6 10 3494 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/5ed8914bb78299c8ff6b4a034c55c318.pdf 499396ad95f89d914b5a182ab6afb0aa PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Khuwaja, G. A. &Laghari, M. S. (2011). Offline Handwritten Signature Recognition. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology 59. Basavaraj, L. &Sudhaker Samuel, R.D. (2009). Offline-line Signature Verification and Recognition: An Approach Based on Four Speed Stroke Angle. International Journal of Recent Trends in Engineering, Vol 2. Zhao, F., & Tang, X. (2006). Preprocessing and postprocessing for skeleton-based fingerprint minutiae extraction, Pattern Recognition 40 (2007) 1270 – 1281, The Journal of Pattern Recognition Society. Zhili, W. (2002). Fingerprint Recognition. Unpublished Bachelor’s Thesis, Hong Kong Baptist University. A Case Study of Probit Model Analysis of Factors Affecting Consumption of Packed and Unpacked Milk in Turkey Meral Uzunoz1, Yasar Akcay2 1Gaziosmanpasa University Faculty of Agriculture Department of Agricultural Economics, Turkey 2Gaziosmanpasa University Faculty of Economic and Administrative Sciences Department of Economics, Turkey E-mails: meral.uzunoz@gop.edu.tr,yasar.akcay@gop.edu.tr Abstract This paper focused on the effects of some socio-demographic factors on the decision of the consumer to purchase packed or unpacked milk in Sivas, Turkey. The data were collected from 300 consumers by using face to face survey technique. Binary probit model has been used to analyze the socio-economic factors affecting milk consumption of households. According to empirical results, consumers with higher education and income levels tend to consume packed milk consumption. Also, milk price was affective factor packed and unpacked milk consumption behavior. The majority of consumers reads the contents of packed milk and is affected by safety food in their shopping preferences. Keywords: Milk consumption, Consumer preferences, Binary probit model 9 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 1.INTRODUCTION Milk is a unique food item that needs to be available in the market without any shortage since it plays a key role in infant feeding and alleviating nutritional poverty in all other age groups. It has been perceived by consumers as an important source of nutrients, especially calcium for good bone and teeth health (Alwis et al. 2009). Therefore, it is advisable to consume an adequate amount of milk and milk products for healthy lifestyle (Hatirli et al. 2004). Increasing population and income, together with the growing popularity of dairy products, particularly among developing country consumers is a key factor behind strong demand in the medium term. Demand continues to be encouraged by the growing influence of retail chains and multinational companies in these countries, which is facilitating improved consumer access to dairy products. The demand for milk and dairy products is expected to remain particularly strong in important developing dairy markets such as North Africa, the Middle East and East Asia, but also in more mature markets such as those in the European Union, the United States and Russia. The rate of growth and per capita consumption of milk and milk products remains significantly different among regions. LDC (Least Developed Countries) consume less than 50 kg per person per year on average, compared with 100 kg per person for developing countries, while the developed regions of North America and Europe consume well in excess of 200 kg per person (in milk equivalent). Such a per capita consumption disparity represents an investment potential and future opportunities for both the domestic and global dairy sectors (OECD/FAO 2011). However, per capita milk consumption in Turkey is low by any comparison due to Turkish people’s consumption patterns, income levels and nutritional habits. Turkey is far behind the European countries and the world in milk consumption (Pazarlioglu et al. 2007). In Turkey, annual per capita milk consumption is 26 lt (WMDA 2011). Per capita milk consumption are 66,9 lt in EU, 90.0 lt in USA, 91.5 lt in Canada, 108.14 lt in Austria, 78.2 lt in New Zeland, 87.2 lt in Russia, 97.0 kg in Sweden, 80.1 lt in Ukrain (AEPDI 2011). Milk is consumed as unpacked fluid milk and packed fluid milk in Turkey. Unpacked fluid milk, also called street milk in Turkey, refers to milk that is produced at farms without any control and packed fluid milk refers to milk produced under fluid milk technology such as pastorization or UHT. Respective shares of milk processing plants in total milk consumption of Turkey are 27% modern dairy factories, 33% for medium sized establishments and dairies, 20% for uncontrolled producers, 20% for producers’ self consumption (Pazarlioglu et al. 2007). The main goal of this study was to determine the effects of some socio-demographic factors on the decision of the consumer to purchase packed or unpacked milk. 2. DATA AND METHODS 2.1. Data The data was obtained by direct interviewing the individual households of 300 residences who live in Sivas province. The survey was conducted in June 2009. The sample size was determined using the Possibility-Sampling Method (Yamane 2001). 10 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo n ( Nt 2 . p.q) (d 2 N  t 2 . p.q) where N is the number of households in Sivas province (63153) (TURKSTAT 2009), t is z number is the required confidence interval (for 95 percent confidence interval t = 1.96), p is possibility for an event to occur (the rate of consuming packed milk, 0.5), q is the possibility for an event not to occurring (the rate of not consuming packed milk, 0.5), d is acceptable error rate during sampling (0.0564). 2.2. Methods The probit model is a statistical probability model with two categories in the dependent variable (Liao, 1994). Probit analysis is based on the cumulative normal probability distribution. The binary dependent variable, y, takes on the values of zero and one (Aldrich and Nelson 1984). Binary probit model was employed to the survey data to see the effects of socio-economic and demographic variables on the consumer purchase decision of packed and unpacked milk. In the binary probit model, packed milk preference (PACKMILKPREF) was taken as 1, while unpacked milk as 0. It is assumed that the ith household obtains maximum utility it has packed milk preference rather than unpacked one. The probability pi of choosing any alternative over not choosing it can be expressed as in equation (1), where ɸ variable (Greene 2011). Y i pi= prob   t2  1 X    xi (2 ) 1 / 2 exp    2  dt  ( xi   )  (1) The relationship between a specific variable and the outcome of the probability is interpreted by means of the marginal effect, which account for the partial change in the probability. The marginal effect associated with continuous explanatory variables Xk on the probability P(yi=1|X), holding the other variables constant, can be derived as equation 2 (Greene 2011); pi    ( xi  )  k xik (2) where  represents the probability density function of a standard normal variable. The marginal effect on dummy variables should be estimated differently from continuous variables. Discrete changes in the predicted probabilities constitute an alternative to the marginal effect when evaluating the influence of a dummy variable. Such an effect can be derived from equation 3 (Greene 2011).   ( x , d  1)  ( x , d  0) (3) The definition belong to variables are defined in Table 1. In the study, the variables considered affecting choices of households between preference alternatives are: gender (GEN), age (AGE), education (EDU), professional status (PS), marital status (MS), household size (HS), income (INC), milk consumption (MILKCON), milk price (MILKPRI), 11 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo reason of milk preference (PREFREA) and place of milk buying (MILKPLACE). In earlier studies (Hill and Lynchehaun, 2002; Fuller et al., 2004; Hatirli et al., 2004; Vandermersch and Mathijs, 2004; Peng et al., 2006; Pazarlioglu et al., 2007; Celik et al., 2006; Akbay and Tiryaki, 2008; Alviola and Capps. 2009; Kilic et al., 2009; Tiryaki and Akbay, 2010) properties such as household size, gender, age, education, professional status, marital status, household income, ethnicity, and advertising were studied as exogenous variables. Table 1. Definition of Variables Variables Defination MILKPRE (Milk preference) 1= Packed milk; 0= Unpacked milk GEN (gender) 1= Male; 0= Female AGE (age) 0= 18-25; 1= 26-35; 2= 36-44; 3= 45 or older EDU (Education) 0= Illiterate and primary school graduates; 1= Secondary school graduates; 2= High school graduates; 3= University graduate; 4= Post graduates PS (Professional Status) 1= Employee; 2= Labourer; 3= Self employed; 4= Offprofession; 5= Retired MS (Marital Status) 0= Married; 1= Single; 2= Divorced HS (Household Size) Average household (People/Family) INC (Income) Average monthly (TL/Month/Household) household MILKCON (Milk Consumption) Average monthly (kg/Month/Household) milk MILKPRI (Milk Price) Packed milk price (TL/kg), unpacked milk price (TL/kg) PREFREA Preference) (Reason of size. Number of People income; consumption Milk 0= Price; 1= Trade mark; 2= Taste; 3= Natural, organic 4= hygiene, package MILKPLACE (Place of Milk Buying) 1= home delivery 2= selling point 3= supermarket 4= handsellers 5= local bazaar 6= buying from village In this study, in order to determine the most appropriate model the variables described above, it was made various model experiments and was tested whether statistically significant at 1% significance level or not. As a result, three estimators (EDU, INC, MPRICE) in the probit model were found statistically significant at 1% level. Final model is below; 12 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo MILKPREi = β0 + β1EDUi + β2INCi + β3MILKPRIi + εi 3. RESULTS The male respondents constitute 64.34% of total respondents while female respondents constitute 35,66 % of it. Average age was 38.04. Educational attainment was classified into five categories, illiterate and primary school graduates (14.33%), secondary school graduates (8.33%), high school graduates (39.67%), university graduate (36.67%) and post graduates (2.00%). Average household size was found to be 3,95 people that is lower than the average household size (4.50 people) of Turkey (TURKSTAT 2011). Households earning less than $349 constituted 10 percent of total respondents, households earning between $350 and $1050 (49 percent) and households earning higher than $1051 (41 percent). The survey results illustrate that average annual income of households was found $8003 that was lower than the annual income per capita ($8215) of Turkey (UN 2011). In Sivas, per capita average annual milk consumption is 39.96 kg per capita whereas it is 26 kg in Turkey (WMDA 2011; 8). 71.3% of households preferred packed milk while 28.7% unpacked milk. 41.86% of illiterate and primary school graduates and 82.30% of university graduates consume packed milk. While 73.33% of consumer in low income group consume unpacked milk, 90.24% of consumer in high income group consume packed. 