62 10 3494 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/762b428566216d86ad45db46900cd2a3.pdf ce731d1dd185c1fac652002515d576aa PDF Text Text 2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo Differences Between the International Accounting Standards and the Theoretical Structure of Accounting in Turkey Mehmet CĠVAN Faculty of Business Administration, Gaziantep University Turkey civan@gantep.edu.tr Ekrem KARA Faculty of Business Administration, Gaziantep University Turkey ekara@gantep.edu.tr Abstract:Accounting system provides non-misleading and controllable information on a company‘s financial structure and consequences of its activities. In this context, the theroetical structure of accounting is important. Accounting practices are in a constantly changing and developing environment. There are major differences between accounting practices and its theory. There are a number of institutions and organizations in Turkey that affects the theroetical structure of accounting. After the adoption of new Turkish Commerce Law, this multi-headed structure will be eliminated. According to the draft of new Turkish Commerce Law, Turkey Accounting Standards Board (TASB) will be responsible from the accounting regulations in Turkey. As a matter of fact, this institution has been issuing the International Accounting Standards in Turkey since its establishment in 2005. Until now, the TASB has issued 29 standards for the publicly traded companies and it is also preparing International Accounting Standards for the SMEs in Turkey. This study examines the theoretical structure of accounting in Turkey and its differences from the International Accounting Standards. 1.1. Theoretical Structure Of Accounting Theoretical structure of accounting aims at establishing a structure of theories and implementations which will result in harmonization of the efforts of the persons from the accounting profession, and a common set of standards and procedures called generally-accepted accounting principles, and which will function as general guidelines. Tax Procedural Law (TPL) enacted with the tax reform during the 1950s constituted the basis of the theoretical structure of accounting in Turkey and today, it maintains its directive effect. Turkish Code of Commerce (TCC), Uniform Accounting System of the Commission of Reformation of State Economic Enterprises, Banking Law and Banks Uniform Chart of Accounts, Communiqués of the Capital Markets Board, Accounting System General Communiqués on Implementation of the Ministry of Finance, Uniform Chart of Accounts (UCA) that follow this regulation, Turkish Accounting Standards (TAS) formerly published by the Turkish Accounting and Auditing Standards Board and now, by the Turkish Accounting Standards Board are the primary written legal norms that direct accounting implementations in Turkey (Cemalcılar and Önce, 1999, 10). 1.2. Framework Of The Theoretıcal Structure Of Accountıng In the previous part, the regulations that affect theoretical structure of accounting in Turkey have been mentioned. In this part, framework of the theoretical structure of accounting will be dealt. 748 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo OBJECTIVES * Providing information on investment and credits * Estimating cash flows * Providing information on assets and resources of the enterprise QUALIFICATIONS OF ACCOUNTING INFORMATION A. Primary Feature 1. Relevancy a. estimated value b. feedback value c. timeliness 2. Safety a. provability of accuracy b. loyalty in representation COMPONENTS OF THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS c. impartiality Financial Status Changes that affect financial result B. Secondary Feature Assets Returns 1. Comparableness Debts Expenditures 2.consistence Equities Assumptions Non-operating BASIC CONCEPTSprofit/loss OF ACCOUNTING General Features Constraints PRINCIPLES ON IMPLEMENTATION ACCOUNTING STANDARDS ACCOUNTING POLICIES 749 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo Table 1: Hierarchy of the Elements that Comprise Framework of the Theoretical Structure of Financial Accounting (Cemalcılar and Önce, 1999, 26) 1.2.1. Objectives of Financial Accounting The accounting function can be defined as determining, registering, summarizing and reporting financial information. The accounting information, which is the most important source of information in a company, also plays a significant role in the stages during which administrative decisions are made. (Cemalcılar and Önce, 1999, 27) The objectives of accounting are comprised of 4 elements, which are namely determining, registering, summarizing and reporting financial information (www.akampus.com). 1.2.1.1. Determining Financial Information The accounting process begins with determining which financial information will be registered. This is called determination of the information. As a general rule, it determines and registers financial transactions of accounting and results of financial activities. However, their controllable proofs should exist in order for these financial transactions to be kept under accounting records. This is called the rule of cautiousness, which is also one of the important rules in ‗Generally-Accepted Accounting Rules‘ (Cemalcılar and Önce, 1999, 28). 1.2.1.2. Registering Financial Information Accounting information is registered into the accounts. These accounts enable classification of financial data. All accounts of a company are registered in a daybook and a general ledger, which are the official books of companies (Civan and Kara, 2009, 53). 1.2.1.3. Summarizing Financial Information The data processed during the accounting process should answer different requirements of different users. In other words, it should be possible to classify and summarize this information in a way to meet the data requirements of various decision-making models (Civan, 2010, 3). 1.2.1.4. Reporting Financial Information Accounting reports aim to meet requirements of the persons who use accounting information. Thus, these reports should be user-specific. In different reports, different reporting methods can be followed. There should be full compliance with the tax laws in the reports prepared for the state and tax administrations. In the reports to be provided for the public or third persons, compliance with the Generally-Accepted Accounting Rules is sought (Akdoğan and Tenker, 2007, 3). 1.2.2. Qualifications of Accounting Information Timely and accurate information is required for a successful management. Appropriate decisions can only be made by means of accurate, timely and fast information (Hansen and Mowen, 1992: 4). It is common knowledge that the enterprises influence each other, thus the economic situation of the society, as well as their economic situations through the decisions that individuals and states make (Kepekçi, 1998: 37). Related parties need to have accurate, sound, significant, related and timely information on the enterprises in order to protect their benefits because the economic decisions that the information-users will make in accordance with their aims depend on the accounting information (Bodnar, and Hopwood, 1998: 55). 1.2.3. Scope and Components of Financial Statements The financial statements prepared by the accounting department are divided into two; namely, main financial statements and supplementary financial statements (Çabuk and Lazol, 2000: 7). Furthermore, the reports can be divided into general and special-purpose reports. Main financial statements are common as general purpose, and arranged for all users in a standard way. Balance sheets and income statements can be given as an example. Special-purpose reports are arranged especially for administrations or other private persons. Budgets, performance reports, cost reports etc. can be given as an example of this kind of reports (Yılancı, 1992: 15). 750 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo 1.2.4. Principles on Implementation Basic concepts of accounting that constitutes the theoretical basis of the accounting implementations are general decision-making rules. Accountants use the principles on implementation, in other words, detailed principles in order to implement the basic concepts. 1.2.5. Accounting Standards Accounting standards determine the method of accounting studies and are published by various national and international organizations. The accounting principles are generally implemented through the accounting standards, and take determination of an accounting policy as a basis. In our country, the accounting standards are published by the ‗Turkish Accounting Standards Board‘ (TASB). The Board adopts the following principles in determining national accounting standards: 1-The accounting standards determined should be compatible with international accounting standards. 2-The Turkish economy, structure and requirements of the enterprises should be considered. In Turkey, publicly-held enterprises prepare reports according to the Turkish Accounting Standards. For non-public enterprises, on the other hand, international accounting standards continue for the SMEs. 1.2.6 .Accounting Policies The accounting policies are a complement of standards, opinions, comments, rules and regulations accepted by the enterprise among the options in order to arrange and submit financial statements. For instance, they can prefer the required method used in the calculation of amortization (Özulucan, 2003, 15). 1.3. Theoretical Structure Of Accounting In Turkey And Differences With International Financial Reporting Standards (Ifrs) Although international accounting standards and the uniform chart of accounts are based on the same principles, different approaches are brought to the subjects of accounting policies that need to be implemented. The most significant reason of these different approaches is that the uniform chart of accounts is affected by especially tax legislation, and as a fundamental objective; that various regulations are made on tax-related area rather than providing sound, trustworthy, transparent and comprehensible financial statements. The important differences between the international accounting standards that takes substance over form and accrual basis as the basic perspective, and tax legislation, and uniform chart of accounts that takes form over substance and collection as the basic perspective are summarized as below. Communiqués of the Capital Markets Board that direct accounting implementations in our country have accelerated the efforts on harmonization with the international accounting standards. According to the Communiqué No. 25, which is the latest regulation and issued by the Capital Markets Boards, incomes and expenditures can be presented in a different way in order to provide information necessary to make an economic decision and suitable for the need. Incomes and expenditures comprised of ordinary activities and other incomes and expenditures are demonstrated separately. This distinction is made on the grounds that the information on the source of an item is suitable for the need with the aim of making an evaluation about cash and the cash equivalents that the enterprise may form in the future http://www.econturk.org/Turkiyeekonomisi/ferTMS10.doc). In Turkey, the information used in reporting is not exactly compatible with the international accounting standards. Again, there are differences between Turkey and the IFRS in reporting borrowing costs. It is possible to include interest expenses in asset costs in Turkey, and this implementation is common. According to the IFRS, financing expense specifies the interest costs borne by any enterprise with regard to loan capitals. What the interest costs related to the loan capitals are is referred in the same paragraph. These are; discount expenses occurring during the issue of bills, and repayment of premiums, repayment of related expenses borne as a result of debt agreements, and exchange differences occurring with regard to loan capitals to the extent that they can be considered as interest expenses (Akdoğan, 2003, 25-40). There are some minor distinctions in accounting exchange differences of fixed assets after active registered. According to the Capital Markets Board and the Turkish Accounting Standard 14, except for the basic method, the exchange differences calculated for stocks and fixed assets until the activation date are added to the cost of the related asset. According to the Capital Markets Board, adding the exchange differences occurring after the activation date to the cost in fixed assets or registering them as a period cost is allowed while they are accepted as a period cost 751 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo in the stocks. On the other hand, according to the International Accounting Standards, exchange differences are considered as the expenditures of the upcoming periods of the fixed assets in a systematic way throughout their lifetime. In the International Financial Reporting Standard called ‗Stocks‘ No. 2, it is expressed that the exchange differences occurring after the activation of non-qualifying stocks and resulting from exchange transactions related to the mentioned assets, and borrowing costs borne by the used credits cannot be activated (www.platformiletisim.com/malimusavir/yazarde.asp?). Another distinction is related to accounting financial leasing operations. They continue to show the assets given for leasing in their own assets as fixed assets and allocate amortization for them. This situation distorts the structure of balance sheet. In fact, the assets given for leasing should not be included in fixed assets, and amortization should not be allocated for them. The companies that obtain assets by means of leasing should show these assets in their own assets and allocate amortization for them (Akdoğan, 2003, 25-40). Another distinction is that the financial reporting in the companies that carry out widespread construction and contracting works for many years differs from the implementations in the International Accounting Standards. The period results of incomes and expenditures are received in the year when provisional acceptance takes place in Turkey. In fact, according to the International Financial Accounting Standards, incomes and expenditures should be calculated by the completion percentage for each year, not in the year when the provisional acceptance takes place. Afterwards, incomes and expenditures should be reflected into the periods. Furthermore, realistic values, rather than historical costs, should be taken as a basis while evaluating some items. Realistic evaluation principles, instead of historical costing, should be considered. In accordance with the principle of cautiousness in the International Accounting Standards, it is necessary to allow to making provision when a decrease in the value of any asset is noted/estimated (doubtful trade receivables, decline in value of inventory etc.), and to register it as an expense. In fact, for allowing to making such a provision and accepting it as an expense, the tax procedural law has brought along such obligations like court decisions etc. Another distinction between theoretical structure of accounting implemented in Turkey and the International Financial Reporting System is the delay interests occurring in forward sales. In fact, these are interest income not sale income. As a result of this, gross margin seems too much in income statement. Although there is a parallelism between the international accounting standards and the standards published in Turkey on arranging consolidated financial statements, there exist discrepancies in definitions, consolidation preparation stage, reporting special assessment, in conditions regarding exclusion of the determination of the special assessment from the scope of consolidation during repayment ( http://www.sosbil.gazi.edu.tr/edergi/makale.php?Makale=8). Another distinction is related to where the sale of fixed assets and shares will be shown in the income statement. The international accounting standards state that these profits should be shown in the ordinary income group. However, they are shown in the extraordinary income group in the applications in Turkey. www.econturk.org/Turkiyeekonomisi/ferTMS10.doc As for the accounting of the shares, pertaining to the authority granted by the article 175 and repeating article 257 of the Tax Procedural Law by the Ministry of Finance, the General Communiqué 3 on Implementation of the Accounting System Serial No. 1 which was enacted to be effective as of 1.1.1994 covers all real and legal persons that keep accounts on the basis of balance sheet throughout the country. In this regulation also called as Uniform Accounting System in the implementation, it is defined that as criteria for participation, vested right of voting or right to participation in the administration, rather than the share, should be taken as a basis, and that the vested right of voting or right to participation in the management should be at least %10, regardless of the share, in order to mention a relationship of participation in the joint ventures participated. In the abovementioned regulation, principles and standards on the evaluation were not introduced; TPL provisions were referred on the matter of evaluation. Thus, the participations will be valued over ―purchase price‖ as is the case with other securities. Provided that there is a decrease in value of equities by %10 or more than this rate, it is allowed to make provision in accordance with ―the principle of cautiousness‖. On the other hand, increases in value of securities cannot be associated with the period profit/loss as they are unrealized increases. Only the profit or loss realized when they are sold is taken into account. Conclusion In the world, International Accounting Standards are adopted in financial reporting. The information presented in financial reporting will be determined according to these principles for all countries. A unique implementation will be adopted in the standards. The European Commission has made it necessary to prepare consolidated financial statements in compliance with the International Accounting Standards as of 1.1.2005. In this 752 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo sense, Turkey aligns its national accounting standards published since 2005 with the international accounting standards. Nevertheless, there are some differences within the theoretical structure of accounting. In titles, these differences are as below; - In accounting policies, - In showing incomes and expenditures comprised of ordinary activities, and other incomes and expenditures separately, - In reporting borrowing costs, - In accounting exchange differences of fixed assets after active registered, - In amortization rates applied, - In accounting leasing transactions, - In financial reporting in the companies that carry out widespread construction and contracting works for years, - In delay interests occurring in forward sales, - In arranging consolidated financial statements, - In where the sale of fixed assets and shares will be shown in income statement. References Akdoğan Nalan. (2003). ―Finansal Raporlama Uygulamalarında Uluslar arası Standartlara GeçiĢ‖. Ġstanbul. TÜSĠAD Akdoğan Nalan, Nejat Tenker, (2007), ―Finansal Tablolar ve Mali Analiz Teknikleri‖, Ankara, Gazi Kitapevi Bodnar, George and William, Hopwood. (1998). ―Accounting Information Sytems‖. New Jersey. Prentice Hall. Cemalcılar Özgül ve Saime Önce. 1999. ―Muhasebenin Kuramsal Yapısı‖. EskiĢehir. Anadolu Üniversitesi Civan Mehmet, (2010), ―Dönem Sonu Muhasebe ĠĢlemleri‖, Ankara, Siyasal Kitapevi Civan Mehmet, Ekrem KARA, Vedat Bal,(2009) ―Luca Uygulamalı Bilgisayarlı Muhasebe‖ Ankara, Tesmer, Çabuk, Adem. Ġbrahim Lazol. (2000). Mali Tablolar Analizi. Bursa: VipaĢ A.ġ. Hansen, Don R. Maryanne M.Mowen. (1992). ―Management Accounting‖. USA.: South- Western Publishing. Kepekçi, Celal. (1998). ―Bağımsız Denetim‖. 83.Baskı) Ankara: Siyasal Kitabevi. Özulucan Abitter, (2003) ―Dönem Sonu ĠĢlemleri ve Muhasebe Uygulamalar‖, Ġstanbul, Türkmen Kitapevi Yılancı, Münevver. (1992). ―Muhasebe Organizasyonu‖. Kütahya: Kütahya Üniversitesi Ġktisadi ve Ġdari Bilimler Fakültesi Yayınları. (www.akampus.com). http://www.econturk.org/Turkiyeekonomisi/ferTMS10.doc www.platformiletisim.com/malimusavir/yazarde.asp?idyazi=70 www.econturk.org/Turkiyeekonomisi/ferTMS10.doc www.econturk.org/Turkiyeekonomisi/ferTMS10 753 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 227 Title A name given to the resource Differences Between the International Accounting Standards and the Theoretical Structure of Accounting in Turkey Author Author CİVAN, Mehmet KARA, Ekrem Abstract A summary of the resource. Accounting system provides non-misleading and controllable information on a company‘s financial structure and consequences of its activities. In this context, the theroetical structure of accounting is important. Accounting practices are in a constantly changing and developing environment. There are major differences between accounting practices and its theory. There are a number of institutions and organizations in Turkey that affects the theroetical structure of accounting. After the adoption of new Turkish Commerce Law, this multi-headed structure will be eliminated. According to the draft of new Turkish Commerce Law, Turkey Accounting Standards Board (TASB) will be responsible from the accounting regulations in Turkey. As a matter of fact, this institution has been issuing the International Accounting Standards in Turkey since its establishment in 2005. Until now, the TASB has issued 29 standards for the publicly traded companies and it is also preparing International Accounting Standards for the SMEs in Turkey. This study examines the theoretical structure of accounting in Turkey and its differences from the International Accounting Standards. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed HB Economic Theory https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/64e403b87d00af8ef695305780754619.pdf f99eb60585efdd9939f7e9ff2455982b PDF Text Text 2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo The Effects of Financial Failure in Business Inventory Management Mehmet CĠVAN Asst. Prof. Dr.,Gaziantep University, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences Department of Business Administration mehmetcivan27@hotmail.com Faruk DAYI Research Assistant,Gaziantep University, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences Department of Business Administration fdayi@gantep.edu.tr Abstract: Global competition increases, inventory management businesses on the importance increased. Goods and services to sell in the global market, the unit costs low, the production efficiency is need to higher..Stok management, raw material supply whether manufactured and offered to customers are far, production and distribution activities is fundamental. The amount of inventory the company's total assets 40% to 60% in the thought, the investment in a significant portion of the inventory allocated to the will see. Especially,in trade businesses inventory, is majority of the balance sheet active.In the industry businesses the fixed assets ,investment is well ossified in inventory that will see. That in a state enterprise liquidity is insufficient and receivables collected in both high-cost inventories disposal are challenges. Daily operations to meet cash asset management could not, pay their debts to be forced, commercial reputation damage to the liquidation or even bankruptcy process go through a process to enter will result. Introduction The amount of inventory, 40% of the total assets of businesses to be between 60% and is considered, a significant portion of investments allocated to inventories will be observed. Connected to the large amounts of money from inventories, short-term debt funding may be provided by increasing the rate of inventory turnover. The company failed financially, the inventory turnover rate is low, the lack of sales will result in the desired level, so businesses will experience liquidity problems. Financially failing companies, the financial measures taken unable bankruptcy to go a long to enter the business to invest in the shareholder losses, and direct the national economy of full employment to reach defended. economic state that is strong businesses, this negative situation that much is not affected unlike grow more powerful as the crisis are .This study will examine the subject of inventory management and financial failures, business failures fall into the cause of the factors to be investigated. Financial Perspective to Inventory Management of Businesses In business inventory management major makes many reasons. Especially in business inventory investment is considerably high, usually ossified investments and consisting of a very high cost. Especially manufacturing and trading companies operating in the subject of the inventory represents that we think the presence of a large portion of the inventories has created to see. Companies inventories is more than ease of delivery to customers in the business as a result. But high inventory costs will endure.(Okka 2009:657-658) Two main purposes of inventory management in have enterprises.It‘s work both necessary and sufficient to sustain the provision of inventory and inventory to be taken for ensuring all the stages of the inventory holding cost is the lowest level(Okka 2009 :657-658).While investing in inventories in companies that it is important to pay attention to two issues. Investment in Inventories Inventories have very important current assets in companies with a share.Operation equipment, raw materials and supplies,work in process and finished goods inventory management are the most important items. Inventories of companies shows diversity that it had been active in the sector depends and kinds of business. Some sector, excessive inventory investment , when it should, and some inventory-free or low inventory keeping 231 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo policy can be watch. Companies inventory the optimal amount of more than investing the profits in a negative way will affect. (Ceylan ve Korkmaz 2008,318-320). Businesses must be sign in terms of inventory management policies are determined, the firm's market share and target what is determined to be the financial terms of inventory investments, both positive and negative aspects of evaluating the investment amount. Negative inventory investment or business, many expenses can lead to well be forgotten. The results of Insufficient Inventory 1.The sales fall 2.Market loss 3.Customer loss 4. Decrease in profits 5.Injury to reputation in the sector Table 1: The results of Insufficient Inventory Level of Raw Materials and Products in Inventory Raw material inventory is been affected first-degree factor is future production plans for next year's planned production degrees.Company decided to increase the amount of production for next year it will need to increase the amount of raw material purchases ( Ceylan ve Korkmaz 2008,320).Raw inventory determines the amount of another factor is the production seasonality specialize.Furthermore, in products shows seasonal fluctuating , production by the amount of precautionary inventories.That well as price increases, natural factors, delivery time, global competition and also taking into account sufficient material can be quantified. (Ceylan ve Korkmaz 2008,320). Businesses have for sales of inventory level in a positive relationship. Production volume occur can be reflect in the future any changes to sales figures. But Demand amount of any increase can‘t to meet supply. Those well vogue does not exceed, in each period will be demanded of the goods or inventory in the It is possible (Ercan 2008,305-308). Cost of Inventory Business occurs investment in inventories for the expenditure of large. This reason to manage inventory with the lowest cost of total inventory cost is minimum will be required to achieve optimal inventory levels. Cost of Keeping Inventory Inventory held in the raw materials,work in process and finished goods to be kept and maintained due to incurred. Stok keeping costs, storage costs, heating and lighting costs, transportation costs, wages, insurance, taxes and outdated goods, waste and corruption costs occurs. Inventory Supply Cost Shipping occurs costs referred to as the inventory supply costs, the order granting inventory enterprises reached until the last every stage of the costs from the sum. Order given the phone calls, office expenses, bank EFT costs, discount incentives, not benefiting, warehouse transportation and other expenses ordered, the cost creates. .