57 10 3494 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/6999d93aecdf6e464871b61ed26f291f.pdf 8b5b54eccc65bcbb245d80b5de57d167 PDF Text Text Banana - A Very Profitable Crop for Subtropical Conditions Hamide Gübbük Akdeniz University Faculty of Agriculture Department of Horticulture 07059 Antalya/TURKEY gubbuk@akdeniz.edu.tr Abstract: Bananas have been cultivated economically for a long time in subtropical regions of Turkey where production and productivity per hectare have significantly increased due to the adoption of protected cultivation. Protected cultivation of banana began in the 1980’s in Anamur and Bozyazi, Mersin. In the 1990s this system became more popular. Today, a similar trend is underway in Mediterranean costal strip. Approximately 4300 ha of banana are grown in Turkey, of which over 2500 ha is grown under protected cultivation. The average yield per ha is about 20-30 tonnes under open-field and 60-70 tones under protected cultivation. In 2008, the total banana production of Turkey was 210.115 tones but domestic consumption of bananas in Turkey exceeds supply and hence bananas are imported. Local importers pay very high custom duties (over 100%) for imported bananas and because of that, banana retail prices remain high which makes local banana production a very profitable enterprise. Introduction Banana growing areas of the world are mainly situated between the Equator and latitudes 20 oN and 20 S. Climatic conditions in these areas are mainly tropical, with relatively small temperature fluctuations from day to night and from summer to winter (Robinson, 1996). On the other hand, banana can also be grown in subtropical areas. We may show that Western Australia, South Queensland, South Africa, Israel, Taiwan, Spain (The Canary Islands), Egypt, Morocco and parts of Brazil and Turkey for subtropical condition (Galan Sauco et al., 2004). Banana plantations are situated between the latitudes 20o and 30o many of subtropical area. But in Turkey, banana plantations are situated at 36o latitude. Nevertheless banana has been grown economically in Turkey for over a century. At present, the total banana growing area of Turkey has reached up 4300 ha (Anonymous, 2009) of which more than 2500 ha are under protected cultivation. In 2008, the total banana production of Turkey was 210.115 tons (Anonymous, 2009). As local demand (domestic consumption) for bananas are nearly 400.000 tons. Therefore, Turkey has to import nearly 200.000 tonnes bananas from overseas. Local importers pay very high custom duties (over 100%) for imported bananas, as such banana retail prices remain high, which makes local banana production a very profitable enterprise. The main climatic constrain in Turkey like other subtropical regions are wide temperature fluctuations between day and night, low and high temperature extremes in winter and summer respectively and also rainfall is not sufficient in some months. Due to the low temperature, protected (greenhouse) cultivation has gained popularity in recent years in Turkey. In Turkey, protected cultivation of banana began in the 1980’s in Anamur and Bozyazi, Mersin and in the 1990s this cultivation type gained popularity. Presently a similar trend is underway in Erdemli, Mersin; Alanya, Gazipasa (flat region), Finike, Kumluca, Antalya and Iskenderun, Hatay. The objective of this study was to evaluate the cultivation and constrain constrains of banana in Turkey. o Banana Growing under Open-Field and Protected Conditions Banana growing areas in Turkey are located in the Mediterranean costal strip. Planting occurs in the North part of the mountain to protect from wind damage. Bananas have been grown in Turkey in both open-field and protected cultivation (plastic greenhouse). Anamur and Bozyazi in Mersin are the main protected cultivation areas. On the other hand, banana has grown in Alanya and Gazipasa, Antalya both open-field and protected cultivation. Average mean yearly minimum/maximum temperatures in the open-field cultivation and under the protected cultivation are 10/30 °C and 11/35 °C, respectively. Yearly average relative humidity for both conditions is over 60%. Shading powder was applied during the summer season to protect plants and fruits from sunburn damage under protected cultivation. 474 �Growing Conditions and Cultural Practices In Turkey, the greenhouse structure is made of round iron poles and 6.5 – 7 meters high at the top and 5-6 meters below the gutter and covered with plastic. Generally, the greenhouse is not heated in all locations. The greenhouse cost approximately 10-15 Euros/m2 (without a plastic cover). However, banana plants bear fruits the same year after planting and the production costs outlays are recovered within a few years. ‘Dwarf Cavendish’ is the most common cultivar for open-field. But ‘Grande Nain’ and ‘Azman’ (local cultivar) are the most widely planted cultivars for greenhouse conditions. Plants are planted in March for openfiled condition. However, there are two planting time for protected cultivation (February and September). When the plants are planted under open-field, the first ratoon crop is not so productive. But the plants produce very good bunch in the first ratoon crop under protected cultivation. While suckers are used for open-field cultivation, tissue culture plants are used for protected cultivation. Plant spacing is 2.5 x 2m (2000 plant per ha) in open-field conditions, and 3 x 1.8 m (1850 plant per ha) in protected cultivation (Gubbuk and Pekmezci, 2004). Single line is preferred than double line. But after the second ratoon crop, the plants are increased 2100 or 2200 plant per ha both cultivation systems. The soil pH was slightly alkaline, lime content was medium, texture was loam, and organic matter content was between low and medium (Köseoğlu et al., 1985). Organic manure is applied at about 50 to 60 kg per plant. Fertilizers are applied either by hand around the plant or via irrigation. The main fertilizers are NPK, which are applied at rate of 300, 400, and 1000 g/plant per cycle. Drip irrigation system are used in both cultivation system. Nematodes are the most important pests of banana. There is no Sigatoka and common virus disease in Turkey. Postharvest Technologies including handling and ripening are improve day by day. Differences between Cultivation Systems The main differences between both cultivation systems is days from shooting to harvest and yield. Only one crop is produced per year in field conditions, but sometimes two crops are obtained per year under protected cultivation. Days from shooting to harvest were shorter (between 90-120 days) in protected cultivation. Bunch was harvested earlier in protected cultivation than in open-field cultivation. The shorter interval is a great advantage in the subtropical region, especially in the case of frost damage. After mid November, the temperature begins to drop in the cool subtropical climate. Frost damage occurs not only in plants, but also in the fruit. Frost damage can rarely be seen in sucker and fruit in protected cultivation, but not in open-field cultivation. Average yield per ha is between 25-30 tons in open-field and 50-70 tons under protected cultivation. The harvest time for protected cultivation is between October and January and between December and March for open-field condition. The farmer and retail prices are different in Turkey. The farmer price is between 0.7 and 0.8 Euro per kg. However, the retail price is about 1.5 Euro per kg. Therefore, the income is higher in protected cultivation. Advantages of Protected Cultivation There are many advantages in protected cultivation compared to open-field cultivation in subtropical conditions e.g. (a) Reduction of life cycle from planting to harvest (b) Reduction in water consumption (c) Extended duration of temperatures above 20oC (d) Higher rate of photosynthesis (e) Protection against wind and other weather conditions (e.g. sunburn and hail) (f) Increased bunch and finger weight (Galan Sauco et al., 1998). Furthermore, in protected cultivation, chilling injury and low temperature differences do not negatively affect the plants and fruits, as compared to open-field cultivation. Disadvantages of Open-Field Cultivation The main constrain of banana growing in Turkey like the cooler subtropics are the greater diurnal temperature fluctuations, and lower night temperatures, insufficient rainfall and wind damage. Furthermore, winter leaf sunburn, underpeel discolouration and growth cessations are typical physiological problems associated with banana production in the subtropics (Robinson, 1996). 475 �Conclusion The advantage of growing banana under protected cultivation under cool subtropical conditions is that the yield and the quality are higher, compared with open-field cultivation. Therefore, higher yields increase the economic prospects of banana cultivation in the subtropical regions. References Anonymous, (2009). https://www.fao.org Galan Sauco, V., Ait Oubahou, A. and Abdelhaq, H. 2004. Greenhouse cultivation of bananas. Chronica Horticulturae, 44:2, 35–37. Galan Sauco, V., Cabrera Cabrera, J., Hernandez Delgado, P.M. and Rodriguez Pastor, M.C. (1998). Comparison of Protected and Open-Air Cultivation of Grande Naine and Dwarf Cavendish Bananas. Acta Horticulturae, 490: 247–259. Gubbuk, H. and M. Pekmezci (2004). Comparison of Open-field and Protected Cultivation of Banana (Musa spp. AAA) in the Coastal Area of Turkey. New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science, 32, 375-378. Köseoğlu, A.T., Onur, C., Arı, N. and Göncüoğlu, G. (1985). Muzlarda organik ve ticari gübrelerin gelişmeye ve yaprakların bitki besin maddeleri miktarlarına etkileri. Derim, 2(4): 3-6. Robinson, J.C. (1996). Bananas and Plantains. CAB International, 238 pp. 476 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 550 Title A name given to the resource Banana - A Very Profitable Crop for Subtropical Conditions Author Author Gübbük, Hamide Abstract A summary of the resource. Bananas have been cultivated economically for a long time in subtropical regions of Turkey where production and productivity per hectare have significantly increased due to the adoption of protected cultivation. Protected cultivation of banana began in the 1980’s in Anamur and Bozyazi, Mersin. In the 1990s this system became more popular. Today, a similar trend is underway in Mediterranean costal strip. Approximately 4300 ha of banana are grown in Turkey, of which over 2500 ha is grown under protected cultivation. The average yield per ha is about 20-30 tonnes under open-field and 60-70 tones under protected cultivation. In 2008, the total banana production of Turkey was 210.115 tones but domestic consumption of bananas in Turkey exceeds supply and hence bananas are imported. Local importers pay very high custom duties (over 100%) for imported bananas and because of that, banana retail prices remain high which makes local banana production a very profitable enterprise. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed Q Science (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/c9ed2af9bde90ef5953779d7df47ba12.pdf f682a8e2d9e977397938eff29b09ebc1 PDF Text Text 2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo Leadership and Identity Reconstruction in African Diaspora Tuba Gönel International Burch University Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina tgonel@ibu.edu.ba Abstract: The African’s New World experience was very traumatic in many ways. The forced immigration and the process of dehumanization and humiliation of African people contributed to their sense of unbelongling and inferiority besides the economic wealth and progress of Europe. The process of dehumanization and the imposition of a destructive identity caused two different attitudes in African slaves toward the issues of identity and self-appreciation. While one group of Africans, such as some intellectual and political leaders advocating the necessity of African recognition, resisted the social and racial discrimination, surprisingly enough, another group of Africans submitted to their statue as slaves and inferiors due to the influence of white society imposing the feeling of inferiority on them for centuries. Key Words: Diaspora, African experience, identity, leadership. “A person whose desires and impulses are his own- are the expression of his own nature, as it has been developed and modified by his own culture- is said to have a character.” “If a person possesses any tolerable amount of common sense and experience, his own mode of laying out his existence is the best, not because it is the best in itself, but because it is his own mode.” John Stuart Mill Introduction “A simple word…’diaspora’” (Dufoix 1). This simple word refers to a deeper meaning and importance not only for Diaspora communities but also for world history. The word has been assigned many different meanings referring to a phenomenon as old as human history. Diaspora, for a long time referred “only to physically scattered religious groups living as minorities among other people and other faiths” (Dufoix 1), was later, used in a wider sense to explain “any phenomenon of dispersion from a place; the organization of an ethnic, national, or religious community in one or more countries; a population spread over more than one territory; the places of dispersion; any nonterritorial space where exchanges take place” (Dufoix 2). Finally, today the term is used to refer to the “voluntary or involuntary migration of peoples; the maintenance or the recreation of identification with the country or land of origin; and the existence of communities that claim their attachment to a place or, on the contrary, “to their spatially free-floating existence” (Dufoix 2). Different from being a religious issue, as in the case of the voluntary dispersion of Christian and Muslim missionaries to Asia, Africa and Europe, Diaspora, in time, transformed into a socio-economic and political issue. In analyzing the Diaspora communities, it is evident that there is a huge variety of experiences the people of Diaspora had to endure. The most typical examples of Diaspora communities being spread over the world for centuries are black people, in the very center of dispersion, and Jews, perhaps representing “the classic Diaspora phenomenon (Dufoix 8). In our time, the technological developments minimizing the distance between time and places, have given rise to attempts to redefine the term Diaspora and the growing need of the dispersed to define themselves. These attempts and growing awareness make Diaspora a more complicated term related not only to socioeconomic or political issues, but also to the concepts of identity, multiculturalism, mis/recognition, ethnicity, and even hybridity. 275 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo For the sake of a better appreciation of Diaspora societies and the factors which contributed to the dispersion of these communities, in this paper, African societies and the various social structures within these societies will be analyzed in terms of their influence on African Diaspora. In an attempt to answer the question “What is African in the ‘African Diaspora?’” (Dufoix 15), the historian Joseph Harris describes African Diaspora as a concept that “subsumes the following: the global dispersion (voluntary and involuntary) of Africans throughout history; the emergence of a cultural identity abroad based on origin and social condition; and the psychological or physical return to the homeland, Africa” (Dufoix 13). Thanks to the nature of Diaspora causing dispersion, voluntary or forced migration and “ethno-cultural segregation” (Dufoix 26), diasporas, as the anthropologist Martine Hovanessian states, are often considered as “transmission belts between the minority culture and the national host culture” (Dufoix 29). That is because diasporas, who suffer from “social death”, as Orlando Patterson explains, and who “were uprooted from the African soil and separated from their families and communities for centuries, deprived of institutions, and yet condemned to existence” (Dufoix 14), were to create a new community to continue their existence to “give it visibility in the host community” (Dufoix 26). As it is taken in French studies, Diaspora, different from the commonly accepted perception of the term, refers to “the persistence of awareness and the community link in spite of dispersion” (Dufoix 27). The dispersed, away from their homeland and native culture, inevitably contribute to the formation of a new form of social structure resulting from close contact with the host community. As Benedict Anderson explains, “it is from confronting the other, the ‘non-self,’ that nationalism is born as an assertion of national purity in context where the prospect of mixing threatens one’s uniqueness” (qtd. in Dufoix 93). As historian William McNeill categorizes, there are four kinds of migrations: “the forced movement of one population by another; the conquest of one people by another, followed by a merger of the two; the welcomed arrival of strangers; and the importation of individuals or an entire people uprooted from their land” (qtd. in Dufoix 36). He continues stating that “the first kind corresponds to nomadism; the second, to enterprises of conquest; the third, to the establishment of commercial activities; and the fourth, to slavery” (Dufoix 36). The socio-economic and political developments of the twenty-first century are the most important motives driving people to question a possibility of developing the sense of identity for the groups who form “new and viable communities with those who do not share their backgrounds or beliefs” (Gomez 1). African Diaspora, which is “unique in its formation”, as Gomez states, and which is “a history of their [the people of African descent] experiences, contributions, victories, and struggles … and the massive movements and extensive relocations, resulting over long periods of time” (Gomez 1), is still of great importance for historians, anthropologists, sociologists and other scholars due to the valuable contributions of African people to world history and civilization. African Experience Not surprisingly, the most important reason that created the institution of slavery was the search for economic betterment. The trading process of Muslim Arabs, starting from the Northern Coastal regions of Africa and expanding to the coasts of Ghana and Saharan, the Red Sea, and the Indian Ocean, not only determined the slave routes, but also contributed to the enslavement of African people. Muslims, however, were not the only ones to drive Africans from their homeland. As Gomez states “European engagement with the Muslim world contributed to a cultural awakening and commercial expansion resulting in profound political transformations” (59). The growing demand for economic wealth, which would bring political power, motivated Europe to search for alternatives to achieve the expansion. The Christian-Muslim conflict and the economic and political strife between European nationals, “international commerce, sugar and New World incursion” (Gomez 59) gave rise to labor exploitation, finally leading to the capture and enslavement of African peoples. As Gomez points out, while the significance of African participation to the Muslim world is important, the transatlantic trade of Africans as slaves had a more acute impact on the people of African descent due to its “high volume and compact duration” (59). The Africans’ New World experience, however, was much more traumatic than their interaction with the Muslim world. The forced migration and the process of dehumanization and humiliation of African people not only contributed to their sense of unbelonging and inferiority, but, at the same time, facilitated Europe’s economic wealth and progress, which depended mainly on the physical, emotional and mental exploitation of African people. Being enslaved and performing both domestic and agricultural tasks under inhuman conditions raised one question: What was the motive that drove European people to choose Africans as their labor force? In analyzing the African Diaspora and the motives behind this phenomenon, it can be claimed that there are both external and internal factors. In addition to some factors such as their endurance to the inhuman conditions and the contagious diseases spread during the shipping process and on plantations, their dedication to hard work, 276 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo their docility and the feeling of inferiority also had an important role in the enslavement process of African people. As it is also stated in Douglass’s narrative of his life, the presence of black slaveholders and their inhuman practices on black slaves reveal another issue in African Diaspora; the destruction of African unity, in other words, the individualization of African people. As it is stated in Thompson’s book, the categorization of slaves according to their performance and ability, with disregard to their homeland, the separation from family members broke their understanding and chance for African unity. This individualization process and imposition of the feeling of inferiority led African people to submission and docility. As Charles Taylor states, their own self-depreciation, initiated by white society and carried on by African people themselves, “becomes one of the most potent instruments of their own oppression” (26). He also adds that “their first task ought to be to purge themselves of this imposed and destructive identity” (26). In addition to their feeling of inferiority and problematic sense of identity, an “interesting anomaly of North American slavery”, as Gomez states, “was the black slaveholder” (104). The History of Awakening Starting from the middle of the fifteenth century until the mid-sixteenth, Africans were driven from their homeland to another continent to contribute to the development of its economy by working the land to “sustain a plantation system of agriculture and to work the mines of South America in a new and unfamiliar environment” (Thompson 1). This slave trade, which forced millions of them to leave their homeland, took place until the end of the nineteenth century. Even though slavery was officially terminated earlier, the smuggling of slaves, as Thompson states, was “carried on by interlopers, by ships flying ‘flags of convenience’, and by nations which refused to accede to an international covenant on the ending of the trade in slaves” (Thompson 1). Even after the formal abolition of slave trade, recognized by first Britain in 1807 and then by the United States in1808, the smuggling of slaves did not end until some nations who did not recognize the abolition were compelled to withdraw from diplomatic activity (Thompson 1). However, as Thompson continues, despite the abolition, the acts of slavery were still supported by some countries such as France, Portugal, Spain, Brazil, Cuba and even the United States. The movement of the Europeans across the Atlantic, and their leading motivations, such as “greed, the quest for richness, political and religious persecution and economic failure at home” (Thompson 10), resulted in the “destruction and genocide upon the Amerindian civilizations of Central and South America” (Thompson 12). On the one hand, the newcomer nationals founded new settlements; on the other hand, they searched for the ways of wealth. Following their “foremost aim of exploration and colonization of the New World, essentially what was involved was an all embracing preoccupation with material enrichment and personal aggrandizement” (Thompson 13). This search for acquisition of wealth encouraged the advent of many European nationals, the establishment of new settlements and plantations, and the development of mining for material enrichment (Thompson 10). Preoccupied with the search for wealth and power, the growth of trading companies and the competition to “achieve commercial supremacy” (Thompson 29) and “the persistence of labour scarcity” (Thompson 25) in the Americas caused the forced migration of the Africans from their homeland to the plantation of the foreign continent. The European’s quest for commercial and political supremacy, and the African’s forced participation in this process, however, was full of pain, violence and suffering from the very beginning. Starting from the shipping period, hundreds of slaves committed suicide, and some could not survive due to the unbearable conditions they had to endure during the acclimatization process and their time on the plantations. The African people had to endure not only physical torture, but also mental and psychological oppression and humiliation that led to self-depreciation and lack of dignity in individuals. These traumatic experiences not only brought the issues of identity and recognition into discussion, but also helped to develop a sense of collective consciousness among black people. Due to this consciousness and the demand to be heard, they created their own struggle and their own leaders to guide them in their quest for both physical and spiritual freedom. In his article, Charles Taylor points to the destructive influences of the white attitude towards black people. As he states, “white society has for generations projected a demeaning image of them, which some of them have been unable to resist adopting” (26). He also claims that the ceaseless imposition of self-depreciation on black people contributed to their faulty perception of themselves. As a recommendation to correct this perception as the first step to building a peaceful notion of identity and to remove the oppression which had continued for generations, Charles states that it was their first task “to purge themselves to this imposed and destructive identity” (26). The growing popularity of some concepts such as identity, mis/recognition, mis/interpretation, and selfrealization, encouraged the demand for self representation among some minority groups including black people. 