39.54% of households preferred unpacked milk as a priority because of cheaper than packed milk. The most important reasons were quality (28,64%) and hygiene (28.64%) for packed milk choice of consumers. Respondent consumed unpacked milk provided by home delivery (62.79%) and buying from village (16.28%). Households consumed packed milk preferred supermarket (89.09%) and selling point (10.91%). According to the results, consumers made a point of sell-by date (44.09%), taste (36.82%) and brand (9.09%) for packed milk. Table 2 presents results estimated from binary probit model. The model is significant at 1% level of probability. The estimated coefficients and standard errors reveal which factor influence respondents consumption intentions for fresh milk consumption. A statistically significant coefficient suggests that the likelihood of consumption of product will increase/ decrease as the response on the explanatory variable increase/decrease (Borooah 2002). McFadden Pseudo coefficient of determination (R2) was calculated about 0.288. This value represents that variables placed in the model explain high level the probabilities of packed and unpacked milk choice of consumers. Three estimators (EDU, INC, MPRICE) in the probit model were found statistically significant at 1% level. Table 2. Estimates of the binary probit model Variable Coefficient Constant EDU -0.36167 0.29694 13 Std. Error 0.76226 0.12694 z- Statistic Probability -4.745 2.339 0.0000 0.0193 Marginal Effects -1.0164 0.0835 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo INCOME MPRICE Log-likelihood Restricted Log-L Pseudo-R2 x2 (df =11) Significance level Akaike Info Criteria 0.00057 -0.61494 -136.6527 -187.5953 0.288 105.66 0.00022 0.51561 2.548 6.110 0.0108 0.0000 0.0161 -0.0089 0.000 0.991 onsumer’s education level (EDU) was found out an important socio-economic factor for the probabilities of packed and unpacked milk choice of consumers. In estimated model, education level variable was statistically important at significant level 1% and related positively. As educational level increases, tendency to consume rises packed milk and decreases unpacked fluid milk. Educational level might be a good starting point to increase the awareness of consumers concerning fluid milk consumption (Pazarlıoglu et al. 2007). Estimated model results support to this hypothesis. According to the estimated results, household’s income level (INCOME) is one of the factors affecting their packed and unpacked milk consumption behavior. This variable is included in the model because low-income families may consume more unpacked milk when milk prices are lower. There is a positive relationship between packed consumption consumers’ income level and it is statistically significant at the level of 1%. For a household with high income level, the probability of consuming packed milk decreased by only 1.6%. It would emphasize that when income level rised, packed milk consumption increased. This result is a significant and expected. Thus, households preferred unpacked milk (39.54%) as a priority because of cheaper than packed milk. When increased in income level, consumption preferences of households tend to the packed milk. It is a known fact that unpacked milk was unhygienic. Therefore, it is said that households tend to the consumption of unpacked milk because of their economic difficulties. On the other hand, milk price (MPRICE) was determined as other main factors affecting their packed and unpacked milk consumption behavior. Price was the primary reason mentioned in the survey for not purchasing packed fluid milk, as it was perceived as being quite expensive compared to unpacked fluid milk. In average, Turkish consumers have been sensitive to price of foods which they consume (Kilic et al. 2009). This variable found out significant at 1% level and was related negatively. This sign indicated that consumers who were sensitive to price were less likely to consume packed milk. According to the results, implied that consumers preferred price of packed milk are expensive compared to unpacked milk were less likely to consume packed milk. When milk price increased, the probability of packed milk consumption decreased 0,9%. 4. CONCLUSIONS This study focused on the socio-demographic factors influencing milk consumption in Sivas, Turkey. The findings of this study show that consumer’s socio-economic characteristics were affected unpacked and packed milk consumption preferences. According to the results from binary probit model; education, income and milk price are significant and associated with packed and unpacked fluid milk consumption. According to empirical results, consumers 14 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo with higher education and income levels tend to consume packed milk consumption. Also, milk price was affective factor packed and unpacked milk consumption behavior. In the light of the findings, the necessary policies are needed as providing of accessibility to adequate price, healthy, safety food and a mechanism reached to the level of per capita milk consumption in developed countries. Also, on the basis of the results of this study, it would be expected seller’s and companies’ marketing strategies on packed milk by looking at specific consumer preferences. REFERENCES AEPDI (2011). Dairy Situation and Outlook: 2011-2012 (Agricultural Economics and Policy Development Institute) Publication No: 191, ISBN: 978-975-407-326-3, Ankara. Akbay, C. and Tiryaki, G.Y. (2008). Unpacked and Packed Fluid Milk Consumption Patterns and Preferences in Turkey, Agricultural Economics, 38(1), 9-20. Aldrich, J.H. and Nelson. F.D. (1984). Linear Probability, Logit, and Probit Models. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications, Inc. Alviola IV,P. and Capps, O, Jr. (2009). Household Demand Analysis of Organic and Conventional Fluid Milk in the United States, Dep.of Agr. Eco.Texas A&M Uni., Res.Report. Alwis, A.E.N., Edirisinghe, J.C. and Athauda, A.M.T.P. (2009). Analysis of Factors Affecting Fresh Milk Consumption Among The Mid-Country Consumers, Tropical Agricultural Research & Extension, 12(2),101-107. Borooah, V.K. (2002). Logit and Probit: Ordered and Multinomial Models. Series Quantitative Applications in the Social Science, No 138, Tousand Okas: Sage Publications. Celik, Y., Bilgic, A., Karlı, B. and Celik, S. (2006). Factors Affecting Milk Consumption Pattern in Southern Anatolian Region: An Application of a Two-stage Econometric Model, Bodenkultur, 57(2), 57-64. FAPRI (2012). World Dairy: 2011 Agricultural Outlook, http://www.fapri.iastate.edu Fuller, F.H., Beghin, J.C. and Rozelle, S. (2004). Urban Demand for Dairy Products in China: Evidence from New Survey Data, Working Paper 04-WP 380, Iowa, USA. Greene, WH (2011). Econometric Analysis, Seventh Edition. Prentice Hall, New Jersey. Hatirli, S.A., Ozkan, B., and Aktas, A.R. (2004). Factor Affecting Fluid Milk Purchasing Sources in Turkey, Food Quality and Preference, 15(6),509-515. Kilic, O., Akbay, C. and Tiryaki, Y. (2009). Factors Affecting Packed and Unpacked Fluid Milk Consumption, Agricultural Economics– Czech, 55(11),557–563. Liao, T.F. (1994). Interpreting Probability Models: Logit, Probit, and Other Generalized Linear Models, Thousand Oaks, Sage Publications, Inc., California, USA. OECD/FAO (2011). OECD-FAO Agricultural Outlook 2011-2020, URL http://dx.doi.org Pazarlioglu, M.V., Miran, B., Ucdogruk, S. and Abay, C. (2007). Using Econometric Modelling to Predict Demand for Fluid and Farm Milk: A Case Study from Turkey, Food Quality and Preference, 18,416–424. Peng,Y., West, G.E. and Wang, C. (2006). Consumer Attitudes and Acceptance of CLAEnriched Dairy Products, Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics, 54(2006), 663–684. 15 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Tiryaki, G. and Akbay, C. (2010) Consumers’ Fluid Milk Consumption Behaviors in Turkey: An Application of Multinomial Logit Model, Quality and Quantity, 44,87–98. TURKSTAT (2009). Regional Statistics, URL http://tuikapp.tuik.gov.tr TURKSTAT (2011). Turkey’s Statistical Yearbook, 2010. Publication No: 3522, Ankara. WMDA (2011). Dairy and Products Sectoral Report, West Mediterranean Development Agency, http://baka.org.tr/uploads/1303486719SUT-URUNLERi-TURKCE-KATALOG.pdf Yamane, T. (2001). Basic Sampling Methods, Literatur Publishing, Istanbul. UN (2011). World Statistics Pocketbook. URL http://data.un.org/CountryProfile Integration And Sustainability Of Technology-Enhanced Systems Into Learning Environment: Cankiri Karatekin University Case Study Ari Murat1, Pekel Abdullah2 1Cankiri Karatekin University, Chairman of Informatics Department, Cankiri, Turkey 2Marmara University, School of Foreign Languages, Istanbul, Turkey E-mails: mari@karatekin.edu.tr, abdullah.pekel@hotmail.com Abstract As a result of the continuous search for global competitiveness through providing the society with high quality education in the light of emerging technologies, Cankiri Karatekin University has embarked on a strategic planning and a pilot study on transition to Distance Education (DE). Providing on-demand training for professional development, lifelong learning, career change aimed at quite varied groups in society, Cankiri Karatekin University sets its sight on maximizing the quality of communication and intellect sharing between academic staff as well as enabling the effective assessment of their academic performance thanks to the integrated e-learning/distance education and corporate communication platform. According to this tested project based model, distance education infrastructure and educational e-materials have been prepared and used as a supplement to formal education. By this means, ensuring students’ and teachers’ readiness is aimed for the success of the future pure distance education programs. The study evaluates the pilot project titled “Integrated Elearning and Teaching Environment” by Cankiri Karatekin University, which was founded in 2007 and strives for developing as a globally competitive academic institution by employing an effective and efficient model in the use of technology in education. The technical background features as well as results of the pilot project have been evaluated and further suggestions have been presented, considering distance education practices in the world in general and, in particular, the potential that Turkish Higher Education and Cankiri Karatekin University carry in the field. Keywords: Distance Education; e-learning; Communication; Teaching Environment 16 Life Long Learning; Institutional � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1143 Title A name given to the resource A Case Study of Probit Model Analysis of Factors Affecting Consumption of Packed and Unpacked Milk in Turkey Author Author Meral, Uzunoz Abstract A summary of the resource. This paper focused on the effects of some socio-demographic factors on the decision of the consumer to purchase packed or unpacked milk in Sivas, Turkey. The data were collected from 300 consumers by using face to face survey technique. Binary probit model has been used to analyze the socio-economic factors affecting milk consumption of households. According to empirical results, consumers with higher education and income levels tend to consume packed milk consumption. Also, milk price was affective factor packed and unpacked milk consumption behavior. The majority of consumers reads the contents of packed milk and is affected by safety food in their shopping preferences. Keywords: Milk consumption, Consumer preferences, Binary probit model Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/5e2b8afe955608dffa341f9629058dd0.pdf bf51506ebe4cfe33930c27b7b4dd7761 PDF Text Text 2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo A Case Study Successful for Chinese family business Fatih YAġAR Department of Management Beijing Institute of Technology University-China fyasar27@hotmail.com Abstract: In order to determine the impaction of financing to corporate performance, Guangdong Province family owned listed corporation family businesses is selected to describe a sovereign form of economic organization throughout the world in terms of contributions. Because of the coincidence of family business failure and the importance of family business within national and local economies, a large percent of family business literature is allocated to the issue of succession. In mainland China, the family, as the basic social unit, has recently regained its importance in economic activity. Starting from the exacting case of a family business located in Guangdong province, this article reviews the practices that reign in the succession of the management of companies. Following this case study, a questionnaire was drawn up and submitted to 15 family businesses. Chinese companies can continue to endure or not, depends on its ability to carry out bold economic reforms and to what extent the characteristics of Chinese companies and originality play. A survey inquiry is used as the research instrument. The results prove that psychosocial needs are more often associated with the potential successors‘ intentions to take over family businesses than other factors. Keywords: Condition; Successful; Family business Introductıon Family businesses signify a widespread and prophetic form of venture in the economic and social landscape. Some researchers approximation that, today ,family-owned businesses comprise over 95% of all business establishments worldwide Studies in the United