63 10 3494 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/0e756a8219af06c9b927d071f387dd94.pdf 119e089be3d377865de55bdb362ad867 PDF Text Text 2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo An Application of Fuzzy Pairwise Comparison to Farmer Attitude toward Advertisement Techniques Used for Farm Tractors in Turkey Murat CANKURT Dr., Adnan Menderes University, Faculty of Agriculture, Dept of Ag Econ, Aydın, Turkey mcankurt@adu.edu.tr Bülent MĠRAN Prof.Dr., Ege University, Faculty of Agriculture, Dept of Ag Econ, Bornova/Izmir, Turkey Cihat GÜNDEN Dr., North Carolina University, North Carolina A&T State University, USA Ahmet ġAHIN Asist. Prof., Sütçü Ġmam University, Faculty of Agriculture, Dept of Ag Econ, KahramanmaraĢ, Turkey Abstract: It is the purpose of this study to elicit the priorities of advertisement methods in which the farmers takes into account while buying farm tractor. The data was gathered through a survey that is covering randomly chosen farmers in Aydın. Fuzzy pairwise comparison was used as the analysis technique. Mostly benefited advertisement methods such as field demonstrations, media commercials, fairs, brochures and factory trips were assumed to impact the farmers during their tractor buying process. The study showed that the most important advertisement method that stimulates the farmers to buy tractor is field demonstrations with a weight of 0.87. The subsequent methods are factory trips (0.50), exhibitions at fairs (0.41 and media commercials (0.15). Introduction The decision making mechanism of the farmers for buying has been the aim of many studies so far. A great amount of theories in regard with farmer attitudes were forwarded and discussed up to now. The most attractive theory which is also quite simple and applicable is the one suggested by Kurt Lewin, a psychologist (Figure 1) (Cankurt, 2008). This theory argues that attitudes are the function of personal and environmental factors which leads to developing a model so-called ―black box‖ or ―stimulation-response‖ (OdabaĢı ve BarıĢ, 2003). FigPicture1: The Black Box (Consumer Mind) Model (OdabaĢı ve BarıĢ, 2003). 543 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo It is presumed that a customer reacts to the events under the effect of a number of individual and surrounding factors. For the ease of analysing the mechanism, grouping of the effective factors on farmer behaviour was the widespread approach in the presumed models. The grouped factors are assumed to influence the decision making process of farmers and give rise to a final behaviour, either buying or non-buying (Çabuk ve Yağcı, 2003). The factories are as follows (OdabaĢı and BarıĢ, 2003):  Psychological factors,  Socio-cultural factors,  Demographic factors,  Conditional factors,  Marketing factors This study aims at eliciting the influences of advertisement methods on the tractor buying behaviour of farmers. As in many areas, marketing studies mostly compare alternative ways that may lead to the ranking of them with their weights or priorities. It has been an important goal for researchers to rank the objectives, products or information sources properly. There have been some techniques that the researchers used in determining the priorities or rankings of elements in question. One technique that was first used by the researchers is simple ranking in which respondents are simply asked to give rank numbers to the elements while 1 represents the most preferred element and n the least preferred one. Ranking or rating scales are used in areas such as preference list and consumer satisfaction. They typically let individuals rank a product or performance via a numerical scale. While ranking scales can make it easy to assemble and tabulate the results, there are some inherent disadvantages in the gathering of the information. Ranking scales allow for consistency in the tabulation of responses. Each subject is rated using the same standards, so there is fairness in the evaluation process. The results are measurable, which makes for easy comparison. Since ranking scales are numerical, the results obtained are completely objective. Those who examine the results are not swayed by subjective comments or opinions, and there is no way for personal prejudices to factor in. Several different methods can be employed to gather information through ranking scales. In product evaluation, surveys can be done over the phone, in person or by postal mail. In-person surveys can also be conducted at a location where a product is purchased by giving out free samples. In the age of the Internet, information from ranking scales can even be gather via email or online survey. A possible weakness of ranking systems is that the evaluator may rank based on perception. Although those who interpret the results use objective methods, the actual evaluators may rate the subject based on their opinions or prejudices without basing them on fact. The evaluators may also interpret the rating scales differently. For example, with a rating scale that assigns a number based on criteria such as "good," "average" or "occasionally" room is left for interpretation as to what those terms actually mean, which can result in inaccurate ratings. An individual using a ranking scale may be influenced by how a survey is conducted. If a survey is conducted in person, the responder be swayed by the survey taker's personal appearance or tone of voice. They survey taker may also have a personal agenda which influences how they ask the questions.. In fact, studies indicated that more than five information sources can not be efficiently compared by nonpreeducated minds (Baran, 2002). Another technique without such disadvantages that can be used in ranking is simple pairwise comparison. Simple pairwise comparison is a sort of divide-and-conquer problem-solving method. It allows one to determine the relative order (ranking) of a group of items (products). This is often used as part of a process of assigning weights to criteria in question. Pairwise comparison generally refers to any process of comparing entities in pairs to judge which of each pair is preferred, or has a greater amount of some quantitative property. The method of pairwise comparison is used in the scientific study of preferences, attitudes, voting systems, social choice and public choice. In psychology literature, it is often referred to as paired comparison. This study deals with eliciting how much farmers pay attention to each of the advertisement techniques while making decision on buying a farm tractor. The results from the study is expected to serve as a tool for using most effective advertisement techniques to get the best selling levels of farm tractors. Material And Method The data was gathered through a survey that is covering randomly chosen farmers in Aydın. The province of Aydın has 17 counties, including itself as Central County. There is a poli-cultural production structure in Aydın. Total sample size was computed as 121 by estimating the population proportion with 90% confidence level and 7.5% error (Newbold, 1995). Three of the 17 counties of Aydın were selected to represent Aydın and total sample size was distributed to these counties according to their respective shares. 544 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo The data was analyzed by the FPC in which the farmers made pairwise comparisons of the five advertisement techniques. FPC presented weighted scores for each of the advertisement methods that enabled us to rank them. In the FPC, a farmer was asked to compare two advertisement techniques. The comparison includes not only a preference of one technique over the other technique but also drawing out the level or power of the preference. Fuzzy Pair-Wise Comparison Fuzzy theory began with a paper on ―fuzzy sets‖ by Zadeh in 1965. Fuzzy set theory is an extension of crisp set theory (Tanaka, 1997). Fuzzy sets are sets with boundaries that are not precise. Thus, fuzzy sets describe ranges of vague and soft boundaries by degree of membership (Lai and Hwang, 1994). The membership in a fuzzy set is a matter of a degree (Klir and Yuan, 1995). Fuzzy set is characterized by a membership function, which is allowed to choose an arbitrary real value between zero and one. FPC was first used by Van Kooten, Schoney and Hayward (1986) to study farmers‘ goal hierarchies for use in multiple-objective decision making. The first step of FPC approach in this study is data collection by using a unit line segment as illustrated in Figure 2. Two advertisement methods, D (field demonstration) and T (factory trips), are located at opposite ends of the unit line. Farmers are asked to place a mark on the line to indicate the degree of their affected advertisement method. A measure of the degree of preference for advertisement method D over T, rDT, is obtained by measuring the distance from the farmer‘s mark to the D endpoint. The total distance from D to T equals 1. If rDT<0.5, advertisement method D is preferred to D; if rDT=0.5, the farmer is indifferent between D and T and if rDT>0.5, then advertisement method D is preferred to T. RDT=1 or rDT=0 indicates absolute preference for advertisement method D or T. For example, if rDT=1, then advertisement method D is absolutely preferred to T (Van Kooten et al, 1986). Neutral D T Figure 2. Fuzzy method for making pair-wise comparison between advertisement methods (D)Demonstration and (T)Trip. The present study employs five advertisements used tractor advertisement. The number of pair-wise comparisons, λ, can be calculated as follows:   n   n  1 / 2 (1) where n = the number of advertisement methods. Thus, a farmer made ten pair-wise comparisons in a personal interview. In the second step of FPC, for each paired comparison (i,j), r ij (ij) is obtained. rij‘s values is collected directly from farmer. Also rij (ij) is a measure of the degree by which the farmer prefers advertisement method i to advertisement method j and rji=1- rij represents the degree by which j is preferred to i. Following Van Kooten at al (1986), the farmer‘s fuzzy preference matrix R with elements can be constructed as follows: 0 if i  j  i, j  1,..., n Rij   rij if i  j  i, j  1,..., n (2) Finally, a measure of preference, μ, can be calculated for each advertisement method by using farmer‘s preference matrix R. The intensity of each preference is measured separately by the following equation: 1/ 2  n   j  1    Rij2 /  n  1   i 1  (3) μj has a range in the closed interval [0,1]. The larger value of μj indicates a greater intensity of preference for advertisement method j. As a result, farmer‘s advertisement methods are ranked from most to least preferable by evaluating the μ values. To analyze advertisement methods derived from FPC, nonparametric statistical tests are used (BaĢarır and Gillespie, 2003). Friedman test is employed to establish whether the advertisement methods are equally important within a block which is a farmer‘s advertisement method rankings according to his/her preferences. Since five advertisement methods are presented to farmers, each row includes five values which are the degree of the preferences for the advertisement methods exposed from a farmer. The null hypothesis is that there is no difference in preferences over 545 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo the advertisement methods among farmers. Alternatively, at least one advertisement method is preferred over the others. Another nonparametric test was Kendall‘s W which is a normalization of the Friedman test. Kendall‘s W is a test for agreement among more than two set of rankings (Bowen and Starr, 1982) . Kendall‘s W is the coefficient of concordance, and ranges between 0 (no agreement) and 1 (complete agreement). Findings In the fuzzy pairwise analysis, five of the advertisement techniques mostly used in Farm Tractor commercials in Turkey were taken into account:  Field demonstrations: Tractors are introduced under field conditions  Media commercials: Tractors are introduces via adds in televisions, radios, newspaper and magazines  Fairs and exhibitions: Tractors are introduced at fairs and exhibition centres for visitors  Brochures and pamphlets: Technical information about tractors is given with some supplementary pictures.  Factory trips: Farmers are picked up and taken to the factories where tractors are produced. Descriptive statistics related with the values of each advertisement techniques obtained from FPC analysis is presented in Table 1. Advertisement techniques Mean Standard deviation Minimum Maximum Field demonstrations 0.87 0.14 0.34 1.00 Media commercials 0.50 0.11 0.26 0.95 Fairs and exhibitions 0.41 0.13 0.07 0.83 Brochures and pamphlets 0.23 0.13 0.00 0.68 Factory trips 0.15 0.10 0.00 0.68 Friedman Test Chi-square: 378.46; (p<0.00) Kendall's W= 0.78 Table 1: Effect of Advertisement Techniques on Tractor Buying The Friedman test concludes that the advertisement techniques have statistically different effects on the farmers during their decision making for buying a tractor (Friedman: 378.46). The Kendall‘s W coefficient (0.78) implies that the farmers are in a strong agreement on the ranking of the techniques. The most effective technique was found as field demonstration with a score of 0.87 which was followed by factory trips (0.50), fairs and exhibitions (0.41), brochures (0.23) and media commercials (0.15). Conclusion As part of the factors affecting tractor demand, advertisement techniques that can be employed for farm tractors were dealt with in this study. Five of the techniques were analyzed by fuzzy pairwise comparison. The analysis indicated that the most effective advertisement technique during the decision making process for tractor buying of farmers was field demonstration. The subsequent techniques were factory trips, fairs and exhibitions, brochures and pamphlets and media commercials. According to the nonparametric tests, the farmers mostly agreed upon the advertisement techniques that they were affected. This denotes that the farmers would like to see tractors working on the real conditions in their fields. A combination of field demonstration and brochures-pamphlets distributed during fairs and exhibitions could be recommended for increasing tractor demand. References BaĢarır, A., (2002). Multidimensional Goals of Farmers in the Beef Cattle and Diary Industries, PhD Dissertation, Louisiana State University, Department of Agricultural Economics and Agribusiness, 134 p. (unpublished). 546 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo BaĢarır, A., Gillespie, J.M., 2003. Goals of beef cattle and dairy producers: a comparison of the fuzzy pair-wise method and simple ranking procedure. Southern Agricultural Economics Association Annual Meeting, February 1-5, Mobile, AL. Bowen, E.K., Starr, M.K., (1982). Basic Statistics for Business and Economics. McGraw-Hill, London. Çabuk, S., Yağcı, M.Ġ. (2003), Pazarlamaya ÇağdaĢ YaklaĢımlar, Adana, Nobel Kitabevi. Cankurt, M. (2008). Aydın Yöresinde Çiftçilerin Traktör Talebi, Kullanım Memnuniyeti ve Satın Alma DavranıĢlarının Belirlenmesi Üzerine Bir AraĢtırma. Dr Tezi, Ege Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Bornova, Ġzmir. Günden, C., (2005). Bireysel ĠĢletme, Grup ve Bölge Bazında Uygulamaya ElveriĢli Esnek Üretim Planlarının Bulanık Çok Amaçlı Doğrusal Programlama Yöntemiyle Elde Edilmesi Üzerine Bir AraĢtırma: Ġzmir Ġli Torbalı Ġlçesi Örneği, Dr Tezi, Ege Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Bornova, Ġzmir. Klir, G.J., Yuan, B., (1995). Fuzzy Sets and Fuzzy Logic: Theory and Application. Prentice Hall, New Jersey. Lai, Y.J., Hwang, C.L., (1994). Fuzzy Multiple Objective Decision Making: Methods and Applications. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. Miran B., (2003), Temel Ġstatistik Ege Üniversitesi Basımevi ISBN 975-9308800 Bornova Ġzmir. Newbold, P., (1995). Statistics for Business and Economics. Prentice-Hall, New Jersey. Odabası, Y. ve Barıs, G., (2003), Tüketici Davranısı, Ġstanbul, Mediacat Akademi. Tanaka, K., (1997). An Introduction to Fuzzy Logic for Practical Applications. Springer - Verlag, New York. Van Kooten, G.C., Schoney, R.A. and Hayward, K.A., (1986). An alternative approach to the evaluation of goal hierarchies among farmers. Western Journal of Agricultural Economics 11, 40-49. Zadeh, L.A., (1965). Fuzzy sets. Information and Control 8, 338-358. 547 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 271 Title A name given to the resource An Application of Fuzzy Pairwise Comparison to Farmer Attitude toward Advertisement Techniques Used for Farm Tractors in Turkey Author Author CANKURT, Murat MİRAN, Bülent GÜNDEN, Cihat ŞAHIN, Ahmet Abstract A summary of the resource. It is the purpose of this study to elicit the priorities of advertisement methods in which the farmers takes into account while buying farm tractor. The data was gathered through a survey that is covering randomly chosen farmers in Aydın. Fuzzy pairwise comparison was used as the analysis technique. Mostly benefited advertisement methods such as field demonstrations, media commercials, fairs, brochures and factory trips were assumed to impact the farmers during their tractor buying process. The study showed that the most important advertisement method that stimulates the farmers to buy tractor is field demonstrations with a weight of 0.87. The subsequent methods are factory trips (0.50), exhibitions at fairs (0.41 and media commercials (0.15). Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed HB Economic Theory https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/87f83e527a87f61b44d9ecd0f7e995e0.pdf b5607185279a04a641ea7e56837f7a19 PDF Text Text 2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo New Marketing Strategy in Tourism Sector: e-Tourism Mehmet Akif CAKIRER Afyon Kocatepe University Bolvadin Vocational School Turkey makif77@yahoo.com Abstract Rapid development in information and communication technologies has created a transformation in the economic and social life through changing the way the trade dealt. New technologies help to improve the efficiency of the economy, create new job opportunities, spread the technical progress and new ideas easily, establish the simultaneous communication among people and institutions in the different countries and regions. The goal of this study is, evaluating the present situation of Turkey's tourism sector and using information technologies in the sector, to form long-term competition strategies for the sector which has important potential. Furthermore, it is searched that, depending on the data of World Tourism Organization which states serious changes would occur in tourism sector by 2023, how Turkey that has to be prepared for a merciless competition in tourism immediately, would take advantage of using e-tourism strategy in global competition. Key Words: E-Tourism, Tourism Sector Global Competition and Tourism Sector The importance of quality, competition and cost has rosen in the world economy with arising of globalization concept. With development of information and communication technologies (ICT), removing borders and the studies of to free the international trade completely there is an intense competition in world economy. The rapid developments in technology, and attempts like globalization of international market, increase in communication, making the knowledge transfer and transportation easier and removing the barriers of free trade changed the economies and the strategies completely. Technology, especially information and communication technologies has the most important role in these changes. The continuous developments in the hardware and software of information and communication technologies caused the old structures and processes significantly by providing the enterprises to construct their hierarchic forms again, to rise the efficiency of their management functions, to change the work processes effectively, to develop new products and services and to make new industries. The competition that became harsh in the globalization process which occurs with developing technology made the enterprises try new strategies. The internet technology that erosa in the paralel of rapid technologies affected economy, education, consumer behaviours and our lives deeply. With the internet people have the chance to share their knowledge that they are uploaded to internet. With this reason the countries, people and companies make an added value to themselves via information and communication technologies. The Definition and Importance of e-Tourism Nowadays trade methods at electronic media took place of classical trade methods and the companies which persistently try to use the classical trade methods have lost their competition advantages and so they can not continue their existence. Nowadays the most rapidly developing sector of E-tarde is tourism sector. E-Tourism; with a broad definition means the use of information and communication technologies in tourism sector. E-tourism; contains all kinds of buying and selling of goods, service and product and the money transfer by the means of electronic systems. E-tourism must not be confused with internet tourism which is its most important base. Internet which we will define as a web based information communication system whish is served on a platform having a computer network can also be defined as buying touristic and transportation service via the computer 598 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo Networks1. While E-tourism is the most rapidly growing branch of E-trade the internet tourism is the most rapidly growing branch of E-tourism. We can show as follows with the help of the figure. E-Trade E- Tourism Internet Tourism Figure 1: E-Trade, E- Tourism ve Internet Tourism The Importance of Tourism Sector and e-Tourism for Turkey Tourism; becomes an important sector especially for developing countries like Turkey with its effect on balance of payments, creating employmet and income, having a high added value, positive effects on substructure and superstructure and effects to the other sectors. (Özkök, 2003, p.72) Turkey is like a tourism heaven with its geopolitical and geostrategical situation, being a capital of many different cultures, looming large by being a country where 4 celestial religions meet, nonetheless having extremely clean beaches and bays as per the computing countries, and having the four seasons together at the same time. (Çeken and Erdem, 2003) Turkey‘s using these values with the aim of tourism will have an important role at the country‘s economical development. But the global competition is carried to internet depending on the rapid developments in information and communication technologies. With this reason Turkey who have many earthly goods in terms of tourism must apply E-Tourism strategies in order to get more tourism income at the global competition carried to internet. Instruments Used At e-Tourism We can say that a lot of information and communication technologies is used in E-tourism. Call Centers, Internet, Intranet and Web are the most important of these instruments. Some basic features and information that must be at the web sites of tourism enterprises can be summarized like that: (Karamustafa, Biçkes, Ulama, 2002, p.113) electronic mail feature, information about travel, having own web adress (URL), information about promotion applications and discount, feature of communicating with other tourism enterprises, feedback form feature, online payment feature, feature of informing with more than one language, audio-visual features, information about enterprise ownership, feature of replying the frequently asked questions, information aboutnthe staff and it can be updated. The Reasons of the Need of e-Tourism 1. The global competition in tourism sector is carried to internet. For this reason the countries must form competition strategies related to this trend as well as making investment on information and communication technologies. 2. Today the basic problem that the enterprises face all over the world is the decrease at the loyalty of the customers seriously. For this reason the enterprises always focus on customer satisfaction and use the method of Consumer Relation Management (CRM). CRM is very important whatever the sector is in terms of continueing the success and existence of the enterprises. For all these reasons today the tourism enterprise must focus on customer satisfaction and benefit the E-CRM strategy used in E-tourism in order to increase the customer satisfaction. 3. Internet is more effective than other commercial toolsa as per other commercial tools. Formerly the advertisements given to the papers and televisions are given to internet in order to be observed and because of the increasing interest. 599 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo INTERNET PAPERS SUPERIORITIES Control of the effectiveness personalization(CRM), becoming widespread The chance of reader‘s looking the ad again, having the chance to advertising to small groups Adressing to a large crew, have repeating chance, flexible and prestigious Selectivity, intense inclusion, speed, flexibility, personal, ineffective information MINORITIES Not being widespread of usage of internet Short lived High cost, temporary messages, choice deficiency Expensive, customer‘s possible DIRECT resistance, success depending on up-toMAIL date and correct list Low cost, flexibility, targeted listener, Short lived, many parted and different RADI chance to prepare fast advertisement listener crowd Selective, quality in print, long lived Life far away from flexibility, prestige MAGAZINE short message, and OPEN SPACE Forward the idea fast, repetition chance, Very giving opportunity to local products environmental concerns Table:1. Comparison Of Commercial Tools Source: Genel ĠĢletme, Anadolu Üniversitesi, EskiĢehir 2000, p.217 TELEVISION 4. When looked in terms of tourism, since the easy access to the information about the arrival points can reduce the costs of travel planning and organization, marketing processes will be able to be increased and will take place faster. As such internet is an important factor with the feature of conversion of direct marketing method‘s potential capacity. (Egeli and Özturan, 2002) 5.Today multinational firms give their advertisements to internet instead of the instruments such as papers and television. For example the competents of McDonald‘s which is one of the most 20 advertiser companies in USA stated ―their customers are busy with internet than watching TV the young people head these and as an advertiser company to reach this customer crowd they will transfer the millions of dollars that will be cut from the television advertisements to the firms called dot.com‖. the competents of Coca-Cola company stated that ―they will tend to new and creative commercial instruments including electronic media‖. American Airlines Company has decided to increase the rate of advertisements published on internet from 6% to 9%. (Zaman, 23 Nisan 2003) As seen in table 1,2. between the years 1997 and 2001 internet has the most increase in the use commercial tools in USA with 753,3%. 1997 2001 Change Newspaper 41,670 51,430 23.4 Magazine 9,827 12,965 32 Television 36,893 45,070 22.2 Cable Television 7,237 13,758 90.1 Radio 13,491 20,810 54.3 Yellow Pages 11,423 14,090 23.3 Letter 36,890 49,950 35.4 Business Pages 4,109 5,310 24.8 Internet 600 5,120 753.3 Others 23,940 34,667 45 Table 2 The Usage of Commercial Tools in USA in 1997 and 2001 Source: Ferrel O. C., Hirt Geoffrey, Business, McGraw-Hill, Fourtyh Edition, Irwin 2002, s.368 6. Complexity of technological changes and incresing speed of work life, incresing of the pressures on competition and wages, difficulties caused by globalization, social and demographic changes, the information workers‘ need of flexibility at job environment, and providing rapid development increased the need to the E-Tourism. 7. E-Tourism is a continuously growing sector because the fastest accrueing information and it is the fastest developing branch of e-trade. In 1999 at a study enclosing 6000 people which is made in USA showed that 70% of internet surfers visit travel sites. 80% of these sites are airline companies and this shows that personal users use internet for airline information and reservation. (Öymen, 1999, p.17) 600 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo 8. The important developments and changes that happened in economical, technological, political, socio-cultural, environmental and organizational areas in the world also affect the tourism companies closely. All these changes make some new management applications and changes necessary in the management of tourism companies. (Kozak And Güçlü 2003) 9. Online advertisement has a day by day increasing marketing share on internet which is the most important branch of E-Tourism. Table 3. Online Advertisement Revenue in USA 10. The tourists examine the hotels and reserve on internet and also can buy travel from the sites of airline or bus companies and this finishes the function of agents that make interagency between the companies and people. 11. The rules and standarts of traditional trade methods do not let small and middle grede companies to compete with big companies supported with high capitals. Thanks to the advantages of E-tourism small or big all companies by getting rid of the harsh rules of traditional trade methods open virtual tourism enterprises, find new markets to sell their service, get new sources of income, strengthen their images and have competing superiority.(Oral, p.202) 12. The developing technology and day by day increasing customer satisfaction causes technology take place of human source. According to Peter Rothwell, North Europe Chief of TUI in the next years call centers will take place of agents because while only one reservation will be made per day at the agents but at call centers will make five reservations. According to Rothwell especially long families will prefer mostly call centers and web sites because they are free of commission. (Türsab, 2003, p.50) Advantages of e-Tourism We can summarize the advantages of e-tourism as follows. (Atalay, 2000) 1. Added value is easy access to services. 2. Providing a comparison chance easily. 3. Personalized services. 4. Travel services which are at exclusive possession of tour operators are made open for competition 5. Having the the services under the best conditions by the help of increasing competition. 6. It enables the customer get information whenever or wherever wanted. Tourism Sector Report Of World Tourism Organisation (WTO) And Swot Analysis Of Turkish Tourism Sector It is impossible to have a result in tourism sector globalizing world with short term projects. If Turkey wants to get better results in tourism sector it must form long term and strong competition strategies considering the expectations in the future. Nowadays when the tourism competition slipped to internet if we do not form our long according to this we will be adjudged to lose. For this reason according to the tourism sector report prepared by 601 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo World Tourism Organisation (WTO) long term and strong strategies must be formed by well analysing the SWOT of Turkish tourism sector. Tourism Sector Report Of World Tourism Organisation (WTO) and Turkey Tourism sector on which globalisation is the most effective grew up since it was born and is one of the most important sectors in the world. (Oral And Kurgun, 2002) According to the data of WTO in spite of the economical sagnation in the world tourism sector will increase its development. The tourist Number of 285 millions in 1980 has risen to 455 millions in 1990 and to 625 millions in 1998. The tourism income in the world has risen to 445 billions Dolars from 102 billions Dolars in this process. In 90‘s average increase rate in the world tourism sector is 4% in tourist and 7,2% in tourism income. According the data of WTO in 2010 1 billions 50 millions tourist Number and 1 trillions 550 billions Dolars of tourism income is reached, in 2020 these numbers will be as; 1 billion 600 millions tourists and 2 trillions Dolars of tourism income. (Turizm, 2001) WTO calculates that tourism income will be 2 trillions Dolars in 2023, and declares that a serious change will be in tourist profile and the countries will harshly compete to attract the tourists. Turkey who hosted 11,6 millions tourists and has risen its tourism income to 8 billion Dolars must complete all the lacks that were specified by WTO. WTO declares that there will be serious changes in tourist profile till 2023, Turkey must prepare a savage tourism competition. (Köylü, 2002) The results of the study related to the basic affinities and consumer profile of next year made by WTO which takes attraction to the short term projects will have no results are as follows: (Köylü, 2002) 1. In product developing 3E (exciting, entertainment, educational) will take place of 3S (sea, sand, sun) . 