277 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo The need for recognition and proper presentation is one of the inspiring motives that gave rise to the birth of black leadership and literature. The demand for recognition in these later cases is given urgency by the supposed links between recognition and identity, where this later term designates something like a person’s understanding of who they are, of their fundamental defining characteristics as a human being. The thesis is that our identity is partly shaped by recognition or its absence, often by the misrecognition of others, and so a person or group of people can suffer real damage, real distortion, if the people or society around them mirror back to them a confining or demeaning or contemptible picture of themselves. Nonrecognition or misrecognition can inflict harm, can be a form of oppression, imprisoning someone in a false, distorted and reduced mode of being. (Multiculturalism 25) Motivated by the demand for recognition and the right to be heard, some writers and intellectuals of African origin supported the necessity of producing their own work describing themselves. The quest for selfrealization and self-description, however, would be painful and require a long process of self-questioning. As Baldwin states in the “Notes of a Native Son”, the most difficult phase of self-recognition was when he had to face the question: who he was for himself and for the West. I know, in any case, that the most crucial time in my own development came when I was forced to recognize that I was a kind of bastard of the West; when I followed the line of my past I did not find myself in Europe but in Africa…. What was the most difficult was the fact that I was forced to admit something I had always hidden from myself, which the American Negro has had to hide from himself as the price of his public progress; that I hated and feared white people; on the contrary, I despised them,… (Baldwin 7-8) As an alternative to the documents produced by the whites or slaveholders, black people gained the voice to narrate their own story. During the quest for freedom, black society created many leaders its own people. Motivated by the inspiration of independence, these leaders shared the common experience of humiliation, sufferings and in-betweenness. As John Iliffe states in his book Honour in African History, “resentment of racial contempt was a primary source of nationalist thought and action” (306). Even many years after abolition, the experiences of black people and leaders show similarities in terms of humiliation and oppression. Nationalists believed that “It is only when people are politically free, that other races can give them respect that is due to them” (Iliffe 307). To achieve this, some leading figures such as Chimpembere and Nkrumah advocated that “Africa’s traditions of heroic leadership” and racial pride should be appreciated and resurrected for racial uplifting. Other leaders, such as Mandela, also followed the heroic tradition. Leadership and the speeches of leaders are of vital importance to wake people to the consciousness of freedom. Selfexpression and “the experiences of addressing a crowd”, as Mandela states, “gave strength and inspiration” (Iliffe 307) to the leaders. Nkrumah who believed that the function of a leader was “to convince his audience that [freedom] was possible”, stated that “the sight of a crowd before me was all I needed to encourage the words to flow” (Iliffe 309). To provoke the desire for freedom and independence in his people, the task of a leader “is simply to rouse the people to a confidence in their own power of protest” (Iliffe 309). As Thompson states, the commonly accepted impression of slaves is that they “accepted their status and that even after emancipation many of them preferred their previous condition of bondage to liberty” (255). This situation, however, was the result of the economic, social and political oppression that the people of African descent had to survive for four centuries. The common image of black people in the 1800s is described in the quotation from Harriet Martineau: There is no reason to apprehend serious insurrection; for the Negroes are too degraded to act in concert, or to stand firm before the terrible face of the white man. Like all deeply-injured classes of persons, they are desperate and cruel, on occasions, kindly as their nature is; but as a class, they have no courage. The voice of a white, even of a lady, if it were authoritative, would make a whole regiment of rebellious slaves throw down their arms and flee…. They will never take the field, unless led on by free blacks. (qtd. in Thompson 255) Having suffered the unbearable brutality and the ongoing harshness of society, the slaves, believing that they had experienced enough pain and humiliation, were motivated by the possibility of revolt and a chance of victory that would provide them with a space “to overturn the system and establish a more tolerable society” (Thompson 259). The slaves, driven by the dream of a “more tolerable society”, had a list of reasons for revolt. The reasons not only encouraged many slaves to revolt against the unlawful practices of slavery, but also contributed to the birth of a variety of scholars and ideas. As an example, Dr. Orlando Patterson categorizes the two types of resistance under the titles of passive resistance and violent resistance. The subdivisions of passive resistance are as follows: “(i) refusal to work, general inefficiency deliberate laziness; (ii) satire; (iii) running away; (iv) suicide” (Thompson 261). He subdivides violent resistance into two; individual violence and collective violence. The principles of resistance and its subtitles including individual participation emphasize the importance of the requirement of individual consciousness and contributions of individuals to the resistance acts. The oppression and acts of brutality that were common to the slave experience started to be heard by slaves from different parts of the country, and led to the emergence of a kind of collective “consciousness of 278 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo oneness in oppression” (Thompson 264). As a natural result of this growing consciousness, and the contribution of the causes of revolt listed above, “the society itself was conditioning its collective outlook and was to produce in time what DuBois described as Africans from various parts united in experience and beginning to ‘think of Africa as one idea and one land’” (Thompson 265). Following the principles of the French Enlightenment, many intellectual, political and economic movements were initiated by some free black people, and the mulattos. The intellectual, political and economic context of the time prepared the background for the Haitian Revolution, which merits attention due to the fact that it “was a revolt of an uneducated and menial class of slaves, against their tyrannical oppressors, who not only imposed an absolute tax on their unrequited labour, but also usurped their very bodies” (Thompson 306). In the analysis of Haitian Revolution and the reasons behind its success, the concept of leadership takes the first place. Toussaint L’Ouverture, the prominent leader of the revolution, as Thompson states, “in a space of ten years, converted slaves into one of the most effective of fighting forces, second to none in valour, discipline and consciousness of the cause for which they fought” (351). Besides military leaders who encouraged and disciplined the African people to fight for their freedom, there are some others who contributed to the social betterment of the black society. (To mention some prominent names of African origin during the British anti-slavery period, we can talk about some leaders such as Ottobah Cugoano, Olaudah Equiano, Edward Jordan and Robert Osborne.) The aim of these leaders was, through their writings and publications, to wake people to the consciousness of “the moral arguments against the trade and system of the enslavement of man” (Thompson 361). As a part of society, black people deserve to be heard and recognized. They needed to be given the opportunity to contribute to the betterment of society. However, the brutality and the harshness of white society did not give them the opportunity for self-expression and social participation. This movement of moral awakening (through petitions), however, was not the only contribution of black people to their own revival. The numerous newspaper letters, autobiographies, newspapers and books published by black people contributed to the argument against slavery. As David Walker states in his book An Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the United States, “slaves should rise up and break of their shackles, and unless white Christian Americans changed their ways disaster would eventually overtake them” (Thompson 371). The publication by Frederick Douglass is of significance both to introduce his ideology of universal emancipation advocating the necessity of “the entire anti-slavery struggle with a wider international framework” (Thompson 372), and to“[demonstrate] its ability to act independently” (Thompson 375). Provoking the international spirit Douglass inspired a more radical, but gradual anti-slavery activity pioneered by Canadian blacks such as Henry Bibb, A. Bickford Jones, Wilson Abbot, George Brown, John Roat and Samuel Ring-gold Ward. (Thompson 379) In order to comprehend the important acts of these figures, a proper appreciation of the concept of leadership is necessary. The huge diversity of African social and historical background and the experiences of slavery created a huge diversity of principles and inspirations of leadership. As Thompson states, leadership determined by some factors such as environmental and psychological factors encouraged different responses. While some leaders advocated the inevitability of “outright confrontation”, others followed “moral guiding principles often derived from an understanding of religion” (Thompson 396). Thompson mentions the three categories of leadership; “first, those, who for want of a better term, constituted a kind of ‘physical force’ leadership; second, there were moral suasionists; and, finally, those who often employed organization and platforms to agitate a burning issue with a view to reaching a wider audience and, thus, inducing change” (396). Regardless of the fact that the changing circumstances, the political, social and economic context influenced these acts of leadership, all leaders focused on the question “After freedom what?” (Thompson 399). There are three rhetorical questions: “first, to be integrated and assimilated in the wider society in which they lived, second, to emigrate either within the confines of the nation to an area not yet densely settled on beyond the frontiers of the nation including emigration to Africa; and third, by expressing their separate identity within the wider framework of the same society” (Thompson 399). In discussing the leadership in African diaspora, it is important to remember that besides “the characteristics and beliefs in which these leaders had in common” (Thompson 401), they had divergence in “their approach to the alternatives posed by the societies in which they lived” (Thompson 401). The divergence of experiences of slavery and the social and political needs of the societies they lived in determined the roles of the leaders and the principles of leadership. Dubois’s belief in his people and the history of black people justified his struggle to establish a strong concept of leadership. For DuBois, “the Negro people, as a race, have a contribution to make to civilization and humanity, which no other race can make” (qtd. in Rabaka 405). As Rabaka states in his article: Each human group has its philosophy, which is to say that each group of human beings harbors a certain ‘habit of reflection’ that helps them interpret and understand the world in which they live…. In DuBois’s thinking, it is the African ‘world outlook,’ African conceptions of history, religion, politics, social organization, and art, among other things, that has provided and promises to provide Africa’s contribution to human culture and civilization. Indeed for DuBois, African peoples have a ‘great message… for humanity,’ and it is only 279 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo through careful, critical, and concerted study of their history and culture that they will be able to discover and recover and extend and expand not only what it means to be African but also what it means to be human in the modern movement. (405) In order to understand the leading motive that drove DuBois to develop his own understanding of leadership that would serve to the betterment of African society, it is necessary to focus on his interpretation of the issues that bring African and European societies into close contact. As Reed states, “DuBois’s pride in race coexisted with his enthusiasm at participation at the forefront of modern (European) culture and values, and statements lauding that latter and depreciating spontaneous Afro-American behaviour coexisted with statements that exalt black behaviour and values, and decry the bankruptcy of the European heritage” (433). For Reed, DuBois’s reflections of black folk life in his writings during the Harlem Renaissance, “emphasized what he considered its primitive aspects” (433). As he continues, “[DuBois] ‘lauds blacks’ ‘sensuous, tropical love of life, in vivid contrast to the cool and cautious New England reason’. ‘The Negro, [DuBois proclaimed], ‘is primarily an artist’” (434). Believing in the necessity to voice the natural need of African people, such as recognition and self-expression, DuBois supported the establishment of a coalition of the best “men of black and white races to attempt rationally to reorganize life in the South” (Reed 434). The idea of the coalition of the bests brought a new discussion into question: “the role of the elite”. For DuBois, the rise of the race’s natural leaders should be supported since even “if the group is to speak for itself, still not everyone can speak at once especially not if a single, collective agenda is to be fashioned” (Reed 434). However, the organization of this novel system of spokesmen brought new problems to the surface. The contribution of the elite required the necessity of “interracial organization”. Realizing that the postwar socioeconomic context created problems related to economic issues rather than political ones, DuBois decided to shift focus to developing an economic strategy. This perspective gave him the opportunity to analyze the white world. The social and political context of the late nineteenth century deprived black people of the political and social progress due to white rule. The political disenfranchisement of the black leaders led them to develop different alternatives to fight against the problems of their time such as “segregation, economic exploitation, legal discrimination, and racial violence” (Mia E. Bay 921+). The “creative conflict”, as Wilson Jeremiah Moses describes it, between black leaders, developed divergent characteristics and principles. “Moses characterizes Douglass’s thinking as ‘thoroughly inconsistent, usually opportunistic, and always self-serving,’ and he describes Garvey as a ‘defiant megalomaniac’” (Mia E. Bay 921+). Two of the most prominent figures among black leaders Booker T. Washington and W.E.B Dubois, had an intellectual disagreement about the advancement of black people. The most important difference between Washington and DuBois was their different opinions about the educational needs of black people, especially after the Reconstruction period. In exploring new alternatives to the progress of black Negro race, both DuBois and Washington focused on the importance of education but with different characteristics. As Bauerlein states, “Washington was of the opinion that through vocational or so-called industrial training blacks would win white respect by demonstrating a commitment to hard work.” He continues explaining that DuBois, on the other hand, “wanted blacks to be more confrontational with white segregationists. He contended that black progress could be achieved through an educational grounding in the arts and sciences which would result in the development of a black intellectual elite” (106). The contact of these two leaders started when DuBois sent a letter to Washington for a position as Tuskegee. At that time, Washington, known as the “‘Wizard of Tuskegee’, was the most distinguished black educator in the country”, while “DuBois was still an unknown figure, not yet what he was to become: a prominent public intellectual and forceful advocate of civil, political, and economic parity of blacks and whites in America” (Bauerlein 106). During the following years, the two intellectuals developed opposite ideas concerning “race policies in post Reconstruction America” (Bauerlein 106). As Bauerlein states, the growing disagreement between DuBois and Washington arose from the alternative ways to respond to segregation and determine their basic principles in their struggle for a place in society. Following the segregation years, during which they were neither free, nor slaves anymore, black people had to go through a traumatic period. The most difficult issue for blacks was to develop certain equalities in a context totally deprived of the notion of equality. Blacks started to take control of their life moderately but still they had a long way ahead before they could enjoy their social, economic and political freedom. While Washington, the gradualist and evolutionist, supported the idea of gradual progress and industrial education that would equip black people with the manual skills to afford their lives, DuBois, supporting race pride and higher education, opposed this vision of black people as manual workers and claimed that it was intellectual education that would uplift black society. In his Atlanta speech (1895), Washington, who believed in the priority of economic power over political power, clearly states his social principles. “The wisest among my race understand that the agitation of questions of social equality is the extremist folly”(qtd. Bauerlein 113). 280 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo Conclusion In conclusion, regardless of different demands of the leaders for black society, such as DuBois’s demand for racial pride, Washington’s for vocational education, Garvey’s for capitalism, and C.R.L. James’s belief in the “need to coordinate anti-colonial and antiracist struggles throughout Africa, the African Diaspora and Asia” (Gomez 181), as Stanley Crouch states, all leaders “were well aware of that education was the best weapon against racism and that being open to education an all that it made possible was the highest form of rebellion against the perception and the limited social access of an ethnic group considered ‘naturally’ stupid and incompetent” (Bauerlein 109). Moreover, the variety of experiences and methods offered by the leaders, all committed to the betterment of the socio-economic plight of black people, contributed to the creation of a new social and cultural order formed by the participation of contributors from different segments of the society. Despite the internal factors contributing to African Diaspora, it was again African people who woke to the consciousness of self-realization and self-identity. In time, thanks to the social awakening initiated by the leaders of African descent, they questioned their place in the society that they worked for. Believing that positive changes in society could only be managed if a new social order developed vis-à-vis socio-economic betterment aimed at every member of society, including black population, they aimed to minimize the destructive influence of colonialism and the diasporic experience. References Baldwin, James. (1998). Collected Essays: The Notes Of A Native Son. New York: Literary Classics of the United States,. 5-117. Bauerlein, Mark. (Winter, 2004-2005). Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. DuBois: The Origions of a Bitter Intellectual Battle. The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education, 46, 106-114. Bay, Mia E. (2005). Creative Conflict in African American Thought: Frederick Alexander Crummell, Booker T. Washington, W.E.B. DuBois, Marcus Garvey. Journal of Southern History (0022-4642), 71, 921-923. Dufoix, Stephane. (2003). Diasporas. Los Angeles, University Of California P. Gomez, Michael A. (2005). Reversing Sail A History of the African Diaspora. Cambridge, Cambridge UP. liffe, John. (2005). Honour In African History. Cambridge, Cambridge UP. Rabaka, Reiland. (2003). W.E.B. DuBois's Evolving Africana Philosophy Of Education. Journal Of Black Studies, 33, 399-449. Reed,Jr., Adolph L. (1985). W.E.B. DuBois A Perspective on the Bases of His Political Thought. Political Theory, 13, 431-56. Taylor, Charles. (1994). The Politics of Recognition, Multiculturalism. New Jersey, Princeton UP, 25-73. Thompson, Vincent B. (1987). The Making Of the African Diaspora in the Americas 1441-1900. New York, Longman. 281 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 707 Title A name given to the resource Leadership and Identity Reconstruction in African Diaspora Author Author Gönel, Tuba Abstract A summary of the resource. The African’s New World experience was very traumatic in many ways. The forced immigration and the process of dehumanization and humiliation of African people contributed to their sense of unbelongling and inferiority besides the economic wealth and progress of Europe. The process of dehumanization and the imposition of a destructive identity caused two different attitudes in African slaves toward the issues of identity and self-appreciation. While one group of Africans, such as some intellectual and political leaders advocating the necessity of African recognition, resisted the social and racial discrimination, surprisingly enough, another group of Africans submitted to their statue as slaves and inferiors due to the influence of white society imposing the feeling of inferiority on them for centuries. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/15415e429f2b417396e43354a6b2a162.pdf 5a0791e5ae4abb68823b538e2a262856 PDF Text Text 2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo Determining the Districts That can be a Province in Turkey Using Analytic Hierarchy Process Ġbrahim GÜNGÖR Prof. Dr., Akdeniz University igungor@akdeniz.edu.tr Hakan BAKAN Research Asistant, Mugla University hkn_bkn@mu.edu.tr Muharrem AKSU Lecturer, Akdeniz University muharremaksu@akdeniz.edu.tr Serap KĠREMĠTCĠ Research Asistant Ġstanbul University serapy@istanbul.edu.tr Ali GÖKSU Assist. Prof. Dr., International Burch University Faculty of Economics Department of Business Administration goksu@ibu.edu.ba Abstract: It is very important problem objectively determining districts which will become province. It will be appropriate to use AHP to search an efficient solution to this problem. In this study. In this study, AHP is used to determine priority ranking of districts which is eligible to become a province in Turkey. According to the result of this AHP application, Alanya is the most eligible candidate district with 33% importance degree. The following districts based on the ranking are; Bandırma, Fethiye, Elbistan, Ereğli, Bergama, ÖdemiĢ and ErciĢ. Introduction There are many districts that desire to become a province in Turkey. Districts' desire for becoming a province have been continuing for a long time. This demand is also used for election argument by politicians and political parties before the elections. Some of these districts achieved their wants, and finally became a province. With the rapid development of Turkey, some districts growed much more than some cities. As a result of this growth, these districts have the potential of being a province. However, there are some criterias which districs must have in order to become a province. Factors, such as socio-economic development, population, geographical structures of districts, need to be taken into consideration. The aim of the study is to compare 10 candidate district which desire to become a province according to the criterias that researchers has determined, and to choose the best candidate based on this comparison by using The Analytic Hierarchy Process. According to 126. article of The Constitution of the Republic of Turkey 1982, in terms of central administrative structure, Turkey is divided into provinces on the basis of geographical situation and economic conditions, and public service requirements; provinces are further divided into lower levels of administrative districts. In accordance with the provisions of constitute article, in Province Administration Law 5442 criterias are determined to established provinces while stating that Turkey divided into provinces, provinces divided into districts, and districts divided into sub-districts. But there are not defined criterias about the issue of administrative status change of a place in Turkey. And also status change of provinces, particularly change to provinces, is not mostly 517 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo based on the detailed social, economical and demographical researchs . It was based generally on some properties of the places that were made provinces during the years 1989-1999, such as the economical development or undevelopment, geographical positon, the historical background, the migration, the population density, and the security of the place. But like all these and other factors also are valid for the districts38. As there are not clear and obvious laws concerning with establishing new provinces in Turkey, the reasoning of establishing new provinces mostly based on the mentioned Constitution Article, and related articles of Province Administration Law. Since mentioned articles state only three criteria which are on the initiative of the government, it is the role of the government to fill the content of those unclear concepts. Although the desire of the people, geographical position, transportation and security factors generally play very crucial role on establishing provinces in Turkey, some places which come to the position of being a province according to economical situation, and population have forced governments which have voting concerns. Those governments change administrative position of the places mainly based on their political objectives. It is asserted that the use of the demand of becoming a province in recent years as a political pressure and gain on politicians have much more influence on the increasing number of the provinces than the public service requirements in Turkey 39. It is very important problem objectively determining districts which will become province. The evaluation of this subject without making it as a domestic political argument, will be easier and more convincing for both political parties and governments. It will be possible to show more fairly, scientifically and objectively behavior with the use of AHP at the solution of this problem. In the second part of this study, a brief information was given about AHP. In the third part, how the application was implemented, how the data was prepared, how the criterias were determined, and the results of the study were explained and reported. Analytic Hierarchy Process When decision makers face with a multicriteria problem, they decompose it in hieararchic levels acccording to importance of criterias. The decision making process involves developing priorities for alternatives based on the decision maker's judgements and selecting the best alternative that satisfies the objective. One of the techniques used for this process is Analytic Hierarcy Process (AHP) which allows pairwise comparisons. AHP is widely used as one of the major methods in solving a wide range of problems that involve complex criteria accross different levels where the interaction of criteria is common (Hsu ve Pan, 2009, p. 2311). AHP, developed by Saaty, is a decision aiding method provides a way to rank the alternatives of a problem by deriving priorities (Saaty, Peniwati ve Shang, 2007, s. 1041). It is a very useful tool for multicriteria decision making where the objective is to select the best alternative taken into consideration. AHP performs pairwise comparisons to measure relative importance of the elements in each level of the hierarchy and evalutes alternatives in the lowest level of the hierarcy in order to make the best decision among multiple candidates ( Sipahi and Esen, 2010, p. 300) In AHP, the hierarchic structure must be built by determining important criterias and subcriterias belonging to each criteria according to the decision maker's objective. First of all, the objective is determined and then the criterias for this objective will be pointed out. After this, alternatives for each criteria will be determined. In this way the hierarchic structure for decision making has been constructed. (Scholl et all., 2005, p.763) AHP is a mathematical method which considers group's or individual's characteristics, and evaluates quantitative and qualitative variables together in the decision making process (Dağdeviren et all., 2004, p.132). At the same time, it provides more efficient decision making oppurtunities ( Ecer and Dündar, 2008 , p. 198). This method has been widely used in solving real life complex decision making problems in recent literature, especially in effectiveness analysis and performance measurement problems (Peters and Zelewski, 2008, p.1040). 38 Gökçen KILINÇ, Yeni Ġl Kurulması ve Siyaset, http://www.istanbulburda.com/haber_author.php?id=1967; Gökçen KILINÇ ve Nuran ZEREN GÜLERSOY, ―Türkiye‘deki Ġlçelerin KentleĢme Derecelerine Göre Ġl Olma Potansiyellerinin Değerlendirilmesi‖, ĠTÜ Dergisi, Cilt 6, Sayı 1, Mart 2007, s.72. 39 Selçuk YALÇINDAĞ, ―Yönetsel Etkililik, Demokrasi ve Ġl Sayısının Artırılması‖, Amme Ġdaresi Dergisi, Cilt 30, Sayı 1, 1997, s.12; Yasin SEZER, ―Merkezi Yönetimin Ġl ve Bölge Ölçeğinde Örgütlenmesi‖, Ġktisadi ve Ġdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, C.I, S.I, Afyon, 1999, s.205.; Yasin SEZER, ―Kamu Yönetimi Temel Kanunu Tasarısı Çerçevesinde Ġl Genel Yönetimi Hakkında Bir Ġnceleme‖, (Ed.), Nagehan Arslan, Türkiye‘de Kamu Yönetimi Sorunları Üzerine Ġncelemeler, Seçkin Yayınları, Ankara, 2005, s.22. 518 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo The AHP approach was developed in the early 1970s in response to military contingency planning, scarce resources allocation, and the need for political participation in disarmament agreements (Yang and Shi, 2002, p. 30). AHP is not only a decision making method that decomposes a complex multi-criteria decision problem into a hierarchy but also a measurement theory that prioritizes the hierarchy and consistency of the judgmental data provided by a group of decision makers agreements (Hsu ve Chen, 2008, p. 46) The use of AHP in order to solve a decision making problem involves the following steps (Al-Harbi, 2001, p. 20): 1. Define the decision making problem and determine its goal. 2. Structure the hierarchy from the top (the objectives from a decision-maker's point of view) through the intermediate levels (criteria on which subsequent levels depend) to the lowest level which usually contains the list of alternatives. 3. Construct a set of pair-wise comparison matrices ( n x n square matrix) for each of the lower levels with one matrix for each element in the level immediately above by using the relative scale measurement shown in Table 1 The pair-wise comparisons are done in terms of of which element dominates the other. 4. The number of judgements equals to n(n-1)/2. Judgements required to develop the set of matrices which should be both transitive and reciprocal in step 3. 5. Hierarchical synthesis is now used to weight the eigenvectors by the weights of the criteria and the sum is taken over all weighted eigenvector entries corresponding to those in the next lower level of the hierarchy. 6. Having made all the pair-wise comparisons, the consistency is determined by using the eigenvalue, max , to calculate the consistency index, CI as follows: CI = (max - n)/(n- 1), where n is the matrix size. Judgement consistency can be checked by taking the consistency ratio (CR) of CI with the appropriate value in Table 2. The (CR) is acceptable if it is less than 0.10. Otherwise the the judgement matrix is inconsistent. To obtain a consistent, judgements should be reviewed and improved. 7. Steps 3-6 are performed for all levels in the hierarchy. Intensity of Importance 1 3 5 7 9 2,4,6,8 Definition Explanation Equal Importance Two activities contribute equally to the objective Moderate Experience and judgment slightly favor one activity over another Ġmportance Strong importance Experience and judgment strongly favor one activity over another Very strong or An activity is favored very strongly over another; its dominance demonstrated demonstrated in practice importance Extreme The evidence favoring one activity over another is of the highest importance possible order of affirmation Intermediate values when compromise is needed Table 1: The Fundamental Scale of Absolute Numbers ( Saaty, 2008, p. 125) 519 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo n Average random index 1 0 2 0 3 0.52 4 0.89 5 1.11 6 1.25 7 1.35 8 1.40 9 1.45 10 1.49 Table 2: Random Consistency Index ( Saaty, Vargas and Dellmann, 2003, p. 174) The Study People have troubles while making decisions about any issue in the time of they living. Contradictory results may also appear on the decisions about same issue made by people. The most important reason of for this is the intention of selecting best decisions over the alternatives. Same situation is also valid for the decisions taken by the government. Since the government must make the best decision for its public. Because of demand of individuals that live in the country about changing their districst in which they live to provinces, one of the most important decisions is which districts will become province. At this time, this decision is very important as it burden additional expenses to the budget. In this study, AHP is used to determine priority ranking of districts which is eligible to become a province in Turkey. Candidate districts are determined by preselection with this application. Above mentioned criterias are taken into consideration for preselection: - Population of the center must be greater than 50 000, - Population of district must be greater than 100 000, - Distance from the province must be greater than 100 km. Values of above mentioned criteria for each of the candidate districts determined by preselection, are obtained from municipality‘s and governer‘s official websites and shown in Table 3. CRITERIAS DISTANCE (KM)* CENTER POPULATION** DISTRICT‘S POPULATION** SURFACE AREA(KM2) NUMBER OF VILLAGES NUMBER OF CONNECTED DISTRICTS CON.TOTAL POPULATION.** TEMPORARY POPULATION**** REAL WAGE*** ALANYA FETHĠYE ERCĠġ EREĞLĠ ELBĠSTAN ÖDEMĠġ BANDIRMA BERGAMA 138 100 102 124 103 153 158 113 134056 113851 58570 72003 74858 95056 85642 73310 241451 132077 100802 183184 158795 135008 135386 129260 1827 690 1688 3055 2115 2260 2546 1082 3 0 0 3 3 0 0 2 5 4 7 3 3 3 7 6 152649 208340 332353 95653 238131 63563 238450 312937 1377146 74548 21186 252726 3440 9500 5934 2935 84714 123754 21024 83628 91169 85191 558996 706831 Table 3: Quantitative values of criterias for each of the districts *http://www.kgm.gov.tr/Sayfalar/KGM/SiteTr/Uzakliklar/ililcelerArasiMesafe.aspx ** http://tuikapp.tuik.gov.tr/adnksdagitapp/adnks.zul *** http://ekutup.dpt.gov.tr/bolgesel/gosterge/2004/ilce.pdf **** http://www.turizm.gov.tr 520 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo DISTRICTS DISTANCE NORMALIZED VALUE OF DISTANCE ALANYA 138,0000 0,1393 BANDIRMA 100,0000 0,1009 BERGAMA 102,0000 0,1029 ELBĠSTAN 158,0000 0,1594* ERCĠġ 103,0000 0,1039 EREĞLĠ 153,0000 0,1544 FETHĠYE 124,0000 0,1251 ÖDEMĠġ 113,0000 0,1140 TOTAL 991,0000 1,0000 Table 4: Distance Criteria According to distance criteria most appropriate district to become a city is Elbistan with approximately %16. Bandırma district is in the last rank with % 10. DISTRICTS ALANYA CENTER‘S CENTER‘S POPULATION NORMALIZED VALUE POPULATION 134056,000 0,1895* BANDIRMA 113851,000 0,1610 BERGAMA 58570,000 0,0828 ELBĠSTAN 85642,000 0,1211 ERCĠġ 74858,000 0,1058 EREĞLĠ 95056,000 0,1344 FETHĠYE 72003,000 0,1018 ÖDEMĠġ 73310,000 0,1036 TOTAL 707346,000 1,0000 Table 5: Center‘s Population Criteria Alanya district is in the first rank with %19 accoding to the center‘s population criteria and Bergama is the last with %8. 521 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo DISTRICTS ALANYA DISTRICT‘S NORMALIZED VALUE OF DISTRICT‘S POPULATION POPULATION 241451,000 0,1986* BANDIRMA 132077,000 0,1086 BERGAMA 100802,000 0,0829 ELBĠSTAN 135386,000 0,1113 ERCĠġ 158795,000 0,1306 EREĞLĠ 135008,000 0,1110 FETHĠYE 183184,000 0,1506 ÖDEMĠġ 129260,000 0,1063 TOTAL 1215963,000 1,0000 Table 6: District‘s Population Criteria For district‘s population criteria the most important district is Alanya and the least is Bergama. DISTRICTS SURFACE AREA NORMALIZED VALUE OF SURFACE AREA ALANYA 1827,000 0,1197 BANDIRMA 690,000 0,0452 BERGAMA 1688,000 0,1106 ELBĠSTAN 2546,000 0,1668 ERCĠġ 2115,000 0,1386 EREĞLĠ 2260,000 0,1481 FETHĠYE 3055,000 0,2002* ÖDEMĠġ 1082,000 0,0709 TOTAL 15263,000 1,0000 Table 7: Surface Area Criteria According to surface area criteria most appropriate district to become a city is Fethiye with approximately %20. Bandırma district is in the last rank with % 4. DISTRICTS NUMBER OF NORMALIZED VALUE OF VILLAGE NUMBERS VILLAGES ALANYA 3,000 0,2727* BANDIRMA 0,000 0,0000 BERGAMA 0,000 0,0000 ELBĠSTAN 0,000 0,0000 ERCĠġ 3,000 0,2727* EREĞLĠ 0,000 0,0000 FETHĠYE 3,000 0,2727* ÖDEMĠġ 2,000 0,1818 TOTAL 11,000 Table 8: Number of Villages Criteria 522 1,0000 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo Alanya , Fethiye and ErciĢ districts together are in the first rank with %27 accoding to the number of villages criteria. DISTRICTS ALANYA NUMBER OF NORMALĠZED VALUE OF NUMBER OF DISTRICTS TO DISTRICTS TO BE BE CONNECTED CONNECTED 5,000 0,1316 BANDIRMA 4,000 0,1053 BERGAMA 7,000 0,1842* ELBĠSTAN 7,000 0,1842* ERCĠġ 3,000 0,0789 EREĞLĠ 3,000 0,0789 FETHĠYE 3,000 0,0789 ÖDEMĠġ 6,000 0,1579 TOTAL 38,000 1,0000 Table 9: Number of Districts to be Connected Criteria According to this criteria, Bergama and Elbistan have the highest importance percentage with approximately %18. DISTRICTS CONNECTED TOTAL POPULATION NORMALIZED VALUE OF CONNECTED TOTAL POLULATION ALANYA 152649,000 0,0930 BANDIRMA 208340,000 0,1269 BERGAMA 332353,000 0,2024* ELBĠSTAN 238450,000 0,1452 ERCĠġ 238131,000 0,1450 EREĞLĠ 63563,000 0,0387 FETHĠYE 95653,000 0,0583 ÖDEMĠġ 312937,000 0,1906 TOTAL 1642076,000 1,0000 Table 10: Connected Total Population Criteria According to connected total population criteria, Bergama has the highest importance percentage with approximately %20 and the last is Ereğli. 523 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo DISTRICTS ALANYA TEMPORARY NORMALIZED VALUE OF TEMPORARY POPULATION POPULATION 1377146,000 0,7926* BANDIRMA 64548,000 0,0372 BERGAMA 21186,000 0,0122 ELBĠSTAN 5934,000 0,0034 ERCĠġ 3440,000 0,0020 EREĞLĠ 9500,000 0,0055 252726,000 0,1455 2935,000 0,0017 1737415,000 1,0000 FETHĠYE ÖDEMĠġ TOTAL Table 11: Temporary Population Criteria According to the temporary population criteria, the most eligible candidate is Alanya with % 79 and the last is ÖdemiĢ. DISTRICTS REAL WAGE NORMALIZED VALUE OF REAL WAGE ALANYA 558,9960 0,3185 BANDIRMA 706,8310 0,4027* BERGAMA 84,7140 0,0483 ELBĠSTAN 91,1690 0,0519 ERCĠġ 21,0240 0,0120 EREĞLĠ 83,6280 0,0476 FETHĠYE 123,7540 0,0705 ÖDEMĠġ 85,1910 0,0485 1755,3070 1,0000 TOTAL Table 12:Real Wage Criteria According to real wage criteria, Bandırma has the highest importance percentage with approximately %40, Alanya is in the second rank with %32 and the last is ErciĢ. 524 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo GENERAL DISTANCE CENTER‘S DISTRICT‘S SURFACE POPULATION POPULATION AREA NUMBER OF VILLAGES NUMBER OF DISTRICT‘S TO BE CON TOTAL POPULATION TO BE CON. TEMPORARY POPULATION REAL WAGE DISTANCE 1,0000 0,3333 0,5000 1,0000 0,5000 0,5000 0,3333 0,2500 0,1429 CENTER‘S POPULATION 3,0000 1,0000 2,0000 4,0000 3,0000 3,0000 2,0000 0,3333 0,2000 DISTRICT‘S POPULATION 2,0000 0,5000 1,0000 3,0000 2,0000 2,0000 1,0000 0,3333 0,2000 SURFACE AREA 1,0000 0,2500 0,3333 1,0000 0,3333 0,3333 0,2500 0,2500 0,1429 NUMBER OF VILLAGES 2,0000 0,3333 0,5000 3,0000 1,0000 1,0000 0,3333 0,3333 0,1667 NUMBER OF DISTRICT‘S TO BE CONN. 2,0000 0,3333 0,5000 3,0000 1,0000 1,0000 0,3333 0,2500 0,2000 TOTAL POPULATION TO BE CON. 3,0000 0,5000 1,0000 4,0000 3,0000 3,0000 1,0000 0,5000 0,2500 TEMPORARY POPULATION 4,0000 3,0000 3,0000 4,0000 3,0000 4,0000 2,0000 1,0000 0,2500 REAL WAGE 7,0000 5,0000 5,0000 7,0000 6,0000 5,0000 4,0000 4,0000 1,0000 19,8333 19,8333 Total 25,0000 11,2500 13,8333 30,0000 11,2500 7,2500 2,5524 Table 13: Pair-wise Comparison Matrix of Criterias These values are obtained from expert view of a vice governer. Consistency Ratio (CR) is acceptable if CR is less than 0,10 . Otherwise the judgements of the decision maker are inconsistent. T1 Distance Center‘s Population District‘s Population Surface Area Number of Villages Number of Districts to be connected Connected Total Population Temporary Population Real Wage Weights 0,0344 0,1213 0,0791 0,0295 0,0542 0,0543 0,1032 0,1715 0,3525 Table 14: Weights of criterias After calculating weights for criterias, it is come to stage of solving decision problem, in other words last stage of the AHP. At this stage, a matrix consists of calculated relative priority values (table 14) was created and then by multiplying with Matrix of Weighted Criteria (Table 16), Decision Matrix (Table 17)was created. 525 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo Distance Center‘s Population District‘s Population 0,1895 0,161 0,0828 0,1211 0,1058 0,1344 0,1018 0,1036 0,1986 0,1086 0,0829 0,1113 0,1306 0,111 0,1506 0,1063 0,1393 0,1009 0,1029 0,1594 0,1039 0,1544 0,1251 0,114 Table 15:Final Table Number Number of of villages Districs to be conn. 0,1197 0,2727 0,1316 0,0452 0 0,1053 0,1106 0 0,1842 0,1668 0 0,1842 0,1386 0,2727 0,0789 0,1481 0 0,0789 0,2002 0,2727 0,0789 0,0709 0,1818 0,1579 Surface area Total Population to be conn. Temporary Population 0,093 0,1269 0,2024 0,1452 0,145 0,0387 0,0583 0,1906 0,7926 0,0372 0,0122 0,0034 0,002 0,0055 0,1455 0,0017 Real Wages 0,3185 0,4027 0,0483 0,0519 0,012 0,0476 0,0705 0,0485 Weight Points 0,0344 0,1213 0,0791 0,0295 0,0542 0,0543 0,1032 0,1715 0,3525 . Sij Eligibility ranking for becoming a province 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 x T Districts Coefficients Alanya Bandırma Fethiye ÖdemiĢ Elbistan Bergama ErciĢ Ereğli % 33 % 18 % 11 %8 %8 %7 %7 % 6 Table 16: Order of Preference Results AHP is a mathematical method, which evaluates quantitative and qualitative variables together in the solution of decision problems and enables efficient decision making . This method has been widely used in solving real life complex decision making problems in recent literature, especially in effectiveness analysis and performance measurement problems. It is an important problem to determine the districts which are eligible to become province. To handle this issue without makig it a domestic politics material will be more easy and persuasive for both of the political parties and goverments. More fair, scientific and objective attitude can be possible by using AHP in the solution of this problem. Therefore in this study, AHP is used to determine priority ranking of districts which are eligible to become a province in Turkey. According to the result of this AHP application, Alanya is the most eligible district with %33 importance degree and Bandırma is in the second place with a 15 point difference. Fethiye has the third rank and ÖdemiĢ has the forth rank. Suggestions It is shown with this study that AHP method can be applicable to determine the priority ranking of districts to become province. When new provinces are in agenda, more current data and criterias must be used in a Project with Ministry of Interriors and other relevant govermental institutions in order to help political authorithy on decision making about this subject. 526 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo References DAĞDEVĠREN, M. vd. (2004), ―ĠĢ Değerlendirme Sürecinde Analitik HiyerarĢi Prosesi ve Uygulaması‖, Gazi Üniversitesi Müh. Mim. Fak. Dergisi, C.19. DÜNDAR, S. ve ECER, F. (2008), ―Öğrencilerin GSM Operatörü Tercihinin Analitik HiyerarĢi Süreci Yöntemiyle Belirlenmesi‖, Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Ġ.Ġ.B.F Yönetim Ekonomi Dergisi, C.15. HSU, P. and CHEN, B. (2008), ―Integrated Analytic Hierarchy Process and Entropy to Develop a Durable Goods Chain Store Franchisee Selection Model‖, Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics, V.20, N.1. KURUÜZÜM, A. ve ATSAN, N. (2001),―Analitik HiyerarĢi Yöntemi ve iĢletmecilik Alanındaki Uygulamaları‖ Akdeniz Ġ.Ġ.B.F. Dergisi. TOKSARI, M. (2007), ―Analitik HiyerarĢi Prosesi YaklaĢımı Kullanılarak Mobilya Sektörü için Ege Bölgesi‘nde Hedef Pazarın Belirlenmesi‖, Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Ġ.Ġ.B.F Yönetim Ekonomi Dergisi, C.14. YARALIOĞLU, K. (2001), ―Performans Değerlendirmede Analitik HiyerarĢi Proses‖, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Ġ.Ġ.B.F. Dergisi, C.6. YÜKSEL, Ġ. ve AKIN, A. (2006), ―Analitik HiyerarĢi Proses Yöntemiyle iĢletmelerde Strateji Belirleme‖, DoğuĢ Üniversitesi Dergisi, C.7. PETERS, M. and ZELEWSKĠ, S. (2008), ―Pitfalls in the Application of Analytic Hierarchy Process to Performance Measurement‖, Management Decision, V.46, N. 7. SAATY, THOMAS L., (2008), " The Analytic Hierarchy and Analytic Network Measurement Processes: Applications to Decisions under Risk", European Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics, Vol.1, No.1., pp. 122-196. SAATY, THOMAS L., VARGAS LUIS G. and DELLMAN K., (2003), "The allocation of intangible resources: the analytic hieararchy process and linear programming", Socio-Economic Planning Sciences, Vol. 37, pp. 169-184. AL-HARBI, K.M AL-SUBHI., (2001), "Application of the AHP in project management", International Journal of Project Management, Vol.19, pp. 19-27. SAATY, THOMAS L., PENIWATI, K. and SHANG, JEN, S., (2007), "The analytic hieararchy process and human resource allocation: Half the story", Mathematical and Computer Modelling, Vol.46, pp. 1041-1053. HSU, TSUEN, H. and PAN, FRANK, F.C., (2009), "Application of Monte Carlo AHP in ranking dental quality attributes", Expert Systems with Applications, Vol. 26, pp. 2310-2316. SIPAHI, S. and ESEN, O., (2010), "A multi-criteria model for bidding evaluation: An alternative selection of the best firms for the presentation of Istanbul 2010", Management Decision, Vol. 8, No. 2, pp. 296-313. YANG, J. and SHI, P., (2002), " Applying Analytic Hierarchy Process in Firm's Overall Performance Evaluation: A Case Study in China", International Journal of Business, Vol. 7, No. 1, pp. 29-46. SCHOLL A., vd. (2005); ―Solving Multiattribute Design Problems With Analytic Hierarchy Process and Conjoint Analysis: An Empirical Comparison‖, European Journal of Operational Research, 164. SAATY THOMAS L., (1980), The Analytic Hierarchy Process, McGraw-Hill International Book Company, New York ADIGÜZEL, O., ÇETĠNTÜRK, Ġ. and ER, O., (2009) , ‗ Konaklama iĢletmelerine olan MüĢteri Tercihinin Analitik HiyerarĢi Prosesi Yöntemiyle Belirlenmesi‘ , Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Dergisi, C1. 527 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 268 Title A name given to the resource Determining the Districts That can be a Province in Turkey Using Analytic Hierarchy Process Author Author GÜNGÖR, İbrahim BAKAN, Hakan AKSU, Muharrem KİREMİTCİ, Serap GÖKSU, Ali Abstract A summary of the resource. It is very important problem objectively determining districts which will become province. It will be appropriate to use AHP to search an efficient solution to this problem. In this study. In this study, AHP is used to determine priority ranking of districts which is eligible to become a province in Turkey. According to the result of this AHP application, Alanya is the most eligible candidate district with 33% importance degree. The following districts based on the ranking are; Bandırma, Fethiye, Elbistan, Ereğli, Bergama, ÖdemiĢ and ErciĢ. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed HB Economic Theory https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/7276dc34375535b5f6252f0c48885ae7.pdf 1ef701befc94166d5df04634abd292e7 PDF Text Text Environmentally Sustainable Salmonid Culture Yusuf GÜNER Ege University, Faculty of Fisheries, Aquaculture Department, Izmir-Turkey yusuf.guner@ege.edu.tr Gürel TÜRKMEN Ege University, Faculty of Fisheries, Aquaculture Department, Izmir-Turkey gurel.turkmen@ege.edu.tr Abstract: Until very recently most research relating environmental quality and aquaculture was limited to assessment of environmental conditions necessary for culture. Emphasis was placed on dissolved oxygen requirement of the culture fish or the maximum dissolved nitrogen level that could be tolerated without impairment of growth rates or survival. Most attention was directed towards the effect of the environment upon the aquaculture operation, while the converse perspective, the effect of aquaculture upon environmental quality, was largely ignored. The sustainability of aquaculture development and the environmental impacts of aquaculture operations have become a matter of considerable concern for all stakeholders. The development of the aquaculture industry, especially if it is to sustain its current growth, depends on finding ways to increase its environmental, economic and social acceptability. The technique used to culture salmonids throughout the world varies greatly with respect to the water source and means of confining the fish. With the rapid growth of salmonid cage culture over the past decade has come increased examination of this industry segment as a potential pollution source. Aquaculture pollution mainly originates from the physical and chemical characteristics of feed and the applied feeding management. This article reviews the available information on those environmental impacts of salmonid culture and three reportedly environmentally-friendly alternatives; a marine floating bag system; a land-based saltwater flow-through system; and a land-based freshwater recirculating system. Key words: Salmonid, Aquaculture, Environment 1. Introduction Aquaculture has been the most important food source in the world, as an alternative to land based agriculture. The FAO records indicate this industry as the fastest growing sector in agriculture. The production amount had increased from 16.8 million metric tonnes to 68.35 m metric tonnes between 1990 and 2008. (FAO 2010) Based on these statistics, aquaculture is growing more rapidly than all other animal foodproducing sectors. Aquaculture production in Europe has grown to become a significant industry over the past decade and has partly compensated for the decrease in capture pro duction due to dwindling natural stocks (European Commission 2002). The largest aquaculture producer in Europe in 2008 was Norway (Fig. 1). In terms of volume of production there are four other countries in Western Europe, aside from Norway, which are major producers, namely Spain, France, Italy and the United Kingdom. In Eastern Europe, in terms of volume of production, Turkey is the major producer (Fig. 1; Fishstat 2010). The most important species in terms of volume and value of production for aquaculture is the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) (high market value but also high cost of production), while the species with the second highest levels of production are mussels (in terms of volume) and seabream and seabass (in terms of value) . It seems that high production (volume and value) is associated with intensive farming of marine fish species (salmon, while the highest production purely in terms of volume (i.e. mussel farming) is associated with lower market value. Of the total world aquaculture production in 2008, 43% was in the form of finfish and crustacean species, the production of which is dependent upon the supply and use of external off-farm nutrient inputs in the form of compound aquaculture feeds. Feed development may need to place increased emphasis on the efficient use of resources and the reduction of feed waste and nutrient discharge. The technique used to culture salmonids throughout the world vary greatly particulary with respect to the water source(i.e., groundwaters or fresh, salt or brackish surface waters) and the means of confining the fish (i.e., raceways,tanks,ponds,cages). Land-based culture vs. cage culture in open water is a major dichotomy central to the prediction of likely environmental impacts. A wide variety of waste recovery or treatment 630 �900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 B Sw elg itz ium er la Au nd st Ic ria el Po and rtu Sw g a l ed Fi en n D lan en d m G ar e N rm k et he any rla nd Ire s la U n ni te Gre d d e Ki ce ng do m Ita Fr ly an ce Sp ai N n or w ay Production in year 2008 (000 tonnes) techniques are available to the land-based culturist where effluent is confined within some form of conduit.In cage culture the effluent is immediately diluted within the receiving water body with little or no opportunity for waste recovery and treatment. A land-based salmonid farm is generally viewed by regulators as a typical pointsource discharge.It will often be required to have some means of waste retention or treatment (e.g.,settling pond or filtration), and the effluent will be regulated for parameters such as total suspend solids (TSS) and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD). However, a cage farm is subject to none of these treatment or effluent limitations, even if it contains as great or greater fish biomass as its land-based counterpart. This article reviews the available information on those environmental impacts of salmonid culture and three reportedly environmentally-friendly alternatives; a marine floating bag system; a land-based saltwater flow-through system; and a land-based freshwater recirculating system. Production in year 2008 (000 tonnes) A (Western and Central Region of European Aquaculture) 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 y y s ia ia ia ia a ia ia a ia ia d ic ia tv oni en on alt an an pru gar oat an ak gar ubl lan rke v un M lb hu Cy ul o Tu r p La Est lov ed m o l P e C t A Li B H R S ac Ro S h M ec Cz B (Eastern Region of Europaen Aquaculture) Figure 1. European aquaculture production (FAO, 2010). 2. Types of Wastes Assocıated with Salmonıd Culture 2.1. Particulate Wastes The primary types of particulate waste from salmonid culture are feces and uningested feed 631 �pellets.When fed a dry pelleted diet, salmonid feces typically comprise about one-third of ingested material on a dry weight basis ( Butz and Vens-Cappell 1982). The amount of uningested feed will depend upon many factors, including the feed type and metod of dispersal, so consequently estimates of feed wastage vary greatly. Between 1 and 40 % of the feed provided to the fish will not be ingested. Such methods have shown that food losses are typically 1–15%, although if feeding with trash fish they can be as high as 40% (Wu 1995). Feed pellets may be rejected by the fish rather than swallowed if they are contaminated in any way or the fish does not feel like eating (Smith et al. 1993). There is some evidence that feed waste is lower in land-based systems than in cages, possibly due to more efficient feeding in tank sor pond ( Beveridge 1987). 2.2. Nitrogen and Phosphorus Pelleted salmonid feed typically 1-1.5 % phosphorus. The phosphorus in most feeds is both in exceess of the dietary needs of the cultured fish and partially in an unassimilable form. Consequently, a substantial fraction of the phosphorus provided is lost to the environment via the feces, in addition to lesser amounts excreted in the urine. Ammonia and, to a lesser extent, urea are the principale nitrogenous wastes associated with fish culture, anda re produced as by products of protein metabolism. Ammonia may be present either as the nontoxic ammonium ion (NH+4) or as the toxic un-ionized form (NH3). The relative pproportions of the two form are dependent upon temperature and pH, with formation of the toxic NH3 favoured by high temperature and high pH. No cases of ammonia toxicity to aquatic life downstream from fish farm have been reported. Nitrogen and phosphorus are recognized as limitin nutrients in many aquatic systems. The addition of these nutrients generally results in an increase in plant growth. 2.3. Dissolved Oxygen Depletion Salmonid culture will reduce dissolved oxygen concentration through both fish respiration and mineralization of the organic-rich wastes(i.e., feed, fece, soluble metabolites). Salmonid rspiration rate depends upon fish, age, sex, activity and temperature, but an average respiration rate for routine metabolism is about 300 mg O2/kg wet weight/h (Kils 1979). The BOD of the feces and metabolic wastes may consume about 1.5-3 times as much oxygen as respiration alone (Willoughby et al. 1972). Effluent released from salmonid farm can deplete dissolved oxygen in receiving water, either because the effluent itself is oxygen depleted, because of its high BOD, or a combination of both factors. There is also the possibilty of indirect effects, such as nutrient-induced growth of micro- or macroalgae, and the eventual oxygen depletion accompanying decomposition of this algal biomass. 