States, Canada, Europe, Australia, and overseas countries imply that family firms account for the majority of the businesses and have a major collision on the growth of the national economies. In mainland China, interest in family businesses was first aroused by the success of the big Chinese family companies which are characteristic of the countries of Southeast Asia, and then by the growth of the Chinese private sector, the majority of whose companies are of the family type. ( Lank et al, 1994) Family business is not characterized by either permissible forms or specific size. Some writers desire either the condition of possession or that of management control in order to depict a business as being a family one or not; other definitions are based on both possession and control. Recently a dynamic loom has distincted the family business, whether it be a simple family workshop or a big visibly quoted company, in terms of the real manage exercised by the founding family. (Stavrou, 1999).This does not necessarily imply majority control of the assets or the require of remedy to managers from outside the family. Its individual attribute is that no other group of shareholders carries greater weight than the family shareholders, and that the appointment of the head of the company depends absolutely on the principal shareholders. Beyond the question of definition, it is generally agreed that a family business is characterized by the superimposition of a system of enterprise and of a family system in one and the same entity which is both economic and social. In matters of succession, a decision is never taken as the result of purely economic computation, nor is it merely a problem of the passing on of the family legacy. In the context of a China in transition where the power of the state mingles with creature motivations, this method makes it possible both to evade mistakes that would lead to over simplifying complexities and to encumber light on the rich diversity of the real lives of personals and organization.(Chua,1991) The aim of this article is to donate to the accepting of the present situation of Chinese family businesses, through a focus on the question of succession. In the first part, we introduce a business that has experienced two consecutive succession processes over the last few years. From this we teased out questions which are examined in the second part, in the light of information gathered from 15 family businesses in the province of Guangdong. In order to find answers to these questions, and in conjunction with the Centre for Research into Family Enterprise in Guangdong we conducted a survey of a sample of 15 family businesses, between June and December 2009. These businesses share the following characteristics: their capital is private; they are large 239 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo companies resolute to professionalize their managerial team; the head of the company is around fifty or sixty years old, so that succession is not far off; they are manufacturing companies. In the survey, we made two unexpected discoveries. We had initially believed that a number of private companies, after over twenty years of growth, were in the process of transferring power from one generation to another or had already experienced a transfer of power. In reality, for a majority of private companies, succession is not a required solicitude because of the youth of both the entrepreneur and the company. Among the fifteen companies, only two had a change of principal manager, seven had not been resisted with the question of succession, and six did not give any answers. In this way our survey, which had expected the observation of practices, reveals only opinions on the question of succession. Secondly, we initially sought to meet with twenty large private companies in the same sector in Jiangmen, but the preponderance of small and medium-size private companies only made it possible for us to identify 13 companies in the area, to which we later added four companies situated in the environs of (two in Zhongshan, two in Xiaolan). These 15 companies are family businesses in the strict sense because of the sovereign presence of the founding family in their capital: 36.53% of the shares belong to the business leader officers and 46% of the shares are held by other members of the founding family (see Figure 1). As the chairman managerial officer is, most often, also the head of the family, the founding families control these companies. Figure 1: Shareholding of chinese firms From the management point of view managerial functions are approved out by the founders (in 40.5% of cases) and their children (13.8%), for a total of 54.3% of positions (see Figure 2). Family control at managerial level is apparent, even if it does not exclude the arrival of outside talent (25% of executives are professional managers recruited from outside). The data collected on the capital, the turnover and the number of employees shows that these are large companies (see Table 1). Figure 2: Executive for the companies 240 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo Number of companies out of 15 who replied 01 Total capital (in thousands of yuan) 02 Total turnover (in thousands of yuan) 03 Number of employess Average Minimum Maximum 101,319 22,634 181,117 145,204 16,800 550,000 1001 258 2,500 Table 1: Size of Companies in our Survey Source Our survey:2010 Reseearch Desıgn and Methodologz Data Collection At the time of this study, the common of family businesses were still under the control of their founder. 88.2% of the founders were ripened between 40 and 50. The transfer of power between generations is for that reason not yet a major preoccupation. However, 82.4% of the founders (14 out of 17) admitted that they have already begun to look for their successors. The exacting case of the FSJ Lighting Company The story of the FSJ Lighting company is strictly united to that of its founder, Cai Shusong, once the director of a state enterprise (the lighting factory in Zhongshan) and secretary of the enterprise's Party Committee. In May 1998, at the age of 63, he retired and began a second career in Zhongshan. He borrowed 90,000 Yuan and became a sales representative for a locality and enterprise at Jiangmen. In 1999, he set up his own company, FSJ Lighting, with an initial investment of 100,000 Yuan, which produced a component for Lighting equipment. The company was registered at the Chamber of Commerce and Industry as a communal enterprise. From the outset, although this official status, FSJ Lighting was defectors a private company owned and managed by the Cai family. All the management jobs were detained by members of the family or by close friends. In 2001, FSJ Lighting relinquished its status as a collective enterprise and became a public limited company with private capital. In 2003, in accordance with company law, FSJ Lighting was modernized and established a board of directors and a supervisory board. In 2002, it became a shareholding company. In 2005, FSJ Lighting opened its capital to four institutional shareholders, to the harmony of 21 million Yuan, and then equipped its submission for a citation on the stock market. In 2006, the company had total capital of 132 million Yuan, an annual proceeds of 86 million and profits of 21 million. It employs close to a thousand employees. The founder’s family Cai shusong set up his company at the age of 63 and gave up direct management of it four years later. When asked about his ambitions for FSJ Lighting, his first desire was that the company preserve its technological guide over its competitors, develop itself sustainably and contribute to local development. These ambitions are evidence that, distant from the creation of personal and family assets, self-realization is a major factor in his consumerist motivation. Cai shusong is one of those private entrepreneurs who previously had been cadres in state enterprises. He belongs to the proficient elites who made a good living before, and who set up private companies in the same sector as that in which they were employed by the state. They are differentiated from entrepreneurs driven by dearth, because of their reasonably high incomes. Their professional experience sets them apart from the administrative elites who went into business in order to capitalize on their power at the time of the transition from the planned system to the market system. Cai shusong so belongs to the group of private entrepreneurs who most closely resemble the Schumpeterian entrepreneur They often have a long-term strategy which gives priority to the growth of the company. Cai shusong has two children: Cai Chen (39), his daughter, Cai Xiao (31). Cai Chen, who graduated from university in 1986, initially looked after the maintenance of the equipment in a state enterprise, the electric controls factory in Guzhen. In 1998, he left the company to go into his own Lighting business. In 1999, he joined FSJ Lighting and became dependable for product design. The same year, Cai Xiao came into the family business with the job of supervising the establishment of the factory. Cai Xiao, who formerly worked in a public bank, recently submissive in order to join FSJ Lighting. At the time of our research, Cai shusong was president of the 241 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo supervisory board, Cai Chen and Cai Xiao were respectively president and vice-president of the board of directors, and was preparing the enterprise's listing on the stock market. Two transfers of power for company Over the course of the last ten years, FSJ Lighting has qualified two successive succession processes. The first C.E.O. officer of FSJ Lighting was Cai shusong. The job of president of the board at that time was held by his wife. From 2002 beyond, Cai shusong began the transfer of power to the second generation, appointing his son, Cai Chen, C.E.O. officer, and taking over the job of president of the board from his wife. The string process was completed in 2003 when Cai shusong reconciled the presidency of the board, which he entrusted to Cai Chen. This initial succession was carried out by the founder Cai shusong, who decided to give up the direct management because of his age and the inadequacy of his knowledge in the face of rapid technological developments. The second succession was made necessary by the company's extension strategy. In 2004, after the modification of the company's legal status, when it became a shareholding company, its development led it to take on ―risk capital‖ to the tune of 21 million Yuan, and to arrange a request for a listing on the stock market. In order to comply with the criteria of the Chinese Securities Regulation Commission, the company determined to split the positions detained by Cai Chen. In order to do this it recruited an outside professional manager, Mr. Yuan, who became C.E.O. officer. The first transfer of power was a result of the withdrawal of the head of the company because of his age. If we consider that the main task of a family running a family business is to produce managers with the necessary competencies (comprehension and know-how), the distance between two transfers of power within the family will be at least twenty-five years in the case of a nuclear family. This distance can be shorter in the case of an absolute family, which has the possibility of interesting sons-in-law or cousins into the company. Thus the structure of the family (the number of children, the accessibility and impetus of probable successors, etc) influences the regularity of successions. Factors exterior to the company also come into the computation. The technological environment anxiety the renewal of competencies in order to adapt to sectoral evolution. The evolution of the capital structure can expose the company to new shareholders. These factors can contribute to the renewal of the guidance of the company, even if they do not supply directly to the engagement of the successor. Even after the arrival of a C.E.O. officer who was not part of the family circle, the Cai family, at the time of our consultation with Cai shusong, still held 53% of the shares, while four financial institutions held 34%, and the other directors 13%. The management team is currently made up of 11 people, of whom three are members of the You