53 10 3494 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/2b47897783ea9db16262e1132fd5adaa.pdf ee605be309b6bf5e2338a2ab17d72bc3 PDF Text Text PROCEEDINGS th ______ The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 DIN V 18599-4 STANDARD-BASED BUILDING ENERGY EVALUATION PERFORMANCE IN TERMS OF ILLUMINATION Ahmed Said Akardas, Mugdesem Tanrioven Yildiz Technical University, Faculty of Electrical & Electronics, Department of Electrical Engineering, Istanbul, Turkey E-mails: saidakardas@hotmail.com, tanriov@yildiz.edu.tr Abstract The deficiency of energy resources which is a result of the increase in world population and the rapid development of technology impels the human being to use the available resources in an efficient way. From this point, Berlin-based DIN issued a standard with the name DIN V 18599 Energy Efficiency in Buildings. In this study,a building in Istanbul, TURKEY is considered to evaluate the energy need for lighting requirements based on the related standard. Study was conducted on an actual structure. The annual amount of energy required for lighting the entire plaza is calculated. The most important result of this study is that there are many parameters like as type of the use of space, façade direction, and slope of the roof, which affect the result of the energy needed for lighting in the buildings. These parameters must be considered for attentive and in-depth analysis, otherwise significant errors can occur in the results. The results showed that energy consumption of the spaces, that are illuminated by daylight and not illuminated by daylight, can be different from each other. Keywords: Building energy performance, illuminating energy performance, Matlab GUI application, energy efficiency formula algorithm, DIN V 18599 formulas. 121 | P a g e �ISSD 2014 th The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ PROCEEDINGS 1. INTRODUCTION Energy efficiency is defined as doing the same work using less energy. While Turkey's primary energy demand has been increasing 4-5% per year and the demand for electrical power has also been increasing %8 per year for the last decade. Besides, energy demand growth rate has exceeded the official estimates in the last two years and a deficit in energy has occurred. As a result of the importance of energy efficiency in buildings, energy identity certificate has become fairly supported in recent years also by the government in Turkey. According to a survey made in 2008, the share of lighting consumption within the total electricity consumption in Turkey was approximately calculated as 23%. Energy efficiency which holds a significant place in the World agenda, have also been discussed by the International standard institutes and certain standards have been published. Increasing energy consumption have pushed states to take some measures and these standards are considered as the guide. The ‘NuOffice’ which was built in Munich, Germany and has the LEED Platinum certification is one of the example offices with energy efficiency. The most significant difference of the NuOffice from a traditional office is its 90% energy efficiency. In Turkey, there are around 50 buildings with LEED certification. 75% of these certificates are in gold class. In terms of energy identity certification in Turkey, the national building energy performance calculation method BEP-TR which was prepared in accordance with the EN 15193 standard, provides a calculation model that suits the conditions in Turkey. Calculating the energy performance of buildings can be made with this method. This paper is based on the standard DIN V 18599. This standard provides a calculation methodology and guides in order to determine energy requirements in buildings for heating, cooling, air conditioning, ventilation, domestic hot water and lighting. This paper covers the energy requirement for lighting. In the first part of this paper, the lighting criteria of the standard is explained. The calculation methodology is described in the second part. In the third part, an application to a sample building is analyzed and is simulated. Finally, conclusions and recommendations are discussed. 2. LIGHTING CRITERIA IN DIN V 18599 STANDARD Efficient usage of daylight in buildings is important for saving energy. The required value of energy for lighting is calculated according to the variables such as the amount of daylight, lighting systems in the office, control systems, geographic location. With the developing technology, variety of new lighting techniques have been found in order to ensure maximum use of daylight. Contemporary lighting systems such as light shelves and light tubes are not taken into consideration in this paper. There are four types of control systems that keep the consumption of lighting systems minimum. Among them, manual and dimmer control systems have been taken into consideration. 122 | P a g e �PROCEEDINGS th ______ The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 3. CALCULATION METHODOLOGY Total energy requirement for lighting of a building or space is calculated according to Equation 1. Q= p x [ATL x (teff,Tag,TL + teff,Nacht) + AKTL x (teff,Tag,KTL + teff,Nacht)] (1) pj : electrical evaluation power (W/m2) ATL : area which is illuminated by daylight (m2) AKTL : area which is not illuminated by daylight (m2) teff,Tag,TL : the effective operating time of the lighting system, during the day-time, which is illuminated by daylight (h) teff,Tag,KTL : the effective operating time of the lighting system, during the day-time, which is not illuminated by daylight (h) teff,Nacht : the effective operating time of the lighting system, during the night-time (h) The calculation flowchart of energy needed for lighting is showed in Figure 1. Figure 1. Flowchart showing calculation of the energy need for lighting 123 | P a g e �ISSD 2014 th The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ PROCEEDINGS Following parameters are involved in the calculation of p that is used in equation 1. Electrical evaluation power (p) is calculated with Equation 2. p = plx x Ēm x kA x kL x kR (2) plx : specific electrical evaluation power (W/m2) Ēm : maintained illuminance, lx kA : reduction factor to account for the proportion of the task area kL : the correction factor taking into account the type of lamp kR : the correction factor taking into account the type of space Operating times, the partial-operation factor to account for illumination by daylight and the partial-operation factor to account for the presence of persons, contribute to the calculation of effective operation time of lighting system teff,Tag,TL = tTag x FTL x FPra (3) teff,Tag,KTL = tTag x FPra (4) teff,Nacht = tNacht x FPra (5) TTag : is the operating time during the day-time tNacht : is the operating time during the night-time FTL : is the partial-operation factor to account for illumination by daylight FPra : is the partial-operation factor to account for the presence of persons (occupancy) Calculation of partial-operation factor to account for the presence of persons (FPra) depends on (CPra,kon) values which depend on the relative absence (CA) and the lighting control. CA value is determined according to the usage type of the building that is being measured, while CPra,kon value is obtained according to whether there is presence sensor as shown in the following table. FPra = 1 – (CA x CPra, kon) (6) Table.1 Factor CPra, kon to account for the efficiency of presence detection systems Space CPra, kon Without presence sensors 0,5 With presence sensors 0,95 In order to caculate FTL, CTL,Vers and CTL, kon values must be known. FTL = 1 – (CTL,Vers x CTL,kon) FTL : partial operation factor to account for illumination by daylight CTL, Vers : daylight supply factor CTL, kon : factor representing the effect of the daylight-responsive lighting control system Calculation of daylight supply factor is made through a detailed process of operations. Shortly, parameters such as types of façade components, daylight class, glazing type effect daylight 124 | P a g e �PROCEEDINGS th ______ The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 supply factor. The values for CTL,kon is provided in Table 2 based on daylight class and whether artificial lighting control system is manual or dimmed. Table.2 Correction factor CTL,kon, j Classification of Daylight Type of control Medium Strong 300 lx 500 lx 750 lx 300 lx 500 lx 750 lx 300 lx 500 lx 750 lx 0,50 0,47 0,44 0,55 0,52 0,49 0,60 0,57 0,54 No total switch off 0,65 0,70 0,73 0,70 0,73 0,75 0,73 0,75 0,76 Total switch off 0,71 0,74 0,76 0,77 0,78 0,79 0,81 0,81 0,81 Manual Dimmed Low 4. SAMPLE BUILDING APPLICATION The simulation is applied to a plaza structure in Istanbul, Turkey. Building has seven independent parts which includes two basement floors, a ground floor, three normal floors and an attic. Each independent section has been considered as a zone. Each zone was separated into evaluation areas within itself. Energy requirement for lighting of each evaluation area is calculated individually. Basements are considered as car parking space. The ground floor has one store, one personal office and two toilets. Normal floors have one workgroup office, one personal office and two toilets. In the attic, there is a space of about 150 m2, that can be considered as living area. There are 4555 hours of daytime, and 4205 hours of night time in a year in Istanbul. At the times daylight is long, the buildings that benefit from daylight can save energy. In this paper each usage type is calculated separately for day and night time. Table.3 Properties of zones Building Condition New Building Illumination Type Direct Type of Lamp Tubular Fluorescent Type of Balast Electronic Type of Control Dimmed Type of Dimmer Total switch off Presence Sensor Available As an example, characteristics of NF2 zone evaluation areas which is called 2. Normal floor zone are shown in Table.4. After calculating the amount of energy required for lighting with the data available, the same procedure is repeated for all other zones. The results obtained are provided in Table 5. 125 | P a g e �th ISSD 2014 The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ PROCEEDINGS Table.4 Characteristics of evaluation areas for the usage of calculating energy requirements for lighting Evaluation Areas NF2_1 NF2_2 Depth Width Height Type of Space Façade Direction 11,18m 11,70m 3,00 m Workgroup Office North 3,60m 3,30m 3,00 m Personal Office West 1,5m 1,0m 3,00 m Toilets East 1,5m 1,0m 3,00 m Toilets East 1,25m 2,30m 3,00 m 5,80m 3,50m 3,00 m NF2_toi1 NF2_toi2 NF2_hol NF2_ups Auxiliary Space Circulation Area Type of Glass Type of Façade Component Double Glazing Double Glazing Double Glazing Double Glazing Solar Protection Glazing Solar Protection Glazing Solar Protection Glazing Solar Protection Glazing * * * East Double Glazing Solar Protection Glazing * Type of glazing, façade component and façade direction are not given any value, since the building do not has daylighting and they do not have effect on the results. Table.5 Total monthly and annual energy requirement for lighting for all zones Zones Month Monthly Total B2 B1 GF NF1 NF2 NF3 Roof Jan 57,228 63,989 172,899 190,459 190,459 190,459 129,380 994,87 Feb 57,228 63,989 151,266 174,683 174,683 174,683 125,889 922,42 Mar 57,228 63,989 134,902 162,735 162,735 162,735 123,174 867,49 Apr 57,228 63,989 123,806 154,613 154,613 154,613 121,234 830,09 May 57,228 63,989 116,595 149,355 149,355 149,355 120,071 805,94 June 57,228 63,989 114,652 147,923 147,923 147,923 119,683 799,32 July 57,228 63,989 117,978 150,319 150,319 150,319 120,071 810,22 Agu 57,228 63,989 125,188 155,577 155,577 155,577 121,234 834,37 Sep 57,228 63,989 137,667 164,662 164,662 164,662 123,174 876,04 Oct 57,228 63,989 155,134 177,341 177,341 177,341 125,695 934,06 Nov 57,228 63,989 178,149 194,080 194,080 194,080 129,186 1010,79 Dec 57,228 63,989 204,769 213,449 213,449 213,449 133,259 1099,59 Annual Total 686,73 767,87 1733,00 2035,19 2035,19 2035,19 1492,04 10785,24 Total energy requirement for lighting of the building is 10.785,24 kwh as shown in Table.5. The lowest consumption is in summer times, particularly with 799,320 kwh in June, the highest consumption is in winter particularly with 1099,591 kwh in December. The results indicated that the amount of sun light in summer is more compared to the winter months. 126 | P a g e �PROCEEDINGS th ______ The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 5. CONCLUSION This paper is based on DIN V 18599 standard of the energy efficiency which is issued by German Standards Institute. Energy requirement for lighting of a new building that is built in Istanbul is calculated. The most significant conclusion of this paper is that there are several parameters that effect the result of energy requirement for lighting in buildings such as usage type of space, façade direction, slope of roof. For a cautious and in-depth analysis, these parameters should be considered, otherwise significant errors may occur in the results. Results also show that there is a major gap in energy consumption between basements without daylight and floors with daylight. REFERENCES Gorgulu, S., Kocabey, S., Yuksek, I. and Dursun, B., (2010). “Enerji Verimliliği Kapsamında Yapılarda Doğal Aydınlatma Yöntemleri: Kırklareli Örneği”, International II.Thrace Region DevelopmentEntrepreneurship Symposium, October 1-2,2010, Kirklareli BEP-TR Binalarda Enerji Performansı Ulusal Hesaplama Yöntemi, Ek 05-Aydınlatma, December 7, 2010, Official Gazette, Number: 27778, 2010. Yıldırım Unnu, S., Sener, F. ve Yener, A.K., (2011). "Binalarda Aydınlatma Enerjisi Performansının Belirlenmesinde Kontrol Sistemlerinin Rolü", 6th National Lighting Symposium, November 25-26,2011, Izmir Toparlar, E., (2011). “Aydınlatma Kontrol Sistemlerine Genel Bakış”, II. National Congress of Electrical Installations, November 24 – 27,2011, Izmir DIN V 18599,(2011). Energy Efficiency in Buildings, DIN, Berlin Akardas, A.S., (2013). “Din V 18599-4 Standardı Esas Alınarak Matlab Gui Aydınlatma Tasarımı ve Örnek Binada Uygulanması”, Master Thesis, Yıldız Technical University Science Institute, Istanbul. Ahmed Said Akardas was born in 1986 in Istanbul, Turkey. He received the B.S. degree from Fatih University in 2010 and M.S. degree from the Technical University of Yildiz in 2013. His research areas include renewable energy and energy efficiency. He is currently Ph.D. student in the Electrical Engineering in the Yildiz Technical University. In addition, he is working for a renewable energy company in Istanbul. Mugdesem Tanrioven was born in 1970 in Kayseri, Turkey. He received the B.S., M.S. and Ph.D. degrees from the Technical University of Yildiz in 1993, 1996 and 2000, respectively. His research areas include renewable energy, power systems, power quality and reliability. He was at the University of Liverpool and at Univessity of South Alabama as a post-doctoral resercher for a total of three year. He is currently Professor and Head of the Electrical Engineering Department in the Yildiz Technical University. 127 | P a g e � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2497 Title A name given to the resource DIN V 18599-4 STANDARD-BASED BUILDING ENERGY EVALUATION PERFORMANCE IN TERMS OF ILLUMINATION Author Author AKARDAS, Ahmed Said TANRIOVEN, Mugdesem Abstract A summary of the resource. The deficiency of energy resources which is a result of the increase in world population and the rapid development of technology impels the human being to use the available resources in an efficient way. From this point, Berlin-based DIN issued a standard with the name DIN V 18599 Energy Efficiency in Buildings. In this study,a building in Istanbul, TURKEY is considered to evaluate the energy need for lighting requirements based on the related standard. Study was conducted on an actual structure. The annual amount of energy required for lighting the entire plaza is calculated. The most important result of this study is that there are many parameters like as type of the use of space, façade direction, and slope of the roof, which affect the result of the energy needed for lighting in the buildings. These parameters must be considered for attentive and in-depth analysis, otherwise significant errors can occur in the results. The results showed that energy consumption of the spaces, that are illuminated by daylight and not illuminated by daylight, can be different from each other. Keywords: Building energy performance, illuminating energy performance, Matlab GUI application, energy efficiency formula algorithm, DIN V 18599 formulas. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014-05-15 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 978-9958-834-36-3 Q Science (General),QH301 Biology,QH426 Genetics https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/433af0f49486ea9f3389d71be57ab7fe.pdf 2194256d498ce4cb4c34f8813f5afc66 PDF Text Text PROCEEDINGS th ______ The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 QUALITATIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF INTRODUCED PEACH VARIETIES IN HERZEGOVINA Jasmina Aliman1, Ahmed Džubur1, Semina Hadžiabulić1, Azra Skender2, Dinko Bećirspahić2, Fikreta Behmen3 1 “Dzemal Bijedic” University in Mostar, Agro Mediterranean faculty, USRC «Midhat Hujdur Hujka», 88000 Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina (E-mail: jasmina.aliman@unmo.ba) 2 Biotechnical faculty, University of Bihac, Pape I. Pavla II, Bihać, Bosnia and Herzegovina 3 University in Sarajevo, Faculty of agriculture, Zmaja od Bosne 8, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina Summary The paper presents three year research on qualitative characteristics of introduced peach varieties: Maycrest, Spring Lady, Rich Lady and Elegant Lady, and standard variety Springcrest in Herzegovina. The varieties were described according to the method of the International Board for Plant Genetic Resources (IBPGR), including subjective assessment. The highest marks for attractive fruit were given to the varieties Rich Lady and Elegant Lady, that are characterized by extremely large fruit, attractive blush colour, and easy stone adherence. Early and medium ripening varieties (Maycrest and Springcrest) are characterized by extremely firmness of flesh which provides greater transportability. The highest stone cracking was found for variety Maycrest, the lowest was noticed for Elegant lady, while the other varieties have medium stone cracking (mark 5). Concerning stone adherence, clingstone was found for the varieties Maycrest and Springcrest, semi-freestone was noticed for the variety Spring Lady, while varieties Rich Lady and Elegant Lady had free stones, actually it is completely free from flesh, characteristic which is highly appreciated by consumers. Key words: peach, fruit, flesh, stone 1 “Dzemal Bijedic” University in Mostar, Agromediterranean faculty 63 | P a g e �ISSD 2014 th The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ PROCEEDINGS Introduction Taking into account the total fruit production in the world, peach is in eight place and it is in third place in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Total world production of peach in 2012, was 21.083.151 t (FAOSTAT 2014), and out of that number China has production of 12.000.000 t or 56,92%. Modern market trends that define production parameters of this fruit type are globalization and need for supply with fruit through the year, big variety of products and integral concept of production of healthy safe food, large diversity of products and integral concept of production of healthy safe food. Such market demands are putting tasks before breeding programmes aiming creation of new varieties that would offer longer harvest season of fruits of higher quality with controlled use of plant protection. Special attention is on diversification of pomological features, better fruit storing and modifications of crown architecture in order to adjust trees in programmes to grow in dense plantings. As a result of breeding activities, a variety was created which has perfects fruit features and technological deelopmen that provide realization of its full genetic potential. Today, fruit quality has fundamental value for acceptance of peach and nectarine varieties by consumers due to big market competition (Crisosto & Crisosto 2005, Crisosto et al. 2006b, Iglesias & Echeverría 2009). Skin appearance (colour and without damages), texture, taste and content of sugar and acids are key factors which determine quality of fresh peach and nectarine (Badenes et al. 2006). All these parameters may act independently of each other, therefore they have to be studied as whole and their relation between each other in order to improve selection of production goals. Previous researches carried out for peach (Byrne et al. 1991, Génard et al. 1994, Esti et al. 1997, Génard et al. 1999) revealed connection between some pomological features that refer to fruit quality. Material and method Research was carried out at three the most important locations of peach cultivation in Bosnia and Herzegovina (Mostar, Čapljina and Stolac) during three vegetative seasons: 2009, 2010 and 2011. Materials used for research were newly introduced peach varieties: Maycrest, Spring lady, Elegant lady, Rich lady, and standard variety Springcrest. Rootstock for examined varieties is GF 677. Highly intensified agro-technical and pomotechnical treatment has been carried out in the examined orchards (soil cultivation, fertilization, plant protection). The experiment was set in the accordance to the "Method of randomized block experiment", with 5 trees for every variety, at every location, actually 75 trees in total. Planting distance was 4 x 2,5 m, teee for was slender spindle. Total fruit analyses in examined varieties were carried out on random sample of 50 fruits for every particular parameter. The following quality parameters were examined: fruit attractiveness, ground and red over colour, skin pubescence, skin cracking suspectability. The following flesh features were analysed: colour, firmness, texture and taste. Stone analyses comprehended: form, cracking and stone adherence to flesh. International peach descriptor “Descriptor list for peach“ IBPGR, by Bellini et al. (1984) was used for determination of qualitative fruit features. 64 | P a g e �PROCEEDINGS th ______ The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 Results and discussion Fruit appearance Peach fruit quality is determined by a collection of internal and external features that are mutually complemented in their expression, and they significantly influence on satisfaction and acceptance of some varieties by their consumers. Fruit attraction is collection of external features which leaves visual effect on consumer. From external features fruit attractiveness is influenced by a shape and size of fruit, ground and red over skin colour, skin pubescence, and from internal factors flesh firmness, texture and taste. Through ripening of peach fruit, additional skin colour is developed over the ground colour, and it can vary from blush to red colour of various intensity (Byrne et al., 1991; Delwiche & Baumgardner, 1985). These changes are happening probably due to chlorophyll degradation (green), unmasking of carotenoids (yellow, orange) (Cory & Schlimme, 1988) and synthesis of anthochyanin (red, purple) in fruit skin. Red colour is determined with the influence of genetic and ecological factors. Intensity of red colour is under the influence of light availability within the crown (Bible & Singha, 1993; Correlli Grappadelli & Coston, 1991; Day et al., 1989; Erez & Flore, 1986; Marini, 1985). Results of the fruit assement of examined varieties of peach is presented in the Table 1. Table 1. Appearance of fruit of examined cultivars of peach, IBPGR, 2009-2011. Variety Fruit attractiveness Maycrest Springcrest Spring Lady Rich Lady Elegant Lady 5 5 7 7 9 Ground colour of skin 5 5 5 6 5 Red over colour Skin pubescence Skin cracking susceptibility 6 6 6 9 7 5 5 5 3 3 5 3 3 7 7 Analysing marks given for fruit attractiveness, presented in the table 1. It may be concluded that all the examined varieties have high marks and it goes from fair (5) for varieties Maycrest and Springcrest, good (7) for Spring Lady and Rich Lady, and excellent (9) for variety Elegant Lady. Based on the presented classification, it may be seen that the most of examined varieties have yellow (5) as skin ground colour, except the variety Rich-Lady which has yellow-orange (6) as skin ground colour. Table 1., also shows that varieties of early and mid season harvest maturity (Maycrest, Springcrest and Spring Lady) have medium red – red over colour (6), variety Elegant Lady has mostly red (7), while Rich Lady has red-wine (9) colour. Further checking of IBPGR results, shows that varieties Maycrest, Springcrest and Spring Lady have intermediate pubescence (5), while the varieties Rich Lady and Elegant Lady have poor pubescence (3). Varieties Springcrest and Spring Lady have low skin cracking susceptibility, variety Maycrest medium, and varieties Rich Lady and Elegant Lady high degree of skin cracking susceptibility, which has to be taken into consideration during determination of harvet time and the way of transport. 