2. In 2023 the sum of world tourism income will be 2 trillions Dolars and in 2000‘s long distance and overseas travels will increase. 3. At route choice and reservation processes information technologies (CD-ROM atlas, internet, web sites ...) will have more importance. 4. The increase at the education and comfort levels will continue and experienced tourist group will grow up. 5. Tourist choices will polarize, demand of innovation ant variety will increase, comfort and adventure motifs will be predominant. 6. In paralel to rise of average human life the retirement time will lengthen and there will be more time for vacation. 7. It is expected that the singles, childless couples and 65 and older group called 3rd period will reserve more money for travel and entertainment by having predominancy in world population. Swot Analysis of Turkish Tourism Sector Swot; is a context which is widely used in strategic management literature recently and formed from the first letters of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. In swot analysis an answer to the question ―where are we now?‖ is seeked. The aim of this analysis to determine the strengths and weaknesses of an Organisation with its current situation and to the changes in the environment and to determine the opportunities and threats. Expansion of Swot is like that. Strengths : what are made well? Weaknesses : what must be developed? Opportunites: how can be performance increased? Threats: what can be risk for the organisation? Here the important point to be careful about is instead of ranking the strenths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats one by one to find out the important data to help us to form long term strategies for our tourism sector. Because it is impossible for Turkey to get result with short term projects. The weakest point of tourism is while etourism gives us opportunities it is not thought to be widespread and dependable. It is stil not accepted internet to be the most efeective tool and having cold shoulder to internet as turkish tourism companies is the biggest strategical mistake. When the web sites in the sector are examined the information about presentation and communication can be found but the information that must be updated are not updated. Tourism sector must invest internet. The most important point that must not be forgotten is that the companies that do not invest will not be able to compete in the sector in the future. 602 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo STRENGTHS WEAKNESSES  Importance of the sector is understood  The chance to live different seasons at the same time  Having different tourism alternatives because of its natural and cultural aspects (belief, yachting, ski tourism…)  Existence of young and dinamic population  The acceleration in tourism by EU advocacy  Offer the egzotic combination of East and West cultures  Geopolitical position  Not being discovered for young and over continental markets  Closeness to the main market with its geograhical position  Entrance among the developed routes in last 10 years OPPORTUNITIES  Deficiencies in tourist health and safety  Disharmony of high Standard facilities with the units in close neighbourhood  Environmantal pollutioni  Tourism sector‘s being immediately by uncontrolled events (teror, war, etc)  Economical and political instability  E-trade‘s being not widespread and dependable  Legislation making foreign capital come harder  Deficiencies in strategical marketing method  Substructure‘s not responding needs caused by the rapid demand raise  Low Number of internet users  Minority of sectoral content at internet  The country‘s image is not at the expected place THREATS  Expanding the tourism to 12 months having alternative strategy  As a result of customs union advantages of complete membership to EU  To transfer the strategies from tourist Number to tourists having high potential of spending  To establish economical stability  E-tourism‘s giving  Increase of tourist choices demanding innovation and variety  To increase tourism income with country presentation and advertisement  Providing low cost but high quality service  In long term offering new job and employment opportunities  Increase and prompt the investments  Increase of global competition  Local and global crisises  Incorrect investments  To lose the competition advantage because of low efficiency  Deficiency of capital and hand changes at crisises  Banking sector finds tourism sector risky  Not including SMEs in investment, prompt and credit  Structure change of tourism, 3S‘s replacing 3E  To lose the chance to be one of the biggest economies of the world Table 4 SWOT Analysis of Turkish Tourism sector (Sahillioğlu,1998) Faults of Turkish Tourism in Marketing and Presentation Strategies It can be seen that there are faults in marketing strategy when Turkish tourism is examined. Although differentiation loomed large in global competition our countryis not presented enough and becomes an innocent victim of wrong competition strategies. According to Jack Trout the famous marketing theorist who came to 4th Marketing Suumit ―Turkey can be an opportunities country in tourism. Turkey is the meeting point of history and civilizations. To highlight this idea which is not highlighted enough is of value to Turkey. If Turkey appreciate this essence and use it well it can be a tourism heaven in the world.‖ The declaration of Prof. Dr. Don Thompson is more noteworthy. According to Don Thompson ―Turkey is the worst marketed country of the world and is an opportunity waiting to be real.‖ Under the lights of these declarations our country must overview its marketing strategy and must implement the E-Tourism Strategy. Turkey must transfer its strategy not to tourist Number but the tourists having more spending potential. (Kumcu, 2002) With the classical marketing used in tourism the tourist Number coming to our country increases but the tourism income does not increase as well. In order to reach the aim ―in 2010 30 million tourist, 30 billion Dolars tourism income‖. (Dönmez, 2004) declared by Prime Minister R. Tayyip Erdoğan E-tourism strategy must be taken 603 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo into consideration. Turkey is face to face with the problem of not varying tourism sector. Although there are alternative tourism opportunities there no investments. According to World Travel And Tourism Council (WTTC) chairman Jean-Claude Baumgarten tourism affinities is in a change according to quality at tourism types like spa, golf, wellness and congress more than destinations. In the next years there will be a very important change in health tourism and people will be able to go South Africa for plastic surgeon. (TaĢ, 2004)Turkey is face to face with the problem of not varying the products in tourism. In today‘s harsh competition atmosphere the most important problem of companies and countries is not differentiating. With globalization while the all the products, all the services look the same as each other, the companies that show their difference increase their profit and the countries increase their foreign exchange income. Since Turkey has product variety to offer to the tourists it is settled for 30 products. (Köfteoğlu, 2003) One of the most important difficulties of Turkish tourism sector is label problem. A product whish is not a label yet is to be at street vender. A product which is at street vender is sold cheaper it doesn't matter how quality it is. Since our products in tourism sector could not be trademarked they are at street vender. Today while a week at a hotel in Spain is sold for over 1.000 Euros, a week at a first class holiday village or a five star hotel in Antalya is 500 Euros. In addition our price is all inclusive. (Yeni,2003) Tom Blackett the vice-chairman of Interbrand label consultancy company which determines 100 the most valuable label of the world states that Turkey has a potential to createwho-wide labels in tourism. (Arman, 2004) We must benefit information technologies to solve the label problem in tourism. For long years the target group of Turkish tourism was foreign tourists, and the home market was not taken into consideration. (Platin, 2004) Turkey can not balance foreign and home tourism. Sector sees home tourism as alternative tourism. Turkey must revive home tourism and should balance well. We can‘t increase our tourism income over a specific level by just focusing sea, sun and sand (3S) tourism. (Atakan, 2004) In our country holiday village tourism made progress. The tourists coming to our country for holiday village tourism, unfortunately perceive our country just as sea, sun and sand; they turn their country withıout learning anything about out country‘s culture and history. So we should introduce our culture and history to the tourists coming to our country. The image problem of our country results from not being presented well enough. Today we live in information world so our country can be presented best on internet. But our past experiences show us that we have lost presentation opportunities we had. For example we lost the presentation opportunity with Eurovision Song Contest that was held in our country this year because we could not use internet. In this age a advertisement campaign that does not have internet means wasting the resources. Internet gives us the chance to give with low cost that could not be given on TV with limited time, on papers with limited space. e-Tourism Application in Tourism Sector The rapid developments in ICT affects tourism sector deeply. Now you can watch touristic cities and sites live on internet and many people take the information about tourism and travel on internet with their computers. In this case there is a mass of information about tourism and travel, our tourism sector must develop their selling and marketing strategies on this point. Because the competition in tourism sector is carried to internet. In parallel to the developments in tourism sector education policy in our country must be restructured. Large scale hotel enterprises can follow the developments in ICT with their structure of organisation, their advantage of scale and financial opportunities. This case gives them an advantage of global competition against the other enterprises. (SarııĢık and Akova, 2003) For example: Hilton International with 400 hotels will make new web sites in native languages in their very important markets England. Germany and Japan according to their new e-trade strategy of 13 millions of Dolars that was stated in last July. Search, choosing and reservation will be able to be made for all Hilton Hotels in the world in native languages. Another feature of these sites is that they will be designed different from each other according to that country‘s citizens‘ demands, habits and cultures. Hilton International‘s main (international) web site will carry on its duty the decision of designing local web sites come from the the data of 4% hotel the reservations are made on internet this ratio will inrease to 20% in 2007. (BThaber 2003). Moreover a study made to light the way for the future put forth 2/3 of the companies making international marketing both the global and local campaigns together according to the label they market for consideration. Hilton Ġnternational‘s new e-trade strategy predicate this study result. A survey made by TÜRSAB shows that e-tourism in tourism sector must be focused on immediately. 18 travel agency participated in the survey made for members of TÜRSAB giving outgoing service at home tourism sector declared that they sold travel and/or tour services to 84 thousand Turkish citizens. (Türsab Magazine, 2003) 604 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo Local Newspapers 18,6 National Newspapers 5,8 Brochure distibution 14,2 Customer Visits 14,2 Web Sites 13,7 E- mail 13,3 Other 2,9 TV- Radio Ads 2,7 Magazine Ads 1,7 Posting brochures to adresses 1,6 Fairs 1,3 Total 100 Table 5. Turkish Travel Agencies‘ Marketing Instruments Source: “Yurt DıĢı Seyahat Pazarı DeğiĢiyor”, Türsab Dergi, Sayı:233, Temmuz 2003, s.15 Advantages of e-Tourısm on Turkish Tourism We can list the main advantages got by adopplying e-tourism to Turkish tourism sector. 1. E-Tourism is an important instruments to enter markets that are not known before, accessed and not evaluated well enough, to widen the tourism area by attracting tourist demand for other enterprises and countries 2. Globally the areas that Turkey is not known or little known are more than areas Turkey is known for. There are people who do not know Turkey in the countries where Turkey is known or people have wrong images. When looked from this aspect the presentation of Turkey at expected level is a versatile and large scale. (AslantaĢ 2002) ETourism gives an oppotunmity to our country in this area. By this way we can give our country the image in the world it reserves. 3. E-Tourism makes marketing segmentation and market departments to be adressed be determined. With effect of ICT market is seperating into small niches, tourism is like ―design your holiday‖ with personalizes demands. 4. In the recent years ICT that is started to be known as competition force in every area from product and service design to presentation from marketing to getting customers and selling points and became an important dimension of globalisation. In this framework the most notewothy development is the increase at the international marketing activities on internet and it is started to form the international database. 5. Globalisation process and technological developments caused an increase in international competition in tourism sector and this made tourism sector need more qualified workers. Application of e-tourism to tourism sector will make the profile of the all human force working in the sector fit global norms. With this cooperation between the enterprises in tourism will be developed. It will cause the integration and coordination arise with sinergy effect by using the current resources the most rationally. 6. Nowadays with globalisation quality in tourism sector must be taken consideration more seriously. It must be perceived as a international marketing policy. Günümüzde globalleĢmeyle birlikte, turizm sektöründe kalite her zamankinden daha ciddiye alınması gereken bir konu niteliği kazanmıĢtır. Bunun bir ulusal pazarlama politikası olarak algılanması zorunludur. To get a continuous income from tourism sector in world market is only possible with maintaining a specific service quality. (Yüksel, 2002) E-Tourism, will increase the quality of Turkish tourism sector. 7. Not being a label, one of the most important difficulties of Turkish tourism sector, can be solved by a strong Etourism strategy. As Patel and McCharthy said ―e-business models and e-transformations which do not have no aims or strategies looks like a truck which has no driver, map and arrival point on a highway,‖ (Özmen, 2003) Conclusion The rapid developments in ICT affects tourism sector deeply. ow you can watch touristic cities and sites live on internet and many people take the information about tourism and travel on internet with their computers. In this case there is a mass of information about tourism and travel, our tourism sector must develop their selling and marketing strategies on this point. Because the competition in tourism sector is carried to internet. In parallel to the developments in tourism sector tourism policy in our country must be restructured. Tourism is the most dinamic sector of Turkey with its subsectors and it is a potential leader of economy. In terms of our country tourism sector is among the leading sectors which we can use technology for efficiency and 605 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo with technology we can have competition advantage. Usage of ICT in tourism sector will increase the added value of tourism sector and will promote the efficiency. Consequently the international standarts can be caught in tourism sector which is important for the economyof our country. Turkish tourism sector must follow E-Tourism strategy in order to take place in global competition and create a competition advantage. Turkey that is on the way to be a global label in the rapidly growing tourism sector in the world will reach its aim by using the tourism potential in the best way with e-tourism. References Akat, Ö. (2000). Turizm iĢletmeciliği, Ekin Kitapevi, Bursa Arman, S. (19 Eylül 2004). ―Turizm ve Gıdada Marka ġansı Var‖, Milliyet Gazetesi, AslantaĢ, H. (12-14 Nisan 2002). Türkiye‘nin Turizm Stratejisi ve Tanıtım Politikaları‖, 2. Turizm ġurası Bildirileri, Cilt:2, Atakan, Y. (23 Mayıs 2004). ―Eurovision‘la Kaçan Tanıtım Fırsatı‖, Hürriyet Pazar Atalay, Ġ. (22 Ağustos 2000). Türkiye‘de Internet Turizmi , www.ilkeratalay.com., Civelek, M and Sözer, E. G. (Nisan 2003). Ġnternet Ticareti, Beta Yayıncılık, Ġstanbul Çakırer, M.A. (11-13 Aralık 2002). ―Turizm Eğitiminde E-Öğrenimin (E-Learning) Uygulaması Ve Türk Turizm Sektörüne Sağlayacağı Avantajlar‖ Turizm Eğitimi Konferans/ Workshop, Turizm Bakanlığı Turizm Eğitim Genel Müdürlüğü, Ankara, Çağrı Merkezi Ġnrenetin Yerini Alacak, (Eylül 2003). Türsab Dergi, Sayı:235, Çeken, H and Erdem, B. (5 Mayıs 2003). ―Turizm Sektörünün Ġstihdam Yaratmadaki Etkisi‖, http://www.isguc.org/ Dönmez, A. ―Turizmde Hedef 30 Milyon Turist 30 Milyar Dolar Gelir‖, (12 Ocak 2004) Zaman Gazetesi, Egeli, B. & Özturan, M. (23-25 Ekim NevĢehir 2002) ―Rekabet Stratejisi Olarak Ġnternet‖, Turizm Sektöründe Rekabet Stratejileri, Hafta Sonu Semineri 5., Ferrel O. C., Hirt. G, (2002). Business, McGraw-Hill, Fourtyh Edition, Irwin Genel ĠĢletme,(2000). Anadolu Üniversitesi Yayın No:931, EskiĢehir ―Hilton‘dan 13 Milyon Dolarlık E-Ticaret Stratejisi‖, (4-10 Ağustos 2003). BThaber Gazetesi, Ġnternet Hangi Sektörleri Nasıl Etkileyecek,, (5 Mayıs 2003) http://www.arge.com/tr/intseketkisi.html Karamustafa K, Biçkes D. M., Ulama ġ. (2002). ―Türkiye‘deki Konaklama ĠĢletmelerinin Ġnternet Web Sitelerini Değerlendirmeye Yönelik Bir ÇalıĢma‖,Turizmde Bilgi Teknolojileri, Hafta Sonu Semineri, NevĢehir Kozak M. A. & Güçlü H. (05 05 2003) ―Turizm ĠĢletmelerinde DeğiĢim Yönetimi Üzerine Kavramsal Bir Ġnceleme‖ http://www.isguc.org/degisim_yonetimi.php Köylü. H, (21 Ekim 2002) ―Turizmci Dikkat‖, Posta Gazetesi, Köfteoğlu, K. (28 Aralık 2003) ―Her ġeye Rağmen Ayakta‖, Türkiye 2004 Ekonomist Yıllığı, Kumcu Ercan, ―Turizm Ekonomisi‖, Hürriyet Gazetesi, 22 Eylül 2002 606 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo Kumcu Ercan, ―Turizm Stratejisi‖, Hürriyet Gazetesi, 19 Eylül 2004 Nitelikli Ġnsan Gücü Meslek Standartları Düzeni ve Sosyal Sermaye Birikimi, DPT Özel Ġhtisas Komisyonu Raporu, Ankara 2001 Oral. E, (12-14 Nisan 2002) ―Ġnternet Turizminde Elektronik Ticaret ve Web‘in Etkin Kullanımı‖, 2.Turizm ġurası Bildirileri, Cilt:3, Oral. S, Kurgun. H, (23-25 Ekim NevĢehir 2002) ―Uluslararası Turizm Pazarında Bir Rekabet Stratejisi Olarak Fiyatlama‖, Turizm Sektöründe Rekabet Stratejileri, Hafta Sonu Semineri 5., Özkök F, (12 Temmuz 1999) ―Türkiye ve Avrupa Birliği‘nde Turizmin Ekonomik Etkileri‖, Standard Dergisi, Haziran 2003 Öymen. E. E ―Masa Üstü Turizmi‖, Milliyet Gazetesi, Özmen. ġ, Ağ Ekonomisinde Yeni Ticaret Yolu E-Ticaret, Ġstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları, Ocak 2003 Sahillioğlu. E, ―Swot Analizi (Durum Analizi)‖, Sağlıkta Strateji Dergisi, Sağlık Bakanlığı Sağlık projesi Genel Koordinatörlüğü, sayı:19, Eylül 1998 SarııĢık M, Akova O, (Mayıs 2003) ―Otel ĠĢletmelerinde Bilgi Teknolojilerinin Kullanımına ĠliĢkin Bir AraĢtırma‖ Stadard Dergisi, TaĢ D, (3 Ekim 2004) ―2014‘te Turizm Geliri 64 Milyar Olacak, Ama Hala Marka Olamadınız‖,Milliyet Gazetesi, ―Televizyon Reklamlarının Yerini Ġnternet Reklamları Alıyor‖, Zaman Gazetesi, 23 Nisan2003 Turizm, Sekizinci BeĢ Yıllık Kalkınma Planı, DPT, Ankara 2001 Türkoğlu. R, ―On-Line Eğitim‖, www.bilisimrehber.com.tr/arastirma/tr-arastirma-online-egitim.phtml, (28.10.2002) Yeni M, (16 Kasım 2003) ―Turizmde Marka Sorunu‖ , AkĢam Gazetesi, ―Yerli Turist Yeniden KeĢfedildi‖, Platin Dergisi, Sayı: 10, Ekim 2004 4.Pazarlama Zirvesi, Ġstanbul, 10 Aralık 2003 607 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 288 Title A name given to the resource New Marketing Strategy in Tourism Sector: e-Tourism Author Author CAKIRER, Mehmet Akif Abstract A summary of the resource. Rapid development in information and communication technologies has created a transformation in the economic and social life through changing the way the trade dealt. New technologies help to improve the efficiency of the economy, create new job opportunities, spread the technical progress and new ideas easily, establish the simultaneous communication among people and institutions in the different countries and regions. The goal of this study is, evaluating the present situation of Turkey's tourism sector and using information technologies in the sector, to form long-term competition strategies for the sector which has important potential. Furthermore, it is searched that, depending on the data of World Tourism Organization which states serious changes would occur in tourism sector by 2023, how Turkey that has to be prepared for a merciless competition in tourism immediately, would take advantage of using e-tourism strategy in global competition. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed HB Economic Theory https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/46b7cf78f02b6f1e09b8999e7b56296a.pdf 62f39eeb9508531c1834abed64dcae0d PDF Text Text 2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo Kadîmî, the Dervish of Sersem Ali Harâbâtî Lodge Asst.Prof. Mümine CAKIR Cankiri Karatekin University School of Science and Literature Department of Turkish Language and Literature /CANKIRI mcakir1915@hotmail.com Abstract: The lodge of ruined father (giddy Ali grandfather) which is 40 kilometre to Uskup capital city of Macedonya is an important Bektashi’s lodge. This lodge has give education to many santon and many of those poets has tryed to explain their foreordinaiton in their poems. And Kadimi, the real name of Kadimi is Huseyin Zeki Baba, is one of those poets who was born in Tekirdag-Markara. He had given foreordination by Huseyin Zeki Baba in Đstanbul Karaagac Lodge and than he had been in the lodge of ruined father for a few months. And he had come to Istanbul and become a policeman. He had worked in many of police departments and although his life full of pain he tryed to do his best in his duty. During the national war he came to Anatolia and proceed his duty. And he had worked of other company and retired. Kadime has two works ; the first one is that A Memory of a Police Chief from Constitutionalism to Republic which is he describes his policeman’s life period and the second one is Bektashi poems and Foreordination which only has one remaning copy in the Ataturk Library Istanbul. This anthology is manuscript and hasn’t published yet. In his anthology there are many poem about “divan, foreordination, semai, dirge” as well as many Bektashi’s poems. And the subject of this notification is the life story of a Bektashi’s father Kadimi and works. Some poems are going to be explain here too. Key words: Kadîmî, Harabâtî Baba Tekke, Poem Introduction The Turks had settled various regions of Anatolia by migrating from Central Asia for various reasons. In this way the dervishes founded tekkes and lodges in the regions they had settled and they both transmitted their doctrins to the people with the hymns and dealt with husbandry and livestock, thus induced the Anatolian Muslims.††††††††††††††††††† When it comes to the situation in the Balkans; before the Otoman conquest of the region, there was a conflict in the region. “The itinerant dervishes,… previously went to the region on one hand introduced Islam, on the other hand introduced a sense of tolerance that the people of that region are not accustomed to living under the claws of injustice.(…) It is possible to explain the importance of the roles of the dervishes which conquered the hearts with the name of Islam with the existence of the lodges in the crossroads even today .”(Đzeti, 2004: 46) The dervishes in these lodges united with the public and turned the lodges into a culture and art center. So that the Balkans have made prosperous in terms of material and spiritual. Some of the crossroad lodges that induced the Balkans Turkish and Muslims are: Kalkandelen Harabatî Baba Tekke, Kanatlar Bektashi Tekke, Ustruga Halvetî Tekke, Kruya Bektashi Tekke…‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡ ( Đzeti, 2004: 46) Harabâtî Baba Tekke, is located in Kalkandelen(Tetova) 40 km from Skopje,the capital of FYR Macedonia. “A complex was built around the shrine that was built by Sersem Ali Dede with the order of Harâbâtî Baba with the helps of Recep Pahsa and Abdurrahman Pahsa. Beside the religous parts such as shrines, mosque, Sema, there is also a guesthouse, a fountain, a well, a dervish house, Fatima house, a soup kitchen in the ††††††††††††††††††† For detailed information about Turkish Sufi mysticism life and its spread in Anatolia, please see: ( Güzel, 2004: 139-168; Özcan, “The socia-cultural Environment of Bektashi”, http://www.hbektas.gazi.edu.tr/dergi_dosyalar/22-141-148.pdf,; Barkan, 1942: 279-304 transferor Çiftçi, 2008: 141-191). ‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡ For detailed information about the Sufi life in the Balkans, please see: (Đzeti, 2004) 398 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo Harâbâtî Baba Tekke complex which is the most important and central Bektashi Tekke of Macedonia”(Tetevo, 1982: 56, transferor Đzeti, 2004: 242) There are various rumors related to the foundation of the tekke. One of them can be found in the text written in Macedonian on the entrance gate of tekke. According to this text while Sersem Ali Baba was a vizier, he wanted to retreat and went to Necef despite the Sultan. Later a Bektashi Dervish named Harabâtî Baba arrived to Kalkandere. He established the tekke and constructed the shrine of Sersem Ali Baba: Thus the tekke has two names: Harâbâtî Baba and Sersem Ali Dede Tekke ( Đzeti, 2004: 243 ) The subject of our paper is poet Ali Riza Kadîmî Baba, one of the dervishes who had been to this tekke. 1.Kadîmî’s Biography Kadîmî Baba, whose real name was Ali Riza Oge was born in Malkara,Tekirdag in 1881.They were three brothers. He took his first education from his father, Muderris Hâfiz Emin Efendi in Malkara. Then he went to Malkara Secondary School. Things had changed when the Balkan Wars broke out. Due to the disasters of the war the family left the town and their land and migrated to Đstanbul. Ali Riza Oge looked for the ways of education there. He dealt with many businesses. He saw every kind of life in Istanbul. At last he applied for policing. He took the attention of his superiors with his success in the new entrants to the profession, and was promoted in a short period. During his policing he dealt with Armenian deportations, helped to capture many Armenian Committee members, thus became a target for the committee members. Poisoning attempt and being shot by Armenians were important events in his life.His being shot while he was with his wife in 1336, a painful process had begun. The surgeries he had were very wearing. However he continued his duty.He passed to Anatolia during the Independence War and continued to his duty. When he came back to Đstanbul, with a slander he was dismissed form his job. After an investigation he was remittered and was appointed to Izmır Police Directorate, but this event affected him very much and resigned from policing. He passed to Liquor Store and retired from there. During his 35 years professional life he worked in Đnebolu, Ereğli, Samsun, Erzurum, Kars, Ankara, Kocaeli besides Istanbul; he started his professional life as a police officer and became a police sergeant, police captain, polis director, Armenian Desk Chief, Security Inspector. He had a very active and tough life due to the agigated situation of the era. Oge had never mentioned of his being a poet and a Bektashi in his memories. Just once he mentioned about his being Bektashi with an expression “ as being a former Bektashi” while he was visiting a Bektashi Tekke in Cairo. ( Öge, 1957: 189 ) We met the information about his being Bektashi in his anthology that he had prepared but never found the opportunity to publish. According to the information that he gave, his father, his grandfather, his relatives were all Bektashi. He received permission from Huseyin Zeki Baba, the head of Karaagac Tekke on 23rd of Muharram Hijra 1324 ( 19th of March,1906), he served as a dervish for two years in Karaagac Tekke, 4 or 5 months in Sersem Ali ( Harâbâtî Baba ) Tekke in Kalkandelen, Macedonia. ( Öge, Bel. Yz. 131: 1736 ) He describes the periods he spent in Sufi path in a poem as following: Nefes-i Kadimî Karaağaç’a geldim pek şâbb idim Derin bir aşka düştüm sehâb idim Aldım himmeti mürşidim Zeki’den Kaldım o dergahda bevvâb idim Hizmet ettim Sersem Ali Baba’ya Tayaran eyledim zîrâ şihâb idim Vardım türbesini ziyaret ettim Kaygusuz Sultan’a türâb idim Gördüm hayr himmetin sultanın Derd ü firâkıyla ben harâb idim Pîrimin yoluna fedâ ettim cânım Görmedi kimse beni serâb idim 399 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo Üçler yediler hem de kırklar ile Aynı cem’de içilen şarâb idim Şâh-ı Hüseyn-i Kerbelâ’nın aşkına Hem Kadîmî ciğeri kebâb idim (Öge, Bel. Yz. 131: s. 550) He was the grand cousins with his Mentor Hüseyin Zeki Baba. His guide was Hasan Baba ,father-in-law of Hüseyin Zeki Baba. His chief authorization was from Ali Naci Baba. (Öge, Bel. Yz. 131: s. 1736 ) Ali Riza Oge died in Bursa on 14th of April 1957 and was buried to Emir Sultan. (Öge, Bel. Yz. 131: s. 9-12) He says the following in a poem which was his will to be written in his gravestone: Mahlasım idi Kadîmî ismim hem Ali Rızâ Ehl-i beytin yoluna cânımı kıldım fedâ Gece gündüz Hak yoluna bezl-i makdiret edip “Men ‘aref” dersin okudum halka oldum âşinâ Cân gözüyle Hakkı gördüm pîrim himmet eyledi Sırr-ı mi’râc-ı hakîkat kânı ol mihr-i vefâ Tâ ezelden cânıma sûz-ı Hüseyn düşmüş idi Dolmuş idi hubb-ı Haydarla bu gönlüm bî-riyâ Vakd erişti bu Kadîmîn ten kafesinden bu dem Bâğ-ı illîyîne uçtu murg-ı rûhu zâ’irâ ( Öge, Bel. Yz. 131: s. 1080) Ali Riza Oge,had a tough life with health problems beside the difficulties of his profession; however wrote some poems, and spilled the enthusiasm in his heart into the verses. He has become a poet who should be introduced to the current generation with his life and poetry. 