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource BOOKS Interactive Resource A resource requiring interaction from the user to be understood, executed, or experienced. Examples include forms on Web pages, applets, multimedia learning objects, chat services, or virtual reality environments. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource CONTEMPORARY CHALLENGES OF BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA Author Author Selma Delalić, PhD Nataša Tandir, PhD Sabina Komić, MA Abstract A summary of the resource. This study aimed to investigate and analyze the effects of various forms of corruption and their intensity on the economy of Bosnia and Herzegovina (B&H). Both primary and secondary data were utilized for this research. Primary data was gathered using a qualitative research approach, which is well-suited for providing insights into complex social issues where quantitative data alone is insufficient. It is recommended that sensitive and intricate topics such as corruption be explored primarily through qualitative methods. The research involved five direct standardized interviews, chosen for their ability to yield rich data and deeper insights into the phenomenon under study. Interviews are generally favored for their direct interaction and flexibility. However, they have limitations, including being time and energy-consuming, costly compared to surveys, challenges in recruiting willing participants, potential for biased responses, and overall efficiency. The principal challenge encountered in this study was finding participants willing to engage, as some lacked the necessary time for interviews while others were uncomfortable discussing corruption in our society. The interviewees identified bribery, fraud, and favoritism as the most prevalent forms of corruption in Bosnia and Herzegovina (B&H), each contributing equally to economic stagnation. These corrupt practices are seen as reducing GDP, enlarging the grey economy, and hindering international development. Bribery and favoritism, in particular, are noted for their detrimental effects on the country’s budget, with even state leaders exacerbating the issue through inappropriate resource distribution, thereby causing significant economic damage beyond just financial losses. Moreover, the interviewees highlighted that bribery and favoritism deter foreign direct investment (FDI) since investors struggle to navigate pervasive corruption at all levels, leading to a general mistrust in the system. In terms of market competition, favoritism is believed to play a substantial role by allowing those with influential connections to distort business conditions. Additionally, hiring unskilled and unprofessional employees was cited as negatively impacting company productivity, the quality of products and services, and customer satisfaction. Due to the severe economic challenges in Bosnia and Herzegovina (B&H), coupled with unfavorable labor market conditions and the prevalence of bribery and favoritism, the country is experiencing an increase in emigration rates, predominantly driven by the brain drain effect. The widespread corruption undermines the principle of equality in society, exacerbating general poverty and widening the gap between the rich and the poor. Typically, the less affluent members of society suffer more from corruption, as well-connected individuals exploit these conditions to their advantage at the expense of others. To effectively combat corruption, the initiative must begin with the state itself. The rule of law must be enforced uniformly, applying equally to all, regardless of status. The House of Representatives of the Parliament of FB&H must pass the Law on the Protection of Whistleblowers, and the government should implement a support and reward system for those who report corruption. Although the state has enacted several anti-corruption strategies, these must be continually monitored and updated to close any loopholes that are exploited. The interviewees recommend the introduction of stricter penalties and increased media involvement to ensure the public is informed about corruption cases and their outcomes. The most effective method to combat corruption in our country, for both companies and individuals, involves improving individual culture and raising awareness of corruption's detrimental effects. The interview results indicate a strong desire for companies to organize anti-corruption training, making employees aware of the consequences of engaging in corrupt practices. Additionally, people should be encouraged to report corruption, with assurances of protection for those who choose to come forward. While corruption has been extensively studied globally, research specific to Bosnia and Herzegovina (B&H) remains scarce and outdated. In B&H, corruption has unfortunately become embedded at various levels of governance—state, entity, and cantonal—making it one of the foremost economic concerns, alongside issues like trade deficits, brain drain, extensive bureaucracy, and entrenched political hierarchies. Given the country’s high and increasing levels of corruption, which are impeding its process of joining the European Union, this issue must receive further academic and practical scrutiny.