65 | P a g e �th ISSD 2014 The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ PROCEEDINGS Skin colour is the one that mostly attract attention of consumers, and it is caused by pigments located in cells of epidermis and parenchyma. Yellow and amber colour originates from products of changed chlorophyll, carotene and their derivates. Pink and all tones to red colour originate from anthocyan dissolute in cell fluid. Skin ground colour may be yellow, greenish, green-yellow, yellow-greenish and orange cover with redness on certain parts or on the entire surface. Concerning the red colour is dominant over the yellow and white colour. Features of fruit flesh Flesh analyses comprehended: colour, firmness, texture and taste is presented is by table 2. Ground colour of flesh may go from light greenish to less or more intensive yellow, white or red in tones. The most of peach varieties are divided to white and yellow in the accordance with colour of fruit flesh. White and yellow colour of peach fruit flesh is the most popular and they are basic criteria for classification of peach varieties due to extreme significance of this feature. White colour of flesh is monogenic and dominant comparing to yellow. Red colour around a stone is dominant. Table 2. Features of fruit flesh of examined peach varieties, IBPGR, 2009-2011 Variety Colour of flesh Maycrest Springcrest Spring Lady Rich Lady Elegant Lady 4 5 5 6 5 Firmness of flesh 7 7 5 7 5 Texture of flesh 5 5 7 5 7 Taste of flesh 5 7 9 9 9 Reviewing the results presented in the table 2., it may be concluded that all examined peach varieties have yellow-greenish to yellow-orange flesh colour. Maycrest variety yellowgreenish ground colour of flesh, Rich Lady has yellow-orange, while the other varieties have yellow ground colour of flesh. Table 2., also presents that varieties Maycrest, Springcrest and Rich Lady have fine flesh, while varieties Spring Lady and Elegant Lady have intermediate flesh firmness. Varieties Maycrest, Springcrest and Rich Lady have intermediate texture, while varieties Spring Lady and Elegant Lady have fine texture. Based upon the classification of examined varieties presented in the table 2., it is obvious that variety Maycrest has fine taste (5), variety Springcrest good (7), while varieties Spring Lady, Rich Lady and Elegant Lady have excellent taste (9). Various tones of red colour of skin and flesh of fruit of peach come from anthocyan. Peach fruit, besides table use, is also used a lot for processing into different juices, jams,.... Dark colour of these products is appearing due to the activity of phenoloxidase and anthocyan degradation (Tešović et al., 1996). Stone fetaures of examined peach varieties Size and shape of stone may be used as descriptive characteristic of varieties (Jakubowski & Lewandowska 2004). Shape of fruit stone is ovoid and it varies from variety to the variety. (Quilot et al., 2004). 66 | P a g e �PROCEEDINGS th ______ The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 Table 3. presents stone features in the accordance with the International descriptor IBPGR. Table 3: Stone features of examined peach varieties Variety Maycrest Springcrest Spring Lady Rich Lady Elegant Lady Shape of stone 4 4 4 4 4 Cracking of stone 7 5 5 5 1 Stone adherence 3 3 2 1 1 It is visible in the Table 3., that all the examined varieties have elongated shape, as classified by IBPGR with 4. It can also be concluded, that variety Elegant Lady has very low cracking predisposition, and actually inconsiderable number of cracked stones were registered for this variety. Medium cracking predisposition was noticed for varieties Springcrest, Spring Lady and Rich Lady, while high level of cracked stone has been registered for the variety Maycrest at all the location within the researched period. Checking the classification results, it is obvious that clingstone was registered for the varieties Maycrest and Springcrest, semi-freestone for the variety Spring Lady, while varieties Rich Lady and Elegant Lady have freestones, completely free from flesh, characteristic appreciated by consumers. Conclusion Analysing assessments of qualitative features of fruit of the examined peach varieties, it may be concluded that all the examined peach varieties have high assessment for fruit attractiveness. Especially variety Elegant Lady has excellent marks for its extremely attractive fruit. (9). Through the results of IBPGR classification of examined varieties, it is obvious that all the varieties have high marks related to flesh features. (colour, texture, firmness and taste). According to the stone cracking susceptibility, variety Elegant Lady has extremely low susceptibility, varieties Springcrest, Spring Lady and Rich have a low susceptibility, while medium was registered for the variety of Maycrest, at all the locations within the examined period. Based upon the conducted research, it may be concluded that all the examined varieties were adapted to the specific conditions of sub-mediterranean Herzegovina and by their qualitative-quantitative characteristics they fulfil required demands of modern market, therefore they may be recommended to famers to be used in practice. References 1. Badenes M.L., LLácer G., Crisosto C.H. (2006): Mejora de la Calidad de Frutales de Hueso. In: Llácer G., Díez M.J., Carrillo J.M., Badenes M.L. (eds) Mejora genética de la calidad en plantas. Sociedad Española de Ciencias Hortícolas y Sociedad Española de Genética, Valencia, p 551-578 2. Bellini E., Watkins R., Pomarici E. (1984): Descriptor list for Peach, IBPGR Secretariat, Rome, CEC Secretariat, Brussels. 3. Bible, B.B. and S. Singha. (1993): Canopy position influences CIELAB coordinates of peach color. HortScience 28:992–993. 67 | P a g e �ISSD 2014 th The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ PROCEEDINGS 4. Byrne, D.H., Nikolic, A.N., Burns, E.E. (1991): Variability in sugar, acids, firmness and color characteristics of 12 peach genotypes. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci., 116: 1004–1006. 5. Corelli-Grappadelli, L. and D.C. Coston. (1991): Thinning pattern and light environment in peach tree canopies influences fruit quality. HortScience 26:1464–1466. 6. Cory, K.A. and D.V. Schlimme. (1988): Relationship of rind gloss and groundspot color to flesh quality of watermelon fruit during maturation. Scientia Hort. 34:211–218. 7. Crisosto C.H., Crisosto G.M. (2005): Relationship between ripe soluble solids concentration (RSSC) and consumer acceptance of high and low acid melting flesh peach and nectarine [P. persica (L.) Batsch] cultivars. Postharvest Biology and Technology 38:239-246 8. Crisosto C.H., Crisosto G.M., Neri F. (2006b): Understanding tree fruit quality based on consumer acceptance. Acta Horticulturae 712:183-189 20 9. Day, K.R., T.M. DeJong, and A.A. Hewitt. (1989): Postharvest and preharvest summer pruning of ‘Firebrite’ nectarine trees. HortScience 24:238–240. 10. Delwiche, M.J. and R.A. Baumgardner. (1985): Ground color as a peach maturity index. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 110:53–57. 11. Erez, A. and J.A. Flore. (1986): The quantitative effect of solar radiation on ‘Redhaven’ peach fruit skin color. HortScience 21:1424–1426 12. Esti, M., Messia, M.C., Sinesio, F., Nicotra, A., Conte, L., Notte, E., Palleschi, G. (1997): Quality evaluation of peaches and nectarines by elektrochemical and multivariate analyses: relathionships between analitical measurements and sensory atributes. Food Chemistry, 60: 659–666. 13. FAOSTAT. 2014 http://www.faostat.fao.org. 14. Genard, M., Souty, M., Holmes, S., Reich, M., Breuils, L. (1994): Correlations among quality parameters of peach fruit. J. Sci. Food Agric., 66: 241–245 15. Génard M., Reich M., Lobit P., Besset J. (1999): Correlations between sugar and acid content and peach growth. 542 Journal of Horticultural Science & Biotechnology 74:772-776 16. Iglesias I, Echeverría G (2009): Differential effect of cultivar and harvest date on nectarine colour, quality and consumer acceptance. Scientia Horticulturae 120:41-50 17. Jakubowski, T., Lewandowska, G. (2004): Evaluation of fruit size and quality of plum seedlings (Prunus domestica L.), Acta Hort. (ISHS) 663:309-312. 18. Marini, R.P. (1985): Vegetative growth, yield, and fruit quality of peach as influenced by dormant pruning, summer pruning, and summer topping. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 110:133–139 19. Quilot, B., Kervella, J., Génard, M., (2004): Shape, mass and dry matter content of peaches of varieties with different domestication levels, Scientia Horticulturae, Volume 99, Issues 3-4, 387-393 20. Tešović Ž., Nidžović S., Plazinić R., Mitrović M. (1996): Antocijani ploda breskve, abstrakti, X kongres voćara Jugoslavije, Čačak Uvodni referati i Jasmina Aliman received her graduate degree from the University of Sarajevo in 1988. MA degree, she gained at the Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences University of Sarajevo in 2008. Doctoral thesis “Pomological characteristics some peach varieties (Prunus persica L.) in ecological condition Submediterranean Herzegovina” was done at Agomediterranean Faculty of Dzemal Bijedic University of Mostar in 2012. Her research and scientific activities are in field of fruit growing. She is an author and co-author in 23 scientific works and 5 research studies, and she was participating in several projects funded by EU and by various Ministries in BiH. 68 | P a g e � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2478 Title A name given to the resource QUALITATIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF INTRODUCED PEACH VARIETIES IN HERZEGOVINA Author Author ALIMAN, Jasmina DŽUBUR, Ahmed HADŽIBULIĆ, Semina SKENDER, Azra BEĆIRSPAHIĆ, Dinko BEHMEN, Fikreta Abstract A summary of the resource. Summary The paper presents three year research on qualitative characteristics of introduced peach varieties: Maycrest, Spring Lady, Rich Lady and Elegant Lady, and standard variety Springcrest in Herzegovina. The varieties were described according to the method of the International Board for Plant Genetic Resources (IBPGR), including subjective assessment. The highest marks for attractive fruit were given to the varieties Rich Lady and Elegant Lady, that are characterized by extremely large fruit, attractive blush colour, and easy stone adherence. Early and medium ripening varieties (Maycrest and Springcrest) are characterized by extremely firmness of flesh which provides greater transportability. The highest stone cracking was found for variety Maycrest, the lowest was noticed for Elegant lady, while the other varieties have medium stone cracking (mark 5). Concerning stone adherence, clingstone was found for the varieties Maycrest and Springcrest, semi-freestone was noticed for the variety Spring Lady, while varieties Rich Lady and Elegant Lady had free stones, actually it is completely free from flesh, characteristic which is highly appreciated by consumers. Key words: peach, fruit, flesh, stone Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014-05-15 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 978-9958-834-36-3 Q Science (General),QH301 Biology,QH426 Genetics https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/5d05cbd0d4bce9cc08aa2b0e027fdec3.pdf 231caaf8279ddca8595f3472db48ef9b PDF Text Text th PROCEEDINGS ______ The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY FOR COMPARING THE EFFECT OF THE MAGNETIC FIELD ON HUMAN HEALTH AROUND TRANSFORMERS IN SINUSOIDAL AND NON-SINUSOIDAL CURRENT CONDITIONS Ahmet Y. Arabul, Ibrahim Senol, Celal F. Kumru, Ali R. Boynuegri, Fatma Keskin Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey arabul@yildiz.edu.tr, senol@yildiz.edu.tr, cfkumru@yildiz.edu.tr, alirifat@yildiz.edu.tr, fkeskin@yildiz.edu.tr ABSTRACT It is known that high voltage transmission lines are used for energy transmission to decrease power losses and increase system efficiency. The energy, which is transmitted at high voltages for long distances, is distributed at medium voltages through a step-down transformer near residential areas. Then the energy is introduced to the end users by reducing the voltage to lower levels. Today, these transformer stations are planted as close as possible to living areas to enhance system efficiency. These transformer stations placed in urban areas cause magnetic fields to occur due to the reason of carrying high load currents. Especially due to the decreasing voltage level at these mentioned transformer substations, the load current increases significantly. Because of that, magnetic field strength is enhanced near these urban areas. Additionally, according to the developing technology, characteristic currents of electrical loads are changed at recent years. High penetration of power electronic loads in industrial applications cause a significant increase in high frequency components in the current drawn from electric grid. Similarly, these currents also generate magnetic fields which consists high frequency components. As known there may be some influences to people who is exposed to a magnetic field over a threshold value for quite a while. For this reason, some standards were published to limit the magnetic field strength and exposure time values. In this study, magnetic field variations around a transformer are analyzed for several loading conditions with and without harmonics. For this purpose a test system with electronic load bank, transformer and regulator is built on laboratory and tests are done in several loading conditions. The gathered results are analyzed for sinusoidal and non-sinusoidal current conditions considering the standards. Keywords: Human Health, Transformer, Harmonics, Magnetic Field 129 | P a g e �ISSD 2014 th The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ PROCEEDINGS 1. INTRODUCTION According to developing technology and population growth consumption of electrical energy is increasing. Especially high population zones like urban areas considerable power is demanded. Therefore high voltage transmission lines are used to decrease power losses while delivering the energy to urban areas. Because of this, big sized step-down transformers have to be placed near living spaces. As the voltage is low on the secondary side of the transformer, current is extremely high. And also the current characteristic of the electric loads are changing due to the developing technology. There is a significant increase on electric loads that consists power electronic devices. As known the current of mentioned electric loads contains high frequency components that is called harmonic. The non-sinusoidal current of these loads has several negative impacts on energy quality. There are lots of studies in the literature that examines these impacts (Gobba, Bargellini, Scaringi, Bravo, & Borella, 2008). As mentioned above high powered distribution transformers placed near living spaces and considerably high currents are drawn through secondary sides of these transformers. High magnetic field strength is occurred due to these currents (Röösli, Jenni, Kheifets, & Mezei, 2011). Because of this, possibility to be exposed to high magnetic field is increased (Ali, & Memari, 2010). There are known negative effects of magnetic field to human nervous, immune system (Gobba et al., 2008). Because of that for the protection of humans exposed to magnetic field in the low-frequency range (1 Hz to 100 kHz) of electromagnetic spectrum standards are published (ICNIRP, 2010). In literature lots studies done to show the effects of magnetic field on human health (Grellier, Ravazzani, & Cardis, 2014) also there are several studies that concentrated on especially transformers (Nicolaou, Papadakis, Razis, Kyriacou, & Sahalos, 2011). And very rare studies investigate the effect of harmonics on measuring magnetic field (Cortes, Brüggemeyer, Dib, Mombello, & Ratta, 2013) (Brandolini, D’Antona, Faifer, Lazzaroni, & Ottoboni, 2004). Different from the papers in literature, harmonic currents which are generally drawn from the grid in present time are taken into account in this study. By this way the measurements are done in high frequency range and the results are analyzed by using the ICNIRP standards. In following section the effects of the harmonics to magnetic field is proved by using mathematical equations. A representation of experimental test system is done in Section 3 and also results are presented. Discussion of the results and suggestion for the future studies is given on the last section. 2. SYSTEM AND METHODOLOGY Currents of conventional electric loads are generally sinusoidal. But due to the developing power electronic technology, there is a significant increase on electric loads which consist of power electronic components. These power electronic loads can draw non-sinusoidal currents from electric grid because they chop the load current to control energy flow. To analyze these, Fourier series expansion of the current waveform is used that shown in Eq. (1): In Eq. (1) A0 is the DC component of the current. n is the harmonic order which is an integer of fundamental frequency. For example, if the fundamental frequency is 60 Hz, 5th harmonic will be . Cn is the amplitude of the nth harmonic. As the same n is the phase angle of the nth harmonic current. Another parameter that is used to analyze non-sinusoidal currents is crest factor (CF) which is the ratio of the peak current to rms value. As seen on Eq. (2): 130 | P a g e �PROCEEDINGS th ______ The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 One of the most common load types in industrial applications is 6 pulse converters. These converters convert AC voltage to DC, at the same time controlling the amount of the converted energy. The current (ia) of the mentioned converter is given in Eq. (3) (Kocatepe, Uzunoglu, Yumurtacı, Karakaş, & Arıkan, 2003): Id is the DC current of the converter. A current waveform of a 6 pulse rectifier load is given in Fig. 1. Fourier expansion of this signal is given in Eq. (4): 150 Current (A) 100 50 0 -50 -100 -150 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 Time (s) 0.08 0.1 Fig. 1 Six Pulse Rectifier Current Waveform As seen in Eq. (4) this kind of loads generates high frequency components in current waveform. The root mean square (rms) current is given in Eq. (5) (Kocatepe et al., 2003): The rms value of the current waveform given in Eq. (4) is 125.53A as the current in fundamental frequency is 122 A. As seen high frequency components of the current increases the rms value. This current passes through the distribution transformers and according to the Ampere law as shown in Eq. (6), magnetic field strength (H) varies related to this current (Chapman, 2007). N is the number of winding, lc is the length of average magnetic field way. Similarly magnetic flux density (B) varies related to H as shown in Eq. (7) (Chapman, 2007): 131 | P a g e �ISSD 2014 th The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ PROCEEDINGS  is the magnetic permeability of the material. As seen on Eq. (6) and Eq. (7) high frequency currents generate high frequency magnetic flux densities. Similarly to rms value of the current, harmonics increase the magnetic flux density due to the high frequency components. These effects of the non-sinusoidal currents on magnetic field can be seen on the measurement results in the sections below. But the effect of the magnetic field strength to human health changes unlikely to rms value. As given in Eq. (8) exposure time to high frequency components of magnetic field strength is strictly limited (ICNIRP, 2010). Hj is the magnetic field strength at frequency j and HR,j is the magnetic field strength reference level at frequency j as given in Table 1 (ICNIRP, 2010). Table 1. Reference levels for occupational exposure to time-varying electric and magnetic fields (unperturbed rms values). Frequency range 1 Hz-8 Hz 8 Hz-25 Hz 25 Hz-300 Hz 300 Hz-3 kHz 3 kHz-10 MHz E-field strength E (kV m-1) 20 20 5 X 102/f 5 X 102/f 1.7 X 10-1 Magnetic field strength H (A m-1) 1.63 X 105/f2 2 X 104/f 8 X 102 2.4 X 105/f 80 Magnetic flux density B (T) 0.2/f2 2.5 X 10-2/f 1 X 10-3 0.3/f 1 X 10-4 In this paper, in order to specify the effect of the harmonics to exposure time limits of magnetic field; a sinusoidal and non-sinusoidal current drawn from grid through a transformer and magnetic flux density around the transformer is measured and the measured values analyzed according to International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) standard. In the section below, the experimental test system is clarified. 3. EXPERIMENTAL TEST SYSTEM AND RESULTS Distribution transformers has high secondary current, at the same time has lots of turns. So that the magnetic field strength around distribution transformers is extremely high. In order to protect human health exposure to time- varying electric and magnetic fields are limited by standards. Because of this, magnetic field exposure limits around the transformers has to be examined. For this purpose, a test system consists of a regulator, a test transformer and a programmable electronic load bank is built. General scheme of the test system is given in Fig. 2. 132 | P a g e �PROCEEDINGS th ______ The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 Fig. 2 General Scheme of the Test System In this system, voltage level is regulated to 200 V by a variac manually. As the load values don’t change dynamically, voltage is easily regulated. To measure the magnetic field around the transformer a magnetic field spectrum analyzer is used. As the magnetic field strength changes around the transformer significantly due to the distance, the magnetic field spectrum analyzer is fastened by a clamp as shown in Fig. 3 in order to avoid incorrect measurement. Fig. 3 Transformer and Magnetic Field Spectrum Analyzer In the tests perfomed the rms value of the current and the harmonic levels of the current can be stabilized with the electronic load bank. But idle current of the transformer may change due to the voltage fluctuations. To avoid these changes voltage level is stabilized to 200 V with a variac. Altough the voltage is stabilized, harmonic levels are increased because of the variac. At the same time the current and voltage quality parameters like harmonics, rms, power and energy values are measured and stored from primer side of the transformer. In this situation idle current of the isolation transformer consists harmonics. But these harmonics are measured and considered. After all as the idle current is considerably smaller than the load currents and also the magnetic field strength occurred due to the idle current can be neglected as seen on Table 2. 133 | P a g e �th ISSD 2014 The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ PROCEEDINGS Table 2 Harmonic and Magnetic Field Strength Values for Idle Current Harmonic Order 1 (50 Hz) 3 (150 Hz) 5 (250 Hz) 7 (350 Hz) 9 (450 Hz) 11 (550 Hz) 13 (650 Hz) 15 (750 Hz) Magnetic Field Strength 1,525 T 205 nT 136 nT 22 nT 45,6 nT 20,6 nT 9,5 nT 8,3 nT Hn%f of the Current 100 26.8 9.7 3.1 1.0 0.4 0.3 0.3 As the rms value of the current in full load is 4 A which is much more greater than 0.168 A in idle condition. The values of the harmonic components are very smaller so that the effect of these small values doesn’t have to be considered. An electronic load bank is used to control the current that drawn from grid through the transformer. It is connected to transformers secondary side to measure the magnetic field strength around the transformer in a linear (without harmonics) and two different nonlinear loading conditions. In first condition, 4 A sinusoidal current is drawn through the transformer. The measured values with this 4 A current without harmonic are given in Table 3. Table 3 Harmonic and Magnetic Field Strength Values for Sinusoidal Current Harmonic Order 1 (50 Hz) 3 (150 Hz) 5 (250 Hz) 7 (350 Hz) 9 (450 Hz) 11 (550 Hz) 13 (650 Hz) 15 (750 Hz) Magnetic Field Strength 26.76 T 317 nT 760 nT 69 nT 59 nT 59 nT 50 nT 74 nT Hn%f of the Current 100 1.1 2.5 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 It is clearly seen that magnetic field strength values at the frequencies except the fundamental one are considerably low. When the transformer fully loaded with a sinusoidal current, the harmonic rates decreased as it is compared to idle condition as mentioned before. 5th and 15th harmonic orders are more than the near frequencies as seen on Table 3. It shows that there is a resonance in those harmonic levels. The increase on the magnetic field strength at 250 and 750 Hz frequencies depends on that. After measuring the values in sinusoidal current condition, the electronic load bank is configured to drawn non-sinusoidal current with a crest factor 2 which is 1.414 in sinusoidal condition. Rms value remains 4 A as same as the sinusoidal current but the peak value of the current increases from 5.6 to 8 A. Because of that changes the THD value of the current increased from 2.8 (THD value of the current given in Table 3) to 58.9. For that condition harmonic and magnetic field strength values are shown on Table 4. 