2.His Works 2.1.Bektashi Poets Anthology This work, with his words, was a result of 50 years study. He collected many of poems of the Bektashi dervishes and gave a brief biography of them. He also added his poems to this anthology. It is a valuable magazine with 1849 pages. According to the preface of this anthology ,which has not published yet, was completed in 1946. 2.2.True Memoirs of a Police Chief from Constitutional Monarchy to Republic This work, is an extensive memoir book where Ali Riza Oge wrote his professional memories. It starts with the beginning of policing life and ends with the slander after returning to Istanbul and resignment . With this features, it is an important memoir book for lighting the agitated period and the policy of that era. 2.3.Letters These are the private letters written by Ali Riza Oge to his close relative Cafer Ergin. He gave some information about his life and poems in these letters. They have not published yet. They belong to the last parts of his life. Samples of each letter which are protected by his family are existing. And also Bedri Noyan Dedebaba mentions about the letters of Kadimi, which are in his personal library, in his book “Shiism and Bektashi with all aspects” (Noyan, 2003: 267-262 ) 3.Literary Aspect Kadîmî, give a place to both various poems of Bektashi dervishes and his poems in Bektashi Poets Anthology. In these poems he described Sufi joy, the doctrins of Bektashi path, phases, dervishes in 400 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo (nefes,divan,semai –types of poem) verses, on the other hand he wrote the martyrize of Hussein ( the grandson of the Prophet Muhammad) in elegy format. He teaches the paths of Bektashi in a didactic way. We can see the impressions of the hymns of Yunus Emre and speeches of Ahmet Yesevi. In his poems ( semai and divan) he describes the the pleasure of Bektashi path, its joy and difficulties like a classical Ottoman poet. He uses the classical Ottoman Poem formats. He is good at literary arts. He uses a pathetic language in his elegecy poems and expressed his suffers and emotions successfully. And also his descriptions were so alive that you can revive the Karbala event in front of your eyes. Kadîmî wrote his poems (nefes) in syllabic meter, which is our national meter, but wrote his other poems (divan,elegy and semai) in aruz meter. Although time to time aruz defects were found but the usage of meter is successful. Except some of his elegies, he used a simple language. He showed all the possibilities of Turkish in his poems. Although he has the similarities with the sayings of other Bektashi poets, we can mention that he has his own style. Kadîmî reflects his full of love heart and the dervish path with a simple Turkish in his poem written in syllabic meter as floowing: Nefes-i Kadîmî Ben bir katara katıldım Ulu mizanda tartıldım Pek pahalıya satıldım Katar başımızdır Ali Kırklar meclisine girdim Muhammed Ali’ye erdim Allah eyvallahtır derdim Pîrim Hacı Bektaş Velî Hakka dair söz söylerim Dünyayı versen neylerim Mecnun gibi âh eylerim Başımda esen aşk yeli Lanet Yezid’in canına Ceddine hem ecdâdına Şah-ı Hasan Hüseyn uğruna Akar göz yaşımın seli Mürşid telkînin anlayan Virdini pendi dinleyen Kalbimde daim inleyen Can sazımın tek bir teli Olmayasın asla nâim Gündüz kâim gece sâim Biz okuruz hece daim Lisanımızdır kuş dili Düşmeyesin sakın çâha Đrişegör bir dergaha Kadimî kemteri şaha Ulaştıran mürşid eli ( Öge, Bel. Yz. 131: 553-554 ) In his another poem he describes his lover like a classical Ottoman poet. Probably he was talking about his mentor Hussein Zeki Baba that he was draw aparted in this poem written in aruz meter: 401 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo Dîvân-ı Kadîmî Yüzüne kâküllerini dökerek itme nikâb Göster yüzünü âşık-ı zâra gel itme hicâb Ey gonce-i gülzâr-ı emel ey nûr-ı hakîkat Rahm et firâkınla cigerim itme kebâb Bu hüsn ü ânınla seni görseydi Zelîhâ Mısr sultânlığın verir sana olurdu türâb Aklımı eyledi yagma senin âhû gözlerin Deldi bagrım tîr-i müjgânın okı etti harâb Cânıma kâr eyledi çünki firâkın ey perî Gel yüzün göster Kadîmî kemtere kıl bir sevâb ( Öge, Bel. Yz. 131: 829) Conclusion Kadimi Baba, whose real name is Ali Riza Oge, is a Bektashi Father who grew up in the last periods of Ottoman Empire, supported the National Struggle as a police chief, saw the agitated policy of that era, had a tough life. On one hand we see his police identity in his memoirs, on the other hand we see his Bektashi aspect in his 50-years work anthology and in the letters that we obtain from his family. Kadimi who stayed and served in the Harabâtî Baba Tekke which is one one of the tekkes in important crossroads in the Balkans, is a poet at the same time. His poems are quite successful. Among his poems written in various types, his poems ( nefes and divan) that he tells Sufi joy, Dervish path, Bektashis, his elegies in which he expresses his feelings about the matryize of Hussein are worth to read and examine. References BARKAN, Ömer Lütfi. (1942). “ Đstilâ Devirlerinin Kolonizatör Türk Dervişleri ve Zaviyeler”, Vakıflar Dergisi, Ankara: s. 279-304. ÇAKIR, Mümine. “Đhmâl Edilmiş Bir Bektâşî Babası Kadîmî ve Nefesleri” Uluslar arası Hacı Bektaş-ı Velî Sempozyumu 07-09.05. 2010. ÇĐFTÇĐ, Çiftçi. (2008). Tasavvuf Kitabı, Đstanbul: Kitabevi Yayınları. GÜZEL, Abdurrahman. (2004). Dînî Tasavvufî Türk Edebiyatı, Ankara: Akçağ. ĐZETĐ, Metin. (2004). Balkanlarda Tasavvuf, Đstanbul: Gelenek Yayıncılık . NOYAN, Bedri Dedebaba. (2003). Bütün Yönleriyle Bektâşîlik ve Alevîlik , c. VI, Ankara: Ardıç Yayınları, s. 267-272. ÖGE, Ali Rıza, Bektâşî Şairleri Antolojisi, Atatürk Kitaplığı, Belediye Yazmaları, nu: Bel. Yz. 131. ÖGE, Ali Rıza. ( 1957). Meşrutiyetten Cumhuriyete Bir Polis Şefinin Gerçek Anıları, Bursa. ÖZCAN, Hüseyin (31 Mart 2010) Bektaşîliğin Sosyo-Kültürel Çevresi, http://www.hbektas.gazi.edu.tr/dergi_dosyalar/22-141-148.pdf,. Tetevo Tetevsko Nız Istorıjata, Tetovo 1982. 402 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 725 Title A name given to the resource Kadîmî, the Dervish of Sersem Ali Harâbâtî Lodge Author Author CAKIR, Mümine Abstract A summary of the resource. The lodge of ruined father (giddy Ali grandfather) which is 40 kilometre to Uskup capital city of Macedonya is an important Bektashi’s lodge. This lodge has give education to many santon and many of those poets has tryed to explain their foreordinaiton in their poems. And Kadimi, the real name of Kadimi is Huseyin Zeki Baba, is one of those poets who was born in Tekirdag-Markara. He had given foreordination by Huseyin Zeki Baba in Đstanbul Karaagac Lodge and than he had been in the lodge of ruined father for a few months. And he had come to Istanbul and become a policeman. He had worked in many of police departments and although his life full of pain he tryed to do his best in his duty. During the national war he came to Anatolia and proceed his duty. And he had worked of other company and retired. Kadime has two works ; the first one is that A Memory of a Police Chief from Constitutionalism to Republic which is he describes his policeman’s life period and the second one is Bektashi poems and Foreordination which only has one remaning copy in the Ataturk Library Istanbul. This anthology is manuscript and hasn’t published yet. In his anthology there are many poem about “divan, foreordination, semai, dirge” as well as many Bektashi’s poems. And the subject of this notification is the life story of a Bektashi’s father Kadimi and works. Some poems are going to be explain here too. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/03af864a751d179767e280e054a1be0c.pdf 6e3c328840eb568cdae17fa974c88f63 PDF Text Text 2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo Shakespeare – New Dimensions – Way of Life Raisa Busatlic International Burch University Bosnia and Herzegovina Sarajevo Laura4u2freak@gmail.com Shahab Yar Khan University of Sarajevo Bosnia and Herzegovina Sarajevo shahabyar_khan@hotmail.com Abstract: In this article I will be dealing with Shakespeare’s work and lifestyle he has created, the connection of Shakespeare and modern world in any sense! Shakespeare’s protagonists, his messages, links with Islam, his place of nowhere, the role model he has become; interference with purpose or without it on a daily basis. I will try to show, through his famous characters like Hamlet and King Lear, how Shakespeare reconciled all ideologies of this earthly world and created one new/old ‘religion’ – Ardonic state of mind. To write on such topic requires personal aspect as well as professional approach, even though these two can not be strictly separated in my work. Introduction When Shakespeare was writing God was expressing Himself, it was the Beauty, the absolute Truth – it was and still is the Balance. As R.W. Emerson said: “Nothing divine dies…”§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§ (Nature, 1836), and that is exactly how Shakespeare affects the world from his time up to 21st century – even though I think that we are still living in Shakespeare’s time, and we will continue so. When I think of Shakespeare all sorts of things come to my mind, but mainly I think of how he has affected my life, he united me with myself; He through him blessed me with awareness. Sometimes it may be a curse, but most of the times it is a path which makes it impossible to stray away – it is the one dimensional way. Shakespeare was thoroughly introduced to me by Dr. Shahab Yar Khan, and since then, and then it was five years ago, worlds could live side by side in peace, mainly. Can one be peaceful in search of light knowing that a quest of such kind can never be a complete cognition of reality, nor metaphysical state? Thoughts are always scattered. ¸ However, it is like the ocean wave: impatient, restless, yet liberated and strong – so strong it can never be stopped; a wave always follows the moon, therefore it gives flux and reflux. Both can happen with high or low intensity. It doesn’t matter, as long as it is happening. If the wave stopped its circle life would vanish and our thoughts wouldn’t have to walk through the path of awareness, because there would be no path – just eternity. While that time comes no one can subdue the ocean, nor can one’s mind. New Dimensions I have every reason to believe that Shakespeare’s ideas were those of Sufi’s. As Rumi said: “These sad and lonely people tire me”, so I feel that his characters were led by some force and were chosen by Shakespeare carefully to see His light, but “with lamps in hands” they needed sheiks of some kind to help them find “the Essence of the Essence, the intoxication of Love”; their sheik was Shakespeare, he is the one who created new dimensions for his characters, he created ‘place of nowhere’.******************(Rumi, 1998) Shakespeare managed to give them that; thus he has to be observed as a spiritual leader of those who chose to believe, those who chose §§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§ ****************** R. W. Emerson (1836), Nature, Dover Thrift Edition Deepak Chopra (1998), The Love Poems of Rumi, Harmony Books 394 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo to follow. Just like any other scripture his works stand for values, rest is up to us. “Ripeness is all.” (Shakespeare, 2006) “O Shakespeare! The beauty of your verse mirrors the human heart. Life finds perfection in your sky-soaring thought. Was your luminous nature the goal of existence itself?”†††††††††††††††††† (Iqbal 2007) Shakespeare lived in a period of change. In religion, politics, literature, and commerce, in the habits of daily living, in the world of ideas, his lifetime witnessed continual change and movement. When Elizabeth came to the throne, six years before he was born, England was still Catholic, as it had been for nine centuries. When she died, England became Protestant, and by the date of Shakespeare’s death, it was on the way of becoming Puritan. The Protestant Reformation had worked its full course of revolution of ideas, habits and beliefs. The authority of the church had been replaced by that of the Bible, of the English Bible, translated by Shakespeare’s contemporaries. During his life England had attained unity and an international importance. Although he wrote during Elizabethan period, which was very much influenced by Bible, Shakespeare’s work has traces of Platonic, Cabalistic, Humanistic, and even Ishraqqi teaching. Dr. Shahab Yar Khan, in his PhD theses, brings us to understanding that Shakespeare’s tragedies are not about conflict only, he claims they have their soul of diversity which is essentially an Ishraqqi concept. Therefore, Shakespeare carries something that makes him a man of all nations and time. We must be aware that Shakespeare was closely in touch with the Islamic world and the Illuministic philosophy. To elaborate on this, “Illuminism is a constant search towards the liberation of the soul; the liberation of all earthly prisons, and its western exiles, and returning to essential place of peace and bliss”.‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡ (Nasr 1998) The founder of these teachings is Shahab al-Din Suhrawerdi. Illuminism was revived by Shahab Udin, in Europe known as Suhra Verdi. He speaks of two themes, saying that Islam is not only a Muslim phenomenon. He used word balance to explain it. He gave us 12 names of great thinkers of Illuminism; Plato being the first and himself the last, 12th. Among them there are people of different religions. He also said that balance and diversity go side by side; as diverse you are as balanced you get to be. “God Himself is the first principle of diversity”, he says. God has 99 names, all opposite, diverse. If we don’t understand diversity, its beauty, and power we can’t understand God. Shakespeare’s drama depends on diversity. Every character is neither good, nor bad; it depends on the abstract being. His drama is not black, nor white, it is grey, undefined, balanced. As a result of diversity the focus of Shakespeare’s plays is not within the action, but beyond it. This can be also explained as a concept of Sufism – Shakespeare’s drama as the illuministic art is the hidden Truth in all its possible dimensions. Just like any other illuminist Shakespeare doesn’t present the truth in all aspects. I suppose that the complete Truth is left to be discovered by those who realize that there is something to be discovered. That something is one thing in common in all Shakespeare’s works and that is his “place of nowhere” (Persian: ‘na kuja abed’) – metaphysical dimension, hidden message, the Truth, ‘divine Light’. Place of nowhere is not geographical location. His place has no concept of time. When Shakespeare’s protagonists come back from that place they are transformed, elevated to the highest possible state of mind. Hamlet I will mention only some of his characters and the affect that place of nowhere had on them. I will begin with Hamlet, the one who is fundamental for this kind of work, whose spiritual growth is seen through his soliloquies. Without any explanation difference between his blasphemed soliloquies: “O, that this too too solid flesh would melt Thaw and resolve itself into a dew! Or that the Everlasting had not fix'd †††††††††††††††††† Sir Muhammad Iqbal (2007), Shakespeare (“The republic of Rumi: A novel of reality” by Khurram Ali Shafique, Iqbal Academy Pakistan) ‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡ S.H. Nasr “Three Muslim Sages“, Sohail Academy, 1998. p.112 395 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo His canon 'gainst self-slaughter! O God! God!”§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§ (Shakespeare 2006) and his time spent with the greatest symbol of purity, water, and his ‘kidnappers’, his ‘thieves of mercy’ who transcended his mind and made him sound like this: “…there's a special providence in the fall of a sparrow. If it be now, 'tis not to come; if it be not to come, it will be now; if it be not now, yet it will come: the readiness is all: since no man has aught of what he leaves, what is't to leave betimes?”******************* (Shakespeare 2006) Shakespeare made Hamlet went trough all these transformations only to show us that changes are fundamental for our growth as humans, and on that path to elevation, Hamlet had various phases. Trough meditation, one gets transformed and gets to the point of reaching eternity. This idea is very common in Persian and Illuministic literature. Eternity in Persian is called: “na kuja abed”- the place of nowhere. The concept of “place of nowhere” is one thing that’s common in all Shakespeare’s great works. This is why we call his drama “illuministic”. And this is why Shakespeare is essential to all of us, in our paths that lead to wisdom. King Lear First of all I have to say that Lear stands for conventions, the old system of values. It is the old and the new at clash. This needs to be understood before elaborating on Lear’s mind growth and metaphysical place of nowhere. In King Lear Shakespeare forced us to experience the place of nowhere more vividly along with Lear. When Lear enters ‘the heath’ he is forced to confuse materials and abstract world and ideas. His state of mind changes. At first hi pities himself and that is when he really entered the place of nowhere. It is essential for human growth. It begins with loss of ego. Human personality develops through psychological escalation. We all begin with the state of ‘it’ feeling hunger, cold, and baby’s instincts, almost animal. With awareness of possession ‘it’ becomes ego, the unnatural mark of identification. When we start imposing our ego on others it leads us to super ego. With King Lear it is an inverse process. Shakespeare teaches us the way of life through Lear’s realization of other people’s suffering, so the last two acts were dedicated to the state before ‘it’. Traditionally speaking, we all existed before we were given the body. Our souls existed on the other side, in the other dimension. Soul is, finally, the essence of our being, not our body. That state is state of balance. That balance is perfect Ardenic state – state which can only be achieved through perfect love. Lear lived through this with his daughter; twoness became oneness and ego was eliminated. Purpose of one’s life should be achieving that state. We must search for God, elevate beyond matter, be in constant process of growth – once we have the awareness journey towards absolute begins. As Dr. Khan says; once it starts, the process itself is an accomplishment. Jesus, Prophet Mohammad, Socrates, Plato, Shakespeare, Rumi, Khan, … all showed that genuine ideas survived in history of mankind. Conclusion Humans are the only creatures with power of will. Human will is designed by material accouters, references of temporary success. God’s will supersedes matter. Great will is beyond matter, and to succeed without matter is closest we can come to divinity. Purpose of our life should be to discover that concept of living without matter, beyond it, to struggle every moment, searching for God. It is a constant process of growth. We have to have in mind that there are two kinds of will: human will and eternal (divine will). We cannot control the eternal will, but we can try to liberate ourselves from earthly characteristics – only then we become ‘nothing’ and we can enter eternity. We must elevate our mind and direct it towards Haven. Illuminism suggests that human will alliances with divine one and Shakespeare teaches us the same. Through his characters he has shown us it is possible. The attempt to release ourselves from chains of matter requires insensitivity towards it. Can a §§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§ ******************* Shakespeare “The Complete Works of William Shakespeare”, “Hamlet” 2006 Shakespeare “The Complete Works of William Shakespeare”, “Hamlet” 2006 396 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo being survive without essence? Of course not. The value is derived through essence. Essence is that idea which is not for personal goal, and Shakespeare’s essence was for genuine goal and continues through those who stepped on the path of wisdom. References Primary sources: Shakespeare, William (2006), The Complete Works of William Shakespeare, Wordsworth Edition Ltd Khan, Shahab (2006) The second year lectures Khan, Shahab (2007) The third year lectures Khan, Shahab (2008) The fourth year lectures Bradley, A.C. (2007) The substance of Shakesperian tragedy, Palgrave Macmillan Neilson, William A., Thorndike, Ashley H. (1927), The facts about Shakespeare, The Macmillan Company Johnston, Ian (1999), A public domain on various approaches to Shakespeare's tragedy, Malaspina University-College, Vancouver Iqbal, Muhammad(2007), Shakespeare (“The republic of Rumi: A novel of reality” by Khurram Ali Shafique, Iqbal Academy Pakistan) Khan, Shahab, (2008) PhD theses Nasr , S.H. (1998), Three Muslim Sages, Sohail Academy Bloom, Harold (1999), Shakespeare the Invention of the Human, Riverhead Khan, Shahab (2008), O Šekspirovim Tragedijama, Dobra knjiga, Sarajevo Secondary sources: http://www.wikipedia.org http://www.islamicity.com http://www.shakespearesfellowship.org http://www.stjohns-chs.org http://www.pgdp.net 397 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 724 Title A name given to the resource Shakespeare – New Dimensions – Way of Life Author Author Busatlic, Raisa Khan, Shahab Yar Abstract A summary of the resource. In this article I will be dealing with Shakespeare’s work and lifestyle he has created, the connection of Shakespeare and modern world in any sense! Shakespeare’s protagonists, his messages, links with Islam, his place of nowhere, the role model he has become; interference with purpose or without it on a daily basis. I will try to show, through his famous characters like Hamlet and King Lear, how Shakespeare reconciled all ideologies of this earthly world and created one new/old ‘religion’ – Ardonic state of mind. To write on such topic requires personal aspect as well as professional approach, even though these two can not be strictly separated in my work. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/581049ba259f06fdecb8f5a145b8778e.pdf 0e4713355ef97aff22406ca49591833a PDF Text Text In vitro Antioxidant Properties and Phenolic Content of Ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) Root Ercan Bursal Faculty of Sciences and Arts, Department of Chemistry Muş Alparslan University, Turkey ercanbursal@gmail.com Ekrem Köksal Faculty of Sciences and Arts, Department of Chemistry Erzincan University, Turkey ekoksal@erzincan.edu.tr Đlhami Gülçin Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry Atatürk University, Turkey igulcin@atauni.edu.tr Abstract: Ginger root is one of the most widely used plants for medicinal aims in Anatolia. Determination of antioxidant properties and of phenolic contents traditionally used plants is important in respect to pharmacologic studies. In this study, antioxidant properties and phenolic content of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) root are investigated. Antioxidant activity of plant is measured with ferric thiocyanate method, reducing power and metal chelating assays. Also, antiradical activity of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) root is measured with 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH•) radical scavenging activity. Additionally total phenolic content of plant are determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu reactive method. Butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), α-tocopherol and trolox were used as standard antioxidants for comparison. It has been show that ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) root have gat antioxidant and antiradical properties and there is the correlation between these properties and phenolic and flavonoid contents of plant. Introduction Ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) is a common additive in a number of commercial foods and beverages and is valued both for its aromatic volatile constituents and for its spicy, pungent constituents. Ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) has been used as a spice for thousands of years. World production is estimated to be 100000 tyear-1 on a dry weight basis and it is cultivated in many tropical and subtropical countries (Bartley and Jacobs, 2000). Ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.), belonging to a tropical and sub-tropical family – Zingiberaceae, originating in South-East Asia and introduced to many parts of the globe, has been cultivated for thousands of years as a spice and for medicinal purposes (Park and Pizzuto, 2002). Oxygen and nitrogen are very important elements for aerobe livings, but reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) generated in the living body can be very dangerous (Willet, 1994). Existing lifestyles cause free radicals and RONS to over-produce in human organism, and to decrease the physiological antioxidant capacity (Lopez, Akerreta, Casanova, Garcia-Mina, Cavero, & Calvo, 2007). RONS can cause many diseases such as atherosclerosis, coronary heart diseases, aging and cancer (Li, Wong, Cheng, & Chen, 2008). These diseases result from uncontrolled production of RONS and unbalanced mechanism of antioxidant protection. RONS contain superoxide anion radicals (O2.-), hydroxyl radicals (OH.) and non free-radical species such as H2O2 and singlet oxygen (1O2) and these molecules are a class of highly reactive molecules generated on aerobic respiration in livings (Halliwel & Gutteridge, 1989). On the other hand, RONS can cause lipid peroxidation in foods that leads to the deterioration (Sasaki, Ohta, & Decker, 1996). Antioxidants can inhibit the outbreak or the advance of oxidative reactions and thus prevent cell 86 �damage caused by RONS (Esmaeili & Sonboli, 2010). In order to decrease harmful effect of RONS, the antioxidants from plants can be used. Also, there are synthetic antioxidants such as butylhydroxyanisole (BHA) and butylhydroxytoluene (BHT), but the usage of these molecules has some risks (Sun & Fukuhara, 1997). Therefore, in recent years, the use of synthetic antioxidants has been limited in many countries and the interest in natural antioxidants has increased more and more. The most important one of natural antioxidants is the medicinal plants on which many studies have been done so far. The medicinal plants have been used to treat many diseases in the Anatolia for a long time. Many researches have shown that many medicinal plants used in Anatolia have highly antioxidant activity. Also, these plants have rich phenolic content. Natural antioxidants in plants protect the human body from free radicals, oxidative stress and associated diseases. Hence, these antioxidants play a very important role in human health (Lopez et al., 2007). Plants are rich in biologically active compounds which have features such as antioxidant and radical scavenging activities. Many studies reveals that most of the foods contain phytochemicals such as phenolic compounds having potential protective effects (Rice-Evans, Miller, & Paganga, 1997), and increasing consumption of fruits and vegetables decrease degenerative diseases (Ames, Shigenaga, & Hagen, 1993; Reddy, Sreeramulu, & Raghunath, 2009). Materials and methods Chemicals We obtained butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT), the stable free radical 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH•), linoleic acid, 3-(2-Pyridyl)-5,6-bis (4-phenyl-sulfonic acid)-1,2,4-triazine (Ferrozine), 6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid (Trolox), ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), α-tocopherol, polyoxyethylenesorbitan monolaurate (Tween-20), 2,2’-bipyridine and trichloroacetic acid (TCA) from Sigma (Sigma-Aldrich GmbH, Sternheim, Germany) and purchased ammonium thiocyanate from Merck. Samples and preparation of extract We obtained dried ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) from local market at Erzurum, Turkey. For ethanol extract ginger root (EEGR), 25 g dried ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) root ground into in a mill, and the powdery ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) root is mixed with 100 mL ethanol on a magnetic stirrer for 1 hour. The extracts are filtered and then filtrates are collected. The ethanol in mixture is removed using a rotary evaporator (RE 100 Bibby, Stone Staffordshire England) at 50oC to dry the extract. The extract is placed in a dark plastic bottle and stored at -20oC until used for experimental studies. Total antioxidant activity determination by ferric thiocyanate method The total antioxidant activity of EEGR and standard antioxidants is determined using the ferric thiocyanate method in linoleic acid emulsion (Mitsud, Yuasumoto & Iwami, 1996). The stock solutions are prepared by 10 mg of EEGR dissolved in 10 mL distilled water. The different concentrations of stock EEGR solution samples (10-20 µg/mL) are prepared in 2.5 mL of potassium phosphate buffer solution (0.04 M, pH 7.0) and then these are added to 2.5 mL of linoleic acid emulsion in potassium phosphate buffer solution (0.04 M, pH 7.0). The final solutions are incubated at 37oC. During the incubation periodically, a 0.1 mL aliquot of the mixture is diluted with 3.7 mL of ethanol, and then it is added to the mixture of 0.1 mL of 30% ammonium thiocyanate and 0.1 mL of 20 mM ferrous chloride in hydrochloric acid (3.5%). The absorbance is measured at 500 nm for the determination of the peroxide level. The peroxides formed during linoleic acid oxidation oxidize Fe2+ to Fe3+ and the latter ions form a complex with thiocyanate. The complex has a maximum absorbance at 500 nm. The process is repeated every 6 h until the control reaches its maximum absorbance value. The amounts of inhibition are calculated by the following equation: A  Inhibition of lipid peroxidation (%) =100 −  S x 100   AC  87 �Where, AS is the absorbance value of the control reaction and AC is the absorbance value of working samples and standards. In the control, ethanol is used instead of the sample. Fe3+ reducing power assay The reducing activity of EEGR is determined according to the method of Oyaizu (1986). The capacity reducing of EEGR to reduce the ferric-ferricyanide complex to the ferrous-ferricyanide complex of Prussian blue is measured by reading the absorbance at 700 nm. Shortly, different concentrations of EEGR (10-30 µg/mL) in 1 mL of distilled water are mixed with phosphate buffer (2.5 mL, 0.2 M, pH 6.6) and potassium ferricyanide [K3Fe(CN)6] (2.5 mL, 1%). The mixture is incubated at 50oC for 20 min. Then, 2.5 mL trichloroacetic acid (10%) was added to the mixture. Finally, 0.5 mL of FeCl3 (0.1%) is added to this solution, and the absorbance is measured at 700 nm. Increased absorbance indicates greater reduction capability. Cu2+ reducing power assay In order to determinate of the reducing ability of EEGR, the cupric ions (Cu2+) reducing method recommended by Apak et al. (2004) with slight modification is used. Shortly, 0.25 mL CuCl2 solution (0.01M), 0.25 mL of ethanolic neocuproine solution (7.5×10−3 M) and 0.25 mL of CH3COONH4 buffer solution (1 M) are added to a test tube, followed by mixing with different concentrations of EEGR (10-30 µg/mL). Then, the final volume is increased to 2 mL with distilled water. The absorbance is read at 450 nm 30 minute later. The increased absorbance indicates the greater reduction capability. Chelating activity on ferrous ion (Fe2+) Ferrous ions (Fe2+) chelating activity of EEGR is measured according to the method of Re and co-workers (1999). Briefly, the different concentrations (10-30 µg/mL) of ethanol extract from ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) root in 0.25 mL ethanol, 0.25 mL FeSO4 solution (2 mM), 1 mL Tris-HCl buffer solution (pH 7.4), 1mL 2,2’-bipyridine solution (0.2% in 0.2 M HCl) and 2.5 mL ethanol solution are added to a test tube, respectively. Then, total volume is adjusted to 6 mL with distilled water, and stirred well. The absorbance is measured at 562 nm. Na2EDTA is used as a standard ferrous ions (Fe2+) chelator. DPPH free radical scavenging activity DPPH free radical scavenging activity for EEGR is measured according to the method of Blois (1958). Briefly, a 0.1 mM ethanolic solution of DPPH· was prepared on daily bases. Then, 1 mL of this solution is added to 3 mL of EEGR solution in ethanol at different concentrations (10-20-30 µg/mL). After half an hour, the absorbance is measured at 517 nm for every sample. The DPPH· concentration (mM) in the reaction medium was calculated from the following calibration curve, determined by linear regression (R2: 0.9974): Absorbance = 5.869x10-4[DPPH·] + 0.0134 The capability to scavenge the DPPH· radical was calculated using the following equation:  A -A  DPPH· scavenging effect (%) =  C S  x 100  AC  Where, AC is the initial concentration of the stable DPPH free radical and AS is the absorbance of the concentration of vestigial DPPH·in the presence of EEGR (Cristiane de Souza, Soares de Araujo, & Imbroisi 2004). 