family (Cai shusong and his son). Three are former company cadres who now supervise general business, finance and technology. As well as the chairman executive officer, three deputy directors have been actuated from outside the company, and an consultative position has been commended to a former state employee, who was previously the head of the local commission for foreign economic and commercial relations (Sorenson, ,2006). Although this progression has led to a diminish in the control of the founding family, the Cai family still holds a common of the capital. Table 2: FSJ Lighting Company Organization 242 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo Results In China, the development of the private sector goes back less than twenty years, most businesses are family ones and are always dash by their founders. The two successions pragmatic in the case of the FSJ Lighting company incited us to formulate the following questions: Is the actual of talent from outside the family merely an illusion in the case of China ? Will the growth of companies lead to the opening up of their capital and what effect will this have on the succession process ? Is the charming into anxiety by a family industrialist of the constancy, the spirit of commitment and the professional competence of his successor a widespread occurrence? Is it absolutely necessary for a manager recruited from outside the family to establish personal relationships with the executives of the company which recruits him ? The sample was classified to fsj lighting undergoing transition from the main reason is linked to the founder himself. The physical reject due to age (28.9%) is the major reason, while a acquainted of the limitations of his aptitude in the face of technical fruition ranks second (28.3%). Some also refer to the external environment in a situation where growth no longer allows the founder, despite his aptitude, to organize his company alone. A require of management facility within the company obliges him to judge a transfer of power (5.9%). Lastly, outside investors may command a change of guidance, but the manipulate they effort remains limited (5.9%). The reason may recline in the closed scenery of the capital the family businesses in this survey mainly rely on self-financing (90%) or on bank loans (69.4%) for finance. Whatever the reasons for this, the closed scenery of the capital of these companies and the very restricted collision of outside investors on the alternative of C.E.O., lead us to consider that the FSJ Lighting company is a very exacting case. Its choice to seek a stock market listing must be seen as an progress in the personal preferences of positive members of the family. In other words, the choice of certain family businesses to become bigger and more ―modern‖, with the help of the financial markets, is more the result of exacting personal decisions than a law of the development of family businesses. Therefore, the objective reject of the founder and the progress in the technical environment are the two main factors that lead to succession charming place, while the direct pressure exerted by outside investors is trivial. The role played by the second generation at this phase of the succession must also be noted. To the question ―Do your children wish to work and progress in your company?‖ 76.5% of the founders give a positive reply, but none of them envisage giving up their power only because of their children's wish to share more in the business. The principle for Choosing a Successor In spite of the children's wish to share power with their parents does not automatically allow them to succeed to the job of C.E.O., 88 % of founders want their children to be able to work in the company. In order to recognize them, three categories of individuality were listed in the questionnaire. We asked the founders to list them in declining order of importance, and then calculated their respective levels of importance (see Table 3) Constancy (50.4%), guidance aptitude (50%) and the spirit of commitment (43.8%) are the most appreciated qualities. Occurrence (26.1%) and university training ((19.5%) are also deemed important. Also mentioned is the network of professional contacts (15.8%). If one compares the level of importance of the three categories, ―character traits‖ come first (28.8%), ―abilities‖ follow (at 17.5%), while ―other qualities‖ come last (2.6%). In the choice of a successor, moral qualities and technical competence are the two main criteria taken into account by the founders. However, morality seems more important than competence in the eyes of the majority of founders. The substance given to constancy and proficiency is differentiated according to the kind of dependability taken on. Where the post of C.E.O., the most important in day-to-day management, is concerned, opportunistic behavior is the most destructive to the interests of the family. Where the manager's constancy and strength of commitment are the most important criteria, the selection of a successor always remains subjective, although the objective aspect of the selection procedure which is partly based on an assessment of competence through university training and acquired experience. Similar assessments are made in other parts of the world. Both in developed countries, such as Canada, and developing countries, such as India, constancy and the spirit of commitment are deemed to be the most important qualities by company heads (Levitas,,2005). An ordinary succession coupled to the age of individuals is at variance with a succession brought about by the development of the company. The preference of the founder's eldest son differs from the recruitment of a professional from outside the family.(Habberson,1999) Is such a development indication of a essential change in the criteria used by Cai shusong in the choice of his successor ? During our interview Cai shusong described the preferred career shape in the following terms a proficient person with professional experience and a wide 243 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo network of social contacts. When we asked him to assess the advantages and disadvantages of different modes of selecting a successor (see Table 3), he expressed the opinion that the introduction into the company of a professional manager favored the strengthening of management and innovation prospective; the disadvantage was a require of knowledge of the decent virtues and the real competence of the person concerned. However if the favored successor was already a company cadre, Cai shusong would be more certain, thanks to direct knowledge of the competence and moral qualities of the person; the hazard was of annoying clash and slowing innovation. to him, choosing a relation was a guarantee of constancy and easy communication. The essential problem of a succession is the assessment of the reliability of the successor, who is asked to supply management proficiency, but also certain principles and stroke taken in agreement with the family interest. The way in which these qualities are assessed is therefore imperative. In the case of FSJ Lighting, Cai shusong, the founder, first chose his eldest son, Cai Chen. A university graduate, initially guilty for product development, he participated in the foundation of the company. His capability is renowned by his family and by the workers. As Cai shusong sees it, Cai Chen is the answer to his prospect: he has the ability to entrust himself, constancy to the family's interests and mastery of the necessary technical and management comprehension. The family connection is not the definitive reason for Cai shusong 's choice, but it permitted him to detect him closely, to evaluate him and even to guide him. In this logic, the incidence of an ideal successor within the family is the reason sooner than the result of Cai shusong`s conclusion to turn over power only four years after the enterprise of the company. While the first succession was a deliberate move undertaken by the founder, the second succession was prompted by outside forces. In the wake of its modify of condition in 2002, FSJ Lighting took on board new investors from outside. The resolution to seek a citation on the stock market led Cai Chen. to divide the two posts he held although this separation was not obligatory. This unexpected development did not permit Cai shusong easily to examine, assess or guide a new successor within the family. The need to assign a successor once again arose at a time when there was no potentially proficient person available within the family. Cai shusong thus found himself in a predicament: the alias of an incompetent virtual threatens the survival of the company, while the conscription of a manager outside the family increases the risk of misappropriation, especially in the deficiency of a legal system capable of settling likely conflicts. Finally, Cai shusong chose Cai, who had worked for several years in Hong Kong and was previously the director of a condition venture in Zhongshan. The two men had met in 2002, in the course of business debate, and became friends. In 2002, Cai submissive from his company for personal reasons. Cai shusong then invited him to work at FSJ Lighting. In spite of other offers from big companies, Yuan received Cai's invitation because of their friendly relationship. Cai's professional knowledge in the sector testified to his proficiency, which was also confirmed by Cai shusong 's direct examination in their formal and informal correlation However, just as decadence did not assurance that Cai Chen would automatically become the successor, Yuan's professional proficiency was not enough to convince Cai shusong to place administrative power in outside hands. Mutual trust, the result of a close personal association, played an important role in controlling the risk of misappropriation and allowed Cai to resolve the problem of his succession. The second succession, although carried through outside the family is still observe persona. Thus professional capability and personal individuality are matching. While confidence in a person's aptitude to correctly manage the family patrimony can be recognized on the basis of indirect information such as status, experience and professional occurrence, information on personal qualities is more difficult to obtain.(Lee,2006) Moreover, the improbability produced by the difference in the available information is improved when the legal system is incapable to penalize opportunistic behavior effectively. In this sense, the trust born of personal interaction mainly determines the choice of a successor. But the importance given to personal relationships does not mean that an industrialist will have shade reliance in his children and an absolute doubt of strangers. Trust is a subjective judgment, but it is not resistant to reason. The criteria used by Cai shusong. first to choose You Yuan and then Cai are of three kinds: competency, moral qualities and a assure to act according to the family interest. Cai Chen 's only advantage in comparison with Yuan is that he had a cherished relationship with his father since birth, while Yuan had to build a relationship with Cai shusong in order to set up common trust. Trust, based on a long relationship, is also a sign of the lively scenery of a family venture which can carry in people from outside the family. 