(Okka 2009:660). Cost of inventorys not Include It is expenses of inventory keeping arise. Can not be held sales lost by the sale amount, deprived of the profits, customers, such as loss expenses. Because of business in terms of incurred these costs in the industry and market reputation to decrease, the brand value to fall also may result. 232 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo Cost of Inventory Total Cost of Inventory Cost of Keeping Inventory Inventory Supply Cost Inventory quantity Shape 1: Determining the optimum inventory level Financial Failure in Business Definition of Financial Failure Financial failure is known that describing in different terms. Financial business end of the mission has to carry out their activities. (Aydın and others 2007;444). Looking from another angle, the business can not provide cash flow is also another dimension of financial failure. .(Wruck,1990;425). The current period as a result, businesses can not pay debts, are faced with the problem of liquid in a technical sense(Gönenli,1994;647). Many companies fail to define the terms we want to use. According to Altman, financial failure by the insolvency, bankruptcy and is unable to pay on time(Altman 1983;3-6). Causes of falling into financial failure Businesses, technology, market, product diversification, cost structure and especially the consumer behavior impact of their financial terms to the many problems facing. As well as business administration and director of the inadequacy can of the company's business environment to adapt fail. Because of production volume falls, sales declines and losses leads. Causes of Financial Failure In Business One of the reason those are Professional non-managerial positions, excessive and irrational borrowing, cash flow is planned absence, insufficient liquidity, budget items necessary diligence is not shown, savings policy is not followed, particularly cost accounting data by managers neglect, or enough of no business in the financial failures. As our daily competition environment is considered to be high, as the company continues to operate, improve profitability in a competitive environment must be suitable for the use of financial resources. Another factor affecting the financial failure is financial leverage.Financial leverage, external and equity resources of business,resource anf quantity of the substance from which mainly shows how much a financial instrument should be used. (Erol 1999;156-157). Own resources can not be open to be allocated to enterprises, with public debt as possible to cause any problems because the future. Companies bonds useful, financial bonds for his use of such debt instruments or loans from banks or financial institutions to supply foreign sources are provided. Loans to firms optimum level to a very rational, and the business growth and market competitiveness will increase, and provide continuity in terms. But businesses will meet big problems ,if they do not use their debts in reasonable places.For example, business uses of the loans financing the timely payment fails, bankruptcy go through a process will enter. Businesses within the required accounting controls is not made, cost accounting enough benefit can not be operating in a knowledge processing and dissemination should be the system's establishment of no-budget preparation flexibility of no and extraordinary circumstances budgets does not contain accounting information system failure caused by financial failure are the causes. Another dimension of the business in terms of financial failure of the timely collection and payment. Companies hitchs can not do debit payments for the production. This result, could not obtain the necessary raw materials for production will be reduced. Without disrupting their activities, the liquidity position of businesses to improve profitability, cash inflows and outflows should also take into account the planning. 233 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo Out of Business Reasons in Financial Failure In the economy liquid cash cycle by increasing ,the country's economy development is, increases with income, employment and especially the production. The economy revival and development of enterprises' financial structure to strengthen contribute important. National revenue structure, the inflationary and dezenflasyonist trends, economic policies, macro-economic indicators to the national economy that additives that affect the financial success of companies are among the primary factors. (Dinçer 1996:53,Eren 1990:70-71). Of these, as well as technological innovations and developments for business carries critical. New production techniques wiil reduces, production costs, reducing the innovations do not make the business cost of any of the relative increase their competitiveness. As we today global economy, the unit cost of profitability rather impressed it is considered that the activities continue with the company, particularly the costs of businesses that are reducing the minimum level. One of the most important factor in business is technology. Technology for the business required of all information, communications quickly and cost-effectively be provided. global economic have units to reduce costs, consumers need to answer to, most importantly, profit and profitability to increase information for the operating system for businesses vital. Technology processes to operate large deals in may provide, may also reduce the risk of assets. (Dinçer 1996:51). Technological innovation, practicality and speed. ınformation businesses operating system can be used effectively in competition with businesses, cost leadership may pass to the front of many businesses. Measures Towards Improving the Financial Status Financial structure deteriorated and unable to meet payment obligations on time, to strengthen the financial situation in enterprises for a number of measures to be taken. companies measures are grouped under four main headings. Strategic Measures Future uncertainty is high today, it is impossible that companies effectively operate in the planning and implementation. Today's businesses is quite complex with a structure is also considering, business management strategy, the determination of its financial condition empowering nature pay attention. Economic failure to prevent the need to be strategic measures following as can be sorted (Aydın 2007;451-453); •Making Swot analysis and take preventive measures •Making medium-and long-term by following the developments on the economy •Identifing the market targets according to product groups, accordance with the management plan Precautions to be Taken in the Field of Costs The extension of debt maturity The cash management business for the future if a serious obstacle facing temporary financial problems, the firm's debt maturity, is extended by creditors to supply funds to businesses would be given the opportunity. Because when the management contacts with enforcement, it will be receivables to collect performance fees. Beside this thinking that it could not take a large portion of the charge, this could not claim most of charge. Improve companies receivables net charged availability, debt extension in the financial situation for the future promising enterprises, the creditor company in terms of rationalization would also owe the business picked himself up to the opportunities provided, and thus happens the business liquidation or bankruptcy in the process prevented. If necessary changes are made in management and the measures are not taken until debt maturities, the event probability increases that management through the out without problems.(Büker,Bayar ve Sevil 2001:420) Abandonment of claims through a section of the Magistrates Refer law enforcement for claims to collect from the borrower company, generally a large part of the funds could not receive. Because of management may be cash take a portion of the peace and abandon the rest settle for if both legal lengths and deal does not need to as well as peace through education could amount collected. 234 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo Representatives of the firm's receivables by a committee of the Managing Creditors can be request that the firm's management take the company's financial condition is corrected. Another method is if the entity's management to have a say in financial support. Management that seized the company management keeps control of management until improve financial status, if it could not correct, it helps to entry the process of liquidation. Capital Structure Reorganization and Strengthening of Capital Other way to out of the failure for management which fallen to failure and unable to pay their debts, failure to agree a way out with one of the creditors, the amount of claims for money by the business partners to strengthen capital (Büker,Bayar ve Sevil 2001:421). Those can take that measures for the restructuring of capital; - Instead of debt giving the capital share - Instead of bonds giving the stocks - Taking new share holders - Reduction of the nominal value of stocks in companies - Decreasing of bond rate. - Instead of common share giving preference stock Table 2: Measures for the restructuring of capital Fixed assets are sold as Long-Term Renting Excessive investment in fixed assets if companies did it by selling the surplus, to place a long-term leasing new assets by the method of operating cash needs can be met by renting. Due to leasing, to be a longterm financial management, accounting as expenses and tax advantages, the widely used by businesses. Fixed assets of subsidiaries and partially or fully translated into the currency Selling of building, machinery, land and equipment which don‘t contribute to the management to liquidate, gives management cash conversion, as well as would have been the depreciation expense savings. The other firms with a company in the United A financially bleed company merger with another company and revival of the supply of a failed business. Present sector, according to the structure, market controls, or increase profits for mergers or joint ventures to provide management in terms of rationalization can. Selling of Management Whole or Part Operational cost is high subsidiaries or affiliates profit loss analysis after sell. But in long-term can be considering the current financial failures will continue this business in whole or in part is sold, rational. Thus failed business hand to issue a business cash flow can be ensured as well as amortization expenses decreased by Significant savings can be achieved in the operating expenses. (Dinçer 1996:175). Cost Reduction An important cost area is raw matarial in management . Raw matarials purchases to save on supply conditions improve, in use of waste and waste disposal, inventory costs, reducing some vehicle equipment purchases instead of a bike path to be measures such as cost reduction of the privided. Cost mitigation measures can be summarized as follows; • If there is a demand narrow or stock oversupply, cost and expense cutting down about producing • Skilled and talented in the areas of business activities should continue, should withdraw from the areas of poor or weak • Particularly if the current increases developments in exchange rates, should be cut imports, , raw material needs 235 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo to be provided from the domestic market. • Travel expenses should be reduced • The budget allocated to fixed assets and new investments should be reduced 2.3.2.10. Liquidation of Companies Despite the precautions taken, the chance to continue the company's assets is low, the company's liquidation is not the way to go to a compulsory liquidation. Because of business is greater than the benefits to be obtained from the liquidation will be more rational. Measures to Boost Cash Flow During periods of financial crisis, businesses must decrease collecting time, recovery time loan maturities and discount for decrease selling inventory costs to get away from losses. One of the most important cash items received orders. Advance receipt and sales or collateral requested as a short-term cash management businesses can relax. An Effective Financial Management and Planning Financial management is sensitive external environment and the macro-activities of businesses. Strategıc financial with business within the created and the company's current situation, the projected data analysis. Now on and future environment to determine the resulting economic, demographic and social quality of the data analysis and the environment within the company's future to determine and to estimate the financial goals and to identify and navigate the process is carried out(Bengshir,1996:77). The four basic criterion (Sayılgan,2003:295); of financial planning 1)Investmen fixed asset 2)Working capital 3)Combination of debt and equity 4)How company decision's will evaluate Table 3: Decision area in financial planning Effects of Financial Failure in Business Enterprises' financial structure, shows differences the firm's business activities. Stops asset investments mainly a business, it is normal that debt is more than equity capital in a mainly stop asset investment business. if comparing the value of certaın debt and sum of long-term debt is higher, we can say for business ―extreme owes‖. Comparing the long-term debt in excess of net debt and inventorys. If companies long-term debt more than inventory this means that the non-cash assets in managment are not achieved with debt they are achieved with management equity. Thus business financial failure affect the degree is reduced. Decrease in operating profit to financial failure shows and ultimately leads to inadequate liquidity to as the bankrupt company's failure to operate. Economic effects can be grouped into three headings summarize. Effects on Investment and financing In Financially failing businesses management also seen the biggest problem, funds flow enabled. That is result in investments late. Current period of investments can stop .Failure visit businesses in an effective inventory policy execution, raw materials and goods across pay, is caused to spread for debt to maturities. Business financial crisis enters its own receivables charged to, the debts to pay, for the production of essential raw materials, supplies, and these, as well as various issues. At the end effective non-inventory policy block, enterprise inputs and outputs of the amount planned when the realization.If production is not on the time,the sales will fail creases, liquidity of business is getting weak as a result crisis with the effect of the company's financial situation gets worse. Businesses is about financially unsuccessful, investments to influence the existing 236 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo fixed assets renewal or a new entity receiving. ınvestment opportunities to be requested before the financial situation improves, and then invest the budget should be prepared, capital or financial resources must be provided. Effect of Profitability Financial failure of business in losing of sales is decreasing revenue and the cost is getting more, the company's profitability is decreasing.At collectting troubles, is getting low particularly the receivables turnover. It will be weak its pay. Because of cash cycle is insufficient, the company can not avaluate alternative investment opportunities and failed emerged a small but are deprived of lucrative opportunities. Inventories and Sales Effectiveness Inventory turnover, in other words the cost of goods sold is lower than the average ratio of inventory desired sales means the amount could not be reached. Financially troubled the businesses, the sales of a sufficient level, not in a production line to slow down production of the amount of reduction and long-term debt payments difficulties caused. This is well as businesses, the financial crisis in the asset and liquidity management difficulty is the determined sales policy not access because of their strategic goals to achieve are also affected. The Effects of Financial Failure in Business Inventory Management Inventory Turnover and Productivity Effect Turnover rate is shown the company's sales rate to the average amount of inventory that how many times to meet. The low inventory turnover in enterprises, means that the desired amount of sales can not be reached. Inventory turnover ratio is lower one of the reasons, the business sold to inadequate is the other one too much inventory. Financial failure falls in business ,the most common problem is not sales of the desired level in the other receivables charged face in the difficulties are. Financially troubled the businesses, the sales of a sufficient level, not in a production line to slow down production of the amount of reduction and long-term debt payments difficulties caused. The sells insufficient, the collection of receivables be key delays, business liquidity and purchasing power.This is well as businesses, financial crisis manage their assets and liquidity in times of difficulty, because the achievement of designated sales policy and therefore unable to reach their strategic goals are also affected. Sales Effectiveness Today's business in the most common questions one of the companies' strategic plans, the targeted sales figures. Companies internal and external factors due to the desired sales figures reach the difficulty the company cash problems.Companies the most important liquid pen is sale revenues.Because of sales desired level of the lack of goods sold cost will increase inventory turnover and sales profitability.inventory management required in the raw materials and finished goods reach the level fail business sales reduce the road.Inventory obtained time effectively not be used as both the sales decline and the reputation of the injury caused. That in a situation inventories to be different can make of the growing inventory of applications and campaigns. Unlike cash management businesses that getting more and more inventory invesment will be paralyzed and market share have been determined to block and eventually entered a path that goes up to the bankruptcy will cause. Liquidity Impact on Business Businesses at the establishment stage by partners of capital on the basis of the liquid assets first started operating the business of the cash power. In hand of funds, investment products or commercial goods inventory as to be converted, realized sales policy, together with their re-liquid assets into a spin this cycle of business activity to end until.Liquidity asset management firms manage the difficulty that the biggest problems. Cash management and effective planning is not if businesses purchase of raw materials from the tax payment until the costs and spending cash deficiency faced with the problem caused. Liquidity insufficient purchasing advance sale discount to benefit will stop time can not be payments to interest costs caused. This well as taxes and payments will be delayed by the state penal sanctions exposed because of inventory management-enabled not business's cash assets are sufficient to prevent. Indirect to as operating cash management activity on corruption to-day spending can not become ,as a result of the liquidation or bankruptcy and go into a process that will lead to. 237 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo Conclusion Connect to inventory without too much money, short-term debt funding can be provided to increase the inventory turnover rate. Financially failing businesses, the inventory turnover rate is low, sales are at a desired level or not will result, thus operating liquidity shortage.Economic failure as a result of businesses went bankrupt, and most employees become unemployed and even creditors, the companies that victims and their cash flows regulated can not, and as a result from this process adversely affected Financial crisis in the business, cash flow chart of the arrangements, their debts to restructure, if possible, debt with stocks for replacements, inert tangible assets to sell, the costs of reducing possible, as well as business management and organizational scheme to modify,the financial crisis at least with loss through will ensure . Although all these measures, if the financial failure is still running, the business financially restructuring, downsizing strategy, the implementation of the rational, non-affiliates or subsidiaries to sell. financial failed businesses restructuring as a result of the current situation for the future bright appear unless the company's liquidation to be investors, both creditors is rational for enterprises with the least harm will withdraw from the market. References Altman Edward,Corporate Financial Distress: A Complete Guide to Predicting,Avıiding and Dealing with Bankruptcy,Jhn Wiley and Jons, Newyork.1983 Aydın Nurhan,BASAR Mahmut,COġKUN Metin, Financial Management ,Genç Copy Center,EskiĢehir,2007. Bengshir Türksel, Information Technology and Organizational Change , TODAĠE Publishing.Ankara,1996. Büker S.,D.Bayar,G.Sevil, Financial Management ,Anadolu University Publishing, EskiĢehir ,2001. Ceylan Ali ,Korkmaz Turhan,Financial Management in Business,Ekin Bookstore,Bursa,2008. Dinçer Ömer, Strategic Management and Business Policy ,Beta Publishing,3.print,Ġstanbul,1996. Ercan Metin Kamil,Financial Management Based of Value, Gazi Bookstore,Ankara 2008. Eren Erol, Strategic Planning and Management in Business ,Faculty of Business Administration Publishing, no.234,3.Print,Ġstanbul,1990. Erol Cengiz, Financial Management in Business ,Ġmge Bookstore,Ankara,1999. Gönenli Atilla, Financial Management in Business ,Ġstanbul,1994. Okka Osman, Analytical Financial Management ,Nobel Publishing,Ankara,2009. Sayılgan Güven,Business Finance,Turhan Bookstore,Ankara,2003. Wruck,Karen Hopper.Financial Distress: Reorganization and Organization Efficency,Journal of Financial Vol:27(2),October.(s:419-445),1990 238 Economics, � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 165 Title A name given to the resource The Effects of Financial Failure in Business Inventory Management Author Author CİVAN, Mehmet DAYI, Faruk Abstract A summary of the resource. Global competition increases, inventory management businesses on the importance increased. Goods and services to sell in the global market, the unit costs low, the production efficiency is need to higher..Stok management, raw material supply whether manufactured and offered to customers are far, production and distribution activities is fundamental. The amount of inventory the company's total assets 40% to 60% in the thought, the investment in a significant portion of the inventory allocated to the will see. Especially,in trade businesses inventory, is majority of the balance sheet active.In the industry businesses the fixed assets ,investment is well ossified in inventory that will see. That in a state enterprise liquidity is insufficient and receivables collected in both high-cost inventories disposal are challenges. Daily operations to meet cash asset management could not, pay their debts to be forced, commercial reputation damage to the liquidation or even bankruptcy process go through a process to enter will result. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed HB Economic Theory https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/1e379bd16df4acb32c543b838da15f59.pdf b822db8e8a6d18695435c9db5eb9653d PDF Text Text Evaluation of Residual Stresses in Heat Treated AISI 5115 and AISI 52100 Steels via Analysis of Instrumented Sharp Indentation Load-Unload Cycle Osman Culha Dokuz Eylul University, Faculty of Engineering Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Turkey osman.culha@deu.edu.tr Seher Tas Dokuz Eylul University, Faculty of Engineering Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Turkey seher.tas@ogr.deu.edu.tr Mustafa Toparli Dokuz Eylul University, Faculty of Engineering Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Turkey mustafa.toparli@deu.edu.tr Abstract: In this research, heat treated AISI 5115 (16MnCr5) cementation and AISI 52100 roller bearing steels were investigated. The specimens that were prepared before and after heat treatment application were sectioned via wire-erosion machine. Specimens were properly sanded and polished to get a smooth surface. Optical micrographs of each specimen were taken by a Nikon Eclipse ME 600 metallographic microscope. These specimens were then examined by using a Dynamic Ultra Micro Hardness (DUH) tester under a set of maximum loads of 200, 400, 600, 800, and 1000 mN. For each heat treated and non-heat treated specimen subjected to load-unload cycle under the same amount of maximum load, load vs. penetration depth curves were plotted. By comparing the resultant load-unload curves, types of the residual stresses were determined. Individual calculations were made for tensile and compressive residual stresses to obtain the residual stress values. Introduction Residual Stress after various product stages such as welding, casting, surface processing and heat treatment process that remain in parts. Varieties relevant with welding manufacturing, casting, surface treatments and heat treatment effect mainly reason become residual stress. Residual stress because of in part after manufacturing will be applied external stress during service, effect with residual stress (Dilmeç et al., 2008). In this case, contained residual stress in a part, real applied condition may be much different from estimated that results obtained by analysis/calculate on part. Tensile and compressive residual stresses consist of thermal stress resulting from cooling difference between surface and core of material. This stresses may be beneficial or harmful to the material performance (Asi & Asi, 2003). While, tensile stresses decrease fatigue life of material so early damage, compressive stresses act to increase fatigue life of materials. Successful heat treatment process may hinge upon achieving not only the appropriate surface finish, hardness, but also a residual stress distribution producing the longest component life During surface hardened process such as cementation and nitruration, surfaces are heated in carbon or nitrogen atmosphere. These of result, volume of surfaces grow up and compressive residual stresses are becoming in the surfaces. Depending on rising hardened layer thickness in the cemented steel increase compressive residual stresses. Therefore abrasion resistance and fatigue strength in parts of surfaces is increased (Karataş et al., 2001). To understand the significance of these effects on the production of parts such as bearing ball and gears, and to evaluate material's performance during service need to know level of residual stress. There are many destructive and nondestructive methods in order to measure the residual stresses in materials. Non-destructive residual stress measurement techniques make use of different characteristics of samples in order to obtain residual stress. There are magnetic method, ultrasonic method, raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and neutron diffraction. The main principle of the destructive methods is that by removing some part of the sample depending on the technique. Sahin et al. (2003) determined residual stresses near the surface of the material by the hole-drilling strain-gage method. In addition, the contour method is one of the 308 �recent destructive residual stress measurement techniques. Turski and Edwards (2009) examined the measurement of transverse residual stresses within the bead-on-plate weld specimen using the contour method. Suresh and Giannakopoulos (1998) have first introduced indentation technique which is a destructive technique for estimating residual stress. Comparing with traditional techniques, the depth-sensing indentation technique provides a quick and effective method of measuring the residual stress field (Chen et al., 2006). In this technique, experimentally determined the type and magnitude of residual stresses from automatically drawn load-unload curves from computer which connected microhardness test equipment, can be easily calculated residual stress. Being a destructive testing method, instrumented sharp indentation has been applied in recent years as a technique to evaluate the inhomogeneously distributed residual stresses caused by plastic deformation or thermal effects in welded, cast, surface processed and heat treated materials. By utilizing instrumented sharp indentation, residual stresses produced by various different processes on material surfaces can be directly measured. It’s evident through current studies that results obtained by using this technique are robust enough to compare with other methods. As a fast and reliable means of residual stress evaluation, it’s believed that this technique will become a common practice in the foreseeable future. In the present study, subjected to heat treatment of AISI 5115 (16MnCr5) and AISI 52100 (100Cr6) steels were measured in the bottom of surface the residual stresses using indentation techniques. Instrumented Indentation Method The microindentation technique (Nishibori et al., 1978; Dub et al., 2002) has been developed in some decades, and the mechanical properties within a sub-micron or nano scale are widely discussed. The techniques are expected to be useful for measurement of the mechanical properties of thin films or local structure of various materials. While employing the instrumented indentation technique at nanoscale one can directly determine the nanohardness, Young’s modulus and the deformation characteristics (Reibold et al., 2005). From the loading and unloading curve the nature of elastic–plastic transition can be analyzed. Elastic modulus E and microhardness H can be obtained with the load and penetration depth data (Uzun et al. 2005). During indenter loading, test material is subjected to both elastic and plastic deformation. The three key parameters needed to determine the hardness and modulus are the peak load (Pmax), the contact area (Ac) and the initial unloading contact stiffness (S). Similar to the conventional microhardness testing, the micro indentation hardness is usually defined as the ratio of the peak indentation load, Pmax, to the projected area of the hardness impression, Ac, i.e. P Pmax ( Ac = 26.43hc 2 ) (1) H = max = 2 Ac 26.43hc Different approaches for deducing the contact depth, hc, from the resultant load displacement curve have been purposed and perhaps the most widely used one is that of Oliver and Pharr (Oliver &.Pharr, 1992). The Oliver and Pharr (1992) data analysis procedure begins by fitting unloading curve to an empirical power-law relation. (2) P = α(h − hf )m where P is the indentation load, h is the penetration depth, hf is the final unloading depth and α and m are empirically determined fitting parameters. Using the initial part of the unloading curve, both stiffness and contact depth are determined by differentiating Eq. (2) at the maximum depth of penetration, h = hmax. Then, the stiffness of the contact is given by S= 2 dP = E r Ac dh π (3) Where Er is the reduced elastic modulus. In this study, the Oliver and Pharr (1992) method was used to calculate the initial stiffness (S), contact depth (hc) and hence reduced modulus (Er) and hardness (HV). 2 1 1 −ν 2 1 −ν 0 (4) = + Er E Eo Where E and ν are Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio for the specimen, and Eo and νo are the same parameter for the indenter. As explained above, instrumented indentation is characterized by a sharp rigid indenter which mechanical properties are known (frequently made of a very hard material like diamond) penetrating normally into a homogeneous solid where the indentation load, P, and displacement, h, are continuously recorded during one complete cycle of loading and unloading (Figure 1). 309 �Figure 1: Schematic graph of the indentation load–depth curve (Son et al., 2003) Measured residual stress is based on the calculation of the difference between the indentation contact areas of with and without stressed surfaces by analyzing ‘‘indentation load–depth’’ data according to the below equations (Suresh & Giannakopoulos, 1998): For tensile residual stress Ac/Ao = (1-(σr / ρave ))-1 For compressive residual stress Ac/Ao = (1+(σr sinα / ρave )) -1 (5a) (5b) where Ac and Ao are the indentation contact areas with and without residual stress (σr), respectively. α is a geometric factor, where a is related to the indentation angle of the indenter. If the Vickers pyramid indenter is used α = 22o. ρave is the average contact pressure, ρave =Pmax/Amax Depend on the type of residual stress (tensile or compressive) as shown in Figure 2 if the indentation contact area ratio (Ac/Ao) is known then σr values can be calculated simply from Equation (1a) or (1b). Figure 2: The indentation load-depth (P-h) curves for the surfaces with and without residual stresses. We now seek to derive the effects of a compressive residual stress on the contact areas and indentation penetration depths. Figure 2 schematically shows the load-depth curve for the indentation of the virgin material, and that for the substrate with an equibiaxial compressive residual stress. Assume that the following loading history takes place. The material with the residual stress is first indented with a load P1 which causes the indenter to penetrate it by a depth h1. This point is denoted by the symbol X in Figure 2 (Suresh & Giannakopoulos, 1998) Keeping the indentation depth h1 constant, let the indented material now undergo a complete relaxation of the residual stress, i.e. let the residual stress relax from σxRo = σyRo 0 to zero at a fixed penetration depth, h1=h2. In order for the average contact pressure pave to remain invariant, the equivalent plastic strain beneath the indenter should be preserved, as noted earlier. Consequently, the change in the stress state of the material beneath the indenter during the release of this compressive residual stress must be hydrostatic. The resulting 310 �tensile hydrostatic stress, σH, σxRo, σyRo, σzRo can be regarded as introducing an effective differential force of magnitude σHfA in the z direction, i.e. in the direction of the applied indentation load, as shown in Figure 3, where f= sinα. Thus, as the compressive residual stress, σxRo, σyRo is released and the point of indentation moves from location X to location Y in the P-h curves in Figure 2, the contact force effectively decreases from P1 to P2 at a constant penetration depth, h1=h2. In summary, for a fixed indenter penetration depth and for X-Y in Figure 2, P1-P2= σHfA=- σxRo fA= -σyRo fA From the equation (2) can be obtained ratio (Ac/Ao) : R A  σy = 1 + σu Ao      −1  σy .1 +  σu   E tan α  . 1 + ln R 3σ y    −1  E tan α  .1 + ln  3σ y   (6) where σy and σyR are the yield strengths of the surface with and without residual stress, respectively, σu is the ultimate strength (Suresh & Giannakopoulos, 1998). Figure 3: Schematic representation of residual stress while indenter is under contact position with material a) for Suresh and Giannakopoulos (1998) b) for Atar et al. (2003) Suresh and Giannakopoulos (1998) reported that according to the upper-bound solution of the compressive residual stress, the magnitude of the force acting normal to the inclined faces of the indenter during indentation is σrfA as shown in Figure 3a. Since α=22o for the Vickers pyramid indenter, the geometric factor f =sinα is noted as 0.375 theoretically. In the present study, the geometric factor was calculated experimentally as 1, which corresponds to an a value of 90o. This indicates that the impelling force having a value of σrA is acting against the applied indentation load in the direction of indentation (perpendicular to the indentation contact area) rather than the component of the residual stress acting normal to the inclined faces of the indenter. Thus, Net indentation load =applied indentation load- impelling force as shown in Figure 3b. Therefore, for the calculation of the residual compressive stress in materials by utilizing the Vickers pyramid indenter, Eq. (5b) should be modified as (Atar et al., 2003): A   σ r = 1 +  Ao   ρ ave    −1 (7) In this study, we draw attention to residual stress calculation of AISI 5115 and 52100 bulk material after heat treated by indentation method. In this context, Both Atar et al. (2003) and Suresh & Giannakopoulos (1998) method were used and compare with each other. Firstly, mechanical properties of materials were examined by Shimadzu Dynamic Ultra-micro hardness test machine for estimating Young’s modulus due to load-unload sensing analysis, in addition to mechanical investigation hardness-force and Young’s modulus-force curves of the coatings were obtained. Load depended elastic modulus and hardness were obtained at 200 mN, 4000 mN, 600 mN, 800 mN and 1000 mN applied peak loads. After obtaining characteristics indentation curves under applied loads of different quality virgin and heat treated materials, residual stresses were calculated with two different indentation approaches. Experimental Study High carbon through-hardening steel AISI 52100 and case-carburized low carbon steel AISI 5115 are used for antifriction bearings and gears, shafts, axles, cam. (Stickels & Janotik, 1980). Case-carburized parts and 311 �cemented steels develop compressive residual stresses at the surface. Compressive residual stresses at the surface are beneficial performance of material, which during service. In this experimental study, samples were manufactured from rods of an AISI E52100 ball bearing steel and AISI 5115 (16MnCr5) carburizing steel. This samples chemical composition is given in Table 1 and Table 2. The samples turned a disk with a thickness of 0.50mm and a diameter of Ø22mm after the samples were cut from rod at a wire EDM machines samples to measure with and without the stresses before and after heat treatment processing, respectively. C (%) 0.966 Si(%) 0.236 Mn(%) 0.468 P(%) 0.008 S(%) 0.005 Cr(%) 1.580 Ni(%) 0.107 Cu(%) 0.110 Table 1: Chemical composition of the AISI 52100(100Cr6) ball bearing steel C (%) 0.14-0.16 Si (%) 0.15-0.40 Mn(%) 1.0-1.30 P(%) 0.035 S(%) 0.05 Cr(%) 0.8-1.1 Table 2: Chemical composition of the AISI 5115 (16MnCr5) carburized steel Carburizing programs were carried out in gas atmosphere at 960°C and 840°C for16MnCr5 and 100Cr6, respectively at heat treatment. During the carburizing process the carbon potential of batch furnaces was adjusted to 1.2 % C and 0.45 % C at 960°C and 840°C and then reduced to maintain the final surface carbon content of the 16MnCr5 specimen below 0.8% C and but increased above 0.8% C of the final surface carbon content for 100Cr6 specimen. Specimens were processed in the direct quenched condition and then were tempered at 80°C for 20-30 minutes. Surface preparation of the disks was done by grinding and polished. These specimens were then examined by using a Dynamic Ultra Micro Hardness (DUH) tester under a set of maximum loads of 200, 400, 600, 800, and 1000 mN. For each heat treated and non-heat treated specimen subjected to load-unload cycle under the same amount of maximum load, load vs. penetration depth curves were plotted. During the test load-depth (P-h), elasticity modulus and hardness data of each samples were recorded with connected computer. By comparing the resultant load-unload curves, types of the residual stresses were determined. Individual calculations were made for tensile and compressive residual stresses to obtain the residual stress values. Results and Discussion The mechanical properties such as hardness, Young’s modulus, fracture toughness, ductility, etc are important parameters for industrial application. Shimadzu Dynamic Ultra Micro Hardness Testing machine is used for determination hardness variation and young modulus of FeB layers. Different loads such as 200, 400, 600, 800, 1000 mN are applied for determination of hardness and Young’s modulus. Loading and unloading curves of AISI 5115 and 52100 before and after heat treated materials are shown in Figure 4 and 5. According to the results, compressive characteristics residual stresses were obtained for each material. 312 �1. (b) (c) (d) (e) Figure 4: Loading- unloading curves of AISI 5115 quality steels under a) 200 mN b) 400 mN c) 600 mN d) 800 mN e) 1000mN 313 �(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) Figure 5: Loading- unloading curves of AISI 52100 quality steels under a) 200 mN b) 400 mN c) 600 mN d) 800 mN e) 1000mN The calculated Young’s modulus of AISI5115 and AISI52100 quality steels with and without stress under different applied peak loads are shown in Figure 6. According to the results, Young’s moduli of stressed and unstressed materials are decreased with increasing applied loads. 314 �AISI 5115 with Stress E 300,00 AISI 5115 Without Stress E AISI 52100 With Stress E E (GPa) 250,00 AISI 52100 Without Stress E 200,00 150,00 100,00 50,00 0,00 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 Force (mN) Figure 6: Young’s modulus variations of AISI 5115 and AISI 52100 with and without stress 35,00 10,00 AISI 5115 with Stress H 30,00 Yield Stress GPa) H (GPa) AISI 5115 Yield Stress Without Stress 8,00 AISI 52100 With Stress H 25,00 AISI 5115 Yield Stress With Stress 9,00 AISI 5115 Without Stress H AISI 52100 Without Stress H 20,00 15,00 10,00 5,00 AISI 52100 Yield Stress With Stress AISI 52100 Yield Stress Without Stress 7,00 6,00 5,00 4,00 3,00 2,00 1,00 0,00 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 0,00 0 200 Force (mN) 400 800 1000 1200 Force (mN) a) b 1,50 18,00 AISI 5115 With Stress AISI 5115 Ultimate Stress With Stress 16,00 1,30 AISI 5115 Ultimate Stress Without Stress 14,00 AISI 52100 Ultimate Stress With Stress 12,00 AISI 52100 ultimate Stress Without Stress AISI 5115 Without Stress AISI 52100 with Stress hr/hmax Ultimate Stress (GPa) 600 10,00 8,00 1,10 0,90 6,00 0,70 4,00 0,50 2,00 AISI 52100 Without Stress 0,30 0,00 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 0 200 400 600 800 Force (mN) Force (mN) 315 1000 1200 �c) d) 450,00 AISI 5115 With Str ess 400,00 AISI 5115 Without Stress 350,00 AISI 52100 With Stress AISI 51200 Without Stress C (GPa) 300,00 250,00 200,00 150,00 100,00 50,00 0,00 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 Force (mN) e) Figure 7: a) Hardness b) Yield Stress c) Ultimate Stress d) hr/hmax and e) C –Force curves of AISI 5115 and 52100 quality steel (with and without stress) Hardness study of samples is shown in Figure 7 a). When the applied loads increased from 200 to 1000 mN, hardness values of AISI 5115 and 52100 quality steel were decreased from 5,40 to 3,64 GPa and 4,38 to 3,38 GPa, respectively. After heat treatment regime and compressive residual stress (reduction of contact area), hardness of samples increased as 26,60 to 14,69 GPa and 24,92 and 16,09 GPa for AISI 5115 and 52100 quality steels under same applied loads. Yield and ultimate stress of samples were determined by analyzing the indentation load–depth data according to the step by step procedure (Suresh & Giannakopoulos, 1998). This calculation procedure was applied for both AISI 5115 and 52100 quality steels and their heat treated samples. Yield and ultimate stress values differences between virgin and heat treated samples were given in Figure 7 b) and c). Each result influenced from applied loads and indentation size effect active in this model. hr/hmax and C values of samples is indicated the elastic properties. C is active in loading part of indentation curve as P=Ch2. As shown in Figure 5 and Figure 7 e), C values of heat treated samples increased depending applied loads. 316 �100,00 Residual Compressive Stress (GPa) A ISI 5 11 5 Compre ssive Res idu al Stre ss S tress by At ar (2 00 3) 90, 00 A ISI 5 11 5 Compre ssive Res idu al Stre ss b y S ure sh an d Gia nn ak op ou lo s (1 99 8) A ISI 5 21 00 co mpre ssive Resid u al S tres s b y At ar (2 00 3 ) 80, 00 A ISI 5 21 00 Co mpress ive Re sid ua l S tress by Su resh a nd G ian na ko po u los (1 99 8) A ISI 5 11 5 Compre ssive Res idu al Stre ss b y Te o . X RD 70, 00 60, 00 50, 00 40, 00 30, 00 20, 00 10, 00 0,00 0 200 40 0 600 800 1 000 1200 Force (mN) Figure 8: Residual Compressive Stress variations (for two different theories) of AISI 5115 and 52100 quality steels under different applied loads The residual stress values of AISI 5115 and 52100 quality steels determined by the instrumented indentation method were found and represented in Figure 8. Atar et al. (2003) and Suresh & Giannakopoulos (1998) methods were applied to indented samples and calculation results showed that differences of contact area calculation is directly effect the residual stress results. References Asi, O. & Asi, D. (2003). An investigation of residual stresses developed in carburized SAE 8620 steel. Gazi University Journal of Science 16, 725-732. Atar, E., Sarıoğlu, C. et al. (2003). Residual stress estimation of ceramic thin films by X-ray diffraction and indentation techniques. Scripta Materialia 48, 1331-1336 Chen, X., Yann, J., Anette, M.K. (2006). On the determination of residual stress and mechanical properties by indentation. Materials Science and Engineering: A 46, 139-149. Dilmeç, M., Yiğit, O., Halkacı, H.E.(2008). Measurement of residual stresses with layer removal method and comparison with other methods. Mühendis ve Makine 49, 20-27. Dub, S., Novikov, N., Milman, Y. (2002). The transition from elastic to plastic behaviour in an Al-Cu-Fe quasicrystal studied by cyclic nanoindentation. Philosophical Magazine A 82, 2161–2172. Karataş, Ç., Fetullayev, E., Kafkas, F. (2001). The research into the residual stresses on the root’s teeth of a gear wheel made of AISI 5115 steel. Journal of Faculty Engineering Architecture Gazi University 16, 9-18. Oliver, W.C. & Pharr, G.M. (1992). An improved technique for determining hardness and elastic-modulus using load and displacement sensing indentation experiments. Journal of Materials Research 7, 1564-1583. 317 �Nishibori, M. & Kinoshita, K. (1978). Ultra-microhardness of vacuum-deposited films I: Ultra-microhardness tester. Thin Solid Films 48, 325-331. Reibold, M., Belger, A. et al. (2005). The impact of nanoindentation at room temperature upon the real structure of decagonal AlCoNi quasicrystals. Physica Status Solidi A-Applications and Materials Science 202, 2267–2276. Sahin, S., Toparli, M. et al. (2003). Modelled and measured residual stress in a biomaterial joint. Journal of Materials Processing Technology 132, 235-241. Stickels, C.A. & Janotik, A.M. (1980). Controlling residual stress in 52100 bearing stress by heat treatment. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A 11, 467-473. Suresh, S. & Giannakopoulos A.E. (1998). A new method for estimating residual stresses by instrumented sharp indentation. Acta Materialia 46, 5755-5767. Turski, M. & Edwards, L. (2009). Residual stress measurement of a 316l stainless steel bead-on-plate specimen utilising the contour method. International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping 86, 126-131 Uzun, O., Kölemen, U. et al. (2005). Modulus and hardness evaluation of polycrystalline superconductors by dynamic microindentation technique. Journal of the European Ceramic Society 25, 969-967. 318 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 446 Title A name given to the resource Evaluation of Residual Stresses in Heat Treated AISI 5115 and AISI 52100 Steels via Analysis of Instrumented Sharp Indentation Load-Unload Cycle Author Author Culha, Osman Tas, Seher Toparli, Mustafa Abstract A summary of the resource. In this research, heat treated AISI 5115 (16MnCr5) cementation and AISI 52100 roller bearing steels were investigated. The specimens that were prepared before and after heat treatment application were sectioned via wire-erosion machine. Specimens were properly sanded and polished to get a smooth surface. Optical micrographs of each specimen were taken by a Nikon Eclipse ME 600 metallographic microscope. These specimens were then examined by using a Dynamic Ultra Micro Hardness (DUH) tester under a set of maximum loads of 200, 400, 600, 800, and 1000 mN. For each heat treated and non-heat treated specimen subjected to load-unload cycle under the same amount of maximum load, load vs. penetration depth curves were plotted. By comparing the resultant load-unload curves, types of the residual stresses were determined. Individual calculations were made for tensile and compressive residual stresses to obtain the residual stress values. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed Q Science (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/0cb9e85be1544ae6730ab9185022f1c1.pdf a125270ff19a7466f230bfe71df3731d PDF Text Text An Evaluation of Biological Treatment Methods Used in Olive Mill Wastewaters Yakup Cuci Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, Engineering and Architecture Faculty, Dept. of Environmental Engineering, Kahramanmaras, Turkey cuci@ksu.edu.tr Yağmur Uysal Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, Engineering and Architecture Faculty, Dept. of Environmental Engineering, Kahramanmaras, Turkey yuysal@ksu.edu.tr Ece Ü Deveci Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, Engineering and Architecture Faculty, Dept. of Environmental Engineering, Kahramanmaras, Turkey ecedeveci@gmail.com Özer Çınar Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, Engineering and Architecture Faculty, Dept. of Environmental Engineering, Kahramanmaras, Turkey ocinar@ksu.edu.tr Abstract: Olive mill wastewater (OMW) is produced seasonally by a large number of small olive mills scattered in Mediterranean countries. It has a high environmental impact because of the concentration of its pollutant content and the quantity of waste water produced. OMW contains high amounts of organic, inorganic and polyphenols. It affects the water and soil quality, is toxic to plant life, and create odor nuisance when disposed into the environment. The main problem regarding the disposal of OMW is to find an environmentally friendly and economically viable solution. Among the various techniques proposed, biological treatment appears to be convenient from the economic point of view. The biological treatment of OMW is quite difficult since it contains many complex substances, mostly when more easily degradable carbon source is present in the medium. Several biological treatment systems have been examined for the treatment of OMW, resulting in considerable organic load and toxicity abatement. The present work aims to provide an updated review of the current biological methods used in OMW treatment. Keywords: Olive mill wastewater, OMW, biological treatment, aerobik systems, anaerobic systems Introduction Mediterranean countries produce more than 98% of the world’s olive oil, which is estimated at over 2.5 million metric tons per year. About 75% is produced in the European Union (EU) (McNamara et al., 2008). Olive oil mills are small agro-industrial units located mainly around the Mediterranean, Aegean and Marmara seas that account for approximately 95% of the worldwide olive oil production (Ergüder et al., 2000). In the olive growing countries of the Mediterranean area (Greece, Italy, Lebanon, Portugal, Spain, Syria, Tunisia and Turkey) olive oil mill effluent production is more than 30 million m3 per year (Beccari et al., 1996). Olive mill wastes are a significant source of potential or existing environmental pollution in these countries (Bejarano et al., 1992). The difficulties of treatment of olive mill effluents are mainly related to high organic loading, seasonal operation, high territorial scattering, and the presence of organic compounds which are hard to biodegrade such as long-chain fatty acids and phenolic compounds. 