88 �Determination of total phenolic content by Folin Ciocalteau assay The total phenolic content in ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) root is estimated by a colorimetric assay based on the procedure described by Slinkard et al. (1999) with slight modification. From EEGR 1 mg is added into a test tube and the final volume is increased to 23ml with distilled water. 3 minutes later FolinCiocalteu’s reagent (0.5 mL) and 2% Na2CO3 (1.5 mL) are added. The samples are vortexed and then kept at room temperature for 30 minutes. The absorbance measurements are recorded at 760 nm. The distilled water is used either as blank or for control instead of sample. Gallic acid is used for comparison. The absorbance measurements of samples that contain 100, 200, 300, 400 and 500 µg gallic acid are recorded and standard gallic acid graph is drawn. The results are reported as µg gallic acid equivalents per mg extract. Determination of total flavonoid content Flavonoids are the most common group of polyphenolic compounds in the human diet and are found ubiquitously in plants (Spencer, 2008). The total flavonoid content in EEGR is estimated by a colorimetric assay based on the procedure described by Park et al. (1997). One mg EEGR samples are added into a test tube. Then 0.1 mL CH3COOK (1 m) and 0.1 mL of 10% Al(NO3)3 in 4,3 mL ethanol solution is added and the samples are vortexed. Then the vortexed samples kept at room temperature for 40 minutes. The absorbance measurements are recorded at 415 nm. The distilled water is used either as blank or for control instead of sample. Quercetin is used for comparison. The absorbance measurements of samples that contain 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 µg quercetin are recorded and then the standard graph is drawn. The results are reported as µg quercetin equivalents per mg extract. Statistical Analysis All the analyses on total antioxidant activity are carried out in duplicate sets. The other analyses were carried out in triplicate. The data are recorded as mean  standard deviation and analysed by SPSS (version 11.5 for Windows 98, SPSS Inc.). One-way analysis of variance is performed by ANOVA procedures. The significant differences between means are determined by LSD tests. P values  0.05 and  0.01 are regarded as significant and very significant, respectively. Result and discussion Lipid peroxidation can cause hazardous effects in foods by forming complex mixture of secondary breakdown products of lipid peroxides. The further intake of these foods can cause a number of adverse effects including toxicity to mammalian cells. Lipid peroxidation is thought to proceed via radical mediated abstraction of hydrogen atoms from methylene carbons in polyunsaturated fatty acids (Rajapakse, Mendis, Byun, & Kim, 2005). Antioxidant activity is defined as the ability of a compound to inhibit oxidative degradation, such as lipid peroxidation (Roginsky & Lissi, 2005) Natural antioxidants have biofunctionalities such as the reduction of chronic diseases, DNA damage, mutagenesis, carcinogenesis, etc. and inhibitions of pathogenic bacteria growth, which are often associated with the termination of free radical propagation in biological systems (Zhu, Hackman, Ensunsa, Holt, & Keen, 2002). Thus, for medicinal bioactive components, antioxidant capacity is widely used as a parameter. A number of assays have been introduced to measure the total antioxidant activity of pure compounds (Miller, Castelluccio, Tijburg, & Rice-Evans, 1996). In this study, the antioxidant activity of the EEGR is compared to BHA, BHT, α-tocopherol and its watersoluble analogue trolox. The antioxidant activity of the EEGR, α-tocopherol, trolox, BHA and BHT is measured according to the total antioxidant activity by ferric thiocyanate method, DPPH free radical scavenging activity, metal chelating activity, reducing Fe3+ and Cu2+ activity. Besides, the total phenolic and flavonoid contents of these samples are determined. 89 �Total antioxidant activity determination by ferric thiocyanate method The ferric thiocyanate method determines the amount of peroxide produced during the initial stages of oxidation. 20 g/mL concentrations of EEGR on lipid peroxidation of linoleic acid emulsion are shown in Figure 1 and are found to be 57.4%. Otherwise, α-tocopherol and trolox display 61.5 and 81.5% inhibition on peroxidation of linoleic acid emulsion, respectively at the 20 g/mL concentration. As a result, Ginger have potent antioxidant activity in the ferric thiocyanate assays (Figure 1). Figure 1. Total antioxidant activity. Reducing power Reducing power of EEGR and standards (BHT, α-tocopherol and trolox) are determined by using the potassium ferricyanide reduction and cupric ions (Cu2+) reducing methods. For the measurements of the reductive activity, the Fe3+-Fe2+ transformation is investigated in the presence of EEGR using the method of Oyaizu (1986). The reducing activity of EEGR, and standard compounds increases with increasing their concentrations. Ferric ions (Fe3+) reducing ability of samples is as follows: Trolox ˃ BHT ˃ Ginger ˃ αTocopherol (Figure 2A). The results indicate that EEGR has notable ferric ions (Fe3+) reducing ability and electron donor properties for neutralizing free radicals. Also, Cu2+ reducing capability of EEGR by Cuprac method is found to be concentration dependent. Cupric ion (Cu2+) reducing ability of EEGR is shown in Fig. 2B and there is a correlation between the cupric ions reducing ability and concentrations of studied samples. Results are as follows: BHA ˃ Ginger ˃ Trolox ˃ α- Tocopherol (Figure 2B). Figure 2A. The Fe3+ reducing activity. activity Figure 2B. The Cu2+ reducing Chelating capacity Metal ions can cause lipid peroxidation that can produce free radicals and lipid peroxides. Therefore, metal chelating activity indicates antioxidant and antiradical properties. The decreased absorbance of the reaction mixture indicates higher metal chelating capability. EDTA is used as a standard metal chelating agent at the 90 �method firstly used by Re et al. (1999). According to the results, EEGR indicates less metal chelating from EDTA (Figure 3). In this study 2,2'-bipyridine is used as a metal chelating agent. Radical scavenging activity DPPH has been extensively used to measure the free radical-scavenging ability of various antioxidant substances. DPPH• assay is used in the this study for a primary screening of the EEGR free radicalscavenging activity, because this assay can accommodate a large number of samples in a short period and is sensitive enough to detect natural compounds at low concentrations. DPPH• scavenging method provides information on the reactivity of test compounds with a stable free radical. Besides, this method is simple and fast. Antioxidants react with DPPH•, which is a free radical, and convert it to 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazine. In the meantime the discolouration degree at the test tube indicates the radical-scavenging capability of the antioxidant (Singh, Murthy, & Jayaprakasha, 2002). In this study, antioxidant activities of EEGR and standards are measured. DPPH• gives a strong absorption at 517 nm because of its odd electron. As this electron becomes paired off in the existence of a free radical scavenger, the absorption vanishes. Consequently, EEGS exhibits remarkable DPPH free radical scavenging activity. The decrease (p0.05) in the concentration of DPPH radical due to the scavenging ability of EEGR and standards is shown in figure 5. BHA and BHT were used as references radical scavengers in this study. The scavenging effect of EEGR and standards on the DPPH radical decreased in that order: BHA  Ginger  BHT (Figure 4). Figure 3. The ferrous ion (Fe+2) chelating activity. scavenging effect. Figure 4. The DPPH Total phenolic content The total phenolic contents of ethanolic extract ofginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) root is determined with Folin Ciocalteu reagent. The standard graph of gallic acid is drawn (r2: 0.994). The amount of total phenolic is determined from the standard graph equation as gallic acid equivalents per one mg of extract (GAE/mg extract). As can be seen in Table 1, 136 µg/mg of gallic acid equivalent of phenolic content is calculated in 1 mg of EEGR. The correlation between the antioxidant capacities of EEGR and the standard graph of gallic acid is determined. According to this result, it says that the phenolic compounds contribute significantly to the antioxidant capacities of the root parts of of ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) plants. Total flavonoid content Flavonoids, including flavones, flavanols and tannins, are a class of secondary metabolites in plants. The consumption of the flavonoid containing fruits and vegetables has been linked to the protection against cancer and heart disease (Hertog, Hollman & Venema, 1992). Flavonoids are the most common group of polyphenolic compounds in the human diet and are found ubiquitously in plants. Quercetin is a well known plant-derived flavonoid; studies show that it may have antioxidant properties (Davis et al 2009). The standard graph of quercetin is drawn. The amount of total flavonoid is determined by this standard graph equation as quercetin equivalents per one mg of extract. The result of EEGR is found to be 15.4 µg QE/mg extract (Table 1). 91 �Total phenolic content (GAE) EEG (µg/mg) 136 Total flavonoid content (QE) 15.4 Table 1: Total phenolic and flavonoid contents of ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) Root Conclusions This study pointed out comparatively the potential antioxidant properties of ginger. According to the obtained data, ginger is found to be effective antioxidants in different in vitro assays including ferric thiocyanate method, reducing power and DPPH• scavenging activities when compared to standard antioxidant compounds such as BHA and BHT, synthetic antioxidants, -tocopherol, a natural antioxidant, and trolox which is water-soluble analogue of tocopherol. Besides, phenolic and flavonoid contents of ginger are determined as gallic acid and quercetin equivalent, standard phenolic and flavonoid compounds respectively. Also, according to the result obtained, ethanol extract of ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) root has effective antioxidant and antiradical capabilities, compared to standard antioxidant compounds. However, this extract doesn’t has good chelating power. The inhibition of lipid peroxidation in linoleic acid emulsion of EEGR is found to be higher than α-tocopherol, a standard antioxidant. The amount of total phenolic is approximately nine times of the amounts of total flavonoid in this extract. References Apak, R., Güçlü, K., Özyürek, M., & Karademir, S. E. (2004). Novel total antioxidant capacity index for dietary polyphenols and vitamins C and E, using their cupric ion reducing capability in the presence of neocuproine: CUPRAC method. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 52, 7970-7981. Bartley, J. P., & Jacobs, A. L. (2000) Effects of drying on flavour compounds in Australian-grown ginger (Zingiber officinale). Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 80, 209-215. Blois, M.S. (1958) Antioxidant determinations by the use of a stable free radical. Nature, 26, 1199–1200. Cristiane de Souza L., Soares de Araujo S. M., & Imbroisi D. O. (2004) Determination of the free radical scavenging activity of dihydropyran-2,4-diones. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters, 14, 5859–5861. Davis, J. M., Murphy, E. A., Carmichael, M. D., & Davis, B. (2009) Quercetin increases brain and muscle mitochondrial biogenesis and exercise tolerance. American Journal of Physiology- Regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology, 296, 1071-1077. Esmaeili, M. A., & Sonboli A. (2010) Antioxidant, free radical scavenging activities of Salvia brachyantha and its protective effect against oxidative cardiac cell injury. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 48, 846–853. Halliwell B., & Gutteridge J. M. (1989) Free radicals in biology and medicine. Clarendon Press: Oxford: pp. 23-30 Hertog, M.G.L., Hollman, P.C.H., & Venema, D.P. (1992). Optimization of a quantitative HPLC determination of potentially anticarcinogenic flavonoids in vegetables and fruits. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 40, 1591– 1598. Li, H. B., Wong, C. C., Cheng, K. W., & Chen, F. (2008) Antioxidant properties in vitro and total phenolic contents in methanol extracts from medicinal plants, LWT-Food Scıence and Technology, 41, 385–390. Lopez, V., Akerreta, S., Casanova, E., Garcia-Mina, J. M., Cavero, R. Y., & Calvo, M. I. (2007). In vitro antioxidant and anti-rhizopus activities of lamiaceae herbal extracts. Plant Foods Human Nutrition, 62, 151–155. Miller, N. J., Castelluccio, C., Tijburg, L., Rice-Evans, C. A. (1996) The antioxidant properties of thioflavines and their gallate esters-radical scavengers or metal chelator? FEBS Letters, 392, 40-44. 92 �Mitsuda, H., Yuasumoto, K., & Iwami, K. (1996) Antioxidation action of indole compounds during the autoxidation of linoleic acid. Eiyo to Shokuryo, 19, 210-214. Oyaizu, M. (1986). Studies on product of browning reaction prepared from glucose amine. Japan Journal of Nutrition, 44, 307–315. Park, E.J., Pizzuto, J.M., (2002). Botanicals in cancer chemoprevention. Cancer Metastasis Review 21, 231–255. Park, Y. K., Koo, M. H., Ikegaki, M., Contado, J. L., (1997) Comparison of the flavonoid aglycone contents of Apis mellifera propolis from various regions of Brazil. Arquivos de Biologiae Technologia, 40, 97-106. Rajapakse, N., Mendis, E., Byun, H. G., & Kim, S.K. (2005) Purification and in vitro antioxidative effects of giant squid muscle peptides on free radical-mediated oxidative systems. Journal of Nutrıtıonal Bıochemıstry, 16, 562–569. Re, R., Pellegrini, N., Proteggente, A., Pannala, A., Yang, M., & Rice-Evans, C. (1999) Antioxidant activity applying an improved ABTS radical cation decolorization assay. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 26, 1231–1237. Rice-Evans, C. A., Miller, N. T., & Paganga, G. (1997). Antioxidant properties of phenolic compounds. Trends in Plant Science , 4, 304–309. Roginsky, V., & Lissi E. A. (2005) Review of methods to determine chain breaking antioxidant activity in food. Food Chemistry, 92, 235–254. Singh, R. P., Murthy, K. N. C., & Jayaprakasha, G. K. (2002) Studies on the antioxidant activity of pomegranate (Punica granatum) peel and seed extracts using in vitro models. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 50, 81-86. Singleton, V. L., Orthofer, R., & Lamuela-Raventŏs, R. M., (1999) Analysis of total phenols and other oxidation substrates and antioxidants by means of Folin-Ciocalteu Reagent. Methods in Enzymology, 299, 152–178. Spencer, J. P. E., (2008). Flavonoids: Modulators of brain function? The British Journal of Nutrition, 99, 60-77. Sun, B., & Fukuhara, M. (1997) Effects of co-administration of butylated hydroxytoluene, butylated hydroxyanisole and flavonoids on the activation of mutagens and drug metabolizing enzymes in mice. Toxicology, 122: 61-72 Vijaya Kumar Reddy, C., Sreeramulu, D., & Raghunath, M. (2010). Antioxidant activity of fresh and dry fruits commonly consumed in India. Food Research International, 43, 285–288. Willet, W.C., (1994). Diet and healt: What should we eat? Science, 264, 532-537. Zhu, Q. Y., Hackman R. M., Ensunsa, J. L., Holt, R., & Keen, C. L. (2002) Antioxidative activities of oolong tea. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 50, 6929-6934. 93 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 338 Title A name given to the resource In vitro Antioxidant Properties and Phenolic Content of Ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) Root Author Author Bursal, Ercan Köksal, Ekrem Gülçin, İlhami Abstract A summary of the resource. Ginger root is one of the most widely used plants for medicinal aims in Anatolia. Determination of antioxidant properties and of phenolic contents traditionally used plants is important in respect to pharmacologic studies. In this study, antioxidant properties and phenolic content of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) root are investigated. Antioxidant activity of plant is measured with ferric thiocyanate method, reducing power and metal chelating assays. Also, antiradical activity of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) root is measured with 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH•) radical scavenging activity. Additionally total phenolic content of plant are determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu reactive method. Butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), α-tocopherol and trolox were used as standard antioxidants for comparison. It has been show that ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) root have gat antioxidant and antiradical properties and there is the correlation between these properties and phenolic and flavonoid contents of plant. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed Q Science (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/81640422feed398c1c1bc7e9ca412a8c.pdf 127dc3e200c9a97e724eb43c3dc56ae7 PDF Text Text How can Agricultural Extension System in Turkey be Sustainable? Assoc. Dr. Murat Boyaci Ege University Agricultural Faculty Department of Agricultural Economics, Izmir-Turkey murat.boyaci@ege.edu.tr Abstract: In the study, extension services were examined through interpretation of data collected up to 1104 public and contracted extension workers. Turkish extension system is influenced by general and training-visit approaches which were employed in the past. The approaches employed are mainly directed to conventional production and yield increases using a top-down process and gives little place for human resources development and sustainable agriculture within Turkish extension system. Keywords: Agricultural extension; technology transfer in agriculture; sustainable extension Introduction Agricultural extension has contributed to agricultural production and development within the past century. Extension also has an important role in sustainable development and international trade competition with today’s knowledge based globe (Van der Bor, Brydan, Fuller, 1995; Csaki, 1999). Extension systems require decentralized, pluralized, client orientated and sustainable structures for adapting to today’s improvements (Wagemans, 1990; Roling, 1989). Agriculture takes a considerable part in Turkish economy with a 9% share in GNP, 29.5% share in employment, and 4.25% share in the export value (http://www.tuik.gov.tr). Public extension activities in Turkey are dominated and conducted by Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs (MARA). Besides public financed, through the radical transformation on the financial support of farmers in agricultural extension was planned by “Village-Centered Agricultural Production Support Project” (KOYMER) in 2004. The first year salaries of advisors were completely paid by government but to additional government payments, farmer contributions were objected as 5% and 10% shares in following two years of the project. At the end of KOYMER project, a new project which is titled as “Development of Agricultural Extension Project (TAR-GEL)” has been implemented on 1th of January 2007. All KOYMER extension workers have been employed as contract based in public extension organizations (TEDGEM, 2009; ZMO, 2005). Present farming systems cause serious environmental problems. In many countries soil erosion and chemical pollution endanger the future of agriculture. Pollution of agricultural products limits the marketability of these products. These problems can only be tackled by collective decision making by farmers and other stakeholders (Van den Ban, 2005). The important components of sustainable development such as farmer participation, multi-actors cooperation, and the targets of extension had been examined for defining how sustainable the extension system in Turkey. For this goal, extension activities, objectives and target groups had been examined according to the regions. The other aspect in extension is financial sustainability unfortunately the farmers are mostly unwilling to pay for extension in developing countries. This reluctance causes to unsustainable activity and financial mechanism, and continue the public dominant structure in extension services. The study is focusing on extension activities directing to sustainable development. 103 �Material and Method The data have been taken from two formerly conducted researches on public extension services by Boyaci (2007) and contracted extension services by Boyaci and Arslan (2007) in Turkey. The purposive sampling for the selection of provinces according to agricultural zones for public extension services and although, all 1023 contracted advisors around the country were planned to including but, 566 of them filled the questionnaires. As the result, 538 public and 566 contracted totally 1104 extension workers participated in the study. The questionnaires were posted to the advisors addresses and/or extension organizations. Furthermore, up to 650 questionnaires were filled through mutually interviews. All field level technical staff who works to enhance the living standards of rural people was identified as extensionist/extension worker in the study. The data had been analyzed and interpreted by using statistical tests such as percentages, likert scale, Chi square, Kruskal Wallis, correspondence analysis and multidimensional scaling. Regions Marmara Ege Mediterranean Central Anatolia Black Sea Eastern Anatolia South-Eastern Anatolia Total Missing Total Frequency 146 222 83 158 236 107 150 1102 2 1104 Percent 13.2 20.1 7.5 14.3 21.4 9.7 13.6 100 --- Table 1: Sustainable extension (public and contracted advisors) Result and Discussion Extension coverage and expenditures The level of extension coverage, as measured by the ratio of extension worker to farmer, widely differs according to countries and regions of the world. The worldwide average is about one extension worker for every 2000 economically active people in agriculture (less than 400 farmers in developed countries). It is supposed that extension organizations are able to reach only 10% of their clients in the world (Feder, et al, 1999, Swanson et al, 1989). According to the findings, each extension worker serves 437 farmers and 496 hectar of land (furthermore, one veterinarian/technician serves 9730.4 cattle and sheep) in Turkey. Well-managed extension systems with adequate funding give relatively high rates of return on the financial investment. Optimally, it is suggested that at least 40% of an extension’s budget should go for programming and operational costs to give extension personnel adequate resources for traveling, teaching aids, publications, and field demonstrations (Feder, et al, 1999; Swanson et al, 1989). Extension and research expenditures in EU Countries are higher than US$150 per farmer (DPT, 2003; Boyaci, 1996). In the research, annual extension (e.g. field trials, demonstrations, visual aids, etc) expenditures per farmer were calculated as US$1.6 respectively. By taking into consideration the total budget of the public extension organizations, the figure allocated per farmer reached to US$49.2 in Turkey. Some Characteristics of extension staff Age, education level, in-service training attendance, and occupational experience affect the performance of extension workers (Boyaci, 1998; Expere, 1974). The proportion of female extension personnel is considered as inadequate (FAO, 1990). According to the findings, in Turkey, the average age of an extensionist is 34.7, 26.2% are women and 65.6% of extensionists have farming experience. About 69% of the extension staff graduated from agricultural faculties and 15.3% of them have a master’s and/or Ph degrees. English is widely spoken as foreign languages by the extensionists (Table 2). 104 �Extension workers Public Contracted in public Total Gender Male Female Total Experience with farming Yes No Total Faculty graduated Agriculture Veterinarian Others Total Master and/or Ph Degrees Yes No Total Spoken languages English German French Others Total Frequency 538 566 1104 Percent 48.7 51.3 100.0 806 296 1102 73.1 26.2 100.0 723 381 1104 65.6 34.5 100.0 758 134 212 1104 68.7 12.1 19.2 100.0 169 935 1104 15.3 84.7 100.0 858 62 53 23 996 86.1 6.2 5.3 2.3 100.0 Table 2: Some personal characteristics of extension workers Occupational satisfaction level of extension staff was found as low especially, economic reason was seen behind the result. This low motivation causes the limited farm/farmer visits during the extension activities. Unfortunately, ecology lessons attending level is low (2.6). According to the likert scale level of language proficiencies was found as 2.3. This level has negative effect on following the world agenda. The considerable numbers of extension workers face the social and political pressures during the activities (Table 3). None 1 21.4 26.6 31.9 7.7 Satisfaction level Ecology lessons Language proficiencies To be under the social, political pressure 2 19.7 23.5 28.3 14.0 3 27.6 24.9 25.4 28.4 very much 4 5 15.6 15.8 14.4 10.5 9.7 4.8 30.0 19.9 Table 3: The levels of some components of sustainable extension Time allocated in extension Extension staff should devote all their working time exclusively to agricultural extension activities. They should not be assigned regulatory or administrative duty. In this context, the number of farm visits and time spent for extension activities are important indicators for performance evaluation in extension organizations. For example, more than 100 farm visits (Expere, 1974), or 8-20 farm visits in a week (TOKB, 1987) are reported by different sources. Extension workers in European Union member states spend 75% of their 105 �working time for farmer training activities (Boyaci, 1996). According to the findings, extension workers are responsible for an average of 5.6 different crops, spend 16 days for farm visits in a month; devote up to 52% of their time for farmer training in Turkey. Targeted topics and groups Extension workers mostly focused on profits form agriculture, emphasizing the need for inputs and market, and training for farmers. Social and biological aspects of sustainability (such as soil fertility) were scarcely mentioned (Lawrence, 1997). The initial focus of extension services is to improve basic agricultural practices such as plant protection, fertilization, etc. The reason behind these technical objectives aiming at intensification is the extension approach which is based on production and yield increase in Turkey. The priorities of extension workers can be summarized as production and yield increase, quality improvement, reduction of cost and others (Table 4). Objectives Production and yield increase Quality increase Cost reduction New/alternative crops Farmers organizations Environment Marketing Total Frequency 654 115 69 66 61 36 27 1028 Percent 63.6 11.2 6.7 6.4 5.9 3.5 2.6 100.0 Table 4: The objectives in extension The findings show that human resource development or related topics have very limited share in Turkish extension system. According to the regions the objectives of extension are different (Table 5). For instance, while production and yield increases are seen important for South Eastern Anatolia, new/alternative crops for Central Anatolia, crop quality for Ege and Blacksea, finally environment for Ege are the important objectives of extension services in Turkey. Furthermore, although 80% of the farms are small (Miran, 2006), the extension activities are usually directed towards the big (32.7%) and medium (34.6%) scale farms in Turkey. Women farmers (7.6%) and the poor (3.4%) are insufficiently taken consideration in extension. Small scale farmers have advantage on sustainable agricultural techniques such as ecologic farming, and integrated pest management etc. because of intensively requires manpower applications. Regions Marmara Ege Mediterranean Central Anatolia Black Sea Eastern Anatolia South-Eastern Anatolia Total ** <0.05 number Mean rank Chi-square df Asymp sig 126 214 503.2 548.3 20.932** 6 .002 79 155 228 100 124 1026 490.5 555.7 514.6 498.7 435.8 According to the answers the share of extension activities is 49%; bureaucratic 29%; self education 13.9%; and other 8.1% in Turkey. Normally extension share must be higher for system effectiveness. As the result of multi-crop farming system in Turkish agriculture, extension workers are responsible for about 5.8 different crops and an adviser realizes 16 farm visits in a month. Education levels of farmers targeted is 5.7 106 �years. Extension workers mentioned 37% of target farmers were under 40 years old. Middle age and male farmers are explained as more frequently target groups. The 90s has already been called the environmental decade. It s important for extension to identify effective and efficient educational delivery systems of environmental issues (Radhakrishna et,al., 1991). According to the extension workers’ explanations, farmers mostly demand information on plant protection but, environmental matters have very limited share (Table 6). Topics consulted Plant protection Cultivation Economic topics Fertilizing Environmental topics Total Frequency 446 278 214 54 23 1015 Percent 43.9 27.4 21.1 5.3 2.3 100.0 Table 6: The topics consulted by farmers The topics consulted by farmers are changing according to regions. The plant protection applications are the most consulting in Marmara and Mediterranean Regions, furthermore, the farmers in Marmara Region also ask for more information about environmental topics (Table 7). Investments on extension can be financed by adoption of innovations/advices (Strauss et al., 1991). Extension for sustainable agriculture is not a matter of passing on the message. It requires a learning process and change in mentality, for farmers and extensionists (Proost, 1994). According to the extensionists, 52.7% of the farmers accept the extension suggestions in Turkey. Traditionalism, insufficient farmers’ circumstances, low education levels and limited information of farmers were mentioned by extension workers in the study as the reasons for low adoption levels. The adoption levels of extension advices are higher in Mediterranean, Marmara and Central Anatolia regions than the other regions (Table 8). Regions econom y Cultivatio n Plant protection Fertili zation envir onme nt 2 7 3 1 2 4 4 23 Chi square