244 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo Advantages Strengthening Management capabilities Professional maneger Innovation Employee already in the company Member Of the family Ease of integration Certainty abaut his personal qualities Loyalty Disadvangates Uncertainity abaut his real compeer Uncertainity abaut loyalty and moral values Danger of a power struggle Slowing of reform and innovation Ease communication with the founder Table 3: Cai shusong‘s Perspective on the Choice of a Successor Ġmplicatıons and Suggestıons Researchers in family business area all agree that case of the FSJ Lighting Company, the survey agreed out reveals that in Chinese family businesses, the reasons for succession, the criteria of selection of the successor and the order of favorite amid the various candidates all match with practices in other parts of the world. In the course of the development of their venture, the founders do not be tentative to praise functional jobs to capable third parties who are not members of the family sphere. However, it is to be expected that the succession to the job of C.E.O. officer will usually be the result of the projected deduction of the head of the company. Anxious to defend his patrimony, an industrialist in China, as elsewhere, while taking into account technical ability and management abilities, assesses above all the honesty and constancy of his potential successor. Trust, in the widest sense of the word, is a significant factor. As a result, the capitalist prefers to designate a competent member of his family. It is when such a successor is not available at the time of succession that the individuality of China's case becomes more marked; this is not allied to literary specificities, but to the institutional context. The immature status of institutions and the desolation of traditional social organization limit the role of institutional trust in economic co-operation. In contemporary China, trust is usually produced by personal relationships. Social networks are brought into action in order to control the risks in the face of indecision. The case of the FSJ Lighting Company and the opinions we have gathered show the industrialist resorting to his network of interaction when his successor is being chosen. Depending on the degree of confidence of the relationship, he first seeks an applicant among ―the members of his family‖ then among ―those close to him‖, and may finally resort to ―strangers‖. The widespread description of ―zijiren‖, which includes all those deemed dependable and division common values, makes it likely for a family business to getaway the dilemma of succession and to develop even if there is a require of available professional managers. The survey did not make it possible to answer all the questions arising from the case of the FSJ Lighting company. Our sample was limited, and could not resolve how representative it is of the common of private companies, which in reality are small in size. Moreover, the question of succession remains open. Further surveys will afford wider understanding and perceptive of this area of business in China. References A. R. Lank, R. Owens, J. Martinez, H. Reidel, F. deVisscher, and M. Bruel, ―The state of family business in various countries around the world‖, The Family Business Network Newsletter, May, pp.3-7,1994. Business Review, vol.4, no.4, pp.161-189, 1991. E. Stavrou, ―Succession in family businesses: exploring the effects of demographic factors on offspring intentions to take over and take over the business‖, Journal of Small Business Management, vol.37, no.3, pp.43-61, 1999. Habbershon, T. G. and Williams, M. (1999). ‗A resource-based framework for assessing the strategic advantages of family firms‘. Family Business Review, 12, 1–25. J. Yan and R. Sorenson, ―The effect of Confucian values on succession in family business‖, Family Business Review, vol.19, no.3, pp.235-250, 2006. Lee, J. (2006). ‗Family firm performance: further evidence‘. Family Business Review,p. 19, 103–14. 245 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo T. T. Chua, ―Approaches to succession in East Asian business organizations‖, Family Trade and Industry Chambers of Guangdong- China (2010). ‗Founding families control‘. Wu, S., Levitas, E. and Priem, R. L. (2005). ‗CEO tenure and company invention under differing levels of technological dynamism‘. Academy of Management Journal, 48, 859–73 246 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 167 Title A name given to the resource A Case Study Successful for Chinese family business Author Author YAŞAR, Fatih Abstract A summary of the resource. In order to determine the impaction of financing to corporate performance, Guangdong Province family owned listed corporation family businesses is selected to describe a sovereign form of economic organization throughout the world in terms of contributions. Because of the coincidence of family business failure and the importance of family business within national and local economies, a large percent of family business literature is allocated to the issue of succession. In mainland China, the family, as the basic social unit, has recently regained its importance in economic activity. Starting from the exacting case of a family business located in Guangdong province, this article reviews the practices that reign in the succession of the management of companies. Following this case study, a questionnaire was drawn up and submitted to 15 family businesses. Chinese companies can continue to endure or not, depends on its ability to carry out bold economic reforms and to what extent the characteristics of Chinese companies and originality play. A survey inquiry is used as the research instrument. The results prove that psychosocial needs are more often associated with the potential successors‘ intentions to take over family businesses than other factors. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed HB Economic Theory Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 3587 Title A name given to the resource A case Study: Consequences of the Cross-linguistic Influence in Second Language Learning Author Author Obralić, Nudžejma Akbarov, Azamat Abstract A summary of the resource. It has been hypothesized that the cross-linguistic influence is one of the main reasons for the difficulties learners face while learning a second language or reaching academic learning outcomes. Therefore, we decided to conduct a study and find out to what extends differences and similarities, markedness, native language transfer, avoidance, first language influences, underuse and overuse are present between Bosnian and Turkish students who study at universities where the lectures are mostly conducted in English. Two main languages taken into the consideration as L1 are Bosnian and Turkish, whereas L2 is English. The main purpose of the study is to analyze the cross-linguistic influences of Turkish and Bosnian while learning English language and to point out its importance for learning a second language. The paper itself can be used as a useful resource for the future researches done on the language subject in linguistic. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed PE English https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/7badfda9480410ab26b135061953c894.pdf 97964772da89c82e6cae4059a175ba3d PDF Text Text A CASE STUDY: EFL LEARNERS’ AND WRITING TEACHERS' ATTITUDES TOWARDS PERFORMANCE BASED PORTFOLIO IN A UNIVERSITY CONTEXT Sera Güvenç Toros University, Turkey Article History: Submitted: 10.06.2015 Accepted: 25.06.2015 Abstract This study has been carried out to investigate the attitudes of students and writing teachers towards the performance-based portfolio. In the study, both qualitative and quantitative research methods have been used. Within the process of qualitative research, teacher reflection papers have been used and interviews with the teachers and students have been made. Within the quantitative research process, an attitude survey designed by Brooks (1999) has been used and the student attitudes have been investigated. The participants of the study are 89 university students and 5 writing teachers. In the light of the findings obtained from this study, it has been concluded that the majority of the writing teachers and the interviewed students have a positive attitude towards the performance based portfolio while the findings from the student attitude survey displays the opposite. According to the findings from the general attitude survey, the majority of the students show a negative attitude towards the performance-based portfolio. Key words: Performance Based Portfolio in Writing Classes, Teacher and Student Attitudes. �1. Introduction Assessment has a major role in teaching. Evaluating learners’ performances in an effective way is as crucial as putting the methods and approaches to teaching into practice. How should learners be assessed? This is an age old but still an important question, because experience and research tell us that assessment impacts what is taught and learned in classrooms. Students spend a great deal of time reviewing information, and instructors spend a great deal of time teaching and assessing. The field of assessment has been given a special emphasis especially in recent years when the need for a more effective assessment system has been realized. In the past few years, there has been a shift of interest from classical assessments to alternative assessments. In parallel with this paradigm shift, teacher and students roles have also undergone certain changes. Today, teachers are not the sole authorities and learners are no longer passive recipients of the language. Instead, teachers are facilitators who guide the learners and facilitate the whole learning process and learners are active involvers that make discoveries and develop their own strategies for their learning.The active role of the learners in the learning process has led to an increasing popularity of the use of performance based assessments in classroom practices. As a result of the increasing need for performance based assessments, portfolio assessment, which is an alternative to traditional teaching, has gained popularity. Portfolio assessment is defined as ‘a purposeful collection of student work that shows student’s efforts, progress and achievements in more than one era’ (Paulson, Paulson and Meyer 1991, p.61). In literature, portfolio assessment has proved to have a variety of benefits for learners. Paulson, Paulson and Meyer (1991) states that: An application portfolio is a visual representation of who you are as an artist, your history as well as what you are currently doing. It is representing you when you are not present. Part of the evaluation of a portfolio is based on the personal choices you make when picking pieces for the portfolio. It tells the school something about your current values; that’s why you will rarely get a school to be very specific about what they look for in a portfolio. You should not be afraid to make choices (p. 2). In general, the literature highlights the autonomous, authentic and performance based nature of the portfolio assessment. Although the benefits of the portfolio assessment model have been proved in literature, some challenges along with those benefits have also been observed. The time consuming, difficult to monitor nature of the portfolio assessment and the issue of �reliability can be listed as the main challenges of the portfolio assessment. Cirneanu and Chirita (2009) point out the disadvantageous nature of the portfolios by stating that it is not easy and quick to assess since learners reflect their creativity and originality in their works 2. Assessment: A Shift from Teacher Centered to Student Centered Learning In the past few decades, approaches to language assessment and learning have changed with an emphasis on a student centered and classroom based language assessment. Within this process, language teachers undertake several roles that are significant in the assessment process. Stoynoff (2012) highlights the need for language teachers to reflect their own assessment practices since there is not enough research conducted on the assessment of young learners. Andrade and Huff; et al. (2012) emphasize the key role of the student centered selfassessment by stating that student centered assessment can improve learning and motivation. They also indicate that student centered approaches to learning offer active engagement and self-management which are considered to be crucial to learning. Moskal (2010) puts forward that self-assessments are indicators of learners’ motivation, satisfaction and self-efficacy. Hancock (1994) highlights the role of self-assessment and claims that there is a need for a new assessment initiative in education which highlights the importance of performance, competence and self-assessments. 