134 | P a g e �PROCEEDINGS th ______ The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 Table 4 Harmonic and Magnetic Field Strength Values for Non-Sinusoidal Current (CF:2) Harmonic Order 1 (50 Hz) 3 (150 Hz) 5 (250 Hz) 7 (350 Hz) 9 (450 Hz) 11 (550 Hz) 13 (650 Hz) 15 (750 Hz) Magnetic Field Strength 21.96 T 13.86 T 3.63 T 1.408 T 1.067 T 497 nT 563.5 nT 221 nT Hn%f of the Current 100 56.5 14.3 6.2 4.6 2.2 2.5 1.1 Increasing the high frequency components of the load current and remaining the rms at the same value causes decrease on fundamental frequency current as it can be seen on Eq. (5). But there is a significant increase on high frequency components of the current as it is also reflected to magnetic field strength values. High frequency currents generates high frequency magnetic fields. To test the results with a diffirent harmonic distortion crest factor of the current increased to 2.5 so peak value of the current increases up to 10 A. In this condition THD value of the current increases to 94.5. In the same way high frequency magnetic field strength values increases similiarly to current values as seen in Table 5. Table 5 Harmonic and Magnetic Field Strength Values for Non-Sinusoidal Current (CF:2.5) Harmonic Order 1 (50 Hz) 3 (150 Hz) 5 (250 Hz) 7 (350 Hz) 9 (450 Hz) 11 (550 Hz) 13 (650 Hz) 15 (750 Hz) Magnetic Field Strength 14.34 T 11.93 T 7.903 T 3.84 T 0.985 T 607 nT 670 nT 222 nT Hn%f of the Current 100 76.2 49.8 22.9 3.9 6.1 6.3 2.7 In the next section these results are analyzed in order to see the effects of the harmonics to exposure limits for the human health. Results are discussed and future studies are given. 4. CONCLUSION The results that given in the section above are used to examine the effect of magnetic field on human health by using ICNIRP standarts. To clarify the diffirence between non-sinusoidal and sinusoidal currents, the exposure time for both conditions are analyzed. The measured magnetic field strengths for sinusoidal current that given in Table 3 and for non-sinusoidal current that given in Table 4-5 are used with the constants (BR,j) that given in Table 1 to calculate the limit parameter that shown in Eq. (8). The results of the mentioned equation is given in Table 6: Table 6 Calculated Results for Magnetic Field Exposure Limit Parameter Sinuosidal 0.02840746 Non-Sinusoidal CF=2 0.04511666 Non-Sinusoidal CF=2.5 0.04324993 135 | P a g e �ISSD 2014 th The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ PROCEEDINGS It can be easily comprehend from the results that non-sinusoidal currents even the same rms value with sinusoidal one have significantly more risk to exceed the limits for human health. In the mentioned standard this parameter has to be below 1. As we used small sized transformer at low currents, this values are considerably low. But the aim of the study is to show the effect of the diffirences between non-sinusoidal and sinusoidal currents. If a big size distribution transformer is used the effect will be similarly to this results. As it can be seen from Eq. (8) and Table 1 the magnetic field strengths with high frequency are strictly limited than low frequency ones. So that high frequency components increased limit parameter more. For this reason, limit parameter for non-sinusoidal current with CF 2 is 1.5 times higher than the one for sinusoidal current. But limit parameter for non-sinusoidal current with CF 2.5 is less than the one with CF 2. The harmonic orders more than 15 (750 Hz) are not considered in this study because of the power quality analyzers limits. This maybe the reason of the limit parameter of the current with CF 2.5 is calculated less than the one with CF 2. In the future studies, measurements can be done for high power distribution transformers in non-sinusoidal current conditions. As these transformers placed to basement flat in the skyscrapers, measurements can be done from several points by changing the distance of the measurement point. And also the effect of the winding connection of the transformer to magnetic field strength can be examined. 5. REFERENCES Gobba, F., Bargellini, A., Scaringi, M., Bravo, G., & Borella, P., (2008), Extremely Low Frequency-Magnetic Fields (ELF-EMF) occupational exposure and natural killer activity in peripheral blood lymphocytes, Science of The Total Environment, 407(3), 1218–1223. Röösli, M., Jenni, D.,Kheifets, L., & Mezei, G., (2011). Extremely low frequency magnetic field measurements in buildings with transformer stations in Switzerland. Science of The Total Environment, 409(18), 3364–3369. Ali, E., & Memari, A.R. (2010). Effects of magnetic field of power lines and household appliances on human and animals and its mitigation. Antennas and Propagation (MECAP), 1-7. ICNIRP Publication (2010). ICNIRP Guidelines, For limiting exposure to time varying electric and magnetic fields (1 Hz – 100 kHz), Health Physics 99(6), 818-834. Grellier, J., Ravazzani, P., & Cardis, E. (2014). Potential health impacts of residential exposures to extremely low frequency magnetic fields in Europe. Environment International, 62, 55–63. Nicolaou, C.P., Papadakis, A.P., Razis, P.A., Kyriacou, G.A., & Sahalos, J.N. (2011). Simplistic numerical methodology for magnetic field prediction in open air type substations. Electric Power Systems Research, 81(12), 2120–2126. Cortes, C.A., Brüggemeyer, H., Dib, R., Mombello, E., & Ratta, G. (2013). Performance of low frequency magnetometers to non-sinusoidal magnetic fields. Measurement, 46(1), 747–763. Brandolini, A., D’Antona, G., Faifer, M., Lazzaroni, M., & Ottoboni, R. (2004). Low frequency magnetic flux density measurements based on navigation agents. Sensors for Industry Conference, 86-90. Kocatepe, C., Uzunoglu, M., Yumurtacı, R., Karakaş, A., & Arıkan, O. (2003). Elektrik Tesislerinde Harmonikler. Birsen Yayınevi. Chapman, S.J. (2007). Electric Machinery Fundamentals. McGraw-Hill. 136 | P a g e � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2498 Title A name given to the resource AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY FOR COMPARING THE EFFECT OF THE MAGNETIC FIELD ON HUMAN HEALTH AROUND TRANSFORMERS IN SINUSOIDAL AND NON-SINUSOIDAL CURRENT CONDITIONS Author Author ARABUL, Ahmed Y. SENOL, Ibrahim KUMRU, Celal F. BOYNUEGRI, Ali R. KESKIN, Fatma Abstract A summary of the resource. It is known that high voltage transmission lines are used for energy transmission to decrease power losses and increase system efficiency. The energy, which is transmitted at high voltages for long distances, is distributed at medium voltages through a step-down transformer near residential areas. Then the energy is introduced to the end users by reducing the voltage to lower levels. Today, these transformer stations are planted as close as possible to living areas to enhance system efficiency. These transformer stations placed in urban areas cause magnetic fields to occur due to the reason of carrying high load currents. Especially due to the decreasing voltage level at these mentioned transformer substations, the load current increases significantly. Because of that, magnetic field strength is enhanced near these urban areas. Additionally, according to the developing technology, characteristic currents of electrical loads are changed at recent years. High penetration of power electronic loads in industrial applications cause a significant increase in high frequency components in the current drawn from electric grid. Similarly, these currents also generate magnetic fields which consists high frequency components. As known there may be some influences to people who is exposed to a magnetic field over a threshold value for quite a while. For this reason, some standards were published to limit the magnetic field strength and exposure time values. In this study, magnetic field variations around a transformer are analyzed for several loading conditions with and without harmonics. For this purpose a test system with electronic load bank, transformer and regulator is built on laboratory and tests are done in several loading conditions. The gathered results are analyzed for sinusoidal and non-sinusoidal current conditions considering the standards. Keywords: Human Health, Transformer, Harmonics, Magnetic Field Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014-05-15 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 978-9958-834-36-3 Q Science (General),QH301 Biology,QH426 Genetics https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/d931da9132c8809a2733ed750c02dd63.pdf e6da759af6e59abb347eb97ae0043945 PDF Text Text ______ The 5th International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ PROCEEDINGS ISSD 2014 THE USE OF NATURAL RENEWABLE MATERIALS IN THE SUPPORT OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT Isminur Aybek, Zedina Hujdur, Amar Dautović, Adnan Novalić, Sanela Klarić Department of Architecture - International Burch University Sarajevo ABSTRACT Architecture design today has become far more challenging then it traditionally used to be. On top of accustomed thermal insulation thickness and heating demand, architects need to design new or renovate existing structures in compliance with the primary energy demand, CO2 reductions, as well as ecological properties of the building materials. These properties are essential for a holistic assessment. Researches and demand for ecological building materials have been growing dramatically, particularly for insulating materials from renewable resources. Conventional design, constructions and conventional materials are still predominantly used in the world, particularly in BiH and Turkey. The aim of this paper is to present a comparison between the use of conventional methods, constructions and materials against alternative solutions of renewable insulations materials application in the wall constructions. The conventional walls are predominantly made of cement, bricks, Styrofoam, plaster and paint. For the innovative walls, materials used for a wall 1 are: brick, wood fibre insulation, plaster, coat render, and for wall 2: timber, sheep’s wool insulation, brick, OSB board and plaster. The tests results indicate the amount of primary energy and CO2 emission which could be saved if renewable materials are used not only for insulation but for the construction as well. Findings also show great demand for a new clean technology in brick production that will save energy and CO2 emission. Additionally, renewable materials have more ecological and fewer health damaging aspects. Keywords: wall construction, natural insulation materials, primary energy, global warming potential, health 273 | P a g e �ISSD 2014 The 5th International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ PROCEEDINGS 1. Introduction The production of the most of today’s building materials is a very high energy consuming process that includes very high CO2 emission. A lot of the wall patterns existed across the world are constructed by similar building methods or insulation materials. In BiH and Turkey, wall patterns in residential buildings are almost the same. In order to support better understanding of sustainable architecture needs and requirements for a building materials, this paper took one common wall pattern to examine and to compare with two innovative wall examples. Also, the new EU directives from 2010 have been requiring a more holistic approach to architectural design. That DIRECTIVE 2010/31/EU of the European Parliament and the European Council of 19 May, 2010 on the energy performance of buildings requires that “the energy performance certificate should also provide information about the actual impact of heating and cooling on the energy needs of the building, on its primary energy consumption and on its carbon dioxide emissions”[1] This paper deals with necessary information and drawings for resolving important questions regarding the wall constructions as well as for their insulation materials. What makes this paper special is its analysis of one of the newest innovative insulation material (wood fibre insulation, Styrofoam, sheep’s wool) that we could find on the market today. Additionally, the combination of these insulation materials with the one of the oldest brick materials as a commonly used material in all three case walls will be discussed in many aspects. Paper will achieve many tasks including the analysis of the material properties as well as their primary energy needs and environmental impact. Furthermore, it will provide methodology through historical and comparative analysis, together with an eco-balance of the materials. Results of the research could play a key role in future reduction of energy the demands of buildings as well as providing proposals for new investors considering innovative local materials in those two countries and wider. 2 Presentation of the examined wall's materials and dimensions The location of all examined walls is the same in all three cases. Examined walls are an element of a residential building, located on the first floor, on the north side of the building, as a wall without any openings. All examined walls contain the same base construction such as brick. Wall 1 presents the most common wall pattern in BiH and Turkey. Wall 2 and Wall 3 present the innovative approach that combine brick with natural materials such as a wood and sheep’s wool. Wall 1. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Exterior wall paint 0,05 cm Finishing coat with cement 0,1 cm Roughcast with cement 0,5 cm Horizontally perforated bricks (8,50x19,00 cm) 8,5 cm Styrofoam 10 density 3 cm Horizontally perforated bricks (8,50x19,00 cm) 8,5 cm Gypsum plaster 0,5 cm Satin gypsum plaster 0,1 cm Water based silicon interior wall paint 0,05 cm 274 | P a g e �PROCEEDINGS ______ The 5th International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 Figure 1. Wall 1 - 3D visualisation of study case external wall; Resource: Authors drawing Wall 2. 1. 15 mm plaster 2. 215 mm brickwork (0.75 W/mK) 3. 200 mm rigid wood fibre insulation(0.043 W/mK) 275 | P a g e �ISSD 2014 The 5th International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ PROCEEDINGS Figure 2. Wall 2 - 3D visualisation of study case external timber frame wall; Resource: Authors drawing Wall 3. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 103mm brick external leaf 50mm unventilated cavity 10mm OBS board Vapour permeable membrane 140mm timber frame fully filled with 140mm wool thermal Vapour control layer Internal finish of 12.5mm standard plasterboard 276 | P a g e �PROCEEDINGS ______ The 5th International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 Figure 3. Wall 3 - 3D visualisation of study case external timber frame wall; Resource: Authors drawing 3 Presentation of the examined wall's construction and insulation materials In order of better understanding of sustainable requirements of building materials, an assessment of the energy requirement and CO2 emissions has been made for the following materials: 3.1 Fired bricks Fired bricks were invented in 3500 BC and have become the world's most common form of masonry. They are made from the natural material, clay. Naturally drained bricks (čerpič/ kerpiç) are more sustainable but fired brick have a higher embodied energy because they are fired at temperatures of 900-1200 ºC with high level of the CO2 emissions. In that regard, the most environmentally friendly option is to recycle (buy reclaimed bricks), although it is essential to match the type of brick to its function: facing bricks for cladding, strong engineering bricks for structural walls, and common bricks, which are durable but not attractive, for foundations and internal walls. Also there are some researches that test combinations of clay with other natural materials like hemp, straw or sheep’s wool in order to find the optimal combination that could achieve similar characteristic as fired brick. Bricks come in a bewildering array of designs, shapes, textures and colours, and they can be laid in various patterns, called bonds. They can be used for cladding, framework, foundations and features such as chimneys. Roughly, 17 % of a brick wall is made up of mortar. Portland cement is the most common mortar material, but traditional lime mortar is increasingly being revived, as it is made from a natural non-toxic material and allows walls to breathe. 277 | P a g e �ISSD 2014 The 5th International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ PROCEEDINGS The advantages of those materials are as follows: they are made from natural material; most clay pits are carefully managed, and refilled and replanted after use, idly durable and lowmaintenance, combination with lime mortar, high thermal mass, they can be reused or recycled or are able to be used as a construction aggregate. Also this material has disadvantages such as: high embodied energy, most often laid with Portland cement, which is also a high-energy product, often used as exterior cladding on lightweight buildings which negates their thermal-mass properties, since any radiant heat escapes outwards into the atmosphere. [2] 3.2 Styrofoam Styrofoam, which also called EPS, is not a natural material. It is most common material that we could see on building construction site today. It is also one of the cheapest insulation material on the market. But the question about the embodied energy of this material is a part of the debate and discussion. “Debate on the choice of insulation materials tends to be related to environmental considerations, durability and build ability. If we first consider the environmental aspects (and keep in mind that it can be misleading to talk about an element out of context, i.e. insulation without considering the entire, say, wall construction) a principal concern for plastic insulations is ensuring that ozone-depleting chemicals are not used in their manufacture. The situation is in flux and so, individual manufacturers must be contacted on their products. [3] Because of these reasons, architects need to be cautious when they are choosing insulation materials taking into consideration their influence on nature. This insulation material could be used on or below sub-floor slabs, between timber joints, partial or full fill wallboards or flat or pitched roofs. Advantages of those material are: moisture resistance (low water vapour transmission, no capillary action, high resistance to moisture absorption), resistance to diluted acids and alkalis, cheap, variation of dimensions, recyclable. This material has also disadvantages such as: not being resistant to organic solvents, melts and shrinks away from small heat sources, ignites with severe flames and smokes heavily when exposed to a large heat source, has a high embodied energy and is expensive to recycle. 3.3 Wood fibre Wood fibre is a new insulation material which was introduced twenty years ago. It arises from inventing new ways of transforming timber waste from thinning and factories into insulation boarding. It is also a recyclable and reusable material that absorbs CO2 from the environment in a very sustainable way. Its significance lies in its range of functions including rigid insulation, sheathing and sharking for timber frames, roofs and flooring as well as flexible insulation for studs and rafters. The advantages of those material are: breathability which helps the regulation of moisture, material density (necessary for adding a degree of decrement delay that will be useful for hotter summer days), heating capacity (twice more than mineral wool), the capacity to both absorb and release moisture making it a breathable structure, manufactured from a renewable resource, reusable if it is in a suitable condition, recyclable, compostable or can be used in energy recovery, sequesters CO2 during tree growth, hygroscopic – provides a degree of humidity control and decrement delay 278 | P a g e �PROCEEDINGS ______ The 5th International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 Also this material has some disadvantages such as: high embodied energy, if imported from another country that could increase the embodied energy, rigid boards can be fragile and difficult to use on site. 3.4 Sheep’s wool Sheep wool is an easily renewable, easily recyclable and environmentally friendly source of raw material, which consists on average of 60 % animal protein fibres, 15 % moisture, 10 % fat, 10 % sheep sweat and 5 % impurities. [4] Sheep's wool is a hygroscopic fibre which meanıng that ıt absorbs, stores and releases moisture much faster than other materials. Wool can absorb over 35% of its own weight in moisture without having any significant changes to its thermal performance. Sheep’s wool insulation is well suited to timber frame structures making natural synergy with wood. Drawing out the moisture by sheep's wool fibres does the conditioning of the wood and as like that it protects the fabric of the whole building. Indoor air quality and maximal thermal efficiency are improved by natural insulation because it allows the structure to breath and at the same time to keep the thermal resistance. The benefits of sheep's wool include the durability and longevity. The importance of sheep's wool insulation lays also in the fact that sheep wool ensures the product durability throughout the life of the building. The compression tests proved that sheep wool insulation has an great recovery rate within the first 24 hours of its installation. Sheep wool insulation is resistant to compaction, unlike some alternatives that will compact over time and compromise thermal conductivity. This longevity of sheep's wool ensures that the insulation will continue to act by high standards throughout the whole building’s lifespan. This natural material ensures indoor air quality because sheep’s wool insulation has a unique ability to absorb noxious gases that are emitted from building products e.g. formaldehyde; a carcinogenic gas emitted from different man-made building materials. Wool deals with these gases by locking them up which helps protecting the residents from health risks. A lack of ‘breathability’ in buildings can cause different problems, including health issues as a result of mould and damp. Also this material reaches high fire standards. The wool has to be washed and treated in a specific way so it becomes fire safe. The sheep's wool is a comfortable material and easy to handle with. There is no risk to human health. Handling the sheep's wool can be done without any protective clothes. This natural material is easy to recycle and eco-friendly, it is biodegradable which means it can be composted into the ground to participate in Erath's natural cycle. Moreover sheep’s wool insulation can be recycled in a way to produce extra energy. 4. U-value calculations for three wall cases U-value - The heat transfer coefficient is about the flow of the heat U [W/m² K], through the single material or multiple materials in the construction. U-value is the essential characteristic of the outer structural element and plays a major role in the analysis of the total heat losses (kWh/m2), and thus the energy consumption for heating. When the heat transfer coefficient is decreased, the thermal insulation of buildings becomes better. 279 | P a g e �The 5th International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 PROCEEDINGS 4.1 Comparison of U-values for all three case walls (Wall1, Wall2, and Wall3) Below is presented the method of calculation of the U-value for the three types of wall presented with all of the materials that have been chosen. All walls are tested to reach passive house standards which are 0, 15 Wm²k. For that reason, all walls has been calculated with more insulation materials in order to reach those standards. The method of the calculation has been adopted by the TUW (Technical University in Vienna) as the official U value calculation method. This method will use following information for the materials: dimension, density, CO2 emission, water vapour permeability coefficient and basic dimensions. Wall 1. Table 1. Final result of U-value calculation (data resource: Baubook Richtwerte und Produkte, IBO, Gramitech, Naporo) Exterior wall reconstruction with 25 mm EPS Sandwich Brick Wall Potencial Acid Global Equivalent manner d l m Rsi+Rse r Warming CO2 (SO2(CO2Äq.) Äq.) [m] [W/mK] [1] [m2K/W] [kg/m3] [1] [kg C02] [1] Air SO2KEA Ekvivalent KEA Primary Energy [kg S02] [MJ/m3] [MJ/m2] [MJ/m3] 0.17 Satin Gypsum 0.01 0.3 50 plaster Gypsum 0.05 0.3 50 plaster Horizontally Perforated 0.085 0.55 7 Bricks Styrofoam 0.25 0.042 60 25 density Horizontally Perforated 0.085 0.55 7 Bricks Roughcast 0.005 0.7 50 with cement Finishing Coat with 0.001 0.7 50 cement 30 0.246 0.0738 0.00147 9,180 91.8 30 0.246 0.369 0.00147 9,180 459 1700 0.176 25.432 0.000553 4,233 359.805 25 4.169 26.05625 0.0149 1700 0.176 25.432 0.000553 4,233 359.805 1000 0.246 1.23 0.00147 9,180 45.9 1000 0.246 0.246 0.00147 9,180 9.18 3,288 822 U-Wert 0.15 W/m²K During the calculation of the U-value of Wall 1, results of the calculation showed that Uvalue for the common pattern (insulation only 30-80 mm of Styrofoam) is 0.71W/m²K, that is too high, and the only way to make the results better for an energy efficient wall was to decrease U- value, and that is done by increasing thickness of the Styrofoam insulation from 30 mm to 250 mm. With this move, the U-value is satisfying 0.15 Wm²k which enables good thermal performance of the building envelope. 280 | P a g e �PROCEEDINGS ______ The 5th International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 Wall 2. Table 2. Final result of U-value calculation (data resource: Baubook Richtwerte und Produkte, IBO, Gramitech, Naporo) Exterior wall reconstruction with 30 mm of wood fibre isolation Brickwork wall with rigid wood fibre insulation d [m] Potential Versaueglobal rungspoten- SO2Primarna l m Rsi+Rse r warming EkvivalentCO2 KEA KEA tial (SO2Ekvivalent energija (CO2Äq.) Äq.) [W/mK] [1] [m2K/W] [kg/m3] [1] [kg C02] [1] [kg S02] [MJ/m3] [MJ/m2] [MJ/m3] Air (i und e) 0.17 Lime mortar 0.02 0.2 10 1800 0.168 6.048 0.00049 3,222 64.44 Brick 0.215 0.55 7 1700 0.176 64.328 0.000553 4,233 910.095 Plaster 0.015 0.2 10 1300 0.128 2.496 0.00045 3,328 49.92 0.3 0.048 5 2300 0.128 88.32 0.00045 3,328 998.4 Rigid wood fibre insulation U-value 0.14 W/m²K During the calculation of the U-value of Wall 2, results of the calculation showed that the Uvalue is 0.20 Wm²k, which is also too high. In order to decrease U- value, the thickness of the wood fibre insulation has been increased from 200mm to 300mm. With this move, the Uvalue is satisfying 0.14 Wm²k which enables good thermal performance of the building envelope. 281 | P a g e �The 5th International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 PROCEEDINGS Wall 3. Table 3. Final result of U-value calculation (data resource: Baubook Richtwerte und Produkte, IBO, Gramitech, Naporo) Exterior wall reconstruction with 20 cm of sheep wool Exterior timber frame wall with 20 cm of sheep wool insulation Potential global warming (CO2Äq.) Acid SO2EquivalentCO2 manner(SO2KEA Equvalent Äq.) d l m Rsi+Rse r [m] [W/mK] [1] [m2K/W] [kg/m3] [1] [kg C02] [1] Air [kg S02] KEA [MJ/m3] [MJ/m2] Primary energy [MJ/m3] 0.17 Lime mortar 0.01 0.2 10 1800 0.168 3.024 0.00049 3,222 32.22 Brick 0.25 0.55 7 1700 0.176 74.8 0.000553 4,233 1058.25 OSB Board 0.012 0.13 200 610 -1 -7.32 0.00603 5,685 68.22 Vapour membrane 0.01 0.23 100000 980 2.55 24.99 0.0253 91,532 915.32 Timber frame 0.2 0.12 50 450 -1.26 -11.34 0.0341 3,618 72.36 Sheep wool 0.2 0.04 1 30 1.6 9.6 0.0103 3,495 699 Vapour membrane 1 0.01 0.23 100000 980 2.55 24.99 0.0253 91,532 915.32 0.13 W/m²K U-Wert During the calculation of the U-value of Wall 3, with dimensions of sheep’s wool and timber frame (140 mm) it showed that U-value is not allowable and is problematic, so to resolve this problem, the dimensions of the timber frame and wool were increased from 14 mm to 20 mm and the final U-value is 0.13 Wm²k, which is very satisfying. In each of three wall constructions it is possible to reach passive house standards by increasing the thickness of insulation materials. 282 | P a g e �PROCEEDINGS ______ The 5th International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 5. Natural material alternative resource and local existing materials Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) Considering material resources, it can be stated that most of them can be easily found locally. Production of brick can be found in the settlement of Rakovica which is near Sarajevo. The company “TOS” gives great opportunities for people who are willing to have their construction completed with brick material, offering them a wide range of choices of brick types. Alternatively, there is also a company in Visoko called “IGM” which deals with the production of brick. All production in BiH is fired brick. However, wood fibre production cannot be found in BiH, even though the wood industry is well-develop in BiH. Since this insulation material is new in the construction world, it is imported from the European companies such as “Agepan” from Germany and “Pro:Holz” from Austria. It is important to mention that this statement has led to the conclusion that there should be more investment in the wood products throughout BiH. This move would increase knowledge about the construction and usage of wooden materials as well as economic benefits to BiH. In BiH the availability of raw sheep’s wool is widely available with the country producing more than 1,5 million kg per year. There is currently one manufacturer of sheep’s wool insulation material in BiH. Unfortunately, the cleaning of the wool is still done by more traditional methods, so there is lot of space for reconstruction and improvement. Also the production company is under developed and the final product currently does not have any certification nor any accreditation by laboratory testing. This material is not yet widely seen on the local market. This industry provides a great economic development opportunity in BiH. Production of Styrofoam is readily available both locally or imported, and considering its wide production, it can be said that there is no problem in finding this material on the market in BiH. 5.1 Transport Transport accounts for nearly one-quarter of global energy-related CO2 emissions. To achieve the necessary extensive cuts in greenhouse gas emissions by 2050, transport must play a significant role. However, without strong global action, car ownership worldwide is set to triple to over two billion by 2050. Trucking activity will double and air travel could increase four-fold. These trends will lead to a doubling of transport energy use, with an even higher growth rate in CO2 emissions as the planet shifts toward high-CO2 synthetic fuels. How can we enable mobility without accelerating climate change.[5] “Transportation is one of the often forgotten factors affecting embodied energy. The further a material has to travel, the greater the energy that is used in its transport. The weight of a material will also affect the energy needed to move it.” [6] However, most of materials in these walls can be easily found in BiH. Furthermore, wood fibre, which is imported from Europe, does not represent a big impact to the energy that is used in its transport. Considering that the durability of materials makes a great impact on construction world, this is something which should be taken into account. That is why, on grounds of durability, an imported natural material may be more preferable than a local artificial one (e.g. polyester) and this is why importing natural material can have great benefits in the construction industry. On the other hand, they offer advantages in breathability, temperature regulation, water absorption, antimicrobial properties, etc. This leads to the conclusion that even material which is local, should be replaced by an imported one if it provides a more pleasant and healthy lifestyle until this material is a part of production in BiH. 283 | P a g e �ISSD 2014 The 5th International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ PROCEEDINGS 6. Primary energy consumption and embodied energy for three walls cases ‘Primary energy consumption (PEC) refers to the direct use at the source, or supply to users without transformation of crude energy, that is, energy which has not been subjected to any conversion or transformation process.’ [7] The primary energy used varies from product to product, but it is generally much lower for wood than other materials. However, there are exceptions that include wood-fibre which requires high processing temperatures. [8] Embodied energy gives us information about the entire life time of materials. According to definitions “it is also called life cycle assessment (LCA) and a useful tool for evaluating the relative environmental impact of various building materials because it takes production, transportation and disposal into account, all things that can have a pronounced environmental impact but are not necessarily reflected in the price.”[9] Thanks to embodied energy, people who has any interest can decide on which materials will be used in a structure. Considering long life materials and environmental impact low embodied energy is the best for energy efficiency. In this study there are three materials and their embodied energies; - EPS : 1126 kWh/m3 - Wood Fibre : 133 kWh/m3 - Sheep’s Wool : 31 kWh/m3 Potential global warming demonstrates the actual potential of materials for global warming. For all three walls, the potential global warming comparison for all materials has been made as well as a comparison between all materials from all three walls. That information will, once again, confirm advantages and benefits of natural materials as friendly products that have the ability to make a negative impact on the nature. Figure 4; potential global warming of wall materials for wall 1 284 | P a g e �PROCEEDINGS ______ The 5th International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 According to figure 4, it can be stated that Styrofoam has the highest level of potential global worming (4,169 CO2 Eq), followed by satin gypsum plaster, gypsum plaster, roughcast with cement and finishing coat with cement containing the same amount (0,246 CO2 Eq) then horizontally perforated bricks (0.176 CO2 Eq). Figure 5; Potential global warming of wall materials for wall 2 Potential global warming demonstrates the actual potential of materials for global warming. According to figure 5, brick has the highest level (0.176 CO2 Eq) followed by lime mortar (0.16 CO2 Eq). After these two materials is plaster with 0.12 CO2 Eq. The rigid wood fibre insulation has an amount of -0.8 CO2 Eq which represents that there is no potential for global warming considering the absorption of CO2. Figure 6; Potential global warming of wall materials for wall 3 285 | P a g e �The 5th International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 PROCEEDINGS According to figure 6, vapour membrane has the highest level (2,55 CO2 Eq) which is followed by sheep's wool (1,6 CO2 Eq). After these two materials, the next is brick with (0,176 CO2 Eq) then lime mortar (0,168 CO2 Eq). Finally, OSB board (-1 CO2 Eq) and timber frame (-1,26 CO2 Eq) represents that there is no potential for global warming considering the absorption of C02. Comparison of insulation materials in accordance to Potential global warming, Equivalent CO2 and Embodied energy COMPARISON BETWEEN INSULATION MATERIALS 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 -200 -400 -600 -800 1126 4.169 1.6 25.05625 133 9.6 31 -0.804 Potential Global Warming (CO2-Eq) -554.76 Equivelent CO2 (kg C02) Embodied Energy (kWh/m3) EPS 4.169 25.05625 1126 Wood Fibre -0.804 -554.76 133 Sheep Wool 1.6 9.6 31 EPS Wood Fibre Sheep Wool Figure 7; Potential global warming of wall materials for all three walls Equivalency of CO2 demonstrates how many kg of CO2 is produced per 1kg of materials shown in figure 7. According to the graph of equivalency of CO2, it can be seen that the wood fibre has conceivably the lowest level (-554,76) followed by sheep’s (9,6). the EPS (Styrofoam) contains the highest level of CO2. These statistics show that the CO2 of wood fibre has the best effect, which is absorbed and does not stay in the atmosphere which represents a perfect state when taking into consideration potential global warming. 7. Conclusions and Recommendations Today, when materials have been making an immense impact on the environment, all characteristics of the materials should be taken into account during the design of the residential buildings. A comparison between values and impacts of natural and synthetic materials is shown through the analyses of wall designs. The most important thing is to recognise the advantages of all materials and to maximise the use of those with a minimal impact on the environment. Styrofoam, a material that is not natural, is the most common in construction due to its durability, build ability and price. However, Styrofoam’s embodied energy, together with its inflammable characteristics and instability presents a great threat to the environment. Alternatively, modern natural wood fibre has a high embodied energy as well, but unlike Styrofoam, it provides a healthier life with benefits to the residents including breathability, heating capacity, material density, etc. Another natural material, sheep’s wool, is comfortable 286 | P a g e �PROCEEDINGS ______ The 5th International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 and easy to handle without potential risk to human health. Also, this material does not have a high embodied energy and could be sourced locally. Brick, the common material in all three cases, is made from clay, having a high thermal mass. Moreover, its enormous embodied energy is affecting the health of the environment, a disadvantage which should be a key point when thinking about selecting this material. The main advantage for the environment is having a unique ability to absorb noxious gases emitted from some building products and achieving a fire performance rating of Euro Class E which ensures that the material is flame retardant. The natural materials, sheep’s wool and wood fibre, show very good fire resistance performances compared with Styrofoam, which has different negative performance in flames. Concerning U-value, in all three wall constructions it is possible to reach passive house standards by increasing the insulation thickness. However, potential global warming is the true indicator which shows the true value of natural materials. During its analysis, it has been shown that Styrofoam clearly has the highest potential for global warming. Another important factor is the equivalency of CO2 in which wood fibre has shown the best value with a negative impact on environment. In BiH Styrofoam is very inexpensive, which is a great motivation for most investors when it comes to choosing insulation materials. In addition, wood fibre production cannot be found in this country. This could indicate that there is a great opportunity for investment in the wood products in Bosnia and Herzegovina. There is also great potential for local economic development and export for Sheep’s wool insulation materials productions which could be achieved by applications of EU standards and procedures. The analysis of the materials described above are the best supporters for natural materials and their value. The investors as well as architects should be careful when choosing material for construction, since it is becoming a part of our sustainable life approach. Most importantly, the health of the planet is something that people should keep in mind, and by all means implement ways to help keep the planet healthy. One way surely is through the use of natural materials, which will fulfil all requirements, for individuals and planet. 8. Acknowledgements Thanks to the Head of Department of Architecture Assist. Prof. Dr. Nermina Mujezinović for her support in designing of the curriculum for the master topic Energy Efficient Architecture. The authors would like to thank to Professors Thomas Bednar and Professor Azra Korjenić from the Technical University of Vienna for their technical support and advises. Also we would like to thanks to the colleagues Yaşar, Serdar and Ahmet Sencer, who provided some valuable data from Turkey for this research. 287 | P a g e �ISSD 2014 The 5th International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ PROCEEDINGS 10. References [1] DIRECTIVE 2010/31/EU OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 19 May 2010 on the energy performance of buildings, Official Journal of the European Union. [2] Strongman C. (2008) ‘The Sustainable Home’, Merrell, London, New York [3] Environmental design, an introduction for architects and engineers, Edited by Randall Thomas, Max Fordham LLP [4] A. Korjenic, T. Bednar, Developing a model for fibrous building materials, Energy and Buildings 43 (2011) 3189–3199. [5] International Energy Agency (IEA) 2014), http://www.iea.org/topics/transport [6] Roaf S., Fuentes m., Thomas s. (2001). “Ecohouse”: A design guide; Architectural Press, Oxford [7] https://stats.oecd.org/glossary/detail.asp?ID=2112 [8] Berge B. (2001). “Ecology of building materials”, Architectural Press, Oxford [9] https://stats.oecd.org/glossary/detail.asp?ID=2112 [10] http://buildingsdatabook.eren.doe.gov/TableView.aspx?table=Notes 288 | P a g e � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2535 Title A name given to the resource 273 | P a g e THE USE OF NATURAL RENEWABLE MATERIALS IN THE SUPPORT OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT Author Author AYBEK, Isminur HUJDUR, Zedina DAUTOVIĆ, Amar NOVALIĆ, Adnan KLARIĆ, Sanela Abstract A summary of the resource. Architecture design today has become far more challenging then it traditionally used to be. On top of accustomed thermal insulation thickness and heating demand, architects need to design new or renovate existing structures in compliance with the primary energy demand, CO2 reductions, as well as ecological properties of the building materials. These properties are essential for a holistic assessment. Researches and demand for ecological building materials have been growing dramatically, particularly for insulating materials from renewable resources. Conventional design, constructions and conventional materials are still predominantly used in the world, particularly in BiH and Turkey. The aim of this paper is to present a comparison between the use of conventional methods, constructions and materials against alternative solutions of renewable insulations materials application in the wall constructions. The conventional walls are predominantly made of cement, bricks, Styrofoam, plaster and paint. For the innovative walls, materials used for a wall 1 are: brick, wood fibre insulation, plaster, coat render, and for wall 2: timber, sheep’s wool insulation, brick, OSB board and plaster. The tests results indicate the amount of primary energy and CO2 emission which could be saved if renewable materials are used not only for insulation but for the construction as well. Findings also show great demand for a new clean technology in brick production that will save energy and CO2 emission. Additionally, renewable materials have more ecological and fewer health damaging aspects. Keywords: wall construction, natural insulation materials, primary energy, global warming potential, health Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014-05-15 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 978-9958-834-36-3 Q Science (General),QH301 Biology,QH426 Genetics https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/f402afff9e7568a9e686f87462421fbb.pdf 18e418ffa08dc169fa40f1b0ee183fbe PDF Text Text PROCEEDINGS th ______ The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 OVERVIEW OF THE AUTOSOMAL STR CLUSTERING BETWEEN BALKAN POPULATIONS Adna Ašić1, *, Bea Bunjo1, Serkan Doğan1, Larisa Bešić1, Imer Muhović1, Damir Marjanović2 1 International Burch University, Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, 2 University of Sarajevo, Institute for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina adna.asic@gmail.com ABSTRACT Autosomal short tandem repeats (STRs) are the most widely used DNA markers in forensic investigation of the population history, human migration patterns, and genealogical research. In this study, the usefulness of 13 most widely used STR loci (D3S1358, TH01, D21S11, D18S51, D5S818, D13S317, D7S820, D16S539, CSF1PO, vWA, D8S1179, TPOX, and FGA) was examined along with the investigation of their application in the studies of the phylogeny of human populations. We compared allele frequencies of STR loci of the populations from the Balkan Peninsula to determine the similarities and differences among them and to determine how informative they are when it comes to the human identity testing. We made UPGMA phylogenetic tree using POPTREE2 software and Nei’s table of genetic distances using MEGA5.21 software. Additionally, MDS (multidimensional scaling) plot was generated using SPSS 20.0 software. The results implied that both geographical proximity and shared history are determining the strong clustering of the populations on the Balkans. Another conclusion drawn from this overview is that the studied STR markers are highly polymorphic and thus, satisfyingly informative to be used for human identity testing and phylogenetic research. Keywords: Balkan Peninsula, autosomal STRs, phylogenetic tree, genetic distance, clustering, population study 9|Page �ISSD 2014 th The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ PROCEEDINGS INTRODUCTION Short tandem repeats (STRs), also called microsatellites or simple sequence repeats (SSRs), are the DNA sequences located in the non-coding region of the human genome and consist of 2-7 bp long repetitive units that are repeated 3-15 times, thus making STRs long up to approximately 400 bp (Gunn, 2006, Goodwin, Linacre, Hadi, 2011). They occur on all 22 pairs of autosomal chromosomes, and on X and Y sex chromosomes (Gunn, 2006). Since they are typically located between the genes, they can be of different size among the individuals without affecting the genetic health of the person (Butler, 2010). These differences can be the result of mutations, recombination, and independent chromosomal variation (Gunn, 2006), and it makes STRs effective for the human identification purposes (Butler, 2010). STRs are also used for studying the diversity among different populations, as well as for the determination of similarity between closely related populations (Doğan, Kovačević, Marjanović, 2013). 13 core STR loci that are most widely used are chosen to be the basis of the CODIS national DNA database and they are: CSF1PO, FGA, TH01, TPOX, VWA, D3S1358, D5S818, D7S820, D8S1179, D13S317, D16S539, D18S51, and D21S11 (Butler, 2011). Data in the form of allele frequencies are useful for the studies of the phylogenetic relationships between different species or populations. STRs are the markers of choice in the modern phylogenetic analyses. They are providing genetic distance measures used for the construction of the phylogenetic tree which shows similarities and differences between the populations. Two most widely used methods for the construction of the phylogenetic tree are: neighbor-joining (NJ) and un-weighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA). The latter one is used for showing the relationships among closely related populations and usually produces a rooted tree (Takezaki, Nei, 1996). In the present study, allele frequencies of 13 autosomal STR loci were compared for 14 populations originating from the area of the Balkan Peninsula and the phylogenetic tree was constructed showing the relationships among these populations. The aim of the study was to determine whether autosomal STR loci are informative enough to be used for human identification purposes and in the population studies. Additionally, we wanted to explore the similarities and differences among the populations on the Balkans. MATERIALS AND METHODS 14 populations originating from the Balkan Peninsula were compared in this study: BosnianHerzegovinian, Croatian, Serbian, Montenegrin, Macedonian, Slovenian, Turkish (living in Turkey), Turkish (living in Bosnia and Herzegovina), Albanian (living in Kosovo, Serbia), Albanian (living in North-West Italy), Romanian, Hungarian, Greek, and the population from Vojvodina, Serbia (Figure 1). Table 1 lists all populations along with the references for the articles from which data were taken. 10 | P a g e �PROCEEDINGS th ______ The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 Figure 1: Geographical location of the countries of origin of the populations compared in the study (colored in grey) Data on the allele frequencies was collected by searching through the journal databases. Only the articles giving the details about the experimental procedure and using the adequate sample size were included in the research. Additionally, studies which did not include all 13 STR loci of interest were excluded from this research. Table 1: The list of the populations compared in the present study Population Bosnian-Herzegovinian Croatian Serbian Montenegrin Macedonian Slovenian Turkish (Turkey) Turkish (Bosnia and Herzegovina) Albanian (Kosovo, Serbia) Albanian (NW Italy) Romanian Hungarian Greek Vojvodina, Serbia Reference Marjanović et al. (2006) Projić et al. (2007) Keckarević et al. (2009) Veselinović et al. (2004) Havaš et al. (2007) Drobnič et al. (2005) Çakir et al. (2003) Dogan et al. (2013) Kubat et al. (2004) Robino et al. (2001) Barbarii et al. (2004) Rak et al. (2010) Kovatsi et al. (2006) Petrić et al. (2012) Phylogenetic tree showing the relationships between the populations was constructed using POPTREE2 program (Takezaki, Nei, Tamura, 2010). The method of choice was UPGMA method since it is the best option for showing the distances between closely related species or populations and is giving the clearest results. The table of Nei’s genetic distances was obtained using MEGA5.21 software (Tamura, Peterson, D., Peterson, N., Stecher, Nei, Kumar, 2011). Multidimensional scaling (MDS) analysis and plot generation were done using SPSS 20.0 software package (SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA). 11 | P a g e �ISSD 2014 th The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ PROCEEDINGS RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The results of this study are presented in the rectangular (Figure 2) and the circular (Figure 3) UPGMA phylogenetic trees and the Nei's table of genetic distances (Table 2). The results imply that the populations from the Balkan Peninsula are genetically close to each other since all of them clustered closely to each other in the phylogenetic trees. Also, large genetic distances between the populations were not observed in the genetic distance table. All populations from the Western Balkans, except Montenegro, are positioned close to each other which is explained by the fact that they share the common origin and historical background. Although it is on the opposite side of the phylogenetic tree when compared to the other populations from the Western Balkans, Montenegrin population still seems to be very close to these populations according to the Nei’s table. General population from Serbia is positioned close to the population from Vojvodina province, which is also expected since these two populations inhabit the same country. Figure 2: Rectangular UPGMA phylogenetic tree showing the relationships between the populations inhabiting the Balkan Peninsula The similarity between the Balkan populations observed in this study is confirmed in a paper by Projić et al. (2007), where the similar results were obtained with the smaller number of populations from the Balkans. Marjanović et al. (2006) did not find any significant differences between Bosnian-Herzegovinian and Croatian populations. Havaš et al. (2007) did not find large genetic differences between Macedonians, on one side, and Serbians and Greeks, on the other. In that study, minor differences were found only between Macedonians and Romanians. 12 | P a g e �PROCEEDINGS th ______ The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 Figure 3: Circular UPGMA phylogenetic tree showing the relationships between the populations inhabiting the Balkan Peninsula Turkish populations living in Turkey and in Bosnia and Herzegovina have clustered close to each other, as well as Albanian populations living in Kosovo, Serbia and in North-West Italy, which was expected since these are the same populations living in different countries. In this way, it is shown that the common origin plays an important role in determining the genetic similarity/difference between populations, apart from their geographical positions. Table 2: Nei’s table of genetic distances for the populations from the Balkan Peninsula VOJ TUR, B&H B&H CRO SRB MTN MAC ALB GRE ALB, IT HUN SLO ROM TUR, B&H 0,018 B&H CRO SRB MTN MAC ALB GRE 0,013 0,011 0,011 0,016 0,012 0,016 0,010 ALB, IT 0,016 0,022 0,016 0,014 0,020 0,014 0,018 0,015 0,013 0,012 0,010 0,020 0,018 0,013 0,017 0,013 0,011 0,017 0,018 0,015 0,015 0,018 0,014 0,012 0,010 0,008 0,017 0,012 0,015 HUN SLO ROM TUR 0,007 0,007 0,014 0,016 0,018 0,011 0,017 0,019 0,012 0,018 0,015 0,015 0,018 0,014 0,000 0,015 0,010 0,008 0,005 0,013 0,009 0,011 0,005 0,011 0,010 0,009 0,014 0,012 0,013 0,007 0,018 0,017 0,015 0,023 0,017 0,017 0,014 0,020 0,015 0,013 0,018 0,013 0,015 0,014 0,011 0,013 0,017 0,015 0,005 0,011 0,013 0,011 0,014 0,019 13 | P a g e �ISSD 2014 th The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ PROCEEDINGS The results of this study were confirmed with the multidimensional scaling (MDS) plot which shows the distances between the compared populations in the two dimensions (Figure 4). Figure 4: MDS plot which shows the relationships between the populations from the Balkan Peninsula When it comes to the properties of the individual loci, two most informative loci in the populations from the Balkans are FGA with the average power of discrimination (PD) value of 0.964 and D18S51 with the average PD value of 0.963. On the other hand, the least informative loci are TPOX (average PD value of 0.809) and TH01 (average PD value of 0.921). CONCLUSION The general conclusion drawn from this research is that the populations inhabiting the Balkan Peninsula are genetically very close to each other since important genetic differences based on the allele frequencies of 13 autosomal STR loci between the populations were not observed. Additionally, it is concluded that the STR loci tested are informative enough to be used for the purposes of individualization and the population studies. 14 | P a g e �PROCEEDINGS th ______ The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 REFERENCES Barbarii, L. E., Rolf, B., Constantinescu, C., Hohoff, C., Calistru, P., Dermengiu, D. (2004). Allele Frequencies of 13 Short Tandem Repeat (STR) Loci in the Romanian Population. Forensic Sci. Int; 141(2-3): 171-174. Butler, J. M. (2010). Fundamentals of Forensic DNA Typing. Elsevier Inc: Burlington, MA, USA. Butler, J. M. (2011). Advanced Topics in Forensic DNA Typing: Methodology. Elsevier: Waltham, MA, USA. Doğan, S., Kovačević, L., Marjanović, D. (2013). Genetic Polymorphisms of 15 STR Loci within Turkish Student Population Living in Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina. Coll. Antropol; 37(4): 1313-1319. Drobnič, K., Pojskić, N., Bakal, N., Marjanović, D. (2005). Allele Frequencies for the 15 Short Tandem Repeat Loci in Slovenian Population. J. Forensic Sci; 50(6): 1505-1507. Goodwin, W., Linacre, A., Hadi, S. (2011). An Introduction to Forensic Genetics. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd: Chichester, West Sussex, England. Gunn, A. (2006). Essential Forensic Biology. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd: Chichester, West Sussex, England. Havaš, D., Jeran, N., Efremovska, Lj., Đorđević, D., Rudan, P. (2007). Population Genetics of 15 AmpFlSTR Identifiler Loci in Macedonians and Macedonian Romani (Gypsy). Forensic Sci. Int; 173(2007): 220-224. Keckarević, D., Pavićević, D. S. (2009). Serbian Population Data. University of Belgrade, Faculty of Biology: Personal Communication. Kovatsi, L., Parsons, T. J., Just, R. S., Irwin. J. A. (2006). Genetic Variation for 15 Autosomal STR Loci (PowerPlex 16) in a Population Sample from Northern Greece. Forensic Sci. Int; 159(1): 61-63. Kubat, M., Skavić, J., Behluli, I., Nuraj, B., Bekteshi, T., Behluli, M., Klarić Martinović, I., Peričić, M. (2004). Population Genetics of the 15 AmpFlSTR Identifiler Loci in Kosovo Albanians. Int. J. Legal Med; 118(2): 115118. Marjanović, D., Bakal, N., Pojskić, N., Kapur, L., Drobnič, K., Primorac, D., Bajrović, K., Hadžiselimović, R. (2006). Allele Frequencies for 15 Short Tandem Repeat Loci in a representative Sample of Bosnians and Herzegovinians. Forensic Sci. Int; 156(2006): 79-81. Petrić, G., Drašković, D., Bosić, D. Z., Budakov, B., Veselinović, I. (2012). Genetic Variation at 15 Autosomal STR Loci in the Hungarian Population of Vojvodina Province, Republic of Serbia. Forensic Sci. Int. Genetics; 6(2012): 163-165. Projić, P., Škaro, V., Šamija, I., Pojskić, N., Durmić-Pašić, A., Kovačević, L., Bakal, N., Primorac, D., Marjanović, D. (2007). Allele Frequencies for 15 Short Tandem Repeat Loci in Representative Sample of Croatian Population. Croat. Med. J; 48(4): 473–477. Rak, S. A., Zalan, A., Szabadosa, G., Pamjav, H. (2010). Population Genetic Data on 15 STR Loci in the Hungarian Population. Forensic Sci. Int. Genetics; 5(5): 543-544. Robino, C., Gino, S., Torre, C. (2001). Allele Frequencies for the PowerPlex 16 STR Loci in an Albanian Population Sample from Northern Italy. J. Forensic Sci; 46(4): 998-999. Takezaki, N., Nei, M. (1996). Genetic Distances and Reconstruction of Phylogenetic Trees from Microsatellite DNA. Genetics; 144(1): 389-399. Takezaki, N., Nei, M., Tamura, K. (2010). POPTREE2: Software for Constructing Population Trees from Allele Frequency Data and Computing Other Population Statistics with Windows Interface. Mol. Biol. Evol; 27(4): 747-752. 15 | P a g e �ISSD 2014 th The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ PROCEEDINGS Tamura, K., Peterson, D., Peterson, N., Stecher, G., Nei, M., Kumar, S. (2011). MEGA5: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis using Maximum Likelihood, Evolutionary Distance, and Maximum Parsimony Methods. Mol. Biol. Evol; 28(10): 2731-2739. Veselinović, I., Kubat, M., Furač, I., Škavić, J., Klarić, I. M., Tasić, M. (2004). Allele Frequencies of the 15 AmpFlSTR Identifiler Loci in the Population of Vojvodina Province, Serbia and Montenegro. Int. J. Legal Med; 118: 184-186. Çakir, A. H., Çelebioğlu, A., Altunbaş, S., Yardımcı, E. (2003). Allele Frequencies for 15 STR Loci in Van-Ağrı Districts of the Eastern Anatolia Region of Turkey. Forensic Sci. Int; 135: 60-63. 16 | P a g e � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2439 Title A name given to the resource OVERVIEW OF THE AUTOSOMAL STR CLUSTERING BETWEEN BALKAN POPULATIONS Author Author AŠIĆ, Adna BUNJO, Bea DOGAN, Serkan BEŠIĆ, Larisa MUHOVIĆ, Imer MARJANOVIĆ, Damir Abstract A summary of the resource. Autosomal short tandem repeats (STRs) are the most widely used DNA markers in forensic investigation of the population history, human migration patterns, and genealogical research. In this study, the usefulness of 13 most widely used STR loci (D3S1358, TH01, D21S11, D18S51, D5S818, D13S317, D7S820, D16S539, CSF1PO, vWA, D8S1179, TPOX, and FGA) was examined along with the investigation of their application in the studies of the phylogeny of human populations. We compared allele frequencies of STR loci of the populations from the Balkan Peninsula to determine the similarities and differences among them and to determine how informative they are when it comes to the human identity testing. We made UPGMA phylogenetic tree using POPTREE2 software and Nei’s table of genetic distances using MEGA5.21 software. Additionally, MDS (multidimensional scaling) plot was generated using SPSS 20.0 software. The results implied that both geographical proximity and shared history are determining the strong clustering of the populations on the Balkans. Another conclusion drawn from this overview is that the studied STR markers are highly polymorphic and thus, satisfyingly informative to be used for human identity testing and phylogenetic research. Keywords: Balkan Peninsula, autosomal STRs, phylogenetic tree, genetic distance, clustering, population study Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014-05-15 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 978-9958-834-36-3 Q Science (General),QH301 Biology,QH426 Genetics https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/1d9974681b6c9bffe870a484904e374d.pdf c4affc5a26cd0d0ad6ebcdb353c7fdfb PDF Text Text PROCEEDINGS th ______ The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 LOW COST AND PORTABLE HEARTBEAT RATE MEASUREMENT FROM THE FINGER Bahadır Cömert, Ayhan İstanbullu, Uğur Turhal Department of Computer Engineering, Balıkesir University baha_c.84@hotmail.com, iayhan@balikesir.edu.tr, ugurturhal@balikesir.edu.tr ABSTRACT In this study, portable and low cost heart beat rate measurement device has been designed with using PIC 16F877. It measures heart beat rates from finger using optical sensors and the rate is then averaged and displayed on a text based LCD. The finger tip probe has been selected from commercial products. The device works with 1 x 9V battery. Also it measures ambient temperature and humidity in addition to heart beat. The measurement accuracy is acceptable. The hardware that has been designed in this study is available for checking the pulse with education purpose. The hardware can be improved adding wireless data transfer devices in telemedicine applications. The device has the advantage that it can be used by nonprofessional people at home to measure the heart rate easily and safely. This paper report describes how to build a digital heart-rate monitor using a PIC 16F877 microcontroller (MCU). The heart beat rate per minute is displayed on an LCD. Keywords: biomedical instrumentation, heart rate measurement, bio electronic, PIC 16F877 197 | P a g e �ISSD 2014 th The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ PROCEEDINGS I. INTRODUCTION The heart is a strong pump which pumps between 5-35 litre blood to the body with changing speed between 60-80 beats per minute and approximately 9000 litres in a day. The regular control and the measurement of heart beat per minute (bpm) of an organ , active in body like this, are quite important. One of the mostly used and certain methods for measuring the heart rate is electro-cardiogram (ECG). ECG is an expensive device and it is not economical for heart rate measurement. There are also some devices like wrist whatches which are low-cost. These devices can give certain results but although they are low-cost, their price is very high which makes them uneconomic. There are many measurement methods valid for this. However, the use of digital sensors in measurements makes having much certain and correct results possible. In fact, these measurement sensors have started to being placed in smart phones in modern day. However, this technology is getting more expensive as it is getting smaller. Sport is in every step of life. Mostly, athletes have lower heart rates than people who move relatively less. While the heart rates of older children are about 90, the heart rates of babies are about 120. The heart rate gradually increases while doing exercises and it returns slowly to the rest value after exercises. The revealing rate, when the pulse is normal, is the indicator of how healthy the person is. The values below the normal heart rate are usually signs of bradycardia; and the values above the normal heart rate are signs of tachycardia. However, the sport can cause a heart attack when it is done unconsciously. The heart attack was the second illness is stated 722,130 between 2000-2011. These results prove the importance of regular cardiac rhythm control [10]. When the literature is reviewed for the studies made about this issue, it is possible to see some other low cost more developed studies or like the present one. In their study Hashem and his colleagues combine analogue and digital signal processing techniques to keep the device simple and to efficiently suppress the disturbance in signals. Their experimental studies show that the heart rate can be filtered and digitized so that it is possible to calculate the accurate pulse rate. In Laghrouche’s study, arterial oxygen saturation in the patient’s blood signal is measured with an optical sensor and converted to digital data using a microcontroller system. Then the digital data are sent to a receiver where it is in 433 MHz FM-FSK transmitter. At the receiver, the digital data are reconverted to analog signal to be monitored and recorded on the PC. In Mamun’s study, a measurement circuit is developed by using a low cost ATmega8 microcontroller system from ATMEL. This measurement circuit can be easily used by families, hospitals, clinics and sports centre. In Toral and his colleagues’ study, pulse, SpO2 and temperature signals are conveyed to computer and displayed with LabVIEW program. In this study, wireless communication technologies are not used. The aim of this study is to design a low-cost and portable cardiac rhythm measuring instrument and to make a critical measurement real. The designed device is working with 1x9V the ambient temperature and moisture. The design circuit and graphics (software program) about the device are shared in this study. 198 | P a g e �PROCEEDINGS th ______ The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 II. THE PULSE OXIMETRY DEVICE The pulse oximetre are devices that measure the oxygenation of blood passing through tissue bed which is between photodedector and light source that give out red and infrared light with special probes placed on finger or ear. The block diagram of mentioned device is shown in Figure 1. Actually, the device consist of infrared transmitter LED and infrared receiver photodiode. The transmitter-sensors is fixed to finger of the subject. ( Figure 2) Figure 1: Block diagram of the measurement device Figure 2: Transmitter-sensors is fixed to finger of the subject The LED sends infrared light to the finger. Photo-transistor detects this ray and measures the change in blood amount from finger artery. This signal as pulse, then is increased, filtered and sent to the low-cost microcontroller to analyze and show. The microcontroller counts the number of pulses in certain intervals and therefore, the heart rate of the subject is obtained. This input is collected for a while and averaged to see the heart rate accurately. The calculated heart rate is displayed on LCD as beats per minute. The circuit diagram of measurement device is shown in Figure 3 and printed circuit diagram is shown in Figure 4 and sample measurement results are shown in Figures 5-6-7. Figure 3: Circuit diagram of measurement device 199 | P a g e �ISSD 2014 th The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ PROCEEDINGS Figure 4: Printed circuit diagram Figure 5: Sample measurement results Figure 6: Sample measurement results Figure 7: Sample measurement results 200 | P a g e �PROCEEDINGS th ______ The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 III. THE STRUCTURE AND OPERATION OF CIRCUIT The circuit basically consist of two functional amplifiers, a low-pass filter, a microcontroller and an LCD. During the studies, it is determined to use low-pass filter in the circuit to filter the high frequency noise coming from surroundings. The corner frequency of amplifier is chosen as 1.6 Hz. The output of amplifier is connected to one of the digital inputs of PIC16F877 version microcontroller via R4 resistance and RV1 trimpot. In order to decrease the cost of circuit, the microcontroller is worked from 4 MHz resonator. The output ports of microcontroller are connected to the LCD. The circuit starts when it is pressed on push-button switch working with 9V battery. When the structure of circuit is analysed; C5 (47 uF) capacitor functions as filter. R7 (10K) resistance is a current limiting resistor that prevents the high current that will follow on D1 (IR LED) diode. D1 and D2 diodes in the circuit diagram consist of IR Led Transmitter and photodiode receiver which form the internal structure of device called pulse oximeter. After the pulse oximeter is fixed to the index finger, a signal is sent to zener diode by D1 (IR) transmitter as to pressure of blood flowing through fingertip. This signal sent to the zener diode starts to sway smoothly. D2 (Photodiode) receiver diode receives the signal sent by D1 (IR) transmitter diode and voltage is formed upon the amount of signal. This voltage is enhanced with maximum lucrative LM358N (U5:A) op-amp. A signal is obtained in response to the voltage enhanced by op-opamp.This signal is filtered from low pass filter consisting of R6 resistance and C6 capacitor. After that, oscillation is decreased to minimum and is implemented to the output of LM358N (U5:B) op-amp and the analogue input of microcontroller (MCU). The implemented voltage is calibrated with RV1 trimpot. And this calibrated voltage is transformed into an understandable numerical value with software program and then it is conveyed to LCD screen via PORTB that is the output of microcontroller. In addition to the pulse number, ambient temperature and moisture are also conveyed to the LCD screen after being measured with the SHT11 heat and moisture sensor connected to the PORTD output of MCU. This pulse oximeter device is low-cost and its accuracy rating is not high enough, so it is quite important to place the finger’s plump point properly into the device’s slot. IV. THE SOFTWARE OF CIRCUIT IN COMPUTER LANGUAGE The software is developed by using popular C basic compiler and CCS-C is used as program description language. In Figure 8 below, the program listing of microcontroller is given. When it is mentioned about the written program; at the beginning of the program, variables used in program are referred. RB0-RB7 and RD0-RD1 pins of PORT B are used as outputs. RA2 pin of PORT A is set as input port. The Program starts when the key, which works with 9V battery, is on and after the pulse oximeter is fixed to fingertip. As the analogue-digital converter pin of microcontroller, RA2 pin transforms the voltage that is transmitted from finger into a numerical value. After that, the pulse value measured from finger is transmitted to for loop and a sample of pulse value is obtained in every 50 ms. And this process is repeated 30 times. The reason for this repetition is to reach the truest pulse value by obtaining many samples. These 30 samples are averaged and divided by 60. The numerical value of voltage coming from fingertip as a result of measurements is multiplied by 2, because the response of this voltage gives the real pulse value. And this is the reason for dividing the average by 60. If the device is not fixed to finger or the pulse value is lower than 50 or higher than 140, pulse value will not be displayed and “WRONG MEASUREMENT” will be displayed as a warning. And lastly; with the measure pulse value, ambient temperature and moisture are also displayed on LCD screen. 201 | P a g e �ISSD 2014 th The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ Program Software #include <16F877A.h> #device adc=10 #FUSES XT,PROTECT #use delay(clock=4MHz) #include <Port-B-LCD.c> #include <sht11.c> float restemp, truehumid; float olcum; int1 a; int8 say; long ort; void main() { setup_adc_ports(ALL_ANALOG); setup_adc(ADC_clock_div_32); setup_psp(PSP_DISABLED); setup_spi(SPI_SS_DISABLED); setup_timer_0(RTCC_INTERNAL| RTCC_DIV_1); setup_timer_1(T1_DISABLED); setup_timer_2(T2_DISABLED,0,1); setup_comparator(NC_NC_NC_NC); setup_vref(FALSE); lcd_hazirla(); output_low(pin_b4); set_adc_channel(2); delay_ms(1); sht_init(); while(TRUE) { ort=0; for (say=0;say<30;say++) { olcum=read_adc(); ort=ort+olcum; delay_ms(50) } sht_rd (restemp, truehumid); olcum=ort/60; imlec(1,1); if(olcum>50&&olcum<140) { printf(lcd_veri,"NABIZ=%2.0f " ,olcum); } else { a++;if (a==0) printf(lcd_veri,"HATALI OLCUM!"); if (a==1) printf(lcd_veri,"............."); } imlec(2,1); printf(lcd_veri,"T=%3.1f%cC", restemp,223); imlec(2,10); printf(lcd_veri,"Rh=%2.0f%% ", truehumid); } 202 | P a g e PROCEEDINGS �PROCEEDINGS th ______ The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 V. CONCLUSION In order to measure the heart rate, low-cost and microcontroller based device is described. The device has an advantage that it can be used by any people who is not professional and it makes it possible to measure the heart rate safely and easily. The device can be developed in some areas as shown below:  Voice can be added to the device and therefore; voice output will be possible during the pulse.  The highest and lowest heart rate numbers can be displayed after a while.  Serial output can be added to the device and therefore; heart beats can be sent to the PC for online and offline analysis. Warnings or abnormalities (as too high or too low heart beats) can be shown on the LCD or with a LED or with a bell. REFERENCES [1] Forerunner 201/301 User Guide, web site: http://www.grmin.com [2] Pulsar heart rate monitors, web site:http://www.heartratemonitor.co.uk [3] Cosy Communications web site: http://cosycommunications.com [4] Johnston, W.S., Mendelson, Y. (2004). Extracting breathing rate information from a wearable reflectance pulse oximeter sensor. In Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society - IEMBS '04 : 26th Annual International Conference of the IEEE. Vol. 2, 5388-5391. [5] Paradiso, R, Loriga, G., Taccini, N. (2005). A wearable health care system based on knitted integrated sensors. IEEE Transactions on Information Technology in Biomedicine, 9, 337-344. [6] D. Ibrahim and K. Buruncuk, "Heart Rate Measurement from the Finger Using a Low- Cost Microcontroller," Near East University, Faculty Of Engineering, TRN, 2005. [7] S. Kara, et al., "Low-cost compact ECG with graphic LCD and phonocardiogram system design," Journal of Medical Systems, vol. 30, pp. 205-209, 2006. [8] V. Jayasree, et al., "Design and Development Of a Simple Hardware Setup for Sensing Blood Volume Pulse and a PIC Microcontroller Based Heart Rate Meter," in Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, 2006. ICBPE 2006. International Conference on, 2006, pp. 256-258. [9] M. Laghrouche , S. Haddab, S. Lotmani, K. Mekdoud, S. Ameur, " Low-Cost Embedded Oximeter," Mouloud MAMMERI University, LAMPA Laboratory, Department of Electronics, Po Box 17 RP 15000. [10]https://www.destatis.de/DE/ZahlenFakten/GesellschaftStaat/Gesundheit/Todesursachen/Tabellen/Sterbefaell eInsgesamt.html. 203 | P a g e �ISSD 2014 th The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ PROCEEDINGS Bahadır Cömert was born in Samsun, Turkey in 1984. He graduated in 2011 from Departmen of Electronic-Computer Science Education, Electronic and Communication Teaching in Marmara University in İstanbul. He is having his post graduate in Balıkesir University in Turkey. His current research interests include the investigation of information technologies to support electronic and electronic engineering education, medical instrumentation and medical informatic. Ayhan Istanbullu was born in Kutahya, Turkey in 1972. He was awarded his Ph.D. degree in 2003 from Gazi University in Turkey. Between 2001 and 2006 he was an instructor at the University of Mugla, Turkey in the Department of Electronic and Computer Science Education. He is currently an Associated Professor in the Computer Engineering Department of Balikesir University, Turkey. His current research interests include the investigation of information technologies to support electronic and computer engineering education, medical instrumentation and medical informatic. Uğur TURHAL was born in Trabzon, Turkey in 1988. He was graduated with Bachelor’s degree from Marmara University in 2011. He is a graduate student in the Computer Engineering Department of Yalova University, Turkey. Also, He is working as a computer specialist at Balikesir University, Turkey. Interested areas are; Bioinformatics, Signal Processing, Microarray Datasets, Cancer Dieseases 204 | P a g e � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2528 Title A name given to the resource LOW COST AND PORTABLE HEARTBEAT RATE MEASUREMENT FROM THE FINGER Author Author COMERT, Bahadir ISTANBULLU, Ayhan TURHAL, Ugur Abstract A summary of the resource. In this study, portable and low cost heart beat rate measurement device has been designed with using PIC 16F877. It measures heart beat rates from finger using optical sensors and the rate is then averaged and displayed on a text based LCD. The finger tip probe has been selected from commercial products. The device works with 1 x 9V battery. Also it measures ambient temperature and humidity in addition to heart beat. The measurement accuracy is acceptable. The hardware that has been designed in this study is available for checking the pulse with education purpose. The hardware can be improved adding wireless data transfer devices in telemedicine applications. The device has the advantage that it can be used by nonprofessional people at home to measure the heart rate easily and safely. This paper report describes how to build a digital heart-rate monitor using a PIC 16F877 microcontroller (MCU). The heart beat rate per minute is displayed on an LCD. Keywords: biomedical instrumentation, heart rate measurement, bio electronic, PIC 16F877 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014-05-15 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 978-9958-834-36-3 Q Science (General),QH301 Biology,QH426 Genetics https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/a7059052cf255353e1893a0ef78b7746.pdf b664bd6b097e1938cd385887cea6d7e9 PDF Text Text PROCEEDINGS th ______ The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 EFFECT OF DIFFERENT FERTILIZERS TYPES ON FLAX FIBRES CHARACTERISTICS IN DIFFERENT CULTIVARS OF FLAX Dervišević Selma, Veladžić Mirsad, Jogić Vildana University of Bihac Biotechnical Faculty Abstract This work presents the results of research on the impact of organic, minerals, organic and microbiological fertilizers on characteristics of flax fibers in three different varieties of flax. The experiment was performed in the municipality of Bosanska Krupa in 2012. The parcel was set up in randomized block of design with four replications, and the size of the assessment parcel was 10 m2. All three varieties are sown on the basis of 1000 germinable seeds per m2. They represented two foreign sorts: Michael, Belstar and domestic sort X. In the autumn mineral fertilizers were entered in soil in the scale of NPK = 15:15:15, 250 g/20m2, 3 kg/20m2 of manure and 10 l/ha of microbiological fertilizers ''Azoter''. The different combinations of fertilizers were used: organic fertilizer, microbiological fertilizer, organic+microbiological fertilizer and control (without fertilization) - for each tested sort. The research was a multi-factorial (cultivar and method of fertilization). According to the results obtained during the one-year research, Michael and Belstar varieties have achieved the best results with organic+bacteriological fertilizer. Fibers got out of Michael and Belstar variety have better quality, they are longer and harder, which makes them suitable for use in technical textiles where even coarser fibres get more important. X sort fibres are the shortest and the thickest, so they give better results with bacteriological fertilizers. Keywords: flax, sort, morphological characteristics, phenological characteristics, fiber, fertilizer. 