Df P value Marmara 26 30 65 5 128 51.764** Ege 46 53 89 8 203 Mediterranean 8 20 44 5 80 Central Anatolia 32 53 58 12 156 Black Sea 40 57 109 18 226 Eastern Anatolia 33 31 23 4 95 South-Eastern A 29 34 56 2 125 Total 214 278 444 54 1013 *** <0.05 Table 7: According to the regions the topics consulted by farmers (chi square test) 24 .001 Regions Total number Mean rank Chi-square df Asymp sig Marmara Ege 125 199 515.8 469.7 47.3876*** 6 .000 Mediterranean Central Anatolia Black Sea Eastern Anatolia South-Eastern Anatolia Total 75 153 216 92 125 985 687.1 512.9 443.1 446.1 487.3 107 �*** <0.01 Table 8: The adoption level of extension advices, Kruskal Wallis Test Program Preparation The program guides the staff and gives the indicators to the managers for monitoring and evaluating of activities. Furthermore, the program helps to sustain coordination of different actors in agriculture (Oakley and Garforth, 1992). The focus of effective environmental management is the using of a systematic approach to planning, controlling, measuring, and improving an operations environmental effort (Harrison, 2002). Program preparing tendencies were not found at the intended level in Turkey. According to the likert scale as “always to never (5 to 1)”, the average value of program preparing tendency of extension workers was calculated as 3.4. Approximately 20% of extension staff are not preparing program during their works. Today’s complicated activities and relations necessitate strong coordination among the actors. To be relevant and responsive to client concerns requires regular feedback at each level throughout the extension systems. Public dominant structure is restricted to contributions and relations with private companies and chambers of agriculture in the extension system. In the study, less than 5.0% of extension staff was declared to influence the local and farmer organizations on extension. Employed extension approaches The approaches guide the objectives, programs, clients, linkages, methods, and financing components of extension (Axinn, 1988). The Ministry and the National Research Institutes have dominantly directed the priorities and the information flows in developing countries. The new approaches in world agenda encourage farmer participation in extension programs as analyzers and problem definers and thus, help sustainable development (Rogers, 1993; Chambers, 1994). The most effective, pedagogic way to come to an understanding of complex issues is “learning by doing”, “action learning”, and “discovery learning”. All these principles stress the need to get involved in action and debate in order to build up experiences, share these with other people and learn more in an iterative process of action, reflection, self-evaluation and new action. Instead of being taught extension techniques, farmers are inspired to analyze their situation together, to put forward and try out their own ideas and known technical options. These experiences and lessons are then shared with other farmers and the larger community (Hagmann et al,1997). Extension workers intensively designate farmer problems via individual observations and/or interviews but, there is limited farmer participation in analyzing and problem solving processes in Turkey. This limited collaboration between actors is caused the low adoption rate of advices in extension system. Extension must understand the needs and problems of its clientele so it can select the appropriate information to help farmers understand their short and long term goals and provide them with tools for problem solving. The problems and the solutions are intensively decided by advisors themselves (Table 9). Human resources development approaches as the basic for sustainable development are insufficiently employed by extension services. Statements I and farmers jointly define the problems and but I find the solutions Farmers tell the problems I find the solutions I and farmers jointly define the problems and we also find the solutions jointly I define the problems and I find the solutions Total Frequency 404 248 239 percent 40.3 24.7 23.8 112 1003 11.2 100.0 Table 9: The statement identified on the problem definition process in extension The regions and sustainable extension system Turkey’s agricultural extension policy does not specifically focus on introducing sustainable agricultural production practices into the agricultural system. Existing efforts on sustainable agricultural production methods are mentioned as limited and nonsystematic (Kumuk and Akgungor, 1995). The significant 108 �variables for sustainability and performance increasing in the system were used in the multi-dimensional scaling analysis for examining the similarities of the regions. The variables can be divided in three groups such as individual characteristics of extension workers, cooperation with local actors and extension activities (Table 10). Individual characteristics Occupational experience Language proficiency attending to sociology class attending to extension class attending to ecology class Occupational satisfaction Cooperation with local actors effect of cooperatives effect of chamber of agriculture effect of local administration effect of farmers harmony with the chambers of agriculture harmony with the cooperatives problem discussion with the farmers harmony with the farmers’ priorities harmony with the farmers’ conditions individual interviews Extension activities Devoted time for extension Devoted time for bureaucratic works Devoted time for self-learning Crop numbers Numbers of farm/er visit 40 and younger farmers served 41 and elder group of farmers served Education levels of farmers advice adoption level of farmers to be under the pressure program preparing Table 10: The variables using for Multidimensional Scaling (MDS) According to these variables the regions have been grouped by multi-dimensional scaling (Stress = ,03813; RSQ = ,99725) as Marmara, Eastern, Blacksea and Central Regions (Group I); and the Southeastern, Ege, and Mediterranean Regions (Group II). The average situation of Turkey (TR) has taken place within Group I as shown in the model. During MDS an ideal region has been established for comparing the existing and objected/idealized situations. The exist situation in both region groups are quite far from the idealized situation of extension sustainability (Figure 1). Derived Stimulus Configuration Euclidean distance model ,6 southeas ,4 meditrn ege ,2 tr marmara eastern Dimension 2 -,0 ideal -,2 blacksea central -,4 -,6 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 Dimension 1 Figure 1: Region groups (MDS) Mounting environmental problems call for new elements in our higher education curricula. Students should not only gain awareness of the environmental aspects related to their own discipline but should also acquire the ability to apply their specialist knowledge and understanding in multidisciplinary teams (Barendse and Hoek, 1996). For reaching ideal situation, individually extension staff must be well educated on sustainable farming practices and participatory extension approaches. Local participation is seen as the main 109 �requirement for system sustainability. Farmers take place not only problem defining but also, solution finding phases. Extension is long term process and needs regular following of farmers’ applications and extension advices. As a result of these devoted times for self learning and extension activities are important components of extension performance. Conclusion In a rapidly changing world, farming is becoming increasingly knowledge intensive activity that requires transformation on concepts and approaches of rural development. In this context future extension systems are assumed to be decentralized with highly skilled facilitator at the local level, and likely to be expanded to include various actors with different interests. The improvements in agricultural development approaches and alternative systems are not just a question of technology there are important social, economic and institutional issues as well (Roling, 1993). Extensions mission is to develop an integrated and multidisciplinary education plan that focuses on helping its clientele implement sustainable agricultural systems. In addition, Extension must design a program to meet the challenges of producing an abundant, healthy food supply while maintaining the quality of life and preserving natural resources (Ball, 2007). Sustainable extension has two dimensions as system working and objectives. Fiscal sustainability has been a generic problem for large-scale agricultural extension systems in developing countries high-cost national systems have been significantly scaled down or discontinued altogether in large part because the fiscal demands they placed on public budgets were not sustainable (Quizon et al, 2001). In both, Turkish extension system is not at intended level. Neither financing nor planning phases are not included the farmers in Turkish extension system. While the activities have directed to conventional farming, the small farmers, women and disadvantage groups also have very limited priorities in the system. In briefly, low technology adoption levels, intensifying on only production increase, limited local participation have been emphasized as the common disorders. In short term, public extension has to give place for ecological farming and sustainable development and both systems have to intensify on capacity building. Basically, the actors must have metamorphosis on utilizing approaches via participatory learning and sustainable basis. Based upon the findings and recent improvements in the world agenda, some suggestions can be made for developing countries and sustainable development in agricultural extension as follows: 1. Sustainable agriculture needs extensive consultation with the local actors. 2. The local actors not only take place but, must stay on the table in all stages of extension. 3. By considering the locations more flexible and participatory approaches must be employed in extension system. 4. Fundamentally, 15-20 extension workers must be trained on sustainable farming and participatory approaches as the core team for each province. 5. Sustainable farming practices, environmental management, health and safety farming skills are addressed as top priorities during the planning phase. 6. Agricultural chemical usage is not the only solution to farming problems, and farmers need to develop better understanding of diseases and their control. This needs to employ participatory approaches for collectively analyzing and creating the problems and their solutions. 7. The planning is important element of extension works. The activities should be based on the plan. The plans should include improved farming practices covering reduced cultivation/tillage, reduced fertilization and efficient water usage besides “clean” produce (Anonymous, 2000). The plan should be prepared locally and in a holistic manner. Acknowledgment: The study have been prepared from the data of two former researches such as “A Research on Using And Improving of Information And Communication Technologies in Agricultural Extension in Turkey”, The Scientifıc and Technical Research Council of Turkey Agriculture, Forestry, and Veterinary Science Research Grant Group” (Project No: 104O130-2007) and “A Research on Workings of Agricultural Consulting Model in Turkey”, Ege University Scientific Research Project Report (Project No: 2005-ZRF-020- 2007). 110 �References Anonymous, 2000, Education and Training Plan for Sustainable Agriculture in the Sydney Region NSW Department of Agriculture, p103. Axinn, G, 1988 Guide on Alternative Extension Approaches, FAO, Rome, Italy, p148. Ball, S., 2007, Sustainable Agriculture: Cooperative Extension Service’s Strategic Plan for Now Mexico, http://cahe.nmsu.edu/pub Barendse J. and Hoek, D.,1996, Interdisciplinary project teams on agriculture and environment: A problem-oriented approach, Eur J.Agric.Educ. Ext, Vol:1 No:3 pp.24-36. Boyaci and Arslan 2007 A Research on Workings of Agricultural Consulting Model in Turkey, Ege University Scientific Research Project Report Proje No: 2005-ZRF-020 p87. Boyaci M., 2007, A Research on Using And Improving of Information And Communication Technologies in Agricultural Extension in Turkey, The Scientifıc and Technical Research Council of Turkey Agriculture, Forestry, and Veterinary Science Research Grant Group Project No: 104O130 p106 Boyacı, M., 1996, Avrupa Birligi Ulkelerinde ve Turkiye‘de Tarimsal Yayim, E.U.Tarimsal Uygulama ve Arastirma Merkezi, Yayim Serisi (3), E.U. Basimevi, Bornova, 21s. Boyacı, M., 1998, Tarimsal Bilgi ve Teknoloji/Enformasyon Akis Sisteminin Ozellikleri, Sorunlari ve Cozum Onerileri Uzerine Bir Arastirma: Manisa Đli Ornegi, EU. Fen Bilimleri Enstitusu, Tarim Ekonomisi Anabilim Dalı, doktora tezi (basılmamış) 182s. Carol, L., 1989, Scanning the environment, JOE, Fall, Vol:27, N:3 http://www.joe.org Chambers, R., 1994, Challenging the Proffessions, Frointers For Rural Development, Intermadiate Technology Publications, p143. Csaki, C.,1999, Agricultural higher education in transforming Central and Eastern Europe, Agricultural Economics 21 pp109-120. DPT, 2003, On Ulusal Kalkinma Plani (2004-2006) Mevcut Ekonomik ve Sosyal Durum, Ankara, 186s. Expere, J.A., 1974, A Comparative Study of Job Performance Under Two Approaches to Agricultural Extension Organization, Land Tenure Centre, Research Paper (61), USA, p62. FAO, 1990, Organization and Overview of the Global Consultation on Agricultural Extension, Swanson, B. E (Ed), Report, Rome, Italy, p217. Feder, G., et al, 1999, Agricultural Extension Generic Challenges and Some Ingredients for Solutions, The World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 2129, Washington DC., p32. Hagmann J. et al,1997 From teaching to learning, ILEA Newsletter, October, pp 26/27. Harrison, D. 2002, Managing for sustainable agriculture, JOE, Vol:40, N.4 p6, http://www.joe.org http://www.tuik.gov.tr, 9.4.2010 Kumuk T. and Akgungor, S., 1995, The role of public extension in introducing environment-friendly farming methods in Turkey, Eur J.Agric.Educ. Ext, Vol:1 No:4 pp.65-74. Lawrence, A., 1997, What does sustainability mean? ILEA Newsletter, April, p17 111 �Oakley, P., and Garforth, C., 1992, Guide to Extension Training, FAO Training Series No:11, Rome Italy, p144. Proost, M., 1994, Evaluation of the extension on crop protection in the Netherlands, Eur J.Agric.Educ. Ext, Vol:1 No:2 pp.15-30. Quizon J. et al, 2001, Fiscal Sustainability of Agricultural Extension: The Case of the Farmer Field School Approach, March, Development Research Group, The World Bank, p17. Radhakrishna B.R, et,al. 1991, Informing farmers on environmental issues, JOE, Fall, Vol:29, N. 3, http://www.joe.org Rogers, A., 1993, Third generation extension towards and alternative model, Extension Bulletin (3), The University of Reading, Reading, UK. Röling, N., 1993, Agricultural knowledge and environmental regulation in The Netherlands, a case study of the crop protection plan, Sociologia Ruralis 33 (22), Department of Extension Science, Agricultural University, Wageningen, Netherlands, pp261-280. Roling, N., 1989. The Agricultural Research Technology Transfer Interface: A Knowledge System Perspective, ISNAR, Hague, Netherlands. Strauss, J. et al., 1991, Role of Education and Extension in The Adoption of Technology: A Study of Upland Rice and Soybean Farmers in Central-West Brazil, Yale University Economic Growth Center, Paper (456), Connecticut, USA., p20. Swanson B.E., et al, 1989, The current status of extension worldwide, Global Consultation on Agricultural Extension, Swanson B.E. (ed), FAO, Rome, Italy, pp. 43-76 TEDGEM, 2009, http://www.tedgem.gov.tr/koymer.html, 01.09.2009 TOKB, 1987, TYUAP, Yayim Klavuzu, Bolum 1, Ankara, 28s. Van den Ban, A.W., 2005, Changes in society require changes in agricultural extension: some observations, Rural Development News, Volume 2, LBL, CH, 8315 Lindau, pp.26-33 Van der Bor, Brydan M and, Fuller, M., 1995; Rethinking higher agricultural education in a time of globalization and rural restructuring, Journal of Agricultural Education and Extension, Vol. 2, Number 3, pp 29-40. Wagemans, M.C.H. 1990, Analysis the role of information in planning: the case of town and country planning, Knowledge in Society, The International Journal of Knowledge Transfer, Vol: 3 (4), pp:72-90. ZMO, 2005, Proje Kapsaminda Calisan Ziraat Muhendisleri Kaderleriyle Bas Basa Kaldi, Tarim ve Muhendislik Dergisi, Sayi:75, Sayfa:42. 112 �Determination of Stomata Densities of Some American Grape Rootstocks in Eğirdir/Isparta Seçkin GARGIN Eğirdir Horticultural Research Institute Eğirdir/Isparta Turkey secking32@hotmail.com Abstract It was aimed to determine stomata density of 10 different American grape rootstocks (5BB, 110R, 99R, SO4, 1616C, Rup. Du Lot, Harmony, Fercal, Dodridge, Ramsey) which were located in Eğirdir Horticultural Research Institute in this research. On leaves on 6th node of shoots for each rootstock were collected to determine stomata density in July. Preparations were made using nail varnish on five different parts of leaf. Stomata numbers were counted from area of 0.066 mm2 by using 10 x 40 magnification of light microscope. The results converted to number of stomata/mm2. Stomata density changed between 61 and 141 stomata/mm2. The lowest and highest stomata density was obtained from Rup Du Lot rootstock with 61 stomata/mm2 and Ramsey rootstock with 141 stomata/mm2 respectively. Introduction Stomata has an important role in epidermis tissue for plant gas taking and giving. They have already different from epidermis cells. They occur from two cells in shape of bean or kidney. These two cells convex surfaces come together and form stomata cell (Vardar, 1969). Stomatas can be found in the all parts of the plants except roots. Stomatas are small pores and generally can be found in epidermis tissue (Kaçar, 1989). Stomatas make gas diffusion by perspiration with cellular cavities and they control water and plant ratio in plants. Stomatatas in the leaves have an important role in adaptation to environmental factors (Salisbury, 1992). Stomata means “mouth“ in Greek language. Stomatas have important roles in photosynthesis and perspiration in plants. Stomatas can be found in plant tissues and especially they can be found in the bottom surface of Vitis leaves. They are in anomocytic type and surrounded by neighborhood cells (Ağaoğlu, 1999). Stomata density can vary according to plant species, varieties, ecology and cultivation practices. Stomata density can be affected by exogenous and indigenous factors (Kaiser, 2001). Leaf maturity and position of the leaves on the shoots affect stomata density (Düzenli and Ağaoğlu, 1992). 1.000 – 60.000 stomata can be found generally in 1 cm² leaf surface depending on plant species and environment. Stomata number can change for same plants which are grown greenhouse and natural conditions (Bozcuk, 1997). Stomatas take CO2 for photosynthesis and also take out water with transportation. Transpiration affects root pressure and prevents leaves from excess heating (Eriş, 1992). Breeding Vitis studies main aim is to increase resistance for drought. Drought resistance is thought to occur from using water efficiently and proportion photosynthesis to transpiration (Duering, 1999). Grapevine is a mezofit plant but like ksefofıt plants. It is resistant to drought that it can be caused by intense stomata density and resistant to drought tolerance correlation (Düzenli and Ağaoğlu, 1992; Kara and Özeker, 1999; Maraşalı and Aktekin, 2003). Also it is known that mesofit plants abscisic acid high levels are more effective for drought tolerance than kserofits. Some varieties can have different stomata number in natural conditions and green house conditions. This event strengthens the thesis about environmental factors affect the stomata number. Plants which are grown in drought conditions it is more important to evaluate their stomata densities according to the variety and ecological conditions. 113 �This study was conducted to determine stomata numbers of 10 different American Grape rootstocks (5BB, 110R, 99R, SO4, 1616C, Rup Du Lot, Harmony, Fercal, Dodridge, Ramsey) in Eğirdir ecological conditions. Material and Method This study’s main material was 10 different American grape rootstock ( 5BB, 110R, 99R, SO4, 1616C, Rup. Du Lot, Harmony, Fercal, Dodridge, Ramsey) which were cultivated in Eğirdir Horticultural Research Institute. Position of leaf on the shoot affects stomata number (Düzenli and Ağaoğlu, 1992). For this reason each rootstock’s leaves were taken from the sixth node (same for all varieties) in July. Leaves were taken from same thickness of shoots with 10 replicates. Colorless nail vanish was used in order to extract samples from the leaves. Samples were prepared from different places on the leaves. Nail vanish was dripped 1-2 drops on the bottom surface of leaf and when it was dried, it was taken off like a pattern form the leaf by the help of a gillette. After the sample was put on a lam and 1-2 water drop was dripped on lam, was covered with lamella (Mısırlı and Aksoy, 1994). Stomata count was done in a 0.066 mm² area by a light microscope with 10X40 magnificent. Stomata numbering 1 mm² was calculated from proportional calculation. Counted stomata numbers were statistically analyzed by Jump software programme. Results and Discussion Stomata density changed between 61 and 141 stomata /mm2. The lowest and highest stomata density was obtained from Rup. Du Lot rootstocks with 61 stomata /mm2 and Ramsey rootstock with 141 stomata /mm2 respectively as seen in table 1. Stomata density (number/mm2) 141 136 133 132 131 117 108 98 90 61 Rootstock name Ramsey 110 R Dodridge 99 R 5 BB Fercal 1616 C Harmony SO 4 Rup Du Lot Table 1. Rootstock stomata density in a 1 mm² area First stomata number researches in Vitis species have been started in 19th century last times. First study about stomata number of Vitis was Müller-Thurgau’s “Ampalographische Berichte” in 1882. He counted “Riesling” variety that it had 186 stomata/mm² on the bottom of the leaves (Oraman,1972). Düzenli and Ağaoğlu (1992), found that Razakı grape variety had more stomata number than the other varieties. Razakı grape variety can be grown in different ecological conditions. Razakı variety may be more resistant than other varieties for drought. Other studies showed that stomata number could vary according to ecological conditions. For example Çavuş grape variety stomatas were counted 187 stomata /mm² in Marmara and 277 stomata /mm² in Ankara ecological conditions (Eriş and Soylu 1990). Hegedüs (1974) determined that stomata numbers and volumes could vary in the different places of same plant. He determined that stomata numbers of some varieties Sultani Çekirdeksiz 216, Hafızali 194, Portugieser 206, Pinot Gris 164, Weisse Gutedel 183, Müller Thurgau 158, 5 C rootstock 209, Rup Du Lot’da 171, Portalis’de (Vitis Riparia) 194 stomata/mm². Duering (1980) counted the mature leaves of Vitis rupestris 114 �and Vitis cinerea and determined 174 stomata /mm² and 349 stomata /mm² respectively. They determined that stomata number could rarely vary in the same plant’s same leaf. Scienza and Boselli (1981), studied about stomata dimensions and they reported that stomata dimensions can be affected from the genotype and position of the leaf on the shoot. Biggest stomata numbers were 1103 P and 3309 rootstocks, 157-11C and 140 R had the lowest stomata number. They determined the stomata number differences between grape varieties and rootstocks. When stomata numbers are counted according to leaf maturity, young leaves have more stomatas than mature leaves. Also it was reported that if there wasn’t a much water stress, irrigation conditions wouldn’t have an important effect on stomata number (Marasalı and Aktekin, 2003). It is necessary to research ABA synthesis and like similar factors about stomata density for drought resistance. Yuvarlak çekirdeksiz grape variety grafted on 99 R and 110 R rootstocks had been determined 284.4 and 294.8 stomata numbers respectively. Stomata numbers were determined more than grafted on the other rootstocks. Stomata number had been evaluated statistically important in this study. Stomata number differences had been evaluated also in different studies. For example in a study Vitis species stomata densities had been determined and average stomata number had been found 198.3 stomata /mm². Stomata density of Vitis berlanderi was determined 143.6 stomata /mm² and Vitis cardifolia was determined 302 stomata/ mm². Stomata density of Muscadinia rotundifolia was determined 407.7 stomata /mm². Diploid’s average stomata density was 182.4 stomata/mm²and tetrapolid’s average stomata density was 114 stomatamm² (Shiraishi and et. all 1996). Jump software programmes analyse results are given in below. Source Model Error C. Total DF Sum of Squares 9 36116,254 39 9191,950 48 45308,204 Mean Square 4012,92 235,69 F Ratio 17,0262 Prob > F <,0001 Table 2. Analysis of Variance Level RAMSEY 110 R DODRĐDGE 99 R 5 BB FERCAL 1616 C HARMONY SO 4 RUP DU. LOT A A A A A B B B B B C C C D D Least Sq Mean 141,60000 136,20000 133,25000 132,60000 131,20000 117,20000 107,80000 98,00000 70,20000 60,80000 Table 3. Groups of LSD Test Levels not connected by same letter are significantly different. Conclusion Some grape rootstocks had been evaluated for stomata density in this study and rootstocks had been found statiscally significantly important for stomata density. Stomata density may vary according to ecological conditions and cultivation practices in Vitis. Stomata density gets higher by losing water with transpiration but it has not been proved clearly up to now. But sometimes it is seen that stomata density get high in irrigated conditions. Stomata density researches must be continued because of these reasons. Stomata numbers and densities must be evaluated and expect stomata density, stomatata pores, stomata index, transpiration ratios distances between stomatas must be evaluated. Drought resistance and stress 115 �studies are getting more important in nowadays stomata studies with plant physiology must be done continuously with the other subjects concerning stomata. References Ağaoğlu, Y.S. (1999). Scienfitc and Practical Viticulture Volume 1. Kavaklıdere Education Publishing, No 1. Ankara. Bozcuk S. (1997). Plant Physiology. 2. Edition Ankara Univ. Science Faculty Publishing 48-56 Ankara. Duering, H. (1980). Stomata frequency of leaves of Vitis Species and Cultivars. Vitis 19:91-98. Duering, H. (1999). Improvement of Drought Tolerance of Grapevines by Breeding (in German). Berichte Über Landwirtschaft Germany 77 (1) 43-48. Düzenli, S. (1983). Researchs on Stomata Features and Effect of Acetil salicilic Acid on Stomata Movements for Some Vitis Species and Grape Garieties. 2.Edition Ankara Univ. Science Faculty Publishing (Doctora thesis). Ankara. Düzenli, S. and Ağaoğlu, Y.S. (1992). Effects of Leaf Age and Position of the Leaves for Stomata Density in Some Vitis Vinifera L. Doğa-Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry 16, (63-72). Eriş A., and Soylu A. (1990). Stomatatal Density in Various Turkish Grape Cultivars (Proceedings of the 5th. International Symposium on Grape Breeding, 12-16 September 1989, Germany). Vitis Special Đssue 382-389, Đzmir. Eriş, A. (1992). Special Viticulture. Uludağ University Publishing. Bursa. Kaiser, H., and L. Kappen. (2001). Stomatatal Oscillations at Small Apertures: Indications for a Fundamental Insufficiency of Stomatatal Feedbackcontrol Inherent in the Stomatatal Turgor Mechanism. J. Exp. Bot. (52):1303-1313. Kaçar, B. (1989). Plant Physiology . Ankara University Science Faculty Publishing no:1153, p:323. Kara, S. and Özeker, E. (1999). Researchs About Leaf Features and Stomata Densities of Yuvarlak çekirdeksiz Grape Variety Grafted on Different Rootstocks. (Journal of Aegean Agricultural Research Institute) Volume 9:76-85. Marasalı, B. and Aktekin, A. (2003). Comparision of Some Grape Cultivars Stomata Densities Irrigated, 9(3): 370-372. Mısırlı, A. and Aksoy, U. (1994). Researchs About Leaf Features and Stomata Densities of Some Yellow Fig Clons. Ege Univ. Agricultural Faculty, Journal Volume 31 :57-63, Đzmir. Oraman, M. N. (1972). Viticulture Technics. II, Ankara University Science Faculty Publishing No: 470, Ankara. Salisbury, F.B. and Ross, C.W. (1992). Plant Physiology. Fourth Edition. Wadsworth Publishing Company, California. Shiraishi. Et all. (1996). Preliminary Survey on Stomatatal Density and Length of Grapevine. Journal of The Faculty of Agriculture Kyushu University. Japan, 41 (1-2) 11-15. Vardar, Y. (1969). Plant Anatomy Lessons. Ege University Science Faculty Publishing. p93- 99 Đzmir. 116 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 340 Title A name given to the resource How can Agricultural Extension System in Turkey be Sustainable? Author Author Boyaci, Assoc. Dr. Murat Abstract A summary of the resource. In the study, extension services were examined through interpretation of data collected up to 1104 public and contracted extension workers. Turkish extension system is influenced by general and training-visit approaches which were employed in the past. The approaches employed are mainly directed to conventional production and yield increases using a top-down process and gives little place for human resources development and sustainable agriculture within Turkish extension system. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed Q Science (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/112c9ea588a51351ec5948bddf70db2b.pdf aa1d7539acd82b2cfe902579f662fe4a PDF Text Text A Computer Based Flexible Real Time Fuel Controller System Implementation for Four-Cylinder Internal Combustion Engines Barış Boru Sakarya Üniversitesi Teknik Eğitim Fakültesi Elektronik-Bilgisayar Eğitimi, 54187 Esentepe/Sakarya barisb@sakarya.edu.tr Halil Đbrahim Eskikurt Sakarya Üniversitesi Teknik Eğitim Fakültesi Elektronik-Bilgisayar Eğitimi, 54187 Esentepe/Sakarya eskikurt@sakarya.edu.tr Adnan Parlak Sakarya Üniversitesi Teknik Eğitin Fakültesi Makine Eğitimi, 54187 Esentepe/Sakarya parlak@sakarya.edu.tr Abstract: In this study, a computer and microcontroller based fuel control system for fourcylinder internal combustion engines has been designed and some applications have been implemented. Fuel control system designed for real time control the amount of fuel in alternative fuel applications. System is suitable to use with both diesel and petrol engines. A Graphical User Interface has been designed in computer side. The pc programme uses Fuzzy Logic, Neural Networks and Curve Fitting calculation methods. The percentage of the fuel to be sprayed has been defined according to the engine speed, load and fuel rack or throttle position got from the engine. These physical signals have been controlled and read by microcontroller based electronic circuit. Communication has been set using RS232 standard between PC and microcontroller. Introduction Energy as the most important input for economic and social development, has been took place in all world countries as an important agenda about 1970's (Tekin et al.,2004). Having limited amount of oil resources, which is decreasing rapidly, economic and political differences, dependence on foreign countries and the air pollution are important problems for all countries. To reduce the dependency on oil and to minimize the problems about potential oil crisis in the future has brought up the researches about alternative fuels (Çetinkaya et al.,1997, Salman et al, 1990). Using of fossil fuels and environmental awareness, has made the engineers and scientists to oriented develop of clean, renewable and sustainable energy system (Yüksel et al., 2002, Borat et al., 1992) The reduction of harmful and pollutant emissions and the improvement of the engine performance are today's most popular research subjects. For this purpose, many studies are performed by researchers and automotive manufacturers. Lots of researches can be found in literature about using alternative fuels instead of petrol or using alternative fuels with petrol. These researches have such aim like fuel costs lowering, increasing engine performance with the same cost and eliminating or lowering percentage of exhaust gases, harmful to atmosphere . These alternative fuels or substances are mostly alcohol, alternative fuels, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), biomass, natural gas, hydrogen, water and water vapour. These substances are alcohol, LPG, natural gas, hydrogen, and biodiesel for engine performance and emissions are widely used as an alternative fuel. While using the substances mentioned above, the effects on engine performance and engine emissions should be well analyzed. According to the various researches it is clear that to have good results, it is very important to use the correct fuel mixture amount or spray correct amount of fuel. In other application, the alternative fuels are sprayed with a nozzle to the intake manifold by vacuum effect. Unlike other studies, an injection system supported by on electronic programme has been developed to spray alternative fuels with a certain rate. This system uses solenoid injectors to spray the fuel. It is targeted that, 732 �to build a such compatible fuel control system for all four-cylinder engine using alternative fuel. Since using alternative materials in the engine is not dependent on a single parameter linearly. The injection signal cannot be produced by a mechanical way. Because of nonlinear engine operating conditions and dependency of these conditions more than one variable makes difficult to produce the injection signal by a typical electronic circuit without a programme. In the system, the calculation methods, Fuzzy Logic, Neural Networks and Curve Fitting, have been used to achieve high accuracy for all working conditions The general structure of the system The fuel control system designed consists of a computer programme and an electronic circuit controlled by a 8051 based microcontroller. The connection between the microcontroller and the PC is provided with RS232 serial protocol. Reading and controlling the physical data are carried out by the microcontroller. Calculating of the fuel amount, the injection signal's length and timing are performed by the computer programme. Block diagram of designed system can be seen in Figure 1. Figure 1: Block diagram of the fuel control system During the operation, mcu reads the inputs load, speed and fuel rack position momentarily and sends them to the programme. According to these three values, the fuel amount is calculated and the injection signal's timing and length will be determined by considering the injector parameters and advance angle and sent to the mcu. After data is received mcu will constitute the injection signal related to angle read from encoder. So that the desired amount of fuel is sprayed. For determining the correct amount of fuel to be sprayed, it is very important to read momentarily working conditions such as engine speed, fuel rack position and engine load. Measurement of this data has been done by the microcontroller with a number of sensors. Angular velocity has been measured by digital absolute encoder fitted to crank of engine. At the working conditions, the instant measurement and control of angle are needed to provide a real time system. While the engine is running, encoder also has functions to determine upper dead point and to produce the right signal to spray the fuel on start and end at the correct angles. Position of the fuel rack of the engine has been measured with a potentiometer by mcu’s ADC unit. Potentiometer’s analogue output voltage is been changing linearly according to fuel rack position. Engine load has been measured with a load cell fitted to the engine dynamometer. Data acquired from the load cell have been read by mcu’s ADC unit and digitally filtered by mcu programme. Defining injector parameters For a high precision control of fuel timing and amount, an injection signal must be produced according to the parameters of the injectors. System is designed to be used with solenoid injectors. As known there are opening and closing time delays in solenoid injectors caused by injectors coil windings (Zhao et al., 1999) These delays causes a problem in which to construct the right injection signal length and spray the fuel with the right advance angle. These delays must be well defined for the injectors. While the system is running for applying the fuel to the engine in the right advance angle, it has to produce the injection signal before the real advance angle. There is no linear correlation between injection signal length and sprayed fuel amount (Zhao et al., 1999). In this work, it is aimed to control the amount of fuel as massively by a fuel control system. Hence, the correlation between sprayed fuel mass and signal length must be well known. 733 �injector ti Precision Balance Figure 2: Injection signal and injector parameter measurement While the system was designed, a set of experiments has been done for injector parameters measurement. The system is designed to work under 3 bar standard fuel pressure. Experiments for measuring injector parameters have been done under same conditions. For measuring correlation between the signal length and the fuel amount, the injection signal having 50 mS period, has been applied in 1000 times. When the engine is running on 1200 rpm single revolution takes 50 mS. Therefore, this period was accepted to fit the real working conditions. During the tests, injection signals increased step by step. After finishing every step sprayed fuel weight measured and divided to 1000 to find fuel consumption for each period (Fig. 2). The test results shown in Figure 3 give the correlation between the injection signal length and the sprayed fuel amount. 50 Fuel Mass (mg) 40 30 20 10 0 0 2.5 5 7.5 10 Injection Signal Length (mS) 12.5 15 Figure 3: Correlation between the signal length and the fuel amount for a solenoid injector While the system is running, the computer programme calculates the fuel amount with a selected calculation method. Finally the signal length has been calculated by using the injector parameters obtained by these results as shown in Figure 4. To produce the injection signal in a right time, the opening delays of the injectors have also been used by the system. td ti °Injection Advance Figure 4 Produced injection signal, td corresponds injector delay, ti corresponds injection signal length User Interface The core functions of the user interface is the setting a communication between pc and mcu and providing a practical and visual platform to the user. The user interface designed can be seen in Figure 5. 734 �Figure 5: The User interface for the designed fuel control system. Interface instantly shows input and output values in graphics to increase functionality and user interaction. In the operation, these graphs are always updated for each input and output data pair. Engine's fuel consumption which can be found from engine catalogue data or obtained by experimental analysis, is a basis for all calculation methods. The user interface, designed uses fuzzy logic, neural networks and curve fitting methods to perform calculations. Calculation method can be selected by the user. After calculation, the fuel amount can be applied to the engine with different percentages defined by the user. However, it has a manual control option to apply the fixed amount of fuel, entered by the user. The user can also enter the injection advance. During the operation, the injection signal is generated according to the injector parameters and the advance angle. Received input values and calculated data are displayed on the user interface are also updated for each input and output data pair. A test section, has been located on the user interface to test calculation method results without sending them to the microcontroller. User can check whether the calculation method gives expected results or not. Received input values and calculated data can be saved to the computer automatically by user interface and they can be used for evaluating of results. Serial port connection settings, the injector parameters and the engine fuel consumption data set can be changed by using the settings section of user interface. To use the system with another engine and injector, user only need to enter new injector's parameters and engine fuel consumption data set from settings section. Therefore the designed fuel control system can easily be adapted to all 4 cylinder engines. The system is ready for use after entering settings and choosing desired control options. The system can be connected to mcu unit and started to control the fuel with real time data flow by clicking to connect button. The calculation methods In the designed fuel control system three different calculation methods have been used. All methods have been designed to adapt themselves to new values when the engine fuel consumption data set changed. In the calculation, artificial neural networks, fuzzy logic and curve fitting methods have been applied. All these methods have been tried to produce an output corresponding to the three input values. As mentioned previously, engine speed, load and fuel rack position are used as inputs. It is expected that the calculation methods will determine the fuel amount for every new input value with minimum error based on the engine's fuel consumption data set. Engine Speed Load(kg) Fuel rack position Fuel Consumption (mg) 1000 3,43 50 17,43 1000 4,45 77 29,24 1000 5,61 100 34,6 Table 1: Fuel Consumption Data set example 735 �The above examples in Table 1 are part of the example fuel consumption data set. The fuel consumption data set can be obtained by the experiments that have been on the engine. The data set should be carefully obtained because of the nonlinear relationship between the engine fuel consumption and input values. Engine load and fuel rack position input are two values that can be changed by user. While data set is obtained by changing these two values step by step, so as to cover minimum and maximum values of them. The smaller step size the calculation method's error rate will be. Curve fitting method directly uses this data set to find what interim values. Neural Networks use this data set as training data and estimate this data with minimum error. This data set will be used for determining fuzzy logic rules by ANFIS method. Inputs Fuel Consumption Data Set Engine Speed Calculation Method Output Fuel Amount Fuel Rack Position Load Figure 6: Calculation Methods The fuzzy logic controller for the system is designed with the Sugeno fuzzy inference method in common structure, shown in Figure 6 .The designed fuzzy logic controller has three membership functions for engine speed input, three membership functions for fuel rack position input and four membership functions for load input. Fuzzy logic rules, for the controller have been determined by ANFIS method according to the engine fuel consumption data set mean absolute error of. 2x10-4 was obtained with the controller from a four-cylinder diesel engines date set. By experimental analysis it is achieved that the controller can find the values which are not been in fuel consumption data set with mean absolute error of 0.02. According to this explanation given above, the controller’s accuracy has been accepted as suitable for this work. The neural network controller for the system is designed in Feed Forward Back Propagation structure. Like other controllers the Neural Network controller has three inputs and one output. The Neural Network Controller has three hidden layers in a structure of 8,13,7. For neural network controller training LevenbergMarquardt algorithm is preferred. Training was conducted with an error of 10-5 from a four-cylinder diesel engines data set. As another option for calculation method, 3. order curve fitting algorithm has been used in the system. Corresponding fuel for interim input values, which are not in the fuel consumption data set, can be calculated with curve fitting method. Conclusions and Evaluation For testing the system, ethanol as an alternative has been fuel applied to diesel engine It is known that if ethanol is applied to diesel engines with appropriate percentages it reduces NOX emissions(Jiang, Q. et al). During the experiments ethanol applied in a percentage of 3.75 %, 7.5%, 11.25% to the engine while the engine was running in maximum position of fuel rack. Measured NOX emissions with ethanol injection and standard NOX emissions are shown in the Figure 7. It can be seen that NOX emissions have been reduced by ethanol injection as expected. 736 �Figure 7: Ethanol applied and standard NOX emissions It is observed that the system can keep the fuel amount in fair values for optimum emissions and the engine performance. In addition suitability of system for all alternative fuel applications on both diesel and gasoline engines is another good result of this study. To enhance the efficiency and accuracy of the system it will be better to transfer instant information such as measured emission values and specific fuel consumption to the user interface. In such a structure, the computer programme could be designed to optimize error rate in real time. Therefore it will not be required to create a training set, so that a higher-performance and more practical fuel control system can be obtained. References Borat, O., Balcı, M., Sürmen, A., (1992), Đçten Yanmalı Motorlar”, Cilt 1, T.E.V. Yayını, Ankara. Çetinkaya, S., Çelik, M. B.(1997), Buji Ateşlemeli Motorlarda Yakıt Olarak Metanol-Benzin Karışımlarının Kullanılması, 5. Yanma Sempozyumu. F. Zhao, M. C. Lai and D. L. Harrington (1999), Automotive spark-ignited direct-injection gasoline engines, Progress in Energy and Combustion Science Volume 25, Issue 5, October 1999, Pages 437-562 Jiang, Q., Ottikkutti, P., Vangerpen, J., Vanmeter, D., The effect of alcohol fumigation on Diesel flame temperature and emissions. SAE Paper No: 900386. Juan F., Xian-Min M. (2009), Research on Fuel Injection Intelligent Control System, 978-1-4244-2800-7/09, ICIEA. Salman, M. S., Sümer, M.(1990), Buji Ateşlemeli Motorlarda Etanol ve Etanol-Benzin Karışımlarının Motor Performansına Etkileri, Politeknik Dergisi, Cilt: 2, Sayı: 2, S. 27-35. Tekin, M., Yörük, S. (2004), Motorlarda Metanol Kullanımının Performans ve Çevre Đlişkileri, GO. Ü. Zile MYO, Otomotiv Programı, TOKAT. Yüksel, F., Yüksel, B. (2004), The use of ethanol-gasoline blend as a fuel in an SI engine”, Renewable Energy, No: 11811191. 737 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 623 Title A name given to the resource A Computer Based Flexible Real Time Fuel Controller System Implementation for Four-Cylinder Internal Combustion Engines Author Author Boru, Barıs Eskikurt, Halil İbrahim Parlak, Adnan Abstract A summary of the resource. In this study, a computer and microcontroller based fuel control system for fourcylinder internal combustion engines has been designed and some applications have been implemented. Fuel control system designed for real time control the amount of fuel in alternative fuel applications. System is suitable to use with both diesel and petrol engines. A Graphical User Interface has been designed in computer side. The pc programme uses Fuzzy Logic, Neural Networks and Curve Fitting calculation methods. The percentage of the fuel to be sprayed has been defined according to the engine speed, load and fuel rack or throttle position got from the engine. These physical signals have been controlled and read by microcontroller based electronic circuit. Communication has been set using RS232 standard between PC and microcontroller. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed Q Science (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/baf7e338aabed3ff0db485291923a352.pdf 1178a25f502328813f8eef29dd4d9606 PDF Text Text 2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo Gentrification in Question: The Case of Bursa, Turkey Doğan Biçki Department of Sociology, 18 Mart University, Canakkale, Turkey doganbicki@comu.edu.tr | doganbicki@gmail.com Serhat Özgökçeler Department of Labor Economics and Industrial Relations, Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey serhat@uludag.edu.tr | sozgokceler@gmail.com Abstract: Gentrification can be interpreted as a return of the affluent people to the city. This process is supported by authorities both due to the contributions it could make to the city in many ways. The studies concentrating on the subjective and cultural motives prioritize the characteristics that can be called “positive attributes” of gentrification in general, such as the conservation of the historical architecture by the renewal efforts as a positive outcome. While accepting the advantages provided by the gentrification for urban renewal, it can be claimed that it brings about social problems. The opportunity of cheap housing in the city center is lost as a consequence of the gentrification, and therefore the low-income groups holding jobs in the center are forced to move to distant locations. In this scope, the goal of the study is to identify whether the urban renewal observed in the Tophane, Hisar district in Bursa, one of the historical cities in Turkey, could be analyzed through the concept “gentrification”. Key Words: Urban Renewal, Gentrification, Housing, Globalization, Rant Gap, Urban Poor. Conceptual Framework Gentrification includes the partial or complete take-over of the ancient, historical and cultural texture in the city center by the high-income groups such as doctors, lawyers, and company managers of the low-income groups. This process is supported by national and local authorities both due to the contributions it could make to the city in many ways and to the increases it could cause in the tax income (Hackworth & Smith, 2001, p.467). There are many factors leading to the process of gentrification that can be interpreted as a return of the affluent people to the city. There is an emerging tendency towards the city center due reasons such as transportation facilities and proximity to the workplace (Cole, 1985, p.152); accessibility to cultural activities such as theatre, cinema, opera, exhibition, street shows (Butler & Robson, 2003, p.1791); the opportunity to express one’s own individuality and the state of being different from others (Redfern, 2003, p.2364); the feeling of belonging to the area and society resulting from the experience of living there or a similar place before (Bridge, 2003, p.2550); an atmosphere of freedom encouraging the social diversity of the society (Ley, 2003, p.2540). It is possible to consider all of the factors of “gentrification” in question in the category of subjective or cultural motives. The studies concentrating on the subjective and cultural motives prioritize the characteristics that can be called “positive attributes” of gentrification in general, such as the emergence of an interactive space creating social diversity; the conservation of the historical and public architecture by the renewal and restoration efforts as a positive outcome and many more similar reasons. Slater (2006, p.741) regards the discourse depicting the cultural advantages of the process as the sugar coating that can conceal the pitfalls. While accepting the advantages provided by the gentrification process for urban renewal is inevitable, it can be claimed that it can bring about other social problems. In addition, the opportunity of cheap housing in the city center is lost as a consequence of the gentrification process, and therefore the low-income groups holding jobs in the center are forced to move to distant locations which also cost more. According to Slatter (2006, p.752), gentrification, which should be defined as the colonization of areas by social classes, is also a factor that expands the social inequality because it ends the housing stock for rent to which working classes have access. With reference to Canadian practice, Slatter (2004, p.3229) claims that gentrification does not create an environment of social unity and social interaction but social tension and homelessness. On the connection between homelessness and gentrification, some writers make a distinction between the private and public sectors. In their study where they demonstrated the renewal made in Glasgow and Edinburgh as an example, Bailey and Robertson (1997, p.576) reported that the renewal carried out by the private sector aims at the owners of the houses individually unlike those by social sectors which prioritize the 436 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo community. They concluded that these efforts by the private and public sector succeeded in terms of the physical renewal of the district and the houses. However, they also concluded that, while the approach followed by the private sector caused gentrification, population exchange, the elimination of the settled groups and their displacement, the public sector allowed low-income groups to continue living in their current residence without being influenced adversely. The Rant Gap Theory developed by N. Smith sees gentrification not as the return of the people to the city centers but as the return of the capital. Therefore, in the process of gentrification lies the rant gap representing the difference between the value of the central real estate in the present time and the more values it will possibly gain in the future. The capital holders who invest in the physical structure of certain areas of the cities plan to possess this rant difference with the settlement of the affluent groups in these regions, which makes them the initiators of the gentrification process (Smith, 1979, p.545). Gentrification, as a rule, is known to involve the place in a city center, but it is also claimed to exceptionally involve the suburbs (Niedt, 2006, p.99– 120). The Rant Gap Theory and the studies supporting this theory to a partial or large extent interpret this process as based on capital accumulation logic and as an adverse process by which the poor are displaced (Atkinson, 2004: 126). Therefore, it turns out that there are two perspectives on which gentrification is theorized. One is the liberal humanist camp which tends to account for the process with reference to concepts such as lifestyles, culture, and consumption and demand (Clark, 1992, p.359). The other is the structural Marxist view that explains the process as based on capital accumulation, production for classes and demand. This view is compatible with those approaching the process in relation to class and seeing it as the spatial realization of the emerging middle class which carries out the functions of global capital (Bridge, 1995, p.239). Lees (2000, p.392) claims that both approaches are restrictive and the gentrification practice in the 1990’s should be re-analyzed considering globalization Lees conceptualized gentrification-which he also called super gentrification- based on financers. On the other hand, H. Smith & Graves (2005, p.421) also analyzed the process as part of the expansion strategies of global companies. Accordingly, the Bank of America supported the gentrification in the city centers because of the competitive superiority that it will have in the global labor and the respect it will be shown rather than the financial benefit it will bring. According to Zukin (1987, p.131), who defines the process as spatial and social differentiation, gentrification has been supported by the governments which plan to create an economic revival for the real estate investors and landowners in the city centers in the years 1970–75, when the prices of petrol in the Western Europe and America and the inflation rates and the costs of the building increased. In the period in question, there was also a change in the urban renewal policies of local authorities. This change was in the supply of the financial assistance encouraging the houses to be restored instead of their elimination. This period can be regarded as the beginning of gentrification based on the smallscale restorations. Though gentrification is a process realized by private financing in theory, the support given by the local authorities made it easier for the credit providers to be involved in the process (Zukin, 1987, p.132). The involvement of the local authorities in the process is directed towards expanding their own local tax potential because they can only cover 13 per cent of the sources they will use to produce service from the national budget. When considered that this proportion is close to 75 per cent in England, it is necessary to enrich the socio-economic potential of the city as well as enhancing the environmental quality in American cities (Atkinson, 2003, p.2345). The discussion of the scope and the quality of the gentrification process has ended, but what is slightly agreed upon is that space-specific differences may arise in different locations. Gentrification may come in a variety of forms and at different intensities in different cities, even in different places of the same city. There is still a need for a new categorization, as a comprehensive and foolproof definition has not yet been made (Clark, 1992, p.358). Criekingen & Decroly, considering the examples of Montreal and Brussels, analyzed gentrification in the scope of urban renewal. To them, gentrification is not an ultimate stage that happened step by step through an evolutionary development of the process. Authors rejected the idea of uni-dimensional foolproof gentrification and proposed urban renewal processes based on a set of different motives, each being unique to itself. These include gentrification, marginal gentrification, upgrading neighborhood renewal and incumbent upgrading. Gentrification is the transformation of the poor settlement where low-income people live into renewed, rich settlements created by artificially beautified environment and settled by the middle class as a result of the displacement of the poor. These transformations are observed in the cities home to the emerging middle class people as a consequence of global financial activities. On the other hand, marginal gentrification refers to the spatial and social renewal process arising as a result of the gathering of people, rich in cultural capital, but relatively limited in financial capital (2003, p.2451; p.2456). For example, the transformations occurring due to the preferences of artists, travelers, cosmopolitans, single and childless couples and sometimes gays can be seen in this group. 437 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo David Ley, who investigated the role of the artists as well as of the anesthetizing of historical places in the process of gentrification, indicated that the aesthetic appearance and the historical nature of the places near Canadian cities constitute an important cultural heritage and a highly symbolic value, which creates an economic asset. Accordingly, the aestheticisation of the places cause the prices of real estate to rise and the artists are forced to move to cheaper places (Ley, 2003, p. 2540). The artists, in turn, become the victim of the renewal process to which they contribute. Upgrading Neighborhood Renewal is typically observed in the bourgeois settlements owned by elderly people from middle and elite classes for an extended period of time. In these settlements, the renewals made on the buildings are limited to trivial changes that are to meet the special needs of those new comers. Incumbent Upgrading, considered to be one of the fundamental ways of urban renewal in the 1970s, is often implemented in places where people from the middle class have their own houses. For this reason, Incumbent Renewal causes little or no population displacement (Criekingen & Decroly, 2003, p.2456). The designs of the writers for Urban Renewal show that all the ideal types are not performed at the same density and in the same way everywhere and that there are now new models and conceptualizations taking into account the socio-spatial peculiarities. With reference to the models proposed by Criekingen & Decroly, this study, accordingly, investigates social and spatial characteristics of the renewal around Bursa, Hisar,Turkey. Methods of the Research In this study, qualitative research analysis based on interviews was employed. To this end, the interviews were recorded and then transcribed. In addition, during the interviews, structured question forms were used. The open-ended questions in the form were directed to the interviewees to guarantee the coherence of the interview. The form included questions to reveal the demographic features of those living in the building and to test the hypothesis of the theories related to gentrification. The data for the study was collected between the 7th and the 30th of March, 2009 from 24 participants –4 females and 20 males– who are the owners of the buildings located around Molla Gurani, Kavakli, Osmangazi and Alaaddinbey and Kale Street, the oldest streets and districts of Bursa near Tophane-Hisar. These regions are especially investigated because they preserve their historical texture, and they are those where renewals restorations were carried out. The names of the interviewees were used as pseudo names in the paper. In addition, a general manager of a firm, which has long carried out projects as developers in the regions, was also interviewed. The data from the interview shows the significance of the role that the developers play in the renewal of the region: We have been performing projects of building engineering in Bursa since 1989 and we have been involved especially in architectural projects since 1997. We have completed about 40 restoration and reconstruction projects since then. We can classify our projects into three groups: (1) the customer buys the house and has us do the restoration, (2) we buy the house and restore it to sell (3) we restore the house as in the original state. Another option is that we replace a house with a larger land around with a similar one to the original one and build one more in the rest of the land. (Interview, 14th September 2006). The interview with the developer firm yielded the first indications as to whether the urban renewal observed around Tophane can be associated with the concept of gentrification. Within the three years after the first interview, it was decided that the sustainability of the renewal process be observed and that field work be carried out. Findings Demographic features: Native Population When the birth places were considered, 18 of the 24 interviewees were born in Bursa and the others were born in other places and moved to Bursa for a variety of reasons. More specifically, two thirds of them were native settlers. Being a native to the country or city is regarded as an important feature in the theory of gentrification. It was reported that, especially at the end of the gentrification process experienced in West Europe and America, foreigners left the district and the natives started to live there more dominantly. However, in the context of Tophane, it seems possible to talk of a “nativization” arising from an exchange of natives with foreigners. It is also understood that native residents of the district are disturbed by this change: 438 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo Affluent people who are not originally from here such as doctors and jewelers have started to settle here gradually recently.... (TmX, 69) If you asked the old state of this district, I should say that it was a place where the old natives settled and was a place of choice. This part (Ortapazar) of Hisar was a place where the most prominent people of Bursa lived such as merchants, tradesmen, high rank officials. However, I do not know what it is like now. Until very recently, you could not tell who was rich and who was poor. However, this is changing.... (RmY, 57) The native of the district is complaining about the newcomers. This complaint demonstrates that the uniformity of the city is gradually being eliminated and the general texture tends gradually to diversify and that the class disintegration is inevitably to occur (Alver, 2007: 58). In fact, the narrations of the recent gentrifiers support the concern expressed above: Unfortunately, we are not in close contact with the neighbors around. We have been here for almost two years, but we can come together only with some people. At the same time, these people are affluent enough, and they come from the same cultural environment. (AñZ, 39) Age profile The ages of those interviewed were in their forties and fifties, mostly in the middle-aged groups. Apart from this group, the number of people in their 20s and 30s equaled to those in their 60s and above. Most of the people in the elderly group are, as expected, originally from Tophane and have long been living in their own houses. People between 25–55 were living in the two-third of houses classified as gentrified ones, which means almost all of the young people in the study live in the gentrified houses. Marital status and number of children Most of the people who live in these houses are often married and have a nuclear family. One-fourth of them were single, and the others are married. Four of the six people coming from other cities to Bursa are married, and three of them have only one child. Those originally from Bursa often have two children. When evaluated from a broad perspective, the percentage of single people in Bursa is above the Turkish national average of 12.8% and the number of children seems below the average. This does not support the idea that part of the new arrivals involved in the process of the gentrification consists of women living alone and couples without any children as indicated in the literature (Bondi, 1991, p.191) because of the changing gender roles of the women and their participation in the working life. In fact, in this study there are only two femaleheaded households among all the home owners. Indications about education It is claimed in the literature that gentrifiers have high cultural capital and therefore have jobs with high status (Bridge, 2001, p.206). The basic idea that gentrification is the replacement of a low-income status group with a high income-status group is deeply related with educational status. This information found in the literature is quite in line with the case in Tophane. 