3. Writing Assessment Writing is a constructivist process in which writers try to make meaning of the world by their own experiences. This makes writing assessment complicated since more than a set of single sentences is needed to construct meaning. Graves (1999) states, “Every study of young writers I’ve done for the last 20 years has underestimated what they can do. In fact, we know very little about the human potential for writing” (p.99). The nature of writing skill is not only tough for the writers but also many teachers. Many writing teachers feel concerned about teaching writing due to the inadequate preparation programs, which give limited knowledge for teachers on how to teach writing. Huot (1996) asserts that teachers have doubts about assessment practices in writing as they think the real values of writing are not reflected. As what Hillocks (2002) suggests, writing has complicated mental functions and they are not easy to be assessed by objective tests. He also claims that �the formulaic nature of the objective tests apparently ignores the importance of planning, drafting, revising and editing parts of the writing process. 4. Methods 4.1 Participants In the study, the targeted participants were 89 students from six EFL writing classes. As modular system is used at Toros University, those students involved in the study were at elementary level. Both qualitative and quantitative research methods were used in this study. A qualitative research with five writing teachers was also conducted to give support to the findings of the study. Data from the teachers were added with the belief that it would enrich the conclusions drawn from the study. The ages of the students ranged between 19 and 21. There are six EFL writing classes at Toros University. The teacher participants were the teachers of these six EFL writing classes 4.2 Data Collection Tools Both qualitative and quantitative research designs were used in the study to investigate the attitudes of students towards the use of portfolio in EFL writing classes. In the process of quantitative research, a portfolio attitude survey that was designed by Brooks (1999) was applied to six EFL writing classes with 89 students. The original attitude survey was not used in the study. Instead, the researcher adopted the original attitude survey. The adopted version of the attitude survey was applied as a post study at the end of the module. Ten questions were asked in the survey and a five point Likert attitude scale was used. In the process of qualitative research, two different interviews were conducted to investigate the attitudes of students and teachers towards the use of portfolio. One was conducted with the students and the other was with the teachers. The interviews were also conducted as a post study at the end of the module (8 weeks). The interviews were semi- structured and open-ended questions were asked. In the interview for students, 5 questions were asked whereas in the interview for teachers, 8 questions were asked. Apart from the interviews, as a part of the qualitative research, reflection papers were collected from five writing teachers. Before the implementation of the study, 5 writing teachers had been asked to record their observations over a span of eight weeks (a module) on those reflection papers. Accordingly, the data from the reflection papers were also gathered. �4.3 Data Analysis The data obtained from the performance based portfolio attitude survey was analyzed by using SPSS. The data from the survey was interpreted using a five point rating scale from “strongly agree”, “agree”, “don’t know”, “disagree” and to “strongly disagree”. The percentages, frequencies and related statistical data were obtained through SPSS. For the analysis of the reflection papers and the interviews, categorization was made to conduct content analysis. 5. Findings and Discussion 5.1 Evaluation of the Findings from Teacher Reflection Papers and the Teacher Interview In the light of the data received from the teacher reflection papers, it can be concluded that all the writing teachers teaching in six EFL writing classes believe that students have a positive attitude towards the use of portfolio assessment. From the comments they made on the reflection papers, it is easy to observe that their personal comments as teachers of writing skill are positive, too. Similarly, in the teacher interviews, their comments were positive and they all reported in the interviews that the students benefit from the use of portfolio throughout the portfolio keeping process. We may also conclude that portfolio keeping process helps the students learn about their mistakes. Students’ learning out of their mistakes by regular feedback is also reinforced by the teacher interviews and reflection papers. They also reinforced that portfolio keeping process helps the students monitor and keep track of their own progress. Moreover, it became clear that the students feel motivated towards learning when they see their own progress. This conclusion is based on the data gathered from the reflection papers and the interviews. The teachers put forward that the students feel motivated, as the whole process is encouraging. Although the teachers find the process as a whole useful for the students and have a positive attitude regarding this, in both the reflection papers and the interviews, they reported the same problems. They articulated that writing the papers over and over is an extra burden for the students in the modular system, which is also difficult to adapt. They think that the students feel lost and overwhelmed in the process. Among the other problems that the teachers identifies throughout the process are boring and long lasting nature of the process, overload of work, the students’ tendency to lose their drafts and their unwillingness to write each time. Additionally, when asked about the problems related to the process both in the interview and �reflection papers, the teachers claimed that there were some students who seemed really demotivated and lost in the process. They suggested that these students were especially the ones who weren’t able to keep the track of their own progress. 5.2 Evaluation of the Findings from the Student Interview and the Student Attitude Survey In the light of the data obtained from the student interviews, it might be concluded that the students have a positive attitude towards the use of portfolio as an assessment as in the findings of Yang (2003). All the students reported that the portfolio keeping helped them learn about their weaknesses and strengths. Additionally, the majority of the students articulated that they felt motivated in the process. They claimed that once they realized they could succeed, they felt more motivated and tried to write better with fewer mistakes each time. They added that they felt more responsible when they were actively involved in the process. It can also be revealed from the data that all of the students find the process objective. They suggested that there is a standard, equal and just system for each student and the teachers do grading objectively through standard evaluation criteria. However, the results from the student survey showed that the students in general do not believe in the objectivity of the portfolio assessment. Similarly, although both the teacher and student interviewees claimed that the portfolio assessment helped the students learn about their mistakes and strengths and that the students felt motivated throughout the process, the survey displayed the opposite. Table 1 mirrors the percentages of student responses to student survey: Table 1. Student Responses to Attitude Survey SD DA DK A SA F% F% F% F% F% Q1. 48.3 12.4 3.4 32.6 3.4 Q2. 41.6 23.6 6.7 21.3 6.7 Q3. 39.3 11.2 14.6 15.7 19.1 Q4. 40.4 15.7 18.0 16.9 9.0 Q5. 38.2 13.5 13.5 24.7 10.1 ITEM �Q6. 44.8 20.7 10.3 13.8 10.3 Q7. 37.9 17.2 12.6 18.4 13.8 Q8. 28.7 17.2 21.8 16.1 16.1 Q9. 44.8 14.9 11.5 18.4 10.3 Q10. 46.0 16.1 8.0 25.3 4.6 As represented in Table 1, we received variety of answers for each question. The item " strongly disagree" has the biggest percentage in each question which reveals a disfavor by the majority of students for being marked on portfolio. ( Q1 48.3, Q2 41.6, Q3 39.3, Q4 40.4, Q5 38.2, Q6 44.8, Q7 37.9, Q8 28.7, Q9 44.8, Q 10 46.0) 6. Conclusion In the light of all the data gathered for this study, it is easy to conclude that the student attitude survey contradicts with the other findings such as teacher reflection papers, student and teacher interviews. Although the writing teachers had a positive observation about the student attitudes, the student survey revealed the opposite. Instead, it revealed a disfavor by the majority of the students. The reason for the attitudes of the students in the interviews to be positive might be the limited participants that involved in the interviews since the study revealed the opposite findings when more participants were included. Interestingly, the majority of the writing teachers claimed about a positive overall student attitude in both the reflection papers and the teacher interviews. On the other hand, they reported some problems related to the portfolio keeping process. However, they put forward that these problems were related to only some students and some situations. The problems the teachers reported in the reflection papers and the findings from the attitude survey showed similarity only in the way that the students found the process time consuming. More interestingly, the students as well as the teachers reported in the interviews that they found the process objective. However, the results from the survey showed that the students in general do not believe in the objectivity of the portfolio assessment. Similarly, although both the teacher and student interviewees claimed that the portfolio assessment helped the students learn about their mistakes and strengths and that the students felt motivated throughout the process, the survey displayed the opposite. Furthermore, although the students reported some changes in their attitudes related �to the portfolio keeping, the results from the survey revealed that the majority of the students did not have any attitude changes. Lastly, the student attitude survey results contracted with the student interviews in that the student interviewees reported they made more effort when they learnt about their mistakes and received regular feedback from their teachers. �References Andrade, H., Huff, K., & Brooke, G. (2012). Assessing Learning. Students at the Center: Teaching and Learning in the Era of the Common Core. Boston, MA: JFF. Brooks, L. A. (1999). Performance-based Assessment. Unpublished doctoral dissertation University of Toronto. Brooks, L.A. (1999). Adult ESL student attitudes towards Performance - based assessment. Published MA thesis: University of Toronto. Cirneanu, N &Chırıta, M & Cirneanu, A (2009). Portfolio- learners’ performance complementary assessment instrument. University of Bucharest, 14 (2), 25-29. Hancock, C.R. (1994). Alternative assessment and second-language study. ERIC Digest [Online]: http://www.eric.ed.gov/contentdelivery/servlet/ERICServlet?accno=E D376695 Hillocks, G. (2002). The testing trap: How state writing assessments control learning. Teachers College Press. Huot, B. (1996). Toward a new theory of writing assessment. College composition and communication, 47, 549-566. Moskal, B. M. (2010). Self-assessments: what are their valid uses? Academy of Management Learning & Education, 9(2), 314-320. Paulson, F., P., & Meyer, C. (1991). What makes a portfolio a portfolio? Educational Leadership, 48 (5), 60-63 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2920 Title A name given to the resource A CASE STUDY: EFL LEARNERS’ AND WRITING TEACHERS' ATTITUDES TOWARDS PERFORMANCE BASED PORTFOLIO IN A UNIVERSITY CONTEXT Author Author Güvenç, Sera Abstract A summary of the resource. This study has been carried out to investigate the attitudes of students and writing teachers towards the performance-based portfolio. In the study, both qualitative and quantitative research methods have been used. Within the process of qualitative research, teacher reflection papers have been used and interviews with the teachers and students have been made. Within the quantitative research process, an attitude survey designed by Brooks (1999) has been used and the student attitudes have been investigated. The participants of the study are 89 university students and 5 writing teachers. In the light of the findings obtained from this study, it has been concluded that the majority of the writing teachers and the interviewed students have a positive attitude towards the performance based portfolio while the findings from the student attitude survey displays the opposite. According to the findings from the general attitude survey, the majority of the students show a negative attitude towards the performance-based portfolio. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2015-09 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed L Education (General),LB Theory and practice of education,LC Special aspects of education https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/8d3c6d84a8f36a92809d02e7321e05ff.docx d0c157e2e32d20178e1592efdad4a1b6 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/f579b3aebb674764120e1e814231eb56.pdf 0f439f3c7c3780be02d007f933529fab PDF Text Text A CFD-BASED PROCEDURE FOR SIMULATION OF WIND FLOWS IN COMPLEX REGIONS Muris Torlak University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina torlak@mef.unsa.ba Keywords:Wind energy; Simulation; Complex terrains; Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). ABSTRACT A method for simulation of wind flows, which is based on computational fluid dynamics (CFD) approach, is tested in a region with complex terrain. For the region adopted, limited measurements of wind velocity and direction exist, and are used as the input data for specification of boundary conditions. The resulting flow field quantities (wind power density and turbulent kinetic energy) are shown, indicating the parts of the region which are suitable or unsuitable for wind turbine positioning. The method employed offers a number of benefits for efficient and reliable estimation of wind resources. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2126 Title A name given to the resource A CFD-BASED PROCEDURE FOR SIMULATION OF WIND FLOWS IN COMPLEX REGIONS Author Author TORLAK, Muris Abstract A summary of the resource. Keywords:Wind energy; Simulation; Complex terrains; Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). ABSTRACT A method for simulation of wind flows, which is based on computational fluid dynamics (CFD) approach, is tested in a region with complex terrain. For the region adopted, limited measurements of wind velocity and direction exist, and are used as the input data for specification of boundary conditions. The resulting flow field quantities (wind power density and turbulent kinetic energy) are shown, indicating the parts of the region which are suitable or unsuitable for wind turbine positioning. The method employed offers a number of benefits for efficient and reliable estimation of wind resources. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-24 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2233-1565 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/cf97fe9e8f076c71d38e8c85fd00df92.docx 8dec822a0ef9e2f812997596ff90c23e Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Journal of Education and Humanities Subject The topic of the resource Education and Humanities Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource A Chronological Perspective on the Studies of Turkisms Conducted in Balkan Languages Author Author Doğan YÜCEL Abstract A summary of the resource. Turkisms in the Balkan languages continue to be an essential research subject since Karadzic published the first Serbian Dictionary in 1818. Turkisms studies have been compared to countries where the studies were published, the researchers' nationalities, and the studies' languages in tables. We have evaluated total of 1392 research in this study. Turkism researchers published the highest number of studies in the Turkish and Bulgarian languages. Turkisms in six Balkan languages were published in 17 languages by researchers from 21 nationalities in 35 different countries. While evaluating the studies, they have been handled in five different periods according to the Balkans' significant political events during the last two centuries. We have classified studies according to 33 subtitles under four categories. These four categories are detection and collecting, classification, evaluation and analysis, and current frequency measurement and revitalization of Turkisms. The method used in this study is the same as the method used by Yücel in his six published bibliography studies. Turkism studies classified are based in this study on Yücel's six studies given in the bibliography. Keywords Keywords. Turkisms, Balkan languages, Turkish Loanwords. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/8e9b965aff42a02dfe563affc2d6fe1c.docx 94118d7272a3ca0160b7aba6de2906bc https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/390dc3b2726772f7e79d695074f05ca6.pdf fdc5dc3ea6b9bc75941a234dbc7da746 PDF Text Text A COGNITIVE PROCESS IN SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION THROUGH SPEECH ERRORS ANALYSES Azamat Akbarov Abstract: Speech accidents can also be evaluated by some psychological constraints as some of the interfering effects of the producing some sounds may cause slip of tongue in the codingencoding process. Such an error is the result of the transposing of initial sounds of two words; what's more, spoonerism as a linguistic deviation refers to the speech errors of L2 learners while it can also be related to the ones of native speakers. Especially errors in the verbal production of the L2 learners stem from some slips of tongue, which hinder the intended message as a result of some psychological conditions, and sometimes they may convey unintended humorous meaning codes. Spoonerisms of the L2 learners are tried to be explained by a psycholinguistics perspective. In this context, the linguistic conditions that sanction the slips of tongue will be explained through cognitive processes. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1401 Title A name given to the resource A COGNITIVE PROCESS IN SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION THROUGH SPEECH ERRORS ANALYSES Author Author Azamat, Akbarov Abstract A summary of the resource. Speech accidents can also be evaluated by some psychological constraints as some of the interfering effects of the producing some sounds may cause slip of tongue in the codingencoding process. Such an error is the result of the transposing of initial sounds of two words; what's more, spoonerism as a linguistic deviation refers to the speech errors of L2 learners while it can also be related to the ones of native speakers. Especially errors in the verbal production of the L2 learners stem from some slips of tongue, which hinder the intended message as a result of some psychological conditions, and sometimes they may convey unintended humorous meaning codes. Spoonerisms of the L2 learners are tried to be explained by a psycholinguistics perspective. In this context, the linguistic conditions that sanction the slips of tongue will be explained through cognitive processes. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available PedActa Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed P Philology. Linguistics,PE English,PR English literature https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/8296b3f6c96b0373e004d3e2b11eb695.docx f32a69abe65721f539032e81f0497b33 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/9d11d03b2a9229c4ac3bf47fee60b834.pdf c626489812134d8a5c6335e85357d355 PDF Text Text A Comparative Analysis of Cohesive Conjunctions Use in the Weather Forecast of Native and Non-Native Reporter Hanieh Davatgari Asl & Javad Mehri Shendi Islamic Azad University/Shabestar, Iran ABSTRACT This study analyzes 2 types of texts which has been taken in one accidental day one from weather forecast news of BBC channel(reporting by native speaker of English), and another from NHK TV(reporting by non-native speaker of English).The Cohesive devices (reference, conjunctions, substitutions /ellipsis, lexical cohesions) were identified in both texts and then conjunctions were chose from 2 texts to compare with each other from 2 points of view:1)type of cohesive conjunctions which are used in two texts and 2)frequency of them. Findings of the study indicated differential uses of cohesive conjunctions in 2 texts and more uses of some cohesive conjunctions in non-native English speaking reporter. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1809 Title A name given to the resource A Comparative Analysis of Cohesive Conjunctions Use in the Weather Forecast of Native and Non-Native Reporter Author Author ASL, Hanieh Davatgari SHENDI, Javad Mehri Abstract A summary of the resource. This study analyzes 2 types of texts which has been taken in one accidental day one from weather forecast news of BBC channel(reporting by native speaker of English), and another from NHK TV(reporting by non-native speaker of English).The Cohesive devices (reference, conjunctions, substitutions /ellipsis, lexical cohesions) were identified in both texts and then conjunctions were chose from 2 texts to compare with each other from 2 points of view:1)type of cohesive conjunctions which are used in two texts and 2)frequency of them. Findings of the study indicated differential uses of cohesive conjunctions in 2 texts and more uses of some cohesive conjunctions in non-native English speaking reporter. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available IBU Publishing Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-03 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/a8bfe967d8aa4ba244496cb6ebec6264.pdf 17e4fe883e4a9b1719c1b9fa0a71d22a PDF Text Text Journal of Economic and Social Studies EDITORIAL A Comparative Analysis of Current Economic Development in the Balkan Countries Okyay UCAN Faculty of Economics, Nigde University, Turkey, okyayu@hotmail.com Fatih CELEBIOGLU Faculty of Economics Dumlupinar University, Turkey fcelebioglu@hotmail.com Welcome to the Special Issue of Journal of Economic and Social Studies (JECOSS). While JECOSS aims to embody interdisciplinary areas such as economics, business administration, public administration, political studies, international relations, labor economics and industrial relations, econometrics, sociology and psychology, this Special Issue focuses on contemporary economic issues in the Balkans and is titled as "A Comparative Analysis of Current Economic Development in the Balkan Countries".. The Balkan Peninsula (South Eastern Europe) is an important area where both important historical and political events are taken place for the centuries. It has also recently experienced an unprecedented transformation. Over the past two decades, the Balkan Countries have gone through very important economic, social and political changes. Some former socialist countries (Bulgaria-2007, Slovenia-2004 and Romania-2007) and Greece (1981) have become full members of the EU. Some other Balkan countries (Serbia, Montenegro, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Kosovo and Macedonia) have experienced fierce political conflicts which ended up with the wars in the region in 1990s. Following the turmoil, these countries have started to struggle for economic, social and political reconstruction process. In the war and during economic and politicaltransformation, many of the Balkan countries had economically declined. Their welfare levels had gone down. 5 �Okyay UCAN & Fatih CELEBIOGLU These countries have still important problems in economic area, although they have slowly been witnessing political stabilization in the recent years. This special issue of Journal of Economic and Social Studies concentrates on recent economic developments in the Balkan States and provides a basis for shaping the future direction for sustainable economic policies in the region. In this regard, taken a comparative analysis approach, the special issue tries to collect anumber of the qualified studies about the Balkan economies, to make multi-dimensional predictions/projections about economic future of the Balkan Countries and to encourage debate on various approaches related to development strategies for the region. We bring together the original contributions utilizing the contemporary methodology and data. Both conceptual and empirical papers are welcomed. Papers that provide intuitive contemplations of data that leads to be extracted policy implications for both planners of the region and future researchers are given priority. The Special Issue includes the articles on some important subjects (as Competitiveness Factors; Comparative Analysis for Banking Sector; Insurance