525 �Olive oil mill wastewater (OMW) is formed from the water content of the fruit and water used in washing and processes of olive oil extraction. The composition of OMW widely depends on the type of process involved in obtaining the oil. OMW are dark-colored wastes and contain high amounts of many complex substances that are not easily degradable (Borja et al., 1993; Sorlini et al. 1986). Generally, OMW can be treated by conventional biological treatment methods or can be utilized as fermentation raw material for the production of value added microbial products. However, this OMW also contains high concentrations of phenolic compounds which inhibit microbial activity. This makes biological treatment or microbial fermentation difficult (Massadeh and Modallal, 2008). The uncontrolled disposal of OMW is becoming a serious environmental problem, due to its high organic COD concentration, and because of its high content of microbial growth-inhibiting compounds, such as phenolic compounds and tannins. The improper disposal of OMW to the environment or to domestic wastewater treatment plants is prohibited due to its toxicity to microorganisms, and also because of its potential threat to surface and groundwater (Ramos-Comenzana et al., 1996, Shaheen and Karim, 2007). When OMW are disposed into the environment, they create odor, color and increased oxygen demand in water bodies. They also affect the soil quality and plant life. Therefore, discharge of OMW into receiving media is not permissible unless treatment. Olive oil production and wastewater generation The basic steps in production of olive oil are always the same. Batch and continuous processes are the main methods used in the system. The first step in the oil production process is cleaning the olives and removing the stems, leaves, twigs, and other debris left with the olives. The second step is produced olive oil by crushing olives and extracting the oil by stone mills, metal tooth grinders, or various kinds of hammer mills or chemical means (Dalis et al. 1996). The olive paste generally stays under the stones for 30 to 40 minutes. The purpose of crushing is to tear the flesh cells to facilitate the release of the oil from the vacuoles. Mixing the paste for 20 to 45 minutes allows small oil droplets to combine into bigger ones. The paste can be heated or water added during this process to increase the yield, although this generally results in lowering the quality of the oil. The next step consists in separating the oil from the rest of the olive components (Azbar et al. 2004). This used to be done with presses and centrifugation except in old facilities. The oil is then left in tanks or barrels where a final separation. Sometimes the produced oil will be filtered to eliminate remaining solid particles that may reduce the shelf life of the product. Finally, possible additional processing steps include refining the oil to reduce its acidity and improve flavor by alkali or steam processing; bleaching the oil to reduce chlorophyll, carotenoids, residual fatty acids, and pesticides using kieselguhr, activated carbon, or synthetic silica treatment, and deodorization to reduce odors with the use of activated carbon. The olive oil production processes are summarized in Figure 1. Figure 1. Olive oil production processes (Azbar et al., 2004). The remaining paste still contains a small quantity (about 2-6%) of oil that cannot be extracted by further pressing, but only with chemical solvents. This is done in specialised chemical plants, not in the oil mills. Olive oil production processes mainly differ in the process water requirements. A two-phase plant involves two phases and much less additional water is used than in the three-phase process. Generally, one tone of olives 526 �yields one/two tones of OMW, according to the oil extraction process used. The continuous process uses about 2 L of water for kg of olives while the discontinuous one requires much less. Although the composition is dependent on the process used, the olive mill wastewater is a stable emulsion constituted by ‘‘vegetation waters’’ of the olives, water from the processing, olive pulp and oil. Parameter Conventional press process Three-phase process 4.5–5.0 12 10.5 1.5 0.1 120–130 90–100 2–8 5–2 1.0–1.5 1 1.0–2.4 0.03–10 4.7–5.2 3 2.6 0.4 0.9 40 33 1.0 0.28 1.0 0.37 0.5 0.5–2.3 pH Total solids, % Volatile suspended solids, % Mineral suspended solids, % Suspended solids, % Chemical oxygen demand, g/L Biochemical oxygen demand, g/L Sugars, % Total nitrogen, % Polyalcohols, % Pectin, tannin, % Polyphenols, % Oil and grease, % Table 1. Characteristics of Wastewaters (Azbar et al., 2004) An estimated 10–30 million m3 of OMW is generated every year from the production of olive oil. The organic fraction of OMW includes sugar, tannins, polyphenols, polyalcohols, pectins and lipids (Capasso et al., 1995). Most of the problems associated with OMW pollution can be attributed to the phenolic fraction. More than 30 different phenolic compounds have been identified in OMW and the types and concentrations of phenolics reported in OMW vary tremendously. In fact, phenolic compounds are responsible for several biological effects, including antibiosis and phytotoxicity (Dalis et al. 1996). The antimicrobial activity is principally due to phenolic compounds such as tyrosol and hydrotyrosol. Another negative property of OMW is its extremely high organic content. Generally OMW has BOD values ranging between 12,000 and 63,000 mg/L and COD values between 80,000 and 200,000 mg/L. These concentrations are approximately 400 times higher than municipal sewage (Al-Malah et al., 2000). As microorganisms present in the environment consume these materials, oxygen will be depleted from the water with adverse effects on the aquatic media. Common disposal practices for OMW include direct discharge into soils or streams and use of evaporation ponds or lagoons. (AlMalah et al., 2000; Galli et al., 1997). Biological treatment processes Treatment processes must be efficient, allow for easy and economical operation in small-scale farm settings, and consider the seasonality and the distribution of olive oil production. Therefore, a variety of biological methods (e.g., aerobic or anaerobic bioreactors, composting) and microorganisms for treatment of OMW have been tested, and reviewed by many researchers to remove the dark coloration, reduce the organic load and remove phytotoxic compounds (Capasso et al. 1995). Aerobic processes Aerobic biological processes are commonly used in the treatment of organic wastewaters for achieving high degree of treatment efficiency, while in anaerobic treatment, considerable progress has been achieved in anaerobic biotechnology for waste treatment based on the concept of resource recovery and utilization while still achieving the objective of pollution control (Chan et al. 2009). Using a simple aerobic treatment for OMW is not effective because of the its characteristics. However, biological treatment is possible when a combination of aerobic and anaerobic methods is applied, especially when it is diluted with municipal wastewater. A number of different aerobic microorganisms have been tested in aerobic processes to treat OMW, including Bacillus pumilus, Arthrobacter sp., Azotobacter vinelandii, Pseudomonas putida and Ralstonia sp. and various bacterial consortia (McNamar and et al., 2008). Several studies of aerobic degradation of OMW have focused on A. vinelandii. For example, Papadelli et al. (1996) isolated a strain of A. vinelandii from soil treated with OMW. Eventually, 490% removal of phytotoxic compounds from OMW was achieved using this strain (Ehaliotis et al., 1999; Piperidou et al. 2000). 527 �A number of studies have also utilized bacterial consortia coming from activated sludge, commercial communities, soil, and wastewater. Bioremediation of OMW using aerobic consortia has been quite successful in these studies, achieving significant reductions in COD (up to 80%) and the concentration of phytotoxic compounds, and complete removal of some simple phenolics. Aerobic treatment has been also carried out in the presence of various strains of fungi such as white rot fungi (including the edible mushrooms Lentinula and Pleurotus), Basidiomycetes sp. and Aspergillus niger and several different yeasts. In addition to reduction of COD and removal of simple phenolics, fungi are also effective at reducing coloration of OMW. The different biological treatments lead to very variable reductions in COD and polyphenol levels depending on the performance of the strains selected for use. Anaerobic processes The anaerobic digestion is a biological process in which a complex community of microorganisms work in a stable, self-regulating steady state converting waste organic matter into a mixture of carbon dioxide and methane gases (Kaspar and Wuhrmann, 1978; Zeikus, 1980; Gujer and Zehnder, 1983; Speece, 1983; Sterling et al., 2001). Anaerobic treatment is considered as a cost-effective alternative, if compared to aerobic treatment especially for high organic industrial wastewater. Anaerobic digestion has a great number of advantages: low nutrient requirements, energy savings, generation of low quantities of sludge, excellent waste stabilization, production of biogas (methane) without the requirement of pre-treatments of the residues (Kang and Weiland, 1992; Weiland, 1993; Yadvika et al., 2004). OMW is an effluent of the olive oil extraction process. The large volumes involved, along with the high phenolic content and chemical oxygen demand, cause major environmental problems. However, the seasonal production and high organic loading of OMWs make anaerobic treatment a very attractive option for these wastes. Furthermore, production of much less biosolids (sludge) and biogas as a valuable end product, which may offset the associated treatment costs, further add to the positive aspects of anaerobic treatment (Ergüder et al., 2000). Anaerobic digestion processes produces useful energy and result in a net reduction in CO2 emissions. Another advantage of anaerobic digestion is that a digester can be started up after more than eight months under non-feeding conditions (Tsonis and Grigoropoulos, 1993), and is thus suitable for the treatment of seasonal wastes such as OMW. The low rate anaerobic sludge blanket type reactor is considered as the most efficient anaerobic reactor for the treatment of OMW. Anaerobic digestion is usually the basic biological process for OMW treatment since it has many advantages compared to aerobic treatment. These include no aeration requirements, lower sludge production, lower nutrient requirements, the production of methane gas, and the quick recovery of anaerobic systems that have been dormant for a long time (Droste, 1997). The last point is particularly important, as the treatment unit will be without wastewater for about 8-9 months. In the last decade, most of the research conducted on OMW treatment has been focused on the use and development of anaerobic methods and bioreactors that can remove efficiently the high organic load (Boari et al., 1984; Borja et al., 1992; Hamdi, 1995; Andreozzi et al., 1998) as well as reduce the toxicity of microorganismsinhibiting materials present in OMW (Paredes et al., 2001). It has been reported that anaerobic bacteria decompose organic materials in a three-stage process emman et al., 1997). In the first stage, anaerobic bacteria degrade complex organic materials into simpler compounds; namely, polysaccharides and polyphenols are converted to their monomers (monosaccharides and phenols, respectively). During the second stage, acetogenic bacteria convert the phenols and the monosaccharide into organic acids, such as acetic, lactic and formic acids and alcohol. Finally, in the third stage, methanogenic bacteria, which are characterized by their sensitivity to pH, convert the organic acids into biogas (a mixture of 60–80% methane and other gases, mainly carbon dioxide). The presence of compounds toxic to methanogens in OMW appears to be a significant problem for anaerobic digestion of OMW. The presence of phenolics limits the effectiveness of aerobic or anaerobic treatment of this wastewater. Minimising the effects caused by high concentration of phenolics, OMW must be diluted prior to either aerobic or anaerobic processes. Although dilution decreases the concentration of the toxic compounds present in wastewater, making it easier to reach the required standards for the final effluent, it also causes an increase in waste volume, which is not desired (El-Gohary et al., 2009). A lot of researches were made for the anaerobic treatment of OMW in the literature. Some of them was summarized in here: For example, Boari and Mancini (1990) studied the biological treatment of olive mill effluent wastewater. They studied the effect of sedimentation, coagulation, followed by aeration. They also studied BOD, COD, and suspended solids as main parameters and found that the removal percentage of organics was higher than 90%. Their results using anaerobic digesters showed 70% removal of COD, and more economical operation. Hayek et al. (1996) reduced the COD by 75% using upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor. Ergüder et al. (2000) reported that OMWW could be treated anaerobically with high efficiencies (85.4– 93.4%) and treatment of 1 L OMWW by anaerobic methods resulted in production of 57.1±1.5 L of methane gas 528 �(i.e. 413 mL of methane gas was produced from degradation of 1 g of COD found in olive mill waste water). Authors concluded that olive mill wastes can be treated under anaerobic conditions leading to production of biogas in significant amounts. Reductions in COD from 70% to 89% have been reported for anaerobic processes (Borja et al., 1996; Marques et al., 1997; Marques, 2001). In addition to a substantial reduction of COD, Dalis et al. (1996) reported large reductions (475%) in the concentrations of both toxic phenols and volatile fatty acids using a two stage anaerobic reactor with an inoculant obtained from a domestic wastewater facility. In contrast, other studies have reported that the build up of recalcitrant phenolics (e.g., condensed tannins, Zouari and Ellouz, 1996) as well as the presence of long-chain fatty acids (Hwu and Lettinga, 1997) in anaerobic reactors inhibited microbial activity. Subuh (1999) has conducted anaerobic digestion of OMW using laboratory scale Up-flow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) reactor. He proved that removal efficiency of the soluble fraction of COD reached 76% using the UASB. Sabbah et al (2001) have evaluated different techniques for the treatment of OMW including aerobic and anaerobic combined with physical treatment methods. Different types of reactors were checked such as stirred-tank reactor, fluidized-bed reactor, and UASB reactor. UASB has showed a promising technique for anaerobic treatment of OMW. The anaerobic wastewater treatment processes have been tested for the treatment of olive mill effluents in pilot scales. They have been tested in large scales as well, but only in combination with aerobic processing. A multistage system with first an anaerobic stage and a sequential aerobic treatment stage has been investigated by Steegmans (Steegmans, 1987). Sabbah et al. (2001) found that removal of the phenolic compound and possibly other toxic materials that inhibit the growth of microorganisms using in the primary treatment step contributes significantly on increasing the efficiency of anaerobic digestion. Anaerobic digestion of unmodified OMW have been concerned with problems such as high toxicity and low biodegradability and acidification of the reactor (Boari et al. 1984; Borja et al. 1992). However, the efficiency of anaerobic digestion was increased when preceded by a pretreatment step. Several treatment methods can be used as pretreatment of OMW such as physical (flotation, membrane seperation, gravitty settling, ultrafiltration, centrifugation, coagulation etc.) and chemical (such as fenton oxidation processes) and biological (aerobic, composting). For example, pretreatment of OMW by previously aerobic fermentation with Aspergillus niger (Martin et al., 1991) and Geotrichum candidum (Beccari et al., 1999) could reduce residence time required for anaerobic process. Selective preremoval of inhibitors such as lipids and poly phenols through lime or lime/bentonite addition followed by phase separation before anaerobic digestion as a chemophysical treatment has been studied (Box, 1983). Similarly, Azbar et al. (2008) compared the methane production in an anaerobic digester fed with either raw or chemically pretreated OMW. They found over 80% increase in biogas production when digesting OMW after chemical pretreatment. Accordingly, it has been concluded that, the anaerobic biodegradability of OMW could be significantly enhanced by chemical pretreatment. El-Gohary et al. (2009) reported that an integrated system consisting of catalytic oxidation using Fenton’s in combination with a two stage anaerobic post-treatment (classical UASB followed by hybrid UASB) is recommended for treatment of olive mill wastewater. The use of Fenton’s reaction as a primary treatment of OMW enhances the efficiency of anaerobic digestion. Conclusion Generation of OMW in the Mediterranean region has a significant environmental impact and the high organic polluted OMW affects the soil, groundwater and watercourses. Besides, the seasonal nature of olive oil production, the geographic dispersion of mills and economic limitations for cost effective treatment all present significant challenges in designing treatment options for OMW. 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Abw sser aus der Oliven lgewinnung –Anfall, Problematik und Entsorgung – Gew sserschutz, Wasser, Abwasser, Festschrift zur Emeritierung von Prof. Dr.-Ing., Dr. h.c. Botho B hnke. Gesellschaft zur Frderung der Siedlungswasser- Wirtschaft. Bearbeitung Dr. rer. Nat. R. Schulze-Rettmer, Heft 95, Aachen. Sterling Jr., M.C., Lacey, R.E., Engler, C.R. & Ricke, S.C. (2001). Effects of ammonia nitrogen on H2 and CH4 production during anaerobic digestion of dairy cattle manure, Bioresour. Technol., 77, 9–18. Subuh, Y. (1999). Anaerobic treatment of olive mills wastewater using Up-flow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) reactor, M.Sc. Thesis, An-Najah N. University, Nablus, Palestine. Tsonis, S. & Grigoropoulos, S. (1993). Anaerobic treatability of olive mill wastewater, Water Science and Technology, 28 (2), 35–44. Weiland, P. (1993). One- and two-step anaerobic digestion of solid agroindustrial residues, Water Sci. Technol., 27, 145–151. Yadvika, S., Sreekrishnan, T.R., Kohli, S. & Rana, V. (2004). Enhacement of biogas production from solids substrates using different techniques-a review, Bioresour. Technol., 95, 1–10. Zeikus, J.G. (1980). Microbial population in anaerobic digestors. In: Stafford, D.A. (Ed.), First International Symposium on Anaerobic Digestion, Scientific Press, Cardif, pp. 75–103. 531 �Zouari, N. & Ellouz, R. (1996). Toxic effect of coloured olive compounds on the anaerobic digestion of olive oil mill effluent in UASB-like reactors, Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, 66, 414–420. 532 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 585 Title A name given to the resource An Evaluation of Biological Treatment Methods Used in Olive Mill Wastewaters Author Author Cuci, Yakup Uysal, Yağmur Deveci, Ece Ü Çınar, Özer Abstract A summary of the resource. Olive mill wastewater (OMW) is produced seasonally by a large number of small olive mills scattered in Mediterranean countries. It has a high environmental impact because of the concentration of its pollutant content and the quantity of waste water produced. OMW contains high amounts of organic, inorganic and polyphenols. It affects the water and soil quality, is toxic to plant life, and create odor nuisance when disposed into the environment. The main problem regarding the disposal of OMW is to find an environmentally friendly and economically viable solution. Among the various techniques proposed, biological treatment appears to be convenient from the economic point of view. The biological treatment of OMW is quite difficult since it contains many complex substances, mostly when more easily degradable carbon source is present in the medium. Several biological treatment systems have been examined for the treatment of OMW, resulting in considerable organic load and toxicity abatement. The present work aims to provide an updated review of the current biological methods used in OMW treatment. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/854a87b5ab2582d5a097e2e985a4d790.pdf d0ab6dbb6f1968005fdec3ba7e133ca7 PDF Text Text 2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo Determination of the Right Strategy to be Received for the Maximum Permanent Level of Learning Assist. Prof. Mehmet Civan The University of Gaziantep Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences Business Administration civan@gantep.edu.tr Lecturer Mehmet Korpi The University of Gaziantep Naci Topcuoglu Vocational School of Higher Education korpi@gantep.edu.tr Lecturer Mustafa Aksin The University of Gaziantep Naci Topcuoglu Vocational School of Higher Education aksin@gantep.edu.tr Abstract: During training period in Vocational schools and faculties of the "Computer" and "Accounting" section , the basic lessons , taught in the first year be read as references to other courses because of teaching done in terms of spinal function. Đn this context the aim of our study is to make a Research on students and lecturers for the main course, training in the first year , in the relevant sections of Vocational School and faculties and get some proposals for these courses how to be read the next period and determining right strategy for teaching methods and removing the highest level to obtain the maximum benefit. As a result of this work for this part of the basic course is intended to maximize the learning. Keywords:Education, Teaching Models, Strategies, Computer Algorithms, Accounting. 1. The factors effecting the learning Throughout the human life as a conscious and systematic or unsystematic way to study, provide benefits. No matter which way they interact with the educational process within the individual. During this interaction within a specific system or person as an individual learning activities also performs as unsystematic. Unsystematic learning can present every moment of our lives, at an event, an observation or information obtained during a trip can be unsystematic. Learning system is also available as a target and this target in a specific time interval, if a particular issue within the framework of the mutual interaction of teaching / learning activities are organized. Learning / teaching issue or concept of targeted instructional strategies with which to perform, in terms of provision of learning is of course extremely important. Training methods and techniques used in time exactly as it affects students, student participation is affected. In-class activities can be more effective and meaningful to choose the right strategy, at the end of the educational process as individuals affect the exact level of learning. What is strategy? With a general statement of strategy, monitoring is determined to reach a goal or plan to the entire road is called strategy. Teaching / learning strategies as a brief description of the strategy to be taught about methods of learning which expresses the action will take place. 282 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo Today, students interested in expanding their area, hence the interest in lessons and attention spans are decreasing. Given this situation is becoming increasingly difficult job of educators. Students 'high level of active participation Educator's main duties are to ensure that the basic teaching strategies to identify and issue according to the most appropriate strategy to identify near students' attention to keeping alive the course is fun to make education . When determining this training strategy teacher's consideration should be some of the issues are as follows: - the region's social living conditions, - the region's and students' economic status, - the current geographical location and local conditions, - domestic living conditions, - the education system of structural characteristics, - the school and the environment to live in harmony with the problems, - student readiness levels - goals and objectives for the future. Only a few of these factors under the hood, directly or indirectly affects the education system. Be determined to succeed in a course in strategy is only one correct strategy is not possible to determine that. Because they may occur, regional disparities, rural / urban areas in the education level of the students present many factors such as differences will show for the training will give the people of these factors taken into consideration as strategies are needed. These cases should be considered as the basis of student interest in lessons in the process of training and motivation will be to maximize the Mental present. The necessary methods and strategies will be effective for determining the factors which require investigation are available. The main topics of the students, cognitive, affective and psycho-motor behavior in the development, economic and social conditions, students impact on domestic education and training environments creates conditions are so versatile, must be considered and that under the conditions appropriate strategies must be determined. If we take the step to determine strategies that observations should be made. - Students must recognize that education should be defined purpose and goal. - Students need to be determined. Course in relation to previous knowledge level should be determined, the course content info needed and expectations can be learned. - Course later life or in our daily life, what will benefit or how to get a place to be, the students should be informed why to learn - Students' ideas and thoughts configuration, ten of how A learning course will be about the way must be shown. - Each student's intelligence structure is different because the students' learning and understanding the directions said would be different from the course in a single technique, but a very different techniques must be used. - To increase the Students’ interest and motivation / attention during the course collecting different samples and different perspectives should be presented, the students should be asked to express their viewpoint. - Students must take responsibility according to their level and abilities that students should not be asked more than they can do. - Project work may be requested related to issuesç Groups of students form the teams to work should be encouraged, distribution of tasks and responsibility must be installed. - Training issues and problems that may occur during .the teacher be able to predict the course should be prepared. Learners can be used by, and again by teachers can teach mental processes including learning strategies with the support of learned nature raising, learning ease and permanence (Babadoğan, 1994). The students can use all learning issues or status for the different learning strategies . And learning strategies should be varied, this situation can be changed when the show they are in nature. it Can be said different learning strategies and develop new learning strategies that students can place can set their own learning and effective it. When Literature is examined it can be seen that on learning strategies in relation to different classifications are made. Basically, the most common form of learning strategies, Repetition, Connotation, Organizing, to understand monitoring and Affective Strategy in the form of classified (Ozer, 1998; Trust, 2004, Weinstein, 1988). All of these factors, the learning-teaching activities is effective considering the strategy should be determined . what are the learning teaching strategies are available? 283 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo 2. What are the Active Learning Performing Instructional Strategies ? At Courses a high level of active participation of students with persistent learning level, reaching maximum to be followed dimensions.students at learning process as possible from the highest levels of activated,to maket hem responsible for their own learning. Classes provide a high level of student participation are some of the basic teaching strategies. (Harm, 1994) 2. 1. Inviting to share a new event Description: Invite the students to share new or interesting event they have experienced Purpose : Students gather their attention to the lesson and create a healthy classroom environment One of effective ways to begin the lesson the students will be selected a recent incident in which they live or who to ask their opinion about a current event. the subject does not matter, students will express their views and will debate. Talk about ideas without being overly long course should be continued by thanking. The aim here is to create an environment for discussion of students, the opportunity for students to express their views . This strategy does not take students in academic subjects that a lot of ideas and opinions about events provide revelation. The most important of these strategies into a top-class attention and concentration provides classes for students. 2.2.To detect the known and asked to be known Description :To ask while Getting ready for a particular student or course of study begins as relevant to them and they know what they want to know Purpose: To build and unit on students’interests knowledge and questions How to ask a student who wants to learn, a curiosity or interest in his efforts to resolve the means. Also curious to listen to other students in the class a student may be interested in different areas. This method increases the level of readiness of both students and allows the increase of attendance, as well as the emergence of new ideas and perspectives of students by making clear the course will determine the direction of flow. 2. 