95 | P a g e �ISSD 2014 th The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ PROCEEDINGS 1. Introduction In addition to the elastic properties of which have, flax fibers are characterized by high strength which reinforces their component (Kocjan & Rijavec, 2010). According to EU guidelines by summer 2012, 95% of all new vehicles must be able to be recycled, which is the recommended use of natural fibers, especially flax. There is increasing interest in the use of flax fibers in the field of technical textiles where the coarse fibers gaining increasing importance of (bio-composites), and therefore hards now considered very valuable component of the insulating material (Šurina et al. 2006 & 2009b). Length and fineness of the fibers are the most important characteristics that determine the quality and suitability of flax fibers as raw material for the production of textile yarn and fabrics (Butorac et al. 2008). Hann (2005) considers that the wetting stems is most demanding stage in the production of flax fibers, usually it is the natural way, with the help of enzymes produced by microorganisms. Biological process takes 8 to 14 day in cold water, but 3 to 4 days at a temperature of 30 to 40 ° C, with a regular change of the water. With proper selection of varieties and production technology (eg optimum nitrogen fertilization) and processing would ensure the natural fibers from own production for the textile industry, but also the raw material for other industries with minimal environmental pollution. 2. Materials and Methods The study was conducted during the vegetation period of 2012. the location of Bosanska Krupa, a sample plot is set in randomized block design with four replications. In the research are used three varieties of flax: Michael, Belstar and variety X and 5 variants od fertilization: T1 - control (without fertilizer application), T2 - mineral fertilizers, T3 - organic fertilization (bovine manure), T4 - bacterial fertilizer (azoter) and T5 - organic+bacterial fertilizer. Applied is a common technology growing of flax. During the vegetation were followed the following features: time of emergence and growth of the plants, while the the harvest of flax carried out in the second half of July. Selected samples of flax are wetted and dried fruits in the river, where the does not have frequent visitors. After immersion, the stems are washed and dried naturally in daily temperature which was about 35 °C in the period of 10 days. The fibers were separated in the traditional way. Splint was removed with hand-made crusher. Quality control of fiber, was performed in the laboratory Saniteks - Velika Kladuša, and was examined length, thickness, weight and elasticity of the fiber. Length and thickness of the fibers were determined using a micrometer, brand Stoßgeschützt (Germany), the elasticity was determined by dynamometer brand Instron 1026 (USA), while the weight of the fibers was determined with the help of analytical balances. In accordance with the applied research plan, for all the studied traits, was conducted statistical analyzes of variance analysis using the statistical package SPSS version 16.0 trial. 96 | P a g e �PROCEEDINGS th ______ The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 3. Results and Discussion Attendees were statistically significant differences between the studied varieties for all the characters (table 1-4). For the purposes of textile fiber length and finesse are the most important characteristics that determine the quality of the fiber. It is recommended that the technical stem length be longer than 60 cm (Butorac et al. 2009). During of our research the resulting values were not lower. By statistical analysis the significance of the results can be concluded that the differences in stem length are conditioned with the variety and method of fertilization. Table 1. The mean of stem length (cm) in three varieties in relation to the applied fertilizer treatments and Levens' test stem length sort Michael Belstar sort X Michael Belstar Sort X between var fertilizer T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 SD N 60,13 5,20 30 77,00 0,98 30 68,03 4,50 30 80,96 2,26 30 70,63 5,33 30 60,23 6,78 30 65,66 1,47 30 68,40 1,54 30 50,43 2,12 30 72,73 4,57 30 47,00 4,14 30 51,63 1,75 30 45,06 1,11 30 50,43 1,45 30 66,53 3,85 30 Leven's test level of significance F 0.01 (F(4)=119.776, p< 0.01) 0.01 (F(4)=145.578, p<0.01) 0.01 (F(4)=279.548, p< 0.01) 0.01 (F(2)=201.85, p=0.000) 97 | P a g e �ISSD 2014 th The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ PROCEEDINGS Table 2. The mean of fiber length (cm) in three varieties in relation to the applied fertilizer treatments and Levens' test fiber length sort Michael Belstar sort X Michael Belstar Sort X between var fertilizer T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 SD 2,01 7,28 0,41 4,78 2,86 3,70 2,77 3,56 3,51 3,35 1,81 2,07 5,41 4,02 3,20 N 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 17,30 30,36 24,46 24,40 34,20 19,30 25,20 25,20 26,42 25,50 15,10 11,60 18,60 20,70 19,60 Leven's test level of significance F 0.01 (F(4)=11.791, p=0.000) 0.01 (F(4)=3.524, p=0.025) 0.01 (F(4)=5.492, p=0.004) 0.01 (F(2)=40.75, p=0.000). Variety Michael fertilized with T5 has resulted with the longest fibers (34.20 cm), while the shortest fibers were measured at T1. The hypothesis is rejected at the significance level of 0.01 (F (2) = 40.75, P = 0.000). Differences in the length of the fibers are random and sort Michael has significantly longer fibers compared to the other two tested varieties and fertilizer treatments T5 and T4 compared to other treatments. Kocjan and Rijavec (2010) in research conducted in the area of Bijela Krajina reported that the average length of domestic technical textile fiber flax was 19 cm. Based on this can be said that the results of this study agree with the studies mentioned authors, and that the fibers are all tested varieties can be successfully used in textile industry. The fineness of the fibers is primarily related to the thickness, weight and elasticity of the fiber (table 3, 4 and 5). 98 | P a g e �PROCEEDINGS th ______ The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 Table 3. The mean of fibers thickness (μ) in three varieties in relation to the applied fertilizer treatments and Levens' test fibers thickness sort Michael Belstar sort X fertilizer T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 Michael Belstar Sort X between var. SD 0,008 0,013 0,008 0,011 0,013 0,007 0,010 0,008 0,010 0,008 0,005 0,010 0,008 0,007 0,004 N 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 0,054 0,042 0,022 0,034 0,028 0,030 0,032 0,032 0,032 0,034 0,024 0,020 0,026 0,020 0,012 Leven's test level of significance F 0.01 (F(4)=11.791, p=0.000) 0.01 (F(4)=3.524, p=0.025) 0.01 (F(4)=5.492, p=0.004) 0.01 (F(2)=40.75, p=0.000). Statistical analysis of the significance of differences among the varieties and treatments (F(2)=40.75, p=0.000) shows that these differences were significant only at the level of varieties. 99 | P a g e �th ISSD 2014 The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ PROCEEDINGS Table 4 Mean values of fibers elasticity (cN/dtex), with three varieties in relation to the applied fertilizer treatments and Levens' test fibers elasticity sort Michael Belstar sort X fertilizer T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 Michael Belstar Sort X between var. 7,50 9,00 6,00 6,00 10,75 10,00 8,00 9,00 9,00 9,00 5,50 6,50 6,00 9,00 7,00 Leven's test level of significance 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.05 SD 0,707 1,414 0,000 1,414 3,889 0,000 0,000 1,414 1,414 1,414 0,707 0,707 0,000 1,414 0,000 N 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 F (F(2)=6.345, p=0.01) After the statistical analysis, it is evident that the statistical differences are not random Ho is rejected at the significance level of 0.05 and concluded that the variety Michael has elastic fibers in comparison to other tested varieties of flax. Table 5. Average values of fibers weight (g) in relation to the applied fertilizer treatments fertilizer T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 100 | P a g e Michael 0,0065 0,0059 0,0054 0,0058 0,0059 Belstar 0,0046 0,0043 0,0045 0,0058 0,0053 sort X 0,0025 0,0029 0,0034 0,0039 0,0021 �PROCEEDINGS th ______ The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 4. Conclusion After the research and statistical processing of the obtained data, we can conclude that are present statistically significant differences based on the characteristics of the studied varieties and fertilizer treatments. The best results were achieved with the fertilization treatment T5 (organic+bacterial fertilizer). Based on the analysis of the length, thickness and elasticity of fibers, very good results were obtained with the cultivar Michael and Belstar, and it can be concluded that these two varieties are intended for the processing. The variety X has the most tender and shortest fibers, and it can be concluded that gives better results with bacteriological fertilization. Therefore, this work is a contribution to the improvement of fiber flax cultivation and encouragement of this type of cultivation and production in the northwestern part of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and beyond. 5. References Butorac, J., Pospišil, M., Mustapić, Z., Duvnjak, I. (2009). Procjena agronomskih i morfoloških svojstava sorata predivog lana bez prihrane i s prihranom dušikom. Sjemenarstvo. 26. 3 - 4. Butorac, J., Šurina, R., Andrassy, M., Popišil, M., Augustinović, Z., Brčić, M. (2008). Utjecaj dužine vegetacije kultivara predivog lana na morfološka tekstilno-tehnološka svojstva. International Symposium on agrisulture. Opatija. 723 - 727. Hann, M. A. (2005). Innovation in linen manufacturing. Textile progress. 37. 7 - 8. Kocjan-Ačko, D., Rijavec, T. (2010). Gospodarsko pomembne latnosti domačega lana (Linum ustitassimum L.) iz Bele krajine ter možnosti ponovne pridelave in predelave. Novi izzivi v poljedelstvu. Slovensko agronomsko društvo. Rogaška Slatina. 160 - 167. Šurina, R., Andrassy, M., Pezelj, E. (2006). Technical and Cottonised Flax Fibers - Comparison of Properties. Book of abstracts of the 37 thInternational Symposium on Novelties in Textiles. Ljubljana. 52. Šurina, R., Andrassy, M., Vujasinović, E. (2009b). Lan - biljka i vlakno kroz stoljeća. Tekstil 58. 625 - 639. 101 | P a g e � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2490 Title A name given to the resource EFFECT OF DIFFERENT FERTILIZERS TYPES ON FLAX FIBRES CHARACTERISTICS IN DIFFERENT CULTIVARS OF FLAX Author Author DERVIŠEVIĆ, Selma VELADŽIĆ, Mirsad JOGIĆ, Vildana Abstract A summary of the resource. This work presents the results of research on the impact of organic, minerals, organic and microbiological fertilizers on characteristics of flax fibers in three different varieties of flax. The experiment was performed in the municipality of Bosanska Krupa in 2012. The parcel was set up in randomized block of design with four replications, and the size of the assessment parcel was 10 m2. All three varieties are sown on the basis of 1000 germinable seeds per m2. They represented two foreign sorts: Michael, Belstar and domestic sort X. In the autumn mineral fertilizers were entered in soil in the scale of NPK = 15:15:15, 250 g/20m2, 3 kg/20m2 of manure and 10 l/ha of microbiological fertilizers ''Azoter''. The different combinations of fertilizers were used: organic fertilizer, microbiological fertilizer, organic+microbiological fertilizer and control (without fertilization) - for each tested sort. The research was a multi-factorial (cultivar and method of fertilization). According to the results obtained during the one-year research, Michael and Belstar varieties have achieved the best results with organic+bacteriological fertilizer. Fibers got out of Michael and Belstar variety have better quality, they are longer and harder, which makes them suitable for use in technical textiles where even coarser fibres get more important. X sort fibres are the shortest and the thickest, so they give better results with bacteriological fertilizers. Keywords: flax, sort, morphological characteristics, phenological characteristics, fiber, fertilizer. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014-05-15 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 978-9958-834-36-3 Q Science (General),QH301 Biology,QH426 Genetics https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/6dc4d8c961b54d0b44a2e23bc04947ac.pdf 74a72576e5c99d4b050e1834196041c6 PDF Text Text PROCEEDINGS th ______ The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT TYPES FERTILIZERS ON GRAIN YIELD IN DIFFERENT SORTS OF FLAX Dervišević Selma, Veladžić Mirsad, Jogić Vildana University of Bihac Biotechnical Faculty Abstract A few years ago began the re-cultivation of flax in the area of the northwestern part of Bosnia and Herzegovina with the ultimate aim of producing seeds and fibers. Flax seed contains about 57 % alpha linolenic acid known by multiple medical effects as the guardian of cardiovascular health, and which the current way of nutrition we take into the organism in about ten times smaller quantity than those recommended by the World Health Organization. In addition to the seed of the flax are obtained with high quality fibers that are environmentally acceptable and for which there is a great need in the area of the European Union. In order to achieve higher yields have been conducted research on the effects of fertilization on seed yield. For this purpose, the experiment was conducted under field conditions at two locations (Cojluk and Ostruznica) in a split-plot design. In the research were used three varieties (Mikael, Belstar and variety X) with five fertilization treatments: T1 control, T2 - mineral fertilizers T3 - organic fertilization, T4 - bacterial fertilizer (Azoter) and T5 - bacterial+organic fertilizer. Based on the obtained results, the two-year investigation of morphological and phenological traits was found that there were differences between the studied varieties and fertilizer on the basis of treatment. Statistical significance of highest yield at both locations was obtained by variety Belstar with fertilization treatment T5 (1600 kg/ha Ostruznica and 1900 kg/ha Cojluk). With the aid of the Kruskal-Wallis test revealed significant differences in fertilization treatments, which had an impact on all the characteristics of the flax plant, the statistical differences between the varieties studied traits less significant. After the research, as the best variety for cultivation, and on the basis of the yield level, recommended varieties Belstar with the aforementioned method of fertilization (T5). Keywords: flax, omega 3 fatty acids, fertilization, yield. 103 | P a g e �th ISSD 2014 The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ PROCEEDINGS 1. Introduction Flax cultivation in Bosnia and Herzegovina is unjustified neglected, and in recent years has started cultivation again, because every day the growing demand for flax, both on domestic and on the foreign markets (Šimetić, 2008). To satisfy the market need for seed of these culture it is necessary to increase the yield of flax, which can be achieved by sowing high yielding varieties and optimizing agricultural activities (Khourang et al. 2012). Flax is a culture that is relatively small/symbolic grown in the area of the northwestern part of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and therefore the results will form the basis for its further cultivation, as well as key plants that the physico-chemical characteristics, has a great impact on human health, and as such should is an indispensable food and nutrition an integral part of every inhabitant. The aim of the research is to determine the level of influence of different types of fertilizers (organic, bacterial, organic-bacterial, mineral and cultivation without fertilizers) on grain yield of different varieties of flax. 2. Materials and Methods At the locality Cojluk, and the locality Ostruznica, Bosanska Krupa in 2012 and 2013, has been set an experiment with three varieties of flax: Mikael, Belstar and variety X. The experiments were set by scheme randomized block design with four replications, and five variants of fertilization: T1 - control (without fertilizer application), T2 - T3 and mineral fertilizers - organic fertilization (bovine manure), T4 - bacterial fertilizer (Azoter) and T5 organic + bacterial fertilizer. Size plot was 10 m2, and the sowing is done in the third week of April on the basis of 1200 germinable seeds per m2. A common technology of growing flax is applied. Analysis of soil substrate was performed by standard methods that are applied in scientific institutions (AOAC, 1995). Measurements of quantitative traits and qualitative traits were performed in the laboratory of Biotechnical Faculty, University of Bihac, and the results were analyzed by using statistical software PAST (2013) and XL STAT (2011). During the growing season are followed morphological and phenological properties: time of germination, increase flax during the growing season, beginning of flowering and full maturity, number of capsules per plant and number of seeds in the capsule. 3. Results and Discussion Before setting the experiment for the vegetation period in 2012 and the 2013th year was made the control of soil fertility. The results are shown in graph 1. Graph 1. Results of soil fertility control in the studied locations 104 | P a g e �PROCEEDINGS th ______ The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 Results of the analysis indicate that investigated soil of location Cojluk has a very high content of humus, very good presence of nitrogen, but extremely weak content of potassium and phosphorus, and in addition to other treatments applied fertilizer NPK fertilizer formulation (5:10:20), while the plot on the location Ostruznica significantly poorer quality when it comes to the content of humus, potassium and nitrogen, and a little higher percentage of phosphorus (NPK = 20:10:20). Previous studies (Butorac et al. 2006a & 2006b; Easson & Long, 1992; Padlock, 1994; Zedan et al. 1999) indicate that large amounts of nitrogen affecting the formation of finer flax fiber, less hardness, but lead to increased risk of lodging, and thus to a loss in yield. There have been many significant research on the effects of fertilization on the quality of the fiber, but not on the quality and yield of seeds, and the results will be of great importance to future farmers of this culture. Table 1. Variance analysis of investigated morphological characteristics of flax St. anal Cojluk Ostruzn ica Plant height Sum of squares Mean squares 1293,600 128,869 F Pr > F 10,078 * 0,002 Sum of squares Mean squares 14777,600 3694,40 F Pr > F 65,026 * 00,00185 Length branching Sum of squares 2683,240 F 37,180 Sum of squares 1968,480 F 24,617 * Mean squares 70,96 Pr > F 0,1726 Mean squares 420,120 Pr > F 0,016 Number of seeds Sum of squares 102,010 F 47,463* Sum of squares 750,720 F 41,345 * Mean 2,149 Pr > F 0,0366 Mean 187,687 Pr > F 0,01309 * Significant at the level of 0.05% Table 1 shows the statistical analysis of observed traits of flax monitored during the experiment, which significantly affect on seed yield. After processing the data collected for both the test locations, there was a statistically significant difference between the samples of plants on the basis of fertilization treatments and examined varieties, where as the best way of fertilization, with all three varieties, location Cojluk showed T5 (a combination of bacterial and organic fertilizers). Analysis of variance showed a statistically significant difference (P <0.05) on the basis of plant height where the tallest stalks of flax varieties Mikael recorded at 89 cm, and the lowest in the stems of the variety X, the same treatment fertilization, height 71 cm. By statistical analysis the significance of the results it can be concluded that the differences in plant height caused by variety, but the method of fertilization, where the lowest stems measured at variety X, T1 = 47 cm, then sort Belstar, T1 = 53 cm and a variety Mikael T1 = 68 cm. On the location of Ostružnica, due to significantly lower soil quality were achieved significant differences measured value, but as best variety, when a measurement of the height of the plants, showed Mikael variety, fertilization treatment T5 = 79 cm, as the worst sort X, T3 = 45 cm, while the fertilization treatment T5 achieved height was 65 cm. Further measurements were found statistical differences in other traits investigated. After established the presence of a statistical difference, with the help of the Kruskal-Wallis test was determined statistical significance of differences in both locations (Table 2). 105 | P a g e �ISSD 2014 th The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ PROCEEDINGS Table 2. Kruskal - Wallis test Cojluk T1 T2 T3 T4 Height NS × × × Number of seeds × × × × Branching NS × × × Ostruznica T1 T2 T3 T4 Height NS × NS × Number of seeds × × × × Branching NS × NS NS Note: NS = nonsignificant difference, × = significant difference. T5 × × × T5 × × × With the help of the Kruskal-Wallis test (Table 2) revealed significant differences in fertilization treatments, which had an impact on all the features of the flax plant, which is the height, number of seeds and branching, while the statistical differences between the varieties studied traits less significant. The harvest of flax was performed in the first week of August when the flax was on the turn from yellow to full maturity, the leaves are down, stalk got dark color, and the capsules began to shoot. After separating the seeds from the remains of plants was determined the height of yield on the basis of the test varieties and fertilizer treatments. Table 3. Variance analysis of seed yield the examined flax varieties St. anal Yield Cojluk Sum of squares 1742233,333 Mean squares 435583 Fisher’s t 4,659* PF 0,0022 Ostruznica Sum of squares 2095506,667 Mean squares 523886,667 Fisher’s t 5,866 * PF 0,011 From Table 3 are visible statistical differences in both studied locations. After analysis of variance was done using Kruskal-Wallis test which showed us (Table 4) that are statistically significant differences in the yields using a different fertilization treatments, while statistical differences in the yields of those varieties are not considered so significant. Table 4. Kruskal-Wallis test Table of groups: Sum of ranks Ostruznica Cojluk 15 30 Groups A B Cojluk Ostruznica sort NS NS treatments × × Note: NS = nonsignificant difference, × = significant difference. Pospišil and colleagues (2010) performed the research seed yield in eight varieties of flax oil (Atlanta, Flanders, Biltstar, Altess, Mikael, Princess, Niagara, Eole), and the results showed that the highest yield was sort Altess (1644 kg/ha). Comparing their results and yield varieties Belstar the location Cojluk, with organic fertilizer + bacterial treatment more than good (1900 kg/ha). In contrast to locations Cojluk, and due to much lower soil quality, conditioned significantly lower percentage of humus and microelements, there has been a lower yield that was statistically significantly different at different fertilization treatments, so for example the 106 | P a g e �PROCEEDINGS th ______ The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 variety Belstar was: control (300 kg/ha), mineral fertilizers (900 kg/ha), organic manure (1200 kg/ha), bacterial fertilizer (950 kg/ha) and the highest yield with organic + bacterial fertilizer treatment (1600 kg/ha). 