Market Development; Gender Responsive Budgeting as Smart Economics; The Impact of the Global Financial Crisis on the Banking Sector; The Affecting Channels of the Global Crisis; Social Sustainability; Roles of Investment and Innovation in Business; Monetary Policy Transmission; Costs and Benefits of the EU Enlargement; Evaluation of Financial Performance of Banking Sector) for the Balkan Countries. Vladimir Šimić and Lena Malešević-Perović investigate monetary policy transmission in the Balkans in the 21st century. In order to analyse the reaction of output and prices to a shock in monetary policy (defined as an increase in the interest rate) this study employs structural vector autoregression approach. Haris Kurtagić and Elif Nuroglu comparatively investigate costs and benefits of the EU enlargement on the EU and see countries. Taking into consideration the costs of enlargement, the paper examines the effects of enlargement on trade flows, and its significance on the development of SEEC’s. It also tries to see the impact of enlargement on the well-being of SEE countries. Moreover, it offers a solution for the South-east European countries which is the creation of the Balkan Union. Nađa Dreca makes a comparative analysis of the financial performance of the banking sector in some ex-Yu countries: Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Slovenia and Serbia for period from 2005 to 2010.this paper show that banking system of 6 Journal of Economic and Social Studies �A Comparative Analysis of Current Economic Developments in the Balkan Countries these countries suffers from problems in the banking sector, largely influenced by its huge debt to IMF, political situation, financial crisis, internal situation and other political factors. In the paper of Başak Gül AKTAKAS, Cengiz AYTUN and Cemil Serhat AKIN, business cycles is analyzed for 1971-2009 period by using the yearly data in Turkey and Greece and it has been dealt with the effects of investment and innovation on cyclical fluctuation. In the paper which growth rates have been discussed, ordinary least square estimation method has been used. The paper has examined the effect of innovation on investment and income. Azra Bičo and Mehmed Ganić analyze the banking sector's performance of the two former Yugoslavian republics, Slovenia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. This paper is the first study examining the efficiency of banking sector in two countries. The article of Nikola Dacev presents an insurance market research of the markets in several Balkan countries that were part of former Yugoslavia and are still not members of EU. Being categorized as developing countries, they have far lower development degree in comparison with the European Insurance Federation member countries. Other article of Mehmed Ganic is about the impact of the global financial crisis on the banking sector of Western Balkans. The paper examines the extent and impact of the global financial crises on position of the banking sector of Western Balkans covering both pre-crisis and crisis period as well as to provide an explanation for these trends. Merima AVDAGIĆ and Faruk HUJIĆ give a comparative analysis of two different frameworks for inclusion of gender in fiscal economics through gender responsive budgeting (GRB) initiatives that took place over one decade - from 2000 till 2010 in two former Yugoslavian republics: Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) and Republic of Macedonia (Macedonia). The article that belongs to Alica Pandzo, Kemal Taljanovic and Selma Jahic explores the impact measurement practices of microcredit organizations in Bosnia and Herzegovina and their use of information systems in this process. They draw on the latest trends of using shared measurement systems for impact monitoring, to point out the potential of using such systems to achieve sustainable impact on wider social issues in Bosnia and Herzegovina. 7 �Okyay UCAN & Fatih CELEBIOGLU Kazım Develioğlu and Kemal KANTARCI aim to examine competitive factors in the Balkan countries to develop a road map for investors. To do this, they used World Economic Forum’s “Global Competitiveness Index” to analyze the case of the Balkan countries as a region to cluster and compare them based on Global competitiveness factors. Analysis results pointed out those Balkan countries were clustered in two groups and scored lower or medium level on almost all competitive factors as the region. Based on these findings, authors suggested various strategic recommendations at micro and macro level. Ali Şen and Hüseyin Altay search the channels of contagion in the global crisis in Balkan countries. According to their empirical findings obtaining from the panel regression results, until the global crisis, the external variables significantly promoted the abilities of their growth. However, the contributions of external variables on GDP growth rate reduced sharply with the global crisis. We hope that this Special Issue will be a reference paper for researchers that want to search on the region. Besides, we want to thank Assoc. Prof. Dr. TeomanDuman (editor of JECOSS and Vice Rector of International Burch University), Mersid POTURAK (editorial assistant of JECOSS), other workers of the University and JECOSS, all referees and all authors of the Special Issue, because of their valuable contributions. 8 Journal of Economic and Social Studies � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1385 Title A name given to the resource A Comparative Analysis of Current Economic Development in the Balkan Countries Author Author UÇAN, Okyay Fatih , Çelebioğlu Abstract A summary of the resource. Welcome to the Special Issue of Journal of Economic and Social Studies (JECOSS). While JECOSS aims to embody interdisciplinary areas such as economics, business administration, public administration, political studies, international relations, labor economics and industrial relations, econometrics, sociology and psychology, this Special Issue focuses on contemporary economic issues in the Balkans and is titled as "A Comparative Analysis of Current Economic Development in the Balkan Countries".. The Balkan Peninsula (South Eastern Europe) is an important area where both important historical and political events are taken place for the centuries. It has also recently experienced an unprecedented transformation. Over the past two decades, the Balkan Countries have gone through very important economic, social and political changes. Some former socialist countries (Bulgaria-2007, Slovenia-2004 and Romania-2007) and Greece (1981) have become full members of the EU. Some other Balkan countries (Serbia, Montenegro, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Kosovo and Macedonia) have experienced fierce political conflicts which ended up with the wars in the region in 1990s. Following the turmoil, these countries have started to struggle for economic, social and political reconstruction process. In the war and during economic and politicaltransformation, many of the Balkan countries had economically declined. Their welfare levels had gone down. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General),HB Economic Theory,HG Finance https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/e7ab9618277aef481ff9fd8ffb4a3dc6.docx eeb47e02e221a70db053ef966da1c2de https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/ce1e513fe63786fb952ce6db48ed7393.pdf eda7a56c64653016c08c0f6eef8b077c PDF Text Text A Comparative Study: Literature Use of ELT Teachers with an ELT Background and Those with a Literature Background in Their Reading Classes Harun Baştuğ & Ahmet Özkan International Burch University/ Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina Key words: teachers’ perceptions, curriculum, ELT, reading classes, literature use ABSTRACT This study was conducted to determine whether English language teachers’ perceptions, attitudes and practices about the use of literature depending on their educational background, ELT or Literature, vary during their teaching practices in reading classes. Several curriculums of English Language Teaching (ELT) and English Language and Literature Departments of some private and public universities at undergraduate level have been compared to see to what degree they differ in their curriculum; the percentage of literature and related courses among these programs. And to what extent these differences in undergraduate programs lead to different practices in reading classes.The study also aimed to reveal the advantages and disadvantages of incorporating literature into ELT from teachers’ perspectives depending on their educational background. The study was conducted with 120 preparatory class instructors working in private and public universities in Istanbul. The data were collected through a questionnaire and were evaluated on SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences). The findings have revealed that teachers, whose language practices or experiences about teaching come from different educational backgrounds, tend to take a different approach to using literature in their reading classes. The findings also have revealed that teachers with a literature background believed in the benefits of using literature and literary works on improving the overall language proficiency, improving reading skills, contributing to vocabulary development during their reading classes. On the other hand, the findings have revealed that teachers with an ELT background mostly did not believe in the necessity of using literature as part of their reading classes. And those with an ELT background who believed in the necessity of using literature in their reading classes did not see themselves competent and did not feel confident in using literature. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1777 Title A name given to the resource A Comparative Study Literature Use of ELT Teachers with an ELT Background and Those with a Literature Background in Their Reading Classes Author Author BASTUG, Harun OZKAN, Ahmet Abstract A summary of the resource. Key words: teachers’ perceptions, curriculum, ELT, reading classes, literature use ABSTRACT This study was conducted to determine whether English language teachers’ perceptions, attitudes and practices about the use of literature depending on their educational background, ELT or Literature, vary during their teaching practices in reading classes. Several curriculums of English Language Teaching (ELT) and English Language and Literature Departments of some private and public universities at undergraduate level have been compared to see to what degree they differ in their curriculum; the percentage of literature and related courses among these programs. And to what extent these differences in undergraduate programs lead to different practices in reading classes.The study also aimed to reveal the advantages and disadvantages of incorporating literature into ELT from teachers’ perspectives depending on their educational background. The study was conducted with 120 preparatory class instructors working in private and public universities in Istanbul. The data were collected through a questionnaire and were evaluated on SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences). The findings have revealed that teachers, whose language practices or experiences about teaching come from different educational backgrounds, tend to take a different approach to using literature in their reading classes. The findings also have revealed that teachers with a literature background believed in the benefits of using literature and literary works on improving the overall language proficiency, improving reading skills, contributing to vocabulary development during their reading classes. On the other hand, the findings have revealed that teachers with an ELT background mostly did not believe in the necessity of using literature as part of their reading classes. And those with an ELT background who believed in the necessity of using literature in their reading classes did not see themselves competent and did not feel confident in using literature. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available IBU Publishing Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-03 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed