60 10 3494 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/69f3f3581ebd1b46fb61978aab2a9124.jpg 849e4785e906e9627eb354544e409449 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1376 Title A name given to the resource Communication Approach in English Through the Internet Author Author Azamat, Akbarov Abstract A summary of the resource. This book is for communicative EFL classes that focus on developing language production skills through using Internet and multimedia resources. Until recently EFL student in-non English speaking country had very limited access to authentic English language materials to study and use in class. With the apperance of multimedia and Internet technology students now have virtually limitless access to a plethora of authentic, educational, informative, and entertaining materials. However, students still need to be taught not only about this tecnology and its applicability to learning English, but also how to research these resources, how to analyze and organize them, and how to use them effectively to develop practical and professional skills in using English. This book attempts to integrate communicative methods in EFL teaching with multimedia applications. Each unit of the book presents theoretical ideas along with effective communicative practice in using these principles for meaningful communication. The activities emphasize meaningful and communicative language production. Students are invited to write and speak in various communicative contexts and to express their ideas, opinions, analyses, and so forth, in extended speaking. The course not only emphasizes development and communicative skills through the Internet and multimedia, but also the development of research and presentation skills in English. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013 Keywords Keywords. Book Section PeerReviewed PE English,PN Literature (General),PR English literature Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1080 Title A name given to the resource Communication Approach in English Through the Internet Author Author Akbarov, Azamat Abstract A summary of the resource. This book is for communicative EFL classes that focus on developing language production skills through using Internet and multimedia resources. Until recently EFL student in-non English speaking country had very limited access to authentic English language materials to study and use in class. With the apperance of multimedia and Internet technology students now have virtually limitless access to a plethora of authentic, educational, informative, and entertaining materials. However, students still need to be taught not only about this tecnology and its applicability to learning English, but also how to research these resources, how to analyze and organize them, and how to use them effectively to develop practical and professional skills in using English. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Cambridge Scholars Publishing Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05 Keywords Keywords. Book PeerReviewed P Philology. Linguistics,PE English,PR English literature https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/d98c62dc674b330134eb6d0d5eec8c89.docx b7b81d52bcb066ce1b2d555ea001830b Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Journal of Natural Sciences and Engineering Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 2637-2835 DOI Digital object identifier 10.14706 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Description An account of the resource Journal of Natural Sciences and Engineering (JONSAE) is a peer-reviewed, biannually published international journal focusing on empirical and theoretical research in all branches of Engineering and Natural Sciences. It is published on the behalf of Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences of International Burch University and aims to provide the best content regarding by publishing original research papers, review articles, special issues, feature articles, and book reviews. All manuscript submissions are subject to initial appraisal by the Editor, and, if found suitable for further consideration, to peer review by independent, anonymous referees. All peer review is double-blind and submission is online. The journal welcomes theoretical, applied, interdisciplinary and methodological work, with preference on empirical research, critical approach and problem-solving methods in manuscripts. Language A language of the resource English Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Communication in Smart Homes with Emphasis wn Power Line Communication Author Author Ina Salihović Esma Musić Dejan Jokić Abstract A summary of the resource. Abstract: Power Line Communication (PLC) is a technology that allows consumers to use the already existing wiring infrastructure to exchange information. This paper overviews narrowband PLC in home automation, starting from the basics of power line communication and its advantages compared to wired and Wi-Fi automation systems, data modulation techniques, noise problems, frequency bands, all the way to regulations affecting PLC. The paper is finished off with an overview of three System on Chip (SoC) power line modems from a few different generations, Yitran’s IT800D from 2005, ON Semiconductor’s NCN49597 from 2012, and STMicroelectronics’s ST8500 from 2017. Keywords Keywords. Keywords: Power Line Communication, narrowband PLC, PLC modem, System on Chip Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Journal of Natural Sciences and Engineering https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/1d677e89698ce1065512accfdd33c53e.pdf 5af510bc33d9771329a4f037a8ecbc6a PDF Text Text 1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo Communicative language teaching and socio-cultural competence: An ongoing process Elisabetta Pavan Department of Linguistics and Comparative Cultural Studies Ca‘ Foscari University of Venice, Italy epavan@unive.it Abstract: Communicative language teaching is undoubtfully the most widely adopted teaching approach, however sometimes the learners turn out to be ‘fluent fools‘, especially when the balance between language forms (accuracy/usage) and language functions (fluency/use) are not linked to culture. Culture should not be considered a fifth skill, neither something to be taught deductively, reduced to a list of features to be learned. Culture is always in the background, challenging our ability to make sense of the world around us, so the teacher must raise students‘ awareness and develop a broad communicative competence encompassing linguistic, sociolinguistic, discourse and strategic competences, especially when he/she teaches a lingua franca such as English. In this paper I will try to formulate a practical model offering some principles that may prove useful for the development of skills and methods appropriate to a lingua franca speaker, or rather, an intercultural speaker. Thus becoming an intercultural speaker implies developing a solid basis of intercultural awareness, and this implies a shift from description (usually linked to cross-cultural studies), to modelling, in order to design a process of competence building. Descriptions cannot be taught, they can be memorized and are useful only when the right situation appears, while models can be taught and competences, based on models, can be developed and adapted to many different situations. Key Words: intercultural education, pragmatics, language teaching methodology Communicative Language Teaching and communicative competence Communication is defined as an exchange of ideas and information between two or more persons (Crystal 1992, Oxford Advanced Learner‘s Dictionary 1980). A communicative system consists of at least three components: a medium, a sender, and a receiver. A message is shaped by the sender, it may be verbal or nonverbal. It is then encoded into the nervous and muscular system. The message leaves the sender and is transmitted via air (ear - spoken mode) or paper (eye - written mode) to the brain of the receiver, where it is decoded and converted into concepts. The communicative approach to language teaching refers to the principle of language as communication. Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) dates back to the Seventies and can be considered one of the current dominant methodologies, together with CLIL (Content and Language Integrated Learning). In the communicative approach the main purpose of teaching a foreign, or second language, is communication. CLT desired outcome is for the learner to communicate successfully in real situations using the target language, with conscious knowledge of the rules governing that language as a secondary outcome. The goal of language teaching is to develop, in learners, what Hymes (1964, 1972) termed communicative competence, as opposed to Chomsky‘s (1965) theory of competence (linguistic competence vs. performance). Hymes (1972) explained what a speaker needs to know in order to be communicatively competent, and assumed that a person who acquires communicative competence will have also acquired both knowledge of and the ability to use the language of communication. The notion of developing learners‘ ability to use language appropriately in sociocultural contexts has been reformulated by later scholars such as Canale and Swain (1980) and van Ek (1986). Their interpretations of communicative competence cover two aspects: linguistic competence and pragmatic competence. Canale and Swain have identified four dimensions in communicative competence: grammatical, sociolinguistic, discourse and strategic competences. Grammatical competence refers to Chomsky‘s linguistic competence and to Hymes‘ possibility (formally possible); it refers to language codes (grammar and lexis). Sociolinguistic competence refers to 413 �1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo knowledge and understanding of the social context in which communication takes place, the different relations between and purposes of the actors. It deals with the socio-cultural use of language: a speaker must know how to appropriately use words (vocabulary choice), register, style, in a given situation. Discourse competence encompasses the way meaning is represented, hence how message elements are interpreted and inferred, in the context of the entire discourse or text. Strategic competence implies knowledge of verbal and nonverbal communication strategies, as well as the strategies used to initiate, terminate, maintain and repair a communication. Grammatical competence refers to accuracy and usage, while sociolinguistic competence to fluency and use. According to the Council of Europe (COE 2001), communicative language competence can be considered as comprising several areas: linguistic, sociolinguistic and pragmatic. Each of these components is postulated as comprising, in particular, knowledge and skills and know-how. Hymes (1972) stated that competent speakers should not only be able to generate appropriate sentences but also should be aware that sociolinguistic rules must be included in the analysis of a language, arguing that language study cannot be restricted to discussion of linguistics rules. A speech act refers to the performance of a certain act through words. Olshtain and Cohen (1983) defined sociolinguistic competence as ―the speakers‘ ability to determine the pragmatic appropriateness of a particular speech act in a given context. At the production level it involves the selection of one of several grammatically acceptable forms according to the formality of the situation and to the number of available forms‖. Crystal (1985) affirmed that pragmatics is the study of language from the point of view of users, in particular, of the choices they make, of the constraints they encounter in using language in social interaction and of the effects their use of language has on other participants in the act of communication. Pragmatics is the study of communicative action in its sociocultural context; it includes not only speech acts such as requesting, greeting, and so on, but also participation in conversation, engaging in different types of discourse, and maintaining interaction in complex speech events. Learners of a second language have to learn the conventionalized forms in the new language, as well as specificities of interactional styles. Intercultural communicative competence Intercultural communicative competence widens the concept of communicative competence to include intercultural competence. Appropriateness and effectiveness of communicative actions and of speech acts such as politeness strategies, requesting, greetings, apologizing, are culturally bound. In a foreign language not only does the linguistic realization of the same speech act differ in terms of lexical choices, the intention and the force of the act are different as well. For example, in Italian culture, accepting an offer immediately may be considered impolite, so it is better to refuse at least twice before accepting and, depending on the situation, the refusal may be strong in terms of vehemence. Intercultural competence is the term used to describe the ability to work across cultures with an understanding of cultures on a general level, it includes communication and knowledge of the world. Language teaching and learning involves the knowledge of a new language and in some cases of new contents related to a subject (such as in CLIL methodology). Students must be offered a new frame of reference in terms of culture specific and culture general knowledge and of insights into the way in which culture affects language and communication. The idea of offering foreign language students a structured world-view is not new; it can be traced back to the 17th Century, to Comenius‘ Orbis Pictus. However any representation of the target culture must be carefully constructed: sometimes folkloristic stereotypes may correspond to the traditional way a people see themselves and they can be used, but in order to develop sociocultural knowledge and intercultural skills it is much more productive to consider a model with three components, which Balboni (2006) identified as: • • • software of the mind communication software context software Software of the mind refers to the cultural factors which affect communication during the exchange of messages between two or more people who are pursuing specific goals through communicating with others. This software works like the software in a computer: the user is unaware of it until a warning message appears on the screen. This software is our cultural values. 