5 10 3494 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/ce7550b4ccac8ac331f79a099485c349.docx b5f0630cd68c8ca3e45f499afefbadf6 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/f3ae6ef88e3b81089b5a9ee1691f46af.pdf 645020ca82826a65bc7190b559b036d7 PDF Text Text 4;0-5;6 Year-Old Turkish Children's Usages of Event Types Gökhan Ari Aksaray University/ Aksaray,Turkey Key words: event types, states, activities, acquisition ABSTRACT While language development emerges together with cognitive development, cognitive development is quicker than language acquisition. In another words perception develops before production in language acquisition process. In this study the kinds of verbs children produce will be analyzed, while they retelling the cartoons shown so that it will be determined that the reflection of perception into production of utterence in terms of verbal kinds and verbal diversity. According to Langacker (1987a) and Smith (1983) there are a number of conceptual differences between acts and states (Frawley, 1992). States are static, with no dynamics and no internal structure whereas acts have physical or mental motion, dynamics and sometimes internal structure. Acts are categorized as activities, accomplishments, achievements and semelfactives (Smith, 1991). This study is aimed to assess the usages of states and activity types of verbs in the narratives by the children whose mother tongue is Turkish. It’s known that each six-month-period is important and has distinctive features in language acquisition and production. So 8 subjects were randomly-selected from 4;0-5;6 years of age preschool children whose mother tongue is Turkish. The study is mainly based on direct observation, content analysis and statistical analysis. Subjects watched three cartoons of Tom and Jerry and then were asked the question “What is happening in these cartoons?” Narrative data were transcribed and compiled using Microsoft Excel 6.0 and then all event types were analysed and categorised as activities and states according to Smith's classification (1991). Major findings are as follows: • The children’s age is parallel to the number of events and event diversity. • The children used activities more than statives depending on both the cartoons’ having patterns of motion and children’s generally acquiring acts before states due to the utterance time. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1906 Title A name given to the resource 4;0-5;6 Year-Old Turkish Children's Usages of Event Types Author Author ARI, Gökhan Abstract A summary of the resource. Key words: event types, states, activities, acquisition ABSTRACT While language development emerges together with cognitive development, cognitive development is quicker than language acquisition. In another words perception develops before production in language acquisition process. In this study the kinds of verbs children produce will be analyzed, while they retelling the cartoons shown so that it will be determined that the reflection of perception into production of utterence in terms of verbal kinds and verbal diversity. According to Langacker (1987a) and Smith (1983) there are a number of conceptual differences between acts and states (Frawley, 1992). States are static, with no dynamics and no internal structure whereas acts have physical or mental motion, dynamics and sometimes internal structure. Acts are categorized as activities, accomplishments, achievements and semelfactives (Smith, 1991). This study is aimed to assess the usages of states and activity types of verbs in the narratives by the children whose mother tongue is Turkish. It’s known that each six-month-period is important and has distinctive features in language acquisition and production. So 8 subjects were randomly-selected from 4;0-5;6 years of age preschool children whose mother tongue is Turkish. The study is mainly based on direct observation, content analysis and statistical analysis. Subjects watched three cartoons of Tom and Jerry and then were asked the question “What is happening in these cartoons?” Narrative data were transcribed and compiled using Microsoft Excel 6.0 and then all event types were analysed and categorised as activities and states according to Smith's classification (1991). Major findings are as follows: • The children’s age is parallel to the number of events and event diversity. • The children used activities more than statives depending on both the cartoons’ having patterns of motion and children’s generally acquiring acts before states due to the utterance time. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available IBU Publishing Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-03 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/b79f1e334dc0108761a6b4323ca81333.pdf 3fc9064d36220fe6d3b21490cb60caf3 PDF Text Text �PUBLISHER Faculty of Education and Humanities, International Burch University Address: Francuske revolucije bb, 71210 Ilidža Bosnia and Herzegovina Phone : +387(0) 33 944 400 Fax : +387(0) 33 944 500 EDITORS IN CHIEF Assoc. Prof. Dr. Senad Bećirović, International Burch University Assist. Prof. Dr. Amna Brdarević-Čeljo, International Burch University Assist. Prof. Dr. Vildana Dubravac, International Burch University EDITORIAL ASSISTANTS Teach. Assist. Ana Tankosić, MA Teach. Assist. Eldin Milak, MA SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE Jasna Hivziefendić, PhD, International Burch University, BiH Harun šiljak, PhD, CONNECT Center, Ireland Vladimir Rajs, PhD, University in Novi Sad, Serbia Dejan Jokić, PhD, International Burch University, BiH Aida Talić, PhD, University of Illinois, USA Dean Sinković, PhD, Juraj Dobrila University of Pula, Croatia Nereida Hadžiahmetović, PhD, International Burch University, BiH Ensar Mekić, PhD, International Burch University, BiH E-MAIL studentsymposium@ibu.edu.ba �CONTENTS 1 From the Shadows of the Temples: Abrahamic Religions and Their Contribution to Education Damir Bešlija 7 Sezai Karakoç’un Ziyaret Hikayesinde Mekan Unsuru (The Places of Action in a Visit Story of Sezai Karakoc) Kemal Čedić 15 Why Is Switzerland Better Off Out of The European Union? Sabina Komić �5th International Student Symposium From the Shadows of the Temples: Abrahamic Religions and Their Contribution to Education Damir Bešlija International Burch University Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina d.beslija@gmail.com Abstract: The continuous process of secularisation has been active in many societies regardless of the ruling regimes for many centuries. Since education represents one of the most important and influential fields in the modern world, this transformation of society’s identification and affiliation from religious toward nonreligious values has created a sort of aversion to religious teachings amongst scholars and people overall. Consequently, the contribution of Abrahamic religions to the formation and establishment of today’s educational institutions has been either neglected or observed as negative and decadent. However, it is de facto that over the course of history Abrahamic faiths have overly contributed to the formation of educational institutions we know today. Therefore, in this term paper we discuss the teachings and perspectives of Judaism, Christianity and Islam regarding knowledge and education, and present positive influence religious teachings have had on the establishment of educational institutions. Proceedings|2018 Keywords: secularisation, religious teachings, Abrahamic religions, knowledge, education. Article History Submitted: June 26, 2018 Accepted: July 13, 2018 �From the shadows of the temples… INTRODUCTION Judaism, Christianity and Islam are usually regarded as the only monotheistic religions in the world today. These three faiths differ in some crucial dogmas and practises, but they contain a unique monotheistic concept. Besides, they share the idea of the significance of education. Judaism, Christianity and Islam emphasise the imperative for learning and gaining knowledge. Therefore, from the very beginning of their teachings, these faiths have built foundations for the establishment of the first educational institutions which will be mentioned later on in this paper. Religion as an inseparable concept from human nature has been continually represented as a decadent phenomenon and a paraphernalia for manipulation. Throughout history many have endeavoured to omit religious teachings and, furthermore, to throw a veil over their historical importance. However, they have always lacked a philosophical view or an idea that would set high moral and ethical principles amongst students and professors. On the other hand, religious educational institutions which would provide their students with worldly knowledge, have often brought up generations of fundamentalists and extremists. That is because science without religion is lame and religion without science is blind. Ultimately, this paper examines the attitude of Judaism, Christianity and Islam toward education and their contribution to establishment of educational institutions. JUDAISM The fact that majority of Jewish people are well educated has been known for centuries. As Eliezer Eber believes, perhaps Jews are well educated because their religion requires them to be educated. In fact, male Jews are expected to read the Torah and teach it to their children. Since the Jews esteem their laws as divine revelations, and are being taught from their earliest youth, they bear the image of the law in their mentality, so it is the Hebrew culture that has made them more educated and successful. Torah and Talmud also support an idea of tradition and culture preservation through education: "The real guardians of a state are the teachers" (Talmud Yerushalmi, Hagigah 1:7). Furthermore, Judaism has supported the establishment of the first science schools along with religious institutions. Yet, in Talmud, the slight advantage is given to the schools: "One does not keep children from school even to build the Temple" (Talmud, Shabbat 3:11). However, we cannot comprehend the Jewish view on education unless we consider Hebrew history. Before the destruction of the Second Temple, the sect of Sadducees controlled Jewish society, largely through their dominance of religious and social roles therein. Their role was challenged by the Pharisees, who advocated the study of both the Written and Oral Torah. 2 Proceedings|2018 �Damir Bešlija The balance of power in Jewish society changed with the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 A.D. by the Romans in response to the Jewish revolt, led by the Sadducees. The Pharisees did not participate in the revolt, and used this window of opportunity to wrest power from the Sadducees. The Pharisees started the process of fundamental educational reform along the lines they had advocated before. It is possible that this was also a move to permanently shift power to themselves, as democratising educational institutions would undercut the foundation of the power of the Sadducees. Tradition such as reading and teaching children the Torah and supporting primary schools for Jewish communities and synagogues as learning institutions developed after this period, and proliferated more widely in the 6th and 7th centuries. Notably, this happened while the Jewish society was still mostly agricultural (Mittelberg, 1994). These events portray that even religious practices, the clearest form of cultural factors, cannot be studied and understood in isolation of the political struggles. CHRISTIANITY Christianity, as a religion which originates from Hebrew culture, shares many similarities with Judaism in regard to education and learning. However, being slightly less conservative when it comes to maintaining religious practices and traditions, it has contributed to the establishment of secular educational institutions in a greater extent. From the earliest ages of Christian faith, churches and monasteries contained special rooms for educating the Christian, but also very often non-Christian youth. There are many instances of monasteries which preserved a number of significant books and pieces of art in our country. Orthodox monastery Tvrdoš near Trebinje and Franciscan monastery in Fojnica possess a great amount of historically significant literature in almost all the fields of human interest (Marković, 2009). Asceticism, which is the focal point of monastic life, is a uniform and a universal ideal of discipline. Different forms of discipline are mostly intended to develop notions of supreme educational value: spiritual growth and moral improvement. Even though monasticism was not the only way of educating, it influenced education in numerous ways. As mentioned, moral improvement of students represents its principal objective. However, it was not until the 16th and 17th centuries, that education became one of the controlling ideas of monasticism. Over the course of the Middle ages education was not a mass affair, meaning that most of the people outside the church were illiterate. The monasteries - sole educational institutions of the Middle ages - were depositories of literature and learning and the sole schools for teaching; they offered the only professional training; they were the forerunners of researches; they served as publishing houses for the multiplication of books and places which produced the only scholars (Chadwick, 1993). The monks produced practically all the literature of the time, including chronicles, lives of saints and scholastic discussion (Le Goff, 1988). The reason for 5th International Student Symposium 3 �From the shadows of the temples… this Christian perspective toward education might be found in the very first verse of the Gospel of John: “In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God.” (John, 1:1) The Word, as a metaphor for knowledge, has been regarded as a part of Holy Trinity’s Spirit, which is given to the chosen (Piper & Taylor, 2009). Furthermore, as stated in Piper and Taylor (2009), the Bible is filled with every manner of literary device to add impact to the language and education: acrostics, alliteration, analogy, anthropomorphism, assonance, cadence, chiasm, consonance, dialogue, hyperbole, irony, metaphor, meter, onomatopoeia, paradox, parallelism, repetition, rhyme, satire, simile—they are all there, and more (Piper & Taylor, 2009). Moreover, the impact of church on the culture and, thus, education, might be observed through five repetitive types of the Christian community’s relations to the world. Reinhold Niebuhr states them in his famous work as following: Christ against culture, Christ of culture, Christ above culture, Christ and culture in paradox, and Christ the transformer of culture. Furthermore, he says: “The first two are expressions of opposition to and endorsement of the world, while the last three share a concern to mediate in distinctive ways the opposition between the first two” (Niebuhr, 1951, pg. 56). Ultimately, professor Newman states the pragmatic idea of Christian influence on education: “If then a practical end must be assigned to [education] ... I say it is that of training good members of society” (Newman, 1996, pg. 17). Considering the information stated, one might undoubtedly conclude that Christianity as a faith and the Church as the institution which represents Christian ideas have had a great impact on educational systems, encompassing both sole education and moral conduct ISLAM The first verse in the Qur’an revealed to the Prophet Muhammad refers to reading, thinking, understanding, knowledge and all the complex cognitive processes involved in education. The Qur’an is conscious of the fact that in order to recognise God and his signs in the nature around us, one must have an adequate education. It, therefore, clearly distinguishes ordinary believers from well-educated Muslims: “Say, are those who know equal to those who do not know?” (Qur’an, 39:9) Islam encourages education of children from early ages and emphasises the need for continual development of love for books and science amongst children, but at the same time insists on the upbringing and strengthening of moral values. All the spheres of human behaviour, whether public or private, are pervaded by education aimed at building an integral human personality and its positive qualities: intellect, emotion, good will and character. Education in Islam is especially significant because the consequences in an event of its absence are more dangerous than the lack of education. The idea of Islam’s contribution to 4 Proceedings|2018 �Damir Bešlija the education is supported by the numerous examples of Islamic schools and libraries that were established over the course of the Golden age of Islam. Such an example is The House of Wisdom (Arabic: ‫ ;بيت الحكمة‬Bayt alHikma), which was a major intellectual centre during the Islamic Golden Age. The House of Wisdom was founded in Baghdad as a private library of Caliph Harun al-Rashid and culminated in prominence under his son al-Ma'mun, who brought many well-known scholars to share information, ideas, and culture in the House of Wisdom. The library was used by both Muslim scholars, and people of Jewish or Christian background. Besides translating books into Arabic and preserving them, scholars associated with the House of Wisdom also made many remarkable original contributions to diverse fields. Spiritual and emotional education, which is neglected in today's religious and moral education, is also prominent in Sufi educational thought and practice. Sufism as a form of Islamic-oriented piety and intellectuality desires to enrich an individual by love, mercy and knowledge, as well as contribute to human education in a way that is useful to people (Polat, 2017) Furthermore, Sufism regards learning as more than a usual didactic interaction between teachers and students. It tends to emphasise the relationships between the two, regarding this bond as a great advantage. Institutions of Sufism hold a respectable position in the educational and moral upbringing. This means that Sufi values intend to prepare an individual both mentally and morally to remain a “God’s caliph on earth” (Qur’an, 2:30). In conclusion, Sufi philosophy contributes to the formation of Islamic morality and educational systems, having an utmost significance in the interpretation of the Qur’an, and the Sunnah-Muhammad’s practice (PengKeller, 1995). Though usually declared decadent by Western modern thoughts, the contribution of Islam to both has been proved in different sources. CONCLUSION Abrahamic religions, as most common faiths, have influenced all the fields of human work, including education. Although through the process of secularisation many individuals and regimes in the 20th and 21st century have endeavoured to diminish the contribution of named philosophies and faiths to the proliferation of the awareness of importance of education, they preserved the instances of their significance in every culture. Multiculturalism as a meeting point for the teaching of three religions, plays a role in making dynamic and interactive links and relationships among different cultures (Bećirović, 2012). Therefore, examining the teachings of these religions and their contribution to education helps in establishing common acceptance and tolerance amongst nations and cultures. REFERENCES 5th International Student Symposium 5 �From the shadows of the temples… Bećirović, S. (2012). The Role of Intercultural Education in Fostering CrossCultural Understanding. Epiphany: Journal of transdisciplinary studies. Chadwick, H. (1967/1993). The Early Church. London: Penguin Books. Grant, L., Miller, H. & Pomson, A. (2011). International Handbook of Jewish Education. New York: Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg Le Goff, J. (1985/1988). The Medieval Imagination. Trans. A. Goldhammer. Chicago: Chicago University Press. Newman, J.H. (1852/1996). The Idea of a University, F. Turner (Ed.). New Haven: Yale University Press. Niebuhr, R. (1951). Christ and Culture. New York: HarperCollins Publishers. Marković, I. (2008). Pravoslavni manastiri u Bosni I Hercegovini. Gacko: Друштво за очубање баштине Mittelberg, D. (1994). Jewish Peoplehood Education. New York: Springer Publishing Company Mutahhari, M. (2016). Man and Universe. Teheran: Islamic Seminary Publications Peng-Keller, S. (2015). Achtsamkeit als spiritueller Leitbegriff. Annäherungen aus s piritualitätsgeschichtlicher und theologischer Perspektiv: Rellis Piper, J. & Taylor, J. (2009). The Power of Words and the Wonder of God. Wheaton: Crossway Books Polat, M. (2017). Tasawwuf-oriented Educational Philosophy and its Relevance to the Formation of Religion and Ethics Course Curriculum. Epiphany: Universal Journal of Educational Research Rumi, M. C. (2013). Mesnevi [Masnawī]. Trans. D. Örs & H. Kırlangıc, 3rd Edition, Konya: Konya Büyükşehir Belediyesi. Smith, J. (2009). Encyclopaedia Britannica, 8th ed., s.v. “Internet.” Chicago: Encyclopaedia Britannica The Holy Qur’an. (2004). Croydon: Islam International Publications The Holy Bible NLT. (1996). Wheaton: Tyndale House Publishers The Holy Scriptures. (1955). Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society 6 Proceedings|2018 �5th International Student Symposium Sezai Karakoç’un Ziyaret Hikayesinde Mekan Unsuru (The Places of Action in a Visit Story of Sezai Karakoc) Kemal Čedić International Burch University Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina kemal.cedic@stu.ibu.edu.ba Abstract: Sezai Karakoç is a writer that gained a reputation in modern Turkish literature after fifties years of the last century with his short stories and poems. Terms, such as Islam, civilization and humanity that form the axis of his thought – world leap out in his works. As a thinker who has witnessed the decadence of highly rated human values, Sezai Karakoç considers that the teaching of modernity played the most important role in that negative process that occurred on Turkish territories. In A Visit story which is the object of this research, Sezai Karakoç noted the negative sides of urbanising as a product of modernity. After we have analysed the locations where the action takes place we have come to the conclusion that they play an important role in the storyline. By using the method of text analysis, we have sorted out all the places of action that are to be found in the story such as the village, the coffeehouse and the prayer house and we can conclude that the placement of these locations is crucial for the essence of the narration. As Sezai Karakoc has written essays on different topics, we used his philosophical views about the function of these locations in the social context. Actually, the message that the writer wants to send us through the story is understood truly just by his description of the space elements. So, the inner or outer views of the space elements in A Visit story reflect the downfall of the human soul in that period. Özet: Sezai Karakoç 1950’li yıllardan sonra Yeni Türk edebiyatında hem şiirleriyle hem hikayeleriyle tanınmış bir yazardır. İslam, insanlık, medeniyet gibi kavramlar Karakoç’un düşünce dünyasının eksenini oluşturmaktadır. Karakoç, modernizmi, insanlığın yüce değerlerinin düşüşüne yol açan bir hareket olarak açıklamaktadır. Sezai Karakoç’un Ziyaret hikayesinde söz edilen modernizmin getirdiği olumsuzlukları, insanların sıkı ilişkide bulundukları mekanlara yansıması ele alınmıştır. Bu çalışmada içerik analizi yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Hikaye kurgusu içerisnde yer alan mekanların toplumsal değişim ile ilgili bağlantıları tesbit edilmiştir. Bu bağlantıların tesbiti noktasında Karakoç’un çeşitli yazı ve denemelerinden faydalanılmıştır. Çalışmada ulaşılan sonuç Karakoç’un moderniteyi mekansal manada eleştirmesidir. Karakoç’a göre insan modernite ile birlikte geçirmiş olduğu değişim sonucunda geleneksel değerlerini yitirmiş ve özünden uzaklaşmıştır. Bu değer yitimini gösteren unsurlardan birisi de insan değişiminin yansımasının kaçınılmaz olduğu mekana ait değişikliklerdir. Mekandaki çürüme insan ruhunun batışını sembolize etmektedir. Proceedings|2018 Keywords: A visit, space element, modernity, urbanising. Anahtar kelimeler: Ziyaret, mekan, modernizm, şehirleşme Article History Submitted: May 21, 2018 Accepted: July 2, 2018 �Sezai Karakoç’un Ziyaret Hikayesinde… GİRİŞ İkinci Yeni Hareket’ine mensup sayılan Sezai Karakoç’un diğer İkinci Yeni şairlerinden ayıran özelliklerinden biri de onun şiirlerinin yanında hikayeleri yazıp modern Türk hikayesi bünyesine katkı sağlamsıdır. Bu katkı nicelikten ziyade nitelik bakımındandır. Sezai Karakoç bugüne kadar Meydan Ortaya Çıktığında ve Portreler olmak üzere iki hikaye kitabı yayımlamıştır. Sezai Karakoç’un İkinci Yeni Hareketi’ne mensup sayılmaması nedenlerinden en önemlisi kendisinin farklı hayat felsefesine sahip olması ve metafizik içerikli eserlerin yazmasıdır. Sezai Karakoç’un çoğu hikayesinin merkezini dini kaynaklar ve bizzat yaşadığı dönemde Türkiye’de vuku bulan modernizmin tenkidi oluşturmaktadır. Bu bildiride söz konusu olacak Ziyaret hikayesinin konusu modernizmle gelen kentleşmenin getirdiği olumsuzlukların eleştirisi. Modernizm, "Bir inanç sistemi ya da öğreti bütünün değişen koşullara uyarlama eğilimi ya da hareketi. Özel olarak da, Batı’da 19. asrın sonlarına doğru ortaya çıkan ve Klisenin teolojik öğretisiyle toplum teorisini kentleşme ve endustrileşme, geleneksel otoritenin çöküşü ve liberal/demokratik düşüncelerin yükselişinin ve nihayet modern bilimin etkisiyle dünya görüşünde vuku bulan değişmelerin sonucu olan yeni toplumsal ve politik koşullara uyarlamayı amaçlayan tavır ya da harekettir" (Cevizci, 1993:603). Moderniteye göre insanlığın gelişimi grafiği hep yukarıya doğru gitmektedir. Toplumlar zaman geçtikçe üst mertebelere ulaşmaktadır. Bu sadece ekonomik boyutu değil, hayatın bütün alanları kapsamaktadır. (Altun, 2005:2-3) Modernizm insana karşı yeni bir bakış oluşturup onun değeri maddi ürünleri üretme kabiliyetine bağlamaktadır. Bu anlayışın asıl sebebi ise dünyada sanayileşmenin hızlı bir şekilde yayılması ve insan gücüne ihtiyaç duymasıdır. Avrupa’da ortaya çıkan modernizm insanoğlunun bilim ve teknoloji alanında gerillimi için klisenin Tanrsını suçlamaktadır. Zira, Orta Çağ’daki Avrupa’yı teokratik rejim idare ettiği için Klise’nin anlayışına karşı gelen bilim insanların sergiledikleri tavırlarından suçlayıp farklı şekillerde eza ve cefaya maruz bırakmıştır. Doğu’daki modernizm öncüleri Avrupa için geçerli her neyse İslam alemi için de geçerli olduğunu iddia ettiklerinden Doğu’nun gerilimi için de Tanrıyı suçlamaya kalkmışlardır. Onlara göre, toplumsal ilerleme için gerekli olan ise halkı manevi değerlerden uzaklaştırılması. Sezai Karakoç; kendi eserlerinde insan sadece et ve kemikten oluşan bir makina olmayıp kendi manevi boyutuyla insanoğlunun ortak mirasına ve ilerlemesine potansiyel katkılara sahip olduğunu öne sürerek modernizm öncülerin iddialarına karşı çıkmaktadır. Sezai Karakoç insanı "bir ömür ruhunu yontan hakikat artisti" (Karakoç, 1979:44) ve kendi potresini çizmeye çalşan varlık olarak tarif etmektedir. (Karakoç, 1979:67) Halbuki modernizm insanı bu yüce sıfatlardan arındırmaya çalışıp yukarıda belirtildiği gibi sadece maddi boyutuna indirmektedir. Modernizmin dünya çapında getirdiği en önemli olgu ise kentleşmedir. Kentleşme Sezai Karakoç’un anlayışına göre yeni bir kentin oluşumu değil, "tabiatın ölümünden doğan bir illüzyondur. Tabiat kent-dışı oluyor ve oradan insanlara kente dolaşıyor. Ancak sağlıklı bir kentleşme olmadığı gibi, kentlerin 8 Proceedings|2018 �Kemal Čedić de ölümüne sebep olmuştur." (Kevserbaş 2008:198) Böylelikle, "Modernizm, geleneksel şehirlerin bu ruhunu yok etmekle işe başladı. Bir şehir, ancak ruhu yok edilirse tarihten silinir diyen Ivan İllich ne kadar da haklıdır. Bu yok oluş, önce şehri yapan 'dil'in bozulması, ardından bu dilin yüklenerek taşıdığı değerlerin aşın(dırıl)ması, bu değerlerin oluşturduğu 'göz'ün deforme oluşu, bu gözün bozuluşu ile de 'güzellik' ve 'hikmet' idraklerinin değer yapıcı- lık/değer koruyuculuk niteliklerini kaybetmesi ile kendisini görünür kılar. Sözünü ettiğimiz bu bozulma, aşınma ve nitelik kaybı, toplumsal tarih pratiğinde 'modernleşme' olarak tezahür etmiş ve bu modernleşme süreci, bizim geleneksel