3.To prepare a fluency lesson plans Definition: to prepare a lesson plan which will ensure the Class for a smooth, interesting and high-level participation Purpose: In class, students learn the process without any penalties or rewards, of course, enough to ensure the participation of a lot of events and activities take place A classic way to describe the course and progress in a monotonous lecture course which will reduce the student's attention and makes it unsuitable for learning. Stages of the course students should be provided for class participation and interaction of learning activities must take place 2.4.Progress quickly and by fast steps Definition: the participation of all students in class to provide the course is to ensure rapid progress. Purpose: To prevent the spread of the students' attention. Progress at a rapid pace strategy consists of many small steps, and each small step in the processing of a subject is in question. If the energy of the students or the teacher feels it has fallen to the level of class participation can go another step. In this way, students' active participation can be ensured. 284 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo 2.5 As progressive or tiered teaching Description: A teacher, a particular topic, rather than one at a time understand that sometimes come back to the topic, the students' attendance and reduce the risk of loss. Purpose: Students on "instant" learning to print their personal and natural learn at a pace to allow. And time to focus on a subject to spend a long time, enabling students to learn about it is not always a good way. Students learn a subject fully and deeply , such as a short subject, but at frequent intervals might be useful to go back again and again. Phased and layered as education, will increase retention of information. 2. 6.To offer a limited range Definition: to maintain the participation of students in the classroom, but will also threaten their security to have a variety of learning formats. Purpose: To prevent excessive diversity in course. To have the diversified subject but this diversification should not decrease the attention of the students towards the course . For this reason, the motivation of students and courses related to a diminution of fear or worry is the question. Course topics and diversity in terms of limiting the control of teachers and students to facilitate the course will keep the interest alive. 2.7.Replying to questions Description: Ask any student in the class to answer a particular question, without asking or saying the right answer before the teacher's questions, all students in the class they want to write the answer to a question addressed. Purpose: Put on the highest level of number of students to think about a question. The implementation of this strategy is very simple. This question is asked a question to the class and say the correct answer to all the students in the class before they are asked to write answers to a question addressed. However, for the success of this strategy, students are asked a question with a question asking students to answer this question is useful to take a break between. Meanwhile, or "wait time" (Rowe, 1986), in their minds of the students give an opportunity to create a response. However, fort his success of this strategy, students are asked a question with a question asking students to answer this question is useful to take a break between. Meanwhile, or “wait time” (Rowe, 1986), in their minds of the students give an opportunity to create a response. 2.8. To form Working and sharing groups Description: Students, first divided into small working groups are trying to understand a particular problem. Students, then the different working groups composed of members coming together to teach each other as they learn. Purpose: To provide a high level of student participation with group works. This strategy takes place in two stages; First stage, classroom, working groups on specific issues or problems are created. For example, a list of interesting words in the sentences using each of your establishment, "or" deal with real life problems that can be applied to Generate alternatives such as ". At this stage, as well as for students to complete assigned tasks to determine a specific time period. And usually short period of time, is better than a long period of time, because the short time period allows students to move fast and smart. , In the second stage, students do not have their own working groups to come together with individuals and their ideas were discussed in working groups will be asked to share with each other. 2.9.Strategy of write-share-learn 285 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo Description: Students answer a question before the individual authors and then share their writings with others. Objectives: The students basic writing skills and to gain the habit of writing as much as possible to provide a practical quantity. Write-share-learn strategy takes place in five stages. These phases are as follows; - The class requiring students to reflect on a question is directed. Then all the students in the class of their questions answered in a quiet way are asked to take special note. - Teachers, three or four students write finished realized when students' thoughts on paper and will leave, and students volunteer their ideas to tell ones ideas, expressing willingness to students such grants. - Then, students are asked to share their ideas with students and interaction among students is provided. - At this stage, students share their ideas, their partners and teachers in class are asked to share their ideas on the subject by saying the conversation ends. - The last phase of the teachers and students within the course of analyzing what they do, their thinking on emerging ideas. 2.10. To focus on concepts and generalizations Description: A course or unit, independent piece of information or details are not around, more generally, to be built around the concept or generalization. Objectives: The students' learning, to the level of concepts or generalizations. In this strategy, a small piece of information and details to more general concepts, and generalizations are used to achieve. Students not only to memorize a small piece of information, little information is asked to analyze the generalizations reached. 2.11.To make the application work Description: Students apply what they have learned to real life situations to ensure that the work performed. Purpose: Students learn to make them more meaningful, given the opportunity to cast what they have learned into practice. Teachers, students learn the information they want in real life applications, the course or subject may move to the application level. In this way, students learn to reconcile with life and thus get the habit of learning and a good location and income in real life. 2.12.Create signs Description: Students learn important truths about life and the use of signs reminding. Purpose: Students sensors, to ensure a balanced and self-responsible individuals. Produced many students in the class anxiety, worry and fear are affected. These students, for example, how teachers will be satisfied with regard, to show for their classmates' reactions to their errors, or about the topics covered in class to understand and are concerned about can not understand. Indeed, some students afraid to make mistakes, as they put themselves into position like stupid or ignorant not afford to attend the events are known. Thanks to this board should not make students who are intended to overcome the fear of making mistakes by learning. 2.13.Create table concept Description: The class works, and periodically review a concept to create the table. Purpose: Key concepts and important in the minds of students to enable them to stay as fresh or lively. The most important way of organizing a classroom environment is one of the students are learning during the year, they aim to learn the important concepts or ideas, or a wall to show the class. 286 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo Classroom teachers with the concept of the periodic table, turning from time to time outlining the issues to ensure the permanence of the concepts discussed. In this way, will be easier for students to recall and knowledge of the subject will be more permanent. Vocational training and information about all of these strategies and other teaching strategies for the course when we examine the subject and content are the most appropriate strategy should be chosen. Besides the existing implementation of strategy rather than one to one of these strategies are appropriate to the format of the individual making the courses can be provided. To be reviewed as an example, consider first the IT field. The information provided in the field of vocational education programming in the sub-branch first as a student will receive training in computer hardware and history will be. Then the basis for programming the "Algorithm" and its follow-up structure in a programming language, small applications that will be provided by an introduction to programming. Programming logic programming slowly students increase their education and research in the sub-branch as they will continue to develop programming skills. For each course to provide the highest level of efficiency as a specific instructional strategies should be determined at the highest level of education should be implemented to ensure the right strategy. Determining the right strategy, both in the permanent student learning and more students in terms of ensuring the topic is extremely important in terms of understanding. The most fundamental issue to be dealt with here, a student will receive educational programming as the basis for programming "algorithms" course is fully understood. Students fully understand the structure of the algorithm to pass without programming, programming classes is largely unsuccessful. After basic training the first student in mind, this is usually 'why' questions are created. By students, "Algorithms" course due to the inability to connect to a reason for this question in the first period, which is the foundation of programming a reluctance to face and understand the difficulty of this course is observed. Yet on the basis of this course only "problem-solving logic" is located. A problem that "how" answers to determine the manner of resolving "Algorithms." This exceeded the highest levels of student learning and to win their first lessons about the "why" questions are the answers must be given to the students. The answer to this question of "how" will be given in terms of education is extremely important. As a verbal description of this course in terms of teaching staff will be very difficult and tiring. In line with this desired efficiency of the students clearly seems to not be obtained. The best method of people with a learning by doing ", learning to live with" to be given a basic education, education is very healthy in terms of yield. To achieve this purpose beginning of the semester to students that everyone of interest related to a project identified and the related issues that may arise problems regarding a resolution chart stickers, and so other students to their friends to tell Provided, every student in themselves "why" questions, the answers will have. For learning to occur and thus the level of readiness of students will come to the highest level. In this context "algorithms" course "for the question to respond," the study and sharing groups to create "and" Application studies to make "such methods in the course lasting learning to maximize delivery to the correct strategy would be. After this point needs to be explained by explaining the issues step by step in strengthening the case can be made at a maximum level of learning. Purpose in pursuing such a strategy as well as university students in the direction of the research will be carried out and the burden of the teaching staff will be minimized. Conclusions and Recommendations As noted in the examples given are intended to be a brief lesson has to do a feasibility study for the first month, then that should be followed on the needs of students must decide for the right strategy. 287 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo The courses mainly in the application directly through the application of the issue before the planned application in our daily lives or in the future, students should be informed about the requirements. After this information without the knowledge and expectations of students that must be considered. A strategy should be determined according to students' needs and work in this direction by giving weight to ensure that learning is required. References Saban, A. (2004). Öğrenme Öğretme Süreci. Ankara. Nobel Publication ., Rowe, M. B. (1986). Wait time: Slowing down may be a way of speeding up. Journal of Teacher Education, 31, 43-50. Sünbül, A.M. (1998). Farklı Öğrenme Stratejilerinin Öğrencilerin Başarı, Tutum, Okuduğunu Anlama ve Öğrenmenin Kalıcılığına Etkisi. Ankara: Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Unpublished doctoral dissertation Tunçer, B.K., Güven, B., (2007, Aralık), Öğrenme Stratejileri Kullanımının Öğrencilerin Akademik Başarıları, Hatırda Tutma Düzeyleri ve Derse Đlişkin Tutumları Üzerindeki Etkisi, Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi, Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi. Cilt:IV, Sayı:II, 1-20 Uysal, F.(1996). Öğrenme sürecine etkin öğrenci katılımının öğrenme sonuçlarına etkisi. Unpublished doctoral dissertation Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Đzmir. Dikbaş, Y., Kaf Hasırcı, Ö., (2008), Öğrenme Stratejileri Öğretiminin ve Ders Đşlenişinde Kullanımının Öğrencilerin Akademik Başarılarına ve Tutumlarına Etkisi, Ahi Evran Üniversitesi Kırşehir Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi (KEFAD) Cilt 9, Sayı 2, (69-76) Açıkgöz K., (2005), Etkili Öğrenme ve Öğretme (6. Baskı). Đzmir, Eğitim Dünyası Yayınları; s8-12, 66-89. Baykan, Z., Naçar, M., Mazıcıoğlu, M., (2006),Öğrenme Stratejilerinin Öğrenci Başarısına Etkisi, IV. National Education Congress, May 2-5, Adana, Turkey. 288 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 708 Title A name given to the resource Determination of the Right Strategy to be Received for the Maximum Permanent Level of Learning Author Author Civan, Mehmet KÖRPİ, Mehmet Aksin, Mustafa Abstract A summary of the resource. During training period in Vocational schools and faculties of the "Computer" and "Accounting" section , the basic lessons , taught in the first year be read as references to other courses because of teaching done in terms of spinal function. Đn this context the aim of our study is to make a Research on students and lecturers for the main course, training in the first year , in the relevant sections of Vocational School and faculties and get some proposals for these courses how to be read the next period and determining right strategy for teaching methods and removing the highest level to obtain the maximum benefit. As a result of this work for this part of the basic course is intended to maximize the learning. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/6049e4f5fe456a1c77c106e093c35ccd.pdf b08b034fb39d08cdb40ddb1410572915 PDF Text Text Effect Of Bioethanol – Gasoline Blends On The Exhaust Emissons And Performance Of A Vehicle Murat Ciniviz Selçuk University, Technical Education Faculty, Konya / Turkey Đlker Örs Selçuk University, Technical Education Faculty, Konya / Turkey Necmettin Tarakçıoğlu Selçuk University, Technical Education Faculty, Konya / Turkey Abstract: In this study, the effect of using new generation fuel injection system and electronic ignition system in a spark ignition (SI) vehicle as an alternative fuel by using bioethanol on the exhaust emissions and performance of vehicle will be experimentally examined. By mixing bioethanol and gasoline in diverse proportions as 50%, the effects of this on the exhaust emissions and performance of vehicle will be searched. An order to establish the emissions of vehicle, by running the vehicle in different clutch types and various vehicle speed were accounted through measuring wheel power, fuel consumption and CO, CO2, HC, NOx exhaust emissions were measured at each gear for each fuels. Keywords: Bioethanol, Alternative fuels, Exhaust emissions from vehicle. Introduction The increase in prices of petroleum based fuels, strict governmental regulations on exhaust emissions with increasing focus on global warming due to the greenhouse gas effect and future depletion of worldwide petroleum reserves encourage studies to search for alternative fuels. Alcohols (ethanol and methanol) have been considered as alternative fuels for Otto and Diesel engines. One of these alternative fuels, bioethanol, can offer substantial reductions in consumption of fosil fuels and emission of greenhouse gases [1-2]. Bioethanol has the opportunity to contribute to the gradual substitution of fossil fuels not only in the gasoline sector but even in the diesel one, by two means: direct blending and ethanolysis. Besides the advantages in production costs, direct blending of bioethanol provides higher oxygen concentration, and thus higher potential for emissions reduction with the same volume fraction of renewable fuel blended [3]. Bioethanol is a renewable energy, it can be made from many raw materials such as sugar cane, molasses, cassava, waste biomass materials, sorghum, corn, barley, sugar beets, etc. by using already improved and demonstrated technologies [4-5]. Since ethanol can be fermented and distilled from biomasses, it can be considered as a renewable energy. Under the environmental consideration, using ethanol blended with gasoline is better than methanol because of its renewability and less toxicity [6,7]. In this study, bioethanol was obtained from sugar beet by fermantasyon method. The use of bioethanol in a vehicle having SI engine and its effect on emissions and vehicle performance were investigated. The study is given as a new investigation due to using vehicle having new electronic ignition and injection system, and performed on chassis dynamometer of experiments. 69 �Description Of The Experimental Setup And Testing Procedure Vehicle specifications used in the study are given in Table 1. Controlling of tyre pressure and tooths, wheel balance and rod adjustment, engine controls performed before experiments. The vehicle was coupled to Delorenzo HPT 6100 type chassis dynamometer. Vehicle exhaust emissions were measured using exhaust emission analyzer which Italo – Spin type, digital displaying, can measure CO (% vol) with 0.001 sensibility, CO2 (% vol) with 0.001 sensibility, NOx (ppm) and HC (ppm) values. As fuel, E0 (98 octane gasoline) and E50 (50% bioethanol – 50% gasoline as volumetric) were used. Fuels specifications used in the study are given in Table 2. First, the vehicle was tested with E0 fuel. Then, the bioethanol – gasoline blend was also tested E50 fuel. Exhaust emissions were measured at each gear and for each fuel. The ambient air temperature, relative humidity, and atmospheric pressure were almost constant during the tests. Results Wheel performance Wheel power and fuel consumption were studied as vehicle performance. The variations of wheel power with vehicle speed for the tested all fuels at each gear is depicted in Figure 1, 2, 3. Maximum wheel power was measured at 60 km/h as 36.4 kW for E0 at second gear. Wheel power was measured as 31.2 kW with E50 at same gear and speed. Maximum wheel power was measured at 80 km/h as 32.7 kW for E0 at third gear. Wheel power was measured as 28.3 kW with E50 at same gear and speed. Maximum wheel power was measured at 110 km/h as 29.4 kW for E0 at forth gear. Wheel power was measured as 25.7 kW with E50 at same gear and speed. Make Model Version Driving axle Production year Minimum vehicle weight (kg) Specifications of vehicle engine Total cylinder volume (cm3) Valve number Compression ratio Fuel system Max. engine power (HP – 1/min) Max. engine torque (Nm – 1/min) FIAT Albea 1.2 Active EL Front wheel drive 2008 1055 1242 16 10.6:1 Electronic MPI 80 – 5000 112 – 4000 Table 1. Vehicle specifications used in the study Density to 15oC (kg/m3) Viscosity to 40oC (mm2/s) Low Heating Value (cal/g) Water content (ppm) Copper corrosion E0 770.2 0.593 48.1 286.96 1a E50 780.3 0.784 36.2 894.58 1a Table 2. Fuels specifications used in the study According to results, wheel power values of E50 were lower than E0. The decrease in average power was 12.13% for usage of E50 at second gear. The decrease in average power was 13.56% for usage of E50 at third gear. The decrease in average power was 13.4% for usage of E50 at forth gear. The lower wheel 70 �power obtained for E50’s could be due to fuel flow problems, as higher density and higher viscosity, and decreasing combustion efficiency as lower thermal efficiency by heating value lower than E0. Wheel Power, kW 35 30 25 20 E0 E50 15 40 50 60 Vehicle Speed, km/h 70 80 Figure 1. The variations of wheel power at second gear Wheel Power, kW 30 25 20 E0 E50 15 60 70 80 90 Vehicle Speed, km/h 100 110 Figure 2. The variations of wheel power at third gear Wheel Power, kW 30 25 20 E0 15 80 90 100 110 120 Vehicle Speed, km/h Figure 3. The variations of wheel power at forth gear 71 E50 130 �Fuel consumption The variations of fuel consumption with vehicle speed for the tested all fuels at each gear are depicted in Figure 4, 5, 6. At all vehicle speed, fuel consumption values of E50 were higher than E0. The increase in average fuel consumption was 18.86% for usage of E50 at second gear. The increase in average fuel consumption was 28.1% for usage of E50 at third gear. The increase in average fuel consumption was 34.2% for usage of E50 at forth gear. One possible explanation for this increase could be due to lower heating value and higher density compared to E0 (Table 3). Therefore, thermal efficiency of E0 is higher than thermal efficiency of E50, and fuel consumption value of E0 is lower than fuel consumption of E50. 11 Fuel Consumption, l/h E0 E50 9 7 5 3 40 50 60 70 80 Vehicle Speed, km/h Fuel Consumption, l/h Figure 4. The variations of fuel consumption at second gear E0 15 E50 10 5 60 70 80 90 100 Vehicle Speed, km/h Figure 5. The variations of fuel consumption at third gear 72 110 �25 Fuel Consumption, l/h E0 E50 20 15 10 5 80 90 100 110 120 130 Vehicle Speed, km/h Figure 6. The variations of fuel consumption at forth gear Exhaust Emissions CO, CO2, HC and NOx emissions were studied as exhaust emissions. CO emission The variations of CO produced by running the vehicle using E0 and E50 fuels are shown in Figure 7, 8, 9. In general, CO emissions of E50 are equal or lower than E0. The decrease in average CO emission was approx. 18.61% for usage of E50 at second gear. The decrease in average CO emission was approx. 13.75% for usage of E50 at third gear. The decrease in average CO emission was approx. 14.97% for usage of E50 at forth gear. Cause of the decrease is content O2 in bioethanol. 0,2 E0 E50 CO, % vol 0,16 0,12 0,08 0,04 0 40 50 60 70 Vehicle Speed, km/h Figure 7. The variations of CO emission at second gear 73 80 �0,1 E0 E50 CO, % vol 0,08 0,06 0,04 0,02 60 70 80 90 100 110 Vehicle Speed, km/h Figure 8. The variations of CO emission at third gear 0,1 E0 E50 CO, % vol 0,08 0,06 0,04 0,02 80 90 100 110 Vehicle Speed, km/h 120 130 Figure 9. The variations of CO emission at forth gear CO2 emission The variations of CO2 produced by running the vehicle using E0 and E50 fuels is shown in Figure 10, 11, 12. At all vehicle speed and each gear, CO2 emissions of E50 are lower than CO2 emission of E0. The decrease in average CO2 emission was approx. 11.16% for usage of E50 at second gear. The decrease in average CO2 emission was approx. 7.75% for usage of E50 at third gear. The decrease in average CO2 emission was approx. 8.93% for usage of E50 at forth gear. Cause of the decrease which C atoms in E50 are lower than E0. 74 �7 CO2 , %vol 6 5 4 E0 E50 3 40 50 60 70 80 Vehicle Speed, km/h Figure 10. The variations of CO2 emission at second gear 8 CO2, %vol 7 6 5 4 E0 E50 3 60 70 80 90 100 110 Vehicle Speed, km/h Figure 11. The variations of CO2 emission at third gear 7 E0 E50 CO2 , %vol 6 5 4 3 80 90 100 110 120 Vehicle Speed, km/h Figure 12. The variations of CO2 emission at forth gear HC emission 75 130 �The variations of HC produced by running the vehicle using E0 and E50 fuels is shown in Figure 13, 14, 15. At all vehicle speed and each gear, HC emissions of E50 fuel are higher than HC emission of E0. The increase in average HC emission was approx. 60% for usage of E50 at second gear. The increase in average HC emission was approx. 54.28% for usage of E50 at third gear. The increase in average HC emission was approx. 65% for usage of E50 at forth gear. Cause of this is bad burning with bioethanol fuels. However, HC emission of E50 fuel is decrease due to lower heating value of E50 fuel. 60 E0 E50 40 30 20 10 0 40 50 60 70 80 Vehicle Speed, km/h Figure 13. The variations of HC emission at second gear 50 E0 E50 HC, ppm 40 30 20 10 0 60 70 80 90 100 110 Vehicle Speed, km/h Figure 14. The variations of HC emission at third gear 50 E0 E50 40 HC, ppm HC, ppm 50 30 20 10 0 80 90 100 110 120 Vehicle Speed, km/h Figure 15. The variations of HC emission at forth gear 76 130 �NOx emission The variations of NOx produced by running the vehicle using E0 and E50 fuels is shown in Figure 17, 18, 19. At all vehicle speed and each gear, NOx emissions of E50 fuel are lower than NOx emission of E0. The decrease in average NOx emission was approx. 45.2% for usage of E50 at second gear. The decrease in average NOx emission was approx. 53% for usage of E50 at third gear. The decrease in average NOx emission was approx. 61.71% for usage of E50 at second gear. Cause of the decrease is low of lower heating value of E50 fuel, and thus, temperature at burning end is decrease. 80 E0 70 E50 NOx, ppm 60 50 40 30 20 10 40 50 60 70 80 Vehicle Speed, km/h Figure 16. The variations of NOx emission at second gear 100 E0 E50 NOx, ppm 80 60 40 20 0 60 70 80 90 100 Vehicle Speed, km/h Figure 17. The variations of NOx emission at third gear 77 110 �100 E0 E50 NOx, ppm 80 60 40 20 0 80 90 100 110 120 130 Vehicle Speed, km/h Figure 18. The variations of NOx emission at forth gear Conclusion In this study, it is shown that bioethanol as alternative SI engine fuel can be used successfully to operate a electronic ignition SI engine without modifications to engine or injection system. The following conclusion may be drawn from the result of the present study: • Bioethanol is a renewable energy resource. • Gasoline and bioethanol are similar in their chemical and physical properties. • Bioethanol can be used cheaply and as an alternative fuel in a SI engine instead of gasoline. • Exhaust emissions of bioethanol and bioethanol blend fuels was better than gasoline. Result of emission tested of bioethanol’s emission values are optimistic. Acknowledgement This work is supported by The Coordinatorship of Selcuk University’s Scientific Research Projects (Grant Number: 08401119). References [1] Yap, D., Megaritis, A., Wyszynski, M.L. 2005, An experimental study of bioethanol HCCI. Combustion Science and Technology, 177:2039-2068. [2] Can, Ö., Çelikten, Đ., Usta, N. 2004, Effects of ethanol addition on performance and emissions of a turbocharged indirect injection Diesel engine running at different injection pressures, Energy Conversion and Management, 45:24292440. [3] Lapuerta, M., Armas, O., Herreros, J.M. 2008. Emissions from a diesel – bioethanol blend in automotive diesel engine. Fuel. 87:25-31. [4] De Caro, P.S., Mouloungui, Z., Vaitilingom, G., Berge, J.Ch. 2001. Interest of combining an additive with diesel– ethanol blends for use in diesel engines. Fuel. 80(4):565–74. [5] Kremer, F.G., Fachetti, A. 2000. Alcohol as automotive fuel—Brazilian experience. SAE Paper 2000-01-1965. [6] Heiseh, W.D., Chen, R.H., Wu, T.L., Lin, T.H.2002.Engine performance and pollutant emission of an SI engine using ethanol-gasoline blended fuels. Atmospheric Environment, 36:403-410. [7] Örs, Đ., Tarakcioglu, N., Ciniviz, M. 2009. Effects of gasoline – ethanol blends on vehicle performance and exhaust emissions, Journal of Polytechnic. 