2.4. Chemotherapeutants Chemotherapeutants are employed to treat viral,fungal,bacterial or parasitic infections of culture salmonids.The most commonly used parasiticide/fungicide in salmonid culture is formalin. A wide variety of antibiotics are administered as feed supplements to treat bacterial diseases in salmonids. On a worldwide basis, oxolinic acid and oxytetracycline have historically comprised the vast majority of total antibiotic use by the salmonid culture industry, although their use has diminished in recent years. Other antibiotic used in one or more salmonid-producing countries include potentiated sulfonamides, flumequin,chloramine T, and erythromycine. Little is known about the environmental fate and effects of salmonid chemotherapeutants despite the fact that a substantial portion of the drugs often leave the culture site via the effluent,or in the case of cage culture, are directly released to the environment. Regulatory agencies have generaly assumed that rapide dilution of the therapeutant would result in little or no environmental impact. 3. Environmental Impacts of Land-Based Facilities Land-based salmonid culture systems in freshwater include hatcheries, systems for the production of fry and smolts, and systems for growth to consumption or restocking size. Following this early stage, salmonids may be grown using a variety of land-based or cage.Land-based sysrems include tanks, earth ponds and raceways. Such systems typcally are of the ‘flow-through’ type, but some ‘recycle’ systems are also in use. Recycling systems are used in fish farming when water availibity is limited, or there is a need for strict control over the culture environment. The high cost of recycling systems has restricted their use in salmonid culture to a few hatcheries that heat water to accelerate egg development and then recycle the water to conserve heat. 632 �3.1. Waste Products and Loading Uneaten feed and excreta give rise to elevated concentrations of suspended solids, BOD, nutrients and minor elements in land-based salmonid farm effluent. Many studies show considerable variation in waste loading, attributable to differences in species, fish size, physiological status,method and intensity of culture, and temperature. Waste loading from hatcheries are likely to be small during egg incubation because there is no feeding. After hatching, use of artificial feed results in increasing waste loading from discharge of uneaten pellets,feces and soluble excreta. Following early growth stage, salmonids will be transferred to different growout systems,the type of which affects total waste loading. During winter, when shorter day length and lower water temperature limits activity and feeding, wastage rates fall dramatically. On a daily basis, waste loading vary depending principally upon feeding schedules and tank, pond or raceway cleaning. Suspended solid, BOD and total phosphorus commonly peak during and immediately after feeding, later followed by peak ammonium concentration. A number of studies reviewed in Alabaster (1982) reveal a net reduction in solids concentration as water passed through the farm. However, accumulation of solids in pond and tanks can lead to very high “shock” loads of solids during harvesting or tank cleaning. 3.2. Environmental Đmpacts 3.2.1. Water Use: Water requirement forland-based salmonid culture depend on stock biomass and feeding patterns.Withdrawal of water for land-based salmonis farm has the potential to reduce water flow from streams and rivers, with potetial impacts including: (1) changes in channel shape, patters of sedimentation, water movement and silation; (2) loss of spawning areas for fish stocks, or loss of nursery areas; (3)barriers to the movement of migratory fish; (4) changes in biological communities, through loss of dilution capacity between inflow and outflow, reduced turbulence and oxygenation,plus possible loss of habitat due to stranding and desiccation in channel areas above the waterline. 3.2.2. Dissolved Oxygen: A survey of effluent from land-based tank and pond farm by Alabaster (1982) found a mean decrease of 1.6 mg/l. from inflow to outflow, with an average flow of 12.6 ls-1.t-1 of annual fish production. Depending on the quality of the effluent, further changes in dissolved oxygen in receiving water may occur. The need to maintain oxygen levels to protect the farm stock shoukd ensure that significant depletion downstream from farm is unlikely in most cases, although the possibility exists of some localized depletion associated with deposition of organic solids. 3.2.3. Chemotherapeutants: Toxicity to downstream biota attributable to discharge of waste chemotherapeutants is possible, although there is little information on such effects. Formalin and Iodophors are the most widely used disinfectants in European aquaculture (Henderson and Davies 2000). Antifoulants are, by their nature, toxic to marine organisms. The amounts involved may be substantial-for example, around 156 tonnes of copper were released into the environment from the use of antifouling treatments in salmon farming in Norway in 1994. Formalin is widely used asan immersion treatment on tank, pond and cage farm for control of ectoparasites,usually as a bath treatment at 150250 mg/l. for 1 h. lethal concentration of formalin vary from 60-600 mg/l. for fish (for exposures of 24-96 h.), 0.3-0.5 mg/l. for alg, to up to 835 mg/l. for certain aquatic insects, suggestion the possiblity of some localized toxic effects on aquatic biota directly below land-based outfalls, particulary for the more sensitive planktonic and microbial organisms. 3.2.4. Microorganisms: Some qualitative changes in the bacterial microflora of trout farm effluents have been observed, altough the bacteria present are generally similar in terms of number and composition to those found in the inflows (Austin 1985). Although some studies have shown increases in the number of fecal coliform during the passage of water through trout farm (Hinshaw 1973), the data are fragmentary and the consensus seems to be that this phenomenon is not a significant problem. Viruses have also been detected in farm effluent. Leon and Turner (1979) measured effluent concentrations of infection hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) as high as 400 plaque-forming units (pfu) ml-1 during a disease outbreak at a salmonid hatchery. 3.2.5. Benthic Impacts: Impacts of fish farm wastes include a loss of sensitive invertebrate species at or just below the point of discharge, with an increase in the density and biomass of organisms tolerant of organic pollution such as olgochaetes, chironomids and certian leeches. Markmann (1982) also reporteda loss of ‘cleanwater species’ such as Plecoptera, Ephemeroptera and Trichoptera and an increase in oligochaetes, leeches, 633 �Diptera larvae and gastropods below Danish rainbow trout farm. Organic-rich particulate wastes appear to be the most significant source of impact and there is evidence that benthic communities can return to background condition if suspended solids are removed from effluent (NCC 1990). 3.2.6. Macrophytes: Publised data on the effects on land-based farm on macrophytes are limited, although enhanced macrophyte growth, particularly growth of pollution-tolerant species, is frequently cited as a response to fish farm discharge in English rivers. Studies on the River Hull show greater adventitious root growth and shoot extension in Ranunculus penicillatus var. Calcareus collected below a trout farm discharge,although effects related to weed cutting may also have been important (Carr 1988). 3.2.7. Wild Fish Populations: Water withdrawal for land-based tank or pond farm may result in physical and chemical changes to fish habitats, and some loss of habitat has been reported in England (Allan 1983). However, studies in Denmark (Rasmussen 1988) and the U.S. ( Hinshaw 1973) showed that addition of fish farm effuent may increase the productivity of downstream fish populations. 4. Waste Reduction and Treatment 4.1. Feeding Techniques and Feed Type Uneaten food, faecal losses, food conversion ratios (FCR; the ratio of the weight of feed added to the weight of fish produced) and digestibility can be estimated to derive expressions of various wastes, such as for N or P. The result is a budget showing the flow of nutrients from the food offered, the assimilation of food in the fish as a result of growth (metabolism) and the loss of nutrients into the sediments and water column. Wastage of whole pellets may depend on various factors. If pellets are supplied at a rate that exceeds the ability of the fish to eat them or under conditions such that the pellets are not detected as they settle, there will be wastage of whole pellets. Davies (2000) reported predicted dissolved N release rates in the range of 35–45 kg per tonne of salmon produced, depending on the details of the stocking, feeding and harvesting strategies adopted. GESAMP (1996) reported values for the rate of excretion of dissolved N by farmed fish of around 75–120 kg N/tonnes of production. If the FCR, wastage from uneaten pellets and indigestibility can be reduced further, it is anticipated that release rate of dissolved N would be reduced to 33 kg/tonne of production (Davies 2000). Further reductions need new technology and additional innovative approaches. Careful feeding and the use of correct diet offer good potential to reduce effluent loads at the source. Overfeeding of fish also decreases feed digestibility and increases fecal production. Thus, a reduction in feed losses by monitoring of feed losses and careful hand-feeding, either exclusively or as a supplement to automatic feeders, can significantly reduce effluent loads and reduce impacts on running waters (Bromage et al. 1990). The physical characteristics of the fish food are very important in term of pollution potential of the feed. The use of dry pellets rather than moist pellets or”trash” or “rough” fish considerably reduce the amount of wastage (Alabaster 1982). Unstable pellts may also increase waste loading if rapidly broken down into unacceptably small-size particles. Foof with low settling velocity also help to prevent excess wastage. The amount of phosphorus discharge from fish farm is determined by the amount and digestibility of phosphorus in the feed (Crampton 1987). The total concentration of phosphorus must be kept low and its digestibility high to minimize waste phosphorus release. Most waste phosphorus is bound in the particulate fraction, although a significant part of this particulate fraction is easily dissoveld. In the marine environment, losses of P from fish farms have been estimated as 19.6–22.4 kg/tonne fish (trout) produced, 34–41% of which is released in dissolved form with the remainder lost by sedimentation. Holby and Hall (1991) estimated that 4–8% of the sedimentary P was returned to the water column per year. There would thus seem to be excellent potential for reducing phosphorus levels in salmonid farm effluent by reducing phosphorus in feed.The level of protein and amino acid balance has been determined (decreased N content in the feed, 45% protein in the feeds), and the P content in the feeds has been decreased (from 1.5 to 0.7 in salmon feeds). Nitrogen excretion depends on many factors including its bioavailability and feeding rate, but on average, 60 % of dietary nitrogen is excreted (Beamis and Thomas 1984)The quality of fish meal and other protein sources used in the diet dictates the proportion of feed protein that can be assimilated into muscle tissue.Ammonia excretion rates are higher if protein is used as energy source, because ammonia is a by-product of protein metabolism. Poor quality carbohydrate sources result in increased suspended solids and BOD and can cause growth of sewage fungus in receivingwaters. Alternatively, if the carbohydrate(or lipid)source is insufficient, then 634 �ammonia and other nitrogenous wastes increase. In the production of extrude pellets, the higher temperatures and pressures may result ingelatinization of dietary starch, thus increasing the bioavailability of carbohydrate. Alternative protein sources to replace fishmeal (e.g. soya) and methods of reducing the discharge of feed from farms have been examined (Hardy 1996). Although carbohydrates can be used as an alternative to fishmeal, research has shown that certain fish, such as rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), use dietary carbohydrates rather poorly: they show prolonged postprandial hyperglycaemia. The efficiency of glucose utilization as an energy source by rainbow trout is low (Panserat et al. 2000). Further research is needed to understand dietary carbohydrate utilization in fish in order to enable the development of diets that can replace fishmeal as the major source of dietary protein for farmed fish. Recently, a reduction in N released to the environment was achieved through a general reduction in FCR, which is currently 1:1 for salmon farming in Western Europe ( Pearson and Black 2001). Oil and fats may contribute to visible surface scums and the BOD of fish farm effluent. Problems associated with these constituents can be partly avoided by the use of high quality ingredients and a correct balance between requirement and concentration in the diet. Many freshwater diets are formulated as “high energy” diets that contain high level of fat.Thes diets are designed to minimize protein metabolism and can be used to reduce ammonia excretion. 4.2. Settlement Treatment Settlement treatment work on the principal that solid particles with a densiity greater than water will fall out of suspension when water fow is reduced.the rate at which particles will setle in stil water condition depens largely on particle size and density; larger or more dense particles will settle more rapidly than smaller or less dense ones. The design and effectiveness of a settlement system is therefore dependent on the retention time of effluent in a settling tank or pond as well as the surface area available for settling. It is also desirable to prevent the solid in the effluent becoming fragmented as particle break up will inhibit settling and promote leaching of nutrient from the solid waste. Fish farm and settling tanks sholud be designed to minimize break up due to unnecessary turbulance.The stuidies show that up to 90 % of suspended solids, 60 % of BOD and 50 % of total phosphorus loads can be removed by settlement treatment, although system performance is extremely variable. When level of suspended solids are <10 mg/l., is common in salmonid farm effluent, efficiency is greatly reduced, although it is possible for suspended solids to be increased by pre-concentration treatment.It is also difficult to obtain suspended solids levels of < 6 mg/l in settled effluent ( Henderson and Bromage 1988). Other problems are that the area required for settling ponds or lagoons can be large in comparison with the size of the farm. Others class of settling tank desing are based on a circular water flow (centrifuge) and the swirl concentrator . A major constraint upon the use of settlement devices remains the characterization of particle size of loads; as previously mentiond, both the nature and quantity of wastes produced by a farm varies substantially both during a day, and throughout the growing season. A consequnce of this varying waste output is that in order for settlement devices to be effective waste treatment systems,they must be designed to operate efficiently over a wide range of partile sizes. 4.3. Screening and Filtration Treatment The most popular method of mechanical particle separation is the treatment by static or rotating microscreens. The treatment efficiency of microscreens has been tested in several studies (Lekang et al., 2000; Makinen et al., 1988; Wedekind, 1996) and a wide range of nutrient removal could be found. By using microscreens, reduction of solids achieved 50 — 74%, 49.3 — 63% of total phosphorus (TP) and 10— 42.7% of total nitrogen (TN). Salmonid farm effluent may be treated by passage through a screen to remove particulate matter. It is a self-cleaning or rotating filter. The most common configurations are variation of rotary screens, where the screen operates only partially submerged in the water that is to be filtered. The submerged section of the screen filtes the water passing through it while the remainder of the screen is cleaned, usually by a high pressure water jet, with the residue running to a settling pond. The clean section of screen then rotates to replace the submerged section. One of these systems are the “Triangelfilter”. Its removal efficiencies data clearly demostrate the potential of these and similar screen filters for removing materials from fish farm effluent. The advantage of the “Triangelfilter” or similar systems is that solids are separated from the effluent water relatively quickly, thereby reducing the amount of time for leaching of soluble material from solid particules. After screening, filtration may be used as a secondary systems for fine solids removal. Diatomaceous earth filters are good at removing extremely fine particulate matter (0.1-5 µm), but are not cost effective in treating effluent from salmonid farm. The most common filter medium is sand and gravel ranging in size from 0.25-5mm, usually graded coarse to fine in the direction of water flow. The growing concern over potential impacts of therapeutants on the environment has stimulated interest in techniques for removing such chemicals from fish farm effluent. But 635 �there is little information on methods for treatment of chemical. 4.4. Biofiltration Biofiltration can, in theory, be used to improve effluent water quality from salmonid farm. In aquaculture, biofiltres are commonly used in recycle sytems to prevent accumulation of ammonia and nitrite.The technique is not considered practical or economic for treatment of salmonid farm wffluent in most circumstances due to low temperatures (NCC 1990) and large volum of effluent involved. There has been some interest in using algae and aquatic macrophytes, such as reeds, to reduce levels of nutrients in effluent. Reed beds are being investigated for nutrient removel from small scale sewage works and water hyacinths and duckweed have been grow for this purpose in warmer countries (Zirschky and Reed 1988). As with settlement pond, one of the major constraints to biofilters is that of space required. 4.5. Constructed Wetlands Constructed wetlands represent a natural treatment system based on biological symbiosis between macrophytes (Phragmites sp., Typha sp., etc.) and microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, algae), and their interactions with the soil chemistry. In recent years, created wetlands have been developed to successfully treat agricultural, municipal, or industrial wastewaters. Depending on the choice of construction and function, macrophyte treatment systems can be divided into: 1. ponds with free-floating or submersed plants and no effluent; percolation through the soil 2. root zone systems with emergent plants and completely effluent percolation through the soil; 3. hydrobotanic systems as link between (1) ponds and (2) root zone systems. Moreover, these treatment systems can be subclassified by the flow direction of effluents (vertical or horizontal), the plant species or type of soil (Kehrer, 1997). Biotic and abiotic purification mechanisms of constructed wetlands are based on the following processes (Gumbricht 1993): (a) mechanical screening and sedimentation, (b) microbial degradation, (c) biochemical nutrient removal of plant rhizomes, (d) adsorption through ligand exchange, (e) precipitation and chemical fixation of reactive soil ingredients.Removal efficiency is strongly influenced by the microorganisms inhabiting soil particles and the rhizome of plants. Plants with aerenchym root systems aerate the soil and consequently aerobic microorganism (e. g. Nitrosomonas sp., Nitrobacter sp.) growth is promoted. Bahlo and Wach (1993) found more intensive biological degradation of ammonium to nitrate close to the rhizomes. Microbial elimination of nitrate — nitrogen (denitrification) occurs in the anaerobic parts of the soil, which can be found even in effluents of constructed wetlands with oxygen levels of more than 4 mg/l. Particle bound phosphorus is mineralized by heterotrophic microorganism and at low redox-potential sorpted to iron-, aluminium-, manganese hydroxides/-oxides, calcium or clay minerals (Gumbricht, 1993). Removal processes of constructed wetlands show increased efficiency by using smaller soil particle sizes. 636 �Figure 2. Design of used root zone constructed wetlands with horizontal flow and emergent plants; larger substrate at inlet and outlet to facilitate influent distribution and effluent drainage (Schulz et al. 2003). Schulz et al. (2003) investigated treatment of aquaculture effluents of flow- through systems in created wetlands. The constructed wetlands types used in this study were subsurface root zone systems with emergent plants and horizontal effluent soil percolation (Fig.2). Three 1.40 x 1.00 x 0.70 m (L x W x H) root zone systems were filled with sands of 1 — 2 mm particle size and planted with 20 rooted shoots of reed per square meter (Phragmites australis). Nutrient removal of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) effluents flowing through the wetland was determined for hydraulic loading rates of 1, 3 and 5 l/min corresponding to very short hydraulic residence times (HRTs) of 7.5, 2.5 and 1.5 h, respectively. Inflowing nutrients were removed within every continuously flooded wetland. Total suspended solids (TSS) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) were reduced by 95.8 — 97.3% and 64.1 — 73.8%, respectively, and demonstrated no influence of HRT. Total phosphorus (TP) and total nitrogen (TN) removal rates varied from 49.0% to 68.5% and 20.6% to 41.8%, respectively, and were negatively correlated with HRTs. Effluent purification was best at HRT of 7.5 h, but sufficient removal rates were achieved for shorter HRTs. Obtained removal rates demonstrated that created wetlands with high hydraulic loads reduced inflowing nutrients by amounts comparable to, or exceeding that achieved by mechanical treatments such as microscreens or sedimentation tanks. Thus, created wetlands are a viable alternative treatment for aquaculture effluents. 4.6. Integrated Aquaculture The salmon aquaculture industry has adopted a number of strategies to reduce nutrient wastes and its impacts on the local environment, including improved feed formulations and digestibility, improvements in feed/waste monitoring and feeding techniques, site rotation and fallowing, and reduced stocking densities. Integrating the culture of filter-feeding bivalve molluscs (e.g. mussels, oysters, scallops) with salmon farms has long been advocated as another potential strategy to alleviate waste loadings and environmental impacts associated with open-water salmon culture (Folke et al., 1994; Kautsky et al., 1997). In a conceptual open-water integrated culture system as proposed by Kautsky et al. (1997), filter-feeding bivalves are cultured adjacent to meshed fish cages, reducing nutrient loadings by filtering and assimilating particulate wastes (fish feed and faeces) as well as any phytoplankton production stimulated by introduced dissolved nutrient wastes. Waste nutrients, rather than being lost to the local environment, as in traditional monoculture, are removed upon harvest of the cultured bivalves. With an enhanced food supply within a fish farm, there is also potential for enhancing bivalve growth and production beyond that normally expected in local waters. Therefore, integrated culture has the potential to increase the efficiency and productivity of a fish farm while reducing waste loadings and environmental impacts. This model of integrated bivalve – fish culture is certainly simple and, intuitively, appears promising. However, few practical studies have been undertaken, with conflicting conclusions regarding the potential for openwater integrated culture to enhance bivalve production and, by implication, to significantly reduce fish farm wastes. Studies have shown that bivalves are capable of utilising fish farm wastes as an additional food supply (Mazzola and Sarà 2001), likely explaining the increased growth displayed by mussels (Wallace, 1980) and oysters (Jones and Iwama, 1991) grown adjacent to fish cages. However, other studies have reported no, or minimal, growth enhancement of bivalves cultured in an integrated bivalve – fish system (Gryska et al.,1996). 637 �Decreasing Dependence on Local Ecosystem Services Increasing Material and Energy Inputs Land-Based Flow-Through Net-Cage Land-Based Recirculating Bag Figure 3. The flow of material and energy inputs in relation to the dependence on ecosystem services 4.7. Land-Based Recirculating Systems In recent years, particular emphasis has been placed on the development of closed-containment systems, a term widely used to describe a range of production systems that employ an impermeable barrier to isolate the culture environment from surrounding ecosystems. Theoretically, by culturing fish in a closed environment, fish farmers can exert greater control over the rearing conditions, allowing them to improve the quality of the fish while at the same time reducing proximate environmental impacts. Some of the potential advantages of closedcontainment systems are: (1) minimized fish escapes; (2) minimized predator interactions; (3) reduced disease transmission; (4) lower feed inputs; (5) higher stocking densities; and (6) improved waste management capabilities. The system is entirely contained inside a warehouse and consists of a series of circular concrete tanks of various sizes. New water is continuously pumped into the tanks from an on-site freshwater well. Approximately 99% of the water is recirculated back into the system after passing through an extensive mechanical and biofiltration process.Wastewater that is lost from the system at various stages passes through a holding tank where solids are settled out and the remaining wastewater enters the municipal sewer system. The solid fish wastes are collected in the holding tank for future use as a substitute for conventional synthetic fertilizers for plants fertilizer in an adjacent greenhouse. Ayer and Tyedmers (2008), studied on Assessing alternative aquaculture technologies: life cycle assessment of salmaonid culture systems in Canada. In the study, four different system such as; Marine net-pen, Marine floating bag, Land-based flow-through and Land-based recirculating were studied. At the end of study, the recirculating system was the only system at which wastes were managed. The differences of the systems was presented in Fig. 3 (Ayer and Tyedmers 2008). 