şehirlerimizi dokusuyla, mimarîsiyle, içinde yaşanan hayatın mahiyeti ve temposuyla, insan ilişkileriyle, bütünüyle modern kentlere dönüştürme (kentleşme) çabası olarak kendini göstermiştir.” (Andı, 2013:80) Kentleşme kendisiyle birlikte Marks tipi insanı da getirmiştir. Sezai Karakoç'a göre bu insan "ruhu bir muz gibi koparılıp atılmış, dininin yerini jimnastik almış, Tanrısı'na madde, kilisesine parti ikame edilmiş, dünya hakkındaki bütün fikri laboratuarlarda imal ve kendine klişeler halinde telkin edilmiş, öte dünya ve hesap verme inancından habersiz, görünmeyen bir el tarafından günü gelince fabrikaya veya savaşa sürülen, öldüğü gün yarım kilo fosfor veya iki kilo suni gübre değeri olan bir insandır." (Karakoç, 2000:64) Sezai Karakoç’un Ziyaret hikayesi modernizm çerçevesinde gerçekleşen kentleşme olgusunun tenkitlerinden örülüdür. Metafizik anlayışına sahip Sezai Karakoç dünya dahil olmak üzere bütün evrenin görülmeyen direklerin üzerine durduğuna inanıp bu görülmeyen direkler Tanrı’nın vahyettiği bütün semavi dinlerde mevcut evrensel değerler olduğunu savunmaktadır. Dünya da kendisi v onun üzerindeki insanlık da, bu değerlerin sayesinde yaşamaktadır. Yahut, bu değerler yıkılrsa dünya da insanlık da yıkılmış olur. Sezai Karakoç bu değerleri hayatta tutturmak istediği için onların yıkılmasına yol açan kentleşmeye karşı çıkıp o tenkidin üzerine kalemle yontulmuş kelime heykellerini dikmektedir. Kalemle yontulmuş bu kelime heykellerinden biri de Ziyaret hikayesidir. MATERYAL BIR UNSUR OLARAK HIKAYEDE MEKAN Kurguya dayalı metinler içerisinde yer alan hikaye türünde de mekan hikayenin anlamını derinleştren önemli unsurlardan biridir. Hikayede mekan kurgunun yer aldığı doğanın bir dilimi olarak tanımlanmaktadır. "Doğa insanın kendi kültürel varlıını belirlemesinde başat bir rol oyna(r). Doğanın her türlü etkisinden uzaklaşabilmek için, barınma gereksinimi duyan insan kendisine bir kulübe inşa e(der). Bu bilinçli yer yapımıyla kendisini doğadan ayırıp onun karşısında kültürel bir varlık olarak türüne özgü yeni bir duruş belirlemeye başla(r)" (Oraliş, 2006:65) İnsanın iç dünyasında yaşadığı dönüşümler, yaşadığı yerde de karşılık bulmalıydı. Mekânla bireyin ilişkisi, yaşanılan corafya ile örtük bir düzlemde ilerler. Böylece mekânlar, insan hayatının/kişiliğinin ayrılmaz bir parçası olarak karşımıza çıkarken; insan da mekâna yeni boyutlar kazandırarak hâkimiyet alanını genişletmiş olur. Yani "[i]nsan, içinde yer aldığı mekânı algılayan, kendi konumunu bu yapı içinde belirleyen ve kendisine bu çevre 5th International Student Symposium 9 �Sezai Karakoç’un Ziyaret Hikayesinde… içinde hareket alanı sağlayabilen bir bilinç ve görüş yeteneğine sahiptir" (Yazıcı, 2002:269). Edebiyat ve hayat iç içe olduğundan dolayı edebiyatta mekan unsuru belirleme, canlandırma, olay akışını yönlendirme gibi önemli işlevler üstlenir. Edebiyatta mekan unsuru birkaç şekilde tanımlanabilir. Edebiyattaki mekan unsurunun en geniş tanımı ise çevrenin fiziksel boyutudur. Mekan unsuru konuşmacı ya da yazarın kafasından çıkarılan çevredir. Bu edebi unsur yazma meselesi ya da dile ilişkin başka herhangi becerinin barındığı veya tartışıldığı sahne olarak da tasvir edilir. Edebiyat dünyasında mekan unsuru bir edebi eserin toplumsal çevre veya toplusmal bağlam olarak bilinen çerçevesini oluşturmak maksadıyla zaman ve olay örgüsü ile ilişkilendirilir. Edebiyattaki mekan unsuruna dair genel konuların üzerine araştırmalar, yazarların kendi eserleri için mekan unsuru başlangıç noktası olarak düşündüklerini göstermektedir. Söz gelimi, Thomas March, mekan unsurunun ABD'nin Batı Bölgesi'nde mitler işleyişi gibi konularla ilişkisi göstermek amacıyla onu kullanmaktadır. (108-109) Bazı yazarlar özel eserleri için mekanı kültürel çerçeveyi sağlayan unsur olarak görmektedirler. Diğerler için ise mekan, kültürler arasında karşılaştırmalı araştırmalar için sağlam bir zemindir. (Jeremiah, 2000: 23) Yukarıdaki sözlerden mekan kavramı, yazarın okurlara demek istediğine katıldığından dolayı bir eserin anlaşılması için merkezi unsurun olması sonucuna varılmaktadır. Ziyaret Hikayesinde Mekan Unsuru Sezai Karakoç başka bir boyuttan gözlemlenniş modern insanların yaşadıkları hayat tarzının çerçevesinde Ziyaret hikayesini kurgulamıştır. Hikayenin arka planını Türkiye'deki modernleşmenin hududunda gerçekleşen kentleşme olgusunu Sezai Karakoç "vaktinden önce diriltilmiş bir kaç kişinin" gözünden ele almaktadır. Sezai Karakoç'un herhangi eserinde olduğu gibi bu hikayenin nakışında da Kur'an'dan alınmış motifler göze çarpmaktadır- İslamın inancını temellendiren Kıyamet günü ve ölümden sonra kendi bedenleriyle insanların dirilmesinin yanı sıra İslami kaynakarda farklı sebeplerden dolayı öldürüldükten ya da uyutulduktan sonra Kıyamet günü kopmadan önce dirilitilmiş birkaç kişinin olayları geçmektedir. Bunların arasında en çok bilinen Ashab-i Kehf', Tanrı'nın kemikleri toplayıp tekrar vucüt haline getirebileceğine kuşku duyan kişinin ölüp yüz yıldan sonra tekrar dirilmesi ya da Benü İsrai'lin şimşek çattıktan sonra ölüp tekrar hayata dönmeleri hikayesidir. Sezai Karakoç Ziyaret hikayesini bunlara benzer bir olaya başlamaktadır. "Gecenin gözleri olsaydı, bir kaç mezarı kımıldadığını, kabarıp yarıldığını görecekti... Mezarlar yarıldı ve ölüler dışarı çıktı."(Karakoç, 1999:127) Sezai Karakoç mezarların kımılması, kabarması ve yarılması ile insanların dirilme olayı birden değil basamak basamak gerçekleştiğini açığa vurmaktadır. Sezai Karakoç'un kullandığı mezarın kımılması diriltme gerçekleşmeden önce Al-Zizal suresinde geçen yerin kendi sarsıntı ile sarsılması ve ağırlıklarını çıkarmasına ima etmektedir. İslam anlayışına göre insan mezara girdiğinde hakikati 10 Proceedings|2018 �Kemal Čedić görecektir. Bundan dolayı mezar bir pencere ya da açılmış perde olarak algılanmaktadır. Bunun etrafında Necip Fazıl'ın "Ölüm güzel şey, budur perde ardından haber" (Kısakürek, 1977:153) sözleri de anlaşılmaktadır. Ayrıca, Ziyaret hikayesinde baş kahramanların vaktinden önce dirilmesi Ashab-i Kehf'in uyutulduktan üç yüz dokuz sene sonra uyanması ve ve kendileri arasında birini seçip şehre göndermelerine ima etmektedir Ziyaret hikayesinde de diriltilen ölüler hemen yaşadıkları yere yönelmişlerdir. Onların yaşadıkları yer dağın yamacında bir kasaba oluştur. Kasaba, insanların toplu halde yaşadıkları köy ile kent arası olan yerdir. Kente göre kasabada nüfus sayısı daha az, halbuki kasabada normal yaşam tarzını sağlayan olmazsa olmaz cami, yerel okul, sağlık merkezi, kahve gibi müesseseler bulunmaktadır. Kasabada kentten farklı bir hayat tarzı yaşanmaktadır. Kasaba müslümanların yaşadıkları bölgelere ait olduğu için islam değerleri yaşamanın sistemi üzerine kuruludur. Kasabadaki insanlar sadece zaman ve mekanla şartlandırılan alemle değil, aynı zamanda hem Tanrı ile hem de kabirdeki atalarla ilişkilerini sürdürmektedir. Bundan dolayı eskiden kasabalar dağların yamacaın kurulmuştur. Mezarlar ise büyük kentlerde olduğu gibi mahallerlerden ve evlerden uzak mesafede bulunmamıştır. Kasaba insanı; sürekli kabrıstana bakarak kendi işlerini ifa ederdi. Böylece kasaba insanı hiçbir zaman ölümü bilinçten çıkaramamıştır. Bunun yanı sıra ataların kabirlerinden sürekli geçtiği için içinde onlara karşı vefayı beslemekten hiçbir şey onu alıkoyamamıştıi. Kasabada hayat, Ahmet Haşim'in ifade ettiği şekliyle Müslüman saatine göre cereyan etmiştir. Her işin tabi olduğu namaz vakitleri böyle bir hayatın temel noktasıym Gündüz sabah namazından yatsıya sürüp geçerdi. Yatsıdan sonra insanlar kendi evlerine çekilip aileleriyle boş vakit geçirirmiştir. "Yabancı saati alışkanlığından evvel bu iklimde, iki ucu gecelerin karanlığıyle simsiyah olan ve sırtı, çeşitli vakitlerin kırmızı, sarı ve lâcivert ateşleriyle yol yol boyalı, büyük bir canavar halinde, bir gece yarısından diğer bir gece yarısına kadar uzanan yirmidört saatlik “gün” tanınmazdı. Işıkta başlayıp ışıkta biten, oniki saatlik, kısa, hafif, yaşanması kolay bir günümüz vardı." (Haşim 2014:3) Kente göre insanlar birbirine karşı daha yakın oldukları ve daha samimi yaşadıkları halde özel ile sosyal hayat arasındaki sınır bellidir. Ayrıca, kentte kahvelerin başka rol oynamaya başlayıp Sezai Karakoç'un sözleriyle selamlık çerçevesinde çıktığı için bu sınır hafiflemiştir. Vakitten önce dirilme izni verilmiş birkaç insan dağdan şehre indiğinde sokakları tenha, kahveler ise dolu bulmuşlardır. Mahalle kahvelerin ortadan kalktığını, mahallelerden çarşıya göç ettiğini, çarşıyla ve dükkanlarla ilgili olduğunu fark ettiklerinde toplumun yanlış yöne yelken açtığını sonuca varmışlardır. Türk dünyasına kahvehaneler, kahvenin içilmeye başladığı zamandan itibarer girmiştir. "Osmanlı toplumunda ve Cumhuriyetin kuruluş döneminde, yaşanan sosyal ve siyasal değişimde, aktif rol oynayan ve toplumun nabzını tutmuştur." (Ediz, 2008:179-180) Mehmet Akif, kahvehaneyi başlangıçtan itibaren Osmanlı aleminde ürünleri olumsuz olan tohum olarak algıladığına karşı o dönemdeki kahvehanelerin İslam değerleriyle yatışmakta olan belli bir usülü varmıştır. Kahvehane, o dönemde bir nevi sosyal medya rolünü üstlenmiştir ve sadece 5th International Student Symposium 11 �Sezai Karakoç’un Ziyaret Hikayesinde… erkeklerin toplandıkları mekan olmuştur. Halbuki, kentleşmenin neticesi olarak kahvehaneler daha çok çarşılarda kurulmaya başladı, içine alköl, kumar oyunları vd. olumsuz unsurlar girmiştir. Bunun sayesinde erkekler akşam yemeklerinden sonra kahvehanelerde toplanarak kötü alışkanlıklara bağımlı kalıp ailelerinden uzak boş vakitlerini geçirdiklerinden dolayı aileleri ihmal edilmiş oldu. Karakoç’un "Masalarda oyun oynanıyordu. İlkin bunun ne olduğunu anlamakta güçlük çekti ölüler. Sonra her biri kendi mizacına göre yorumladı, bir anlam verdi gördüklerine. Fakat ortak kanıları, bunun, kahveye gelişin dükkanlardaki işleriyle ilgili olduğu tahminleri doğruladığı yönündeydi. Öyle yai bir şeyler alınıp, bir şeyler veriliyordu. Hayaller alınıp satılıyordu. Ellerdeki kağıtlar da senetler, faturalar ya da ticarete ilişkin belgelerdi." (Karakoç 1979:128) sözleri o dönemdeki kahvehanelerine tutulan ayna olarak oranın görüntüsü birebir göstermektedir. Kahveden sonra diritilen ölüler camiye döndürdüler yüzlerini. Camiye yaklaştığında ölü bir sessizlik içinde kapkaranlık buldular. O ana kadar gördüklerinden bu en kötümser belirti oldu. Hatta onlardan biri şehrin üzerine felaketin ineceğinden korktuğu için arkadaşlarına şehri terketmelerini emretmişti. Cami; kasabada bir merkezi bünye ve orada yaşayan toplumun ruhunun aynasıdır. Camiyi ya da mabedi yalnız bırakan ve terkeden toplum, kendi ruhunu, Tanrı'yla ilişkisini, varoluş garantisini terk ettiği anlamına gelmektedir. "Cami, toplumun kalbidir. Oraya dokunulamaz. Caminin aldığı bir yara, kalbin aldığı bir yaradan farksızdır. Camilerimizle ayakta duruyoruz" (Karakoç, 1979:522-523) Nasıl kalbi yaralı olan birey kendini zar zor hayatta tutuyorsa cami de terketmiş bir toplum helak olmasına eğimlidir. "Cami İslam medeniyetini doğurgan kurumdur. Denebilirse ana rahmi" (Karakoç, 1979:25) Sayed Hussain Nasr müslümanların yaşadıkları kasabada bulunan tüm müesseseler caminin uzantısı olduğu ve gölgesinde kurulduğunu belirtmektedir. Ziyaret hikayesinde son mekan unsuru şehirdeki evlerdir. Adeta, ölüler evlerde umut meşalesini bulacaklarını düşünmüşlerdir, halbuki beklentileri kendilerini aldatmıştır. Aslında dışarıda gördükleri evlerde olup bitenlerin yansımasından başka bir şey olmamıştır. Çünkü bir organizma için hücre her ne ise, toplum için de ev odur. Evdeki ilişkiler sağlıklı ise, konuşulan verimli ise, herkes belli bir rolü üstlenip onu hakkıyla ifa ederse, böyle bir hayat tarzının uzantısı evin dışında da hissedilecektir. Ziyaret hikayesinde, ölülerin bacalardan, açık pencerelerden, kapı aralıklarından süzülerek girmeleri, onların metafiziksel boyutu göstermekle beraber, dışarıdan farklı etkenlerin eve girmesine müsait olduğunu da simgelediği kanaatindeyiz. Ziyaret hikayesindeki, "ölülerin ellerinde bir defter vardı ve o defterin bir sayfasına yeni bir şey yazmakla, bir haber geçmekle yükümlüydüler de, her sayfa çevirişte, ya yırtık ya kirli ya eçiş büçüş karamalarla dolu odluğu gerçeği yüz yüze gelmenin acı yürek burkunutusuyla sarsılıyordu. Temiz bir sayfa bulmak umuduyla, sayfa çevirmeyi çabuklaştırıyorlar". (Karakoç 1979:130) Bu cümleden Tanrı elçileri vaziyetinde olan ölüler için bir umut alevciği ne kadar önemli olduğu, onun üstünde o toplumun kurtulmasına sebep olacak o umut alevciğini bulmak için ellerinden geleni yapmalarını okumaktayız. 12 Proceedings|2018 �Kemal Čedić Kentte tüm evleri aynı durumda bulduklarından sonra bu toplum helak olmasına mahkum olduğun sonucuna varmaktadırlar. İslam kaynakları perspektifinden yazarın böyle bir tespiti yapması dikkate değer, çünkü Kur’an bir toplumda ıslahını isteyen ve onu gerçekleştirmek amacıyla elinden geleni yapan biri varsa o toplumun helak olmayacağını vaad etmektedir. Hikayeden ev, ev hayatı, aile ilişkileri bir toplum için son sığınak olduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Bundan dolayı hkayede mekan unsurlarının sıralamasında ev kastten son yer almaktadır. SONUÇ Ziyaret hikayesi bir toplumun geleneksel hayatının değişmesini ve bu değişmelerin değerler ölçeğine yansımasını fantastik bir olay etrafında kurgulamıştır. Hikayenin arka planında bir toplumun kasabadan kente geçişi olduğu için, kurgusunda mekan unsurunun önemli bir rol üstlendiği ifade edilebilir. Ziyaret hikayesi, yoğun anlatımı içerisinde çeşitli mekan usurlarını barındırmaktadır. Her mekan belli bir değişmeye uğramıştır. Ancak Ziyaret hikeyesinde Sezai Karakoç mekanın uğradığı fiziksel değişmeleri öne çıkarmaktan ziyade insanların o mekanla ilgili ilişkiler ve ona karşı davranışları vurgulamaktadır. Mekan sadece mekansal manada bir değer ifade etmez. Ancak insanların ona yüklediği değer ile bir nalam kazanır. Sezai Karakoç böyle bir sonuç çıkarmamızla yetinmeyip insanların özellikle cami gibi kutsal mekanlara karşı davranışlarının, onların ruhlarını yansıtan bir ayna olduğu mesajını verir. İç veya dış mekan, ne olursa olsun, insanların bağlandıkları, etkileşim içinde oldukları bir bağlamdır. İnsanı bağlamı dışında algılamaya çalışmak en azından kusurlu bir eylemdir. Ziyaret hikayesinden, insanların kent, kahve, cami, ev gibi sürekli bir nevi iletişimde bulundukları mekanlarda iç dünyasının resimleri yansımaktadır. Ziyaret hikayesinde iç mekanların sıralaması kurgusu için fazla önem taşımamaktadır. Ölülerin şehre indikten sonra ilkin kahveye girmeleri şartlandırıcı değildir. Karakoç, bu sıralama yoluyla bir toplumun bağlamındaki iç mekanlardan hangisinin ilk olarak olumsuz etkenlere maruz kaldığını ifade etmektedir. Bir toplumun kahvesine kart oynama gibi olumsuz alışkanlıkların girdiği farzedildiğinde toplumun bünyesinde bozulmaların meyadana geleceğini tahmin etmek zor değildir. Lakin evlerde değerler üzerine kurulu bir iletişim devam ederse, o zaman o toplumun dokusundaki yara ilaçlar yoluyla tedavi edilebilir. Ziyaret hikayesinde olduğu gibi ev kahveden farksız ise o zaman o toplumun durumu soru işareti altındadır. KAYNAKÇA Altun F., Modernleşme Kuramı, Küre, İstanbul 2005. 