12(1):13-19. 78 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 336 Title A name given to the resource Effect Of Bioethanol – Gasoline Blends On The Exhaust Emissons And Performance Of A Vehicle Author Author Ciniviz, Murat Örs, İlker Tarakçıoğlu, Necmettin Abstract A summary of the resource. In this study, the effect of using new generation fuel injection system and electronic ignition system in a spark ignition (SI) vehicle as an alternative fuel by using bioethanol on the exhaust emissions and performance of vehicle will be experimentally examined. By mixing bioethanol and gasoline in diverse proportions as 50%, the effects of this on the exhaust emissions and performance of vehicle will be searched. An order to establish the emissions of vehicle, by running the vehicle in different clutch types and various vehicle speed were accounted through measuring wheel power, fuel consumption and CO, CO2, HC, NOx exhaust emissions were measured at each gear for each fuels. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed Q Science (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/2da505b92a74a06b761350733338aef1.pdf 34135370499fa878e988c23c20573612 PDF Text Text 2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo A Rumelian Legend: Safiye Erol and Ciğerdelen Assist. Prof. Nesîme Ceyhan Çankırı Karatekin University, Faculty of Science and Arts, Department of Turkish Language and Literature, Çankırı, Turkey nesimeceyhan@hotmail.com Abstract: Ciğerdelen, a novel of Safiye Erol first published in 1946, is an important study of Ottoman conquest idea and the Balkan adventure. We can say that the book contains intertwined a few novels. On the one hand the book can be handled as a post-modern romance, on the other hand, as a post-modern historical novel that focused on Ottoman’s protection and defense of the Balkans. The book does not stay away from the tradition of Turkish folk narration, and has biographical features with the traces from author’s life. Safiye Erol, as a daughter of a Balkan originated family, succeeded to carry the Ottoman’s love of Balkans into a concrete ground with this novel. In this paper, we will try to analyze Cigerdelen, one of the novels that get the Balkans to the center, by starting from its title and pointing out the couple meaning and repetition sprinkled by the author to the whole novel. Ciğerdelen is one of the sad novels which are not appreciated, or whose value is not understood or not wanted to understand in Turkish literature history. This situation is totally related to the reputation of Safiye Erol but Erol is one of the special authors of the Turkish literature. Unfortunately, the same fate of oblivion and silence and abandonment is subject to her productive friend, Samiha Ayverdi. Ciğerdelen is an important milestone for modern Turkish novel. The novel has a more complex fiction than her other novels and has a spiritual atmosphere based on inspiration when we look at the writing process of the novel. Safiye Erol, in an interview with her‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡, says that she lost twelve kilos, fainted twice while writing this novel and after completion she was still sickbed. Behind the strong influence of the novel on the reader, we can say that the writing of the author is as if she was living all the events herself. Ciğerdelen can be evaluated as a novel that is fiction on a two layer meaning from the beginning to the end. There is an outer story and an inner story in the novel. The inner story consists of two interconnected stories that facilitate the cognition and make sense of outer story. While the outer story is opening the soul doors of an intellectual woman of 1940s Turkey, the inner story is presenting a woman who is loyal to her love of the years that are witnessing the conquest and protecting the Balkans of Ottomans. Canzi of modern Turkey and Cangüzel of the conquest days are common souls that are suffering from similar pains of love. In fact Canzi is carrying the fate of her ancestor Cangüzel. “Ciğerdelen” on the one hand represents strong loves of two women, on the other hand represents one of the frontier castles of Rumelia, an important castle if surrended it will require us to come from all Rumelia. Ciğerdelen Castle Legend is a legend in Armorer (Silahtar) History. As an influence of “Red Apple (Kızıl Elma)” ideal, Turks walked to the West, and fought for Ciğerdelen Castle and similar ones with conquest soul and faith. Border castles became grave for many innocent Turkish raiders, and brought them to martyrdom. Each conquer of a castle is something like a union with beloved; from now on it carries the danger or risk of losing. In the novel, strong faith to these castles with patient and love of sons of Fatih (evlad-ı Fatihan), and tolerance to every difficulty and at last martyrdom is consubstantiated to patient and faith for the love of opposite gender despite the rudeness and cruelty of human being. The conclusion is reaching the sainthood of lover soul by healing from all evils. The basic hero of the novel, Architect Turhan Tuna, is the grandson of Bosnia Serhatli Koca Turhan Bey, the son of Hersekoğlu Ahmet Pasha who was the standard bearer of Sultan Fatih, the chief vizier of Beyazid, the second and Yavuz Sultan Selim. The heroine Canzi in other words Cangüzel is from the breed of Cangüzel, the wife of Mustafa Durakça from the roots of Yellow Spahis (Sari Sipahiler) of same family. These two grandchildren are going to live the continuing of their ancestors’ stories in Istanbul three centuries later. The novel starting with the separation of Canzi (Cangüzel) and Turhan Tuna is interrupted by returns and the narration of Rumelian Legends written by Canzi and with the completion of the legend it is back to the beginning for the result of the love of Turhan Tuna and Canzi. [1] Mehmet Nuri Yardım, Safiye Erol Kitabı, Published by Benseno, Đstanbul, 2003, p. 62. (cited from Kandemir, Edebiyat Alemi (Newspaper), Year:1, Number:13, July 28, 1949) 433 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo Canzi (Cangüzel) is a divorced woman. The common family stories about Rumelia recognized with Turhan Tuna by coincidence brings them closer to each other. This getting closer will not be enough for Turhan Tuna and the strength of his love will drag him to a diseased jealousy. Canzi is going to try to discipline Turhan Tuna with Ciğerdelen Legend. This way depending on getting a moral tradition will not be enough for the lover in order to open his eyes. In a moment when the suspect made him crazy without the lust of Canzi, Turhan Tuna owns her and is going to lose the love of Canzi. This process which is a beginning of a great pain for Canzi will make both hero and heroine ill. These two hearts that solve their mistake with heartburns that occurred centuries ago in Rumelia, will find cure for their illnesses by getting closer to divine love from human love. The Rumelian Legend presented to Turhan Tuna in the novel is as follows under three topics: Yellow Spahis: Bosna Serhatli Koca Turhan Bey, son of Hersekoğlu Ahmet Pasha, settles to the land given in Stulni-Belgrade County with his whole family after the bravery that he showed in the Balkans. He makes a big farm house. His son Veli Bey and his grandson Sinan Bey, lived in this farm house for three generations and contributed to the protection of this area. Turhan Bey and his grandson Sinan Bey became martyr near Ciğerdelen; his son Veli Bey trains and grows up Mustafa Durakça, the grandson of Sinan. When Veli Bey retired from fighting, Mustafa Durakça started to become a hero in Rumelia. On one hand having education with his friend young Hafız Nuri, the imam of the farm house, on the other hand he was staying in Hungarian villages and having tendency to wine with him. Durakça, fighting in the borders with Hafız Nuri, falls in love with Mariska Kemeni, the daughter of Hungarian Governor Kemeni. Despite all the anxiety of his mother Sümbül Hanım, the support of his grandfather Veli Koca encourages him. He goes into action after the information that Mariska will be kidnapped by her cousin Graf Stefan. Mariska abandoned her nationality, religion and family for Mustafa Durakça. After a little battle with Graf Stefan, Mariska is taken to the farm house as the wife of Mustafa Durakça. Wounded Graf Stefan was brought to the farmhouse as well. He was treated there. Durakça showed great respect to Graf Stefan after saying that Mariska’s cousin cannot be my captive. Graf Stefan was affected from the bravery of Mustafa Durakça and Hafız Nuri after his friends’ betrayal. Graf Stefan who lost his lover had a great soul exam. His enemy Turks became new friends never leave him alone. Graf Stefan ranges to Turkish side and becomes Muslim and changes his name to Feridun Bey (Hungarian Feridun). Mariska Kemeni becomes Muslim and changes her name to Cangüzel before marrying Mustafa Durakça. At first she has no problem with her new living style as a result of her love, later starts to miss the Hungarian habits and entertainments. Most of the time, she cannot find Mustafa Durakça next to her. Her pregnancy unites with rebels. The newly born child is given his grandfather’s name, Sinan. Cangüzel’s exam starts with loving Sinan idolatrously. In the world, who loves anyone or anything more than God (Allah); the exam will be from there; cruelty and torture will give no respite. Stefan Graf passed love exam and found Islam. Mustafa Durakça became martyr while defending Ciğerdelen Castle like his father and grandfather. Cangüzel is separated from her first love in this way. She becomes thoroughly addicted to her son and closes her eyes with his torment. Sinan was a scapegrace son and ruined his mother. To any entity should not go to extremes in love. The Secret of Lovers: In this section Turhan Tuna tries to analyze his torment in the days that he falls apart from Canzi. He nestles to the story of Kerem and Asli. His strong love to Canzi broke off him from Canzi. First love is a spiritual disease, and then spreads to the body. Architect Turhan Tuna working for the reconstruction of Thrace lies in bed with fever. He cannot sleep, cannot eat, struggles with the delusions among the dreams of his ancestors. Seven Veils: The second story related to Canzi’s family continues around Sinan the scapegrace son of Cangüzel. The venue is again Şahin Konağı. Cangüzel and Veli Koca had passed away. Hafiz Nuri, old and faithful Adviye Molla, Hungarian Feridun are managing the house. “What wisdom is that the hardest sorrow comes to the men from the most beloved ones.”§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§ The plot of this story is this sentence written in the beginning of the story. One day Adviye Molla asks Hafız Nuri: “Does loving too much mean the greatest crime in the life?” Hafız Nuri replies: “Loving too much is attributing a partner to God.”********************* After causing to death of his mother, Sinan who has no signs from the bravery of his father and grandfather will become a difficult exam for Zuhre - the daughter of Hafiz Nuri. While Şahin Konak becomes a ruin, Hungarian Feridun and Hafiz Nuri try to protect the honor of Yellow Spahis. After the Martyrdom of Hafız Nuri in Ciğerdelen Castle defend, his daughter Zühre is brought to Sahin Konak without obeying to his will in which he wanted his daughter to be sent to Bosnia. Zühre’s exam with love starts here. Her father trained her very well but she falls in love with Sinan. Sinan is a monster with seven veils. He did not love anyone really, and caused many of the women’s death beside his mother. Zühre will face his seven big cruelties after coming together with him. Zühre behaves resignedly to every cruelty, and first gets marry with Sinan. He devotes Zuhre for his sister-in-law Duriye Hanım as he wants Duriye Hanım’s assets. He gets divorced from Zühre and gives all the assets of Zühre to Duriye Hanim as a wedding present. When Zühre gives birth to Sinan’s son, Sinan [2] Safiye Erol, Ciğerdelen, Published by Kubbealtı, Đstanbul, 2007, p.120. [3] Same book, p.120. 434 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo marries Zühre with old Saraç Ismail and keeps her in front of his eyes near his house. Sinan Bey cannot come closer to his son as he is scared from Duriye Hanım. He becomes such a dishonest person that he forces Zühre to serve Duriye Hanım. Zühre will endure all the events with patient; with her heart opened to God she will pass away as a holy person in the borders. Her son Nuri will be a proud for his ancestors but also will die in Ciğerdelen. These stories will help to recover jealousy disease of Turhan Tuna to Canzi (Cangüzel) and obsession for one person more than everything. When Turhan Tuna recognizes God, after purifying his love, like all other lovers, will meet Canzi’s mercy and the love will turn to union with beloved. The events occurred around Ciğerdelen Castle, the stories of souls with obsession to love, grudge, ego, and ambition, stories of people who recognize the exams in the world and who do not put the basic plot of the novel. Everybody has a Ciğerdelen. Who serves what will get the return. A soul devoted to God and his path will be away from all sorrows of the world. Everybody has a Ciğerdelen Castle inside him or her. 435 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 731 Title A name given to the resource A Rumelian Legend: Safiye Erol and Ciğerdelen Author Author Ceyhan, Nesîme Abstract A summary of the resource. Ciğerdelen, a novel of Safiye Erol first published in 1946, is an important study of Ottoman conquest idea and the Balkan adventure. We can say that the book contains intertwined a few novels. On the one hand the book can be handled as a post-modern romance, on the other hand, as a post-modern historical novel that focused on Ottoman’s protection and defense of the Balkans. The book does not stay away from the tradition of Turkish folk narration, and has biographical features with the traces from author’s life. Safiye Erol, as a daughter of a Balkan originated family, succeeded to carry the Ottoman’s love of Balkans into a concrete ground with this novel. In this paper, we will try to analyze Cigerdelen, one of the novels that get the Balkans to the center, by starting from its title and pointing out the couple meaning and repetition sprinkled by the author to the whole novel. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/3779a878e77391b47785b5e50a894e24.pdf 28033a8277dae49558f6c4b5dd1aa64e PDF Text Text Effect of Organic and Inorganic Manganese Supplementation in Diets on Performance and Some Organ Weights of Japanese Quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica) Yusuf CUFADAR Selçuk University, Agricultural Faculty, Department of Animal Science, Konya-TURKEY ycufadar@selcuk.edu.tr Osman OLGUN Selçuk University, Agricultural Faculty, Department of Animal Science, Konya-TURKEY oolgun@selcuk.edu.tr Alp Önder YILDIZ Selçuk University, Agricultural Faculty, Department of Animal Science, Konya-TURKEY aoyildiz@selcuk.edu.tr Abstract: This study was carried out to determine the effects of diets containing different levels of inorganic and organic manganese sources on fattening performance and some organ weights of Japanese quails. In this study, 256 one day old quail chicks were fed four levels of inorganic and organic Mn in factorial arrangement design for 35 days. The dietary treatments consisted of the supplementation of the basal diet with 30, 60, 90 and 120 mg/kg Mn supplied from manganese sulphate and manganese bioplex. Dietary Mn sources as a main factor did not effect investigated parameters. But dietary Mn levels had significant effect on all parameters except for feed intake. Supplementation of 60 mg/kg Mn to diets resulted in an increase BW, BWG, liver and pancreas weights, also improved feed conversion ratio. Keywords: Manganese, performance, Quail Introduction Manganese (Mn) is essential for normal bone formation, enzyme function, and amino acid metabolism in poultry (Scott et al. 1976). The utilization of Mn has become an increasing concern because of extremely rapid growth rate of commercial broiler strains (Ji et al. 2006). National Research Council (NRC, 1994) recommended 60 ppm Mn in broiler and quail chicks diet. However, under practical conditions the diets are formulated to contain higher concentrations of Mn to overcome the possibility of its deficiency. This is because of relatively low absorption of dietary Mn in birds (Sunder et al. 2006). Organic Mn sources were more bioavailable than inorganic sources. One of the possible reasons is that there are less chelating or other unwanted reactions with dietary constituent in the gastrointestinal tract for organic mineral complexes compared with those for inorganic minerals (Yan and Waldroup 2006). Diet supplementation with trace elements of high bioavailability, also known as specific amino acid metal compounds of Mn and Zinc which bind themselves to a specific amino acid show a capacity to increase the immune response and diminish negative effects in turkey and laying hens in respect of these minerals inorganic forms (Menocal et al. 2004). However, according to some research results, the organic and inorganic Mn sources reported no difference in terms of bioavailability (Baker and Holpin 1987, Scheideler 1991). The aim of the this study to determine the effect of diets containing different levels of inorganic and organic manganese sources on fattening performance and some organ weights of Japanese quails. Materials and Methods A 5-wk experiment, 256 mixed sex day-old quail chicks (Coturnix coturnix japonica) were used. Four replicate groups of 8 chicks were assigned to each of 8 dietary treatments. The dietary treatments consisted of the supplementation of the basal diet with 30, 60, 90 and 120 mg/kg Mn supplied from manganese sulphate (MnSO4) and manganese bioplex. Dietary treatments were prepared from a corn-soybean common diet without additional Mn contained 21.52 mg/kg. All birds received feed and water ad-libitum. Lighting was treated as a 23 489 �h/day. Compositions of nutrients in the diets were adjusted according to the recommendation of NRC (1994; Table 1). In quails, body weights (BW) and feed intake (FI) were recorded on a pen basis as weekly intervals. Mortality was recorded daily. At the end of the experiment (at five weeks of age), four quails that randomly selected were slaughtered at a processing plant from each replicate and processed, and then the carcass yield were calculated to used warm carcass weight. A general linear model (GLM) was used for the analysis of variance of the data (Minitab 2000). Significant differences among means were tested by Duncan’s multiple range tests. Differences were considered as significant when P values were less than 0.05 (Duncan 1980). Nutrients Corn Soybean meal ( % 47.6 CP)* Vegetable oil (7800 kcal/kg ME)* Limestone Dicalcium phosphate Salt Vitamin Premix1 Mineral Premix2 Methionine TOTAL Calculated nutrients Energy, kcal/kg ME CP, % Calcium, % Available phosphorus, % Lysine, % Methionine, % Methionine + Cysteine, % Crude cellulose, % Manganese, mg/kg* % 53.1 41.3 2.8 1.26 0.8 0.3 0.15 0.10 0.19 100.00 2901 24.06 0.80 0.31 1.32 0.51 0.95 2.25 21.52 * Analyzed value. CP: Crude protein, ME: Metabolizable energy 1 Vitamin premix (supplied the following per kg of diet): Vitamin A, 12000 I.U; Vitamin D3, 2400 I.U; Vitamin E, 25.0mg; Vitamin K3, 4.0 mg; Vitamin B1, 3.0 mg; Vitamin B2, 5.0 mg; Vitamin B6, 8.0 mg; Vitamin B12, 0.015 mg; Niacin, 25.0 mg; Calcium-D-Pantothenate, 8.0 mg, D-Biotin, 0.05 mg; Folic acid, 0.5 mg; Choline Chloride, 125.0 mg. 2 Mineral premix (supplied the following per kg of diet): Fe, 60.0 mg; Zn, 60.0 mg; Cu, 5.0 mg; I, 1.0 mg; Co, 0.2 mg; Se, 0.15 mg. Table 1. Composition of basal diet used in experiment (%) Results and Discussion The effects of diets containing different sources and levels of Mn on performances are shown in Table 2 and 3. The treatments as the main sources of inorganic and organic Mn were not significantly effect on BW, body weight gain (BWG), FI, feed conversion ratio (FCR), carcass yield, liver and pancreas weight (P> 0.05). The diets containing different levels of Mn had significantly effect on all parameters of quails except for feed consumption (P< 0.05). The best results of performance parameters, liver and pancreas percentage of BW were obtaining in quails fed with diet containing 60 mg/ kg Mn, but the lowest results of carcass yield obtaining the same diet. The interactions groups in the experiment, the diets containing different sources and levels of Mn had significantly effect on BW and BWG of quails (P< 0.05). The highest results of BW and BWG were obtaining fed with diet containing MnSO4 x 60 mg/ kg Mn. Quail studies on this subject with a limited number of studies but the results are in broilers. Quails and broilers are similar in terms of requirements of Mn (NRC 1994). The results of the experiment, supplemental Mn sources (inorganic and organic) there were no differences. The similar result, Berta et al. (2004) reported that the same level of supplementation of the two Mn sources there were no differences between the Mn concentrations of organs and tissue in broiler chicks. Additionally, these researchers stated that a corn-soybean diet supplemental with levels of 0, 30, 60 and 240 mg/kg Mn from organic and inorganic sources did not significant effect on the BW, FCR in broiler chicks. Collins and Moran (1999) reported that body weight and feed 490 �efficiency were not influenced by supplementary Mn (180 ppm). Also, supplemental Mn did not alter processed carcass weights, yield, or percentage abdominal fat in broilers. Gajula et al. (2010) stated that Mn (60 ppm) as recommended by NRC (1994) was sufficient for broiler performance and bone parameters. The results of this study with the contradiction between the results of previously conducted studies may be due to different Mn levels and animal material. It is concluded that, 60 mg/kg supplementation Mn to diet is suitable in growing Japanese quails. The number of research interest in this subject is very limited. Therefore, many studies are needed. Diets Sources MnSO4 Mn Bioplex Mn levels, mg/kg 30 60 90 120 Sources x levels MnSO4 x 30 MnSO4 x 60 MnSO4 x 90 MnSO4 x 120 Mn Bioplex x 30 Mn Bioplex x 60 Mn Bioplex x 90 Mn Bioplex x 120 A-D BW, g/bird BWG, g/bird FI, g/bird FCR, Feed/ Gain 169.3±2.75 170.1±1.36 161.0±2.39 161.9±1.36 524.3±06.41 522.3±05.54 3.26±0.042 3.23±0.032 164.4±1.84B 179.5±3.20A 166.9±1.87B 167.9±1.98B 156.2±1.79B 169.3±2.33A 158.8±1.86B 161.4±2.55B 519.5±06.39 520.5±07.62 519.1±11.57 534.0±07.32 3.33±0.043A 3.08±0.040B 3.27±0.055A 3.31±0.045A 160.3±0.73C 185.9±3.71A 163.9±2.36BC 167.3±1.15BC 168.6±1.96BC 173.2±2.63B 170.0±2.17BC 168.5±4.10BC 152.2±0.68D 173.7±2.45A 155.9±2.37CD 162.4±3.58BC 160.3±1.84BCD 165.0±2.63B 161.8±2.14BC 160.4±4.12BCD 515.7±08.77 532.2±13.16 516.6±16.38 532.9±14.57 523.4±10.35 508.9±10.29 521.6±18.77 535.2±06.10 3.39±0.041 3.06±0.063 3.31±0.080 3.28±0.058 3.27±0.067 3.09±0.058 3.22±0.079 3.34±0.074 : Means within a column with unlike superscript differ significantly (P< 0.05). Table 2. Effect of the experimental diets on performance of Japanese quails Diets Sources MnSO4 Mn Bioplex Mn levels, mg/kg 30 60 90 120 Sources x levels MnSO4 x 30 MnSO4 x 60 MnSO4 x 90 MnSO4 x 120 Mn Bioplex x 30 Mn Bioplex x 60 Mn Bioplex x 90 Mn Bioplex x 120 A-B Carcass yield, % of BW Liver, % of BW Pancreas, % of BW 63.25±0.41 62.64±0.23 2.05±0.087 2.02±0.103 0.24±0.019 0.25±0.009 64.02±0.37A 61.79±0.37B 63.28±0.50A 62.70±0.33AB 1.98±0.085AB 2.32±0.104A 2.01±0.070AB 1.82±0.040B 0.23±0.009B 0.29±0.012A 0.24±0.009B 0.23±0.009B 64.86±0.20 61.26±0.56 63.58±0.77 63.30±0.44 63.18±0.34 62.31±0.37 62.97±0.70 62.10±0.27 2.00±0.175 2.35±0.218 2.07±0.111 1.78±0.062 1.97±0.055 2.30±0.048 1.95±0.091 1.86±0.048 0.22±0.005 0.29±0.010 0.22±0.006 0.24±0.019 0.25±0.016 0.28±0.023 0.26±0.016 0.23±0.009 : Means within a column with unlike superscript differ significantly (P< 0.05). Table 3. Effect of the experimental diets on some organ weights of Japanese quails Acknowledgments This research was funded in part by a grant from the University of Selcuk (BAP) 491 �References Baker. D. H. and Hoplin, K. M. (1987). Efficacy of a manganese-protein chelate compared with that of manganese sulfate for chicks. Poult. Sci. 66:1561- 1563. Berta, E., Andrasofszky, E., Bersenyi, A., Glavits, R., Gaspardy, A. And Fekete, Gy. (2004). Effect of inorganic and organic manganese supplementation on the performance and tissue manganese content of broiler chicks. Acta Veterinaria Hungarica, 52 (29), pp. 199-209. Collins, N.E. and Moran, JR, E.T. (1999). Influence of supplemental manganese and zinc on live performance and carcass quality of diverse broiler strains. J. Appl. Poultry Res., 8, pp. 228-235. Duncan D.B. (1980). Multiple Range and Multiple F-tests. Biometrics. Gajula, S.S., Chalasani, V.K., Panda, A.K., Mantena, V. L. N. R and Savaram, R. R. (2010). Effect of supplemental inorganic Zn and Mn and their interactions on the performance of broiler chicken, mineral bioavailability and immune response. Biological Trace Element Research, doi: 10.1007/s12011-010-8647-8. Ji, F., Luo, X.G., Lu, L., Liu, B. and Yu, S.X. (2006). Effect of manganese source on manganese absorption by the intestine of broilers. Poultry Science, 85, pp, 1947-1952. Menocal, J.A., Gonzales, E.A., Coello, C.L., Fakler, TM., Rapp, C.J., Ward, T.L. and Vela, G. (2004). Use of zincmethionine and manganese-methionine in broilers diets:productive parameters and ascites syndrome incidence. Tec.Pecu Mex., 42 (1), pp, 113-119. Minitab (2000). Minitab Reference Manuel (release 13.0). Minitab Inc. State Coll.. P.A.. USA. National Research Council (NRC). (1994). Nutrient Requirements of Poultry. 9th ed. National Academy Press. Washington. DC. Scheideler, S.E. (1991) Interaction of dietary calcium, manganese and manganese source (manganese oxide or manganese methionine chelate) on chick performance and manganese utilization. Biological Trace Element Research. 29, pp. 217-223. Scott, M.L., Nesheim, M.C. and Young, R.J. (1976). Nutrition of the chicken. M.L. Ithaca, NY. Sunder, G.S., Panda, A.K., Gopinalth, N. C.S., Mantena, V.L.N., Savaram, R. R. and Chalasani, V.K. (2006). Effect of supplemental manganese on mineral uptake by tissue and immune response in broiler chickens. The Journal of Poultry Science, 43, pp, 371-377. Yan, F. and Waldroup, P.W. (2006). Evaluation of Mintrex manganese as a source of manganese for young broilers. International journal of Poultry Science, 5 (8), pp.708-713. 492 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 570 Title A name given to the resource Effect of Organic and Inorganic Manganese Supplementation in Diets on Performance and Some Organ Weights of Japanese Quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica) Author Author CUFADAR, Yusuf OLGUN, Osman YILDIZ, Alp Önder Abstract A summary of the resource. This study was carried out to determine the effects of diets containing different levels of inorganic and organic manganese sources on fattening performance and some organ weights of Japanese quails. In this study, 256 one day old quail chicks were fed four levels of inorganic and organic Mn in factorial arrangement design for 35 days. The dietary treatments consisted of the supplementation of the basal diet with 30, 60, 90 and 120 mg/kg Mn supplied from manganese sulphate and manganese bioplex. Dietary Mn sources as a main factor did not effect investigated parameters. But dietary Mn levels had significant effect on all parameters except for feed intake. Supplementation of 60 mg/kg Mn to diets resulted in an increase BW, BWG, liver and pancreas weights, also improved feed conversion ratio. Keywords: Manganese, performance, Quail Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed Q Science (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/d53836652ea1ee474befdbc87d7db3b5.pdf a31918e01e1d19da0b5d5e4e6b3ce9b5 PDF Text Text 2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo The Reflections of The Bosnian War on Turkish Poetry Within the Framework of War-Literature Affinity Sezai COŞKUN Assist. Prof. Dr., Fatıh University, Faculty of Science and Literature Đstanbul, Turkey scoskun@fatih.edu.tr Abstarct:The Balkans, which deterritorialized from the Ottoman geography to a great extend as of second constitutional period, taken up in Turkish literature with various aspects. The Balkan societies, one of the basic issues in the Second Constitutional Period press, were paid closer attention by the Ottoman intellectuals due o the emigrations to Istanbul. The fact that the Balkans deterritorialized from the Ottoman territory paved the way for number of poets and authors, especially the ones popular in the region, to write on the geography. This geography sustained its existence as a basic theme in Republican period literature. The Balkans, proclaimed their independence following the collapse of Yugoslavia, became a centre of focus for the Turkish intellects once again. However, this time the interest shown is lesser than those after the war of the Balkans. The Bosnian war became an effect to increase the gradually declining interest; various poets-writers carried the tragedies in the war to their poems-writings. In this study, focusing on the Bosnian war, consideration of Bosnia in New Turkish poetry will be examined in the context of war-literature relationship. Key Words: War-Literature, Bosnian War, Turkish Literature, Turkish Poetry Introduction Civilizations have their own exhibitions. Every civilization seeks for opportunuties to embroider their spirit on everything and to become immortal by founding new cities which reflect this spirit. Cities can’t be conceived without reference to the civilizations they were shaped by. As an assertive civilization, the Ottoman State also formed cities peculiar to itself. However, it used some cities as exhibitions and attempted to embody the whole power of civilization in these cities. In addition to the fact that Istanbul’s remembered for being one of those leading exhibition cities, Sarajevo will be one of the first names to occur in mind if we think about what other cities served as exhibition centers. Sarajevo was considered to be important not only because of the strategical location it possessed due to its socio-political importance, but also it was enlivened as fastidiously as possible so that it would display the concept of civilization to the world. As stated by Tanpınar in one of his comments on OrhanGazi “I see some elements of the poetry of Yunus in Orhan Gazi whenever I tend to turn my face to him.”, when we take a stroll in the streets of Sarejova, it is obvious that it makes us feel the existence of a deep rooted civilization. With their central location, some cities in the world determine the destiny of the neighbouring cities. The same goes for Sarejova too. Of course, we can’t confine this affluence of civilization to Sarejova only, it is possible to witness this civilization claim and spirit all around Bosnia. The importance of Bosnia regarding this overlaps with the role it has played throughout the historical process. The Balkan geography met with Turkish culture and civilization before the conquest of a large part of Anatolia, even before the conquest of Istanbul. The fact that some of the important cultural centres of Ottoman were located on this geography demonstrates the role of this geography on the range of civilization under discussion. In the aftermath of the Balkan war, the loss of a greater part of this geography caused trauma in the majority of the Ottoman intelligentsia because of the considerable effect of Balkan geography on the Ottoman. It is possible even to state that within the first half of the 20th century, the first event that brought about discrepancy and disintegration among the Ottoman intelligentsia is Balkan war and the loss of this geography immediately afterwards; the second event is War of Independence. The great impact of the loss of this geography on the Ottoman press also reveals the significance of this geography on Turkish intelligentsia and the Ottoman community. During the period of Turkish Republic also, Balkan geography, especially in the field of poetry, has always sustained its position secretively as a main medium. However, the works of poets who had ties with this geography in respect of their origins embodied the elements of this geography. The writing which was penned after the disintegration of Jugoslavia is pretty insignificant in comparison to the writing which was penned following the Balkan war. It would be right to claim that this was because of the weakened love bonds of Turkish intelligentsia with Balkan geography. However, there were some poets who felt this geography 403 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo vivaciously and employed this geography in their poetry. We will analyze the poetry which got shaped around the Bosnian war, especially within the framework of war- literature relationship. Before starting to analyze poetry, it would be better to look at the link between war and literature or the link between literature and war. I-The literature of war- the war of literature Theoratical writing penned on the link between war and literature is too little. Texts that were written during the war and that made analysis of the pieces compiled in that period constitute a considerable amount of all the pieces of that period. However, these texts centred on the essense of practice rather than theory. In most of the studies on the link in question, rather than the possibility of this link or how and to what extent it would be, some deductions have been made concerning this tie considering the works of art produced until then. As mentioned above, because war is one of the fundamental realities of humanity, it is naturally a subject of literature. It is hereby seen that both oral and written literature have emerged around wars both in Western and Turkish literature. From this point of view, the link between literature and war paved the way for the emergence of literature in the form of epic. During the epoch of epic, wars are the main sources of literature. This matter has something to do with the greatness of the role wars have in the lives of humanity. Furthermore, the fact that this period consisted of “people most of which gained their principal values by fighting” (Belge, 1980) ended up with the spread/depiction of war; as a result, this heroism was declared to public by means of literature. In such texts, literature functioned as ‘mediator’. Since these texts aimed at conveying the message, phraseology remained in the background. As human beings survived via wars, the emergence of literature around wars was corollary. While exploring the the effect of war on literature Jean Larnac utters that only there was ‘the literature of witchcraft and religion’ during the formation phases of civilizations and the birth of ‘heroic tale’ succeded this. (Larnac, 1963) ‘Heroic tale’ is based on depicting war via the language of literature. It is difficult for war to become a source of literature and for the emergence of a high quality war literature due to the ‘value’ given to war by human beings. That is, people haven’t acted impartially in wars and events mostly turned out to be life or death issue. This ended up with emotional positioning. This emotional positioning gave prominence to material but kept aesthetic phraseology in the background. Expressing in a style that it would address our emotions was thought to be enough. That all the works of art, particulary poetry, that appeared as ‘war literature’ in world literature resembled each other to a large scale in term of both phraseology and technical features has something to do with the ‘pragmatist’ approach of people to the subject. However, the fact that wars began to be regarded not only as wars by XX. century and mental transformation humanity underwent gave birth to different attitudes towards war especally in the field of intellectuality. This manner brought along a new ‘war literature’. Turkish literature has a rich bibliography in terms of the number of works created around war.§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§ That the early products of Turkish literature were oral provided a basis for war to be a subject matter of oral products and specifically of epic literature. It is known that Turkic khans took bards to whereever they went, those bards accompanied khans during wars and they told wars orally. While scrutinizing the origins and sources of Turkic literature, Fuad Köprülü mentions the epics that became the elements of oral culture this way as one of the highlighted sources. Even after the adoption Islam, war continued to be a source of literature among Turks. Pieces written in the form of epic or handed down the next generations verbally took their places in the world of literature as ‘gazaname, gazavatname’. Additionally, literature originating from war arose and in it there were some works like ‘Battalname, Saltukname’ that came out around the names of some heroes like Battal Gazi, Sarı Saltuk. Until the end of the first half of 19. century which can be accepted as the formation years of Modern Turkish poetry, war was dominant in epic, rather than its being an inspiration for independent poetry or prose works. This ended up with the reflection of war on literature only with some particular aspects, not with different sides. In this approach which brought about the rise of monotonous war literature, all the concepts including heroes, elevated points and conversations resemble one another to a large scale. The situation Turkish literature in is the same for Western literature too because ‘until the 19. century it was impossible to see the traces of sparkling products that can be categorized as war literature’. (Belge, 1980) In the writing or epics penned until that era, war had been much like a background setting; rather than the war itself, ‘heroes’ had been discussed. ‘This is related to the quality of war carried out’ (Belge, 1980) during the era mentioned above. In the light of the evaluations made, pointing out that it is possible to talk of not only one war literature but more than one. We can divide the title of ‘Literature Emerged Around War’ into 3 subgroups: (k) Literature emerged during war (l) Literature which was penned in the aftermath of war and the plot of which was war (m) Literature regarding war as a landmark and scrutinizing it §§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§ For the works written about this, see. Duman, 2005; Gülşen, 2008 404 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo When we look at the subject considering the classification, we witness that the Bosnian war was transferred to Turkish poetry as lament. This ‘lamentation’ occurs mostly in the course of war. Thus, it is possible to say that the Bosnian war is an example of literature created in the midst of war, which is mentioned as the first item of the classification shown above. II- ‘Humanity’ fought in the Bosnian war The traces of Rumelia in Turkish poetry before the Bosnian war is visible but there is not much emphasis on Bosnia. The war gives Turkish intelligentsia the chance to recall this civilization. Before proceeding to explore poems, it would be better to make it clear that in most of the texts, Bosnia is depicted as a conventional setting rather than its being a habitat to people. This must stem from the fact that those writing about Bosnia consist of people who have love bonds with Bosnia and see it from a distant perspective but have never seen this geography yet. We had better start examples with the poem of Erdem Bayazıt named ‘Writing to Bosnia’, which has a distinctive place among all the poetry written about Bosnia in terms of both its content and style. We are so impotent Bosnia! You stand upright. We all humanity The parasites of musty civilizations Are merely the convicts before you. Hey Bosnia! Your sons Onto the granite walls of our hearts What do they engrave? Hey Bosnia! The fate you befall on us Is a dead end? Or a preface to resurrection? I’m a Bosnian mother: Inscribing these words In tar in pitch dark To the jawbones of dogs To the incisors of Mıstırovın To the grinders of Papazgali To the Sacrament of Reconciliation I consign them. I’m a Bosnian child: -Muslims! I consign my song to you. Also my hands cut from wrists Released into the water Of the river flowing towards vast seas. (Bayazıt, 2003, 39) Erdem Bayazıt wrote this poem in 1994. Poem has been a text which is willing to witness the war. These are the lines of a poet who doesn’t keep silent and rebels against it. Bayazıt begins his poem claiming that all humanity including himself did nothing at all against the violence. The succeeding lines develop as sincere admission, remorse and self-questioning stemming from this incapability. The poetwho sees the people that did not do anything against things happened in Bosnia as ‘the parasites of musty civilizations’, puts the blame on Western civilization which is followed like prisoners by all humanity which he calls ‘musty civilization’. As can be seen in his other poems, the poet accuses the current Western civilization of acting inhumanely. He describes the people like himself wallowing in Western civilization despite not belonging to that civilizaiton as the parasite impotents of this civilization. Bayazıt perceives Bosnia as a place which is destined to lonelines by musty civilization and thus remains out of this civilization. In the second part of his poem, Hey Bosnia! Your sons 405 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo Onto the granite walls of our hearts What do they engrave? With these lines, he likens the heart of humankind to ‘granite wall’. Bosnia is struggling to inscribe to humanity who has lost their humane side but this inscription is challenging because hearts have transformed into granites. The poet goes on; Hey Bosnia! The fate you befall on us Is a dead end? Or a preface to resurrection? He calls out to Bosnia again and expresses that humanity is convicted of this insensitivity. What is remarkable here is the questioning of the writer as to whether this is death or resurrection.Although Bayazıt thinks that this is the death of humanity because of their passive attitude , he is questioning whether this is an eternal death or a means of resurrection. The poet implies that ongoing terror will help people behave themselves; therefore, he impilicates the hope that humanity can get rid rid of taciturnity. Later on, Bayazıt makes a Bosnian mother speak first and then a Bosnian kid. That already there is emphasis on the accounting of war with the eye of child in other poems written about Bosnia as well is significant. This may be attributed to the belief that child tragedy’s the greatest tragedy of humanity. Bosnian mother: I’m a Bosnian mother: Inscribing these words In tar in pitch dark To the jawbones of dogs To the incisors of Mıstırovın To the grinders of Papazgali To the Sacrament of Reconciliation I consign them. utters her last words on the one hand via these lines; on the other hand she delineates the people who are in the position of hearing her screams. The poet’s stressing on ‘inscribing these words in tar in pitch dark” is very significant. The lines full of images aim at visualizing the harshness of the tragedy crystal clearly. The use of the expression ‘pitch dark’ referring to night which is already dark and the lines ‘inscribing these words in ‘tar’ in ‘pitch dark’ demonstrate the desperate situation and the excessiveness of the tragedy. Her addressee increase the tragedy of the mother. The mother consigns her words ‘to the jawbones of dogs’. This is the portrait of a person who is made depend on someone by whom he will be savaged and thus who surrenders. Reminding us that the Secretary General of The United Nations of that period was a priest, The poet criticizes him for being indifferent to the tragedy and he sees him as part of that ‘pitch dark’. Towards the final lines of this part of the poem, the mother addresses the conscience of the Christian world. The mother, who entrusts her screams to the Sacrament od Reconciliation by which they confess their sins and regain the grace of God, wants the Christian world to face this tragedy deemed proper to her as well while trying to remove their prior sins. In the last part of the poem, children, the greatest victims of the tragedy in Bosnia, speak: I’m a Bosnian child: -Muslims! I consign my song to you. Also my hands cut from wrists Released into the water Of the river flowing towards vast seas. While the mother addresses the conscience of the Christian world, the child addresses Muslims. The child consigns his ‘song’ to Muslims, through the lines of which we realize that his wrists are cut and the blood of his wrists mix with the flowing rivers. The ‘song’ of the child involves hope for future. Child represents hope. However, war fades this hope at a very young age. Just like the last will of someone who dies at a very young age, he desires Muslims to live a long life that he couldn’t. Looking at the poem from a broader perspective, on 406 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo the one hand, we can see that Bayazıt on behalf of humanity is remorseful due to the tragedy; on the other hand, we may say state that this disaster might be the harbinger of a new formation. Other poems written about Bosnia by and large have followed the framework led by Bayazıt. Though some of these poets haven’t been able to leave enduring mark in literature, they may be regarded important for the testimony they have given against this tragedy via their writings. In his poem named ‘Resurrection Pain’, Ahmet Emin Atasoy discusses the attack made in a bazaar on Sunday during the Bosnian war in a chapter entitled ‘Massacre’: There is grand Bazaar in Bosnia Here we see the greatest poverty The greatness of danger, fear and uncertainty On the freezing naked counters There sits a silhouette terrifying people The silhouette of sniper monsters … Know that it will be the monument of shame The grave dug in the middle of Sarajevo! (Atasoy, 2001, p.488) By using the expression ‘the greatest poverty’, the poet wants to mean that being deprived of the humanity is the greatest poverty. As a matter of fact, death caused by the bombs dropped there will remain as the monument of shame. One of the other writers who wrote poetry on the Bosnian war and whose writings involve poetic value is Hüseyin Yurttaş. His poem entitled ‘Lament for Sarajevo’ is pretty significant in terms of diction, meaning and sincerity: I could hear your name but never cared about the passing years Everything passed on the mournful fringe of an ash colored dome Screaming drops shouldn’t have reminded the past, your tears any more You, Sarajevo, were a city a long way from here I’m suffering brownout in Turkey As a poet grinding his voice (Atasoy, 2001, p.452) Initially, the poet expresses his sorrow for being have to look at Bosnia from distance. This feeling, which we can call the sorrow of being apart from Bosnia, is also the reason for the remorse that will be brought up throughout the succeding lines. The poet laments for being apart/being parted from Bosnia though he should be close. Rendering himself as ‘a poet grinding his voice’ is the evidence of his rebellious spirit againt what Bosnia experiences. In succeding lines, the poet discusses the casualties of Bosnia in a chronological order and then from the loss during the Ottoman State he passes to today’s war: … In the morning you woke up with your hands messed in blood Hey Sarajevo! the lost and foster land Where is the public? Where is the public? Death screams in the sky, entire body infected withepileptic sarcomas They have merciless hands pulling trigger They have savage eyes looking furiously They have brutal feet crushing Even the dead, even the dead, even the dead Too young Dying too young Sarajevo. ‘In the morning you woke up with your hands messed in blood’. This line suggests that Sarajevo, which is depicted as ‘the lost and foster land’, is contaminated with blood wantonly. The emphasis on ‘in the mornning’ remind us of the fact that Sarajevo was much like an innocent child who shouldn’t have involved in the battle conducted there. The contamination of everywhere with blood is the loss of this city. The loss of the 407 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo city is the loss of public. As a matter of fact, by asking Sarajevo ‘where is the public?’, the poet correlates the absence of public with blood. By the use of ‘they’, he discusses the brutality of those who shed blood in Bosnia. They are so cruel that they crush even the dead people. Repeating this three times, he attempts to manifest the greatness of the tragedy experienced there. Those who shed blood in Bosnia are so savage that they can’t stand even the dead people. These two lines ‘Too young/ Dying too young Sarajevo’ contribute diversity to the poem in terms of lexical depth and poetic diction. The poet compares Sarajevo to a child and by saying ‘dying too young Sarajevo’, he means that Bosnia experiences death which it does not deserve. The correlation between the city and child is related to the emphasis laid on innocence and cleanliness discussed at the beginning of the poem. The killing of the city despite all its cleanliness and innocence is the same as infanticide. In the final part of his poem, the poet expresses his remorse and sorrow for being incapable against the tragedy in Sarajevo: Sarajevo Not my hands, even this poem can’t reach you Forgive me Like a desperate scream in darkness I let go my verse. The poet asks for forgiveness from Sarajevo since even the poem can’t reach the city let alone run for help. This is the apology for only being able to scream desperately in darkness. Throughout the poem entitled ‘the Lament of Bosnian Children’ which belongs to the same poet, the innocence of children and also the brutal treatment of mankind against this innocence are discussed. In the course of the poem, the children, who are innocent in their own worlds, call people to account for the life they have been forced into: … These kids in fear Leaving the gates of the century Will ask that striking question Will the fingers point at you Will their stare Pierce your hearts ‘hey people! Where have you been? ‘Where have you been?’ (Yurttaş, 1996, p.130-131) The poet points out that mankind will definitely account for their indifference against all this atrocity, and children who are left to their own fates will stand upright and call humanity to account by asking ‘where have you been?’. What is striking in this interrogation is that their look ‘will pierce their hearts’. The stress brings to the fore that humanity won’t be able to get rid of the guilt of conscience due to this affront. Mücahit Koca witnesses this tragedy by including some poems into his book named The Book of Bosnia and he questions the indifference of humanity just as the same way other poets do. The portrayal of Bosnia in war drawn by the poet within the framework of realistic sense is significant: All the streets seem on fire Houses are like grave. No more any solid mosque The domes worn through The minarets collapsed Houses, roses are all on fire Trees are like fire ascending sky Grass fly sparks Sarajevo is the skeleton town Death patrols everywhere. (Koca, 1999, p.26-27) 408 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo The above picture of Bosnia in war involves two significant points. The city is delineated as an entire fireground. The fire is so intense that even trees have turned into fire ascending sky. At this point, the poet focuses on two important points regarding the city: skeleton. All this fire has transformed the city into a skeleton. At the end of the poem, saying; ‘What happened in Andalusia came about in Bosnia’ the poet looks at the tragedy in Bosnia as the continuation of ongoing devastation fulfilled by Western civilization against Eastern civilization throughout the history. After drawing our attention to the tragedy in Bosnia, Hilmi Haşal calls out humanity to question themselves. The repitition of the following lines; Murderers Ask yourselves! (Atasoy, 2001, p. 478) is an attempt to remind humankind about their humanity. The poet calls out devastators to recall their being humans. Your pitch dark conscience purify? In the whirl of inhumanity From your bloody hands ‘Picth dark’ is a remarkable phrase. The poet sees devastators as people of ‘pitch dark conscience’ and by using an expression that is a reminiscent of the idiom ‘being brutal’ in Turkish, he reminds people about the deprivation of the sense of being humane. The use of ‘the whirl of inhumanity’ in the succeeding line enriches the meaning. The poet compares the killers to prisoners in the whirl of deprivation of humanity. In deed, they need to be pitied. They are deprived of humanity and they get stuck in the whirl of inhumanity. The use of the idiom ‘bloody hands’ supports the conviction of the killers and the state of their being stuck in the whirl of inhumanity. This idiom which also means the revolving of the killer around his victim gives the message that the criminals in Bosnia won’t be able to get rid of the massacre they carried out and they will be haunted by the blood they shed. Hilmi Haşal expostulates with inconsiderateness of people to the tragedy in Bosnia in his poem entitled ‘Lament for Bosnia’: The sunlight of Summer favouring death? Where is the kindness of civilization? Sold off the gongs of stoke market With the intrigues of batten. (Atasoy, 2001, p.503) The poet thinks that ‘civilization’ is just a discourse, they just think of their interests. Civilization is associated with ‘sold of the gongs of stoke market’ and he claims that beacuse the interest in the tragedy of Bosnia is not money spinner, the interest in it is too low. Nihat Kayabaşı also makes a Bosnian child speak out in his poem. In his short poem which consists of three parts, Mummy!Where did the soldiers kidnap my dad? Why was my sister locked in the room? Why were all her clothes torn into pieces? ... I’m so scared mummy Take me somewhere The soldiers don’t know (Atasoy, 2001, p.507) in a childlike manner, he is questioning the reason behind his father’s being kidnapped, his mother and sister’s being hurt severely by the soldiers of intruders. By manifesting the innocence of the child, the poet highlights the scale of violence. The child expresses the brutality via somehow childish questions. In the last part, although his desire to go ‘somewhere the soliders don’t know’ sounds like a childish question, actually it shows to what extent a child could be affected by such a tragedy, how deep he could feel it and that he is willing to get rid of the intruders whom he thinks to be the source of everything. 