48 10 3494 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/b933193cc7c0eb4a71ad92f8001034a3.pdf 4e9c0141c2e7ab43c430ea1ce021b866 PDF Text Text 2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo Border Matters and Border Determination Studies Between the Provinces of Montenegro and Kosovo after the Berlin Pact Assoc. Prof. Dr. Hasan Babacan Afyon Kocatepe University Faculty of Science and Letters History Department babacan@aku.edu.tr Introduction Today, Gusinye ve Pleve are within the borders of Montenegro State and placed in the north-east part of the country†††††††††††††††††††††. These lands shape the west part of Kosovo. During the reign of Abdülhamid II., Gusinye and Plave which bound to Kosovo were the provinces of Đpek Sub-province, it had great importance as; at one side it forms some part of the Montenegro - Ottoman border, on the other side, it forms the Kosovo Montenegro Province’s borders. For Ottoman State 19th century was such a period that its effects continued many years. Particularly at the end of the Ottoman-Russia War in 1877, at first in Ayastefanos and then in Berlin Pact, Albanians in Kosovo and Ottoman borders reacted these two provinces are given to the Montenegro State. According to the 28th article of the Berlin Pact, the lands of Montenegro expand one time as much, but with Berlin Pact, it is forced to give back some parts of the lands which are gained at Ayastefanos Treaty. Piva, Nişnik, Kolaşin, Podgoriça, Jabliak, Đşbuz (Spuz) and near the Bar Port, including the provinces of Kosovo, these wide lands Gusinye and Plave, are in the borders of Montenegro‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡. a- Gusinje and Plave’s giving to the Montenegro and Kosovo’s Reaction Gusinye and Pleve are generally formed with Albanians. For this reason, They don’t accept to be a part of Montenegro and resisted§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§. The Christian Albanians living that region are not pleased to be abandoned to the Montenegro like Muslim Albanians**********************. As a matter of fact, they rebel after a few years††††††††††††††††††††††. The organization of the Albanian and Kosovo Albanians raise after Berlin Pact. In July 1878, an organization established which is called ‘Albanian League ‘including Kosovo Albanian members, so that in order not to give Gusinye and pleve to the Montenegro, they armed. When Montenegro acts to take the control of the lands which they own with the pact, they face with the resistance of the Albanians and forced to go back‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡. After that Montenegro consults to the states which have signatures in Berlin Pact and complain the attitudes of Ottoman. In the declaration which is sent to the international commission, come together to determine Ottoman State and Montenegro, it is said that ‘Without the consent of Albanian, no Albanian land can be transferred’ but European States are continued to be ‘deaf ‘ to these protests. Albanians in Kosova Province are sad about their lands to be given Montenegro, Greece and Sırbia. They start to think that their lands are dispersed and sacrified to the use of Balkan States§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§. On the other hand, muslims and christian Albanians in Kosovo State, in order to preserve their religion and ††††††††††††††††††††† Today Gusinje is a unit connected to plave. Prime ministry otoman archieves, Sadanet Muhimme Kalemi Evrakı (A.MKT.MHM) Nihat Erim Internatıonal law and politics passages. §§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§ In spite of treaty Judgements, this place remained as a unit of ottomans until 1913. Yılmaz Öztuna: our losing European Turkey, Losing Rumeli,Babıali Kültür Yayıncılığı. Đst. 2006 pages 62-68. ********************** 4 M.S Anderson The Eastern Question 1774-1923 Macmillian, London 1966 pages 221. †††††††††††††††††††††† Besim Darkot “ Montenegro” encyclopedia of Islam C.6, MEB Ankara pages 226-227. ‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡ Constantine A. Chekrezi, Albania Past and Present, McMillan Company, NY 1919, p. 51. §§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§ Constantine A. Chekrezi, Đbid, p. 52. ‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡ 459 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo nationalistic thoughts, declared that they want to be in the borders of Otoman State and they tell their wishes to Abdulhamid on this matter. ‘States and the sub-states where Albanians live should be united under the roof of one state and to manage the state somebody who is talented should be appointed.’ The Kosovo Albanians who wish ‘States and the sub-states where Albanians live should be united under the roof of one state and to manage the state somebody who is talented should be appointed.’ declared that if not so, they’ll completely lose Albanians and this means the end of Ottoman State in Rumeli. Kosovo representatives also declared they wish Abdulhamid to form an organization ‘komisyon-ı ali ‘to find a solution to this matter***********************. While the gossip of bad treat is being done to the Muslims in Montenegro spreads, The Kosovo Albanians who don’t want to prefer Gusinye to Montenegro†††††††††††††††††††††††, ın November 1879 established an organization called ‘Yakova Cemiyyet-i Đttihadiyesi” and with the assistance of the citizens try to raise the number of the members of the organization‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡. In 2nd of Nov 1879, they establish Prizren Heyet-i Đttihâdiyesi in Prizen. The organization which aims to unite the Albanians, if not so they declare, they’ll not accept any renovation. Prizren Heyet-i Đttihâdiyesi which is bound to Kosovo State, by arranging The Albanian soldiers, they decide to defend Yakova, Đpek and Gusinye provinces from the Karada𧧧§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§. It can be seen that Ottoman State is under the pressure of two sides. At one side as for the treaty signs with great nations they are forced to go back from the lands which are given to Montenegro, on the other side, they face with the resistance of Albanians. Otaman State, at first, decides not to give any chance to the organizations which struggle for ‘freedom’************************. This decision is both for to calm down the great nations and to give a thought that a solution to these matters is aimed. Montenegro wants to carry this attitdue of Otoman who is late to abondon Gusinye and Plave, to the international platform. b- Being Sent of Mehmet Ali Pasha’ and Nasihat Heyeti Otoman State sent Mehmet Ali Pasha to the region in order to pasify Kosovo Albanians by giving advices to them, to make studies in order to make them unarmed and to give the lands to Sırbia and Montenegro according to the articles of Berlin Pact††††††††††††††††††††††††. On the other hand Mehmet Ali Pasha announced to the Prince of Montenegro for his being appointed to the region as superintended of police‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡. In addition, Mehmet Ali Pasha§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§, who will determine the borders of Ottoman - Montenegro to the Kosovo, meet with the governor and president of Albania and try to tell the aims and orders of the Ottoman State*************************. Mehmet Ali Pasha who meet the governors of Đşkodra, Debre, Priştine, Đpek, Yakova and the other provinces in Prizen tell them that, Gusinyeli Ali Pasha’s acts are not wright and this Albanian alliance force should be seperated urgently†††††††††††††††††††††††††. Mehmet Ali Pasha goes from Prizen to Yakova and he causes about two thousand Albanian to meet in 6th of September. At that time, he is shot at Abdullah Pasha’s mansion‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡. The soldiers with Mehmet Ali Pasha who are almost composed of Albanians, avoid shooting to their own citizens§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§. Albanians, with the leadership of governor *********************** Yıldız Perakende Evrâkı Arzuhal ve Jurnaller (YPRK AZJ), 1/25. BOA, Yıldız Hususi (YAHUS), 162/81. ‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡ BOA, YAHUS, 162/103. §§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§ Prominent people of Cosova, Debre, Pristine, Prizren, Uskup, Yenipazar, Yonya, Ergiri, and Berat Sanjaks gathered in Maraş Tekke. BOA, YPRK MYD, 2/1-3-4. ************************ BOA, Yıldız Parakende Başkitabet (YPRK BŞK), 2/36. †††††††††††††††††††††††† Fahir Armaoğlu; 19th century history of politics 1789 – 1914, TTK Ank. 2003, p. 540. ‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡ BOA, ĐMMS, 59/2772, Mehmet Ali Pasha was known as Maxhari Ali Pasha in Albaniç. Peter Bartl; Albanian Muslims during national independence struggles. Trans. Ali Taner, Bedir Yay Đst.1998 page 203. §§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§ Born in Prution Brandeburg, Mehmet Ali Pasha raan away to Istanbul when he was 15 and became a Muslim. After he graduated from military school, Mehmet Ali Pasha commanded the Tuna west army with the rank of Muşir in 1875. Mehmet Ali Pasha was appointed as the