5th International Student Symposium 13 �Sezai Karakoç’un Ziyaret Hikayesinde… Andı E., “Beton Duvarlar Arasında Açan Çiçek”: Modern Kente Ve Kentleşmeye Karşı Erdem Bayazıt’ın Şiiri“, FSM İlmi Araştırmalar İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Dergisi, 1, 2013. Cevizci A., Paradigma Felsefe Sözlügü, Paradigma Yayınları, İstanbul 1999. Ediz, İsmail. “Osmanlı’dan Cumhuriyet’in İlk Yıllarına Kahvehaneler Ve Sosyal Değişim”, Sakarya Üniversitesi Fen Edebiyat Dergisi, 2008. Haşim A., “Müslüman Saati“ http://www.burhandergisi.com/butunyazarlar/122-misafir-yazar2/1500-mueslueman-saati.pdf, Burhan Dergisi, 2014. Karakoç S., Dirilişin Çerçevesinde, Diriliş Yayınevi, İstanbul 2000. Karakoç S., Meyda Ortaya Çıktığında, Diriliş Yayınevi, İstanbul 1979. Karakoç S., Sütunlar I, Diriliş Yayınevi, İstanbul 1979. Karakoç S., Kıyamet Aşısı, Diriliş Yayınevi, İstanbul 1979. Kısakürek N., Çile, Büyük Doğu Yayınları, İstanbuş 1977. Oraliş M., Yalnızlıın Mekânsal Topografyası, Bellek, Mekân, İmge, İstanbul: Multilingual Yayınları, İstanbul 2006. Ulusoy K., „Türk Toplum Hayatinda Yaşatilan Kahve Ve Kahvehane Kültürü https://turkcetarih.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/T%C3%9CRKTOPLUM-HAYATINDA-YA%C5%9EATILAN-KAHVE-VE-KAHVEHANEK%C3%9CLT%C3%9CR%C3%9C3.pdf , Milli Folklor 23(89), 2011. Yazici N., Halikarnas Balıkçısı’nın Eserlerinde Tabiat, Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, Ankara 2002. 14 Proceedings|2018 �5th International Student Symposium Why Is Switzerland Better Off Out of The European Union? Sabina Komić International Burch University Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina sabina.komic_1996@hotmail.com Abstract: Since the establishment of the European Union, many European countries have applied for its membership to increase the economic growth and negotiating power, as well as to enhance different regulations and rules. The main purpose of this study is to investigate why Switzerland never applied for the European Union membership. The investigation is performed by analysing different economic indicators of Switzerland, presented as advantages or disadvantages. The study also explains how Switzerland trade with the members of the European Union and exchange its goods and services even if it is not the Union’s member. The focus of the study is set on the economic and political stability of the country that make it attractive when it comes to the foreign direct investment which positively affects the economic growth. The economy of Switzerland mainly depends on the service sector that is highly developed, as well as on the manufacturing industry based on educated people who know how to use high-technology. The study highlights the power of Swiss franc, known as a safe haven for investment. Data retrieved from research articles, reports, and books used for this study confirm the power and competitiveness of Switzerland's economy even though it has not joined the European Union. Proceedings|2018 Keywords: Switzerland, European Union, economic indicators, The Single Market. Article History Submitted: May 20, 2018 Accepted: July 11, 2018 �Why is Switzerland better off… INTRODUCTION 1.1 About Switzerland Switzerland, also called Swiss Confederation, is a federal republic located in Central Europe. It is widespread on the total area of 41,285 km2 and it shares 1,882 km-long borders by 5 countries: Italy (740 km), France (573 km), Germany (334 km), Austria (164 km), and Liechtenstein (41 km). This federal republic consists of 26 cantons and each of these cantons is considered as a federal state with the capital city Bern. The biggest city is Zurich and other big cities are Genève, Basel, Lausanne, and Chur. The population of Switzerland constantly increases. According to the census in 2010, Switzerland had 7,8 million people, but today it has more than 8,4 million citizens where 24,7% of them are foreigners such as Germans (4,3%), Italians (3,7%), Portuguese (3,2%), French (1,5%), and others (12%). An average population density is around 195 people per square kilometer (“Switzerland”, n.d.). Switzerland is known as the world’s happiest country based on its legal system (neutral and democratic country that follow the rules and regulations), psychological factors (highest life expectancy 80.4 years for men and 84.7 years for women), armed neutrality (Swiss has not been in a war since 1815), and all economic indicators such as GDP and GDP per capita that will be later on discussed in detail. All of these things positively affect the standard of living in Switzerland and enable the country and its citizens to prosper from that. Because of this, Switzerland is very secured and attractive country that has huge potential to even more improve its economy, stability, and status of the country (“7 reasons why Switzerland is the happiest country in the world”, n.d.). 1.2 Switzerland’s economy Switzerland is known as one of the biggest economic competitors not just in Europe but the whole world as well. It is based on three sectors: primary (agriculture), secondary (industry), and tertiary (services). Primary sector is not so developed and it is supported by the government. 10% of the population is employed in this sector in order to produce corn, wheat, all sorts of vegetables and dairy goods. In secondary sector 40% of the population is employed. This sector is mostly based on electrical engineering, metals, and machine industry. The most important sector for the Switzerland’s economy is tertiary sector where is 50% of the population employed and 74% of Switzerland’s GDP is generated by providing the services. In this sector, tourism, banking, and insurance services are most developed (Federal Department of Foreign Affairs, 2017). The trade between Switzerland and other countries, especially European once constantly increases. The main exporting products in 2017 were: metals ($84.6 billion), medicaments ($70.3 billion), machines including PCs ($23.7 billion), 16 Proceedings|2018 �Sabina Komić watches and their parts ($20.2 billion), and so on. The total value of exports was $299.6 billion (Workman, 2018). In the same year the most imported products in Switzerland were: precious metals ($89.9 billion) pharmaceuticals ($28.7 billion), machinery ($18.9 billion), vehicles ($15 billion), organic chemicals, mineral fuels, medical articles, furniture, etc. The total value of imports was $268.5 billion. This tells us that Switzerland trades very well because it is in the trade surplus (its export is higher than its import). The main Switzerland’s partners for the trade are countries: Germany, United States, China, India, France, and United Kingdom (Workman, 2018). When it comes to the foreign direct investment (FDI), Switzerland is very attractive country to the investors. There are many reasons for that for example: - A great location of Switzerland (gateway for many countries) - Modern and developed infrastructure that encourages economic growth - High GDP per capita Switzerland’s citizens are able to spend huge amount of money - Well educated and high skilled labor force - Enforced laws such as Swiss Code of Obligations, the Cartel Law, and the Securities Law - Political stability - Tax incentives, and so on. There are only two threats for FDI. The first threat is related to the big competition in Switzerland that requires from companies to invest huge amount of money in research and development in order to beat competitors and earn money. Because of this, Switzerland is sometimes called an epicenter of global competition. The second threat is that Switzerland has many regulations and rules that are enforced through the single market of the European Union such as quality of ingredients, labelling of the products, and so on. As a result of many advantages FDI in Switzerland reached the highest value of $70.4 billion in 2015. The main investors in Switzerland are countries: The United States, Netherlands, and Luxembourg (“Switzerland: Foreign Investment”, n.d.). 1.3 Switzerland’s trade agreements All of these exchanges of goods, services, and capital would not be achieved if the trade agreements do not exist. These agreements have an aim to reduce the trade barriers as well as to improve the business links within the countries in order to increase the liberalization and economic growth of involved countries. Switzerland’s location is in the center of Europe and countries that are members of the European Union (EU) surround this country. These countries impacted Switzerland that became the member of the Organization for European Economic Cooperation (OEEC) in 1948. The goal of this organization was to reconstruct the economy and increase the cooperation between countries using funds from the Marshall Plan. Later on, OECC was renamed to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), and finally it became the European Economic Community (EEC). In 1960, the United Kingdom, Austria, Sweden, 5th International Student Symposium 17 �Why is Switzerland better off… Norway, Denmark, Portugal, and Switzerland established the European Free Trade Association (EFTA). The agreement had a purpose to avoid the export and import customs duties and quotas for the industrial goods produced in Switzerland and other EFTA members. In 1989, the Insurance Agreement came into force. By this agreement, all members of the EEC were able to move their business such as travel insurance services. In the following years, Switzerland signed different agreements such as Agreement on the Carriage of Goods. The Bilateral I came into force in 2002. It was mostly concentrated on the free movement of people. The Bilateral II was signed in 2004 and it had an aim to increase the cooperation between the countries in fields such as security, environment, culture, and so on. Later on, Switzerland signed many agreements e.g. Schengen/Dublin Agreement, Taxation of Savings Agreement, Environment Agreement, Statistics Agreement, and so on. Most of the Switzerland’s trade agreements are concluded within the context of the EFTA. There are also some agreements without the involvement of EFTA, including those with Japan and China. Switzerland has signed many free trade agreements with different partners located outside the EU e.g. agreements with Bosnia and Herzegovina, Turkey, and Singapore. The new agreements are constantly being negotiated for example MERCOSUR (Federal Department of Foreign Affairs, n.d.). 1.3.1 Switzerland and the EU The EU is one of the biggest economic integrations in the world. It is founded on the basis of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC). The Union consists of 28 member states that have common economic, social, and security policies. The main achievements of the EU are: ending wars, abolishing the borders between member countries, ensuring fair and efficient trade based on common product regulations, the usage of single currency euro, the same external tariffs and quotas, abolishment of internal tariffs and quotas, fixing prices, ensuring large customer base, and so on (European Commission, 2018). Switzerland’s citizens were few times asked whether they would like to become a member of the EU, but every time they rejected this idea. In 2001 when was the last census regarding this topic, 76,8% of Switzerland’s citizens said that they do not want to join the EU. There are many reasons that lead them to vote against the idea such as Switzerland’s neutrality and conservativeness, independent banking system, constant economic growth, high standards of living, low unemployment rate, etc (“Why isn't Switzerland a part of the EU?” n.d.). Also, other reasons that support the Switzerland wish to be out off the EU are that this country has strong and very specific political structure. It is one of the most democratic countries that promote neutrality and respect citizens’ opinions. Switzerland is also known for its banking secrecy and all of these things are unfavorable for the joining to the EU (Trampusch & Mach, 2011). One of the main reasons that keep Switzerland outside the EU is Switzerland’s currency. As it is many times discussed, thanks to the Swiss franc (CHF) stability there are constantly some improvements in Switzerland’s economy. The value of 18 Proceedings|2018 �Sabina Komić the Swiss franc rises more than the value of other currencies which makes franc stronger. This currency is sometimes called is called “safe haven” asset for the investors (Vallet, 2016) Even Switzerland is not a member of the EU it is a part of the EFTA. Through this association Switzerland has signed more than hundred bilateral agreements with the Union. The most important once were agreements called Bilateral I and Bilateral II. With these agreements Switzerland achieved the connection with the EU: people move freely (Schengen zone), trade barriers were abolished, free air and land transport, recognition of science (research) and youth programs, security cooperation, and so on. In order to enjoy these privileges, Switzerland is obligated to respect and follow all the EU laws. Switzerland is also a member of the World Trade Organization (WTO) and Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). As a result of all of these agreements, Switzerland became a part of the EU’s single market (European Commission, 2018). 1.3.2 The EU single market The single market also called common and internal market was established on the 1st of January in 1993 on the basis of the European Economic Community (EEC) that was signed on the Treaty of Rome in 1957. A precondition for a formation of the single market was an adoption of the White Paper that was identifying three hundred legislative acts. This led to the creation of the Single European Act. The market was created by a trade agreement between the members of the EU, as well as four countries that are not the members of the EU: Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, and Switzerland. These four countries were able to become a part of the single market because they are involved in the EFTA. Later on, through the Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area (DCFTA), Georgia, Moldova, and Ukraine also became a part of some sectors of the single market. Turkey has access to the free movement of goods because of its membership in the European Union Customs Union (EUCU) (“The single market – The EU’s core task for 20 years,” 2012). The single market has free movements. The first movement is based on the free trade of physical goods (import and export). Another free movement is related to the ability of people to freely choose where they would like to live, study or work. The free movement of services is third movement that allows non-physical goods to be performed in other countries (e.g. consulting and call services). The last free movement is related to the capital where member countries do not have limits regarding transfer of money. The member countries of this market are obligated to pay annual fees as a contribution to the EU budget and follow the rules and laws of the European Court of Justice and European Law (Europedia, 2011). On the following tables, there are presented some of the advantages and disadvantages of the single market (“The single market – The EU’s core task for 20 years”, 2012). 5th International Student Symposium 19 �Why is Switzerland better off… Table 1. 1 Benefits of the EU single market PEOPLE WITHIN SINGLE MARKET BUSINESSES WITHIN SINGLE MARKET Wider choice of goods and services Bigger market Lower prices Competing on equal terms No visa No tariffs and quotas Products with the same quality standards Sharing business practices Erasmus program Resources availability, cheap labor Greater ability to find a job Economy of scale GDP per household increases Trade agreements Table 1. 2 Threats of the EU single market PEOPLE WITHIN SINGLE MARKET BUSINESSES WITHIN SINGLE MARKET Immigrants may be a problem Strict legislation rules and requirements Worker mobility is not great as hoped More competition Less democracy Losing opportunities to exploit closer relationships with non-members Many countries argue that they have the problems with the immigrations and overall system that regulates this movement of people. Switzerland is not one of the countries that see the immigrants as a threat. The country uses all of its foreigners (25% of citizens) for the improvement in its social and economic situation in a way to fill the occupations for which natives are in a short supply. Also, there is a huge number of educated immigrants that are recognized as highly skilled workforce. The most important thing that immigrants bring to the working environment is diversity that has a positive impact on the productivity and efficiency of every business. Many foreigners start their business in Switzerland which are very successful for example Nestlé (Afonso, 2004). Before the signing the agreement between Switzerland and the EU, Switzerland was more attractive to low skilled workforce. But after 2002, Switzerland became a center for well-educated and skilled people. This happened because the interests of these immigrants were respected and security has reached a higher level. All immigrants had their work contracts that provide to them many rights. The inflow of the immigrants positively affects the investment per household as well as the overall consumption (Stalder, 2010). As a result of the single market, both parties (EU and Switzerland) have benefits. The proof is that Switzerland is the EU’s 3rd largest trading partner and the EU is Switzerland’s largest trading partner (78% of Switzerland’s trade is conducted with the EU). On the following bar charts are presented the export and import values for the trade in goods and services between Switzerland and the EU as well as balance of trade in billions of euro in 2016 (European Commission, 2018). 20 Proceedings|2018 �Sabina Komić Figure 1. 1 Trade in goods between the EU and Switzerland Retrieved from: http://ec.europa.eu/trade/policy/countries-andregions/countries/switzerland/ Figure 1. 2 Trade in services between the EU and Switzerland Retrieved from: http://ec.europa.eu/trade/policy/countries-andregions/countries/switzerland/ 5th International Student Symposium 21 �Why is Switzerland better off… Nowadays, Switzerland's economy is based on international cooperation that has started in 2017 and it will last until 2020. This cooperation has seven strategic objectives, and it takes place on three levels while involving networking with many partners. The first level is operational level with purpose to implement projects and programs. The second level is political dialogue (engaging in dialogue with other governments on their reform programs and policies). The last level is multilateral level which is influencing international dialogue and policies through participation within key international organizations (Federal Department of Foreign Affairs, n.d.). 1.4 Economic indicators The economic indicators forecast and measure the economic performance of the countries. The most important macroeconomic indicator is gross domestic product (GDP). It is defined as the market value of all final goods and services that are produced within one country in a specific period of time. This economic indicator takes into account all kinds of goods and services and people willingness to pay for that. The most frequently, GDP is measured for three months or for a one year. It is calculated as a summation of investment, consumption, government purchases, and net exports (export – import). Real and nominal GDP are the two types of this indicator. While calculating real GDP constant base-year prices of all final goods and services are being used. On the other side, nominal GDP uses current prices of these goods and services and it does not reflect any increase/decrease in prices. Because of that, real GDP is more accurate economic indicator. When economists compare one country’s performance with another country’s performance they mostly use GDP per capita. When we divide GDP by the total number of one country’s citizens we will get GDP per capita. The next economic indicator that may be used to measure one country’s economic performance is the inflation rate. The inflation rate is a percentage of overall increases of prices in comparison with previous year(s). In order to calculate this indicator, the GDP deflator must be determined. GDP deflator is a measurement of the price level. When we divide nominal GDP by real GDP and multiple these by 100, we will get GDP deflator. After that, we will subtract GDP deflator in year 1 from GDP deflator in year 2, divide this by GDP deflator in year 1 and multiple by 100. By this way, we will get the inflation rate in year 2. As a popular economic indicator, economists also used unemployment rate. We can calculate this rate when we divide the number of unemployed people by the total labor force (employed + unemployed people) and multiple by 100. By this way, we will get the percentage of one country’s citizens that does not have a job. As additional indicators, economists may use average gross salary, export growth rate, interest rate, balance of trade, human development index, and so on (Mankiw, 2011). 22 Proceedings|2018 �Sabina Komić METHODOLOGY A literature search for this paper was conducted using different online resources (Google, Google Scholar, and Elsevier), information from Data World Bank (www.data.worldbank.org), and Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (www.oecd.org), and books. The keywords used for data search and collection were “Switzerland”, “European Union”, “Economic Indicators,” and “The Single Market”. The aim of such research was to examine the all studies published before January 2018, regarding the economy of Switzerland in order to see whether Switzerland’s economy improves from year to year. Data comparison was used for different economic indicators of Switzerland and some EU’s member countries in different years, to help us understand why Switzerland is better off out of the European Union. Inclusion Criteria Studies that were considered for this paper had to contain the report on different economic indicators of Switzerland: GDP, GDP per capita, unemployment rate, inflation rate, export growth rate, and average gross salary. Exclusion Criteria: Non-English language articles and duplicate data RESULTS 3.1 GDP Figure 3. 1 Switzerland’s GDP (US$ billions) from 2000 to 2016 Table 3. 1 Switzerland’s GDP (US$) from 2000 to 2016 YEAR GDP (US$ billions) 2000 256.829 2001 266.121 5th International Student Symposium 23 �Why is Switzerland better off… 2002 274.769 2003 276.76 2004 289.555 2005 301.741 2006 337.617 2007 375.576 2008 402.151 2009 400.819 2010 415.654 2011 444.549 2012 462.615 2013 486.239 2014 506.895 2015 527.16 2016 534.903 Figure 3.1 and Table 3.1 show Switzerland’s GDP from 2000 to 2016 expressed in billions of dollars. In this period of time, GDP constantly incresed and there was just one small decrease from 2008 to 2009 because of global financial crises. Based on this data, we can say that some or even all the components of GDP have increased. This also tells us that the overall economy of Switzerland improves from year to year. 24 Proceedings|2018 �Sabina Komić 3.2 GDP per capita Figure 3. 2 Switzerland’s GDP per capita In Figure 3.2 it is shown how the value of GDP per capita has changed from 1990 to 2016. If we follow the line we will se constant increase of the vale of GDP per capita until the global financial crises. That year GDP per capita slightly decreased, but after that it continues to grow. Even the number of citizes in Switzerland increases, the country’s economy constantly follows the trends and this is a huge advantage for the country. 5th International Student Symposium 25 �Why is Switzerland better off… Figure 3. 3 GDP per capita of Austria, Germany, and Switzerland from 2008 to 2016 Figure 3.3 compares GDP per capita of Austria, Germany, and Switzerland from 2008 to 2016. If we follow these two lines we can easily see that GDP per capita of Switzerland is much higher than GDP per capita of Austria and Germany. This tells us that Switzerland’s economy is more developed and it has better results than Austria and Germany. 26 Proceedings|2018 �Sabina Komić 3.3 Inflation rate Figure 3. 4 Inflation rate with GDP deflator (%) of Switzerland from 2010 to 2016 The inflation rate of Switzerland slightly flucutates as it is shown in Figure 6. Those increases in the percentage of inflation rate are not huge and because of that the overall increases of prices is not significat. This is very benefical for Switzerland’s economy. 3.4 Unemployment rate Figure 3. 5 Unemployment rate of Switzerland and Germany from 2008 to 2016 expressed in percentages Figure 3.5 shows the comparison between unemployment rates of Switzerland and Germany from 2008 to 2016. Germany, a member country of the EU and one of the most developing countries in this Union, had during some years even higher unemployment rate than Switzerland. In the period of financial crisis, Germany had two times more unemployed people than Switzerland. In case of 5th International Student Symposium 27 �Why is Switzerland better off… Switzerland’s unemployment rates, they are quite constant and always around 4%. 3.5 Export growth rate Figure 3. 6 Export growth rate (%) of Switzerland from 2012 to 2016 Figure 3.6 shows the increase in export growth rate (%) of Switzerland in the period of time from 2012 to 2016. In these four year, Switzerland has exported a huge amount of goods and services and every year this country just increases its export, there are no declines which is very good. 3.6 Average gross salary Figure 3. 7 Average gross salary ($) of Switzerland in 2012, 2014, and 2016 In Figure 3.7 is shown how an average gross salary in Switzerland increases from year to year. From 2012 to 2014 the average gross salary have increased for 602 dollars and in the next two years, this salary have increased for 642 dollars. Based 28 Proceedings|2018 �Sabina Komić on this we can say that every two year, average gross salary increases for 600 dollars which is a huge advantage for Switzerland’s citizens because the inflation rate does not increases this much. DISCUSSION While 28 countries joined the European Union to improve their economy, there are still some countries that are in the process of the application for the membership of this Union. Switzerland is not one of the member countries or applicants to become a member. As a federal republic known as a third most developed and richest country in the world, Switzerland based its success on the regulations, monetary security, highly educated and skilled workforce, attractiveness for foreign direct investment, tourism, easiness of doing business, and so on. Because of its constant improvements and achievements, Switzerland is known as one of the biggest competitors in Europe and the whole world as well. Through the free trade agreements and membership in the single market, it became the EU's 3rd largest trading partner. By this way, Switzerland exports its goods and services across borders while paying much less annual fees than it should pay if it was a member of the EU. While it cannot permit the immigrations, the country use foreigners to fill the occupations for which natives are in short supply. Also, there are highly-skilled immigrants that bring diversity and expertise to the Swiss economy. As a result, the country increases its productivity and salaries grow as well. Switzerland from year to year boosts its economy because export value increases from year to year and GDP and GDP per capita increases as well. GDP per capita does not increase so much in countries that are members of the EU (e.g. Austria) as much as it increases in Switzerland. In comparison with Germany that is one of the most powerful and developed countries that are members of the EU, Switzerland has much lower unemployment rate that is always around 4%. An average gross salary in Switzerland increases and this is huge advantage for the country because its inflation rate is not increasing. The only declines that Switzerland had in its economy were in time of the global financial crises, but these declines were not significant because Switzerland improved them in the following years. As a result of all of these economic indicators that are considered as an advantage for Switzerland, the living standard in this county is high, and human development index is 0.939. CONCLUSION Based on all of these previously mentioned economic indicators I can conclude that Switzerland improves its economy from year to year. There are no significant declines that would negatively influence the stability of Swiss economy. Thanks to these facts, Switzerland is declared as one of the biggest trade competitors in the world. The export of goods and services from this country constantly increase while import values are much lower and this creates trade surplus. This country 5th International Student Symposium 29 �Why is Switzerland better off… has no need to join the EU because Switzerland already does business very well as a neutral, sovereign and democratic country. While it operates as a nonmember of the EU, Switzerland saves a lot of money that would be obligated to give to the EU if became a member. It is much cheaper for Switzerland to pay just for the membership of the EU single market and the country uses this opportunity. Also, Switzerland has signed a lot of free trade agreements with an aim of strengthening its connection with other countries. As long as Switzerland has low unemployment, constant trade surplus, high living standard, and stable currency there is no need for such a country to join the EU. Switzerland is currently better off out of the European Union. REFERENCES Afonso, A. (2004). Immigration and its impacts in Switzerland. Mediterranean Quarterly, 15(4), 147-166. European Commission. (April 16, 2018). Switzerland. Retrieved from: http://ec.europa.eu/trade/policy/countries-andregions/countries/switzerland/ Europedia. (2011). The EU common market. Retrieved http://www.europedia.moussis.eu/books/Book_2/3/6/index.tkl?all from: Federal Department of Foreign Affairs. (n.d.). Swiss Cooperation Strategy Macedonia 2017-2020. Retrieved from: https://www.eda.admin.ch/dam/countries/countriescontent/macedonia/en/Cooperation-Strategy-Macedonia-2017-2020_en.pdf Federal Department of Foreign Affairs. (n.d.). Switzerland and the European Union. Retrieved from: https://www.eda.admin.ch/dam/eda/en/documents/publications/Europaei scheAngelegenheiten/Schweiz-und-EU_en.pdf Federal Department of Foreign Affairs. (November 27, 2017). Swiss Economy – Facts and Figures. Retrieved from: https://www.eda.admin.ch/aboutswitzerland/en/home/wirtschaft/uebersic ht/wirtschaft---fakten-und-zahlen.html Gregory Mankiw, N. (2011). Brief Principles of Macroeconomics (6th ed.). USA: South-Western Cengage Learning N.N. (2012). The single market – The EU’s core task for 20 years N.N. (May 2018). Switzerland: Foreign Investment. Retrieved from: https://en.portal.santandertrade.com/establish-overseas/switzerland/foreign- 30 Proceedings|2018 �Sabina Komić investment?&actualiser_id_banque=oui&id_banque=0&memoriser_choix=me moriser N.N. (n.d.). 7 reasons why Switzerland is the happiest country in the world. Retrieved from: https://www.shortlist.com/instant-improver/7-reasons-whyswitzerland-is-the-happiest-country-in-the-world/61505 N.N. (n.d.). Switzerland. Retrieved http://www.enciklopedija.hr/natuknica.aspx?ID=60083 from: N.N. (n.d.). Why isn't Switzerland a part of the EU? Retrieved from: https://www.quora.com/Why-isnt-Switzerland-a-part-of-the-EU Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. Retrieved from: https://data.oecd.org Stalder, P. (2010). Free migration between the EU and Switzerland: impacts on the Swiss economy and implications for monetary policy. Swiss Journal of Economics and Statistics, 146(4), 821-874. Switzerland’s Federal Statistical Office. https://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/en/home.html Retrieved from: The World Bank Data. Retrieved from: https://data.worldbank.org Trampusch, C., & Mach, A. (Eds.). (2011). Switzerland in Europe: Continuity and change in the Swiss political economy. Taylor & Francis. Vallet, G. (2016). The role of the swiss franc in Switzerland’s European stance. Research in International Business and Finance, 38, 35-44. Workman D. (February 1, 2018) Switzerland’s Top 10 Imports. Retrieved from: http://www.worldstopexports.com/switzerlands-top-10-imports/ Workman D. (March 20, 2018). Switzerland’s Top 10 Exports. Retrieved from: http://www.worldstopexports.com/switzerlands-top-10-exports/ 5th International Student Symposium 31 �� Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 3764 Title A name given to the resource 5th International Student Symposium Abstract A summary of the resource. PUBLISHER Faculty of Education and Humanities, International Burch University Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Author Author BEĆIROVIĆ, Senad Brdarević-Čeljo, Amna DUBRAVAC, Vildana Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2018 Keywords Keywords. Book PeerReviewed AC Collections. Series. Collected works,L Education (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/5eee4ad4bf4d1be19242d9f4c480e169.docx d067212fec5df6522eaf4be2faac33ab https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/a3a7be2eb7c2070640c23ff857469636.pdf 3377939bdd644e2ac8215e30b67eecf4 PDF Text Text The Relationship between Growth and Tax Revenues in Croatia HakanArslaner Adnan Menderes University Turkey hakanarslaner@yahoo.com SevinçYaraşırTülümce Pamukkale University Turkey sevinç.yarasir@gmail.com Abstract: In all countries, the main purpose of taxes is to finance public spending. However, according to Keynesian school, governments apply for the taxes not only for public funding, but also for achieving the objectives of fiscal policy. Recently, politicians have used the taxes as a tool to ensure the economic stability, equality in income distribution and economic growth. Among these objectives, economic growth refers to the net increase in national income. Traditional growth theories have failed to explain the growth using capital accumulation and labor. But, new endogenous growth theory investigates also the impact on growth of the public policy. Different taxes have different effects in the economy. If taxes examine as direct and indirect taxes, the first effect of indirect taxes on economy is related to resource allocation through the price mechanism. The first effect of direct taxes such as income and corporate tax is on saving and investment decisions of individuals. The rates on these taxes should be lower for decisions of economic agents. The high taxation of this earning has led to the badly affected of labor, capital and technology located among growth factors. As a result, entrepreneurship can be reduced; saving and investment decisions can be influenced negatively. On the other hand, the taxation of capital may also lead to balance of payment problems in country by leaving the country of capital. Investment and saving are the main tools of growth. Therefore, the use of taxes for providing economic growth is extremely important. The relationship between economic growth and taxes is discussed in many studies. The share of total tax revenues to GDP in Croatia is 14.8% in 1991, 22.97% in 1996, 22.4% in 2000 and 18.6% in 2011. GDP growth rate is 5.2% in 1996, 3.75% in 2000 and -0.92% in 2011 respectively. In this study, the relationship between growth and tax revenues is analyzed by using Johansen Cointegration and Causality tests in Croatia between 1991-2011 periods. Johansen Cointegration test results reveal the existence of a positive and significant relation between growth and tax revenues. In the long term, the impact of taxes on growth is significant and positive. Granger causality test findings indicate that there is causality from growth to tax revenues in the 10% significance level. Keywords: Tax Revenues, Growth, Croatia, Granger Causality Test, Johansen Cointegration 67 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2502 Title A name given to the resource 60The Relationship between Growth and Tax Revenues in Croatia Author Author ARSLANER, Hakan YARAŞIR TÜLÜMCE, Sevinç Abstract A summary of the resource. In all countries, the main purpose of taxes is to finance public spending. However, according to Keynesian school, governments apply for the taxes not only for public funding, but also for achieving the objectives of fiscal policy. Recently, politicians have used the taxes as a tool to ensure the economic stability, equality in income distribution and economic growth. Among these objectives, economic growth refers to the net increase in national income. Traditional growth theories have failed to explain the growth using capital accumulation and labor. But, new endogenous growth theory investigates also the impact on growth of the public policy. Different taxes have different effects in the economy. If taxes examine as direct and indirect taxes, the first effect of indirect taxes on economy is related to resource allocation through the price mechanism. The first effect of direct taxes such as income and corporate tax is on saving and investment decisions of individuals. The rates on these taxes should be lower for decisions of economic agents. The high taxation of this earning has led to the badly affected of labor, capital and technology located among growth factors. As a result, entrepreneurship can be reduced; saving and investment decisions can be influenced negatively. On the other hand, the taxation of capital may also lead to balance of payment problems in country by leaving the country of capital. Investment and saving are the main tools of growth. Therefore, the use of taxes for providing economic growth is extremely important. The relationship between economic growth and taxes is discussed in many studies. The share of total tax revenues to GDP in Croatia is 14.8% in 1991, 22.97% in 1996, 22.4% in 2000 and 18.6% in 2011. GDP growth rate is 5.2% in 1996, 3.75% in 2000 and -0.92% in 2011 respectively. In this study, the relationship between growth and tax revenues is analyzed by using Johansen Cointegration and Causality tests in Croatia between 1991-2011 periods. Johansen Cointegration test results reveal the existence of a positive and significant relation between growth and tax revenues. In the long term, the impact of taxes on growth is significant and positive. Granger causality test findings indicate that there is causality from growth to tax revenues in the 10% significance level. Keywords: Tax Revenues, Growth, Croatia, Granger Causality Test, Johansen Cointegration Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014-04-24 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-4564 H Social Sciences (General) Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 833 Title A name given to the resource A “positivist” overview on Anna Seghers’ novel “Transit” Author Author Yıkılkan, Bilge Abstract A summary of the resource. The German literary works that deal with the separation of Germany in World War Two are not much deeply examined in Turkey for political reasons as such works concentrate on the deficiencies of nationalism. The aim of this study is to examine this work from a positivist perspective, which explores the relation between author’s life and the work considering the work is inspired by the life of author. Therefore, the present study is to investigate if there is any close relation between Anna Seghers experiences she lived during her escape from Germany to France due to Nazi concentration camps and her novel “Transit”. Anna Seghers is one of the famous German authors that suffered from what happened during World War II in Germany, notably from Nazi camps. She always tried to express her feelings and her own experiences that were lived in those days in her works. Her well-known novel “Transit” explores the plight of German refugees from Hitler attempting to leave France via the seaport of Marseilles between the French capitulation in 1940 and the Spring of 1941. As in other works, Seghers uses a language in this work that depicts the tragedy of the victims and infinite confidence in the human essence which can never be destroyed. The novel “Transit” can also be seen as the critique of the decadent Western World and the writer’s plea for political commitment. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-04 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed P Philology. Linguistics https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/48f9460e40fa473505c66f5c647e924d.pdf f20cf4f9e71b400ecca2d6b78e11085d PDF Text Text 1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo A Blind Video-Steganography Technique Based on Visible Light Wavelength for Raw Video Streams Özdemir Çetin Computer Systems Education, Sakarya University, Sakarya,Turkey ocetin@sakarya.edu.tr Ah met Turan Özcerit Computer Systems Education, Sakarya University, Sakarya,Turkey aozcerit@sakarya.edu.tr Abstract: Steganography techniques, which are a set of data hiding algorithms utilizing mathematical methods, have revealed significant advancement by means of latest computing technologies. Although many distinct steganography techniques have been suggested and implemented, an ideal solution has not been reached so far. The primary objective for steganography is to achieve a secure data transfer through a communication channel without attracting attention of unauthorized third parties. Since encryption methods do not meet the steganography requirements, a couple of data masking methods are also required. The performance of a steganography method can be assessed with the statistical similarity between cover media and stego media. In this paper, we have developed a blind steganography technique based on Human Vision System (HVS) using visible light wavelength approach. The proposed technique maintains virtually imperceptible alterations in the stego-video by means of the HVS approach. In addition, the technique developed does not require the cover video in the recovery phase so that it provides more secure manner in many types of applications. 