5. Conclusions Intensive salmonid cultivation can introduce significant quantities of nutrient wastes from uneaten feed, faeces and excretory products into the local environment. Along with the growth of the salmon aquaculture industry, so too have concerns regarding the environmental impacts from aquaculture wastes. One of the major challenges for the sustainable development of salmonid culture, and the aquaculture industry generally, is to minimise environmental degradation concurrent with its projected expansion. The impacts of particulate wastes such as uneaten fish feed and faeces are largely on the benthic environment immediately surrounding fish farms; alterations to sediment biogeochemistry and benthos from sedimented solid wastes are well-documented (Brooks et al., 2003). Remineralised nutrients from these deposits, along with fish metabolic wastes, particularly ammonia, are dispersed within the receiving water body and may contribute to localised hypernutrification. During seasonal cycles of nutrient availability, additional dissolved nutrient wastes have the potential to stimulate benthic algal production, increase phytoplankton production leading to localised eutrophic conditions, and alter dissolved N/P ratios that promote the growth of toxic algal species (Folke et al., 1994). Bubridge and Burbridge (1994) identify three ways in which it would be possible to achieve control of feed impacts from aquaculture: (1) control of the sites where the culture farms are located; (2) control of the released effluents; (3) monitoring of impacts generated by effluents once the farm begins its work. Polyculture, or inte- grated aquaculture associating shellfish 638 �and algae culture with fish culture may be part of the solution (Cheshuk et al. 2003). The development and application of Environmental Quality Standards (EQS) and the design of models for evaluating environmental impacts are other initiatives for controlling and monitoring the environmental impact of fish farms. References Alabaster, J.S. (1982). Survey of fish farm effluent in some EIFAC countries.p. 5-20 In: J.S.Alabaster(ed.) Report of the EIFAC workshop on fish-farm effluents. 26-28 May 1981. Silkeborg, Denmark. EIFAC Tech.Pap.41 Allan, I.R.H. (1983). A study of the impacts of fish farming on the fisheries and fishing in the revers test and ıtchen, Hampshire. Report to the test and ıtchen fishing association, (Unpublished). Austin, B. (1985). Antibiotic pollution from fish farm: effects on aquatic microflora. Microbial.Sci., 2:113-117 Ayer, N.W., Tyedmers, P.H. (2008). Assessing alternative aquaculture technologies: life cycle assessment of salmaonid culture systems in Canada. Journal of Cleaner Production, 89: 1-12. Beveridge, M.C.M. (1987).Cage aquaculture. Fishing News Books Ltd; Farnham, Survey, 352p. Bromage, N., M., Phillips, K. Jauncey and M. Beveridge. (1990). Fish feed growth and the environment.Fed. Eur. Salmoniculture (FES): 5p. Brooks, K.M., Stierns, A.R., Mahnken, C.V.W., Blackburn, D.B. (2003). Chemical and biological remedi- ation of the benthos near Atlantic salmon farms. Aquaculture, 219: 355–377. Bubridge, P., Burbridge, V. (1994). Review of Scottish coastal issues. A consultants report to the Scottish Office. Crown Copyright, Edimburgh, Scotland. Bahlo, K., Wach, G., (1993). Naturnahe Abwasserreinigung, P!anung und Bau von Pflanzenklaranlagen. 2. Au- flage, O kobuch Staufen bei Freiburg., 137 pp. Carr, O.J. (1988). Fish farm effluent and their effects on river biology. Ph.D. thesis. Univ.Hull;Hull,UK. Butz, I., Vens-Cappell, B. (1982). Organic Load from the metabolite products of rainbow trout fed with dry food. p. 73-82. In: J.S. Alabaster (ed.) Report of the EIFAC workshop on fish-farm effluents.26-28 May 1981. Silkeborg, Denmark.EIFAC Tech.Pap. 41p. Cheshuk, B.W., Pursera, G.J., Quintana, R. (2003). Integrated open-water mussel (Mytilus planulatus) and Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) culture in Tasmania, Australia. Aquaculture, 218: 357–378. Crampton, V. (1987). How to control phosphorus levels. Fish Farmer, July/August 1987: 38-39. Davies, I.M. (2000). Waste production by farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in Scotland. ICES, CM 2000. 18p. European Commission (2002). A strategy for the sustainable development of European aquaculture. Commission to the Council and the European Parliament, Brussels/ Strasbourg. FAO (2010). The state of world fisheries and aquaculture. ISBN 92-5-104842-8. FAO Fisheries Department, Rome. Folke, C., Kautsky, N., Troell, M. ( 1994). The costs of eutrophication from salmon farming: implications for policy. J. Environ. Manag. 40: 173 – 182. Fishstat (2010). Computer system for global fishery statistical time series. http://www.fao.org. GESAMP (1996). Joint group of experts on the scientific aspects of marine environmental protection. Monitoring the ecological effects of coastal aquaculture wastes. Study report, GESAMP, 57. FAO, Rome. Gumbricht, T. (1993). Nutrient removal process in freshwater submersed macrophyte systems. Ecol. Eng., 2 (1): 1 — 3O. Gryska, A., Parsons, J., Shumway, S.E., Geib, K., Emery, L ., Kuenster, S. ( 1996). Polyculture of sea scallops suspended from salmon cages. J. Shellfish Res. 15, 481. Summary. Hendreson, J.P. and N. Bromage. (1988). Optimising the removel of suspended solids from aquacultural effluent in 639 �settlement lakes. Aquacult. Eng., 7: 167-181. Holby, O., Hall, P.O.J. (1991). Chemical fluxes and mass balances in a marine fish cage farm: ll. Phosphorus. Mar.Ecol., Prog. Ser. 70: 263 – 272. Hardy, R.W. (1996) Alternative protein sources for salmon and trout diets. Anim Feed Sci Technol. 59: 71–80. Henderson, A.R., Davies, I.M. (2000). Review of agriculture, its regulation and monitoring in Scotland. J Appl Ichthyol., 16: 200–208. Hinshaw, R.N. (1973). Pollution as a result of cultural activities. U.S. Environ. Prot. Agency; EPA-R3-73-009, Washington, DC. Jones, T.O., lwama, G.K. (1991). Polyculture of the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas (Thunberg), with chinook salmon, Onchorynchus tshawytscha. Aquaculture, 92: 313 – 322. Kautsky, N., Troell, M., Folke, C. ( 1997). Ecological engineering for increased production and environmental improvement in open sea aquaculture. ln: Etnier, C. (Ed.), Ecological Engineering for Wastewater Treatment. Lewis Publisher, Chelsea, Ml, pp. 496 – 501. Kehrer, I. (1997). Untersuchungen zu Grundlagen der dezentralen Abwasserreinigung mit Pflanzen unter besonderer Berü cksichtigung gartenbauö konomischer Aspekte. MSc Thesis, Humboldt-University, Berlin, 175 p. Kils, U. (1979). Oxygen-regime and artificial aeration of net-cages in mariculture. Meeresforschung, 27(4): 236-243 Lekang, O.I., Bergheim, A., Dalen, H. ( 2OOO). An integrated wastewater treatment system for l and-based fish- farming. Aquac. Eng., 22: 199 — 211. Markmann, P.N. (1982). Biological effects of effluent from Danish fish farm.p. 103-112 In: J.S.Alabaster(ed.) Report of the EIFAC workshop on fish-farm effluents.26-28 May 1981. Silkeborg, Denmark. EIFAC Tech.Pap.41 Mazzola, A., Sarà, G. (2001). The effect of fish farming organic waste on food availability for bivalve molluscs (Gaeta Gulf, Central Tyrrhenian, MED): stable carbon isotopic analysis. Aquaculture, 192: 361 – 379. NCC (1990). Fish farming and the Scottish freshwater environment. Nature Conservancy Council Report, 129p. Panserat, S., Medale, F., Breque, J., Plagnes-Juan, E., Kaushik, S. (2000). Lack of significant long-term effect of dietary carbohydrates on hepatic glucose-6-phosphatase expression in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). J Nutr Biochem., 11: 22–29. Pearson, T.H., Black, K.D. (2001). The environmental impacts of marine fish cage culture. In: Black KD (ed) Environmental impacts of aquaculture. Academic Press and CRC Press, Sheffield, UK,pp 1–32. Rasmussen, F. (1988). Therapeutics used in fish production: pharmokinetics,residues and withdrawal periods. EIFAC/XV/88/Inf.13:22p. Smith, I.P., Metcalfe, N.B., Huntingford, F.A., Kadri, S. (1993) Daily and seasonal patterns in the feeding behaviour of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) in a sea cage. Aquaculture, 117: 165–178. Wallace, J.F. ( 1980). Growth rates of different populations of the edible mussel, Mytilus edulis, in Norway. Aquaculture, 19: 303 – 311. Willoughby, H., H.N., Larsen and Bowen, J.T. (1972). The pollutional effects of fish hatcheries. Am.Fish. U.S.Tout News 17(3): 20-21. Wu, R.S.S. (1995) The environmental impact of marine Bull. , 31: 159–166. fish culture: towards a sustainable future. Mar Pollut. Schulz, C., Gelbrecht, J., Rennert, B. (2003). Treatment of rainbow trout farm effluents in constracted wetland with emergent plants and subsurface horizantal water flow. Aquaculture, 217: 207-221. Zirschky, J. and Reed, S.C. (1988). The use of duckweed for wastewater treatment. J.Wat. Pollut. Contr. Fed. 60: 1253-1258. 640 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 611 Title A name given to the resource Environmentally Sustainable Salmonid Culture Author Author GÜNER, Yusuf TÜRKMEN, Gürel Abstract A summary of the resource. Until very recently most research relating environmental quality and aquaculture was limited to assessment of environmental conditions necessary for culture. Emphasis was placed on dissolved oxygen requirement of the culture fish or the maximum dissolved nitrogen level that could be tolerated without impairment of growth rates or survival. Most attention was directed towards the effect of the environment upon the aquaculture operation, while the converse perspective, the effect of aquaculture upon environmental quality, was largely ignored. The sustainability of aquaculture development and the environmental impacts of aquaculture operations have become a matter of considerable concern for all stakeholders. The development of the aquaculture industry, especially if it is to sustain its current growth, depends on finding ways to increase its environmental, economic and social acceptability. The technique used to culture salmonids throughout the world varies greatly with respect to the water source and means of confining the fish. With the rapid growth of salmonid cage culture over the past decade has come increased examination of this industry segment as a potential pollution source. Aquaculture pollution mainly originates from the physical and chemical characteristics of feed and the applied feeding management. This article reviews the available information on those environmental impacts of salmonid culture and three reportedly environmentally-friendly alternatives; a marine floating bag system; a land-based saltwater flow-through system; and a land-based freshwater recirculating system. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed Q Science (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/580644a9b3414ea6f617541cd25594f6.pdf 606bf4b0aaec63c8952ebd3fbaf2aa6e PDF Text Text Economic Cooperation in Balkans: The Case of Bosnia and Herzegovina Mete GÜNDOĞAN Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, Professor Dr., Economics International University of Sarajevo (IUS), Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina mgundogan@ius.edu.ba B. Gültekin ÇETĐNER Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Professor Dr., Industrial Engineering, International University of Sarajevo (IUS), Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina cetiner@ius.edu.ba Abstract : This article analyzes economy and investment opportunities in Bosnia and Herzegovina (FBiH) in between 1995 and 2009. FBiH and Turkey have an established cultural, social and diplomatic relations. Historical common bonds are regional realities but economic cooperation is a contemporary necessity to strengthen these bonds. It is questioned if economic cooperation is supporting common bonds in terms of investments and trade. FBiH is currently in the less developed countries list of the World Bank with a high rate of unemployment. Such status is mostly inheritance of socialist - communist past. But such status is also creating a lot of investment and trade opportunities for many countries. Within this context, Turkey should produce a strategy associated with Balkan economies in her trade and development. Currently, neither direct Turkish investments nor economypolitic strategies are sufficient to bestow Turkey a key role in the Balkans. Keywords : Balkan Business; Trade; Investment, Balkan Strategies Introduction Bosnia and Herzegovina Federation (FBiH) with its approx. 52 thousand square kilometers and 4.2 million populations lays in the heart of the South Eastern Europe. It is surrounded by Croatia from the Southwest and South, Serbia from the East and Montenegro from the Southeast. Landform is prevailed with hills and mountains, and forests cover almost 50% of it. It has mediterranean, continental and moderate types of climate. Amid all potentials, the biggest obstacle in FBiH’s economic development is its multiethnic governing system and territorial division. Following table shows selected economic indicators. 845 �Indicator GDP per cap (Euro) 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 1,660 1,786 1,958 2,214 2,388 2,561 2,873 3,254 3,648 GDP growth (%) 5.5 4.5 5.5 3.0 6.3 3.9 6.7 6.8 7.1 Industrial production growth (%) 8.8 12.2 9.2 4.8 9.0 10.0 11.0 10.0 9.2 Average net wages (Euro) 190 209 228 247 258 275 300 322 385 4.8 3.1 0.4 0.6 0.4 3.7 6.1 1.5 6.5 Annual unemployment rate (%) 39.7 40.3 40.9 42.0 43.2 43.0 31.0 29.0 23.4 Trade balance (billion Euro) -3.00 -3.31 -3.52 -3.67 -3.68 -4.01 -3.41 -4.14 -4.89 159 133 282 338 567 478 564 1,628 701 Annual inflation (%) Total FDI (mill Euro) Figure 1 : Selected Economic Indicators of Bosnia and Herzegovina [CB of BiH] GDP throughout period from 2000 to 2008, with average growth rate of 5.5% is actually not enough for a country like BĐH. Average growth rate of industrial production, on the other hand, has been more than 9%. In 2008 the oil refinery in Derventa of Republika Srpska has started its production what effected rapid increase of industrial production growth rate by more than 50% in comparison to 2007. The highest growth rate in industry is seen in production of energy, durable – consumer goods and capital products. As is seen in the figure, FBiH has low inflation rate mostly due to fixed exchange rate of KM to Euro. 1 EUR=1.95 KM is the fixed exchange rate. Stable currency rate of KM to Euro has resulted in stable inflation rate even in the period of increased oil prices in the world market. Although labor force is well educated and rated, unemployment is still number one problem of economy. One fourth of the labor force is unemployed. This is leading to the black market of labor force. In the region, FBiH has one of the cheapest rates of labor. Economic Developments During the last 15 years, a total investment in FBiH has been €5.3 billion. Total Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) reached to €1,628 billion in 2007. We see a sharp decrease in 2008 mainly because of the world economic crises. Foreign investors did not show much interest for FBiH because of the lack of information on investment opportunities in various sectors. Political instability is certainly another important contributing factor not to develop an image of favorable nation for investments. State division and its complex political structure are hindering economic developments as well as diplomatic relations. 846 �Figure 2: FDI in FBiH Amid all, FDI has concentrated in manufacturing, banking and telecommunication. The percentage share can be seen on the Figure 3 below. Figure 3: FDI in FBiH by Sectors [FIPA, 2009] Since 1994, Austrian companies are leading in FDIs. Serbia and Croatia have also been on top of the list. Historical and political bonds of these three countries make them invest in FBiH. Austria is also giving free education for the citizens of FBiH. This will result in political implications in the mid-future. On the other hand, Turkey as foreign investor is in the 10th place on the list with €113 million. Besides common history, culture, tradition and religion, Turkish investors have not shown considerable interest to invest in FBiH. 847 �Figure 4: Foreign Investors in FBiH In order to increase trade, FBiH has adopted significant unilateral reforms since the end of the war 1995. It has the lowest tariff rates on agricultural products in Southern and Eastern Europe countries. It has signed a free trade agreement with Central Europe (CEFTA) which turned to be disadvantageous for FBiH economy. However, according to World Trade Indicators of 2008, FBiH trade regime is considered quite successful in comparison with many similar countries. As is seen in figure 5, FBiH economy is consistently giving trade deficit. This deficit is covered by foreign aids and debts. If it goes on the same manner, FBiH would end up to be a heavily debted country of Balkans. Figure 5: Foreign Trade Balance in FBiH (x million) Turkey - FBĐH Economical Cooperation Turkish – FBiH political relationship is nowadays quite good. But this goodness is not backed by economical cooperation, therefore would not last long. A very sophisticated strategy should be followed. Turkey 848 �should produce a master economic development plan encompassing the Balkans as well as the Caucasians and the Middle-east. Post war economic cooperation with FBiH has not been progressed well. For example, the agreement on avoiding double taxation has been endorsed with Iran in 1996, but not endorsed until 2005 with Turkey. In the mean time, nearly four thousand Turkish companies which were engaged in different activities, from construction to trade, had to abandon their operations except just sixty-five of them stayed. In other words, in the late nineties and early 2000’s FBiH has not offered considerable incentives to investors. Trade exchange between FBiH and Turkey in 2008 became 136 million [ASR, 2009] which made her to be the ninth trade partner of FBiH. On the other hand, Serbian media reported on how presidents of Serbia Boris Tadić and of Turkey Abdullah Gül agreed to boost bilateral relations in political and economic cooperation. Additionally, the two discussed possible political and cultural cooperation. President Tadić has proposed the construction of an Islamic cultural and educational center near Belgrade. Both invited Turkish businessmen to invest in Serbia. Tadić asked also Turkish businessmen to invest in the construction of the highway from Belgrade to the Montenegrin coast, which will be passed through the Sandzak – the part inhabited by Muslims. About a dozen Turkish businessmen visited the capital Novi Pazar in Sandzak, and with representatives of local authorities to discuss the possibilities of economic cooperation and investment. Amid all historical enmity between Turkey and Serbia, it seems that Serbia provides more incentives to Turkish investors, and the state is more willing to be partner of Turkey. But the Serbs in FBiH strongly oppose the Turkish presence in these areas. Serbs with the support of Croats by all possible means hinder any cooperation between Turkey and FBiH. FBiH with its changed course of politics in recent years toward foreign investors offer various solid areas for investments. Investment opportunities in such sectors as wood processing, mining, metallurgy, energy, infrastructure and food industry are highly considerable Figure 6: Turkish direct investments in FBiH in period May 1994 to November 2009 [FDIA, 2009] (millions of Euro) Turkish direct investments in FBiH show discontinuity. There is no tendency of increase or decrease. Immediate after the war, Turkish companies wanted to invest on the area, but they met different obstacles in political and economical means. Firstly, there were not regulations or law protecting foreign investments. Secondly, big companies couldn’t operate in full potential because of the lack of interim goods and services in the market. Furthermore, small companies and investors had high rate of risks. Few large Turkish companies operate today in FBiH. As we can see from the graphs above the highest investments from Türkiye in FBiH were in 2005, and 2009. The first large Turkish Company which started to operate in FBiH was T.C. Ziraat Bankası in 1997, more than half of overall investments in period of May 1994 to 2002 were directed from T.C. Ziraat Bankası [TZB-B, 2010]. In 2005 Kastamonu Entegre, or "Natron-Hayat" d.o.o. Maglaj invested 14 million Euro, and total Turkish investment in 2005 were 15.5 million Euros. Another big investor is Turkish Airlines (THY) which has bought BH Airlines from the privatization. THY possesses 49% of the company capital [BHA, 2010]. Investment potential of FBiH, is still rich, especially in energy, construction and agricultural sectors. There must be incentives and sophisticated strategies by the Turkish Government to stimulate companies to invest more in the region. The sectors which are the most invested by Turkish companies are: production, banking, transportation and trade distribution [FDIA, 2009]. 849 �Figure 7: Sectors invested by Turkish companies Unlike direct investments, there is higher interest of Turkish companies and businessmen to export to FBiH. The trade is at the moment in a better improvement. Free Trade Agreement between Turkey and FBiH has fully entered into force on 1st of January, 2006. The basic objectives of this Agreement are promotion of the expansion of mutual trade, the harmonious development of economic relations and to ensure financial stability for companies of other party which operates in the state. In addition both states have to provide fair conditions of competition for trade. Agreement on Avoiding Double taxation between Turkey and FBiH on income and property tax has entered into force in July 2008. Any income or property earned in one country by assets whose owner is a resident of the other is taxed only once, at the rate of whichever country owner chooses. Within this context, some of the incentives and advantages for foreign investments provided by FBiH are: • Exemption from the payment of customs duties and customs fee for investment • Right to open accounts in any commercial bank in domestic or any freely convertible currency on the territory of FBiH • Protection against nationalization expropriation, requisition or measures having similar effects, such measures may take place only in the public interest in accordance with the applicable laws and regulations against the payment of an appropriate compensation, in instance compensation that is adequate, effective and prompt, • Right to freely employ foreign nationals, subject to the labor and immigration law in Bosnia and Herzegovina Moreover, the rights and benefits which are already granted and obligations imposed by the Law on the Policy of Foreign Investment cannot be terminated or overruled by later passed laws and regulations. It means that investor is responsible to laws and regulations which he has obliged in time of his starting job. In addition, if investors realize that recently passed law or regulation is more favorable for its investments, he/she has right to choose under which regime the respective foreign investments to be governed. Finally, there is no restriction on repatriation of profits. Foreign investors have right to transfer abroad, freely and without delay, in convertible currency, proceeds resulting from their investments in FBiH, including incomes from investments in form of profit, dividends, interests, and any other form. There is only one restriction on foreign direct investments in FBiH according to the law, foreign equity ownership of an enterprise engaged in the production and sale of arms, ammunition, explosives for military use, military equipment and public information must not exceed 49% of the equity of the enterprise. In case of investments in mentioned sector, foreign investor must receive prior approval from the competent body of the respective entity. The restriction applicable to domestic investment on account of public policy, public health and protection of the environment are equally applied to foreign investment. Free Trade Zones The free zones are part of the customs territory of FBiH managed by the founder of the free zone [OG, 2002]. Users of the free zones are not obligated to pay VAT (value added tax, in FBiH 17% of good’s/service’s value) and import charges. In addition to these, investments, transfer of profit and transfer of investments are free of charge. Potential of free zones is huge but not exploited by Turkish investors yet. FBiH has free trade agreements with Central Europe, Albania, Serbia, Moldova, Montenegro, Macedonia, and Kosovo. Moreover FBiH has preferential export regimes with all EU countries, Norway and Switzerland. According to agreement 850 �all goods of FBiH origin that fulfill EU technical – technological standards and conditions, can be exported to all EU countries, without paying customs and other similar duties [OJEU, 2008]. Investment Opportunities According to Agency for Foreign Investment Promotion, the top seven investment sectors of FBiH are: Tourism, Agricultural and Food Processing Industry, Energy, Wood, Transport, Mining and Metal Processing, Automotive. Energy sector is one of the most powerful in FBiH, with long tradition and huge potentials and opportunities for further development and investment. It encompasses such main subsectors as Coal, Electric power, Oil & Natural gas. FBiH is richly endowed with natural recourses and conditions which create superb environment for agricultural production, including availability of labor, land, and other natural resources, as well as suitable climate. The enormous agricultural potentials are only partly realized, in spite of huge human and natural recourses. FBiH agricultural sector could be great opportunity for potential investors from Turkey which could activate and benefit these huge frozen potentials, with reasonable investments. Around 50 % of FBiH’s agricultural land has not been cultivated and very suitable for organic production. Land, as well as water and other natural resources are unpolluted and free from chemical fertilization and the routine use of pesticides [FMPVS, 2010]. According to the World Tourism Organization there is a big potential in FBiH tourism markets. It is increasing with a rate of 10.5%. There are huge potential for development due to breath – taking natural beauties, and everlasting historical and cultural heritage. Turkish citizens are very interested in cultural tourism packages. Beside the cultural opportunities, FBiH is known by its wild nature especially for those who like sport activities, and clean environment. Transport sector in Bosnia and Herzegovina became one of the most active and vibrant sectors within FBiH economy, due to the ambitious physical and institutional development programs - covering roads, railways, aviation, inland waterways and urban transport - adopted by FBiH governments, and supported by various international, predominantly financial institutions (World Bank, EBRD, etc.) Privatization Opportunities for Turkish Investors Privatization will take place in the field of electric-power, trade and communications (except road transport), waters, an exploitation of mines and woods, a public information, a lottery, arms industry, a military equipment, veterinary and communal activities [OG, 2008]. Some of the largest state owned enterprises will be on the market in 2010 such as electric-power, communication, production and public information. The investments in arm industry, and military equipment would be from vital interest for FBiH Muslims and Turkish government in straightening its position on Balkan. Some of the companies which will be privatized in 2010 are from vital importance for Turkish investors, such as Alminij Mostar, Fabrika Duhana Mostar, Hidrogradnja, Energoinvest Sarajevo, Bosnalijek Sarajevo [PA, 2009]. Those companies have low rate of risk due to their high demand, and monopoly position which they keep in domestic market. Turkey would also help to the FBiH government for the privatization. Turkish privatization has proceeded in a slow and incremental manner, evolved after 1984, slowed in the 1990s and boosted in the 2000s. Turkey launched its comprehensive economic liberalization program named as structural adjustment reform in January, 1980. Privatizing of public assets, creating a “flexible” labour market, replacing producer price subsidies in agriculture with direct income transfer program were the main issues of the structural adjustment. [Onis, 1991]. Privatization of State Owned Enterprises emerged as an official state ideology after this liberalization program. The main ideological pillar of the initial attempts were announced as a matter of improving efficiency in production and reducing “excessive” employment and waste in the state enterprise system. Privatization and competition should be complementary to each other although it may take several years to build up a market-based institutional framework [Sondhof, 1999]. Privatization can and should also occur as a consequence of competition [Liu and Garino, 2001]. In other words, privatization should result in strengthening competition and the competition should encourage privatization. Access to international capital markets has created several global, competitive companies out of hitherto inefficient state monopolies [Matutes, 2000]. Competition and privatization are sometimes uneasy policy bedfellows. Incumbent firms may argue successfully that the purpose of privatization is to strengthen them, through a vastly increased possibility to tap international capital markets, so that they may become global players. But they need to maintain their dominant position at home, by regulatory or other de facto obstacles. This would create added gains for shareholders and thereby contribute to the development of the capital markets but a monopoly would still be the “natural” outcome of the market. 