409 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo III- The beauties of Bosnia Arif Bozacı’s poem entitled ‘Sarajevo’ is a good example to show a different approach to Bosnia rather than the framework of war. As highlighted above, since the interest of Turkish poets in Bosnia increased especially after the war in the early 1900s, they dealt with the Bosnia under occupation rather that the Bosnia which is of great importance in terms of its natural and historical diversity. As a consequence, a gloomy and rebellious tone is dominant in poems. In this poem, a recollection of the daily life of the city is depicted: From the minarets Come sounds of prayer calls A flower blossoms In the pot In the window Of a house In Grand Bazaar Find their tongues Piegeons In the first Summer In Sarajevo. (Atasoy, 2001, p.442) In the first stanza, while regarding the sounds of prayer calls as the natural elements of this geography, on the other hand, the poet presents the image of a happy and peaceful city by referring to a blossoming flower in the window of a house. In the second stanza, pigeons cooing in Grand Bazaar are discussed as one of the symbols of Sarajevo. Stating that pigeons find their tongues in Grand Bazaar, the poet completes the portayal of a peaceful town which he started with prayer calls and flower in the first stanza. Conclusion In addition to its being among the first places conquered by Ottoman State, the Balkan geography is of great importance in terms of political and social events happened following the loss of this land as well. The conquest policy of the Ottoman civilization and the loss of this geography which got shaped within the framework of the concept of civilization had great effects on literature; during the period of Republic, this land was employed especially in the works of those who were born in this land and thus had organic ties with it. Even though the battles taking place in the early 1990s just after the demise of the communist bloc drew the attention of Turkish intelligentsia to this land, that interest was too low in comparison to the former one. Love bond between the two lands dwindled away by the passing years. However, there were still some poets and writers who wrote their feelings regarding this geography in the warmth of the loss felt on the first day. The most tragic of all the wars after the demise of the communist bloc was undoubtfully the one carried out in Bosnia Herzegovina. There were reflections of the tragedy of the Bosnian war on Turkish poetry to a particular extent. The reflections of the Bosnian war on Turkish poetry were penned, mostly in the course of war, as rebellion or sometimes as a lament against what was happening. The approaches of writers towards Bosnia with respect to war are almost the same. These can be summarized as follows: 9. First of all, the guilty conscience felt because of just watching the tragedy in Bosnia and apology to Bosnia become prominent. Being uneasy due to being able to do nothing against the war, poets express their shame of being obliged to apology only. 10. Passive attitude of humanity, especially Europe, against the tragedy is questioned and the death of humanity is stated. 11. Poets give importance to making specifically children and mothers speak in their poetry. It is possible to attribute this to the fact that war has the greatest impact on these groups. Additionally, the contradiction between the innocence of a child with the evilness of war must be influential on this. 12. Looking at these poems from poetic style, sometimes emotional content may surpass poetic aesthetic. However, it is seen that poetic level and intensive imagery are more dominant in the poetry of some poets like Erdem Bayazıt who has an enduring place in literature. 13. With respect to war-literature relationship, the effects of the Bosnian war on Turkish literature can be looked at mostly within the framework of the literature produced during the war. Considering the poems evaluated in this study, it is clear that most of them were written during the war. 410 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo 14. In the aftermath of the war, it is seen that Bosnia was taken off the agenda of Turkish poetry, the tragedy experienced after the war wasn’t embodied as much as before. References ATASOY, Ahmet Emin, (2001), XV. Yüzyıldan Bugüne Rumeli Motifli Türk Şiiri Antolojisi, Asa Kitabevi, Bursa BAYAZIT, Erdem, (2003) Şiirler, Đz Yayıncılık, Đstanbul BELGE, Murat, (1980) ‘Edebiyatın, savaşa karşı bilincin gelişmesinde önemli rolü olmuştur’, Milliyet Sanat Dergisi, nu:10, 15 Ekim DUMAN, Haluk Harun&GÜREŞĐR, Salih Koralp, (2009), ‘Yeni Türk Edebiyatının Kaynakları’, Turkish Studies, c.4, Kış DUMAN, Haluk Harun, (2005), Balkanlara Veda, Duyap Yayınları, Đstanbul, 2005 GÜLŞEN, Hacer, (2008), ‘Milli Mücadele Döneminde Savaş Edebiyatımız’, Đlmi Araştırmalar, nu:25, Bahar KOCA, Mücahit, (1999), Bosna Kitabı, Sur yayınları, Đstanbul , 1999 LARNAC, Jean, (1963) ‘Đhtilallerin ve Savaşların Edebiyat Üzerindeki Tesirleri’, Yeni Ufuklar, nu:135 YURTTAŞ, Hüseyin, (1996), Yirminci Yüzyıl Ağıtları, Bilgi Yayınevi, Ankara, 1996 411 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 726 Title A name given to the resource The Reflections of The Bosnian War on Turkish Poetry Within the Framework of War-Literature Affinity Author Author COSKUN, Sezai Abstract A summary of the resource. The Balkans, which deterritorialized from the Ottoman geography to a great extend as of second constitutional period, taken up in Turkish literature with various aspects. The Balkan societies, one of the basic issues in the Second Constitutional Period press, were paid closer attention by the Ottoman intellectuals due o the emigrations to Istanbul. The fact that the Balkans deterritorialized from the Ottoman territory paved the way for number of poets and authors, especially the ones popular in the region, to write on the geography. This geography sustained its existence as a basic theme in Republican period literature. The Balkans, proclaimed their independence following the collapse of Yugoslavia, became a centre of focus for the Turkish intellects once again. However, this time the interest shown is lesser than those after the war of the Balkans. The Bosnian war became an effect to increase the gradually declining interest; various poets-writers carried the tragedies in the war to their poems-writings. In this study, focusing on the Bosnian war, consideration of Bosnia in New Turkish poetry will be examined in the context of war-literature relationship. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/90a297c354c3545b3081cecf21c8f330.pdf 58c451ee2bd324b4ece63205e0f95676 PDF Text Text Sustainable Aquaculture and Environmental Interactions Prof. Dr. Mehmet Ali CANYURT Ege University Faculty of Fisheries 35100- Bornova- Đzmir- Turkey m.ali.canyurt@ege.edu.tr Abstract : Aquaculture is the fastest growing sector in all of the world in recent years. It is necessary to support the development of sustainable aquaculture in the world. For this purpose The Commission of the European Communities prepared a communication on the strategy for the sustainable development of european aquaculture. Salmon, trout, sea bass and sea bream farming have been developed in european countires. Differents farming methodes and technics are used in aquaculture. But especially marine fish farming has been criticised for its environmental and ecological impacts. The extensive and semi intensive farming methods have less environmental impacts than intensive aquaculture. In this paper we try to review differents fish culture methods and their impacts on the aquatic environment. It is also discussed the necessary measures to be taken to minimize the effects of fish farms on the environments Key words: Sustainable aquaculture, environmental impacts, aquaculture methods, Introduction Fish is an important dietary source of animal protein. Humans consume most of the world’s fish production, and by 2030 the average person is expected to eat as much as 20 kilograms of fish each year. Aquaculture may be a recent addition to our vocabulary, but the farming of fish and the cultivation of shellfish dates back millennia, from old Chinese civilisations to the Roman Empire. What is new is the level of production now demanded by a growing world population and the challenge this presents to farmers who want to conduct their activity in a sustainable way. Modern aquaculture represents a major innovation in the production of fish and aquatic food and has been the fastest growing food production sector with an average worldwide growth rate of 6-8% a year. With a global production of nearly 52 million tonnes in 2006, world aquaculture has increased. Aquaculture is an important economic activity in certain coastal and continental areas Elvevoll (2010) asks how much seafood should we eat, in themselves, omega-3 fatty acids are not enough, we need to eat fish. Seafood is rich in antioxidants, fat-soluble and water-soluble vitamins, easily digestible proteins with special amino acid composition, minerals, trace elements and fat of the healthy, polyunsaturated type. He has carried out a clinical study that shows the uptake of omega-3 is three to four times greater from salmon fillet than from fish oil. Different values exist in the scientific literature for what is the ideal daily or weekly intake of EPA and DHA for human health. Government advice varies considerably between countries. However, as a general rule, a healthy diet is generally assumed to include 1-2 fish per week, especially fatty fish. Environmental Interactions Most of the information given below about environmental interactions is taken from Consensus portal available at Euraquaculture organisation. The CONSENSUS initiative was funded by the European Union as part of its key action "Food Quality and Safety". 21 European Organisations are Consensus partners. With its stakeholder representation of consumers, aquaculture producers, environmental and other nongovernmental organisations, Consensus is building sustainable aquaculture protocols based on low environmental impact, high competitiveness and ethical responsibility with regard to biodiversity and animal welfare. The development of aquaculture has raised some associated environmental concerns. Like any farming operation on land, fish farm cages produce waste materials. These fall into three categories - uneaten feed, fish faeces and dead fish. Most of the environmental impacts of coastal aquaculture can be managed and minimised 678 �through understanding of the processes involved, responsible management and the effective siting of farms (FAO 1966). • Uneaten Feed o o • If uneaten feed reach the bottom of a cage, processes that break it down can reduce the amount of oxygen in the sediment. In severe cases, oxygen levels in the water above may also decrease, creating "anoxic" conditions in which only a few animal species can survive. Should the feed contain antibiotics used to treat the farmed fish above, bacteria in the sediment and the natural breakdown of waste material might be affected. In practice, fish farmers do everything they can to prevent such a situation, since the cost of fish feed amounts up to 40 percent of the total production cost. Feed reaching the sediment is lost, and it is in the farmer's interest to minimise such waste. On well-managed farms, feeding is carefully regulated to ensure that the maximum amount of food is taken up directly by the fish and farmers aim to ensure that less than 5 percent of the feed is wasted. To improve uptake by fish, feed pellets are manufactured to either float or to sink slowly through the water. Fish Faeces Unlike land animals, fish do not generally produce compact solid faecal material and more often excrete a loose cloud of faecal material that is easily dispersed by water currents. In still conditions, however, faecal material can build up beneath fish cages. It is, however, not in the farmer's interest to let this happen, since the buildup of faecal material can lead to anoxic conditions which affect the fish above. Fish farmers wanting to ensure the health of their fish will frequently check the bottom below their fish cages to ensure that faecal material is not building up. In addition, in many EU Member States, the government employs diving teams to carry out inspections. If faecal build-up is observed, farmers will be advised to move their cages, allowing the bottom to recuperate for a short period, however full recovery typically takes between three to ten years. In recent years, improved feed formulations have also been introduced that fish digest more efficiently, producing less waste. Fish farmers generally avoid overly sheltered and stagnant sites, preferring areas that contain a healthy flow of water through the cages. Such flows disperse fish faeces so it can enter the natural food chain. Dead Fish Dead fish are a loss to the farmer and a potential health hazard to the stock as well as a source of pollution. Fish farmers will, at all times, endeavour to minimise the number of dead fish on their farms and to remove such mortalities where they occur. Fish farms are required to report significant fish deaths when they occur and are inspected by state agencies at least twice a year. Pond Fish Farming Fish pond systems represent the oldest fish farming activity in Europe, at least dating back to medieval times. Ponds were built in areas where water supply was available and the soil was not suitable for agriculture. The wetlands of Central and Eastern Europe are good examples of this. The total European production from pond farming is approximately 475,000 tonnes. About half of this production is cyprinid fish, such as common carp, silver carp and bighead carp. The main producer countries are the Russian Federation, Poland, Czech Republic, Germany, Ukraine and Hungary. In order to reach higher yields, farmers today introduce nutrients into the pond such as organic manure. This is accompanied by stocking of fingerlings and by water being flushed through the pond. Fish pond production, however, remains ‘extensive' or ‘semi-intensive' (with supplementary feeding) in most countries, where semi-static freshwater systems play an important role in aquaculture. Chemicals and therapeutics are not usually used in such ponds. Hence the main environmental issue is the use of organic fertilisers, which may cause eutrophication in the surrounding natural waters. The use of organic fertilisers is regulated at national levels. Extensive fish ponds are usually surrounded by reed belts and natural vegetation, thus providing important habitats for flora and fauna. They play a growing role in rural tourism. Many pond fish farms have been turned into multifunctional fish farms, where various other services are provided for recreation, maintenance of biodiversity and improvement of water management. In areas where water is scarce, some farm systems recirculate, treat and re-use their water. 679 �Such systems are generally self-contained and therefore pose little threat to the environment. Solid waste material produced in such systems is rich in organic compounds and often used as a fertilizer elsewhere. Alternatively, new hydroponic systems have been developed to grow vegetables and other food crops in the nutrient-enriched water. There is much interest in these systems, but their economic viability remains challenging. Recirculation Aquaculture Systems Recirculation Aquaculture Systems (RAS) are land-based systems in which water is re-used after mechanical and biological treatment so as to reduce the needs for water and energy and the emission of nutrients to the environment. These systems present several advantages such as: water and energy saving, a rigorous control of water quality, low environmental impacts, high biosecurity levels and an easier control of waste production as compared to other production systems. The main disadvantages are high capital costs, high operational costs, requirements for very careful management, high land prices and difficulties in treating disease. RAS is still a small fraction of Europe's aquaculture production and has its main relevance in some European countries. The main species produced in RAS are catfish and eel but other species are already being produced using this type of technology such as turbot, sea bass, pikeperch, tilapia and sole. The Case Of Escaped Fish It is inevitable that fish farmed in net pens in either fresh or salt water will sometimes escape into the wild. In some cases, there will be a small but steady release of fish. Sometimes, large numbers will escape due to severe damage to the net pen by way of storms, predator attacks or vandalism. Therefore, a limited escape of farmed fish would be unlikely to have a serious effect on wild fish populations. Only if very large numbers of fish escape into a small area, would interbreeding occur and the fitness of the local population potentially be reduced. In its Aquaculture Europe 2005 conference, the European Aquaculture Society invited the North Atlantic Salmon Conservation Organisation (NASCO) to hold a special workshop on the interactions between wild and farmed salmon. The summary report of this event "Wild and Farmed Salmon - Working Together" drew the following main conclusions: Through the use of single bay management, single generation sites and synchronised fallowing, real progress is being made in relation to minimising impacts of diseases and parasites, which are key issues for wild fish interests. The development of third-party audited containment management systems may represent a significant step forward. The liaison group should look more at the possibilities of rearing all-female triploid salmon, which could eliminate genetic interaction with the wild stocks, but which need to be balanced by the production cost of these fish, as well as consumer resistance to what could be seen as genetic manipulation. Sustainable Feed Resources Fish farming is very efficient in terms of the conversion of protein, which means an important ecological advantage in light of the sustainability of fish feed resources. One of the most-frequently cited issues with the sustainable development of aquaculture is the capture of other fish as raw material to be used as fish feed in the form of fish meal and fish oil. It is seen as an issue because a food production sector is in part relying on a capture fishery for the supply of raw materials for the production of aquaculture feed. Typically, these other fish species are small, oil-rich, bony pelagic fish that are not normally used for direct human consumption. Two decades ago, the majority of fish meal and oil was used to make feeds for land animal production. At present, over 50 percent of fishmeal and over 80 percent of fish oil is used for aquaculture. If aquaculture is to fill the gap in demand for seafood, this raises important sustainability issues as to the availability of sufficient feed supply. This is particularly relevant given the fact that fishmeal and fish oil production has been, and is likely to remain, relatively constant at around 6 million and 0.9 million tonnes per year, respectively. However, as the demand for fishmeal and fish oil in aquaculture has increased, so the price has risen. This has driven both terrestrial agriculture and aquaculture to seek nutritional alternatives to fishmeal and fish oil. This is an on-going process and estimates made by the International Fishmeal & Fish oil Organisation show that the growth of aquaculture and the substitution of fishmeal and fish oil can continue together. 680 �Replacement of Marine Protein Sources by Terrestrial Plant Protein For various reasons, fish meal and fish oil are gradually being replaced by plant proteins in feed that is used in fish farms. Plant proteins can be less costly and they are free of potential contaminants like dioxin, PCB or mercury. However, fishmeal is an important ingredient in fish feed and can only to a limited extent be replaced by vegetable proteins without reducing feed efficiency and growth. After all, carnivorous or ‘piscivorous' fish naturally feed on other fish. The fatty acid composition in the flesh from farmed fish will also reflect the feed composition and inclusion of vegetable oil will reduce the level of omega-3 fatty acids. Although the introduction of plant protein into the feed can be seen as a way of reducing the sector's dependence on fish meal and fish oil, some have questioned the trend because: • carnivorous fish do not naturally feed on plants; • plant proteins may have anti-nutritional effects on fish; • there is a maximum level of replacement, after which the texture and eating quality of the fish is compromised; • some plant proteins could be derived from GMOs . Constraints of Aquaculture in Turkey Especially marine aquaculture systems are criticised for their environmental and ecological impacts. The extensive and semi intensive farming methods have less environmental impacts than intensive aquaculture. It is necessary to support the development of sustainable aquaculture. For this reason European Commission designed in 2002 a strategy document for the sustainable development of aquaculture in Europe (CCE 2002). As a candidate country to the European Community, Turkey takes all the measures to respect and to adopt the rules designed by the European Commission. Fisheries and Aquaculture file is one of the 31 files to be discussed with European Commission. The importance of aquaculture has been recognized by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs (MARA) and by the private sector in collaboration with the Universities. The development of aquaculture is very important in Turkey because it provides jobs. The General Directorate for Agriculture Production and Development of MARA is the responsible authority for development and management of aquaculture. The aquaculture sector in Turkey is facing some constraints (Canyurt 2005) such as: • The complexity of licensing procedures, • Site selection problems, • The complexity of project preparation and application, • Problems with some other sectors, such as tourism, protected areas and navigations, • High prices of inputs and difficulties in supplying, • Disease risk with imported eggs and fry, • Marketing and quality control problems, • Non organization of the sector, can be cited as major constraints of aquaculture in Turkey to be solved. Conclusions and Recommendations Turkey has rich inland water sources, about 200 natural lakes, about 750 artificial lakes or ponds, about 193 reservoirs, 33 rivers and streams of 177.714 km length and 8.333 km of coastal strips. Some lagoons covering of 70.000 hectares in Aegean and Mediterranean coastal strips are very suitable for aquaculture. Aquaculture development, especially trout farming in inland waters and sea bass and sea bream in marine waters in Turkey is growing rapidly (Canyurt 1996 &1997, Canyurt&Akhan 2009). Turkey has the third fastest growing aquaculture sector in the world (Deniz 2007, MARA 2006, TSI 2007). Marine and inland water resources provide an important source of protein for human nutrition. In addition to this appreciation, aquaculture has some advantages over capture fisheries in term of marketing the products. One of these advantages is that aquaculture creates jobs. More than 25 000 persons are working in the sector of aquaculture in Turkey (Deniz 2007). Some ecological and socio-economical interactions should be discussed for a sustainable 681 �aquaculture (Canyurt 2005, Deniz 2007), that is why it is necessary to support the development of sustainable aquaculture. References: Canyurt, M. A. (1996). Akuakültür ve Çevre Đlişkisi. Tarım – Çevre Đlişkileri Sempozyumu. Doğal Kaynakların Sürdürülebilir Kullanımı. 13-15 Mayıs 1996. Mersin Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi. Mersin. Canyurt, M. A. (1997). Denizde kurulan akuakültür işletmelerinin çevre üzerine etkileri ve bu etkileri minimuma indirmek için alınabilecek önlemler. 2. Kıyı Sorunları ve Çevre Sempozyumu, Kuşadası. Canyurt, M. A. (2005). The Development of Aquaculture in Turkey. 11. International Scientific Conference- Research For Rural Development 2005. Research for rural development: International scientific conference proceedings, . Latvia University of Agriculture, 18-21 May 2005, Jelgava, Latvia, pp.19-22. Canyurt, M. A. & Akhan, S. (2009). Development And Situation Of Trout Culture In Turkey. 15. International Scientific Conference- Research For Rural Development 2009. Latvia University of Agriculture, 19-21 May 2009, 90-94 Jelgava, Latvia. CCE (2002). Une strategie pour le developpement durable de l’aquaculture europenne. Communication de la Commission au Conseil et au Parlement Europeen. 27 p., Bruxelles. COM (2009). Building a sustainable future for aquaculture. A new impetus for the Strategy for the Sustainable Development of European Aquaculture. Available at http://eur- lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:52009DC0162:EN:NOT, 05.05.2010. Consensus, (2010). Towards Sustainable Aquaculture in Europe. Available at www.euraquaculture.info, 25.04.2010. Communautes Europeennes, (2004). Code Europeen de bonnes pratiques pour une peche durable et responsable. Office des publications officielles des Communaute europennes, 15 p, Luxembourg. Deniz, H. (2007). Aquaculture development in Turkey. Aquaculture and Fisheries Infoday and Networking Event, 14-15 November 2007, Brussels. Available at http://www.fp7.org.tr/tubitak_content_files/268/r_d_news/Profiles_Ministry_of_Agriculture_and_Rural_Affairs_Hayri_Deni z.pdf. 12.03.2009. Elvevoll, E. (2010). Farming replacing hunting. Available at http://www.euraquaculture.info/, 05.05.2010. FAO, (1966). Monitoring the ecological effects of coastal aquaculture wastes. Gesamp Reports and Studies, no: 57, 38 p., Rome. Journal Officiel de l’Union Europeenne, (2003). Avis du Comite economique et social europeen sur la Communication de la Commission au Conseil et au Parlement europeen, Strategie pour le developpement durable de l’aquaculture europeenne, c 208/89, Bruxelles. Turkish Statistical Institute, (2007). Fisheries statistics 2007, http://www.tuik.gov.tr/balikcilikdagitimapp/balikcilik.zul, 26.02.2009. Aquaculture production.: Available at Turkish Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, (2006). Fisheries and Aquaculture Statistics, available at: www.tarim.gov.tr,http://www.euraquaculture.info/index.php?option=com_bookmarks&Itemid=55, 05.05.2010. 682 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 616 Title A name given to the resource Sustainable Aquaculture and Environmental Interactions Author Author CANYURT, Prof. Dr. Mehmet Ali Abstract A summary of the resource. Aquaculture is the fastest growing sector in all of the world in recent years. It is necessary to support the development of sustainable aquaculture in the world. For this purpose The Commission of the European Communities prepared a communication on the strategy for the sustainable development of european aquaculture. Salmon, trout, sea bass and sea bream farming have been developed in european countires. Differents farming methodes and technics are used in aquaculture. But especially marine fish farming has been criticised for its environmental and ecological impacts. The extensive and semi intensive farming methods have less environmental impacts than intensive aquaculture. In this paper we try to review differents fish culture methods and their impacts on the aquatic environment. It is also discussed the necessary measures to be taken to minimize the effects of fish farms on the environments Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed Q Science (General)