414 �1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo Communication software refers to the verbal and nonverbal codes in use. The communicator‘s attention is mainly focused on verbal acts, and little or no consideration is given to non-verbal communication, which, in many cases, is (wrongly) thought to be universal. Context software is the socio-pragmatic software which governs the beginning, the direction, and the conclusion of a communicative event (whether monocultural or intercultural). Pragmatic competences are concerned with the functional use of linguistic resources in scenarios or scripts of interactional exchanges and it is very important to stress the major impact of interactions and cultural environments in which such abilities are constructed. Sociolinguistic competences refer to the sociocultural conditions of language use. Highly sensitive to social conventions, the sociolinguistic component strongly affects all language communication between representatives of different cultures, even though participants may often be unaware of its influence. When two strangers lightly bump into each other, if they are British and Mediterranean people they may evaluate this bump similarly in terms of degrees of seriousness, and as a result they may not have similar conceptions as to whether a verbal apology is required. Richards & Sukwiwatt (1983) referred to a situation in which a Japanese learner (JE) has to express gratitude in English to a native speaker (E) may go as follows: E. Look what I‘ve got for you (maybe a gift) JE: Oh! I‘m sorry (thank you does not sound sincere enough in Japanese) E: Why sorry? Indeed Italians often add: ―We must have lunch /a coffee together sometime‖ to their repertoire of leavetaking formulae, which in English are: See you, Take care, Goodbye, and other formal or informal phrases, depending on the situations. But what Italians add is not meant to be a suggestion, it is a formula, and the foreign interlocutor may be puzzled, waiting for an invitation that doesn‘t come. To an offer in English, Italians may answer: ―Yes, thank you‖ instead of ―Yes, please‖ if they don‘t master the offers, refusals and requests speech acts. Intercultural awareness Learners of a second language have to learn the conventionalized forms in the new language, as well as peculiarities of interactional styles. The Council of Europe (2001) has stated that the need for communication presupposes a ‗communication gap‘, which can however be bridged because of the overlap, or partial congruence, between the mental context of the user in focus and the mental context of the interlocutor(s). The effect – and often all or part of the function – of a communicative act is to increase the area of congruence in the understanding of the situation in the interests of effective communication so as to serve the purposes of the participants. Differences in values and beliefs, politeness conventions, social expectations, etc. in terms of which the parties interpret the interaction are more difficult to bridge, unless the latter have acquired the necessary intercultural awareness. In Gass and Neu (1995:2) the following incident is reported: One morning, Mrs. G, a native speaker of English now living in Israel, was doing her daily shopping at the local supermarket. As she was pushing her shopping cart she unintentionally bumped into Mr. Y, a native Israeli. Her natural reaction was to say ―I am sorry‖ (in Hebrew). Mr. Y turned to her and said ―Lady, you could at least apologise.‖ On another occasion the very same Mr. Y. arrived late for a meeting conducted by Mr. W (a native speaker of English) in English. As he walked into the room he said, ―The bus was late‖, and sat down. Mr. W, obviously annoyed, muttered to himself, ―These Israelis, why don‘t they ever apologise!‖ (Olshtain and Cohen, 1989). What the incident tells us is that saying ‗I‘m sorry‘ in Hebrew is considered not strong enough by the native Israeli; on the other hand the native speaker of English cannot decode the words Mr. Y. utters as an apology. In the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages: Learning, Teaching, Assessment (CEFR) (COE 2001) cultural awareness is defined as: Knowledge, awareness and understanding of the relation (similarities and distinctive differences) between the ‗world of origin‘ and the ‗world of the target community‘ produce an intercultural awareness. It is, of course, important to note that intercultural awareness includes an awareness of regional and social diversity in both worlds. It is also enriched by awareness of a wider range of 415 �1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo cultures than those carried by the learner‘s L1 and L2. This wider awareness helps to place both of these in context. In addition to objective knowledge, intercultural awareness covers an awareness of how each community appears from the perspective of the other, often in the form of national stereotypes. The intercultural dimension of language education and intercultural competence has been widely researched by Byram and Flemming (1998), Byram (1997), and Byram and Zarate (1997). Communicating in a lingua franca and the intercultural speaker The use of English, or another language, as a lingua franca and the growing awareness that while it might resolve a specific communication problem between people, could not provide a basis for real communication. It is a useful shortcut and may help; nonetheless, according to Crystal (1997) language has no independent existence, it lives in some sort of mystical space apart from the people who speak it. It exists in the brains, mouths, ears, hands and eyes of its users, and when they succeed on the international stage, their language succeeds, and when they fail, their language fails. When two people conversing are from different countries, speaking in a language which is a foreign or a second language for one of them, or which is foreign to both of them, they may still be highly aware of their national identities. This awareness leads to feeling the other is different and such a situation may influence what they say and how they say it, because they see the other person as a representative of a country, or a nation. This focus on national identity, and the accompanying risk of relying on stereotypes, reduces the individual from a complex human being to someone who is seen as representative of a country or ‗culture‘. Regardless of the language, individuals must thus be sensitized to what underlies communication: the fact is that using a lingua franca is not always a suitable or successful solution to all problems. They must learn to cope with the complexities of intercultural communication, where grammatical or lexical correctness, important though they are, may not be the decisive factor in communicative success. Neither may a satisfactory control of language functions be enough (Jackobson 1963; Halliday 1973), however essential it may be. Even a basic generalized knowledge of the foreign language‘s culture may not be a guarantee of success, as it may lead to or enhance existing stereotypes (Steele and Suozzo 1994). Kramsch (1998). According to Byram (2001) linguistic and grammatical competence are part of the process of teaching a foreign language, nonetheless a reflection on the nature of interaction between native speakers of a language and foreign speakers of that language, or between foreign speakers of a language which is serving them as a lingua franca, has led to the recognition that it is neither appropriate nor desirable for learners to model themselves on native speakers with respect to the learning about and understanding another culture. The term intercultural is normative and carries values, as opposed to cross-cultural which is considered neutral, a mere description of elements that may vary in different cultures. Interculturality has moral and ethical dimensions for it incorporates respect for what is different and underlies a contact, a change, in both the sender and the receiver, which, after the encounter, will be an irremediable change (Pavan 2009). Being an intercultural speaker implies being able to engage with complexity and multiple identities, and so avoiding the stereotyping which accompanies perceiving someone through a single identity. It is based on perceiving the interlocutor as an individual whose qualities are to be discovered, rather than as a representative of an externally attributed identity. According to Kramsch (1998) this implies a language learner who acts as a mediator between two cultures, interprets and understands other perspectives, as well as questions what is taken for granted in his/her own society. Byram (2001) affirms that the intercultural speaker is: ―someone who has an ability to interact with ‗others‘, to accept other perspectives and perceptions of the world, to mediate between different perspectives to be conscious of their evaluations of difference (Byram and Zarate, 1997; see also Kramsch, 1998). Where the otherness which learners meet is that of a society with a different language, they clearly need both linguistic competence and intercultural competence‖. He adds that intercultural competence is necessary whether a different language is present or not. 416 �1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo From description to modelling Being an intercultural speaker implies developing a solid intercultural awareness, and the practice described above indicates a shift from description to modelling, in order to design a process of competence building. Descriptions cannot be taught, they can be memorized and are useful only when the right situation appears, while models can be taught and competences, based on models, can be developed and adapted to many different situations (Balboni 2007). Balboni states that a model is a generative framework, i. e. a pattern or a structure which can include all possible occurrences, it is able to generate behaviour and it is often internally structured in a hierarchical manner. He also states that the higher the level of a model, the greater its complexity, which does not necessarily lead to complexity in extensio, but rather in profundis, exactly like a website homepage. and finally he affirms that models are forms of declarative knowledge which must generate procedural knowledge. A model becomes a competence when it is able to generate behaviour, this occurs when the model is applied to a context of performance. Competence cannot be taught, but must be constructed, filling in the elements of the model with the information, declarations and procedures to be used in the performance phase. Balboni concludes that, since intercultural communication competence is a competence, it cannot be taught, nonetheless once a reliable model of it has been provided, it can be built up. Respect for cultural models is central to developing cultural awareness, a knowledge sometimes taken for granted. However it is often difficult to understand one‘s own models because we tend to assume our behaviour is natural and do not realise it is conditioned by our culture(s). Balboni‘s (2007) explanation leads to performance, and to intercultural awareness, which is the foundation of communication and involves the ability to stand back from ourselves and become aware of our cultural values, beliefs and perceptions, crucial knowledge we must have when interacting with people from other cultures. As the Council of Europe (2001) states, intercultural awareness is the knowledge, awareness and understanding of the relation (similarities and distinctive differences) between the ‗world of origin‘ and the ‗world of the target community.‘ The model of intercultural communication competence proposed in Balboni (2007) has already been described above, these are the three components that are crucial to a model of intercultural communication competence. Adopting Hofstede‘s (1991) metaphor, they are:  software of the mind, which refers to the cultural factors which affect communication;  communication software, which refers to the codes used, both verbal and nonverbal;  context software, which refers to the socio-pragmatic software that governs the beginning, the course and the conclusion of an interaction, of a communicative event as described by Hymes (1972). The first two elements, cultural and communicative, constitute the competence, the ability to do something, while the third, the ‗context software‘ makes it possible to move from competence to performance, the setting where ‗real‘ communication occurs. Conclusion In a world of change, where people are more and more mobile, where travel and communication are available at low prices to increasing numbers of travellers, the marketplace is global and the presence of non-native (foreign) students is a solid reality in the classroom, foreign language education must become intercultural. Foreign language education is, by definition, intercultural, since introducing a foreign language in a classroom implies connecting the students to a new world. Furthermore the primary goal of foreign language education should be real-life communication and the developing of critical-thinking skills in a variety of situations. Thus the challenge is that of promoting the teaching of foreign languages and the acquisition of intercultural competencies within a framework where the issue should be, as far as possible, learning by doing. If valid communication and co-operation are to exist, language teaching should also contribute to an active, critical understanding of each person‘s own culture and of the others‘ cultures too. 417 �1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo References Balboni, P.E. (2007). La comunicazione Interculturale. Venezia: Marsilio. Byram, M. (1997). Teaching and Assessing Intercultural Communicative Competence. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters. Byram, M. (2001). ―Introduction‖. In Byram et al. (Eds.), Developing Intercultural Competence in Practice. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters. 1-8. Byram, M. & Fleming, M. (Eds.). (1998). Language Learning in Intercultural Perspective: Approaches through Drama and Ethnography. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Byram, M. & Zarate, G. (Eds.). (1997). The Sociocultural and Intercultural Dimension of Language Learning and Teaching. Strasbourg: Council of Europe. Canale, M. & Swain, M. (1980). The theoretical bases of communicative approaches to second language teaching and testing. Applied Linguistics 1 (1), 1-47. Chomsky, N. (1965). Aspects of the Theory of Syntax. Boston: MIT Press. Cohen, A. D. & Olshtain, E. (1981). Developing a measure of socio-cultural competence: The case of apology. Language Learning, 31(1), 113-134. Council of Europe. (2001). Common European Framework of Reference for Languages: Learning, Teaching, Assessment. Strasbourg: Council of Europe. Crystal, D. (1985). A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics, 2nd edition. Oxford: Blackwell. Crystal, D. (1992). An Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Language and Languages. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers. Crystal, D. (1997). English as a Global Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Gass, S.M. & Neu, J. (Eds.). (1995). Speech Acts across Cultures: Challenges to communication in a Second Language. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. Halliday, M. 1973. Explorations in the functions of language. London: Edward Arnold. Hofstede, G. (1991). Cultures and organizations: Software of the mind. New York: McGraw-Hill. Hymes D. (1972). On communicative competence, in Pride J.B. & J. Holmes (Eds.), Sociolinguistics: Selected Readings. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 269-293. Hymes, Dell (Ed.). (1964). Language in culture and society. New York: Harper and Row. Jackobson, R. (1963). Essais de linguistique générale. Paris: Editions de Minuit. Kramsch, K. (1998). The privilege of the intercultural speaker. In M. Byram & M. Fleming (Eds.), Language learning in intercultural perspective: approaches through drama and ethnography. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 16–31. Newmark, L. (1966). How not to interfere with language Teaching. In C.J. Brumfit & K. Johnson (Eds.), The Communicative Approach to Language Teaching, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Olshtain, E. & Cohen, A. D. (1983). Apology: A speech act set. In N. Wolfson & E. Judd (Eds.), Sociolinguistics and language acquisition. Rowley: Newbury House, 18-35. Oxford Advanced Learner‘s Dictionary (1980). Oxford: Oxford University Press. 418 �1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo Pavan, E. (2009). Communicating in the Mediterranean Area: a Matter of Cultural Awareness. International Journal of Euro-Mediterranean Studies, 2, (1), 121-139 Richards, J. C. & Sukwiwat, M. (1983). Language Transfer and Conversational Competence. Applied Linguistics 4 (2). 113-125. Steele R. & Suozzo A. (1994). Teaching French culture: Theory and practice. Lincolnwood: National Textbook. van Ek, J. A. (1986). Objectives for foreign language learning. (Vol. 1): Scope. Strasbourg: Council of Europe. 419 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 61 Title A name given to the resource Communicative language teaching and socio-cultural competence: An ongoing process Author Author Pavan, Elisabetta Abstract A summary of the resource. Communicative language teaching is undoubtfully the most widely adopted teaching approach, however sometimes the learners turn out to be ‘fluent fools‘, especially when the balance between language forms (accuracy/usage) and language functions (fluency/use) are not linked to culture. Culture should not be considered a fifth skill, neither something to be taught deductively, reduced to a list of features to be learned. Culture is always in the background, challenging our ability to make sense of the world around us, so the teacher must raise students‘ awareness and develop a broad communicative competence encompassing linguistic, sociolinguistic, discourse and strategic competences, especially when he/she teaches a lingua franca such as English. In this paper I will try to formulate a practical model offering some principles that may prove useful for the development of skills and methods appropriate to a lingua franca speaker, or rather, an intercultural speaker. Thus becoming an intercultural speaker implies developing a solid basis of intercultural awareness, and this implies a shift from description (usually linked to cross-cultural studies), to modelling, in order to design a process of competence building. Descriptions cannot be taught, they can be memorized and are useful only when the right situation appears, while models can be taught and competences, based on models, can be developed and adapted to many different situations. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2011-05 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed P Philology. Linguistics https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/8dc806ba3dc087b54166763398d36382.pdf add856703176e935c20358b7baef4535 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource IT Senior Design Projects Description An account of the resource The IT Senior Design Projects (SDPs) category showcases innovative and practical final-year capstone projects developed by undergraduate and graduate students in the field of Information Technology. These projects represent the culmination of students' academic and technical expertise, demonstrating their ability to solve real-world problems through software and hardware solutions. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Company Vehicle Mileage Tracking System Author Author Adrijan Krtalić Abstract A summary of the resource. This project aims to develop a Mileage Tracker mobile application that enables employees to record their trips while using company vehicles. The issue it addresses is the inefficiency of manual mileage logging, which can be time-consuming and prone to errors. The app utilizes Google Maps API to track movement automatically and stores trip data in Google Sheets, ensuring accuracy and reducing manual effort. Google Sign-In is integrated for secure access, allowing each user to manage their travel records effortlessly. The final result is a user-friendly mobile app that simplifies mileage tracking and enhances data reliability. In conclusion, this Mileage Tracker provides a practical and automated solution for employees, improving efficiency and reducing administrative workload. Keywords Keywords. mileage tracker, automated logging, travel records, Google Maps API mileage tracker mobile application software engineering https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/589978fe6b062e45cd55fa04192c4821.pdf 32790a5413c150a67602ec31024b094e PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Company’s Web Presentation Supported by Web Content Management System Aida Habul University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina aida.habul@efsa.unsa.ba Amila Pilav-Velid University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina amila.pilav-velic@efsa.unas.ba Nermin Kuldija University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina nermin.kuldija@bhtelecom.ba Merdzana Obralic International Burch University, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina mobralic@ibu.edu.ba Today, companies should be very careful when choosing their online strategies. It is not enough to only have website at-any-cost. Precisely, it is necessary to distinguish structure (web design) and content (presentations), which are placed on the corporate website. To create a web design, companies can opt for ready-made solutions (outsourcing) or to produce their own (in-house). But, surely, companies should not outsource web content creation, its maintenance and management, considering that reflects their business strategy as well as image. Implementation of a reliable Content Management System will allow that every employee of the company can easily and quickly change or update the content on the website, leaving IT experts to deal with the structure of the site, not content. For the research purposes, we have analyzed the case of a domestic company that operates in the ICT sector in Bosnia and Herzegovina, which web presentation was organized using Website Content Management System. The specially designed questionnaire was used as research instrument, and it was placed on the company's Web site. Therefore, visitors were able to share their opinion about satisfaction with: (1) web design, (2) content found on the site, (3) optimization of the website and (4) content for all devices from which it can be accessed. We found that 33.1% of visitors are not satisfied with web design, while other 25 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo visitors/participants in the survey considered it is good or average. Furthermore, 68.2% of users are satisfied in one way or another how company manages its site content. In addition, though the majority of users (44.5%) are accessing a website via desktop PCs, 81.6% of them considered that the website is well optimized/adjusted for all devices from which they access to the site. However, the paper findings find that Content Management System implementation in terms of separated web design and content can provide quality and effective company’s web presentation that will attract new but also retain existing customers (visitors). Keywords: Web Presentation, Web Content Management System, Bosnia and Herzegovina 26 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1470 Title A name given to the resource Company’s Web Presentation Supported by Web Content Management System Author Author HABUL, Aida PILAV-VELIC, Amila KULDIJA, Nermin OBRALIĆ, Merdžana Abstract A summary of the resource. Today, companies should be very careful when choosing their online strategies. It is not enough to only have website at-any-cost. Precisely, it is necessary to distinguish structure (web design) and content (presentations), which are placed on the corporate website. To create a web design, companies can opt for ready-made solutions (outsourcing) or to produce their own (in-house). But, surely, companies should not outsource web content creation, its maintenance and management, considering that reflects their business strategy as well as image. Implementation of a reliable Content Management System will allow that every employee of the company can easily and quickly change or update the content on the website, leaving IT experts to deal with the structure of the site, not content. For the research purposes, we have analyzed the case of a domestic company that operates in the ICT sector in Bosnia and Herzegovina, which web presentation was organized using Website Content Management System. The specially designed questionnaire was used as research instrument, and it was placed on the company's Web site. Therefore, visitors were able to share their opinion about satisfaction with: (1) web design, (2) content found on the site, (3) optimization of the website and (4) content for all devices from which it can be accessed. We found that 33.1% of visitors are not satisfied with web design, while other visitors/participants in the survey considered it is good or average. Furthermore, 68.2% of users are satisfied in one way or another how company manages its site content. In addition, though the majority of users (44.5%) are accessing a website via desktop PCs, 81.6% of them considered that the website is well optimized/adjusted for all devices from which they access to the site. However, the paper findings find that Content Management System implementation in terms of separated web design and content can provide quality and effective company’s web presentation that will attract new but also retain existing customers (visitors). Keywords: Web Presentation, Web Content Management System, Bosnia and Herzegovina Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-10 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-4564 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/46cf36473f341152b9c8b879629bbbea.pdf 261564c39f9a8c08497e404894e72193 PDF Text Text PROCEEDINGS th ______ The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 COMPARASION OF WIND MEASUREMENTS BY LIDAR AND MEASUREMENT MAST FOR BORA WIND IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA Elvir Zlomušica, Suad Zalihić, Jasmin Bejdić University „Džemal Bijedić“ of Mostar elvir.zlomusica@unmo.ba, suad.zalihic@unmo.ba, jabc@cowi.dk ABSTRACT Research of wind energy potential with the aim of installing wind turbines was performed on location Hrgud in the southeastern part of Bosnia and Herzegovina. These are complex terrains characterized by specific wind Bora. Measurements were performed by standard procedures using the classical standard instruments, anemometers and wind vanes, mounted at different heights on the measurement mast height of 77.5 m (agl) combined with remote sensing technique such as the LIDAR (LIght Detection And Ranging) during period 23.8. 2013. – 19.12. 2013. The aim of this study was to perform an analysis and comparison of collected measurement data from the measurement mast and the LIDAR (Windcube v2 FCR), as well as the behavior of the equipment itself in the complex terrain and wind Bora conditions in Bosnia. During the comparison the 10-min averaging time for the wind speed and direction is used. It can be concluded from this analysis that the behavior of the LIDAR under harsh local weather conditions was relatively well, except the problems with the power supply. The LIDAR uncorrected wind speed was in general lower than the wind speed measured by the cup anemometer at the same height. The comparison of the data of measurement methods provides reliable information on the wind speed within the considered altitude range. Keywords: wind energy, LIDAR, wind Bora, Bosnia 229 | P a g e �ISSD 2014 th The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ PROCEEDINGS 1. INTRODUCTION The first measurements with adequate equipment and technology aimed at determining of the wind energy potential in Bosnia started in 2002 at the location of Podveležje (Mostar). Thanks to analysis of data from different measurements campaigns the area of south Bosnia and Herzegovina has been recognized as an interesting region for wind power production. At the moment, it is impossible to discuss precisely about the real potential for the wind farm construction. Research is still incomplete and limited by the complexity of terrain and by the wind Bora. The Bora is a strong cold katabatic wind which mostly blows from north to north – east, starts suddenly and decelerate slow. There are anti - cyclonal (dry) and cyclonal (with clouds) Bora. Furthermore, there are several conditions needed for Bora (mountain massifs, different values of temperature and pressure in the heights and lowlands, etc.). Also, there has not been enough studies or research conducted on Bora in Bosnia and Herzegovina. According to the rough estimation, the economically feasible potential should be around 1 000 – 1 200 MW (Zlomušica & Behmen, 2003; Ćatović, Behmen, & Zlomušica, 2004; Zlomušica, 2010). In any case, it would be a success to install 50 MW before the year of 2015 (Zlomušica, 2013). Detailed knowledge of the wind resource is necessary in the developmental and operational stages of a wind farm site (International Standard, IEC 61400-12-1 Ed. 1., 2005). As wind turbines continue to grow in size, measurement masts for mounting cup anemometers (the standard procedure for wind resource assessment) have become much taller, and much more expensive. The LIDAR is ground-based and can work over one hundred of meters, sufficient for the tall wind turbines. The use of LIDAR in complex terrain is very attractive for wind site assessments since a grinding installation of a high mast can be avoided. The measurement campaigns in some projects showed very promising results (Albers, Janssen, & Mander, 2008; Bingöl, Mann, & Foussekis, 2008; Bourgeois, Cattin, Locker, & Winkelmeier, 2008; Bourgeois, Cattin, Winkelmeier, & Locker, 2009; Krishnamurthy, Boquet, & Machta, 2014). Some strengths of the LIDAR are: relatively easy to deploy, still some fingering with cables and tubes, installed by one or two persons in half a day, withstanding harsh climatic conditions, low power consumption and no noise, while some weaknesses of the LIDAR are: uncertainty of accuracy of wind speed data in complex terrain, very expensive high-tech instrument, affected by rain and low clouds. However, to the present day it is not recommended to use a LIDAR as a stand alone instrument for accurate wind measurements. More validation studies and comparisons are needed and data retrieval algorithms (vertical wind speed, turbulence) have to be improved. Furthermore, the assumption of a homogeneous flow field used by the LIDAR technology has to be considered in the data analyses, especially in complex terrain. In the next period the standard (IEC 61400-12-1 Ed. 1., 2005) is expected to be changed, and a new standard will include remote sensing techniques like the LIDAR. The aim of the work is to compare the wind measurements from commercial LIDAR instrument against an instrumented mast, in complex terrain, where many wind farms are now being installed worldwide, as well as equipment behavior under harsh meteorological conditions at the locality of Hrgud (southeast of Bosnia and Herzegovina). This equipment has been used first time in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Measurements performed during the summer-fall period of 2013 in the duration of four months. 230 | P a g e �PROCEEDINGS th ______ The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 2. METHOD AND MATERIALS A four-months measurement campaign with an LIDAR and 78.5 m mast, which provided also has long term data, for evaluating the remote sensing instruments, was performed. The LIDAR was connected directly to the electrical grid via the local power line. However this power line has been hit by lightings several times during the measurement campaign, which has destroyed the 220V to 24V LIDAR convertor. 2.1 Site description The measurement site called Hrgud in Bosnia and Hercegovina is situated approximately 35 km southeast of the city of Mostar or 5 km east from the town of Stolac, 10 - 11 km west from the town of Berkovići, 50 km east from the Adriatic sea coast, Figure 1. The area can be categorized as complex, with altitudes varying between 960 to 1110 m asl (above sea level) and is approximately 5 km2. A southeast – northwest fault delimiting the plateau is characterised with a very steep slope, which have a significant influence at the wind flow at the site. The terrain is characterized by karsts with small meadows, bushes and low forest vegetation. Figure 1. Location of the Hrgud site in Bosnia and Herzegovina Figure 2 shows the wind rose (frequency) for the Hrgud site of filtered data at 77.5 m agl for the met mast at Hrgud site. The met mast was installed according to the standard IEC 6140012-1 (IEC 61400-12-1 Ed. 1., 2005) and MEASNET (Measuring Network of Wind Energy Institutes) (Measnet, 2009). It can be seen that the prevailing wind directions are NNE and SSE and consequently the most of the wind energy comes from these directions. 231 | P a g e �ISSD 2014 th The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ PROCEEDINGS Figure 2. Frequency and energy roses at 77.5 m for the 12 months of wind data at the met mast Hrgud Site conditions parameters for the met mast height 77.5 m are: max 10-min. measured wind speed is 31.4 m/s, max 3-sec. measured wind speed is 38.7 m/s, annual mean temperature is 10.2 °C, annual min. temperature is –10 °C and annual mean air density is 1.083 kg/m3 (Impro-Impex & COWI, 2013). 2.2 Measurement configuration The instruments were installed at a height 1098 m asl. The instruments site coordinates are X: 258 392, Y: 4 776 046 of UTM WGS84 projection, according to the resolution of the GPS device. The instruments were located on 100 m high hill about 1.5 km North of a 1000 m deep and 2 km wide canyon. The hill is about 1 km long and 100 m wide, oriented E-W. The LIDAR was positioned approximately 1.5 m from measuring mast, Figure 3. The sensor height in the LIDAR is 1 meter above mast ground level. Therefore 1 meter shall be added to the entered heights to get the actual measuring height. The LIDAR measurement started on 23 August 2013. The system consists of a Windcube v2 LIDAR, set up to measure the windspeed at 10 different heights. The LIDAR is powered by 220 V supplied from the commercial grid. Data from the LIDAR shall be used as supplement to data from Hrgud mast (as long term data), in order to give a better assessment of the wind conditions on the site. 232 | P a g e �PROCEEDINGS th ______ The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 Figure 3. The measurement site Hrgud, LIDAR (left) mast (right) Windcube v2 LIDAR equipped with FCR (Flow Complexity Recognition) for direct wind measurements in complex terrain was used in this campaign. The height range of this instrument is from 40-200 m, data sampling rate is 1 sec. In Table 1 the measurement configuration and measurement periods of the met mast and the LIDAR are shown. Table 1. Measurement configuration Measurement height of wind speed (m) Measurement height of wind direction (m) Measurement period Mast, cup anemometers, Thies Classic, wind vanes Thies Compact 30; 55; 55; 75; 77.5 53 and 75 30 July 2012 – up to date LIDAR Windcube v2 44; 54; 64; 74; 77; 79; 89; 119; 129; 159 44; 54; 64; 74; 77; 79; 89; 119; 129; 159 23 August 2013 – 19 December 2013 3. RESULTS 3.1 Analyse of the data availability The analyzed period for this study started 23 August 2013 and ended 19 Decebmer 2013. The time series of the wind speed measured with the top cup anemometer at 77.5 m and the LIDAR with and without FCR at 78 m are displayed in Figure 4. 233 | P a g e �ISSD 2014 th The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ PROCEEDINGS Figure 4. Time series of the wind speed measured with the top cup anemometer (black), the LIDAR without correction (red) and the LIDAR with FCR (green) The LIDAR measurements were interrupted several times during measuring campaing. The main events causing interruption in the measurements are summarized in Table 2. Table 2. Periods improper functioning of the LIDAR Beginning 29.8.2013 9.10.2013 20.10.2013 25.10.2013 5.11.2013 23.11.2013 End 3.10.2013 20.10.2013 23.10.2013 30.10.2013 17.11.2013 23.11.2013 Explanation FCR accidentally turned off Power supply damaged by lighting Complete std data files, but incomplete FCR files (only 1 value/day) Complete std data files, but incomplete FCR files (only 1 value/day) Power supply damaged by lighting End of reliable measurements; LIDAR system damaged by lighting Much more LIDAR uncorrected wind speed data (non-corrected for the terrain effect) were collected than FCR corrected data. 3.2 Comparison of the measured wind speeds The comparison of the measured wind speeds between the cup anemometer at 77.5 m and the uncorrected LIDAR measurements and the FCR corrected LIDAR data at 78 m, respectively, for the same dataset is shown in Figure 5 and Figure 6 with scatterplots and the evaluated regression and correlation coefficients. Dataset including uncorrected LIDAR wind speed data with an availability above 80% (Red: two parametric linear regression; Blue: one parametric linear regression forced through 0).The uncorrected LIDAR wind speed measurements underestimate the cup anemometer by 4.1% on average, Figure 5. 234 | P a g e �PROCEEDINGS th ______ The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 Figure 5. Uncorrected LIDAR wind speed at 78 m vs cup anemometer wind speed at 77.5 m The FCR corrected LIDAR wind speed measurements overestimate the cup anemometer by 1.5% on average. The correlation coefficient is higher for the FCR corrected data than for the uncorrected measurement. Dataset including FCR LIDAR wind speed data with an availability above 80% (Red: two parametric linear regression; Blue: one parametric linear regression forced through 0), Figure 6. Figure 6. FCR LIDAR wind speed at 78 m vs cup anemometer wind speed at 77.5 m Similar comparisons between LIDAR wind speeds (uncorrected and FCR corrected) were done at 75 m and 55 m. The comparison results are similar to those at 77.5 m (Wagner & Bejdić, 2014). 235 | P a g e �ISSD 2014 th The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ PROCEEDINGS 3.3 Comparison of the measured wind direction Direction measurements were taken at 53 m and 75 m with Thies Compact wind vanes, but the wind vane at 75 m got broken during the measurement campaign, therefore the wind vane at 53 m was used in the analysis. The direction measured by the LIDAR at 55 m was compared to the direction from the wind vane at 53 m. The comparisons of the LIDAR uncorrected direction and the FCR corrected direction are not identical but very similar (Figure 7 and Figure 8). In both cases, the linear regression results in an offset of about 110. Figure 7. Uncorrected LIDAR wind direction at 55 m vs wind vane at 53 m (Red: two parametric linear regression) – Wind speed below 3 m/s for this comparison Figure 8. FCR LIDAR wind direction at 55 m vs wind vane at 53 m. (Red: two parametric linear regression) - Wind speed below 3 m/s for this comparison 236 | P a g e �PROCEEDINGS th ______ The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 3.4 Wind Shear The wind shear or vertical wind speed profile is an important parameter in the choice of the optimal hub height of wind turbine. The wind shear expresses the ratio between the wind speeds at different heights. The wind shear, of course, depends on the topography of the site and is not identical for all directions. The power law wind shear is defined by (International Standard. IEC 61400-1 Ed. 3., 2005): v2  v1 h2 h1   (1) where the shear exponent α is calculated between the respective heights h1 and h2 and their corresponding wind speeds v1 and v2. The average wind speed profiles for the four prevailing wind sector measured with the mast between 30 and 77.5 m and with the LIDAR between 45 and 160 m are displayed in Figure 9. The wind sector is indicated at the top of each plot and with the number of data within that sector in parenthesis. The vertical wind speed profiles of LIDAR and mast agree very well for the NE sectors 0°-30°, 30°-60° and SE sectors 120°-150°, 150°-180°. However it was noticed in Figure 9 that the averaged profiles do not typically follow a power law. Figure 9. Average wind speed profile for the prevailing wind directions of mast data (black), uncorrected LIDAR (red) and FCR corrected LIDAR (green) 237 | P a g e �ISSD 2014 th The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ PROCEEDINGS 4. CONCLUSIONS The LIDAR functioned “relatively well” in complex conditions of the terrain and wind characteristics of Bora. Unfortunate events demonstrate the importance of protecting the power supply of the LIDAR from an exposed power line. The LIDAR software also happened to be unstable, since several periods of data were missing although the system had power. The LIDAR uncorrected wind speed was in general lower than the wind speed measured by the cup anemometer at the same height by about 4%. The FCR corrected wind speeds were higher than the cup anemometer wind speed by about 1.5%. Based on a rough analysis of the surrounding topography, it seems that the LIDAR deviation is mainly affected by the topography around the LIDAR within a radius of 500 m but the major features of the topography within a larger radius has also some influence. This would need to be further investigated with numerical tools (CFD). The LIDAR uncorrected wind directions compared well to the wind vane and the FCR correction had no significance influence on this comparison. The shear exponent derived from the LIDAR wind speeds, both without and with FCR, compared relatively well with the shear exponent form the mast cup anemometers. For more relevant observance of Bora characteristics and behavior of the equipment in a complex location like this one, it is necessary to carry out measurements in a longer period of time and in different seasons. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This work was performed under project Wind Measurement Program in RS, Bosnia & Herzegovina. The authors are grateful for the considerable technical support from the staff of the COWI A/S and Impro Impex doo. REFERENCES Zlomušica, E., & Behmen, M. (2003). Methodological approach to the selection of wind farm location. Proceeding of 12th International Symposium on Power Electronics, Ee, Novi Sad, Serbia. Ćatović, F., Behmen, M., & Zlomušica, E. (2004). Trends in the Development of the Electric Power Systems Based on Wind energy in World and in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Journal of Environmental Protection and Ecology-Official Journal of the Balkan Environmental Association (B.EN.A), 5(4), 836-840. Zlomušica, E. (2010). Wind Energy Resources in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Thermal Science, 14(1), 255-260. Zlomušica, E. (2013). Particular Review on SODAR and LIDAR Measurements of Bora Wind in Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina, International Journal of Engineering & Technology IJET-IJENS, 13(6), 53-61. International Standard. IEC 61400-12-1 Ed. 1. (12/2005). Power performance measurements of electricity producing wind turbines. Albers, A., Janssen, W., & Mander, J. (2008). Comparison of LIDARs, German test station for remote wind sensing devices. German Wind Energy Conference, DEWEK, Bremen, Germany. Bingöl, F., Mann, J., & Foussekis, D. (2009). Lidar Performance in Complex Terrain Modeled by WASP Engineering. European Wind Energy Conference & Exhibition, EWEC, Marseille, France. Bourgeois, S., Cattin, R., Locker, I., & Winkelmeier, H. (2008). Analysis of the vertical wind profile at a BORA − dominated site in Bosnia based on SODAR and ZephIR LIDAR measurements. European Wind Energy Conference & Exhibition, EWEC, Brussels, Belgium. Bourgeois, S., Cattin, R., Winkelmeier, H., & Locker, I. (2009). CFD Modeling of the vertical wind profile and the turbulence structure above complex terrain and validation with SODAR and LIDAR measurements. European Wind Energy Conference & Exhibition, EWEC, Marseille, France. Krishnamurthy, R., Boquet, M., & Machta, M. (2014). Turbulence Intensity Measurements from a Varity of Doppler LIDAR. European Wind Energy Conference & Exhibition, EWEA, Barcelona, Spain. 238 | P a g e �PROCEEDINGS th ______ The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 Measnet. (2009). Evaluation of site-specific wind conditions – Version 1. Impro-Impex, COWI. (2013). Hrgud – 12 Months Wind Study and Site Conditions Report. Wagner, R., & Bejdić, J. (2014). Windcube + FCR test in Hrgud, Bosnia & Herzegovina - Final report. DTU Wind Energy. International Standard. IEC 61400-1 Ed. 3. (08/2005). Wind Turbines - Part 1: Design Requirements. Elvir Zlomušica was born in 1971 in Mostar (Bosnia). Since 2000 he has been employed at the University. In 2006 he got a PhD degree in technical sciences from University „Džemal Bijedić“ of Mostar. He is the co-author of a book and author or co-author of more than 40 articles and scientific papers presented in conferences and seminars, home and abroad. He was involved in realization of over 20 research projects related to production process. Since October 2011 he has been employed as an associate professor. Since April 2012 he has performed the function of a vice-rector of the University „Džemal Bijedić“ of Mostar. His research interests include renewable energy sources, wind energy. Suad Zalihić was born in 1960 in Mostar (Bosnia). Since 2010 he has been employed at the University. In 2013 he got a MSc degree in technical sciences from University „Džemal Bijedić“ of Mostar. He participated in the implementation of many projects related to wind potential research at various locations in Bosnia and Herzegovina. His research interests include wind energy and wind loads on various structures. Jasmin Bejdić was born in 1985 in Banja Luka (Bosnia). He holds a MSc degree in Wind Energy from Technical University of Denmark. He has been working with wind energy since 2006, first for an Danish wind energy developer/investor European Energy A/S and since 2011 as a consultant in COWI A/S. Bejdić has great world wide experience wind measurements and application of wind data for wind farm development. 239 | P a g e � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2531 Title A name given to the resource COMPARASION OF WIND MEASUREMENTS BY LIDAR AND MEASUREMENT MAST FOR BORA WIND IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA Author Author ZLOMUŠICA, Elvir ZALIHIĆ, Suad BEJDIĆ, Jasmin Abstract A summary of the resource. Research of wind energy potential with the aim of installing wind turbines was performed on location Hrgud in the southeastern part of Bosnia and Herzegovina. These are complex terrains characterized by specific wind Bora. Measurements were performed by standard procedures using the classical standard instruments, anemometers and wind vanes, mounted at different heights on the measurement mast height of 77.5 m (agl) combined with remote sensing technique such as the LIDAR (LIght Detection And Ranging) during period 23.8. 2013. – 19.12. 2013. The aim of this study was to perform an analysis and comparison of collected measurement data from the measurement mast and the LIDAR (Windcube v2 FCR), as well as the behavior of the equipment itself in the complex terrain and wind Bora conditions in Bosnia. During the comparison the 10-min averaging time for the wind speed and direction is used. It can be concluded from this analysis that the behavior of the LIDAR under harsh local weather conditions was relatively well, except the problems with the power supply. The LIDAR uncorrected wind speed was in general lower than the wind speed measured by the cup anemometer at the same height. The comparison of the data of measurement methods provides reliable information on the wind speed within the considered altitude range. Keywords: wind energy, LIDAR, wind Bora, Bosnia Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014-05-15 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 978-9958-834-36-3 Q Science (General),QH301 Biology,QH426 Genetics https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/ce30ab040cbb81176ccb3ec5829d4802.pdf aa699fba506f4ac37169b34099edcf79 PDF Text Text 2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo Comparative Analysis of Bosnia Herzegovina to the Other Former Yugoslav Federation Countries in the Context of Political and Economic Perspectives Hakan M. KĠRĠġ Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta/Turkey hakkan@iibf.sdu.edu.tr Canan ġENTÜRK Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta/Turkey canansenturk@iibf.sdu.edu.tr Hidayet KESKĠN Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta/Turkey hunlu@iibf.sdu.edu.tr Onur SUNGUR Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta/Turkey onurs@iibf.sdu.edu.tr Abstract: A major period of transformation has begun all over the world since 1980s. The important developments occurring in the political field with neoliberal policies have also affected economic field equally. Economic stability and transformation cannot be considered separately from political stability and transformation. In this context, disintegration of the Soviet Union and Yugoslavia has led to important developments not only political but also economic fields. Today, there are countries of Bosnia - Herzegovina, Slovenia, Serbia, Croatia, Macedonia, Kosovo and Montenegro in the territory of the former Yugoslav federation. With dissolution of the federation, political and economic transformation process started in these countries. This study aims to make a comparative analysis in the context of macroeconomic indicators on Bosnia – Herzegovina‘s economy with other FYRs‘ economies that emerged as a result of political transformation. Introduction Former Yugoslav Federation countries are one of the most interesting lands in the world. Ethnic, religious and regional conflicts have shaped the history of these seven countries (Bosnia Herzegovina, Slovenia, Serbia, Croatia, Macedonia, Kosovo and Montenegro). This study makes an effort to put forward political and economic scene of these countries. Especially Bosnia Herzegovina is a prominent example for this paper. Within this context study has two main sections. First political landscape of Bosnia Herzegovina and the other former Yugoslav Federation Countries are explained their political history and demographic indicators in brief. Moreover first section contains the subtitle of Bosnia Herzegovina‘s current political and administrative structures. The second section is interested in the economic indicators of these countries. In this section, firstly, recent macroeconomic indicators of these countries are given. Then, the economic transformation of these countries between 2003 and 2009 are analyzed and the effects of global crisis are discussed. The purpose is to provide updated comparative information on different aspects of the economies in Former Yugoslav Federation countries. This overview aims to present recent trends and/or actual forecasts of different indicators of economic development for Former Yugoslav Federation countries. Political Landscape of Bosnia & Herzegovina and the Other Former Yugoslav Federation Countries Political History in Brief In the history of Western Balkan Countries within the borders of Former Yugoslav Federation, a variety of common grounds can be seen. The word ―Yugoslavia‖ means ―Southern Slavs‖. Yugoslavia had appeared with the idea of gathering various national and religious communities with equal rights. The Kingdom of 302 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo Yugoslavia lived between the two World Wars. The Second World War became a turning point for this country. After the War, the federative structure took the place of the kingdom. Even though it had a socialist character, it had a different tendency from the Soviet Union. In this period, Yugoslavia took part in Non-Aligned Movement. Disintegration of Yugoslavia can be viewed depending on deep economic and political crisis. Demand of independency of Croatia and Slovenia and then Serbia‘s domination desire accelerated this process of separation. When Croatia and Slovenia declared independence, Yugoslav crisis internationalized. Bosnia Herzegovina is an unfortunate land because of bloody and unequal battles in 1990s (Kut, 1998: 321 – 324). Today two new independent countries rise in former Yugoslav lands: Montenegro as an independent country which is split up Serbia in 2006 and Kosovo which is declare of independence in 2008. Kosovo and Montenegro are the latest independent countries of the World today. Thus there are seven countries in former Yugoslav federation territories: Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, Slovenia, Serbia, Montenegro and Kosovo. After the pax Romana Kingdom of Bosnia fought against Hungarians and Serbs. Bosnia was added to Ottoman Empire at 1463. Ottomans ruled Bosnia till treaty of Berlin in 1878. Austro – Hungarian Empire gained Bosnian territory owing to Berlin Treaty without any war with Ottoman Empire. Between the years of 1918 – 1941 Bosnia was ruled by Kingdom of Yugoslavia. After the invasion of Nazi at World War II Bosnia get involved in Yugoslav Federation. After the Bosnia War 36, Dayton Agreement at 1995 is the constructive treaty of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Before this agreement, world public opinion witnessed ethnic based Bosnia war between the years of 1991 to 1995 (Maric, 2006a: 90). Continuing 5 years Bosnia war ended in 1995 with Dayton Peace Agreement signed among the leader of Bosnia Herzegovina Alija Ġzzetbegovic, the leader of Serbia Slobodan Milosevic and the leader of Crotia Franjo Tudman. Arriving West Balkans in 7th Century, Croatians established their kingdom in X. Century. However, Croatian territory was conquered first by Hungarians in 11 th Century and later in 16th Century by Otoman Empire with the Mohacs War. Upon the failure of second siege of Vienna, Croatians was conquered this time by AustroHungarian Empire. With the separation of Austro – Hungarian in World War I, Croatians joined to Yugoslavian Kingdom. After the Nazi occupation in World War II, Croatians, just like their neighbors, joined Yugoslavian Socialist Federation. In 1991, Croatians declared their independence (Oliver, 2006: 140 – 144). Figure 1. New Independent Countries in Former Yugoslav Federation Lands Today Macedonia is the name of both a state and geographical territory. As a geographical territory, Macedonia, today covers north-west of Greece, south-west of Bulgaria and the Republic of Macedonia. Therefore, upon the objection of Greece, Macedonia Republic was portrayed as Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia when it was established. Although history of Macedonia dates back to antiquity as a geographical territory, the history of Macedonian Republic is quite new. Macedonian, Roma, Byzantine and Ottoman Empires prevailed over the Macedonian territories. Following the World War II, Macedonia, a state depended on Yugoslav Socialist Federation, declared of independence in 1991 (Plunkett, 2006: 232 - 234). The word Slovenia stands for ―the country of Slavs‖. Slovenes, just like other Slav communities, arrived this area around VII. Century. After the Dukedom they founded, the area they settled down became, in a little while, a part of Holy Roma-Germen Empire. Slovenes, included in the Yugoslav Kingdom with the separation of Austro-Hungarian Empire after World Was I, joined Yugoslav Federation after Nazi occupation in World War II and remained dependent on this federation until they declared independence in the beginning of 1991. Slovenia is the only country among the countries separated from the former Yugoslav Federation (Oliver, 2006: 331 – 334). 36 Bosnia Herzegovina is a special foreign policy issue for Turkish politicians and statesmen. Turkey as term president of the Council of Europe and term president of the Organization of the Islamic Conference, played and important role on Bosnia War. Turkey prepared an action plan for Bosnia Herzegovina which included diplomatic and military protections. In fact, direct intervention of Turks alone became a current issue in international diplomacy. Today, a Turkish troop in SFOR serves in Zenica. 303 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo Until the Ottoman reign, Serbians organized as a medieval kingdom. This kingdom dominated from 7 th Century till 14th Century. Remaining under the reign of Ottomans for five years, Serbians consisted of communities within the empire and early impressed by nationalist movement. Declaring independency with Agreement of Berlin in 1878, Serbians was the leading community which founded the Kingdom of Yugoslavia after the World War I. Serbia, placed within Yugoslavia Federation following World War II, struggled to maintain Yugoslav Federal Republic with Karadağ in 1992. However, in 2001 the name Yugoslavia vanished, and after a little while, the corporation of Serbia and Karadağ came to an end (Maric, 2006b:268 - 270). While dependent upon Venice Republic, Montenegro came under the reign of Ottomans in 15 th Century. For Ottoman Empire, Karadağ was quite problematic area. This country, hosting many rebellions, separated from Ottoman Empire and gained its independence with Berlin Agreement in 1878. One of the countries constituting Yugoslavia, Karadağ, perpetuated the name of Yugoslavia with Serbia in 1990s, however, separating from Serbians, Karadağ regained its independence in 2006 (Maric, 2006b: 269 – 270). Just like Macedonia, bearing the traces of Hun and Slav migrations, Kosovo placed in the confluence of empires throughout the history. Homaging the Ottomans in such an early year 1389, remained under the domain of Ottomans till 1912. Serbians, put in a claim for Kosovo in historical period, invaded Kosovo in 1995. However, this invasion came to an end with the NATO intervention in 1999. The Republic of Kosovo, is the last independent country of the world. The independency of Kosovo, is a significance improvement in international politics (Maric, 2006b: 270). Demographic Indicators Serbia is the most populated country among Former Yugoslav Federation Countries today. Bosnia Herzegovina and Croatia are other over- populated countries following Serbia compared to the others in the region. In contrast, Montenegro is the least populated country. Bosnia Herzegovina and Montenegro are the most heterogeneous countries ethnically. In Bosnia Herzegovina, no ethnic group has the supreme size in comparison with the others. In Montenegro Montenegrins and Serbs constitute two big ethnic groups. When having a look at the other countries, a different situation is perceived. For example, in Croatia, the 89.6 % of the total population is Croatian, in Slovenia the 83.1 % of the population is Slovene, in Serbia 82.9 % of the population is Serbs, in Macedonia 64.2 % of the population is Macedonians. In Kosovo, 88 % of the population is Albanians. In Bosnia Herzegovina, no religious group dominates the other one. Bosnia Herzegovina which has the most balanced distribution has the highest Muslim population among the other countries in this study. In contrast, the majority of the population in Croatia and Slovenia is Catholics. Correspondingly, Orthodox Christians are mostly in Macedonia, Montenegro and Serbia. A similar scene is viewed in the extensity of the current languages in the society. Within the framework of the demographic features, Croatia, Slovenia and Serbia have a more homogeneous structure. However, Bosnia Herzegovina is considered as the most heterogeneous country. 304 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo Country Population Bosnia Herzegovina 4.613.414 est) (2009 Croatia 4,489,409 est) (2009 Macedonia 2,066,718 est) (2009 Slovenia 2,005,692 est.) (2009 Serbia 7,379,339 est.) (2009 Montenegro 672,180 (2009 est.) Kosovo 1,804,838 est.) (2009 Ethnic Groups Religion Languages Bosniak 48%, Serb 37.1%, Croat 14.3%, other 0.6% (2000) Croat 89.6%, Serb 4.5%, other 5.9% (including Bosniak, Hungarian, Slovene, Czech, and Roma) (2001 census) Macedonian 64.2%, Albanian 25.2%, Turkish 3.9%, Roma (Gypsy) 2.7%, Serb 1.8%, other 2.2% (2002 census) Slovene 83.1%, Serb 2%, Croat 1.8%, Bosniak 1.1%, other or unspecified 12% (2002 census) Muslim 40%, Orthodox 31%, Roman Catholic 15%, other 14% Roman Catholic 87.8%, Orthodox 4.4%, other Christian 0.4%, Muslim 1.3%, other and unspecified 0.9%, none 5.2% (2001 census) Macedonian Orthodox 64.7%, Muslim 33.3%, other Christian 0.37%, other and unspecified 1.63% (2002 census) Catholic 57.8%, Muslim 2.4%, Orthodox 2.3%, other Christian 0.9%, unaffiliated 3.5%, other or unspecified 23%, none 10.1% (2002 census) Serbian Orthodox 85%, Catholic 5.5%, Protestant 1.1%, Muslim 3.2%, unspecified 2.6%, other, unknown, or atheist 2.6% (2002 census) Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian Serb 82.9%, Hungarian 3.9%, Romany (Gypsy) 1.4%, Yugoslavs 1.1%, Bosniaks 1.8%, Montenegrin 0.9%, other 8% (2002 census) Montenegrin 43%, Serbian 32%, Bosniak 8%, Albanian 5%, other (Muslims, Croats, Roma (Gypsy)) 12% (2003 census) Albanians 88%, Serbs 7%, other 5% (Bosniak, Gorani, Roma, Turk, Ashkali, Egyptian) Orthodox 74.2%, Muslim 17.7%, Catholic 3.5%, other 0.6%, unspecified 3%, atheist 1% (2003 census) Muslim, Serbian Orthodox, Roman Catholic Croatian 96.1%, Serbian 1%, other and undesignated 2.9% (including Italian, Hungarian, Czech, Slovak, and German) (2001 census) Macedonian 66.5%, Albanian 25.1%, Turkish 3.5%, Roma 1.9%, Serbian 1.2%, other 1.8% (2002 census) Slovenian 91.1%, SerboCroatian 4.5%, other or unspecified 4.4% (2002 census) Serbian 88.3% (official), Hungarian 3.8%, Bosniak 1.8%, Romany (Gypsy) 1.1%, other 4.1%, unknown 0.9% (2002 census) note: Romanian, Hungarian, Slovak, Ukrainian, and Croatian all official in Vojvodina Serbian 63.6%, Montenegrin (official) 22%, Bosnian 5.5%, Albanian 5.3%, unspecified 3.7% (2003 census) Albanian (official), Roma (official), Serbian Bosnian, Turkish, Table 1: Demographic Structure of Former Yugoslav Federation Countries Source: CIA, World Factbook, 2009. Political and Administrative Structure of Bosnia and Herzegovina Today, Bosnia and Herzegovina is composed of two entities. An entity is similar to a state in the US, or a province in Canada. The northern, primarily Serb, entity within the country is called the Republic of Srpska, with its capital in Banja Luka. The Federation is the second entity of the country. This entity has all three ethnic groups present, and it is formally referred to as the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Both the Republic of Srpska and the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina are entities within the country, which is itself called Bosnia and Herzegovina (Phillips, 2004: 13). International commentators wonder how Bosnia can survive as a multinational structure. Theoretical discussions on multi-ethnicity have led to a discuss about which institutional arrangement can best accommodate the various needs of the three main Bosnian communities. The role of international intervention is protecting multi-ethnicity, building viable and legitimate state institutions. More broadly, furthering and sustaining the peace process (Belloni, 2007: 3). With the signing of the Dayton Peace Agrement, rebuilding Bosnia in the aftermath of a long and bloody war over ethnicity and territory would involve not only reconstituting a deeply divided political community and building up public institutions almost from scratch, but also simultaneously putting the country on the path to free-market capitalism and liberal democracy. The central dynamic of Bosnia‘s short post-Dayton existence, therefore, has been the tension between the country‘s ongoing ethnic struggle and the efforts of the international community to implement the main pillars of the Dayton agreement. These pillars include the return of refugees and displaced persons to their pre-war homes, the consolidation of democratic values, institutions, and practices, the recreation of a climate of relatively tolerant multi-ethnicity, and the creation of a viable market economy (Donais, 2005: 1-2). 305 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo Figure 2. Bosnia and Herzegovina Political Map The post-Dayton state-building process has also been deeply affected by the broader ideological overtones of contemporary global capitalism, with its deep distrust of activist and interventionist government. Somewhat paradoxically, therefore, the post-war Bosnian state is often simultaneously defined as both underdeveloped and over-intrusive: lacking basic capacities and competencies to exercise effective governance while continuing to wield inordinate influence over the remains of the Bosnian economy (Donais, 2005: 47). Bosnia and Herzegovina has three primary religious groups: Orthodox, Catholic, and Islam. Orthodox Christians have ties to the Serb ethnic group, Catholics to the Croats, and the Muslims are often referred to as Bosniaks (not to be confused with Bosnians). Surprisingly, each of these ethnic groups has the same ancestral heritage, just as the now diverse population shares the same Slav ethnic roots. Religious differences and extreme nationalism offer the most apparent answers to this question. This complex question will be examined in greater detail in the following chapters, and it is an essential one to explore if one is to understand Bosnia and Herzegovina and its neighbours in the region (Phillips, 2004: 9). Macro Economic View of Former Yugoslav Federation Countries In this section, various macro economic indicators for Former Yugoslav Federation countries are presented. The purpose is to provide updated comparative information on different aspects of the economies in Former Yugoslav Federation countries. This overview aims to present recent trends and/or actual forecasts of different indicators of economic development for Former Yugoslav Federation countries. Main demographical indicators of the countries Bosnia - Herzegovina, Slovenia, Serbia, Croatia, Macedonia, Kosovo and Montenegro are presented in Table 2 as follows: Area(km2) Population Density GDP* (billion $) Per capita GDP* HDI Rank (2007) BiH 51,129 4,613,414 90,2/km2 Croatia 56,594 4,489,409 81/km2 Kosovo 10,908 1,804,838 220/km2 Macedonia 25,713 2,114,550 82,2/km2 Montenegro 13,812 672,180 50/km2 Serbia 88,361 7,334,935 107,46/km2 Slovenia 20,273 2,054,199 99.6/km2 $29.477 $78.539 $5.352 $18.831 $6.506 $78.506 $55.741 $7,361 $17,703 $2,965 $9,163 $10,393 $10,635 $27,654 76th 45th - 72th 65th 65th 29th Table 2. Recent Demographic And Macro-Economic Indicators Of Former Yugoslav Federation Countries * according to Purchasing Power Standard (PPS) Source: (CIA, 2009) According to 2009 figures, total GDP's of these countries (according to PPS) is around $ 273 billion. In terms of GDP, the richest countries of these seven countries are Croatia and Macedonia. However, when these two countries, per capita GDP values are examined, it has been seen that Croatia is second and Macedonia is fifth. Slovenia has $ 27.655 per capita GDP and it is the highest country according to per capita GDP. Kosovo is located at the end according to GDP and per capita GDP in these seven countries. In addition to this, all countries, except Slovenia, are entered "high" category in terms of Human Development Index. Slovenia is entered in the "very high" category in terms of Human Development Index. Kosovo does not have a rank which is calculated by the UNDP. 306 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo Bosnia and Herzegovina had a developed industrial infrastructure before the war and nearly half the country's income and employment were being provided by 10 companies. In this year's heavy industry, in particular metallurgy and chemical industries, constituted an important part of industrial production and the vast majority of production was oriented to the domestic market. (T.C. Saraybosna Büyükelçiliği, 2008: 9). BosniaHerzegovina was trying to cross a free market economy after gaining independence. However, before realizing that war has begun in the country. The war which was started in 1992, has done great harm to the country. The interethnic warfare in Bosnia and Herzegovina caused production to plummet by 80% from 1992 to 1995 and unemployment to soar. . After end of the war and the provision of political stability, the national economy has begun to revive with international investments.(DEĠK, 2005: 2). With an uneasy peace in place, output recovered in 1996-99 at high percentage rates from a low base In terms of real GDP, 29.9% growth in 1997, 28,9% in 1998 and 9,5% in 1999 was achieved.(IMF, 2010). In 1999, The EU proposes the new Stabilisation and Association Process for five countries of South-Eastern Europe, including Bosnia and Herzegovina. In 2000, Zagreb Summit; the Stabilisation and Association Process is officially endorsed by the EU and the Western Balkan countries including Bosnia and Herzegovina. In November 2003, the Commission produces a Feasibility Study assessing Bosnia and Herzegovina‘s capacity to implement a future Stabilisation and Association Agreement. The study concludes that negotiations should start once Bosnia and Herzegovina has addressed 16 key priorities (OECD, 2006: 13). These negotiations related to Stabilisation and Association Agreement play an important role in the country‘s economic policies (DEĠK, 2005: 2). As a result of these efforts, GDP growth exceeded 5% per year between 2003-2008. Improvement in economic performance between the 2003-2008 years is reflected to growth and national income figures. However the current account deficit, unemployment and low incomes continue to be major economic problems. Besides, due in large part to the global economic crisis, GDP fell by about 3% in 2009, exports fell 24%, and unemployment rose above 40% (CIA, 2009). Bosnia and Herzegovina has suffered a major structural change in economy. On the one hand institutions which are necessary for the functioning of healthy free-market economy, are established with technical and financial support and assistance of particularly the European Union and the United States. On the other hand, country is trying to repair the damage which is caused by war. Bosnia and Herzegovina took many important steps about correction of the country‘s image against foreign investors and it has been efforts to increase foreign investment. In May 1999 a new Foreign Investment Law was enacted at the state level. Some new investments have been made through the progress of privatization (WIIW, 2002: 4). In addition, Foreign Investment Promotion Agency (FIPA) was established in 1999 for the the development and identifying of trade and investment relations. FIPA provides data, information, analysis and advice on the business and investment environment, including the legal framework for foreign direct investment, investment incentives, economic and business trends (FIPA, 2010). In addition to the establishment of FIPA, various improvements were made in Bosnia-Herzegovina to improve the investment environments such as 5-year programme for SME development adopted in Republic of Srpska in 2001, harmonisation of customs tariffs in 2002, adoption of law on Indirect Tax in 2003, Law on Business Registration in 2004 etc. (OECD, 2006: 18-19). Basic problem in Bosnia-Herzegovina is that Bosnian state and society couldn‘t enough integrated after the war which took place between 1992-1995. Normalization of the relationships between ethnic identities takes time and that causes problems from time to time in the state administration and bureaucracy. Dayton Peace Agreement has allowed for the legal ethnic division of Bosnia-Herzegovina. The state-wide organizations does not functioning adequately because of the some articles in the Constitution of Bosnia-Herzegovina. For example, according to the fourth Article of the Constitution, to take a decision in Bosnia-Herzegovina Parliament, a certain percentage of MPs from both entities must be approve this decision. For that reason, there are bottlenecks in Bosnia-Herzegovina's state-level councils. Representatives of different ethnic groups can agree on very few issues because of this more fundamental reform can not be taken. (TEPAV-EPRI, 2010: 2). Croatia, according to CIA World Factbook 2009, has a $ 29.477 billion GDP and $7,361 per capita GDP by 2009. Today, main sectors of Croatia‘s economy are industry, agriculture, forestry, fishing industry and food, drink, and tobacco production, construction, transport and communication, and trade. Croatia affected badly from the 1991-1995 war and economy collapsed between this period. The other result of this war was that Croatia missed the investment potential in Central and Eastern Europe followed the fall of Berlin Wall. Together with ensuring political stability, positive developments began in the economy of Croatia. Between 2000 and 2007, Croatia's economic fortunes began to improve slowly, with moderate but steady GDP growth between 4% and 6%. The economic growth mainly led by rapid increase in tourism and credit-driven consumer spending. Besides, Croatia signed Stabilisation and Association Agreement with the EU in 2001 and submitted formal application for EU membership in February 2003 (OECD, 2006b: 5). On October 4, 2005, EU accession negotiations started and Crotia has entered new era. According to the Government of the Republic of Croatia, EU accession negotiations will have a positive effect on a larger inflow of foreign capital, especially into greenfield investment projects, which should eventually increase the economic growth and global competitiveness of the Croatian economy. In Croatia, as in Bosnia-Herzegovina, in terms of primary goals of economic policy, a special position is given to foreign investments which are very important for the future 307 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo development of the country and further restructuring and modernization of the economy. The particular emphasis is on creating a favourable business environment harmonized with the business environment prevalent in the European Union, further development of market economy, stimulation of private investments, promotion of international competitiveness, and entrepreneurial and market freedom. Since 2002 Trade and Investment Promotion Agency (TIPA) has been active and its basic activities are directed towards proactive searching, informing, attracting and realization of qualified investment projects which include production of goods and services with high added value intended for export, as well as projects which will generate new jobs (Government of the Republic of Croatia, 2010). Nevertheless, difficult problems still remain, including a high unemployment rate, a growing trade deficit and uneven regional development. The state retains a large role in the economy, as privatization efforts often meet stiff public and political resistance. While macroeconomic stabilization has largely been achieved, structural reforms lag because of deep resistance on the part of the public and lack of strong support from politicians. Croatia's high foreign debt, anemic export sector, strained state budget, and over-reliance on tourism revenue will result in higher risk to economic stability over the medium term (CIA, 2009). Kosovo, one of the latest independent countries of the World, declared Its independence in 2008. Today, Kosovo‘s population is 1,804,838 and has $ 5.352 billion GDP. Kosovo has the second largest coal reserves in Europe (Reuters, 01.10.2009). Besides, Kosovo had the largest exporting company in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. However, today, Kosovo is one of the poorest countries in Europe with $ 2.965 per capita GDP. During the 1990s, economy suffered badly from poor economic policies, international sanctions, weak access to external trade and finance, and ethnic conflict. After a jump in 2000 and 2001, growth in Gross Domestic Product (GDP) was negative in 2002. Between 2003 and 2009, Kosovo‘s real GDP growth was approximately %4 per year. In addition, Kosovo is the only country which has positive GDP growth in 2009 among Former Yugoslav Federation countries (see Table 3 below). Today, the main target of the economic policy of Kosovo is transition to the free trade system. Kosovo's economy has shown significant progress in transitioning to a market-based system in recent years. In this context, Kosovo has drafted a legal framework that ensures the fulfilment of European standards of competitiveness. However, Kosovo is still highly dependent on the international community and the diaspora for financial and technical assistance. Unemployment, around 40% of the population, is a significant problem that encourages outward migration and black market activity (CIA, 2009). At independence in September 1991, Macedonia was the least developed of the Yugoslav countries, producing a mere 5% of the total federal output of goods and services. An absence of infrastructure, UN sanctions on the downsized Yugoslavia, and a Greek economic embargo over a dispute about the country's constitutional name and flag hindered economic growth until 1996. GDP subsequently rose each year through 2000. In the first half of 2001, violent conflict brought the country on the verge of civil war. The conflict has cost the economy rather dearly. During a civil conflict, the economy shrank 4.5% because of decreased trade, intermittent border closures, increased deficit spending on security needs, and investor uncertainty. Investments and especially foreign direct investments slowed down as the risks increased dramatically (WIIW, 2002: 6). Growth averaged 4% per year during 2003-06 and more than 5% per year during 2007-08. Macedonia has maintained macroeconomic stability with low inflation, but it has so far lagged the region in attracting foreign investment and creating jobs, despite making extensive fiscal and business sector reforms (CIA, 2009). Montenegro severed its economy from federal control and from Serbia during the Milosevic era and maintained its own central bank, adopted the Deutchmark, then the euro - rather than the Yugoslav dinar - as official currency, collected customs tariffs, and managed its own budget. The dissolution of the loose political union between Serbia and Montenegro in 2006 led to separate membership in several international financial institutions, such as EBRD. On 18 January 2007, Montenegro joined the World Bank and IMF. Montenegro is pursuing its own membership in the WTO and signed a Stabilization and Association agreement with the European Union in October 2007. On December 15, 2008, Montenegro submitted an EU membership application. Unemployment and regional disparities in development are key political and economic problems. Montenegro has begun to attract foreign direct investment in the tourism sector. The global financial crisis is likely to have a significant negative impact on the economy, due to the ongoing credit crunch, a decline in the real estate sector, and a fall in aluminium exports (CIA, 2009). Slovenia, which, on 1 January 2007, became the first 2004 European Union entrant to adopt the euro, is a model of economic success and stability for the region. With the highest per capita GDP in Central Europe, Slovenia has excellent infrastructure, a well-educated work force, and a strategic location between the Balkans and Western Europe. Structural reforms to improve the business environment have allowed for somewhat greater foreign participation in Slovenia's economy and have helped to lower unemployment. In March 2004, Slovenia became the first transition country to graduate from borrower status to donor partner at the World Bank. In December 2007, Slovenia was invited to begin the accession process for joining the OECD. Despite its economic success, foreign direct investment (FDI) in Slovenia has lagged behind the region average, and taxes remain 308 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo relatively high. In 2009 the world recession caused the economy to contract - through falling exports and industrial production - more than 6% and unemployment to rise above 9% (CIA, 2009). The Serbian economy has grown relatively quickly since a sharp contraction in 1999 brought on by the war. Serbia has made progress in trade liberalization and enterprise restructuring and privatization, including telecommunications and small- and medium-size firms. It has made some progress towards EU membership, signing a Stabilization and Association Agreement with Brussels in May 2008, and with full implementation of the Interim Trade Agreement with the EU in February 2010. Serbia is also pursuing membership in the World Trade Organization. Reforms needed to ensure the country's long-term viability have largely stalled since the onset of the global financial crisis. Serbia is grappling with fallout from crisis, which has led to a sharp drop in exports to Western Europe and a decline in manufacturing output. Unemployment and limited export earnings remain ongoing political and economic problems. Serbia signed an augmented $4 billion Stand By Arrangement with the IMF in May 2009. IMF conditions on Serbia constrain the use of stimulus efforts to revive the economy, while Serbia's concerns about inflation and exchange rate stability preclude the use of expansionary monetary policy. Nevertheless, the IMF projects that Serbia's economy will grow by 1.5% in 2010 after a 3% contraction in 2009 as a recovery in Western Europe takes hold (CIA, 2009). When growth performance is examined between 2003-2008 years, Montenegro is the first country according to 6.2% average annual real GDP growth performance. Montenegro has exhibited a growth performance especially in excess of 10% in 2007. Bosnia-Herzegovina and Serbia showed 5.5% average annual growth during this period. Slovenia, Croatia, Macedonia and Kosovo showed nearly 4-5% annual growth performance during the same period. In general evaluation, all the countries achieved 5% annual growth rates during this period. In the same period, EU-27 has demonstrated 2.1% annual growth rate (Eurostat, 2010). Bosnia-Herz. Croatia Kosovo Macedonia Montenegro Serbia Slovenia 2003 3,5 5,0 5,4 2,8 2,5 2,4 2,8 2004 6,3 4,2 2,6 4,1 4,4 8,3 4,3 2005 4,3 4,2 3,8 4,1 4,2 5,6 4,5 2006 6,2 4,7 3,8 3,9 8,6 5,2 5,8 2007 6,5 5,5 4,0 5,9 10,7 6,9 6,8 2008 5,4 2,4 5,4 4,8 6,9 5,5 3,5 2009 -3,4 -5,8 4,0 -0,7 -7,0 -2,9 -7,3 Table 3. Real GDP Growth Source: World Economic Outlook, IMF, April 2010, p. 159. After several years of solid economic growth, the Former Yugoslav Federation countries region has entered a deep recession and negative growth rates are expected for most countries during 2009. With the effects of global crisis, the economic downturn experienced throughout the world, is also showed the effects in this countries. All countries, except Kosovo, showed negative growth performance in 2009. When real GDP growth figures were examined in 2009, it has been seen that Slovenia is the worst affected country by the crisis. Slovenia's economy has been shrinking 7.3% in 2009. Then Montenegro is followed Slovenia by 7% economic growth reduction. Average growth performance of these seven countries was -3.3% in 2009. Excluding Kosovo's 4% growth from this figure, the growth performance of the other six countries is -4.5%. This figure is close to the EU-27‘s -4.2% reduction rate in 2009 (Eurostat, 2010). In 2010, in line with worldwide expectations, all the countries should start recovering and some of them should resume a positive growth, albeit much lower than the figures for 2007 (RCC, 2009). Real GDP growth rates of these countries between 2007-2010 are given in Figure1 as follows: 309 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo Figure 3. Real GDP Growth of Former Yugoslav Federation Countries Source: World Economic Outlook, IMF, April 2010 Industrial production has fallen across the region during the first half of 2009, due to a decline in key export markets and lower lending by local banks (RCC, 2009). As a result of decline in GDP and industrial production, inflation rates decreased in 2009. However, during 2007 and 2008, inflation rates were high in these countries due to rising oil, energy and agricultural products‘ prices. Between 2003-2009, the country with the highest inflation rates is Serbia with approximately 11.25% in average. As the world economy starts expected recovery in 2010 and beyond, inflationary concerns can however again become an issue in the region (RCC, 2009). Bosnia-Herz. Croatia Kosovo Macedonia Montenegro Serbia Slovenia 2003 0,5 1,8 0,3 1,2 7,5 11,7 5,6 2004 0,3 2,0 -1,1 -0,4 3,1 10,1 3,6 2005 3,6 3,3 -1,4 0,5 3,4 17,3 2,5 2006 6,1 3,2 0,6 3,2 2,1 12,7 2,5 2007 1,5 2,9 4,4 2,3 3,5 6,5 3,6 2008 7,4 6,1 9,4 8,3 9,0 12,4 5,7 2009 -0,4 2,4 -2,4 -0,8 3,6 8,1 0,8 Table 4: Inflation Rates in of Former Yugoslav Federation Countries Source: World Economic Outlook, IMF, April 2010, p. 165. Bosnia-Herz. Croatia Kosovo Macedonia Montenegro Serbia Slovenia 2003 -19,4 -5,4 -8,1 -4,1 -6,7 -7,2 -0,8 2004 -16,4 -4,6 -8,3 -8,4 -7,2 -12,1 -2,7 2005 -18,0 -5,7 -7,4 -2,6 -8,5 -8,7 -1,7 2006 -8,4 -6,7 -6,7 -0,9 -24,1 -10,1 -2,5 2007 -12,6 -7,6 -8,8 -7,2 -39,5 -15,6 -4,8 2008 -14,9 -9,2 -16,0 -13,1 -52,4 -17,5 -6,2 2009 -7,5 -5,6 -18,7 -7,3 -27,2 -5,7 -0,3 Table 5:Current Account Balance (% of GDP) Source: World Economic Outlook, IMF, April 2010, p. 174. In terms of Current Account (CA) balance, it is seen that all the countries have been running CA deficits since last seven years (See Table 5 below). Montenegro has the highest CA deficit with -23.6% in average in this period. Between 2003 and 2005, Montenegro had CA deficit below 10%. However, since 2006, Montenegro‘s CA deficit has exceeded 10% and has increased rapidly. Bosnia-Herzegovina follows Montenegro with %13,9 CA deficit in average between 2003 and 2009.Slovina has almost reached CA balance with -0.3% CA deficit in 310 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo 2009. Due to the economic crisis, the CA deficit is expected to decline for most countries also due to the reduced import levels and commodity prices (RCC, 2009). Conclusion Countries in this study have many problems about political stability because many ethnic and religious groups live in this region. Especially the era of 1990s was the time of diversity conflict. Undoubtedly the instability affects the economic structure. This situation is supported by statistical indicators. A major period of transformation has begun all over the world in 1980s. The important developments occurring in the political field with neoliberal policies have also affected economic field equally. Economic stability and transformation cannot be considered separately from political stability and transformation. In this context, disintegration of the Soviet Union and Yugoslavia has led to important developments not only in political but also in economic fields. Today, there are countries of Bosnia - Herzegovina, Slovenia, Serbia, Croatia, Macedonia, Kosovo and Montenegro in the territory of the former Yugoslav federation. With dissolution of the federation, political and economic transformation process started in these countries. In conclusion, it can be said that the current global economic crisis is taking the toll on Former Yugoslav Federation countries as well. It is therefore necessary for the governments of the region to attempt to mitigate to the highest extent possible the impact on the real economy, keep inflation under control, and ensure macroeconomic and financial system stability. However, the short term measures should not interfere with the pursuit of long-term reforms that are needed in order to achieve sustained growth (RCC, 2009). References BELLONI, R. (2007), State Building and International Intervention in Bosnia‖, Routledge. Central Intelligence Agency, (2009), The World Factbook Report, https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-worldfactbook/index.html DONAIS, T. (2005), The Political Economy of Peacebuilding in Post-Dayton Treaty, Routledge. Government of the Republic of Croatia, http://www.vlada.hr/en/about_croatia/information/croatian_economy IMF, (2010), World Economic Outlook-Rebalancing Growth, International Monetary Fund Publication Services, USA. MARIC, V. (2006a), ―Bosnia Hercegovina‖, Western Balkans, Lonely Planet Guide Books. MARIC, V. (2006B) ―Serbia & Montenegro‖, Western Balkans, Lonely Planet Guide Books. OLIVER, J. (2006), ―Croatia‖, Western Balkans, Lonely Planet Guide Books. OLIVER, J. (2006B), ―Slovenia‖, Western Balkans, Lonely Planet Guide Books. PHILLIPS, D. (2004), Bosnia & Herzegovina, Chelsea House Publishers, US. PLUNKETT, R. (2006), ―Macedonia‖, Western Balkans, Lonely Planet Guide Books. Regional Cooperation Council, (2009), South East Europe Economic Indicators, http://www.rcc.int/download.php?tip=docs&doc=Selected+economic+indicators_first+half+of+2009_180909.pdf&doc_url= b8fe37299bb01712fe7e16bf4209c0e4 OECD, (2006), Bosnia and Herzegovina Country Fact Sheet. TC Saraybosna Büyükelçiliği Ticaret MüĢavirliği (2008), 2007 Yılında Bosna Hersek'in Genel Ekonomik Durumu Ve Türkiye Ġle Ekonomik-Ticari ĠliĢkileri, Saraybosna. TEPAV, (2010), Bosna Hersek Açılımının Geleceği. HUNYA, G. (2002), ―FDI in South-Eastern Europe in the early 2000s‖, The Vienna Institute for International Economic Studies (WIIW). 311 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 184 Title A name given to the resource Comparative Analysis of Bosnia Herzegovina to the Other Former Yugoslav Federation Countries in the Context of Political and Economic Perspectives Author Author KİRİŞ, Hakan M. ŞENTÜRK, Canan KESKİN, Hidayet SUNGUR, Onur Abstract A summary of the resource. A major period of transformation has begun all over the world since 1980s. The important developments occurring in the political field with neoliberal policies have also affected economic field equally. Economic stability and transformation cannot be considered separately from political stability and transformation. In this context, disintegration of the Soviet Union and Yugoslavia has led to important developments not only political but also economic fields. Today, there are countries of Bosnia - Herzegovina, Slovenia, Serbia, Croatia, Macedonia, Kosovo and Montenegro in the territory of the former Yugoslav federation. With dissolution of the federation, political and economic transformation process started in these countries. This study aims to make a comparative analysis in the context of macroeconomic indicators on Bosnia – Herzegovina‘s economy with other FYRs‘ economies that emerged as a result of political transformation. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed HB Economic Theory https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/0d05be7cc99aea3255665b7141d8c129.docx 19498f3beb97096b464a721fde37be3e https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/b117c16f0fab60ebf1c6e40a6fb703e4.pdf a4118cc522ed92a034aadffbd2b00892 PDF Text Text Comparative Analysis of Early Foreign Language Curricula in Some Countries of Europe And The U.S. Katica Sobo & Davorka Rujevčan & Blaženka Filipan-Žignić Karlovac University of Applied Sciences/ Karlovac, Croatia Key words: curriculum, foreign language, early learning, communicative and intercultural competence ABSTRACT The Council of Europe in its Recommendation indicates the importance of knowing modern languages, as well as the need to develop a methodology for learning and teaching with the aim of meeting communication needs and preserving the richness and diversity of world languages and cultures. Croatia follows the trend of the development of multilingualism and has taken meaningful steps within the framework of preparation for entering the European Union. One of the most important steps is adopting the National Curriculum for Preschool Education, General Compulsory and Secondary School Education, which is a fundamental document that sets values, goals and principles of education, including the principles of multilingualism and multiculturalism. In this paper, curricula for teaching foreign languages in lower grades of elementary schools in Croatia, Germany, the UK and the USA are compared and analysed. Since Croatian educational theory and practice has traditionally been largely influenced by those from the German-speaking area, the paper gives a comparison of the foreign language curriculum in elementary schools in Croatia with the experimental foreign language curriculum of the North Rhine – Westphalia federal state. In order to obtain a more comprehensive picture these results are then compared with foreign language curricula in the UK and in California. The objectives, content and strategies of individual curriculum, with particular emphasis on intercultural competence in lower grades, are analysed. The results confirm the importance of early foreign language learning, as well as raising awareness of students’ own culture and the acceptance of diversity; it can be concluded that curricula which focuses on student achievement and competences is necessary for life in a modern society of rapid changes and global development. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1814 Title A name given to the resource Comparative Analysis of Early Foreign Language Curricula in Some Countries of Europe And The U.S. Author Author SOBO, Katica Sobo RUJEVCAN, Davorka ZIGNIC, Blaženka Filipan Abstract A summary of the resource. Key words: curriculum, foreign language, early learning, communicative and intercultural competence ABSTRACT The Council of Europe in its Recommendation indicates the importance of knowing modern languages, as well as the need to develop a methodology for learning and teaching with the aim of meeting communication needs and preserving the richness and diversity of world languages and cultures. Croatia follows the trend of the development of multilingualism and has taken meaningful steps within the framework of preparation for entering the European Union. One of the most important steps is adopting the National Curriculum for Preschool Education, General Compulsory and Secondary School Education, which is a fundamental document that sets values, goals and principles of education, including the principles of multilingualism and multiculturalism. In this paper, curricula for teaching foreign languages in lower grades of elementary schools in Croatia, Germany, the UK and the USA are compared and analysed. Since Croatian educational theory and practice has traditionally been largely influenced by those from the German-speaking area, the paper gives a comparison of the foreign language curriculum in elementary schools in Croatia with the experimental foreign language curriculum of the North Rhine – Westphalia federal state. In order to obtain a more comprehensive picture these results are then compared with foreign language curricula in the UK and in California. The objectives, content and strategies of individual curriculum, with particular emphasis on intercultural competence in lower grades, are analysed. The results confirm the importance of early foreign language learning, as well as raising awareness of students’ own culture and the acceptance of diversity; it can be concluded that curricula which focuses on student achievement and competences is necessary for life in a modern society of rapid changes and global development. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available IBU Publishing Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-03 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2760 Title A name given to the resource Comparative analysis of harmonic distortions from variable frequency induction motor drives Author Author HRISTOVA, Miglena RUSEVA, Vyara DIMOV, Dimo Abstract A summary of the resource. The undoubted advantages of induction motor drives fed by frequency inverters, for energy efficiency improvement inclusive, have led to their increasing utilization in practice. Their application results in generation of harmonic distortions that have an adverse effect on electromagnetic compatibility. This paper presents a study of the degree of harmonic current distortions in the electric supply system caused by variable frequency drives of different manufacturers at varying loads. It has been established how the values of the total harmonic distortion and the crest factor change at no load and at rated load applied to the studied frequency inverters. As a result of the performed analysis of the generated harmonics, the most pronounced harmonics of the power line current have been determined, which must be filtered in order to prevent disturbance of the electromagnetic compatibility. Keywords: energy efficiency of variable frequency drives, current harmonics, total harmonic distortion, crest factor Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014-06 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2233 - 0054 T Technology (General)