851 �Conclusions Good political and diplomatic relations that exist between FBiH and Turkey have not been backed yet by established economic relations. Over the last 15 years, there were various obstacles hindering the progress. But recently, business climate has been changed and Turkish Businessmen together with the government should get their benefit out of it. BiH with its ethnic structure and religious background could be more than just an economic and political partner. First of all, it could be a very good potential for Turkey to develop or re-gain her traditions of operating in multi ethnic and multi religion markets. She could learn to be a just partner of the market as it used to be throughout the history. This would mean too much for Turkey. Moreover, Turkey should produce a long term strategic development plan not only for herself but also encompassing the region as well as the Caucasians and the Middle-east. This will help the political and economical stability of the region. At the moment, there are just seven large Turkish companies which did invest in FBiH in the period of 15 years. The total investments of Turkey amount to 113 million euros, more than half of these funds goes to two companies Turkish Ziraat Bank and Turkish Airlines Companies. The situation in trade is somewhat better. The market of BiH is still looking for goods especially in the sector of agricultural and food industries. There is a great need for investment in infrastructure, construction of highways and building the first port of FBiH. Big Turkish construction companies would take significant roles in the area with these projects. Proactive Turkish foreign policy had strong impacts in building closer relations between FBiH and Serbia. Economic investments can further contribute to the development of the peace process in addition to economic prosperity. Economy is very often the initiator of war and peace. With proactive economic policies, concerns of the population about their future existence would be satisfied. Hence, economic policies should be used as confidence building activities in the region. Turkey through economic investments in FBiH would bring back the trust and hopes to people. In addition to the economic benefits for both countries, the construction of ideological partnership would be much more important for the peace and stability. It would work in both ways as stated by Ibn-I Khaldoun that peace and stability is a prerequisite for economic development [Karatas, 2009]. In the privatization implementations, Turkey would be in great help for the FBiH. It must be evaluated according to political, social and economical structures and conditions of the country. Privatized enterprises are freed from public sector constraints on investment. They can tap the unlimited supply of the capital markets without any impact on the state budget. Hence, providing better access to finance for enterprises generate higher levels of investment As we have seen public sector borrowing requirements and public debts were two economic indicators deteriorating the state budget. Privatizing state owned enterprises improves macroeconomic indicators and medium term budgetary revenues. Besides, it is deepening the equity market and the creation of a wide share owning class and is boosting the role of equity markets as a means of channeling savings in the economy. There seemed no direct relationship with the privatizations endeavors apart from examining the transfer of public undertakings to the private sector to prevent monopolization in the areas the public sector exited. In the same line as privatisation, competition should also be well established to boost the economy as a whole. Turkey can help FBiH to establish a free and sound competitive environment for the market for goods and services. Turkey has passed similar procedures recently and is still building on it. References Agency for Statistical Research (ASR) of BiH, Bulletin 4, 2009, pg 89. BH Airlines (2010): http://www.bhairlines.ba/local/partneri/partneri.php Central Bank (CB) of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Annual Bulletins in period of 2000 to 2008, Centralna Banka Bosne i Hercegovine, Sarajevo Foreign Direct Investmen Agency (FDIA), Investment Opportunities in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Sixth Edition, February 2009. Foreign Investment Promotion Agency (FIPA), “Investment Opportunities in Bosnia and Herzegovina, sixth edition, February 2009, pg 15. 852 �Karatas, S.C. (2009), “The Economic Theory of Ibn_i Khaldoun and The Rise and Fall of the Nations”, The Foundation for Science Technology and Civilisation, 9 Conyngham Road, Victoria Park, Manchester, the UK. Liu, G.S. and Garino, G. (2001), “Privatization Or Competition? A Lesson Learnt From The Chinese Enterprise Reform”, Economics of Planning 34: 37-51, Kluwer Academic Publishers. Matutes, J.S. (2000), “Privatization and Local Governments in Mainland China: A Critical Assessment”, Intereconomics, May/June 2000. Ministry of Agriculture, Water Management and Forestry (FMPVS, 2010), http://www.fmpvs.gov.ba/index.php?lang=4 Official Gazette of Bosnia and Herzegovina (OG, 2002), “Law On Free Zones In Bosnıa And Herzegovina”, 3/02 January 2002 Official Gazette of F BiH (OG, 2008), Numbers; 11/99, 37/00, 49/01, 73/06, 6/07 & 86/08. Official Journal of the European Union (OJEU, 2008), Council Decision Concerning The Signing And Conclusion Of The Interim Agreement On Trade And Trade-Related Matters Between The European Community, Of The One Part, And Bosnia And Herzegovina, Of The Other Part, 30.6.2008 Onis, Z. (1991), “The Evolution Of Privatization In Turkey: The Institutional Context of Public-Enterprise Reform”, Journal of Middle East Studies, Vol. 23, No. 2, pp. 163-176 Published by: Cambridge University Press. Privatization Agency (PA, 2009), “Privatization Plan And Program Of Work Of Agency For Privatization In The Federation BiH For 2010”, Sarajevo, November 2009. Sondhof, H. (1999), “Privatization Policy In Russia”, Intereconomics, September/October 1999. Turkish Ziraat Bank Bosnia (TZB-B, 2010), http://www.ziraatbosnia.com/indexb.htm 853 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 637 Title A name given to the resource Economic Cooperation in Balkans: The Case of Bosnia and Herzegovina Author Author GÜNDOĞAN, Mete ÇETİNER, B. Gültekin Abstract A summary of the resource. This article analyzes economy and investment opportunities in Bosnia and Herzegovina (FBiH) in between 1995 and 2009. FBiH and Turkey have an established cultural, social and diplomatic relations. Historical common bonds are regional realities but economic cooperation is a contemporary necessity to strengthen these bonds. It is questioned if economic cooperation is supporting common bonds in terms of investments and trade. FBiH is currently in the less developed countries list of the World Bank with a high rate of unemployment. Such status is mostly inheritance of socialist - communist past. But such status is also creating a lot of investment and trade opportunities for many countries. Within this context, Turkey should produce a strategy associated with Balkan economies in her trade and development. Currently, neither direct Turkish investments nor economypolitic strategies are sufficient to bestow Turkey a key role in the Balkans. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed Q Science (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/d6bc7ceb9a04ee304b63d6f8a6f789a2.pdf aafc5cd5f646dd9e5fa27d6f98f55bec PDF Text Text 2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo Determining the Problem Solving Skills of Primary School Mathematics Teachers Research Assistant Gürsel GÜLER Research Assistant Alper ÇĐLTAŞ Research Assistant Tuğrul KAR Kazım Karabekir Education Faculty Atatürk University, Erzurum Turkey gguler@atauni.edu.tr Abstract: The aim of the present study is to determine the problem solving skills of freshmen students studying in the department of primary school mathematics education. The research sample of the study is composed of 182 freshmen students from the Department of Elementary Mathematics Teaching in Erzurum Ataturk University. The “Problem Solving Inventory” (PSI) prepared by Heppner and Petersen (1982) was used as a means of collecting data. Findings obtained as a result of the present research determined an intermediate problem solving capacity among freshmen education majors. Keywords: Prospective Teachers, Mathematics Education, Problem Solving. Introduction People encounter many problems during their lives and they have to solve these problems in order to persevere. A problem can be defined as an obstacle that makes it difficult to achieve a desired goal, objective or purpose (Bingham, 1998). It also refers to a conflict situation, condition, or issue that is yet unresolved (Morgan, 1999). According to Heppner and Krouskopf (1987), problem solving is a cognitive and effective behavioural process that harmonizes the individual’s complex internal and external desires and wishes. Problem solving is an important skill for teachers in training and constitutes a process itself. The skills and knowledge acquired in this process should be cooperatively developed. There are many different definitions for problem solving. For example, problem solving is a process which requires a series of efforts to eliminate the challenges encountered while pursuing a particular objective (Bingham, 1998); is finding the best way to overcome a challenge encountered (Morgan, 1999); is a process starting from the point when one feels a problem and ending until he finds a solution for it; is the process of exerting previously existing relationships against new situations or events, setting up new relationships and obtaining a particular result depending on the target adopted (Pesen, 2006). Problem solving requires time, effort, energy and practice (Karatas and Guven, 2003). Briefly, problem solving includes a series of efforts to eliminate the challenges encountered while pursuing a particular objective (Keskin and Yıldırım, 2008). This complex process requires cognitive, affective and psychomotor skills (Guclu, 2003; Soylu and Soylu, 2006). Problem solving itself can be considered as a way of developing effective learning and personal skills. According to Sirin and Güzel (2006), overcoming life’s problems is a process that requires knowledge and skills beyond a question of ability. However difficult and complex a problem may be, if an individual has adequate knowledge and skills he can chart the best solution. The most important point here is carefully selecting and planning the steps that take us to the problem’s solution. From this point of view, it can be said that teachers and prospective teachers should be able to solve their own problems and share their experiences with students. The present research examines the social problem solving skills of the freshmen students studying in the department of primary school mathematics. Method The descriptive survey, a quantitative research method, was determined as the pattern of the present research. The research sample of the study is composed of 182 freshmen students from the Department of Elementary Mathematics Teaching in Erzurum Ataturk University. The “Problem Solving Inventory” (PSI) prepared by Heppner and Petersen in 1982 and adopted to Turkish culture by Taylan (1990) and Sahin, Sahin 226 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo and Heppner (1993) were used in order to measure the students’ problem solving skills. The Turkish validity and reliability analysis of the inventory was conducted by Savasir and Sahin (1997). The Cronbach Alpha reliability coefficient of the inventory was found to be 0.88. In the reliability calculation of the inventory for this study group, the Cronbach Alpha was found to be 0.78. In the evaluation of the Problem Solving Inventory, while high scores indicate low problem solving skills, low scores indicate high problem solving skills (Heppner and Petersen, 1982). The possible score range in the problem solving inventory is between 32 and 192. The answers of the students in the problem solving inventory are scored between 1 and 6 from positive to negative. In the planning of the data received from the scale, the items 9, 22 and 29 were excluded from the scores as suggested by Savasir and Sahin (1997). In addition, 14 items (items 1, 2, 3, 4, 11, 13, 14, 15, 17, 21, 25, 26, 30 and 34) were reversely scored. As the total score that the students earn from the problem solving inventory approximates to the numerical value of 32, the problem solving capability increases as well; as this value approximates to the numerical value of 192, problem solving capability decreases. The rating of the problem solving skill in the present research is given in Table 1. Quite good Good Intermediate Low Fairly Low 32-63 64-95 96-127 128-159 160-192 Table 1. The Score Intervals Received from the Problem Solving Inventory Findings In this section, the scores that the freshmen students studying in the department of primary school mathematics education received from the Problem Solving Inventory are given in the table. f (%) Quite good Good Intermediate Low Fairly Low 16 (8.7) 40 (21.9) 125 (68.6) 1 (0.5) none Table 2: The Score Levels that the Freshmen Students studying in the Department of Primary School Mathematics Education received from the Problem Solving Inventory Observation of Table 2 reveals that approximately 69% of the freshmen students studying in the department of primary school mathematics education have an “intermediate” problem solving skill level. It can be said that approximately 9% of the students have a “quite good” level of problem solving skill, while 22% of them have a “good” level of problem solving skill. Furthermore, while the results show that none of the students have a “fairly low” level of problem solving skill, only one student has a “low” level of problem solving skill. Conclusions These research findings seem to indicate that the perceptions of the students participating in the study regarding problem solving are at an intermediate level as the low scores indicate effectiveness in problem solving and high scores indicate an inability to find effective solutions. In addition, when Table 2 is analyzed, it is seen that the scores focus on the groups with intermediate and higher problem solving skills. Problem solving means generating and obtaining various alternative, potentially effective ways to cope with problems, and increasing the possibility of selecting the most effective solution among these alternatives (Anliak and Dincer, 2005). It was found that individuals who cannot effectively solve their problems are more anxious and less self-confident, they prefer being abstention when encounter problems, they remain incapable of understanding the expectations of others and they have more emotional problems when compared to individuals possessed of effective problem solving skills (Heppner and Krauskopf, 1987). Moreover, it was detected that ineffective problem solving may cause stressful situations and psychological dissonances (Heppner and Baker, 1997). In the present study, the fact that the freshmen mathematics students’ problem solving skills are at an 227 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo intermediate level (approximately 69% of them) may indicate that a section of the society that aspires to the teaching profession is on the fringe of stress and psychological dissonance. Suggestions Given that the students participating in the research are the teachers of the future, it is hard to regard as positive the fact that their problem solving skills are at an “intermediate level”. Teachers who are important models for students should have quite a good level of problem solving skills, and they should educate their students in this skill. Therefore, teacher training programs should aim to prepare the prospective teachers as selfconfident individuals who believe that they can solve the problems they encounter, who do not give up and step back when they encounter a problem. To this end, young teachers should be trained to understand and identify the problem they encounter correctly, and find and apply solutions through the courses and seminars they attend for professional discipline. References Anlıak, Ş., ve Dinçer. Ç. (2005). The evaluation of the interpersonal problem solving skills of the children attending to the preschools applying different educational approaches. Ankara University Journal of Faculty of Educational Sciences, 38 (1), 149-166. Bingham, A. (1998). Çocuklarda problem çözme yeteneklerinin geliştirilmesi. Çev. A. Ferhan Oğuzhan. Đstanbul: Milli Eğitim Basımevi. Güçlü, N. (2003). Lise müdürlerinin problem çözme becerileri. Milli Eğitim Dergisi, sayı:160. Heppner, P. P., ve Baker, C. E. (1997). Applications of the problem solving inventory. Measurement ve Evaluation in Counselling ve Development, 29 (4), 229-313. Heppner, P. P., ve Krauskopf, C. J. (1987). The integration of personal problem solving processes within counselling. The Counselling Psychologist, 15 (4), 371-447. Heppner, P. P., ve Petersen, C. H. (1982). The development and implications of a personal. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 78 (2), 197-226. Karataş, Đ., ve Güven, B. (2003). Problem çözme davranışlarının değerlendirilmesinde kullanılan yöntemler: klinik mülakatın potansiyeli. Đlköğretim Online, 2(2), 9-11. Morgan, C. T. (1999). Psikolojiye giriş. Çev. H.Arıcı ve Ark.. Ankara: Meteksan. Pesen, C. (2006). Yapılandırmacı öğrenme yaklaşımına göre matematik öğretimi. Pegem Yayıncılık,3.Baskı, Ankara Savaşır, I., ve Şahin, N. H. (1997). Bilişsel-davranışçı terapilerde değerlendirme: Sık kullanılan ölçekler. Ankara: Türk Psikologlar Derneği Yayınları-No:9. Soylu, C. ve Soylu, Y. (2006). Matematik derslerinde başarıya giden yolda problem çözmenin rolü. Đnönü Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 7(11), 97–111. Şahin, N., Şahin, N. H., ve Heppner, P. P. (1993). Psychometric properties of the problem solving inventory in a group of Turkish university students. Cognitive Therapy Research, 17(4), 379-396. Şirin, A., ve Güzel, A. (2006). Üniversite öğrencilerinin öğrenme stilleri ile problem çözme becerileri arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. Kuram ve Uygulamada Eğitim Bilimleri, 6(1), 231-264. Taylan, S. (1990). Heppner’ in problem çözme envanterinin uyarlama, güvenirlik ve geçerlik çalışmaları. Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimleri Enstitüsü. 228 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 701 Title A name given to the resource Determining the Problem Solving Skills of Primary School Mathematics Teachers Author Author GÜLER, Gürsel ÇİLTAS, Alper KAR, Tuğrul Abstract A summary of the resource. The aim of the present study is to determine the problem solving skills of freshmen students studying in the department of primary school mathematics education. The research sample of the study is composed of 182 freshmen students from the Department of Elementary Mathematics Teaching in Erzurum Ataturk University. The “Problem Solving Inventory” (PSI) prepared by Heppner and Petersen (1982) was used as a means of collecting data. Findings obtained as a result of the present research determined an intermediate problem solving capacity among freshmen education majors. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/5753c16c554aa2a7e8bebe0c93f1481d.pdf 295723318f100864ed976235c433bfc6 PDF Text Text 2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo Determining the Views of Prospective Mathematics Teachers about Proving Research Assistant Gürsel GÜLER Kazım Karabekir Education Faculty Atatürk University, Erzurum Turkey gguler@atauni.edu.tr Abstract: The aim of the present research is to determine the opinions of prospective mathematics teachers about proving. The research sample of the study is composed of 151 prospective teachers who study in the third (n= 75) and fourth grades (n= 76) in the Department of Elementary Mathematics Teaching in Erzurum Ataturk University. The data of the present research were obtained through the Proof Opinion Questionnaire. The findings indicate that prospective teachers do not have fullyformed opinions on the topic of proof. Key Words: Mathematical Proof, Prospective Teachers, Mathematics Education Introduction Mathematics is an abstract science by nature (Altun, 2002). Since mathematical information is abstract, it must be verified through proofs. In school mathematics, when students prove mathematical equations they also learn that knowing the most recent form of the formulae is not sufficient; they have to explain their calculations with reasons. From this aspect, proof is an important component of both mathematics and mathematics education (Güven, Çelik & Karataş, 2005). Axioms, definitions, hypotheses, theorems and the proofs of the theorems are indispensable components of mathematics. They form the basis of mathematics as a scientific discipline (Heinze&Reiss, 2003). Although advanced mathematics courses, particularly at universities, are based on these concepts, the students studying advanced mathematics at university have difficulty in making mathematical proof (Almeida, 2000; Recio & Godino, 2001; Jones, 2000). One of the most important functions of education systems is to ensure that students develop skills in reasoning. As the reasoning skills of students develop, they simultaneously gain the cognitive skills within the higher levels of the Bloom taxonomy (Fitzgerald, 1996). Therefore, the preparation of suitable activities for mathematical reasoning forms the core of mathematics education, in order for students to develop their reasoning skills from the first years of their educational lives (NCTM, 2000; Stylianides, Stylianides & Philippou, 2007; Schoenfeld, 1994). While the meaning and the importance of proving in mathematics and mathematics education rapidly increase, the reasoning ability of mathematics teachers and prospective teachers, who will raise students who may become mathematicians in the future, and their opinions and related perceptions, will be of great importance (Moralı et al., 2006). In order to configure their courses effectively, mathematics teachers should know the origins of the concepts they present and on which mathematical information or principle they are based. Hence, they should be equipped with the ability to conduct exercises in mathematical reasoning. The aim of the present research is to determine the opinions of prospective mathematics teachers about proving. The present research is of value, as the opinions expressed by prospective teachers will constitute the first step in identifying and addressing any potential problems regarding the future teaching of reasoning skills. Method The sample of the present research consists of 151 prospective teachers who study in the third (n= 75) and fourth grades (n= 76) in the Department of Elementary Mathematics Teaching in Erzurum Ataturk University. A five-point Likert scale, which was prepared by Almeida (2000) and developed and adapted to Turkish by Moralı et al. (2006), was used to assess the opinions of the prospective mathematics teachers on the issue of proving. Answer options ranged between “completely agree” and “completely disagree”. In the study of Moralı et al. (2006), reliability calculation conducted with the study group for the scale was determined as 0.80, in this study the result was found as 0.82. Findings In the assessment of the questionnaire on the opinions of prospective mathematics teachers about proving, the score of 3.5 or more was regarded as a high and desirable score for each item. Accordingly, the opinions of those who receive a total score of 70 (3.5 x 20 = 70) or more are desirable. Similarly, a score of 2.5 223 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo or less for each item is regarded low, the opinions of those who receive 60 points or less (2.5 x 20 = 60) are not considered desirable. Those who scored a total between 61 and 71 are included in the “indecisive” group. The opinions of the prospective mathematics teachers about proving are given in Table 1, below. f (%) Positive Opinion Indecisive Negative Opinion Total 70(46,3) 54(35,7) 27(17,8) 151(100) Table 1: Percentages and Frequencies of the Opinions of Prospective Mathematics Teachers about Proving. Table 1 shows that approximately 46% of the participants scored 70 points or more in total; approximately 18% scored 60 points or less; and approximately 36% of participants were classed as “indecisive”. The results indicate that the number of prospective teachers who expressed positive opinions about proof is higher than those who expressed indecisive and negative opinions about proof. Conclusions The findings of the present research show that approximately 46% of prospective teachers expressed positive opinions about proving, 36% were indecisive, and 18% expressed negative opinions. These data further demonstrate that the prospective teachers did not completely comprehend the importance of proving, which is a fundamental component of mathematics education. This result is similar to the findings reported by Moralı et al. (2006). When many items in the scale used in the present research are examined, it is seen that the indecisiveness about the questions asked might mean that the conceptualization of mathematical logic reasoning is not at the desired level. Accordingly, it can be said that the proving related conceptualization levels of approximately one third of the prospective mathematics teachers are not at the desired levels. Suggestions There is increasing interest in proof within primary and secondary education. Therefore, prospective mathematics teachers should be sufficiently educated so that they can develop proof-based mathematics activities. The efficiency of mathematics education can be increased by revealing the discovering instinct of students carrying out such activities. Given that prospective teachers have learned hundreds of mathematical theorems and their proofs during their teacher-training, rote learning should be avoided. To this end, activities should be developed that allow prospective teachers to internalize proof. This process will be more useful when these activities are prepared by both prospective teachers and academics. 224 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo References Almeida, D. (2000). A survey of mathematics undergraduates interaction with proof: some implications for mathematics education. International Journal of Mathematical Education in Science and Technology, 31: 6, 869-890. Altun, M., (2002). Matematik Öğretimi Kitabı, Đstanbul: Alfa Yayın Dağıtımı. Fitzgerald, J.F.