4. Conclusion On the basis of the study of morphological and phenological characteristics of flax at two locations, it can be concluded the following:  All varieties are grown consistently to the end of vegetation.  The results show that there are no statistically significant differences between the varieties in terms of seed yield.  There are statistically significant differences in seed yield based on the fertilization treatments.  The highest yield was achieved at fertilization treatment T5 (organic+bacterial fertilizer) in all tested cultivars in both locations.  According to the results, we can conclude that it is the best Belstar variety for growing flax and because achieves the highest seed yield. The area of the Unsko-Sanski Canton is relatively underdeveloped area, when in is the question mentioned farming culture. The development of farming and cultivation of flax, as a branch of agriculture, until now was not followed by scientific research and achievements. Therefore it can be concluded that this work is a contribution to science. 5. References AOAC (1995). Offical Method of analysis (16 th ed.). Washington DC. Association of Offical Chemists. Butorac, J., Pospišil, M., Mustapić, Z., Zorić, D. (2006a). Procjena važnijih agronosmkih i morfoloških svojstava sorti lana pri različitoj gustoći sjetve. Sjemenarstvo. 23. 437 - 445. Butorac, J., Pospišil, M., Mustapić, Z. (2006b). Utjecaj gustoće sjetve na neka morfološka i fenološka svojstva sorti predivog lana. Sjemenarstvo. 23. 447 - 456. Easson, D.L., & Long, F.N. (1992). The effect of time sowing, seed rate and nitrogen level on the fibre yield and quality of flax (Linum usitatissimum L.). Irish Agric and Food Res. 31. 163 - 172. Khourang, M., Brumand, P., Omidbaigi, R. (2012). Effect of some chemical and biological fertilizers on productivity of medicinal flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) plant. International journal of Agronomy and Plant Production. 3. 78 - 83. Padlock, A. (1994). The effect of long-term fertilizer application in a crop rotation on yield and quality of fiber flax. Agrokhimiya. 4. 55 - 60. Pospišil, M., Pospišil, A., Butorac, J., Škevin, D., Kraljić, K., Obranović, M., Brčić, M. (2010). Prinos i sastavnice prinosa istraživanih sorti uljnog lana u sjeverozapadnoj Hrvatskoj. International Symposium on Agriculture. 624 - 627. Šimetić, S. (2008). Lan u proizvodnji i upotrebi. Sjemenarstvo. 25 (3-4). 217 - 221. Zedan, S.Z., Kineber, M.E., Mostafa, S.H. (1999). Response of flax to potassium and nitrogen fertilitation under sandy soil conditions. Egyp J Agric Res. 77. 729 - 743. 107 | P a g e � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2491 Title A name given to the resource EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT TYPES FERTILIZERS ON GRAIN YIELD IN DIFFERENT SORTS OF FLAX Author Author DERVIŠEVIĆ, Selma VELADŽIĆ, Mirsad JOGIĆ, Vildana Abstract A summary of the resource. A few years ago began the re-cultivation of flax in the area of the northwestern part of Bosnia and Herzegovina with the ultimate aim of producing seeds and fibers. Flax seed contains about 57 % alpha linolenic acid known by multiple medical effects as the guardian of cardiovascular health, and which the current way of nutrition we take into the organism in about ten times smaller quantity than those recommended by the World Health Organization. In addition to the seed of the flax are obtained with high quality fibers that are environmentally acceptable and for which there is a great need in the area of the European Union. In order to achieve higher yields have been conducted research on the effects of fertilization on seed yield. For this purpose, the experiment was conducted under field conditions at two locations (Cojluk and Ostruznica) in a split-plot design. In the research were used three varieties (Mikael, Belstar and variety X) with five fertilization treatments: T1 - control, T2 - mineral fertilizers T3 - organic fertilization, T4 - bacterial fertilizer (Azoter) and T5 - bacterial+organic fertilizer. Based on the obtained results, the two-year investigation of morphological and phenological traits was found that there were differences between the studied varieties and fertilizer on the basis of treatment. Statistical significance of highest yield at both locations was obtained by variety Belstar with fertilization treatment T5 (1600 kg/ha Ostruznica and 1900 kg/ha Cojluk). With the aid of the Kruskal-Wallis test revealed significant differences in fertilization treatments, which had an impact on all the characteristics of the flax plant, the statistical differences between the varieties studied traits less significant. After the research, as the best variety for cultivation, and on the basis of the yield level, recommended varieties Belstar with the aforementioned method of fertilization (T5). Keywords: flax, omega 3 fatty acids, fertilization, yield. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014-05-15 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 978-9958-834-36-3 Q Science (General),QH301 Biology,QH426 Genetics https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/04e9c57a1c75ceadebc426947295337f.pdf c8c684fec162e6320f0bf40e2fb6f70b PDF Text Text PROCEEDINGS th ______ The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 BIOMONITORING OF LEAD POLLUTION ON THE URBAN FLORA Mustafa Dogan1, Zlatko Nedić2, Rifet Terzić3 1 International School of Zenica, Bosnia and Herzegovina; mustafadogan74@hotmail.com 2 High School Orasje, Bosnia and Herzegovina; zlatko8679@hotmail.com 2 University of Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina; rifet.terzic@untz.ba ABSTRACT In this study, the first aim was to find out the measures of lead (Pb) as the heavy metal pollution in Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina. The second aim was to test if chicory, Cichorium intybus L., can be used as a biomonitor of heavy metal pollution. Twenty-eight sites (urban, suburban and rural) in Sarajevo were investigated during the summer period in 2010. Concentrations of Pb were determined in leaves and roots of Cichorium intybus L. and also in soils collected from a wide range of sites with different degrees of metal pollution. As a result of measurements, the highest values of lead accumulations in plants have been observed in roots as expected. The highest values were detected as 30.10 mgkg-1 dry weight in roots and as 28.20 mgkg-1 dry weight in leaves in the PMF garden in Pofalici. On the other hand, the highest value of lead was detected as 450.05 mgkg-1 dry weight in soil in Museum Garden. Theoretically it is expected to observe highest accumulation in soils, roots and leaves, respectively. After getting results, it is observed the relationship of lead accumulation among soils, roots and leaves as expected. Cichorium intybus L. was found to be a useful biomonitor in the determination of lead pollution. Key words: Cichorium intybus L., lead pollution, biomonitoring, Sarajevo 17 | P a g e �ISSD 2014 th The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ PROCEEDINGS INTRODUCTION One of the common worldwide plants is the common chicory. It is also known as succory, blue sailors, cornflower, and coffee weed. Cichorium intybus L., also known as common chicory, is a bushy perennial herbaceous plant. It has blue, lavender, or sometimes white flowers. It lives as a wild plant on roadsides in many countries of its native Europe, Asia, North America and Australia (Davis, 1975). Various varieties are cultivated for salad leaves, chicons (blanched buds), or for roots (var. sativum), which are baked, ground, and used as a coffee substitute and additive. It is also grown as a forage crop for livestock. When flowering, Cichorium intybus L. has tough, grooved, and some hairy stem, from 25 to 100 centimeters tall. The leaves are stalked, lanceolate and unlobed. The flower heads are 2 to 4 centimeters wide, and bright blue. There are two rows of involucral bracts - the inner are longer and erect, the outer are shorter and spreading. It flowers from July until October. The achenes have no pappus (feathery hairs), but do have toothed scales on top. (Rose & Francis, 1981) Lower plants, especially mosses and lichens, in view of their higher capacity for metal accumulation are probably the organisms most frequently used for monitoring metal pollution in urban environments (Markert, 1993; Al-Shayeb et al., 1995 & Aksoy et al., 1999). During the past few decades there has been an increase in the use of higher plant leaves as biomonitor of heavy metal pollution in the terrestrial environment (Aksoy & Ozturk, 1996, 1997; Aksoy & Demirezen, 2006). Wild chicory is a leafy vegetable and it has several characteristics for biomonitoring purposes which are worldwide cosmopolitan distribution, ability to tolerate a broad range of climatic and soil conditions, and ability to grow as a weed so it can be used as a biological indicator of heavy metal contamination (Simon et al., 1984). Also, it is a perennial plant that could be another convenient characteristic for biomonitoring purposes. Numerous organisms have been used to monitor heavy metal pollutions (Augusto et al., 2007). These include invertebrates, vertebrates, cyanobacteria, lichens, mosses, and many parts of plants (tree barks, tree rings, pine needles, grasses and leaves) (Lovett et al., 1997; Aksoy & Öztürk, 1996; Sakurai et al., 2000; Augusto et al., 2007; Aksoy, 2008; Atiq-UrRehman and Iqbal, 2008). Some plant species have more ability of uptaking high levels of metals and other toxic elements, without showing any visible injury. These are later denominated as accumulator or biomonitor plants (De Temmerman et al., 2004). The term biomonitor is defined as an organism that provides quantitative information on the quality of the environment around it. Therefore, a good biomonitor will indicate the presence of the pollutant and also attempt to provide additional information about the amount and intensity of the exposure (Wolterbeek, 2002). With proper selection of organisms, the general advantage of the biomonitoring approach is related primarily to the permanent and common occurrence of the organism in the field, even in remote areas, the ease of sampling, and the absence of any necessary expensive technical equipment (Wittig, 1993; Wolterbeek, 2002). Many studies on the accumulation of heavy metals by various plant species have been reported (Peterson et al., 1979; Lepp, 1981; Page et al., 1981; Nasu & Kugimoto, 1984; De Temmerman & Hoenig, 2004; Finster et al., 2004; Augusto et al., 2007). Although it is consumed enormously, there are only few data available on heavy metal accumulation of wild chicory in contaminated areas (Simon et al., 1984; Turkan, 1986; Del Rio-Celestino et al., 2006; Aksoy & Demirezen, 2006; Aksoy, 2008). 18 | P a g e �PROCEEDINGS th ______ The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 MATERIALS AND METHODS Method: Lead (Pb) concentrations were investigated in the samples of soil, roots and aerial parts of chicory. The analyses were done by Federal Institute of Agriculture in Sarajevo. Concentrations of lead were measured in terms of mg/kg in twenty eight localities. 1. Sample Collection and Identification: The soil, roots and aerial parts of chicory were handpicked carefully into plastic bags at the each locality. All samples were labeled with respect to their localities. 2. Sample Processing: In the laboratory, all samples were exposed to air dry for 5 days. Then the dried samples were grounded to have fine powder. 3. Sample Analysis by ICP-AES (Inductively Coupled Plasma – Atomic Emission Spectrometry): After sample processing, the last step was analytical procedures of ICP-AES analysis. Perkin Elmer Plasma 400 ICP-AES operating in sequential mode was used for all analyses. Atomic spectrometer is very useful for element analysis because every element has its own characteristic set of energy level. By the use of atomic spectrometer, the set of emission wavelengths were measured. Table 1 Comparison of heavy metal concentrations (mg kg-1 dry wt) considered toxic or contaminated, taken from the literature (adapted from Ross, 1994), with values from this study. Concentrations in soil Concentration in Present results Element Considered toxic contaminated plants Soil Plants Pb 100-400 30-300 4.80 - 450.05 0.60 - 30.10 Study Areas In this study, Sarajevo City center and around are studied. Twenty eight localities are investigated for heavy metal pollution. These locations are: 19 | P a g e �ISSD 2014 th The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ Table 2 localities and gps values Latitude: Longitude: L1: Pofalići - PMF garden 43°51'17.40"N 18°23'44.03"E L2: Grbavica 43°51'9.63"N 18°24'5.55"E L3: Tranzit road - Vraca 43°50'52.00"N 18°23'53.00"E L4: Tranzit road - A.S. 43°50'48.38"N 18°23'57.99"E L5: Vraca - Memorial park 43°50'40.02"N 18°23'59.81"E L6: Trebević 43°50'20.04"N 18°24'49.01"E L7: Trebević II 43°50'35.79"N 18°24'57.50"E L8: Skenderija V.P. 43°51'21.36"N 18°24'45.90"E L9: Ćumurija 43°51'24.48"N 18°25'36.78"E L10: Bentbaša 43°51'34.24"N 18°26'12.60"E L11: Holiday Inn tram line 43°51'19.77"N 18°24'7.66"E L12: Tranzit road - Soukbunar 43°51'8.84"N 18°24'53.04"E L13: Bistrik church 43°51'20.79"N 18°25'54.62"E L14: Museum garden 43°51'18.58"N 18°24'11.37"E L15: Bakije 43°52'2.40"N 18°26'30.21"E L16: Babina bašta 43°51'32.76"N 18°26'5.68"E L17: Tranzit road - Bistrik 43°51'14.43"N 18°25'25.95"E L18: Pofalići – tram line 43°51'15.95"N 18°23'35.94"E L19: Otoka 43°50'51.77"N 18°21'37.50"E L20: Stup 43°50'36.40"N 18°19'47.08"E L21: Kobilja Glava 43°53'0.56"N 18°23'5.30"E L22: Ilidža 43°49'53.69"N 18°18'32.10"E L23: Faletići 43°52'15.03"N 18°27'11.27"E L24: Semizovac 43°55'15.55"N 18°18'59.09"E L25: Ćevljanovići 44° 3'8.92"N 18°28'37.14"E L26: Olovo 44° 7'36.75"N 18°36'50.06"E L27: Kladanj 44°14'28.91"N 18°42'20.61"E L28: Museum garden II 43°51'18.24"N 18°24'6.56"E 20 | P a g e PROCEEDINGS �PROCEEDINGS th ______ The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 Picture 1. Satellite record of Sarajevo 21 | P a g e �ISSD 2014 th The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ PROCEEDINGS RESULTS Table 3 Results of lead analysis Localities L1: Pofalići-PMF garden L2: Grbavica L3: Tranzit road-Vraca L4: Tranzit road -A.S. L5: Vraca-Memorial park L6: Trebević L7: Trebević II L8: Skenderija V.P. L9: Ćumurija L10: Bentbaša L11: Holiday Inn tram line L12: Tranzit road -Soukbunar L13: Bistrik church L14: Museum garden L15: Bakije L16: Babina bašta L17: Tranzit road -Bistrik L18: Pofalići -tram line L19: Otoka L20: Stup L21: Kobilja Glava L22: Ilidža L23: Faletići L24: Semizovac L25: Ćevljanovići L26: Olovo L27: Kladanj L28: Museum garden II SOIL Results of lead (mg/kg) 206.64 49.00 103.32 25.83 77.00 50.10 4.80 77.49 99.80 77.50 154.98 31.00 97.30 542.43 69.70 25.83 70.34 129.16 73.34 136.68 51.66 18.33 65.50 25.00 30.60 73.00 5.00 450.05 ROOT Results of lead (mg/kg) 30.10 9.40 11.90 8.70 5.60 1.70 0.90 8.50 9.70 7.00 11.00 5.80 8.90 28.00 5.20 3.80 4.20 10.00 3.80 3.30 6.20 4.20 2.10 8.70 3.00 10.10 6.40 10.30 LEAF Results of lead (mg/kg) 28.20 8.38 15.70 8.50 6.80 1.10 0.60 4.30 7.60 6.40 5.10 7.50 7.20 22.00 4.80 4.10 3.00 5.80 1.75 2.20 2.80 3.30 2.50 5.60 2.00 13.20 4.10 9.80 A- DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS OF LEAD Table 4 Descriptive analysis of lead LEAD Mean Median max. min. st dev 22 | P a g e SOIL Results of lead (mg/kg) 100.76 71.67 542.43 4.80 121.60 ROOT Results of lead (mg/kg) 8.16 6.70 30.10 0.90 6.65 LEAF Results of lead (mg/kg) 6.94 5.35 28.20 0.60 6.26 �PROCEEDINGS th ______ The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 B- DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS WITH RESPECT TO URBAN, SUBURBAN AND RURAL AREAS Table 5 Results with respect to urban, suburban and rural areas SOIL - Results of lead (mg/kg) ROOT - Results of lead (mg/kg) LEAF - Results of lead (mg/kg) Urban Suburban Rural 152.75 61.79 31.42 10.57 6.21 5.13 8.30 6.45 4.43 SOIL Results of lead (mg/kg) Graph 1 Distribution of lead concentration in urban, suburban and rural areas (mg/kg) C- REGRESSIVE ANALYSIS OF LEAD Table 6: Regressive analysis of lead – soil Dependent Variable: SOIL_PB Method: Least Squares Date: 05/14/14 Time: 21:35 Sample: 1 28 Included observations: 28 Variable Coefficient Std. Error t-Statistic Prob. LEAF_PB -6,680899 ROOT_PB 16,24043 8,115762 -0,8232 0,4185 7,899495 2,055882 0,0508 LOCATION 50,69459 C -10,7494 40,2297 1,260128 0,2197 28,31497 -0,379637 0,7076 R-squared Adjusted R-squared S.E. of regression Sum squared resid Log likelihood F-statistic Prob(F-statistic) 0,507033 0,445412 90,55576 196808,3 -163,7392 8,228267 0,000612 Mean dependent var S.D. dependent var Akaike info criterion Schwarz criterion Hannan-Quinn criter. Durbin-Watson stat 100,7636 121,5993 11,98137 12,17169 12,03955 1,481338 23 | P a g e �ISSD 2014 th The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ PROCEEDINGS Table 7: Regressive analysis of lead - root Dependent Variable: ROOT_PB Method: Least Squares Date: 05/14/14 Time: 21:32 Sample: 1 28 Included observations: 28 Variable Coefficient Std. Error t-Statistic LEAF_PB 0,866314 0,084729 10,22457 0 SOIL_PB 0,00922 0,004485 2,055882 0,0508 LOCATION 0,680752 0,979956 0,694676 0,4939 C 0,878754 0,652479 1,346794 R-squared Adjusted R-squared S.E. of regression Sum squared resid Log likelihood F-statistic Prob(F-statistic) 0,906412 0,894713 2,15768 111,734 -59,10511 77,48062 0 Mean dependent var S.D. dependent var Akaike info criterion Schwarz criterion Hannan-Quinn criter. Durbin-Watson stat Prob. 0,1906 8,160714 6,649664 4,507508 4,697823 4,565689 2,401098 Table 8: Regressive analysis of lead - leaf Dependent Variable: LEAF_PB Method: Least Squares Variable Coefficient ROOT_PB SOIL_PB LOCATION C R-squared Adjusted R-squared S.E. of regression Sum squared resid Log likelihood F-statistic Prob(F-statistic) 0,938794 -0,00411 -0,118226 -0,247595 0,885385 0,871058 2,24613 121,0824 -60,23001 61,79893 0 Date: 05/14/14 Time: 21:29 Sample: 28 Included observations: 28 Std. Error t-Statistic 0,091818 10,22457 0,004993 -0,8232 1,03005 -0,114777 0,70261 -0,352393 Mean dependent var S.D. dependent var Akaike info criterion Schwarz criterion Hannan-Quinn criter. Durbin-Watson stat Prob. 0 0,4185 0,9096 0,7276 6,940357 6,255153 4,587858 4,778173 4,646039 2,201968 DISCUSSION and CONCLUSION Especially the first half of the previous century has high lead (Pb) emission into the environment because lead has been used as an antiknock agent in gasoline. According to Olendrzynski et al. (1995), about 70% of the total emissions in Europe were related to traffic, 15% to industrial production, 5%-10% to power generation, and 2% to waste burning. Another research concludes that the major source of human lead accumulation in developing countries was found to be airborne lead, 90 percent of which comes from leaded gasoline (MECA, 2003). Similar results indicating lead in the atmosphere mainly emitted from automobiles were investigated by several other researches (Foner, 1987; Gratani et al., 1992; Bahemuka & Mubofu, 1999; Renberg et al., 2000; Yaman et al., 2000; Andrews & Sutherland, 2004; Finster et al., 2004). Aksoy & Sahin, (1999) indicated that sampling of soil and different parts of plants is useful to determine the source and location of lead contamination. Table 1 represents a comparison of the toxic heavy metal concentrations (Ross, 1994). Because concentrations of lead in Cichorium intybus L. do not exceed generally the upper limit, studied sites of Sarajevo are not highly polluted by lead. 24 | P a g e �PROCEEDINGS th ______ The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 The concentrations of lead as heavy metal found in soil, roots and aerial parts of Cichorium intybus L. in different sites are presented in the Table 3. The lead concentrations in different localities show differences. Especially lead concentrations in soil show some excessive amounts in some localities. In terms of root and leaf, results are in the acceptable range. Only two sites exceed the upper limits which are located in the museum garden. Two different localities in museum garden show high pollution levels. Moreover, especially urban samples show values in which the upper limit is higher than the minimum levels of contamination. Aerial deposition of lead over a long time period might cause to that high concentration. Based on the results of a previous study carried out by Aksoy (2008), It is expected soil lead concentration should be higher than that of roots and leaves. It is clear that the concentrations of lead in soil were significantly higher than that of in roots and aerial parts of plants. Therefore, the concentrations of lead in the soils support Cichorium intybus L. in the same areas. The descriptive analysis with respect to urban, suburban and rural areas shows the practical results as expected theoretically. The mean lead concentrations in soil in the urban samples are significantly higher than that of suburban and rural samples. On the other hand, the mean lead concentrations in root and leaf samples are significantly higher than that of rural and are slightly higher than that of suburban samples. The similar correlation can be found vertically in the same table. The mean lead concentrations in urban, suburban and rural areas show decreasing relations in soils, roots and leaves, respectively. These results are also expected theoretical results because of exposure time interval to lead pollution. Because soil is exposed to lead pollution more years than root and leaves, more lead is accumulated in soil. Basically, there are two ways whereby plants get contaminated by lead, which are one from soil sources via root absorption (Yaman et al., 2000; Finster et al., 2004; Wong & Li, 2004; Del Rio-Celestino et al., 2006), and the second from aerial deposition onto plant leaves (Aydinalp & Marinova, 2004). It can be said that the high lead content in urban soils and plant samples is mostly because of the traffic density. Traffic density is considered as one of the major source of heavy metal contamination, especially in terms of lead. Different lead pollution levels among plants are because of the different levels of deposition airborne lead and from soil sources. Lead can increase high elevations after emitted from exhausts so it is very difficult to find lead free plants. When airborne lead precipitates, it accumulates on soil and plants. Consequently, high pollution levels of soil in urban sites are more likely due to the deposition of airborne lead and exposure interval. This study shows that there is no significant pollution level in roots and leaves of Cichorium intybus L. at the collected sites. It is clear that with an increase in the lead concentration in soil due to percolation, the uptake of heavy metals by Cichorium intybus L. also increases. So it can be concluded that Cichorium intybus L. can be used as biomonitor of heavy metal pollution because it shows the criteria for a species as a biomonitor. Furthermore, because it is common in Europe, Asia and Australia it may be very useful biomonitor in these areas. As a result this study shows that an immediate action is required to provide sustainable traffic, to use ecological methods to have a sustainable development in the area. 25 | P a g e �ISSD 2014 th The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ PROCEEDINGS REFERENCES Aksoy, A. 2008. Chicory (Cichorium intybus L.): Possible biomonitor of metal pollution. Pak. J. Bot., 40(2): 791-797. Aksoy, A. and D. Demirezen. 2006. 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Atmospheric emissions and depositions of cadmium, lead and zinc in Europe during the period 1955-1987. The International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis , IIASA WP-9535, Austria. Page AL, Bingham FT & Chang AL (1981). Cadmium effect of heavy metal pollution on plants. Applied Science 1: 77-110. Paveley, C.F. and B.E. Davies. 1988. Comparison of results obtained by x-ray fluorescence of the total soil and atomic absorption spectrometry assay of an acid digest in the routine determination of lead and zinc in soil. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal., 19: 107-116. Peterson PJ & Alloway BJ (1979). Cadmium in soils and vegetables:The chemistry, biochemistry and biology of cadmium. Topics in Environmental Health. Elsiever/North-Holland Biomedical Press, Amsterdam, Vol. 2: 45-92. Renberg I, Brannvall ML, Bindler R & Emteryd O (2000). Atmospheric lead pollution history during four millennia (2000 bc to 2000 ad) in Sweden. Ambio 29: 150-155. Rose, Francis (1981). The Wild Flower Key. Frederick Warne & Co. pp. 390–391. ISBN 0-7232-2419-6. Ross, M.S. 1994. Sources and form of potentially toxic metals in soil-plant systems. In: Toxic Metals in SoilPlant Systems (Ed.): M.S. Ross. pp.3-25. John Wiley, Chichester. Sakurai T., J. Kim, N. Suzuki, T. Matsuo, D. Li, Y. Yao. 2000. Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in sediment, soil, fish, shellfish and crab samples from Tokyo Bay area, Japan, Chemosphere, 40:627–40. Sawidis, T., A. Marnasidis, G. Zachariadis and J. Stratis. 1995. A study of air pollution with heavymetals in Thessaloniki city (Greece) using trees as biological indicators. Archives Environ. Cont. Toxicol., 28: 118-124. Simon JE, Chadwick AF & Craker LE (1984). Herbs: An Indexed Bibliography 1971-1980. The Scientific Literature on Selected Herbs and Aromatic and Medicinal Plants of the Temperature Zone . Archon Books, Hamden, CT, USA. Tam, N.F.Y., W.K. Liu, M.H. Wang and Y.S. Wong. 1987. Heavy metal pollution in roadside, urban parks and gardens in Hong Kong. Sci. Total Environ., 59: 325-328. Turkan I (1986). Izmir ili merkezi ve çevre yollari kenarinda yetisen bitkilerde kursun, çinko ve kadmiyum kirlenmesinin arastirilmasi. Doga Dergisi 10: 116-120. Tyler, G. 1981. Heavy Metal in Soil Biology and Biochemistry. In: (Eds.): E.A. Paul & J.N. Ladd. Soil Biochem., 5: 371-414. Wittig, R. 1993.General aspects of biomonitoring heavy metals by plants. In: Plants as Biomonitors/Indicator for Heavy Metals in the Terrestial Environment. Markert B., VCH Publisher, Weinheim, 3-28. Wolterbeek B. 2002. Biomonitoring of trace element air pollution: principles, possibilities and perspectives. Environ. Poll., 120: 11–21. Wong CSC & Li XD (2004). Pb contamination and isotopic composition of urban soils in Hong Kong. Sci Total Environ 319: 185-195. Yakupoglu, Guray, Sarica and Kaya. Determination of Airborne Lead Contamination in Cichorium intybus L. in an Urban Environment. Turk J Bot 32 (2008) 319-324 27 | P a g e �ISSD 2014 th The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ PROCEEDINGS Yaman M, Dilgin Y & Gucer S (2000). Speciation of lead in soils and relation with its concentration in fruits. Anal Chim Acta 410: 119125. http://www.innvista.com/HEALTH/foods/vegetables/chicory.htm http://plantanswers.tamu.edu/vegetables/endive.html http://dolcevitadiaries.co.uk/2009/05/19/wild-chicory-spaghetti/ GPS information of Localities, 2013. Googleearth, Accessed on January 2013. 28 | P a g e � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2447 Title A name given to the resource BIOMONITORING OF LEAD POLLUTION ON THE URBAN FLORA Author Author DOGAN, Mustafa NEDIĆ, Zlatko TERZIĆ, Rifet Abstract A summary of the resource. In this study, the first aim was to find out the measures of lead (Pb) as the heavy metal pollution in Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina. The second aim was to test if chicory, Cichorium intybus L., can be used as a biomonitor of heavy metal pollution. Twenty-eight sites (urban, suburban and rural) in Sarajevo were investigated during the summer period in 2010. Concentrations of Pb were determined in leaves and roots of Cichorium intybus L. and also in soils collected from a wide range of sites with different degrees of metal pollution. As a result of measurements, the highest values of lead accumulations in plants have been observed in roots as expected. The highest values were detected as 30.10 mgkg-1 dry weight in roots and as 28.20 mgkg-1 dry weight in leaves in the PMF garden in Pofalici. On the other hand, the highest value of lead was detected as 450.05 mgkg-1 dry weight in soil in Museum Garden. Theoretically it is expected to observe highest accumulation in soils, roots and leaves, respectively. After getting results, it is observed the relationship of lead accumulation among soils, roots and leaves as expected. Cichorium intybus L. was found to be a useful biomonitor in the determination of lead pollution. Key words: Cichorium intybus L., lead pollution, biomonitoring, Sarajevo Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014-05-15 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 978-9958-834-36-3 Q Science (General),QH301 Biology,QH426 Genetics https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/730719527e5578fd3d43ba30f199617d.pdf 3d79986ea43502148cc1dca1e5cfe0dc PDF Text Text PROCEEDINGS th ______ The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 COMPARISON OF CODON USAGE IN MITOCHONDRIAL GENOMES OF RHINOLOPHID AND HIPPOSIDERID BATS Semir Dorić1 and Lada Lukić Bilela1,2# 1 Dept. of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Sarajevo, Zmaja od Bosne 33-35, 71 000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina; semir.doric@gmail.com; llbilela@gmail.com 2 Biospeleological Society in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Avde Jabučice 30, 71 000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina; biospeld2008@gmail.com # Corresponding author Abstract According to current phylogenetic hypotheses, the bats of the families Rhinolophidae and Hipposideridae are sister groups nested within the clade of Pteropodiformes. The Hipposideridae are family of bats commonly known as the Old World leaf-nose bats. While this family has long been considered as a rhinolophid subfamily Hipposiderinae, it is now more generally classified as its own family. The Hipposideridae contain 10 living genera and more than 70 species, mostly in the widespread genus Hipposideros. This study is an attempt to confirm a distinction between these two families by a codon usage comparison of a complete set of mitochondrial protein-coding genes from currently available mitochondrial (mt) genomes of rhinolophid and hiposiderid bats. The INCA 2.1 and GCUA 2.0 were used for the codon usage computing. Measure Independent of Length and Composition (MILC), was used to estimate the codon usage of 13 mt protein-coding genes from five species of genus Rhinolophus and one species of Hipposideros (while only four genes were available from H. larvatus). Large randomly generated sequence sets were used to test for dependence on (i) sequence length, (ii) overall amount of codon bias and (iii) codon bias discrepancy in the sequences. Our findings suggest no significant differences in codon usage bias, among analyzed rhinolophid species, by statistical estimation of absolute frequency values despite the changed MILC values for nd1 and nd3 from Hipposideros armiger. Keywords: MILC, MELP, bats, codon usage, codon frequencies 39 | P a g e �ISSD 2014 th The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ PROCEEDINGS 1. Introduction Rhinolophidae split from their sister family, the Hipposideridae, towards the end of the Eocene (Maree and Grant, 1997; McKenna and Bell, 1997; Teeling et al., 2003; Eick et al., 2005). This estimate of divergence is congruent with the fossil data, with fossils of extinct Rhinolophus and Hipposideros species first occurring in middle Eocene deposits (ca. 49–37 MYA; Simmons and Geisler, 1998). The family Rhinolophidae Gray, 1825 consists of a single genus Rhinolophus Lacépéde, 1799. The taxon is exclusively Old World, with at least 77 species (Simmons, 2005) occurring in both temperate and tropical areas throughout the Afrotropical, Australian, Indomalayan, Oceanian and Palaearctic regions (Csorba et al., 2003). A previous classifications imply two subfamilies, the Hipposiderinae and the Rhinolophinae, of the family Rhinolophidae according to Koopman, 1993, 1994; McKenna and Bell, 1997; Simmons and Geisler, 1998; Teeling et al., 2002, while contemporaneously the hipposiderids excluded from this family following Corbet and Hill (1992), Bates and Harrison (1997) and Simmons (2005). Interestingly, Rhynolophus monoceros (used in our study) is often treated as a Taiwanese endemic, and very similar to R. pusillus of the mainland in terms of body size, echolocation call frequency and mitochondrial gene sequences (Li et al. 2006). It is perhaps best treated as a synonym of R. pusillus, especially given that the Taiwanese Hipposideros terasensis considered synonymous with H. armiger of the mainland according to Simmons (2005). Besides, in more recent studies of deep rhinolophid phylogeny based on analysis of cytochrome b and the three nuclear introns: thyrotropin, thyroglobulin and protein-kinase (PRKC1) the hipposiderid bats were used as outgroup (Stoffberg et al., 2010) A multidisciplinary approach: morphometric measurements (Bogdanowicz, 1992), recording and analysis of echolocation signals, karyotypic variation (Koubínová et al, 2010), D-loop sequence analysis) contribute in resolving t1he correct phylogenetic position of the species within these two families (Stoffberg et al, 2010). According to current phylogenetic hypotheses, the bats of the families Rhinolophidae and Hipposideridae are sister groups nested within the clade of Pteropodiformes (Koubínová et al, 2010). Rhinolophidae form a monophyletic group and can be divided into at least two major clades – the predominantly African and the predominantly Oriental clades – based on the current biogeographical distributions of the majority of species within each clade. Morphological (Bogdanowicz, 1992) and cytochrome b (Guillén-Servent et al., 2003) analyses also suggest that the African rhinolophids form a monophyletic clade. The typical metazoan mitochondrial (mt) genome comprises a single circular, double-stranded DNA molecule with a size between 14 and 18 kb that contains a uniform set of 37 genes (Boore, 1999). Mitochondrial genomes are powerful tool in phylogenetic analyses to elucidate the complex relationships among taxa. More rapidly evolving mitochondrial genes may distinguish even closely related species and thus they have been employed in conservation genetic studies (Avise, 1995). Thus, generation of full mtgenome sequences is important for both evolutionary studies and conservation management of endangered species. The aim of this study was a codon usage comparison of mitochondrial genes and identification of possible differences in codon frequency values from rhinolophid and hipposiderid bats as a contribution to phylogeny elucidation between these two families. 2. Materials and methods The nucleotide sequences of 13 (nd1, nd2, nd3, nd4, nd4l, nd5, nd6, cox1, cox2, cytb, cox3, atp6, atp8) mitochondrial protein-coding genes from five species of the family Rhinolophidae and Hipposideros armiger (Hodgson, 1835) as well as four genes (nd1, nd2, cox1, cytb) from H. larvatus (Horsfield, 1823) were obtained from GenBank (NCBI) (Table 1). 40 | P a g e �PROCEEDINGS th ______ The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 Table 1. Selected species of the families Rhinolophidae and Hipposideridae used for sequence analysis, with a mitochondrial genome accession number in GenBank database. Selected species Accession number Rhinolophus ferrumequinum (Schreber, 1774) NC_020326.1 R. pumilus K. Andersen, 1905 NC_005434.1 R. monoceros K. Andersen, 1905 NC_005433.1 R. formosae (Sanborn, 1939) NC_011304.1 R. luctus (Temminck, 1834) NC_018539.1 Hipposideros armiger (Hodgson, 1835) H. larvatus (Horsfield, 1823) H. larvatus (nd1) H. larvatus (nd2) H. larvatus (cox1) H. larvatus (cytb) NC_018540.1 JX861075.1 DQ888653.1 JQ915493.1 JQ365642.1 EU434949.1 INCA 2.1 (Supek and Vlahoviček, 2006) and GCUA 2.0 (Fuhrmann et. all., 2004) were used for codon usage computing. Measure Independent of Length and Composition (MILC), was used to estimate the codon usage of thirteen mtDNA genes of selected species within genera Rhinolophus and Hipposideros. Large randomly generated sequence sets were used to test for dependence on (i) sequence length, (ii) overall amount of codon bias and (iii) codon bias discrepancy in the sequences. MILC Based Expression Level Predictor (MELP) was used as a measurement to quantitatively predict the levels of selected mitochondrial gene expression. 3. Results and discussion Calculations of MILC and MELP values for thirteen and four protein-coding genes of selected species, six and seven respectively, were carried out in INCA 2.1. (Table 2). Reference MILC values were used as absolute frequencies of codon usage for selected genes (Fo). Estimation of the percentage difference of codon usage bias among selected species followed trough χ2 statistical observations as well as GCUA 2.0. Table 2. MILC and MELP average values for 13 (from five rhinolophid and one hipposiderid bat) (A) as well as four protein coding genes from Hipposideros larvatus (B). Selected species Rhinolophus ferrumequinum R. pumilus R. monoceros R. formosae R. luctus Hipposideros armiger MILC 0.631 0.627 0.635 0.615 0.633 0.666 MELP 1.011 1.009 1.015 1.030 1.021 1.007 A Selected species Rhinolophus ferrumequinum R. pumilus R. monoceros R. formosae R. luctus Hipposideros armiger Hipposideros larvatus MILC 0.516 0.525 0.527 0.511 0.527 0.509 0.522 MELP 1.057 1.050 1.054 1.043 1.043 1.030 1.022 B 41 | P a g e �ISSD 2014 th The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ PROCEEDINGS Absolute differences between the theoretical (Ft) and observed (Fo) values of codon frequencies were less than 1%, comparing thirteen and four protein-coding genes from six and seven selected species, respectively (Graph. 1). Graph 1. Absolute difference of Ft and Fo for MILC values for 13 (from five rhinolophid and one hipposiderid bat) (A) and four protein-coding genes from Hipposideros larvatus (B). 42 | P a g e �PROCEEDINGS th ______ The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 The obtained value of χ2 was 0.00218 with p=0.01 and n=5 (six species) and 0.0096 with p= 0.009 and n=6 (seven species). In both cases p value was <0.5 which indicates no significant difference. However, analysis mediated by GCUA 2.0 revealed important differences in codon usage frequencies. Absolute differences in codon usage frequency between Hipposideros armiger and Rhinolophus ferrumequinum were 8.19% , H. armiger and R. monoceros 8.17%, H. armiger and R. pumilus 9.89%, H. armiger and R. luctus 8.3%. The typical deviation from the universal genetic code observed in mitochondrial genomes of rhinolophid and hipposiderid bats are similar to that already found in other vertebrates, with TGA coding for tryptophan, instead of being a stop codon. Hipposideros armiger prefers TGG (Trp) with the absolute frequency of 0.154 related to five species of genus Rhinolophus with frequencies of 0.05-0.65. Among the terminations codons, UAA was the most preferred by all analyzed species, then AGA while the codon AGG is found neither in mitochondrial genes of five rhinolophid species nor in H. armiger and H. larvatus. AGA and AGG were thought to have become mitochondrial stop codons early in vertebrate evolution (Osawa, et al., 1989). However, at least in humans it has now been shown that AGA and AGG sequences are not recognized as termination codons. UAG codon is rather preferred by H. armiger than rhinolophid bats with a difference of 4.04%. Actually, the UGA Stop-to-Trp is the change is the most frequently occurring reassignment known. Disappearance of UAG would be favored by mutation pressure increasing the AU content. The reason UAG is reassigned less frequently than UGA may be because of the relative difficulty of the required change in the tRNA. In the case of UGA, the existing tRNA-Trp can simply mutate its anticodon (Sengupta et al., 2007). Synonymous codons are not used with equal frequencies, so based on a multivariate analysis of codon usage data from unicellular organisms, Grantham et al. (1980) proposed the genome hypothesis implying some relationship between codon usage and taxonomic distance. A long time ago was noticed a correlation between taxonomic divergence and the similarity of the codon dialect (Ikemura, 1985; Maruyama et al. 1986). 4. Concluding remarks During the last decade, analyses of the mitochondrial genome became a powerful tool to resolve the phylogenetic relationships among the various eukaryotic lineages and to elucidate the early events during evolution of multicellularity. MILC and MELP algorithms have proved to be excellent tools for mitogenomic phylogeny and molecular evolution studies. The codon usage comparison of 13 mt protein-coding genes from five species of genus Rhinolophus and one species of Hipposideros has shown 8.17 to 9.89% differences of codon frequency values using GCUA 2.0. However, our results mediated by INCA 2.1., without any statistically significant difference in codon usage among selected species could be explained by the estimation based on the only one complete mitochondrial protein-coding gene set (H. armiger) and four genes (from H. larvatus) from hipposiderid bats. Furthermore, MILC algorithm has proved to be very sensitive, discriminating genes by their length, alternative stop codons and nucleotide composition. MILC values for nd1 and nd3 genes from hipposiderid bats differ from genes of selected rhinolophid species due to the nucleotide composition. This could indicate possible further differences on complete mtDNA sequences which can help in elucidation of phylogenetic relationships within these two chiropteran families. 43 | P a g e �ISSD 2014 th The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ PROCEEDINGS 5. References Agnarsson, I., Zambrana-Torrelio, C., M., Flores-Saldana, N., P., & May-Collado, LJ. (2011). A time-calibrated species-level phylogeny of bats (Chiroptera, Mammalia). PLOS Currents, 10, 13-71. Avise, J.C. (1995). Mitochondrial DNA polymorphism and a connection between genetics and demography of relevance to conservation. Conservation Biology, 9, 686–690. Bogdanowicz, W. (1992). Phenetic relationships among bats of the family Rhinolophidae. Acta Theriologica, 37, 213–240. Boore, J.L. (1999). Animal mitochondrial genomes. Nucleic Acids Research, 27, 1767–1780. Csorba, G., Ujhelyi, P., & Thomas, N. (2003). Horseshoe Bats of the World (Chiroptera: Rhinolophidae). Alana Books, Shropshire. p. 160. Eick, G.N., Jacobs, D.S., & Matthee, C.A. (2005). A nuclear DNA phylogenetic perspective on the evolution of echolocation and historical biogeography of extant bats (Chiroptera). Molecular Biology and Evolution, 22, 1869–1886. Fuhrmann, M., Hausherr, A., Ferbitz, L., Schödl, T., Heitzer, M., & Hegemann, P. (2004). Monitoring dynamic expression of nuclear genes in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii by using a synthetic luciferase reporter gene. Plant Molecular Biologie, 55(6), 869-81. Grantham, R., Gautier, C., Gouy, M., Mercier, R., & Pave, A. (1980). Codon catalog usage and the genome hypothesis. Nucleic Acids Research, 8, 49-62. Guillén-Servent, A., Francis, C.M., & Ricklefs, R.E. (2003). Phylogeny and biogeography of the horseshoe bats. In: Csorba, G., Ujhelyi, P., & Thomas, N. (Eds.), Horseshoe Bats of the World. Alana Books, p. 160. Ikemura, T. (1985). Codon usage and tRNA content in unicellular and multicelular organisms. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 2, 13-34. Koubínová, D., Sreepada, K. S., Koubek, P., & Zima, J. (2010). Karyotypic Variation in Rhinolophid and Hipposiderid Bats (Chiroptera: Rhinolophidae, Hipposideridae). Acta Chiropterologica, 12(2), 393-400. Li, G., Jones, G., Rossiter, S.J., Chen, S.F., Parsons, S. & Zhang, S. (2006). Phylogenetics of small horseshoe bats from East Asia based on mitochondrial DNA sequence variation. Journal of Mammalogy, 87, 1234-1240. Maree, S., & Grant, W.S. (1997). Origins of horseshoe bats (Rhinolophus, Rhinolophidae) in southern Africa: evidence from allozyme variability. Journal of Mammalian Evolution, 4, 195–214. Maruyama, T., Gojobori, T., Aota, S.I., & Ikemura, T. (1986). Codon usage tabulated from the GenBank genetic sequence data. Nucleic Acids Research, 14, l51-197. McKenna, M.C., & Bell, S.K. (1997). Classification of Mammals above the Species Level. Columbia University Press. p. 631. Osawa, S., Ohama, T., Jukes, T.H., & Watanabe, K. (1989). Evolution of the mitochondrial genetic code. I. Origin of AGR serine and stop codons in metazoan mitochondria. 29(3), 202-207. Sengupta, S., Yang, X., & Higgs, P. G. (2007). The Mechanisms of Codon Reassignments in Mitochondrial Genetic Codes. Journal of Molecular Evolution, 64, 662-688. Simmons, N.B., & Geisler, J.H. (1998). Phylogenetic relationships of Icaronycteris, Archaeonyteris, Hassianycteris and Palaeochiropteryx to extant bat lineages, with comments on the evolution of echolocation and foraging strategies in Microchiroptera. The Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 235, 1–182. Simmons, N.B. (2005). Order Chiroptera. In: Wilson, D.E., & Reeder, D.M. (Eds.), Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, third ed. Smithsonian Institution Press, pp. 312–529. Stoffberg, S., Jacobs, D.S., Mackie, I.J., & Matthee, C.A. (2010). Molecular phylogenetics and historical biogeography of Rhinolophus bats. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 54, 1–9. 44 | P a g e �PROCEEDINGS th ______ The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 Supek, F., & Vlahoviček, K. (2005). Comparison of codon usage measures and their applicability in prediction of microbial gene expressivity. BMC Bioinformatics, 6, 182. Supek, F., & Vlahoviček, K. (2006). INCA: synonymous codon usage analysis and clustering by means of selforganizing maps. BMC Bioinformatics, 20(14), 2329-2330. Teeling, E.C., Madeson, O., Van Den Bussche, R.A., De Jong, W.W., Stanhope, M.J., & Springer, M.S., (2002). Microbat paraphyly and the convergent evolution of a key innovation in Old World rhinolophoid microbats. PNAS USA, 99, 1431–1436. Teeling, E.C., Madsen, O., Murphy, W.J., Springer, M.S., & O’Brien, S.J. (2003). Nuclear gene sequences confirm ancient link between New Zealand’s short-tailed bat and South American noctilionoid bats. Molecular Phylogenetic and Evolution, 28, 308–319. Vaughan, T., Ryan, J., & Czaplewski, N. (2000). Mammalogy, 4th Edition. Toronto: Brooks Cole Press. Wilson, D., & Reeder, D. (2005). Mammal Species of the World, 3rd edition. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. Semir Dorić is postgraduate student at Faculty of Science, University of Sarajevo (Department of biology) with a special interest in field of molecular biology and bioinformatics. In diploma thesis has analyzed a codon usage in selected representatives of family Rhinolophidae (Chiroptera) with a dedication to implement different software packages towards improving the quality of his investigations. Lada Lukić Bilela is associated professor of Molecular biology and Genomics at Faculty of Science, University of Sarajevo (Department of biology). She received her BSc in Biology (Faculty of Science, Sarajevo) MS and PhD in Mitochondrial genomics of Porifera at (Faculty of Science, Zagreb; field: molecular and cell biology). She was employed in Ruđer Bošković Institute at Laboratory of molecular genetics and performed her postdoctoral training at Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz (Marie Curries Training Network fellowship). 45 | P a g e � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2451 Title A name given to the resource COMPARISON OF CODON USAGE IN MITOCHONDRIAL GENOMES OF RHINOLOPHID AND HIPPOSIDERID BATS Author Author DORIĆ, Semir LUKIĆ BILELA, Lada Abstract A summary of the resource. According to current phylogenetic hypotheses, the bats of the families Rhinolophidae and Hipposideridae are sister groups nested within the clade of Pteropodiformes. The Hipposideridae are family of bats commonly known as the Old World leaf-nose bats. While this family has long been considered as a rhinolophid subfamily Hipposiderinae, it is now more generally classified as its own family. The Hipposideridae contain 10 living genera and more than 70 species, mostly in the widespread genus Hipposideros. This study is an attempt to confirm a distinction between these two families by a codon usage comparison of a complete set of mitochondrial protein-coding genes from currently available mitochondrial (mt) genomes of rhinolophid and hiposiderid bats. The INCA 2.1 and GCUA 2.0 were used for the codon usage computing. Measure Independent of Length and Composition (MILC), was used to estimate the codon usage of 13 mt protein-coding genes from five species of genus Rhinolophus and one species of Hipposideros (while only four genes were available from H. larvatus). Large randomly generated sequence sets were used to test for dependence on (i) sequence length, (ii) overall amount of codon bias and (iii) codon bias discrepancy in the sequences. Our findings suggest no significant differences in codon usage bias, among analyzed rhinolophid species, by statistical estimation of absolute frequency values despite the changed MILC values for nd1 and nd3 from Hipposideros armiger. Keywords: MILC, MELP, bats, codon usage, codon frequencies Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014-05-15 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 978-9958-834-36-3 Q Science (General),QH301 Biology,QH426 Genetics