1. Introduction Accessing digital data has not been so easy ever with the dawn of the Internet, especially in the last decade. This reality has also caused many troubles that have not been considered before such as privacy, security, and sharing. In order to create feasible solutions to such issues, many researchers have focused on cryptographic techniques in company with data embedding and data hiding techniques e.g. steganography and watermarking. Although both steganography and watermarking techniques present similar properties, each technique retainsindividual purposes. Whilethe former is usually used for secure data com munication,thelatter is used for copyright protection intents (Cetin 08). In Steganography,the secret datais usually embedded into multimedia files(image, video, audio, etc.).In addition, the media files in the end of steganography routines can be used directly at the destination without requiring extra decrypting procedures. The most distinctive feature of the steganography compared to cryptography isthat unauthorized individuals are not aware ofthe hidden datainthe stego-media (Cetin, Ozcerit 08) Initial steganography techniques have been first applied to images; however, the video streams have attracted a lot attention recently since they can assure a large amount of capacity increase for hidden/secret data (Koz&Alatan 05). The hidden data can be embedded eitherinto image or into audio part of the video streams. The DCT (Discrete Cosine Transform) and the D WT (Discrete Wavelength Transform) are the most frequently used methods forthese purposes. In this paper, we developed a new technique to determine the appropriate pixels, which are the target regionsto store hidden data,in the cover-video frames based on the HVS method. Besides,the chief objective of this study isto keep the perceptibilitylevel ofthe secret data in the cover video as much as insignificant so that external suspicions or attacks can be prevented. In order to realize these requirements,the HVS method is used and supported by visible light wavelength and the color deficiency of human vision at extreme frequencies. We have evaluated the picture quality difference between the stego-video and cover-video with the PSNR (Peak Signalto Noise Ratio) criterion. 385 �1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo 2. Previous Work One of the first studies on raw video steganography developed by Hartung and Girod and they were inspired from spread spectrum com munication (Hartung& Girod 96). Hartung also applied data embedding techniques directly on raw video streams.Inthe recovery phase ofthe secret data,a correlation method is used at the receiver side and the secret data capacity achieved up to 50 bit/s according to the experimental results. Hartung applied his method to the compressed video streams by embedding secret data into either intra-frames (I-frames), forward predicted frames (P-frames) or bi-directional predicted frames (B-frames) of the MPEG video. The secret datais embedded intothe frames using 8×8 DCT coefficients. Hartung claimed that his method achieved more robust outcome against standard signal attacks according to the obtained results(Hartung&Girod 98). In another study, Swanson proposed the multi-scale watermarking method in which temporallow-pass and high-pass frames are obtained by applying temporal wavelettransform to each frame (Swanson et al. 98). However,the original video stream is needed to recover the watermarking data and thisrequirement can be considered as a serious drawback. 3. Proposed Steganographic Algorithm In this work, we have designed and developed a new data hiding method for raw video streams based on the HVS (Cetin 08). Unlike earlier studies, the method developed uses visible light wavelength approach to determine the most appropriate pixel locations, in which the bytes of secret data are stored, in the cover video frames. We have utilized the imperceptiblelight wavelengths (ultraviolet,infrared) forthis purpose (Jonathan et al. 99). In Figure-1, the process steps of the proposed algorithm are illustrated as a block diagram. Having selected the embedding method,the secret datais embedded intothe cover video by means of specially designed embedding and coding algorithms. The stego-video obtained isthen forwarded into the com munication channel i.e. Internet. At the receiver side, the extraction methods are selected first in accordance with the methods determined at the sender side. The stego-video is then applied to selected extraction and decoding procedures and the secret dataisrecovered when all procedures is completed. Secret File Cover Video Embedding Algorithm Stego Video Communication Channel Stego Video Coding Algorithm Extracting Algorithm Secret File Coding Algorithm Figure-1 General block diagram forthe proposed algorithms 3.1. Visible Light Wavelength Approach In wavelength approach,the data embedding procedures are implemented by utilizing the imperfection of the color vision. The pillar of the approach is based on the determination of appropriate pixels in the video frames by the help of visible light spectrum data perceived by the HVS. The pixels having the boundary values (~380nm or ~750nm) of visiblelight spectrum in the cover video frames,in which the secret data is stored, are determined. In other words, the pixels having a wavelength in the range of infrared or ultraviolet colors are searched forinthe cover video frames.Itis a well-known factthatthe human eyes cannoteasily perceive minute changes atthe visiblelight spectrum extremities. The data embedding procedures are initiated by the segmentation of cover video into the frames. The wavelength values of each pixel in the frames of cover video are resolved by the developed algorithm. Since each pixel has three color compounds (Red, Green, and Blue), each color compound of the pixels are individually recorded into atable as given in Table-1. However, only a particular wavelength range (380-400nm 386 �1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo or 730-750nm) of each color compound is significant for the pixel selection procedure. The corresponding wavelength range ofthe R, G, and B compounds are also listed for violet and red colorsin Table-1 accordingly. Wavelength Violent: 380∼400 Red: 730∼750 R - color intensity 97∼130 161∼200 G - color intensity 0∼30 0∼30 B - color intensity 97∼175 0∼50 Table 1. Wavelength range of primary colors For instance, a pixel having an RGB (100,0,105) code can be evaluated as appropriate pixel for data embedding procedures according to Table-1. Having determined the appropriate pixels in video frames, the secret data is embedded into those selected pixels by the developed algorithms. In this step,the modified pixels are further checked to see whether their current wavelength is within the acceptable limits.If so, each pixel is labeled as “1” meaning appropriate, otherwise labeled as “0” meaning inappropriate. The amount of pixel wavelength deviation is one of the most crucial criteria for pixel selection procedures. The wavelength deviation should be kept to the minimum for the perceptiveness, which is another important criterion for data embedding method quality assessment.In other words,the stego-video stream should notimply a manipulation in the video frames during the movie. 4. Experimental Results We have evaluated the performance of our steganography method based on both capacity and perceptiveness criteria. Inthe performance evaluation stage,the ‘vipmen.avi’ video fileisselected and used as a reference since itis a very popular experimental video stream among researches and itisa raw type video (AVI) stream as well. The experimented vipmen.avi video file has 283 frames and each frame consists of 160x120 pixels. In the evaluation period, in order to measure the statistical quality of stego-video streams, the PSNR (Peak Signalto Noise Ratio) parameter has been used. The PSNR value presentsthe similarity ratio between the original video and stego-video. Typically accepted range ofthe PSNR is between 30dB and 50dB for statistical quality parameter which is computed at the end of each statistical calculation period (Netravali&Haskell 95). The higher valuesimply high degree of similarity between the original video and stego-video. Since each person has a distinct sense of color and color tones, the PSNR metric cannot provide a perfect evaluation criterion. Therefore, we have used 12 people astest subjects creating another criterion to validatethe methods developed. To compute the PSNR parameter between two video files, the MSE (Mean Squared Error) value is calculated first(Netravali&Haskell 95). Either Equation-1 or Equation-2 can be used forthe calculation. 1 m −1 n −1 MSE = ∑∑ I(i, j) − K(i, j) mn i =0 j= 0 ∑ [I(i, j) − K(i, j)] 2 (1) 2 MSE = M, N (2) M×N K (modified video frame) and I(original video frame) parametersin Equation-1 are compared with each other. The size of video isrepresented by m×n. The PSNR is computed having calculated the MSE value according to Equation-3 (Rabbani&Jones 99).  MAX 2   PSNR = 10log10   MSE  (3) The MAX parameterin Equation-3 representsthe bitsize ofeach pixel. For example,the M A X is 255 when the color depth is selected as 8-bit. 387 �1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Figure-2 Experimentalresults relating to the PSNR parameter The experimental results obtained from data embedding procedures in the wavelength method have been given in Figure-2. The data embedding algorithms developed have been executed for both a low data capacity video labeled as ‘+’ and a high data capacity video labeled as ‘*’. As seen in Figure-2,the PSNR values for both high data capacity video and low data capacity video are higher than 65dB, which is within acceptable limits compared to the PSNR values forlossy image/video compression standards (Netravali&Haskell 95). The secret data can be in compressed form such as ‘zip’ or‘rar’and inthis case, more storage capacity for secret data can be achieved in the stego-video file. Another great advantage is that data compression applications can also provide encryption technologies to some extent. Therefore, the secret data can be compressed and encrypted before steganography in order to utilize the benefits of the applications mentioned above. 5. Conclusion A novel video-steganography method has been proposed to embed secret data into appropriate pixels of a video stream based on visible light wavelength approach. The true advantage of this approach is to determine appropriate pixels that have colors near to visible light wavelength limits i.e. infrared or ultraviolet and this characteristic maintains a better mechanism to concealthe alterations implemented on the pixels because of the weakness of the HVS. The experimental results show that obtained PSNR values for each scenarios are in the acceptable limits and the developed algorithm have worked with the HVS without causing any significant drawback. References Cetin, O. (2008), “A Data Embedding Algorithm Design for Video Applications Using a New Steganography Approach,” Ph.D. dissertation, Elect.&Comp. Edu., Sakarya Uni., Sakarya, Turkey Cetin, O., Ozcerit, A.T., (2008), “A Novel Video-Stego Method Based On HVS (ĐGS Tabanlı Yeni Bir Video–Sırörtme Yöntemi)” 3rd Information Security&Cryptology Conference with International Participation, Ankara, Turkey, pp.84-88 Koz, A., Alatan, A., (2005), “Oblivious Video Watermarking Using Temporal Sensitivity of HVS”, Proceedings of the 2005 International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP 2005), Genoa, Italy, September 11-14 Hartung, F., Girod, B., (1996) “Digital watermarking of raw and compressed video” in Proc. SPIE 2952: Digital Compression Technologies and Systems for Video Communication, Berlin, Germany, pp. 205–213. Hartung, F., Girod, B., (1998), “Digital watermarking of uncompressed and compressed video”, Trans. Of Signal Processing – Sprecial Issue on Copyright protection and Access Control for Multimedia Services, 66(3):283-301 Swanson, M.D., Zhu, B., Tewfik, A.T., (1998), “Multiresolution scenebased video watermarking using perceptual models”, IEEE J. Select. Areas Commun., vol. 16, pp. 540–550, 1998. Swanson,M.D. Zhu, B., Tewfik, A.T., (1997), “Data Hiding for Video-in-Video”, Proc.ICIP’97, Santa Barbara, CA, 2:676679. 388 �1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Cetin, O., Ozcerit, A.T., Cakiroglu, M., (2006), “A New Data Embedding Method into Motion Pictures” The 2006 World Congress in Computer Science, Computer Engineering, and Applied Computing, Las Vegas, USA. Jonathan, K.S., Hartung, F., Girod, B., (1999), “Digital Watermarking Of Text, Image, And Video Documents Comput.