(1996) “Proof in Mathematics Education”. Journal of Education, 178(1): 35-45. Güven, B., Çelik, D. & Karataş, Đ. (2005). Ortaöğretimdeki Çocukların Matematiksel Đspat Yapabilme Durumlarının Đncelenmesi. Çağdaş Eğitim Dergisi., 30, 319. Heinze, A. & Reiss, K. (2003). Reasoning and proof: Methodological knowledge as a component of proof competence. In M.A. Mariotti (Ed.), Proceedings of the Third Conference of the European Society for Research in Mathematics Education, Bellaria, Italy. Jones, K. (2000). The student experience of mathematical proof at university level, International Journal of Mathematical Education in Science and Technology, 31, 1, 53-60. Moralı, S., Uğurel, I., Türnüklü, E. & Yeşildere, S. (2006). Matematik öğretmen adaylarının ispat yapmaya yönelik görüşleri. Kastamonu Eğitim Dergisi, 14, 1, 147-160. National Council of Teachers of Mathematics. (2000). Principles and standarts for school mathematics. Reston, VA: National Council of Teachers of Mathematics. Recio, A. M. & Godino, J. D. (2001). Instutional and Personal Meanings of Mathematical Proof, Educational Studies in Mathematics, 48, 1, 83-89. Schoenfeld, A. H. (1994). What do we know about mathematics curricula?. Journal of Mathematical Behavior, 13, 55-80. Stylianides, G. J., Stylianides, A. J. & Philippou. (2007). Preservice teachers’ knowledge of proof by mathematical induction. Journal of Mathematics Teacher Education, 10, 145-166. 225 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 700 Title A name given to the resource Determining the Views of Prospective Mathematics Teachers about Proving Author Author GÜLER, Gürsel Abstract A summary of the resource. The aim of the present research is to determine the opinions of prospective mathematics teachers about proving. The research sample of the study is composed of 151 prospective teachers who study in the third (n= 75) and fourth grades (n= 76) in the Department of Elementary Mathematics Teaching in Erzurum Ataturk University. The data of the present research were obtained through the Proof Opinion Questionnaire. The findings indicate that prospective teachers do not have fullyformed opinions on the topic of proof. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed Q Science (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/feb6514194d2ae17a195d39fc9458d4b.pdf 9dbe7d7dad33450bbb2d455e27bae1f7 PDF Text Text 2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo Trabzonlu Sırrî as an Example of Poets in Divan Literature Hüseyin GÖNEL International Burch University, Sarajevo hgonel@ibu.edu.ba Abstract: Divan literature is a literary style that lasted six hundred years. This literary style, which had a vital importance in our history, has been strongly criticized on the grounds that it was isolated from the people of the time and had no connection to real life. However, Divan literature was popular in all levels of the society, and popular with many poets from different parts of the empire. This article aims to anaylze the poet Sırrî, who lived in Trabzon in the 16th Century, and whose life has not yet been studied. Key words: Divan literature, divan poets, Sırrî Introduction While the Ottoman Empire was expanding its land, it also carried its language to the level of an empire empirical language. Since the reign of Yıldırım Beyazıt, the palace prepared the necessary substructure to develop classical literature. Following Fatih’s invasion of Istanbul, the city became the center of culture (Kurnaz, 2009:205; 2007: 201-212). This created a social structure in which the society and the intellectuals gathered around the common values. Those people with distinctive talents and skills represented a philosophy intricate with the common values. And those intellectuals, sharing the same values with the society they were born into, became teachers of both the society and the palace (Kurnaz, 2009: 206; qtd. in Güngör, 1980:28). In that structure, which united everybody with the philosophy of Umma, the harmony of taste and style is also clearly visible. The same feelings were shared all through the country from the West to the East. The poetry of a Balkanian poet was read and listened in Şam with the same enthusiasm (Kurnaz, 2009: 207). Almost every city was a part of this cultural movement influencing the whole country (Đsen, 1997: 77-84; Şentürk, 2007: 208-210). This harmony of taste, which was reflected in our classical literature in a positive way, encouraged the emergence of talented poets within each level of society, and ethnic background all over the empire (Đsen, 1997: 64-76). To be more precise, Divan poetry became the sole possession of the society and was developed by the society itself. Sultans and Şehzades opened their meetings to the poets. Literary communities were created around the important members of society, especially the governors (Đpekten, 1996; Şentürk, 2007: 208-210; Çeltik, 2007). Trabzon, which is one of the important centers of Black Sea Region, made an important contribution to the development of poetry with fifteen Divan poets (Đsen, 1997: 70). Sırrî, who will be introduced in this research, was one of the 16th century Divan poets. His mastery in the poetry as well as his skill in calligraphy, his assistance to Sultan Murad the 3rd, and his position as a Divan writer in government caused him to be well-known. Teskires (anthology of poets) mention his mastery in calligraphy and his talent in poetry. He should be considered from this respect. There is no academic research on him available so far. In this research, we aim to carry his name from historical records to our time. Sırrî’s Life, and Examples from His Poetry Sırrî is the nickname of the poet whose real name is Mehmet according to all resources. He was refered as Muhammed only in Çelebi’s Tezkire (Hasan Çelebi, 1989: 470). This maybe because those two names are written the same in Arabic, and either of them is used according to the preference of people. However, Mehmet is prefered to Muhammed as a sign of respect to the Prophet. With the agreement of the other sources, his real name is Mehmed (Beyani, 1997: 120; Ahdi, 2005: 357, Riyazi, 1982:78). In addition, his name is referred as Muzaffer in Aşık Çelebi’s Tezkire. However, the poet is known as “Muzaffer Sırrısı” (Hasan Çelebi, 1989: 470; Ali, 1994: 309). The poet, who was grown in Black Sea Region, became famous with this name. There is such kind of naming in Black Sea Region. For instance, Hasan Alisi indicates that Ali is the son of Hasan. And this application is special to this region. Therefore, the expression that “his name is Muzaffer” in Aşık Çelebi is wrong. It should be “He is famous as Muzaffer Sırrısı”. With the agreement of the sources, he was from Trabzon. There is no available information about his family background in the sources. Based on his nickname, we can only say that his father’s name was Muzaffer. 412 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo There is no detailed information about his educational background, either. However, it is clear that he had a good education. He was an assistant and student of Yahya Çelebi, one of the famous respected teachers in his time. The education under the supervision of Yahya Çelebi, shaped his personality: “Medâric-i ‘ilimde pâyesi kutbu’l-ebrâr Yahyâ Çelebi hidmet-i şerîflerini erişmişdir. Ve zamân-ı sabâdan gül-i unvân-ı ömrü monla-i mezbûrun sabâ-yı himmeti ile şükûfte ve handân bâğ-ı letâfette terbiyette nihâl-i ahvâl-i a’mâline ol mihr-i zülâli kemâl reşahât-ı sehâb-ı feyz ü fazliyle âb u nâb vermiştir” (Aşık Çelebi, ty:408). Sırrî was not only a successful poet, but also a very good calligrapher. He was also well-known as a talented Katib (a kind of correspondence clerk in the Ottoman Empire). Every line that he wrote was appreciated like a new product in the market. “Fenn-i kitâbetde yed-i beyzâsı olup memâlik-i kitâbetle mülk-i yümn ile mâlik olup kıt’a nüvislikte her satırı mukatta’ât-ı ibn-i yemîn gibi meyl-i dide-i ayân-ı ehl-i haseddir” (Aşık Çelebi, ty:408). The poet completed his education with a good degree. His academic competence was confirmed by the high authorities of his time: “Mukaddemâ tahsil-i ulûm ve tekfîn-i fünûn edüp isti’dâd-ı zâtisi mecâlis-i ulemâ-yı âlâm ve mehâfil-i fuzelâ-yı izâmda imzâ olunduktan sonra ” (Ahdi, 2005: 357). As well as his academic membership, the poet was also a well qualified calligrapher. Generally, the calligraphers were good at one or two writing styles. Our poet had a distinctive talent in writing all kinds of calligraphy. Especially, he was good at nesih and ta’lik writing styles. At that time, a calligrapher of his calibre was rare: “Kitâbetde râsih ü mâhir ve kalem misal her gûne hattı yazmaya kâdir idi” “... hususa nesh ü ta’likte mâhir ve diyâr-ı rumda emsâl nadirdir” (Hasan Çelebi, 1989: 470; Ahdi, 2005: 357). He attended Celal Bey’s gatherings, who was one of the assistants of Şehzade Sultan Selim the 2nd. He sometimes complained about Celal Bey’s meanness, and his lack of support. (Âli, 1994: 309) Sırrî also assisted Şehzade Murad the 3rd. Hasan Paşa, one of the Rumeli Beylerbeyis, realized his capacity and talent, and made him a katib. The poet had some difficulties following Hasan Paşa’s death. He went to Kütahya, one of the important centers of the time. He was assigned to be a Divan Katib when Sultan Murad the 3rd became the emperor. Before long, he died in 1574. It is also the year when Sultan Murad the 3rd was crowned. Bursalı Cinânî wrote a line referring to the date of his date: “Gitti Sırrî mülk-i ukbâya” (Âli, 1994: 309; Riyazi, 1982:78). The sources indicate that his writings were very much appreciated. He wrote in Turkish. Everyone was interested in his nice and comforting expressions, and attracted by his use of Turkish so well. This is mentined in Gülşen-i Şu’arâ as: “Kıt’ası makbûl-i zurefâ-yı deverândır” (Ahdi, 2005: 357). His distinctive talent and competence contributed to the appreciation of his poetry. His successful communication skills caused him to be appreciated by the high authorities of the government as well. He was admired by everyone because of his high rank and prestige: “Musahabet-i dil- küşâsı ferah-fezâ olmagın eshâb-ı devlet gayet ihtibâr eylemişlerdir. Ve şiiri fevka’l-had naziktir. Zümre-i şu’arâ içinde hayli iştihârı vardur” (Aşık Çelebi, ty:408; Ahdi, 2005: 357; Hasan Çelebi, 1989: 470). All tezkires acknowledged that his death at a young age prevented him from producing better works. If the poet, whose poetry was very influential, had lived longer, he would have produced many good works: “Elhak hûb eş’ârı ve sırr-ı halden mebnî güftârı vardır”, “ömrden bir mikdâr behre-dâr olaydı şu’arânın namdârından olmak muhakkak idi”, “... pür-iştihâr ve namdâr şâ’ir-i pür-âsâr olurdu” (Beyani, 1997: 120; Hasan Çelebi, 1989: 470). There is no available record to prove that he wrote a Divan. His early death might have hindered his production of a Divan. Âlî mentioned about the abundance of his words worth listening (Âlî, 1994: 309). His poetry available consists of only a couple pieces. Those poems have reached our times only because they were written in teskires. The teskire writers acknowledge that the poet, who had a distinctive talent, used all the elements of Divan tradition with a great mastery. As well as his clear and understandable style, his poetry had the taste of powerful work of arts of Divan tradition. Some of his beyits (two line poems) and gazels (a poem consisting of 5 to 15 beyits) can be a proof of that: Kanı hâk-i rehün ahumla berbâd etdüğüm demler Anılmaz mı ser-i kûyunda feryâd etdüğüm demler Gözümde uçar oldı ol tezerv-i şive- kârımla Dem-â-dem murg-ı cânı gamdan azâd etdüğüm demler Akar cûy-ı sirişkim kamet-i dilcûyun andıkça Tolar kan ile çeşmim la’lini yad etdüğüm demler Hayâl-i hevâya döndü kûşe-i firkatde ey meh-ru Visâlünle dil-i nâ-şâdımı şâd etdüğüm demler 413 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo * Reng-i rû olsa eğer mâhda ey gonce-dehen Benzedürdüm ruh-ı rengînine mehmâ-emken * Şehâ çeşm-i çerâğ-ı alem-i nûr-ı basarsın sen Nazîrin görmedüm bir merdum-i sâhib-nazarsın sen Görüp ben nâtüvânın kaçma lutf et ey perî-peyker Seni görsem vücûdum mahv olur kimden kaçarsın sen * Âstân-ı gayre yüz sürmem kapundan sürseler Dönmezem yolunda olmaktan eğer öldürseler * Ne nümâyiş var ola serv-i hırâmânunda Sevr- kadler katı alçak görünür yanunda * Nedür çok böyle incinmek dil-i şeydâya sultânım Nedür bâ’is bu denlü nâz ü istiğnâya sultânım Revâ mı ru-siyehler sâye-veş yanunca salınmak Yazıklar hasılı ol kamet-i bâlâya sultânım * Kûşe-i meylde olsa yerimiz gam yimeziz Zevkimiz kûşesidir ol bezm ey zâhid-hâr * Evsâf-ı dil mi bulunur câm-ı musaffâdan yeğ Pâk-meşreb mi olur sâgar-ı sahbâdan yeğ Kanı bir sünbül-i hoş-bû bu cihân bağında Ârız-ı yâre düşer zülf-i semensâdan yeğ * Meded o kaddi çenarım vefâdan el çekti El ucuyla olan merhabâdan el çekti * Đrgüren vasla rakibâ demiş ol mahşeri Şâl-lâh ol günlere irgürmeye Allâh seni * Sünbülün gül üzre kim pür-piç ü tâb olmaktadır Ru-yı maksâda kara bahtım nikâb olmaktadır * Gam-ı cânânı âşıklar dem-i ukbâya vermezler Bugün nakdi koyup dil nisye-i ferdâya vermezler Bu deyr içre Mesihâ dirilenler tanrı hakkı çün Ölürler bir puta can vermeye dünyâya vermezler Mey ü mahbûb zevkin anlayan şevk ehli âşıklar Şerâb-ı kevserleri dilberleri hûrâya vermezler Metâ-ı vasl-ı yâre nakd-i cân ver ölmeden seni Ki dâim ömr gibi sana bir sermâye vermezler * Eşk-i çeşmün akıdup tenhâda inkâr eyleme Ol senin ey Sırrî yüzünden gözünden akıyor * Görünmezsin kaçarsın âşıkınla neylesün âdem Sana çok söyle kaçma ey perî layık mıdır andan * Seyr et habâbı dide-i ibretle bir nazar 414 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo Güyâ ki kaldı sâğar-ı meyde Cem’in gözi * Saklarım aşkın derûn-ı sinede cânım gibi Kafirim aşkın senin sevmezsem imânım gibi Kul ola mı kimseye şâhım ne eylersin beni Bir efendim var iken âlemde sultanım gibi * Cân derdi sanma hicr ile vardı huzûra Kays Benden sorun firâk-ı elemin ol dahi uyur References AÇIKGÖZ, Namık (1982) Riyazü’ş-Şu’arâ, (Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi), Ankara Ünv. DTCF, Ankara. Ahdi (2005) Gülşen-i Şu’arâ, (Haz. Süleyman SOLMAZ) Atatürk Kültür Merkezi yay. Ankara. Âlî (1994) Künhü’l-Ahbar’ın Tezkire Kısmı, (Haz. Mustafa ĐSEN) Atatürk Kültür Merkezi yay. Aşık Çelebi (ty) Meşa’irü’ş-Şu’arâ. Beyâni Mustafa Bin Carullah (1997) Tezkiretü’ş-Şu’ara, (Haz. Đbrahim KUTLUK), TTK yay. Ankara. ÇELTĐK, Halil (2007) “Halep’te Kınalızade Hasan Çelebi’nin Şairler Meclisi”, Gazi Türkiyat Dergisi, Güz. GÜNGÖR, Erol (1980) Türk Kültürü ve Milliyetçilik, Ötüken Yayınları, Đstanbul. ĐPEKTEN, Haluk (1996) Divan Edebiyatında Edebi Muhitler, Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı Yayını, Đstanbul. ĐPEKTEN, Haluk, vd. (1988) Divan Edebiyatı Đsimler Sözlüğü, Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı Yayınları, Ankara. ĐSEN, Mustafa (1997) “Osmanlılarda Şehir ve Kültür” Ötelerden Bir Ses: Divan Edebiyatı ve Balkanlarda Türk Edebiyatı Üzerine Makaleler, Akçağ yay. Ankara. ĐSEN, Mustafa (1997) “Tezkirelerin Işığında Divan edebiyatına Bakışlar – Osmanlı Kültür Coğrafyasına Bakış” Ötelerden Bir Ses: Divan Edebiyatı ve Balkanlarda Türk Edebiyatı Üzerine Makaleler, Akçağ yay. Ankara. KAYABAŞI, Bekir (1996) Kafzâde Faizî’nin Zündetü’l-Eş’ârı, (Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi), Đnönü Ünv. Malatya. Kınalı-zade Hasan Çelebi (1989) Tezkiretü’ş-Şu’arâ C.I, (Haz. Đbrahim KUTLUK), Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, Ankara. KURNAZ, Cemâl (2009) "Divan Edebiyatı ve Türk Kimliği", Türk Kimliği: Ayvaz Gökdemir'e Armağan-2, Đstanbul, Ötüken Neşriyat. Mehmet Nail Tuman (2001) Tuhfe-i Naili, Bizim Büro Yayınları, Ankara. Şemseddin Sami (1996) Kamusu’l A’lâm, Kaşkar Neşriyat, Ankara. ŞENTÜRK, Ahmet Atillâ (2007) Eski Türk Edebiyatı Tarihi, Dergah yayınları, Đstanbul. 415 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 727 Title A name given to the resource Trabzonlu Sırrî as an Example of Poets in Divan Literature Author Author GÖNEL, Hüseyin Abstract A summary of the resource. Divan literature is a literary style that lasted six hundred years. This literary style, which had a vital importance in our history, has been strongly criticized on the grounds that it was isolated from the people of the time and had no connection to real life. However, Divan literature was popular in all levels of the society, and popular with many poets from different parts of the empire. This article aims to anaylze the poet Sırrî, who lived in Trabzon in the 16th Century, and whose life has not yet been studied. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/e141394cb82f0e8d14daa476f588d644.pdf 596a617dea328fef560967d2a240f6c8 PDF Text Text 2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo Makbûl-i Ârif and a Different Perspective on Language Learning Hüseyin GÖNEL International Burch University, Sarajevo hgonel@ibu.edu.ba Abstract: Language Learning is a subject that has been popular through the ages. Therefore, a number of methods and techniques were developed and applied on this subject. Today, these studies are still continuing. Referring to the dictionaries is one of these methods. Even in Ottoman society, there were dictionaries written in verse to serve this aim. Dictionaries called Subha-i Sıbyan, which enabled primary school students to memorize the words and keep them in mind easily, were widely used. Sıbha-i Sıbyan Dictionaries aimed at teaching especially Arabic and Persian. There were also other dictionaries in verse which were designed to teach different languages too. Mehmet Hevai Üsküfi's work Makbul-i Arif dedicated to Sultan Murad the 4th. is known as the first Bosnian-Turkish dictionary in verse. This dictionary introduces a different perspective in language learning. As it is easier to memorize and keep in mind, poetry has been more effective in language learning compared to prose. In this study, Makbul-i Arif is introduced as an example for the use of dictionaries in verse in language learning. Key words: Verse dictionary, language education, Makbûl-i Arif Introduction Today, in our rapidly globalized world, it has become usual to come across different languages and cultures frequently. There is no doubt that there were those kinds of encounters in the past, too. In terms of cultural differences, language factor is one of the most important of those. Therefore, the initial communication between those different societies has been made possible by language. So, the scholars have been working on different methods of language learning and teaching through the ages. The methods designed and applied on language learning and teaching are comprehensive enough to compile a separate work of art (Demircan, 2005). Even though the methods applied on language learning are plenty and various, some of them have permanent validity. Those are; learning by association, exemplification, narration, learning in context and by dictionary. The word-centered methods are especially used widely in language learning. In this method, it is important that the words are easy to keep in mind. One of the widely used methods is learning by association. The method based on the association of the subsequently used words according to their meanings and pronunciations that enables to keep them in mind. In the other method, a little story is made up based on the word. For example; testimony is an English word and means a statement under oath. The method is applied as follows; Temel commits a murder and was brought to the court. When the judge asks "How did you do that?" he says "kestimoni" (I cut him). The similarity between the sounds testimony and kestimoni reminds the word. The word can be remembered in this way. There are many dictionaries (Bademcioğlu, 2009) prepared based on those mimi-stories. This idea has been reflected on the preparation of dictionaries. Generally, in the classical dictionaries, the word is given and the word class and origin follow it. That is followed by the real and metaphorical meaning. Then an example sentence is given. Extra uses affixes are added if necessary. Compound words, adjective and adverb and verb phrases, prepositions and metaphors etc... (Parlatır, 2009; TDK, 2005; Redhouse, 2008). The Tradition of Verse dictionary Divan-ı Lügati’t-Türk, designed to show the richness of Turkish vocabulary and to teach Turkish to Arabs, is known as the first Turkish example in case of language learning. This work was followed by many dictionaries and dictionary-like works. By means of the example we introduce in this study, it is useful to mention the tradition of dictionary in verse in language teaching. As it is known, Diwan Literature is mainly based on verse. The poets of the age found the verse more useful than prose. About this, 16th century poetry and verse scholar Lami's 323 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo “Nesrdür gerçi dehre sermâye Dürr-i nazmun-durur velî pâye” words and the expression “Nesir raiyyet gibidir ve nazım padişahtır” in Kabusnâme are clear enough to explain this (Üzgör, 1990:136; Okuyucu, 2006:74). Because of preference of verse in Diwan Literature many works were written in verse. Dictionaries in verse****** were the production of this approach. The means of harmony such as metre and rhyme served to keep the words in mind as well as making the work enjoyable to read. The preparation of dictionaries in verse aimed at contributing language learning. The old society was a culturally rich and multi-lingual society. Arabic, Persian and Turkish were the leading languages. Arabic was taught in schools and medreses under the influence of religion. The people dealing with poetry and literature used Persian. The common language used in public was Turkish. The other languages were spoken in their local regions. For example; Bosnian in Bosna, Albanian in Albania. Here, it is useful to mention another tradition in this respect. Independent works in which some complicated contexts were explained were called "Şerh". The writer who believes he comprehends the subject better than others explains the concepts in this work profoundly. These works are divided into two sections: Grammar Serhs and Tasavvufi Serhs. The concept about language learning is related to Gramar Şerhs. The word's original and metaphorical meanings are given in these şerhs, the examples of different uses are also added when necessary. The reader both learns the word and the rules of grammar. Although generally written in prose, there are also some şerhs written in verse. The first examples of dictionaries in verse are in Arab and Persian Literatures. The first examples in Anatolian region are Arabic-Persian††††††. Those were followed by Arabic-Turkish dictionaries‡‡‡‡‡‡. Some of the dictinaries in verse were written in three languages; Arabic-Persian-Turkish§§§§§§. There were also dictionaries in verse written in Bosnian-Turkish, Armenian-Turkish, French-Turkish*******. The work of art that will be introduced in this article is Makbul-i Arif which was written by Mehmed Hevai Uskufi in 1631 and dedicated to Sultan Murad III. During the era which started in 1463 with Fatih Sultan Mehmed's invasion of Istanbul, Turkish culture was intensely reflected in Bosna-Hersek. Many notions of social life were restructured in Bosna-Hersek, which ****** “For more information on Verse Dictionaries, refer to Agâh Sırrı Levend, Divan Edebiyatı Kelimeler ve Remizler Mazmunlar ve Mefhumlar, Đstanbul 1984, s. 636,637; Ahmet Hilmi Đmamoğlu, “Farsça-Türkçe Manzum Sözlükler ve Şahidi’nin Sözlüğü, Atatürk Üniversitesi (Unpublished PhD. dissertation), Erzurum; Adnan Karaismailoğlu, “Manzum Sözlüklerimizden Tuhfe-i Remzî”, Millî Kültür, S. 7, Ankara 1990, s. 60,61.; Türk Dili ve Edebiyatı Ansiklopedisi, “Manzum Lügatler” C. VI, Đstanbul 1986, s.144; Yusuf Öz, Tarih Boyunca Türkçe-Farsça Sözlükler, Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü (Unpublished PhD. dissertation), Ankara 1996, s. 52-74; H. Harun Duman, “Tuhaf Bir Lügat: Miftâh-ı Lisân”, Türk Dünyası Araştırmaları, S. 54, Đstanbul 1988, s. 82-88.; Yusuf Öz, Tuhfe-i Şâhidî Şerhleri, Konya 1999, s.121; Ahmet Kartal, “Ahmet Remzî’nin ‘Tuhfe-i Remzî’ Đsimli Eseri” Bilge, S. 28, Ankara 2000, s. 159-161; Adnan Karaismailoğlu, Klâsik Dönem Türk Şiiri Đncelemeleri, Ankara 2001, s.178-182; Ahmet Kartal, Ahmet Remzî Efendi Tuhfe-i Remzî (Đnceleme-Transkribe Metin- Đndeks- Sözlük), Ankara 2001, s. 3-28.; Ali Temizel, Ahmedî’nin Farsça Eserleri Tenkidli Metin-Đnceleme-Tercüme ve Đndeks, Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü (Unpublished PhD. dissertation), Ankara 2002, s. 107-276. (Kırbıyık, 2002)” †††††† “These dictionaries are Zühretü’l-Edeb’i, written by Şükrüllâh b.Şemsüddîn Ahmed b. Seyfüddîn Zekeriyâ in H. 640/ M. 1242-3, Nasîbü’l-Fıtyân ve Nesîbü’t-Tıbyân, written by Hüsameddin Hasan b. Abdülmü’min el-Hoyî, Silkü’lCevâhir, prepared in H. 757/ M. 1356, by Abdülhamîd el-Engürî, Mirkatü’l-Edeb, versed by Germiyanlı Ahmedî between H. 761-779/ M.1360-1377, and Ukûdu’l-Cevâhir, by Ahmed-i Dâî (after H. 824/ M.1421) (Kırbıyık, 2002)”. ‡‡‡‡‡‡ “First Arabic-Turkish verse dictionary is Lügat -i Ferişteoğlu, written by Abdüllatîf Đbn-i Melek in H. 795/ M. 1392. Şemsi’s Cevâhirü’l Kelimât, Şeyh Ahmed’s Nazmu’l-Leâl published in 1051/1635, Âsım’s (date of birth 1755/date of death 1819) Tuhfe-i Âsım, completed in H. 1213/ M. 1798, Vehbî’s Nuhbe-i Vehbî, written in H. 1214/ M.1799, and Mehmed Fevzî’s (date of death: 1903) Tuhfe-i Fevzî, and Hüsâm b. Hasan el-Konevî’s Tuhfe-i Hüsâmî, written in H. 802/ M. 13991400 (?), are considered to be the first samples of Persian-Turkish verse dictionaries in Anatolia. Besides these works, there are many other works available such as, Đbrahim Dede’sTuhfe-i Şâhidî (date of publication: H. 921 /M. 1515), Lâmi’î Çelebi’s Lügat-i Manzûme (date of publication: H. 933 / before M. 1527), Sünbülzâde Vehbî’s Tuhfe-i Vehbî (date of publication: H. 1197 /M. 1782), Süleyman Dürrî’s Güher-rîz (date of publication: H. 1263 /M. 1867), and Ahmed Remzî Akyürek’s Tuhfe-i Remzî (date of publication: H. 1343/ M. 1924 ). (Kırbıyık, 2002)” §§§§§§ “For example; U’cubetü’l-Garâyib, written by Bahâüddin Đbn Abdurrahmân-ı Magalkaravî (date of publication: H. 827/ M. 1424), Lügat-i Abdülkerîm, written by Abdülkerîm (date of publication: H. 1002/ M. 1594), Menâzimü’l-Cevâhir, by Hâkî Mustafa Üsküdarî (date of publication: H.1042 /M. 1632-3), and Hasan Aynî’s Nazmu’lCevâhir’ (date of publication: H. 1236/ M. 1821) (Kırbıyık, 2002).” ******* “These works are; Bosnalı Üsküfî’s Boşnakça-Türkçe Makbûl-i Ârif (date of publication: H. 1041/M. 1631), Refi’î Kalayî (date of death: 1821)’s Ermenice Lügati, Ahmed Fevzî (date of death: 1881)’s Rumca-Türkçe Tuhfetü’l-Uşşâk, and Yusuf Hâlis (dateof death: 1882)’s Fransızca- Türkçe Miftâh-ı Lisân (date of publication: H. 1266/ M. 1850) (Kırbıyık, 2002).” 