18 residents born in Bursa (except three) are graduates of high school and university. Those coming from other cities to Bursa are all graduates of university. The education profiles of the interviewees reveal that those interested in such houses are rich in culture and education. The study of N. Uzun (2006, p.352) on the gentrification of Cihangir–Kuzguncuk, Istanbul and their neighbors indicates the high education levels of gentrifiers. The results of these two studies show the relation between the demand for the gentrified houses and the education level. Profession profile One of the main arguments in the theory of gentrification is the displacement of the dominant settlements of workers with the groups having professional jobs with high statuses and high income. The profession profile of the interviewees is consistent with those in the literature. Among them are the professionals such as administrators, technicians, accountants, architects, doctors, and engineers as well as jobs of commerce and service with high income such as jewelers, representatives, and textile businessmen. 439 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo Though professional status is an important signal in terms of gentrification, it is far from sufficient, for there is no possibility of knowing whether a change in the status has occurred in the profession unless it is known whether the house has been sold before and how long the owner of the house has lived there. Therefore, there is also a need for investigation as to whether houses have been sold before and when. Ownership status: From the data of the field work, a model with three categories emerged that shows whether the house has been exchanged recently and whether those living in the houses are landowners or tenants. These categories include tenants, those still owning the house they inherited from their family, and those previously sold and typically gentrified. Tenants Five of the twenty-four houses interviewed were tenant occupied. The landowners sometimes have the renovations of the houses completed for rent. The tenants live in the same block as their landowners. Some tenants have been living in Tophane for 20–25 years. There is a similarity in the sense of belonging and in the interpretation of the neighboring relationships between the old dwellers in Tophane as tenants and those living in their own houses for a long time. However, the relatively new comers have different views on the sense of belonging and on the neighboring relationships. There is a complete coldness in the relations of friendship and neighborhood rather than a warm approach. (FfQ, 28) Those inheriting the house from their family and still owning it This group consists of elderly people who are originally from Bursa and who can afford the renewal of their own houses. The number of such houses is 7. Except for the tenants, there are people living in more than one-third of the houses (7/19) who have afforded to have the house partially reconstructed. These people see it as a firmly-attached identity worth being praised about to say that they are from Hisar or Tophane: We say we are from Hisar. This is an important case. We have the same opinions as my wife and my children. Therefore, I have always said that I can’t live anywhere else. One of the things that makes this district resemble us or makes it us is the vivid neighboring relations). It seems that what makes this district so vivid is its being one of the old Ottoman places. The narrations of the commitment to the residence sometimes imply how hard it is to sustain this identity or include challenges. If affluent people offered me millions, I would not sell my land here, though. Here is my heart, my life. We can never allow our Hisar to be replaced by blocks. (ßfQ, 65) Perouse (2006) indicates that the regions having a cosmopolitan identity such as Fener-Balat, Galata, and Kuzguncuk, Đstanbul are more suitable to being gentrified and that the non-Muslim identity here is more attractive, more universal and more prominent for elites and middle classes. To him, “those seeking cosmopolite traces in historical districts” actually would also like to have the sense of belonging in the case of Kuzguncuk (Behar & Islam, 2006, p.84, 85). The non-Muslim history of Đstanbul seems parallel to the “Ottoman” past of Hisar in Bursa. The sense of belonging to the district in Hisar is expressed through an “Ottoman” identity, functioning as a collective memory. The associations of this identity, far from being a reality and close to imaginary vision, are remarkably valued not only by those living here for a long time but also by those who have recently settled. 440 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo The houses whose owners were changed and typically gentrified Of all those interviewed, the number of such houses under investigations is the majority. According to the calculation, excluding the tenants, 12 of the 19 houses have had several different owners so far. It seems interesting that 5 of them and the others have had different owners and were restored or reconstructed in 1980– 1987 and 1995–2003 respectively. The statements of the manager of the firm working as a developer in the region give insight into the timing of the socio-spatial renewals in Tophane: In the very beginning of the 1990s, there started a trend to prefer houses with garden rather than living in blocks of apartments. They, for example, moved to Bademli (a kind of “garden city” 20 km far from city centre). For the last few years, people have tended to live in the city centre. This is because around Bademli there is a shortage of some social services such as schools, hospitals, etc. due to the limited population and those working in the city center need to travel a long distance, and there is also a traffic problem there. Another reason for returning to the city center is the fear of an earthquake. Those moving into the apartments in the 1970s and 1980s and stayed there felt the need for their old houses in the wake of the 2001 earthquake. The floor of these houses cannot be more than 9.5 meters tall according to the laws. There are a few blocks built before the region was taken in the scope of protection, which can be considered an exception. In the field study, it was learnt that of the twelve houses, three were reconstructed and nine were restored and used. One of the buildings surviving through the restoration –a historical one– is now run as a boutique hotel and changed its property/owner last year. Before the change in ownership of the property, the hotel that was owned by a well known architect of Bursa can be thought to a leading role in the renewal of the region. This hotel changed its owner but is run by its former manager. One of the other buildings which create attraction in the gentrification of the region is a building, some part of which is used as a cafeteria and some part to run a painting course. The building owned by a couple, an architect and an art teacher, contributes to the revival of the region through the workplaces. Similarly, in the literature, there are also studies investigating the transformation of the workplaces in the process of gentrification with the renewals of the buildings (for example, see. Patch, 2004, p.181). This model, which investigates what the property statuses of Tophane residents are and how the houses in the region are gentrified, is consistent with the model of Van Criekingen & Decroly (2003), except for marginal gentrification. In the last section, it will be questioned whether the gentrification displaced the poor residents. Results of property ownership change Most of the articles in the literature of gentrification focus on the displacing effect, which emerges as a social problem. In this respect, whether an influence has occurred or not is interpreted from what the interviewee has told in the field work. There is an agreement among all the interviewees on the fact that the renewals have increased the value of the houses in a way. However, there is a more dominant understanding that these houses have not been purchased for rent but for owner residence for a long period. There is a high expectation that, when such houses have been bought, restored, and used, they will increase in value. (ÑfQ, 51) Yes, there may be a rent expectation in the long run, though not in the short. The rent value is doubled after the restoration. People usually restore such houses to live in and they do not have an intention to sell it right after the restoration. They invest money in the building just for the house and for living in it. You cannot see anyone expecting a rent here. You can see such expectations in Ayvalık, which is a tourist town. It is out of question that a house is restored by the support of TOKĐ (Housing Development Administration) and sold in two years. I mean people restore their houses to dwell in. 441 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo (MfQ,43) Those who have been living in the same house for an extended period of time and the tenants cannot see a relation between the abandonment of the region by the low-income people and the value increase in the houses following the renewal. However, nearly half of those settling in the region and those working as developers there can see that there is a relation: While the old buildings in the districts, such as Pınarbaşı and Kavaklı, are renewed, the poor tenants living here were sent away because the houses increased in value. Therefore, people had to move into other districts. (TmX, 69) The houses have been sold and bought. There are people coming outside. They force the old residents living here and especially the tenants to move into other places. (MmT, 34) For example, when we moved here, there were tenants living here. They had to move into a street behind. I mean they went on living in Hisar. There are many similar families. (AñZ, 39) Those who could not afford to restore their houses had to sell them and go away. This condition also forces the poor tenants to move as well. There are also many others living in the poverty, which have to leave when the inheritors sell the houses. (Interview, 14th Sept., 2006) Conclusion As Lefebvre said, city center is the locus of urban life (1988, p.15). The return to the city may have to do with the expectations that the economic theories claimed. However, this relation is for the developers, not for the residents. It is not that developers are trailing the residents because they are investing in a region of the city. What happens is that a region is rediscovered which lost its attraction and fell into disrepute for any reason as it harbors invaluable social values. In other words, an already gentrified city is re-gentrified. In the process of regentrification, the new residents of the district do not think of substituting the former ones because they have connections with a wider cultural environment though they enjoy the historical texture and the nativity of the neighbors there. The way those that gentrify their houses perceive the area is laden with the associations of senses of acquaintance and the houses of those involved in the gentrification process serve for creating a history through the considerable use of the area. As for the tenants to whom the former residents of the places entrusted their houses for a variety of reasons: Unfortunately, the tenants have great trouble in the houses before they are restored. I mean, these poor people have to live in conditions where mice and insects abound. On the other hand, if these houses are restored with some financial sources, then the landowners may start to live there. I think tenants live there before restoration, but after the restoration the landowners settle in these places. (MfQ, 43) According to the witness of the residents, it seems highly likely that the tenants living in the old houses waiting to be renewed will not go on living there for longer time. If the house is well protected and continually renewed by its owner, then the rent value will rise and therefore low-income people will not be able to afford to live there. The solution is to organize low-cost housing systems in places not far from city center for low-income groups or to optimize the transport systems in ways not to increase the costs for those in the suburbs. On the other hand, in the renewal of Hisar, except for a few, families renew their houses with their own financial budgets over a period of time. However, there are also those who cannot do so neither with their own money nor with credits. Therefore, these houses should be put under protection directly by the public sector and should be sustained with the people inside. To this end, on condition that the original state is not spoilt, these buildings should be made to function as boutique hotels, art galleries, and private museums which can be thought of as an important solution in terms of the speed of the renewal process. In conclusion, in the case of Tophane, Bursa the process of gentrification is still continuing in some places. Due to this process, it is highly likely that the low-income people will have to leave their houses for the newcomers in the wake of the renewals. However, it should not be interpreted that there is a population exchange between the tenants and the landowners. After all, the houses in the district are predominantly used by 442 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo the landowners. A possible adverse effect of the gentrification for the low-income people is that the old districts where there are some cheap alternatives for housing for the poor class will no more be an alternative for them. However, this does not mean that the old houses should be left to the poor people with all its deficits. Rather, as we indicated before, alternatives such as affordable housing systems should be increased for the urban poor. References Alver, K. (2007). Steril Hayatlar: Kentte Mekansal Ayrisma ve Guvenlikli Siteler [Sterile Lives: Spatial Segregation in the Urban and Gated Communities]. Ankara: Hece Yayinlari. Atkinson, R. (2003). Introduction: Misunderstood Saviour or Vengeful Wrecker? The Many Meanings and Problems of Gentrification. Urban Studies, 40 (12), pp. 2343–2350. Atkinson, R. (2004). The Evidence on the Impact of Gentrification. New Lessons for the Urban Renaissance. European Journal of Urban Policy, 4 (1), pp. 107–131. Badcock, B. (1989). An Australian view of the Rent Gap Hypothesis. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 79 (1), pp. 125–145. Bailey, N. & Robertson, D. (1997). Housing Renewal, Urban Policy and Gentrification. Urban Studies, 34 (4), pp. 561–578. Behar, D. & Islam, T. (2006). Istanbul’da ‘Soylulaştırma’: Eski Kentin Yeni Sahipleri [Gentrification in Đstanbul: New Owners of the old City]. Istanbul: Istanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayinlari. Bondi, L. (1991). Gender Divisions and Gentrification: A Critique. Transactions of the Instıtute of British Geographers, 16, pp. 190–198. Bridge, G. (1995). The Space for Class? On Class Analysis in the Study of Gentrification. Transactions of the Instıtute of British Geographers, 20 (2), pp. 236–247. Bridge, G. (2001). Bourdieu, Rational Action and the Space Strategy of Gentrification. Transactions of the Instıtute of British Geographers, New Series 26, pp. 205–216. Bridge, G. (2003). Time-Space Trajectories in Provincial Gentrification. Urban Studies, 40 (12), pp. 2545–2556. Butler, T. & Robson, G. (2003). Negotiating their Way in: The Middle Classes, Gentrification and the Development of Capital in a Globalizing Metropolis. Urban Studies, 40 (9), pp. 1791–1809. Butler, T. (2003). Gentrification and It’s ‘Other’ in North London. Urban Studies, 40 (12), pp. 2469–2486. Clark, E. (1988). Rant Gap and Transformation of the Built Environment: Case Studies in Malmö, Sweden 1860–1985. Geografiska Annaler Series B–Human Geography, 70 (2), pp. 241–254. Clark, E. (1992). On Blindness, Centrepieces and Complementarity in Gentrification Theory. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, New Series 17 (3), pp. 358–362. Cole, D. B. (1985). Gentrification, Social Character, and Personal Identity. Geographical Review, 75 (2), pp. 142–155. Criekingen, M. & Decroly, J.M. (2003). Revisiting the Diversity of Gentrification: Neighbourhood Renewal Processes in Brussels and Montreal. Urban Studies, 40 (12), pp. 2451–2468. 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Municipally Managed Gentrification in South Parkdale, Toronto. The Canadian Geographer, 48 (3), pp. 303–325. Slatter, T. (2006). The Eviction of Critical Perspectives from Gentrification Research. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 30 (4), pp. 737–757. Smith, H. & Graves, W. (2005). Gentrification as Corporate Growth Strategy: The Strange Case of Charlote, North Carolina and the Bank of America. Journal of Urban Affairs, 27 (4), pp. 403–418. Smith, N. (1979). Toward a Theory of Gentrification A Back to the City Movement by Capital, not People. Journal of the American Planning Association, 45 (4), pp. 538-548. Uzun, N. (2006). Kentsel Donusumde Yeni Bir Kavram: ‘Seckinlestirme’ [A New Concept in Urban Renewal: ‘Gentrification’]. In A. Eraydın (ed.), Degisen Mekan [Changing Space]. Ankara: Dost Kitabevi. Zukin, S. (1987). Culture and Capital in the Urban Core. Annual Review of Sociology, 13 (-), pp. 129–147. 444 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 732 Title A name given to the resource Gentrification in Question: The Case of Bursa, Turkey Author Author Biçki, Doğan Özgökçeler, Serhat Abstract A summary of the resource. Gentrification can be interpreted as a return of the affluent people to the city. This process is supported by authorities both due to the contributions it could make to the city in many ways. The studies concentrating on the subjective and cultural motives prioritize the characteristics that can be called “positive attributes” of gentrification in general, such as the conservation of the historical architecture by the renewal efforts as a positive outcome. While accepting the advantages provided by the gentrification for urban renewal, it can be claimed that it brings about social problems. The opportunity of cheap housing in the city center is lost as a consequence of the gentrification, and therefore the low-income groups holding jobs in the center are forced to move to distant locations. In this scope, the goal of the study is to identify whether the urban renewal observed in the Tophane, Hisar district in Bursa, one of the historical cities in Turkey, could be analyzed through the concept “gentrification”. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/003fbb153c14ce7cf7dcafc4ffcb7075.pdf 54e4018f57ac8ee2162a009a0d444b6e PDF Text Text 2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo The Effects of Sustainable Development on Environmental Education Zehra Nesrin Birol Fatih Educational Faculty The Department of Psychological Counseling and Guidance Karadeniz Technical University zehranesrin@hotmail.com Asst. Prof. Dr. Hikmet Yazıcı Fatih Educational Faculty The Department of Psychological Counseling and Guidance Karadeniz Technical University yazicihikmet@yahoo.com Abstract: Sustainable development is an umbrella term, which encompasses many disciplines including ecology, economy, biology, and education. Today, the world has started to pay much more attention to environmental problems. As these problems continue to grow day by day, human behaviors must play a salient role in solving these sort of problems. The sustainable development movement is creating a newer and a stronger awareness for environmental issues. Therefore, a process of questioning, in which some questions such as “Who teaches the environmental issues to whom, and how?” can be answered, has started, and this process is still continuing to improve. This paper discusses the effects of sustainable development on environmental education. Within this scope, various applications in the field of environmental education are going to be discussed. Introduction The world today is very concerned about environmental issues. It is so concerned that environmental problems have become the main focus not only for the environmentalists, but also for the governments, societies, industries and many disciplines as well. The studies on the environment mainly consist of its relationship to human behaviors. As a result, environmental education and training have seen rapid improvement in the last 30 years. Adults and children have been included in these environmental training programs using various methods and miscellaneous points of views (Keleş, 200O, p.10). The terms “environment” and “education” have not been used together since the middle of 1960s. The term “Environmental Education”, was first used by Thomas Pritchard in 1948 at a meeting of International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN). Pritchard suggested the term environmental education in supposition of a lack of terminology in the field (Palmer, 1998). The term was first used in scientific literature in a 1986 study conducted by Schoenfeld. However, he stated that he did not specifically use the term and asserted that its use for the first time was coined by the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) in 1964 (Disinger, 2005b). Before the term environmental education, “natural study”, “outdoor activity” and “the education of natural protection” were used (Elder, 2003). Additionally, “the training in the use of sources”, “innovative training”, “training in source management”, and “population training” were also the other terms used in environmental subjects (Disinger, 2005a). The History of the Environmental Education When the history of environmental education is taken into account, it is possible to say that it is in its embryonic stage. One of the first studies about environmental education was the conference held by the United Nations in Stockholm in 1972. Growing environmental problems were mentioned in a declaration given after the conference (UNESCO, 1972). After the conference, it was assumed that environmental issues were the problem of all of the nations throughout the world. An environmental training program was prepared with the cooperation of UNESCO and The United Nations in 1975. 311 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo An international governmental conference was held in Tbilisi, Georgia, in 1977. The decisions taken at the conference were: People at different ages should undertake an environmental education both formally or informally. Also, the mass media should share the responsibility to ease these educational processes in this mission. Environmental education was understood to be a lifelong process. The training should be given in an interdisciplinary and holistic way. Environmental education should help people to be aware of world problems faced today, and develop a sense of productive skills for problem solving in order to protect the environment regarding ethical issues as well. Environmental education should be viewed out of the society that we live in. It should consist of a problem solving process that is focused on the issues and the actions of individuals. At the conference, the roles, the goals, and the framework of the environmental training were determined. Additionally, the basic principals were defined. The goals of environmental education are raising the awareness and consciousness, and changing the attitudes, skills and contributions of people and research to bring about a better environment. Among some principles are the ongoing environmental studies, which are started at pre-school and continue on after school, adopting interdisciplinary approaches, focusing on “now” and “future”, and in order to teach environmental issues, getting help from educational institutions and methods (UNESCO, 1977). The 1977 conference in Tbilisi demonstrated that it is a necessity to cooperate internationally to reach the goals in environmental education. As a result the conference is regarded to be a turning point in placing the environmental education in a human training context. In 1992, The Project on Environmental Education and Progress in Rio de Jenerio set forth a new term “sustainable development” in education. The United Nations set the basis of sustainable development at an international environmental conference with the help of 81 countries in order to contribute to the sustainability in 1997 (Knapp, 2000). UNESCO highlighted the significance of a sustainable future in 1997 (Mortensen, 2000, p. 28). Educators use the term environmental education in various ways because of its diverse nature. The term environmental education associates with the definitions of ecology, environmental science, outdoor training or the explanation of the environmental issues. Each of these plays a part within the term “environmental education”. The goal in this training is to prepare individuals for the constantly changing world of technology, to understand continuously changing problems of the earth, to play an effective role in the protection and the development of the environment and finally to have people gain the necessary practical skills, so that they can easily fill this role (Ramsey, Hungerford, and Volk, 2005). The main purpose of environmental education is to train individuals by raising an awareness of environmental sensibility. While teaching the ecological knowledge, the change in behavioral attitudes towards the environment should be paid more attention. Trainees are supposed to indicate their reflections in their behaviors towards environmental issues after training (Erten, 2007, p.3). Another goal in environmental education is to inform the trainees about the environment, including its problems, and then to subsequently motivate and create awareness about how to solve these problems (Stapp et al, 2005, p.34). In order to reach these goals, the number of people who are conscious about environmental issues and their responsibilities should be increased (Culen, 2005). Environmental literacy constitutes another goal in environmental education (Volk and Mcbeth, 2005). Environmental education is an interdisciplinary subject. It consists of many disciplines, and is a process which requires practice. It focuses on results. The current focal area in environmental education is man and his relationship with the environment whereas it was economical and social in the past. The content and the pedagogy are still being explored (Elder, 2003). The starting point for training sensitive individuals is based on the cognitive, emotive and behavioral relations. Numerous environmental education programs have been developed regarding these relations since 1960 (Culen, 2005). Views in Environmental Education There are three main views about the relation between man and the environment. These are Cornucopian, utilitarian conservationist, and preservationist. The Cornucopian view states that nature has limited and unbalanced sources. The Utilitarian conservationist focuses on the needs of mankind and believes that the management of natural resources should be under the control of scientists. As for the preservationist, they state that men rule the nature and that the equilibrium of nature should stay in balance (Disinger, 2005, p.2). These views constitute three different understanding in environmental education. They are fact based, rule based, and environmental education for sustainable development. Fact based environmental education was developed in 1960s. It is mostly based on science and ecology. In this approach, specifically people who study in positive sciences are expected to solve environmental problems. The central focus of environmental education is on the definitions adapted to the aims of the training and scientific phenomenon. Normative environmental education originated from the idea that norms are important in solving environmental problems. It is considered that norms which are environmentally-friendly 312 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo can easily solve these problems. These norms can also contribute to educational fields. For instance, students can develop environmentally-friendly behaviors and notions within a training program based on social and scientific knowledge. Although courses are related to scientific notions, senses and feelings are included in these courses. The training for sustainable development was improved in the 1990s. Traditionally, environment and development are defined as an overlap between the interests of different people. This notion includes all of the social improvement. The definition of the environment includes not only the ecological development but also the economical and social sustainability as well. In this approach the educational goal is to create opportunities for people in order to acquire some knowledge and develop some skills to approach the environmental and sustainable issues with different points of view. The content of the training includes the past, the present, and the future. However, it is related to global and local problems (Sandel, Öhman and Östman, 2007, p.159-165). For the sustainable development education includes societal, economical and environmental factors. Traditionally, the approaches in environmental education aim to train students who attend formal schools whereas in the framework of sustainable environment education the target group is students at every age regardless of whether or not they are in school (Smith, Pero, Smith, 2007). There is no specific definition which researchers agree on for sustainable development (Palemer, 1998). Sustainable development widely contains natural sciences and the economy. However, it also includes some values which focus generally on humanity and how culture should relate to other domains (UNESCO, 1997). In formal education there are several applications for environmental education. These are: a) Adding supplementary courses about environmental education to the existing lessons, b) having one specific course solely for environmental education, and c) The Infusion approach which gives every subject an environmental perspective, d) Topic-based approach which selects one or more topics on the environmental problems and has studies focus on these problems, e) Ground-based educational approach which helps students learn the structural construction of the society through their own experiences and contribute to this construction under the guidance of their teachers, f) Project-based approach which provides students with information and skills through projects and conscientiously planned tasks, g) Sustainable education which plays a salient role in combining various fields in education. Sustainable education today is accepted as the future system which might help to improve of ideas and actions in environmental education. It is based on a concept of sustainable development into which social, economical, and environmental systems are integrated. It focuses on the solutions (Elder, 2003). Within the framework of the education, well-constructed environmental education programs are student-centered. Programs facilitate the ways in which students may develop a self-understanding. Imagining and doing make up students’ self-cognition. Students are directly led to experiences and are encouraged to make their own decisions. Environmental education supports a system which provides an active learning surrounding, sharing ideas, doing constant research and working towards expertise (Simmons, 2005). Environmental literacy is an important issue for many countries. In order to train conscious people about environmental issues, countries need individuals who are able to know how to teach environmental issues to people. Environmental education together with the topics related to education addresses social and ecological problems, and has a philosophy of its own. Within the boundaries of this definition, students need any prompt to encourage them to be environmentally literate and any programs which provide them to gain knowledge and skills on environmental education (Simmons, 2005). In the center of the sustainable environment education is mankind. In order to explain environmental issues within the framework of the educational programs, the environmental topics are scattered in the schedules of different kinds of courses at schools. That is, these topics are not given within a curriculum of only one course. Also, the goals not only include the educational programs at formal schools but also for people from different age groups, and with different levels of formal education may benefit from environmental education. Environmental education also focuses not only on ecological perspectives but it also takes the needs of nature, economy and the individuals into the consideration. Conclusion Although environmental education is in its embryonic stage, it is a discipline which rapidly improves. Sustainability as a part of environmental education has started a new era. However, there have been some problems about the applications of environmental education. These problems vary from a country to another or from a city to city. In order to solve these problems environmentally educated people are needed. However, how to train these people about environmental issues and what kind of adequacy is needed are still questions to be answered. 313 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo References Culen, G. R. (2005). The Status of Environmental Education with Respect to the Goal of Responsible Citizenship Behavior. In H. R. Hungerford, Bluhm, W. J., Volk, L. T., Ramsey, M. J. (Ed.), Essential Readings in Environmental Education. Illinois: Stipes Publishing. Disinger, J., F. (2005a). Environmental Education's Definitional Program. In H. R. Huhgerford, Bluhm, W. J., Volk, T. L., Ramsey, J. M. (Ed.), Essential Reading in Environmental Education. Stipes Published: Illinois. Disinger, J., F. (2005b). Tensions in Environmental Education: Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow. In H. R. Hungerford, Bluhm, W. J., Volk, L. T., Ramsey, M. J. (Ed.), Essential Reading in Environmental Education. Champaign, Đllinois: Stipes Publishing. Elder, J. (2003). A Field Guide to Environmental Literacy: Making Strategic Investments in Environmantal Education. Rock Spring, G.A: Environmental Education Coalition. Erten, S. (2007). Çevre Eğitimi ve Çevre Bilinçi nedir, Çevre Eğitimi Nasıl Olmalıdır? Çevre ve Đnsan Dergisi, 65/66, 1-13. Keleş, Ö. (2007). Sürdürülebilir Yaşama Yönelik Çevre Eğitimi Aracı Olarak Ekolojik Ayak Đzinin Uygulanması ve Değerlendirilmesi. Gazi Üniversitesi, Ankara. Knapp, D. (2000). The Thessaloniki Declaration: A Wake Up Call for Environmental Education? . The Journal of Environmental Education, 31(3), 32-39. Mortensen, L. L. (2000). Teacher Education for Susutainability. I. Global Change Education: The Scientific Foundetion for Sustainability. Journal of Science Education and Technology, 9(1), 27-35. Palmer, J. (1998). Theory of Environmental Education. Florence: Routledge. Ramsey, J. M., Hungerford, H. R., Volk, T. L. (2005). A Technique for Analyzing Environmental Issues. In H. R. Hungerford, Bluhm, W. J., Volk, L. T., Ramsey, M. J. (Ed.), Essential Readings in Environmental Education. Illinois: Stipes Published. Sandell, K., Öhman, J. Östman, L. (2003). Educational for Sustainable Development Nature, School and Democrary. Lund: Studentlitteratur. Simmons, D. (2005). Education Reform, Setting Standards, and Environmental Education. In H. R. Hungerford, Bluhm, W. J., Volk, L. T., Ramsey, M. J. (Ed.), Essential Reading in Environmental Education. Illinois: Stipes Published. Smith, T., Pero, L. V., Smith, D. C. (2007). Value, Environmental In P. Robbins (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Environment and Society: Sage Publications. Stapp, W. v. d. (2005). The concept of Environmental Education. In H. R. Huhgerford, Bluhm, W. J., Volk, T. L., Ramsey, J. M. (Ed.), Essential Readings in Environmental. Illinois: Stipes Publisher. Unesco (1978). Final Report . Intergovernmental Conference on Environmental Education, Tbilisi,14- 26 October. 1977. Connect. Paris:Unesco/UNEP Unesco (1997 ). International Conference on Environment and Society: Educatioin and Public Awareness for Sustainability , Final Report ‘. Thessalonilci. Unesco (1972). The Stockholm Declaration, Volk, T. L., McBeth, W. (2005). Environmental literacy in United Stated. In H. R. Hungerford, Bluhm, W. J., Volk, L. T., Ramsey, M. J. (Ed.), Essential Reading in Environmental Education. Illionis: Stipes Published. 314 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 712 Title A name given to the resource The Effects of Sustainable Development on Environmental Education Author Author Birol, Zehra Nesrin Yazıcı, Hikmet Abstract A summary of the resource. Sustainable development is an umbrella term, which encompasses many disciplines including ecology, economy, biology, and education. Today, the world has started to pay much more attention to environmental problems. As these problems continue to grow day by day, human behaviors must play a salient role in solving these sort of problems. The sustainable development movement is creating a newer and a stronger awareness for environmental issues. Therefore, a process of questioning, in which some questions such as “Who teaches the environmental issues to whom, and how?” can be answered, has started, and this process is still continuing to improve. This paper discusses the effects of sustainable development on environmental education. Within this scope, various applications in the field of environmental education are going to be discussed. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/05c800e1459ff623860b45ce94aacb5d.pdf 0fb9fb2c141e7ef2bada80a35cec817b PDF Text Text Recovery of Boric Acid From Colemanite Waste by Sulfuric Acid Leaching and Crystallization Salih Ugur Bayca University of Celal Bayar, Soma Vocational School, Soma, 45500 Manisa, Turkey. salihbayca@gmail.com Abstract: The Balikesir -Bigadic mine is worked by open pit operations to produce colemanite ore. Colemanite ores are processed by mineral processing techniques to prepare colemanite concentrates in the Bigadic plant. Colemanite process waste from this concentrator is pumped to the four tailing dams of the plant. Each passing day increases the amount of this waste stored since it is not using in the industry. In this study, recovery of boric acid from colemanite waste by sulfuric acid leaching and crystallization process was investigated. Colemanite waste was leached using sulfuric acid solutions. The experiments of leaching parameters were solid/liquid ratio, stirring speed, acid concentration, and reaction temperature. The most significant parameters were found in the leaching. The optimum leaching conditions were determined by these parameters. The filtered leach solutions were studied by using crystallization to obtain high purity boric acid. For this purpose, the influence of crystallization time was affected on purity of boric acid. The effects of reaction time on the particle size of gypsum were investigated. The results showed that high purity boric acid crystals were obtained using colemanite waste. Keywords: Boric acid; Colemanite waste; Leaching: Crystallization; Sulphuric acid. Introduction Boric acid is used as a product in the industry. It is also used as a raw material to produce boron compounds. Boric acid has triclinic crystal structure and its chemical composition is H3BO3 containing 56.3% B2O3 (Jansen, 1999). Turkey uses colemanite concentrate to produce boric acid in sulfuric acid solutions at Bandirma (capacity 85,000 t/yr) and at Emet (capacity 100,000 t/yr). Boron minerals colemanite, ulexite, and tincal are commercially produced in large amounts with colemanite ore produced in open mines in Bigadic, Balikesir province (Turkey). Colemanite is a calcium borate mineral (theoretically, 50.8% B2O3) with monoclinic crystal structure and a chemical composition of Ca2B6O11.5H2O. The colemanite process is carried out in ore preparation facilities near the ore mines in Bigadic. Colemanite is enriched via processes such as crushing, wetting in water, washing in a thumbling, sieving, triage and classification, produced for sale as concentrated colemanite in different grain sizes and chemical compositions. A major portion of the produced concentrated colemanite is exported (Bayca, 2009). Recently, experimental studies on the colemanite leaching have been investigated by researchers. Alkan and Dogan (2004 CEP) were investigated dissolution kinetics of colemanite in oxalic acid solutions they found that the dissolution rate increased with decreasing particle size and increasing temperature, but it was not affected by stirring speed. Cavus and Kuslu (2005) studied dissolution of colemanite in citric acid solutions. They reported that the dissolution rate increases with increasing temperature, and decreases with decreasing particle size and solid/liquid ratio. Kurtbas et al. (2006) investigated dissolution of Colemanite in Aqueous Solutions Saturated with Both Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) Gas and Boric Acid. They found that the conversion rate increased as the particle size and solid-to-liquid ratio each decreased and the temperature increased; however, the effect of stirring speed was very minimal. Taylan et al. (2007) investigated effects of ultrasound on the reaction step of boric acid production process from colemanite. They found that the dissolution rate increases, as expected, with decreasing particle size in both absence and presence of ultrasound. It was found that ultrasound enhances the dissolution of colemanite in aqueous solutions containing boric acid and sulfuric acid after 1 h. Ultrasound decreases the particle size of gypsum probably due to the increasing of primary and secondary nucleation rates as well as the breakage of the crystals by ultrasonic effect. Ekinci et al. (2007) studied that optimization and modeling of boric acid extraction from colemanite in water saturated with carbon dioxide and sulphur dioxide 793 �gases. They reported that the optimum conditions were found to be as follows: reaction temperature, 41 °C; solid-to-liquid ratio, 0.0685 g/mL; mean particle size, 0.2835 mm; stirring speed, 266 rpm; reaction time, 7 min. The calculated boric acid extraction efficiency from colemanite ore was approximately 99.9% under the optimum conditions. Gur (2007) investigated Dissolution mechanism of colemanite in sulphuric acid solutions. He found that the analysis of the experimental data shows that increasing H3O+ acid concentration increased the dissolution rate, but increasing SO4−2 concentration reduced dissolution rate because of the precipitation of a solid film of CaSO4 and CaSO4·H2O. Tunc et al (2007) studied dissolution of colemanite in (NH4)2SO4 solutions. they found that the conversion rate was increased by decreasing particle size and solid to liquid ratio, by increasing ammonium sulfate concentration and temperature. Bulutcu et al. (2008) investigated Impurity control in the production of boric acid from colemanite in the presence of propionic acid. They determined that increasing the ratio of propionic acid in the acid mixtures leads to increase the reaction time, but to decrease the soluble impurity level in strong boric acid solution. Gur and Alkan (2008) studied leaching kinetics of colemanite in perchloric acid solutions. they reported that the dissolution rate of colemanite was found to increase with decreasing particle size and solid to liquid ratio, with increasing reaction temperature and acid concentration, while it was not affected by stirring speed. The colemanite waste contains high amounts of boron. Therefore, colemanite waste can not be discharged into any river. In the Bigadic Process Plant, colemanite waste is pumped to waste dams. Although the supernatant water is used as water in the process, all dams are almost full. New tailing dams must be constructed for waste. However, these regions are agricultural areas. Therefore, a solution should be found this waste problem. The aim of present study is to investigate the leaching of colemanite waste in sulphuric acid solutions, to find the optimum conditions of the leaching process, to find the most effect parameters of leaching rate, to find the optimum conditions of completely separation of gypsum by crystallization from leach solution, to obtain high purity boric acid crystals from the waste, to reduce environmental damage of the waste and to increase economic value of colemanite waste. Materials and methods Materials The waste sample used in the experiments in this study was obtained from Eti Mine Bigadic Boron Works (Balikesir, Turkey). The Bigadic mine is worked by open pit operations. Colemanite ores are processed by mineral processing techniques to produce colemanite concentrates in the Bigadic plant. Colemanite process waste from this concentrator is pumped to the four tailing dams of the plant. Samples were taken from the first waste dam. This waste contains between 5 – 15 % solid. The sample is mainly comprised of colemanite and small amounts of quartz and calcite. This waste was dried at atmospheric conditions. The dried samples were sieved to determine particle size, and the results are given in Figure 1. This original particle size in the waste was used in the leaching experiments. Sulfuric acid, d-mannitol, sodium hydroxide, methyl red and phenolphthalein reagents were of analytical grade. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis of the sample was carried out on a Shimadzu with Cu Kα radiation, and the results are given in Figure 2. The chemical analysis results from XRF of the colemanite process waste (except B2O3) are given in Table 1. Methods Leaching Figure 3 is a flow chart of the processes used for recovery of boric acid crystals from colemanite waste. The leaching experiments were carried out in a 500-mL three-necked glass reactor at atmospheric pressure. A mechanical stirrer with a digital display was used to agitate the solution. The heating or cooling of the reactor was carried out with a bath. A programmable refrigerated bath/circulator was used to keep the reaction medium at a constant temperature. The initial leaching conditions was selected as 0.25 mol/L H2SO4, solid to liquid ratio of 3 %, stirring speed of 300 rpm, at 30oC. In the dissolution process, 100 mL of sulfuric acid solution was placed into the reactor, and the stirring was started. After the desired reaction temperature was reached, a given amount of dried waste was added to the solution. 794 �Crystallization The leach solution was filtered by filter paper without any change in temperature. Two phases, which were solid residue and leach liquor, were obtained by filtration. The leach liquor was crystallized by a programmable refrigerated circulator with cooling process at 35 oC. The crystals were centrifuging for separating of solids and the supernatant was discarded. The solids, crystals, were drying at 40 oC for obtaining of boric acid crystals. The dried crystals of liquid phase were analyzed by XRD (Rigaku D/Max-2200/PC). The image of dried crystal boric acid was analyzed by an SEM (JSM–6060 JEOL). Each experiment was repeated at least twice. The amount of B2O3 in the filtrate leach liquid was determined by a volumetric method (Scott, 1963), and the experimental parameters used in the dissolution processes are given in Table.2. Results and discussion Effects of parameters on leaching The tests were carried out at 3 – 10 % range with a stirring speed of 300 rpm and acid concentration of 0.25 mol/L at 30oC. Figure 4 shows that the slowest leaching rate was obtained at 10% solid/liquid ratio. The leaching rate decreases with increasing solid/liquid ratio. This may be attributed to the fact that an increase in the amount of solids in the suspension corresponds to declining the amounts of reagents. The experiments were performed at 300 – 700 rpm stirring speed range with a solid/liquid ratio of 5% and acid concentration of 0.25 mol/L at 30oC. As seen in Figure 5, the leaching rate was not affected by stirring speed. This may be attributed to the fact that the dissolution of colemanite waste was a chemical reaction controlled rather than diffusion controlled mass transfer. Similar results were found for colemanite in oxalic acid solutions (Alkan and Dogan, 2004) and for colemanite in SO2-saturated water (Ozmetin et al., 1996). All subsequent tests were performed at stirring speeds of 500 rpm that was used only to homogenize the solution for heat transfer. The influence of acid concentration on dissolution rate of colemanite waste is investigated at 30oC, stirring speed of 500 rpm and with a solid/liquid ratio of 6%. As seen in Figure 5, the maximum leaching rate was observed at 1.0 mol/L acid concentration. The extraction yield slowly increases as acid concentration increases from 0.25 to 1.0 mol/L and then decreases as acid concentration increases from 1.0 to 2.0 mol/L. This may be attributed to the fact that the more boric acid forms with increasing acid concentration. This occurred boric acid film on the particle inhibits diffusion rate of sulphuric acid into particle surface. Several studies showed similar results using colemanite dissolved in acetic acid solutions (Alkan and Dogan, 2004), oxalic acid solutions (Ozmetin et al., 1996) and using tincal in oxalic acid solutions (Abali et al., 2006). The experiments were carried out at different temperatures between 30 and 70oC. The influence of temperature on the dissolution rate of waste was investigated at a sulfuric acid concentration of 1.0 mol/L with a solid-to-liquid ratio of 5%, and stirring speed of 500 rpm. It was shown that the leaching rate increases with increasing temperature, which is expected from the exponential dependence of the rate constant in the Arrhenius equation. As seen in Figure 7, the maximum leaching rate was obtained at 70oC. Characterization of the leaching solid residuals In this study, the optimum conditions of waste leaching in sulfuric acid solutions were found to be: solid-toliquid ratio of 5%, stirring speed of 500 rpm, acid concentration of 1.0 mol/L and temperature of 70 oC. The waste was leached with sulfuric acid solutions at the optimum conditions. The leaching solid residue was dried at ambient temperature. The solid-phase XRD patterns are shown in Figure 8. The XRD patterns indicate diffraction peaks of gypsum (CaSO4.2H2O). This result is in agreement with equations (6) and (7). 2CaO.3B2O3.5H2O(s) + 2H2SO4(aq) + 6H2O (6) CaCO3(s) + H2SO4(aq) + H2O 6H3BO3(aq) + 2(CaSO4.2H2O(s)) (7) CaSO4.2H2O(s) + CO2(g) Colemanite and sulfuric acid reaction equation (6) resulted in calcium sulfate dihydrate (CaSO4.2H2O) products. Furthermore, equation (7), calcite (CaCO3) and sulfuric acid reaction resulted in calcium sulfate dihydrate. Crystallization 795 �The liquid phase was crystallized in water bath medium at a temperature of 35oC to obtain boric acid crystals. The liquid phase was not dried at ambient temperature due to hygroscopic gypsum. Instead, the liquid phase was dried in an oven at 110oC for XRD analysis. As seen in Figure 9, anhydride (gypsum) and boric acid were observed in the XRD analysis. As the solid phase was dried at 110oC, the crystal water evaporated from gypsum which became anhydrous because of its low dehydration temperature. A leaching solution containing gypsum and boron oxide was obtained from the leaching of waste. Gypsum must be completely separated from the leaching solution to obtain pure boric acid crystals. Leaching time is the dissolution time for the boron oxide. However, this time also serves as the crystallization time for gypsum. Boron oxide in the waste water can be completely dissolved in a leaching time of 30 minutes. A crystallization time of 30 minutes for gypsum was insufficient as gypsum remained in the solution after filtering. Gypsum crystals did not pass through the filter after crystallization of 120 minutes. Hence, the solution passing through the filter was sufficiently pure. Pure boric acid crystals were obtained by crystallization out of this solution. Taylan et al., (2007) reported that the size of gypsum crystals increases with time due to crystal growth. The waste was leached using sulfuric acid solutions at the aforementioned the optimum conditions for 120 minutes. The leachant solutions were filtered, and the liquid phase was crystallized at 35oC. The obtained crystals were dried at ambient temperature due to the low dehydration temperature of boric acid, and the crystallized liquid phase was analyzed by XRD (Rigaku D/Max-2200/PC). Figure 10 shows the XRD patterns of the crystals. Only boric acid (H3BO3) peaks were observed with XRD analysis. The result of XRD is in agreement with equation (3). Colemanite and sulfuric acid reaction equation (3) resulted in boric acid. 2Ca2+(aq)+ 6H3BO3(aq) + 2H2O) 2CaO.3B2O3.5H2O(s) + H3O+(aq) (3) An SEM (JSM–6060 JEOL) image of crystal boric acid is given in Figure 11. The boric acid crystals, which have a triclinic structure, can be observed in the SEM images. The XRD and SEM analyses show that pure boric acid crystals can be produced using colemanite waste. Conclusions The leaching of colemanite waste in sulfuric acid solutions was studied in a batch reactor. The results showed that the leaching rate increases with increasing reaction temperature and decreasing solid-to-liquid ratio. The most important parameter on the leaching rate was found to be the reaction temperature while the least important parameter on the leaching rate was found to be the stirring speed. The optimum conditions were found to be a solid-to-liquid ratio of 5%, a stirring speed of 500 rpm, acid concentration of 1 mol/L and temperature of 70oC. Maximum boron oxide extraction efficiency is 99.99%. The leaching solution containing gypsum and boron oxide was obtained from the leaching of waste. Gypsum must be completely separated from the leaching solution to obtain pure boric acid crystals. Leaching time is the dissolution time for the boron oxide. However, this time also serves as the crystallization time for gypsum. Therefore, leaching time should be at least 2 hours. The XRD and SEM analyses show that pure boric acid crystals can be produced using colemanite waste. Boric acid has a great deal of utility as a raw material in various industries. Moreover, boric acid has been sold commercially as an expensive product with a price of $800/t. The highest boric acid purity crystals were obtained from colemanite waste. These results suggest that commercial boric acid can be produced by using colemanite waste. Thus, environmental problems from tailing dams will be reduced and waste will gain an economic value. Acknowledgments The author would like to thank Eti Mine Works General Management for the XRD and XRF analysis. References A. Gur, Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering, 24 (2007) 588 – 591. A.N. Bulutcu C.O. Ertekin, M.B. Kuskay Celikoyan, Chemical Engineering and Processing 47 (2008) 2270–2274. 796 �Abali, Y., Bayca, S.U., Mistincik, E., 2006, Chemical Engineering Journal, 123, 25–30. Abdusselam Kurtbas, M. Muhtar Kocakerim, Özkan Küçük, and Ahmet Yartaşı, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 45 (2006) 1857–1862. Alkan, M., Dogan, M., 2004b, Chemical Engineering and Processing, 43: 867–872. Bayca, Salih Ugur, 2009, Journal of Ceramic Processing Research, No. 2, 10: 162–166. Cavus, F., Kuslu, S., 2005, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 44, 8164–8170. Gur A, Alkan M. E. journal of chemical engineering of japan 41 (2008) 354-360. Jansen, L. H., 1999, Boron Compounds, Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, Vol.4, John Wiley & Sons, p. 377. Mehmet Tunc, Mehmet Muhtar Kocakerim, Ozkan Kucuk, and Mehmet Aluz, Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering, 24 (2007) 55 – 59. Ozmetin, C., Kocakerim, M.M., Yapici, S., Yartasi, A., 1996, Ind. Eng. Chem Res., 35: 2355–2359. Scott, W. W., 1963, Standard Methods of Chemical Analysis, D. Van Nostrand, New York. Taylan, N., Gurbuz, H., Bulutcu, A. N., 2007, Ultrasonics Sonochemistry 14: 633 – 638. Zafer Ekinci, Enes Sayan, Ayse Vildan Bese, Osman Nuri Ata, Int. J. Miner. Process. 82 (2007) 187–194. Oxides Waste, % SiO2 7.27 Al2O3 0.28 Fe2O3 0.11 B 2O 3 40.72 CaO 23.03 MgO 3.14 Na2O 0.05 Table 1. Chemical analysis of the studied tailings List of Figures Figure 1. Cumulative undersize of colemanite waste. Figure 2. X-ray diffraction analysis of waste. Figure 3. Process flow chart for recovery of boric acid crystals from colemanite waste. Figure 4. Effect of solid liquid ratio on leaching of waste. Figure 5. Effect of stirring speed on leaching of waste. Figure 6. Effect of acid concentration on leaching of waste. Figure 7. Effect of reaction temperature on leaching of waste. Figure 8. X-ray diffraction analysis of leaching solid residue Figure 9. X-ray diffraction analysis of crystallized liquid phase. Figure 10. X-ray diffraction analysis of crystallized liquid phase for 120 min. Figure 11. SEM images of crystal boric acid. 797 SrO 1.18 LOI 23.80 �100 Cumulative undersize, % 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 Particle size, µm Figure 1. Cumulative undersize of colemanite waste Figure 2. X-ray diffraction analysis of waste. 798 �Colemanite Waste (% 5 – 15 Solid) from tailing dams Atmospheric Leaching Waste Gypsum Solid residue H2SO4 Filtration Leach liquor Crystallization By cooling Figure 3. Process flow chart for recovery of boric acid crystals from colemanite waste. Water Centrifuging Solids Drying Boric Acid Crystals 799 Water �100 90 Leaching rate of B2 O3 , % 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Solid-to-liquid ratio, % Figure 2. Effect of solid-to-liquid on leaching of waste. 100 90 Leaching rate of B2 O3 , % 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Stirring speed, rpm Figure 3. Effect of stirring speed on leaching of waste. 800 550 600 650 �100 90 Leaching rate of B 2 O3 , % 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 0.5 1 1.5 Acid concentration, mol/L 2 2.5 Figure 4. Effect of acid concentration on leaching of waste. 100 Leaching rate of B2O3, % 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 o Temperature, C Figure 5. Effect of reaction temperature on leaching of waste. 801 70 80 �Figure 8. X-ray diffraction analysis of leaching solid residue (acid concentration of 1.0 mol/L, solid to liquid ratio of 5 %, speed of 500 rpm, for 30 minutes). Figure 9. X-ray diffraction analysis of crystallized liquid phase. 802 �(acid concentration of 1.0 mol/L, solid to liquid ratio of 5 %, speed of 500 rpm, for 30 minutes). 60000 A A: Sassolite - H3 BO3 Intensity (Counts) 50000 40000 30000 20000 10000 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Two-Theta (degrees) Figure 10. X-ray diffraction analysis of crystallized liquid phase for 120 min. (acid concentration of 1.0 mol/L, solid to liquid ratio of 5 %, speed of 500 rpm, for 120 minutes). a) 803 �b) Figure 11. SEM images of crystal boric acid a) x1000 and b) x2500 (acid concentration of 1.0 mol/L, solid to liquid ratio of 5 %, speed of 500 rpm, for 120 minutes). 804 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 630 Title A name given to the resource Recovery of Boric Acid From Colemanite Waste by Sulfuric Acid Leaching and Crystallization Author Author Bayca, Salih Ugur Abstract A summary of the resource. The Balikesir -Bigadic mine is worked by open pit operations to produce colemanite ore. Colemanite ores are processed by mineral processing techniques to prepare colemanite concentrates in the Bigadic plant. Colemanite process waste from this concentrator is pumped to the four tailing dams of the plant. Each passing day increases the amount of this waste stored since it is not using in the industry. In this study, recovery of boric acid from colemanite waste by sulfuric acid leaching and crystallization process was investigated. Colemanite waste was leached using sulfuric acid solutions. The experiments of leaching parameters were solid/liquid ratio, stirring speed, acid concentration, and reaction temperature. The most significant parameters were found in the leaching. The optimum leaching conditions were determined by these parameters. The filtered leach solutions were studied by using crystallization to obtain high purity boric acid. For this purpose, the influence of crystallization time was affected on purity of boric acid. The effects of reaction time on the particle size of gypsum were investigated. The results showed that high purity boric acid crystals were obtained using colemanite waste. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed Q Science (General)