&Graphics”, Vol. 22, No. 6, pp. 687±695, Elsevier Science Netravali, A.N., Haskell, B.G., (1995), “Digital Pictures: Representation, Compression, and Standards (2nd Ed)”, Plenum Press, New York Rabbani, M., Jones, P.W., (1991), “Digital Image Compression Techniques”, Vol. TT7, SPIE Optical Engineering Press, Bellvue, Washington 389 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 516 Title A name given to the resource A Blind Video-Steganography Technique Based on Visible Light Wavelength for Raw Video Streams Author Author Çetin, Özdemir Özcerit, Ahmet Turan Abstract A summary of the resource. Steganography techniques, which are a set of data hiding algorithms utilizing mathematical methods, have revealed significant advancement by means of latest computing technologies. Although many distinct steganography techniques have been suggested and implemented, an ideal solution has not been reached so far. The primary objective for steganography is to achieve a secure data transfer through a communication channel without attracting attention of unauthorized third parties. Since encryption methods do not meet the steganography requirements, a couple of data masking methods are also required. The performance of a steganography method can be assessed with the statistical similarity between cover media and stego media. In this paper, we have developed a blind steganography technique based on Human Vision System (HVS) using visible light wavelength approach. The proposed technique maintains virtually imperceptible alterations in the stego-video by means of the HVS approach. In addition, the technique developed does not require the cover video in the recovery phase so that it provides more secure manner in many types of applications. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2009-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed Q Science (General) Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 3343 Title A name given to the resource A BRIEF PORTRAYAL OF MELANCHOLY IN E.A. POE’S “THE RAVEN” Author Author Abdil Celal, Yasmali Emrah, Peksoy Abstract A summary of the resource. Edgar Allan Poe expresses his groundbreaking ideas on writing the best piece of art in “The Philosophy of Composition”, one of his most particular essays on the issue. He suggests that length, unity of effect and a logical method that drives the writer to use whatever he/she can utilize emotionally to convey the desired effect are important considerations for a well designed writing. “The Raven” was first published in the New York Evening Mirror in 1845, and since then it is one of the most discussed, performed, criticized, memorized and televised poem in American literary tradition. Although more than 150 years have passed since the first publication, the poem still preserves its fame in literary circles and continues to pierce through the imaginations of all generations, urging them to study on it. Regarded as one of the most wellknown American poets in 19th century, Poe is famous for his dark, gloomy, sensational style and mentally haunted characters in poetry as well as in short story. Therefore, in this study, we tried to explore Poe’s aforementioned aspects of writing a piece of art by dismantling the poem’s plot, setting, characters, symbols, musical language and other fantastic elements. In consequence, we will try to specify how melancholy and dreary mood are accomplished in “The Raven” by means of the poem’s structure and style. By this feeling, we will go through “The Raven” also highlighting how the poem’s peculiar feeling of terror easily lures even the stoniest natures. Keywords: Edgar Allan Poe, Poetry, The Raven, Melancholy, Unity of Effect Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed L Education (General),PE English Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 810 Title A name given to the resource A case of Textual Analysis Applied to the University Offerings of the New Courses in Italy Author Author Claudia , Caruso Abstract A summary of the resource. The paper is based on a descriptive study of the lexical words used to redefine students’ curricula at the academic communities, in order to improve the quality and the employability of the degrees. The textual analysis was applied on about 990 forms, filled up by the universities to plan their courses and collected in the national database of the Ministry of University and Research, public and available on line (http://offf.miur.it). Thus, focusing on a representative sample of the major public universities by number of students, a multidisciplinary corpus of the offerings of the new courses of the academic year 2011/12 was assembled in accordance with the four areas of disciplines: health, humanistic, scientific and social, for about 62.970 occurrences (tokens). The study aims to achieve the following findings: check the vocabulary of the corpus and provide the measure of lexical richness, based on the ratio of type, token and the proportion of infrequent word, and identify the key-words of the corpora using the co-occurrences criteria. Results, relating to the key-words, highlight that there are evidences of widely using of terminology to describe the need to develop the soft skills and the interdisciplinary competencies, as required by the local and professional market to improve the employability of the degrees. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed P Philology. Linguistics https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/2eaac69d35c1faa711fd0ddc30200a9e.pdf e882267a1e5ab52271deda1771980d77 PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo A Case Study of Electronic Government Adoption Dzenan Donko International Burch University, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina Meliha Handzic International Burch University, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina mhandzic@ibu.edu.ba Electronic government initiatives in Bosnia and Herzegovina are still in its infancy and facing many issues and challenges. Therefore, the main goal of this study is to gain a better understanding of these issues and challenges by examining the adoption and diffusion of ‘e-government services’ from the citizen’s perspective at the local municipal level. Sixty nine usable responses were obtained from one hundred surveyed citizens with permanent residency in the Centar Municipality Sarajevo. The participants were asked about their perceptions of different aspects of egovernment services provided by their municipality. The results are encouraging. The citizens of Centar Municipality Sarajevo perceived their municipal e-government system as useful, easy to use, and having a high level of information quality. Consequently, they were willing to use e-government, particularly for accessing laws and by-law acts, filing state taxes, ordering birth, death and marriage certificates, renewing drivers’ licenses, registration and shopping. However, they were not in favour of using internet for online voting. Keywords: Electronic Government, Local Government, Case Study, Municipality Centar-Sarajevo 88 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1504 Title A name given to the resource A Case Study of Electronic Government Adoption Author Author DONKO, Dzenan HANDZIC, Meliha Abstract A summary of the resource. Electronic government initiatives in Bosnia and Herzegovina are still in its infancy and facing many issues and challenges. Therefore, the main goal of this study is to gain a better understanding of these issues and challenges by examining the adoption and diffusion of ‘e-government services’ from the citizen’s perspective at the local municipal level. Sixty nine usable responses were obtained from one hundred surveyed citizens with permanent residency in the Centar Municipality Sarajevo. The participants were asked about their perceptions of different aspects of egovernment services provided by their municipality. The results are encouraging. The citizens of Centar Municipality Sarajevo perceived their municipal e-government system as useful, easy to use, and having a high level of information quality. Consequently, they were willing to use e-government, particularly for accessing laws and by-law acts, filing state taxes, ordering birth, death and marriage certificates, renewing drivers’ licenses, registration and shopping. However, they were not in favour of using internet for online voting. Keywords: Electronic Government, Local Government, Case Study, Municipality Centar-Sarajevo Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-10 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-4564 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/22aeb3564c4e007b54101ffc0b3a889b.docx 9bdc6ad7851dbb520cc94deffb97350b https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/93f54f697b435d80466231a475a05c99.pdf 5d753413e2ef5bade37b8d9fbf5cbb04 PDF Text Text A Case Study of Information Systems Implementation in Bosnia and Herzegovina Mihret Sarač International Burch University Bosnia And Herzegovina mihretsarac@gmail.com Abstract: In today's world of highly competitive economy with frequent and rapid changes, business managers are faced with an increasing need to make right decisions at the right time. Right information is one of the key resources for high quality business decisions and subsequent business success. Relevant, accurate and timely information is valuable because it can affect behavior, a decision, and an outcome. Thus, business managers need to have access to all the required internal and external up to date information. This access is enabled by modern business information systems. These are ICT based systems that collect; store, preserve, process and deliver needed information to organizational management in order to support their operational, tactical and strategic decision making. They also help organizations to connect with their customers, suppliers and partners involved in their business processes. In short, these systems have become essential when it comes to day-to-day operation, as well as strategic planning and decision making. Given the high importance of information systems in organizations, this study will analyze a case of one system implementation in a real-world company from Bosnia and Herzegovina. In particular, a descriptive method will be applied to examine the characteristics of the company's system and the value of information it provides to its management. Keywords: business information system, implementation, impact, case study. 143 �143 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2606 Title A name given to the resource A Case Study of Information Systems Implementation in Bosnia and Herzegovina Author Author SARAČ, Mirhet Abstract A summary of the resource. In today's world of highly competitive economy with frequent and rapid changes, business managers are faced with an increasing need to make right decisions at the right time. Right information is one of the key resources for high quality business decisions and subsequent business success. Relevant, accurate and timely information is valuable because it can affect behavior, a decision, and an outcome. Thus, business managers need to have access to all the required internal and external up to date information. This access is enabled by modern business information systems. These are ICT based systems that collect; store, preserve, process and deliver needed information to organizational management in order to support their operational, tactical and strategic decision making. They also help organizations to connect with their customers, suppliers and partners involved in their business processes. In short, these systems have become essential when it comes to day-to-day operation, as well as strategic planning and decision making. Given the high importance of information systems in organizations, this study will analyze a case of one system implementation in a real-world company from Bosnia and Herzegovina. In particular, a descriptive method will be applied to examine the characteristics of the company's system and the value of information it provides to its management. Keywords: business information system, implementation, impact, case study. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014-04 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-4564 H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/0df2b605afb96c77e621b378bc2abb80.pdf ae6d880547d56cd37d05eedd9de93f7e PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo A case study of Online Marketing Tools Improving Online Success Semir Sakanovic International Burch University, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina symorgh13@gmail.com Armin Susa International Burch University, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina asusa@ibu.edu.ba The objective of this study was to identify and analyze the opportunities of new technologies for companies and how they take benefit of it. The most important online marketing tools were presented in detail to underpin the theoretic concepts of marketing. Online marketing is not only important for companies to increase turnover, it is nowadays necessary to stay competitive to survive. Companies which do not implement online marketing in their classical marketing activities have a strong competitive disadvantage in today’s environment. The study shows how online marketing tools have to be used to be successful, but it also shows that exaggerated use of these tools could have the contrary effect. Every activity has to be well-planned and well-considered. Keywords: Online Marketing, Online Marketing Tools, Online Success, Companies, Effect. 246 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1576 Title A name given to the resource A case study of Online Marketing Tools Improving Online Success Author Author SAKANOVIĆ, Semir SUSA, Armin Abstract A summary of the resource. The objective of this study was to identify and analyze the opportunities of new technologies for companies and how they take benefit of it. The most important online marketing tools were presented in detail to underpin the theoretic concepts of marketing. Online marketing is not only important for companies to increase turnover, it is nowadays necessary to stay competitive to survive. Companies which do not implement online marketing in their classical marketing activities have a strong competitive disadvantage in today’s environment. The study shows how online marketing tools have to be used to be successful, but it also shows that exaggerated use of these tools could have the contrary effect. Every activity has to be well-planned and well-considered. Keywords: Online Marketing, Online Marketing Tools, Online Success, Companies, Effect. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-10 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-4564