324 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo became an important center of Government. Therefore, literary works emerged in 15th century. In Bosnia, Literary movement was developed in two branches. One branch was represented by the poets who wrote in Turkish with Arabic alphabet, the other was represented by the poets who wrote in Bosnian with Arabic alphabet. The second party developed the literature called Alhamiyado. Sabina Dizdarevič states that Makbul-i Arif is considered to be the first example of the Literature called Alhamiyado (Okumuş, 2009:824-825). Muhammed Hevâî Üsküfî and Makbûl-i Ârif The poet who used Havai and Uskufi nicknames was born in Dobirnya village near Donya Tuzla, a district of Zvornic province, in 1601. He was the son of a Zvornic governer. He served in Ottoman Palace for 20 years. He died in 1651. The poet who knew Arabic and Persian was influenced by Tuhfe-i Şahidi of Sahidi Đbrahim Dede, who had written a Persian-Turkish dictionary before him. It has the exception of being the first and only verse dictionary written in Bosnian and Turkish. The work is also known as “Potur Şahidi” (Okumuş, 2009). The poet was thinking of creating a work, and he was in search of a style never thought or used before. However, good or bad all the words were exhausted in the world. While thinking, he decided to write a Bosnian dictionary because although a number of works had been created so far, there was no Bosnian-Turkish dictionary written in verse (Hevai, 3a-3b; Korkut, 1942: 386). So, he made up his mind on the type of work he would write. However, aruz metre were used in Diwan Literature. Aruz was mainly the metre of Arap poetry. Persions tried to write their poetry with this metre for centuries. Persian language was adjusted to the Persian aruz with the introduction of new aruz types. Turkish poets experienced the same difficulty. They complained that Turkish was not convenient for aruz style until they started to use it successfully (Đpekten, 2008: 131-141). The same process was experienced in case of Bosnian too. Mehmed Hevai explains this case in today’s terms: “Just as Bosnian people are huge, their language is huge, too. To adopt this language into aruz is as difficult as pulling an iron bow” (Hevai, 4a-5a; Korkut, 1942: 387). However, the poet manages that and completes his work using a simple and fluent language. The work consists of an introduction and 13 stanzas. At the end of each stanza, there is a mülemma couplet consisting of one line Bosnian and one line Turkish. At the end of each section, a metre is given with takti couplet. The context is active and the described Turkish and Bosnian words are given the same number.††††††† The work was published in Sarajevo in 1942 by Derviş M. Korkut. Publication is in three types: Latin, Ottoman and Bosnian alphabets (Korkut, 1942: 371-408). It was also published in 2001 by Fehim Nametak (Nametak, 2001). The dictionary is a word-centered dictionary. About 650 thousand words were explained (Okumuş, 2009:836). Names and adjectives are the majority in the dictionary. There are also short sample sentences. A lot of words from colloquial language were used. The poet claimed that he wrote the dictionary for Bosnian villagers. Therefore, the words related to farming are the majority. In addition, there are also words related to shopping, days and numbers that are used in daily language. There is a line in the form of a sentence at the end of each poem. In this respect, it reminds the mini-dictionaries of today designed for travelers. It is useful for expressing oneself at a beginner level in a strange country. To give the reader an idea, the first, 9th, and 13th sections of Makbul-i Arif were given below: Part I: 1 Bog Tanrı jedno bir-dir hem jedini vahdetî Duša cân-dır čovik adam dirlugi-dir životi 2 Hem ferişte ‘anđel oldu göklere de nebesi Raj cennet rajnik oldu demek cennetî 3 Moma kız-dır prah toz-dur trag iz-dir put yol Zâhide hem sop derler sam-sid-dir halvetî 4 Visoko-dur yüksek olan alçak olan nizko Hem sokol-dur şâhin adı uçtu demek poleti ††††††† For more information on the work, refer to Sait OKUMUŞ (2009) Muhammed Hevâî Üsküfî ve TürkçeBoşnakça Manzum Sözlüğü Makbûl-i Arif, Turkish Studies International Periodical For the Languages, Literature and History of Turkish or Turkic Volume 4/4 Summer. 325 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo 5 Glava baş-tır zub diş-dir hem dudağa usna der Nos burun dil jezik-dır bre sendir more ti 6 Usta ağız rame omuz hem kulağa uha der Čelo alın kaş obrv’ sen güzelsin lipo ti 7 Hem ayaga noga derler, dize derler kolino Padişaha car derler, carina-dır devleti [R-6294:2] 8 Gümüşe hem srebro derler zlato der hem altına Güzele hem lipo derler sana benzer kano ti 9 Hem tüfeğe puška derler sablja derler kılıca Luk yay-dır sırık kopje dahi sen vur udri ti 10 At konj-dur mazga katır magare der eşeğe Zob yem-dir sino otluk al sen de uzmi ti 11 Kuća evdir žena avrat muž derler kocaya Dahi kurda vuk der, vučija-dır heybeti 12 Konuğa hem gost derler most köprü mast yağ Hem bıçaga nož derler meso dahi bil eti 13 Praz erkek koç ovan-dır hem ulište-dir kovan Sir penir-dir med bal-dır medovin’-dir şerbeti 14 List yaprak trud tutarak çakmak adı ognjilo Hem sübhî-dir božnik hem baya derler bogati 15 Prst parmak ruka el-dir dahy prsten-dir yüzük Uš bit-dir pire buha pire otu paprat 16 Led buz-dur su voda-dır dih adı Crkvina Sol tuz-dur rič söz-dür susa sen de muči ti 17 Tazı hrt-tır vižle zagar kučka derler kancığa Miš sıçan-dır pas köpek-dir zločest-dir nekbetî 18 Uči, piši, radi vrlo da ne budeš zločest Oku, yaz ve pekçe çalış, olmayasın nekbetî 19 Fâ’ilâtün fâ’ilâtün fâ’ilâtün fâ’ilât Sana benzer hûb yok-tur nite nije nitko kani ti [6a-8a] Part IX: 1 Đdi yürü! Hodi! Gele! sid’! otur! Ustani! Dur! ti donesi sen getir! 2 Lasno demek oldu kolay, mučno güç Tara osovin’, june tosun, hem kotor 3 De ağıla, buzağıya de tele Ovca koyun, yuvlanan top kotur 4 Tikva kabak, vino şarap, hem čaša De kadehe, sarhoşa hem pjan denir 326 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo 5 Yak! Užeži! hem çıraya de luč Şimdi sada, doć’ će oti ol gelir 6 Vatra, oganj ateşe de, plamen De yalına, ugljen-dir hem kölmür 7 Yarasa hem kašbaba-dyr klin çivi Muha sinek, kelebeğe der lepur 8 Bahçeye hem vrtlo denir, luk soğan Frenge yakın bir şehre de Kotor 9 Vrba söğüt, ardıca hem liska der Tez hitnik, hem trpennik ne sabur 10 Erteye hem sutra denir, dün jučer Hul’ja san, dahi dikil (i)stobor 11 Haşhaşa mak, ripa de şalgama Hem çınara dahi denildi javor 12 B(a)radva nacak, hem kesere tesla der Testereye pila denir, šator 13 De çadıra, hem koliba çerga-dır Mantara, bil dahi, denildi pečur 14 Hem govedar oldu çoban, taş kamen Köye selo, köylüye dendi potur 15 (I)tkogodi dobro čini, naći će Her kişi-kim eylik eder, ol bulur 16 Müfte’ilün müfte’ilün fâ’ilün Halikunâ ya’lemu mâ fi’s-sudûr [16b-18b] Part XIII: 1 Bir, iki, üç, jedno, (i)dvi, hem tri Dahi dörde dediler četiri 2 Pet beş-tir, šest altı, hem yedi Bil, sedam-dır hem sekiz osam dedi 3 De deved ile desed dahi on ile dokuz Dvadesed oldu yirmi, hem otuz 4 Tridesed, dahi bil, četridesed Kırk, elli petdesed-dir, šestdesed 5 Altmış ve yetmiş dahi sedamdesed Oldu seksen hem osamdesed 6 Hem devedesed doksan oldu, (i)sto yüz Dahi (i)dvi stotine ikiyüz 7 Oldu (i)tri stotine üçyüz De četiri (i)stotine dörtyüz 327 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo 8 Dahi pet stotina beşyüz Var kıyas et gayrılın, anlaya söz 9 Bin dahi hiljad-dır, hoş anla sen Hem desed hiljada onbin, dinle sen 10 Dahi izbroj! Say! Demek-dir, dahi loj Don yağıdır, ol bizim-dir dedi moj 11 Hem pretil-dir semiz olan, kopriva Oldu ısırgan, dahi yüzmek-dir pliva 12 Dahi dövene der bosanca (i)stupa Serhatta bir su var adı Kupa 13 Brk bıyık, dahi (i)brada sakal Ode gitti, ostan’! sen-de kal 14 Rak (y)engeç, žaba-dır hem kurbağa Derler (i)žbanj ağaç olan ibriğa 15 Kotlinica oldu tem bil tencere Badža komin, pozorac-dır pencere 16 Hem makaš-dır cüce, zindan tavnica Dahi tan yıldızına de danica 17 Tan yerine dedi zor, magla hem De duman dažd, yağmur brika hem 18 Puh ve kuskun, sedlo eğer, hem kolan Oldu poprug, prdljaj! var dolan! 19 Hem dilenci oldu p(o)rosjak, hem sužanj Bil, esir-dir, bir şehir adı Lužan 20 Kozle oğlak, jagnje kuzu, jelina Geyiğe der, yeni gelin gelina 21 Pametan hem akıla der, mahnito Şaşkın olan, şunu kaldır! digni to! 22 Soyu sopu güzel olan plemenit Dahi evlenmek dediler oženit 23 Đsterim ben hoću, neću istemem Đšći! Đste! ja ne marim hislemem 24 Tatlı şaraba dediler dahi mast Hem yemek yer misin? Hoć’ jist’? 25 De fakire siromah, hem lahana Oldu kupus, (i)zdila der sahana 26 Hem çanak kim olsa ağaç kutao Der elem(e)ye adına hem vitao 27 Desno sağ-dır dahi livo oldu sol 328 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo Hem lahana turşu suyu-dur rasol 28 Igla iğne, hem konac der ipliğe Veze nakış (i)svila der ipeğe Fâ’ilâtün fâ’ilâtün fâ’ilün 29 Şöyle bilsin nükte sencân-i kelâm Oldu bin kırk-birde bu nüsha tamam [22a-25b] In fact, the method of learning through poetry was very popular in the past.‡‡‡‡‡‡‡ The dictionaries, called Sıbha-i Sıbyan, were taught at school in primary level. These works were designed to enable little children to memorize the Arabian and Persian words easily. This method is widely used in our time as well. However, there are slight differences. For example, some songs are taught in nurseries and kinder gardens. The information is easy to keep in mind by the help of the songs. Once adopted into our own language, the tradition of dictionary in verse will be an effective method of language teaching. Recommendations The work can be useful to teach Turkish to Bosnian, Bosnian to Turkish once it is adapted to our day. In this regard, after examining the editions, a comparative version might be published. It can be used in language teaching after the necessary adaptations. In reference to this work, poems and songs can be produced to be used in language teaching. References Bademcioğlu, Şinasi (2009) Kurgusal Sözlük, Kelime Ezberleten 12 Tekrarlı, Alfa Yayınları, Đstanbul Demircan, Ömer (2005) Yabancı Dil Öğretim Yöntemleri, Der Yayınları, Đstanbul. Derviš, M.Korkut (1942) Makbûl-i Arif (Potur-Šâhidija), Sarajevo. Türkçe Sözlük (2005) (Haz. Komisyon),Türk Dil Kurumu Yayınları, Ankara. Mehmed Hevâî Üsküfî, Makbûl-i Ârif (Potur Şâhidî), Gazi Hüsrev Bey Kütüphanesi, R-2865. Mehmed Hevâî Üsküfî, Makbûl-i Ârif (Potur Şâhidî), Gazi Hüsrev Bey Kütüphanesi, R-6294. Mehmed Hevâî Üsküfî (2001) Maqbûl-i Arif (Potur Sahidiya), (Haz. Fehim NAMETAK), Tuzla Derviş Susiç Kütüphanesi Yayınları. Parlatır, Đsmail (2009) Osmanlıca Türkçesi Sözlüğü, Yargı Yayınları, Ankara. Redhouse Đngilizce-Türkçe / Türkçe-Đngilizce Mini Sözlüğü, 2008. Üzgör, Tahir (1990) Türkçe Divan Dibaceleri, Kültür Bakanlığı Yayınları, Ankara. Okuyucu, Cihan (2006) Divan Edebiyatı Estetiği, L&M yayınları, Đstanbul. Kırbıyık, Mehmet (2002) Miftah-ı Lisan Adlı Manzum Fransızca-Türkçe Sözlük Üzerine, Selçuk Üniversitesi Türkiyat Araştırmaları Enstitüsü Dergisi, Sayı11, s.184-200. ‡‡‡‡‡‡‡ Tuhfe-i Vehbî, written by Đbrahim Şâhidî Dede, has 60 editions (Kırbıyık, 2002:183). 329 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo Okumuş, Sait (2009) Muhammed Hevâî Üsküfî ve Türkçe-Boşnakça Manzum Sözlüğü Makbûl-i Arif, Turkish Studies International Periodical For the Languages, Literature and History of Turkish or Turkic Volume 4/4 Summer, s. 823-844. Đpekten, Haluk (2008) Eski Türk Edebiyatı Nazım Şekilleri ve Aruz, Dergah Yayınları, Đstanbul. Kılıç, Atabey (2006) Manzum Sözlüklerimizden Sübhâ-i Sıbyân Şerhi “Hediyyetü’l-ihvân” Turkish Studies International Periodical For the Languages, Literature and History of Turkish or Turkic Volume 1/1 Summer, s.13-23. 330 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 714 Title A name given to the resource Makbûl-i Ârif and a Different Perspective on Language Learning Author Author GÖNEL, Hüseyin Abstract A summary of the resource. Language Learning is a subject that has been popular through the ages. Therefore, a number of methods and techniques were developed and applied on this subject. Today, these studies are still continuing. Referring to the dictionaries is one of these methods. Even in Ottoman society, there were dictionaries written in verse to serve this aim. Dictionaries called Subha-i Sıbyan, which enabled primary school students to memorize the words and keep them in mind easily, were widely used. Sıbha-i Sıbyan Dictionaries aimed at teaching especially Arabic and Persian. There were also other dictionaries in verse which were designed to teach different languages too. Mehmet Hevai Üsküfi's work Makbul-i Arif dedicated to Sultan Murad the 4th. is known as the first Bosnian-Turkish dictionary in verse. This dictionary introduces a different perspective in language learning. As it is easier to memorize and keep in mind, poetry has been more effective in language learning compared to prose. In this study, Makbul-i Arif is introduced as an example for the use of dictionaries in verse in language learning. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/297f14d8721a3d5b20d9bcf948db3709.pdf 50d59e1d5ceaf3d554f2f6143e9e9ced PDF Text Text 2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo AHP Modeling in Selection of Students for a Part-Time Work: International Burch University Case Ali GÖKSU Assist. Prof. Dr., International Burch University, Faculty of Economics Department of Business Administration goksu@ibu.edu.ba M. KürĢad ÖZLEN Research Assistant, International Burch University, Faculty of Economics Department of Business Administration kozlen@ibu.edu.ba Murat ÇUHADAR Assist. Prof. Dr., Süleyman Demirel University, Turkey mcuhadar@sdu.edu.tr Abstract: Making the right decision for an enterprise is very important for its profit, efficiency, and effectiveness. For these reasons, Decision making in an organization takes a very important place. In this paper, the most appropriate selection of a student for a particular part time work in a university will be examined. There are several methods to make a decision. A multi-criteria Decision Making method will be used to select the most suitable student. The method for this selection will be Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). While making a decision many factors should be considered. And Analytic Hierarchy Process is a quite useful method to cover many determinants. Keywords: Multi-Criteria Decision Making, AHP, Part-Time work, 1. Introduction Decision Making is a very hard and complicated procedure in many cases through the life of human being. There are usually many factors affecting the decision problem. So some methods have been developed. These are all ‗Multi-criteria Decision Making‘ methods. 1.1. Multi-Criteria Decision Making Parallel to the progress of the science and technology, it is a well-known reality that one dimensional or one variable analysis is not enough to solve more complex problems. In one dimensional analysis, the most important assumption is to suppose all the other variables constant except the one which was analyzed. However, all the events in the universe happen with the influence of many inside and outside effects, and this forms a very complex structure. So the events and the objects should be defined with respect to many variables and collective effects of them (DaĢdemir, Güngör, 2002-2003-2004 Vol. I-II). Therefore the importance of Multi-Criteria Decision Making cannot be questioned. AHP is one of Multi-Criteria Decision techniques. 1.2. Personnel Selection Human Resources in an organization has an extremely important place (Werther and Davis, 1994). So the preliminary condition is to detect the need for qualified personnel and select them efficiently and effectively. This is the most crucial issue for the organization and the procedure should work fast and correctly (Özgörmüs, Mutlu, and Güner, 2005). And the scientific approach to the problem has a great account. So in this study for giving the decision scientifically Analytic Hierarchy Process will be used. 536 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo 1.3. Part Time Work in a University As a result of Both Economic developments in the world and changes on the necessities of work environment, the need for and the importance of ‗Part-Time work‘ have been increased. Organizations employ regular and part-time workers at the same time. While employing a Part-time student, there are some points which should be taken into consideration. And both the university and the student should get benefit from this procedure. 2. Research Background: Analytic Hierarchy Process Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) was developed by Thomas L. Saaty in 1977. It is one of the methods which are used for Multi-criteria Decision Making. The main advantage of this method is that the multi-criteria can easily be managed. Additionally, AHP can be understood easily and it does not contain unnecessary mathematical operations (BaĢligil, 2005). Through AHP, The observations of Decision Maker‘s in different psychological and sociological situations can be taken into account and his decision making mechanism will be tried to define. So, the aim is to provide a better environment to Decision Makers (Dağdeviren, Akay and Kurt, 2004). The required steps to be satisfied via AHP are given below. The necessary explanations with formulas are done in each step. 2.1. Defining the Decision Problem This step is also known as Decomposition Phase. This phase is the process of decomposition of the problem into sub-problems. In short, this is the formulation of the decision hierarchy. First, the objective of the study is identified. Then the suitable criteria of the objective are indicated. There may be more than one criterion or suncriteria related with the problem. These criteria should be clear and understandable. At the top of the Decision Hierarchy, there is the main goal. At the bottom, there are decision alternatives. The hierarchy may contain more than one phase according to the degree of the details related to the criteria. 2.2. Comparison The pair-wise comparison matrix is formed by evaluating each criteria and sub-criteria with respect to each other (Kuruüzüm, 2001). There is a comparison matrix shown in Table 1 for four criteria. 1 1/a21 1/a31 1/a41   a21 1 1/a32 1/a42   1 a43 a31 a32 1   a41 a42 a43 1/  1  a21  a31  a41 1 / a21 1 / a31 1 / a41   1 1 / a32 1 / a42   a32 1 1 / a43   a42 a43 1  Table 1. Pair-wise Comparison matrix for four criteria While comparing the alternatives a comparison scale which is called Analytic Hierarchy Scale is used. It is given in Table 2. Intensity of Importance 1 3 5 7 9 2,4,6,8 Reciprocals of the above 1.1 – 1.9 Definition Equal importance Weak importance of one over other Strong Importance Demonstrated Importance Absolute Importance Intermediate Values If activity i has one of the above numbers assigned to it when compared with activity j, then j has the reciprocal value when compared with i. When elements are close and nearly indistinguishable Table 2: Analytic Hierarchy scale 537 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo 2.3. Synthesis After developing pair-wise comparison matrices, the calculations are done for the relative order of the criteria among each other. This section is called ―Synthesis Section‖. If the number of the criteria is five or more, the calculations are very hard in this step. While setting up the priority vectors, Linear Algebra techniques are used. This phase contains the steps: The calculations of maximum eigen-value and corresponding eigen-vector and normalization. There are several methods for normalization. According to the literature most common method is, first the percentages of each element according to its column are calculated and the average of each row is taken. Thus for every criteria priority vectors are found (Kuruüzüm, 2001). 2.4. Consistency Ratio An important subject for the quality of the resultant decision is the consistency of the evaluation of the decision maker. Being consistent is accepted as a prerequisite for rational thinking. But it is almost impossible to be fully consistent. To get new knowledge is possible by allowing some amount of consistency. AHP does not request perfect consistency. It permits consistency, but in each decision it measures the consistency level. To measure the consistency of the decisions, the Consistency Ratio which was developed by Saaty, is used. The formula for consistency is, CI  max  n n 1 To get consistent results, consistency ratio should be smaller than 0,1. The Random Index for 15 criteria is shown in Table 3. If the number of the criteria is greater than 15, then the probability of getting healthier results will be lessened (Kwiesielewicz and Uden, 2004). Number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 R. Index 0 0 0.58 0.9 1.12 1.24 1.32 1.41 1.45 1.49 1.51 1.48 1.56 1.57 1.59 Table 3: Random Index 3. Application In this study, the aim is to select the most appropriate student for a part time work by using a multi-criteria decision making method AHP. The selection is done among Economics Department students which applied for the work. The applied students have filled out application forms at first. The conditions in the application form are determined by the Administration of the university and also the criteria of Higher Education Committee of Turkey were considered. The information in the forms has been used in the selection. In addition to this, a survey was applied on the members of the administration. And the results of this survey were inserted to the decision matrix. Hence the criteria which have been considered in this study are,  Economic Situation  Psychological and Medical Situation  Mental problems  Medical problems  Good mannered  Clean wear and neat appearance  Work Qualifications  Work experience  Adaptability to the group-work  Adaptability to the work environment  Work discipline The hierarchical structure is shown in the Figure 1. At the top of the hierarchy, there is the decision problem. Then in the second step, there are the main criteria. And in the last step, there are sub-criteria. 538 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo The selection of the most appropriate student Economic Situation Psychology and Medical Situation Clean wear and neat appearance Work qualifications Work Experience Mental Adaptability to groupwork Medical Adaptability to work environment Good Mannered Work discipline A B C D Figure 1: The hierarchical Structure of the model The following tables are obtained after the calculation of the means of the survey results. In Table 4, there are the normalized results of the main criteria and their weight vector. It can be easily observed that the most important criterion is Work quality. Criteria Economic Situation Psychology and Medical Situation Clean wear and neat appearance Work qualifications Weight Vector Economic Situation 0,136 0,313 0,214 0,083 0,187 Psychology and Medical Situation 0,136 0,313 0,357 0,417 0,306 Clean wear and neat appearance 0,045 0,063 0,071 0,083 0,066 Work qualifications 0,682 0,313 0,357 0,417 0,441 Consistency Ratio % 9,887 Table 4: The normalized matrix of the main criteria and their weights 539 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo Then the rank of the criteria according to the importance is as follows. 1. Work qualifications 2. Psychology and Medical Situation 3. Economic Situation 4. Clean wear and neat appearance The results in the tables are obtained by using Microsoft Office 2007 Excel. But for easy calculations for AHP problems The Software program Expert Choice may be used. In Table 5, the sub-criteria of Psychology and Medical Situation are examined and accordingly, the importance of ‗Mental problem‘ is seen. Psychology and Medical Situation Mental Problem Mental Problem Medical Problem Good Mannered Weight Vector 0,714 0,714 0,714 0,714 Medical Problem 0,143 0,143 0,143 0,143 Good Mannered 0,143 0,143 0,143 0,143 Consistency Ratio % 0,000 Table 5: The normalized matrix of the criterion Psychology and Medical Situation and its weights In Table 6, the weights of sub-criteria of the criterion ‗Work qualifications‘ can be seen. ‗Work discipline‘ is the most important criterion and the least important criterion is ‗Adaptability to work environment‘. Work qualifications Work experience Adaptability to the groupwork Adaptability to the work environment Work discipline Weight Vector Work experience 0,125 0,188 0,125 0,107 0,136 Adaptability to the groupwork 0,125 0,188 0,375 0,179 0,217 Adaptability to the work environment 0,125 0,063 0,125 0,179 0,123 Work discipline 0,625 0,563 0,375 0,536 0,524 Consistency Ratio % 7,030 Table 6: The normalized matrix of the criterion Work qualifications and its weights 540 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo In the conclusion part, the pair wise comparison of alternative students according to the criteria was done. And the result which is shown in Table 7 appeared. As seen in the table, the most appropriate alternative is the alternative B. 0,187 0,306 0,714 0,143 0,143 ES MNP MDP GM A 0,229 0,491 0,25 B 0,343 0,291 C 0,326 D 0,103 0,066 0,441 Weight Vector 0,136 0,217 0,123 0,524 CWA EW AG WE WD 0,283 0,323 0,231 0,208 0,200 0,252 0,298 0,25 0,418 0,295 0,231 0,525 0,200 0,554 0,379 0,067 0,25 0,082 0,214 0,231 0,109 0,333 0,097 0,169 0,151 0,25 0,217 0,168 0,307 0,158 0,267 0,097 0,154 1,000 Table 7: The normalized matrix of the students and their weights 4. Result And Evaluation Decision making takes place in every part of the life. Especially in large organizations, there are many criteria to select staff. When the number of the criteria is increased, then it would be hard to select the worker. So the selection should be done in a more scientific way. AHP method offers the decision maker an alternative. A software program using AHP can be developed, to do multi criteria decisions. The same type of study can be applied on many decision cases in the life. The study shows that in many specific and complicated situations, Analytic Hierarchy Process can be easily done. And it can offer the best decision alternative to the Decision Maker. References BAġLIGĠL Hüseyin, 2005, ‗‗The Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process For Software Selection Problems‘‘, Yıldız Teknik Üniversitesi Mühendislik ve Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, C.3, Istanbul DAĞDEVĠREN Metin, AKAY D., KURT M., 2004, ‗‗ĠĢ Değerlendirme Sürecinde Analitik HiyerarĢi Prosesi ve Uygulaması‘‘, Gazi Üniversitesi Mühendislik ve Mimarlık Fakültesi Dergisi, C.19, No.2, Ankara DAġDEMĠR Ġsmet, GÜNGÖR Ersin, 2002-2003-2004 Vol. I-II, Çok Boyutlu Karar Verme Metotları Ve Ormancılıkta Uygulama Alanları ZKÜ, Bartın Orman Fakültesi Dergisi GÖKSU Ali, Güngör Ġbrahim, 2008, ―Bulanık Analitik HiyerarĢik Proses ve Üniversite Tercih Sıralamasında Uygulanması‖, Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Ġktisadi ve Ġdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, S 3. GÜNGÖR Ġbrahim, ISLER BÜYÜKER Didar, 2005, ‗‗Analitik HiyerarĢi YaklaĢımı ile Otomobil Seçimi‘‘, Zonguldak Karaelmas Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, C.1, S.2, Zonguldak KURUÜZÜM AyĢe, 2001, ―Analitik HiyerarĢi Yöntemi ve Ġsletmecilik Alanındaki Uygulamaları‖, Akdeniz Üniversitesi Ġktisadi ve Ġdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, C.1, S.1, Antalya 541 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo KWIESIELEWICZ Miroslaw, UDEN Ewa Van, 2004, ―Inconsistent and Contradictory Judgments In Pair wise Comparison Method In The AHP‖, Computers & Operations Research 31 MANAP Gonca, 2006, Tourism Centre Selection with Analytic Hierarchy Process, Journal of Commerce & Tourism Education Faculty ÖZGÖRMÜS Elif, MUTLU Özcan, and GÜNER Hacer, 2005, Personnel Selection by Fuzzy AHP, V. Ulusal Üretim AraĢtırmaları Sempozyumu, Ġstanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi SAATY T. L., 1980, ―The Analytic Hierarchy Process‖, McGraw-Hill Inc. SAATY T. L., 1994, How to Make a Decision: The Analytic Hierarchy Process, Decision Analysis— Systems/Decision Analysis—Applications. 542 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 270 Title A name given to the resource AHP Modeling in Selection of Students for a Part-Time Work: International Burch University Case Author Author GÖKSU, Ali ÖZLEN, M. Kürşad ÇUHADAR, Murat Abstract A summary of the resource. Making the right decision for an enterprise is very important for its profit, efficiency, and effectiveness. For these reasons, Decision making in an organization takes a very important place. In this paper, the most appropriate selection of a student for a particular part time work in a university will be examined. There are several methods to make a decision. A multi-criteria Decision Making method will be used to select the most suitable student. The method for this selection will be Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). While making a decision many factors should be considered. And Analytic Hierarchy Process is a quite useful method to cover many determinants. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed HB Economic Theory