second Murahhas with Karato dori Pasha in Berlin treaty. Süleyman Külçe Albania in otoman history. Izmir 1944 page 257. Mehmet Ali Pasha is the grandfather of poet Nazım Hikmet. ************************* BOA, Foreign ministry politics parts (HR,SYS), 126/22. ††††††††††††††††††††††††† BOA,YPRK.A, 2/10. ‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡ Süleyman Külçe, Đbid pages 257. §§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§ Ali Fuad Türkgeldi; Mesâil-i Mühimme-i Siyâsiyye, TTK, Ankara 1987, p. 137; Peter Bartl; ibid, p. 203. ††††††††††††††††††††††† 460 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo of Yakova killed Mehmet Ali Pasha and Abdullah Pasha**************************, as they think that they betray their thoughts††††††††††††††††††††††††††. While Albanians go well together, Prince Nikola wants Podgoriçe and Đşboz Castles to be given to Montenegro in his telegraph‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡. Montenegro Governor declared with his order to Bab-ı Ali that, if the lands are not un-settled in ten days, Montenegro army will enter Gosine§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§. Before the Montenegro governors negotiate the matter of Gosine and Plave’s abandonment, solving by the European Commission is thought***************************. Bab-ı Ali tells the Muslim citizens to abandon the lands. There will be given lands in Đşkodra, Manastır and the villages in Kosovo to the citizens who are volunteer to migrate and they’ll not pay any tax†††††††††††††††††††††††††††. It is clear that the crime of Mehmet Ali Pasha proved Albanians being decided in the matters of Gosine and Plave. It is not seen easy for both Albanians and Montenegro citizens to give up armed struggle by advice. The insisted attitudes of Montenegro makes the situations hard. It shouldn’t be forgotten that Mehmet Ali Pasha is one of the people who has signature in the Berlin Pact‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡. And this is one of the reason why Albanians feel anger to Mehmet Ali Pasha so much. The crime of Mehmet Ali Pasha makes Montenegro anxious. Montenegro starts to act to enter Gosine. Gosine people even start any preparation for the defense. When it is heard that Albanians in Đpek and Yakova go to region in large numbers for to defense, in order not to make the situation hard, the governor of monastery and 3rd army commander Müşir Ahmet Muhtar Pasha is sent to Gosine, immediately. If it is not possible to go there, he wants to go to Prizen§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§. It is a fact of Abdulhamid’s being silent towards the Kosovo Albanians. With this reason Abdülhamid can find an excuse to great countries why the lands, which should be given to Montenegro, are not abandoned****************************. As the offer of the lands where Albanians live, should be united isn’t accepted by the government, Albanians arm approximately 10.000 people. With the management of Ali Pasha by uniting 12 flags, they attack Anderviça Church. While Montenegro is announcing his anxiety first with the help of Russia and then the other great states, at the same time with the management of Mark Milan, attacks to Ali Pasha with for about 10-15 thousand people and turned to apply the articles of Berlin Pact. Ali Pasha who is supported by Albanians from the Ipek, Gaç, Kristic, and in Pepic and Nisnik collide with Montenegro in bloody wars††††††††††††††††††††††††††††. On 4th December 1879, in spite of Ottoman State, Kosovo Albanians and the Montenegro People who do not want to give their lands, come face to face in Novic – Velika. The Albanians with the leadership of Ali Pasha, fights against the Montenegro Army, and forced them to go up to Andrijevica. Upon losing the battle, Montenegro people become aware of the difficulty of occupying Gusine and Plave by force‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡. In conclusion, the Ottoman Albanians, living in the lands abandoned to Montenegro, are decisive not to give their lands. At this point there are to alternatives to be done. First one is, to persuade the Albanians, the second one is to convince the great states to accept another alternative. As the other ones except these can cause new divisions and wars. At this point the most peaceful way, admonition, is chosen. ************************** A great rage occured among the Albanians against Mehmet Ali Pasha. However later, this hostility vanished and the tomb of Mehmet Ali Pasha was transformed in to a turbe Süleyman kani irtem. Macedonia issue Temel Yayınları, Istanbul 1999, p. 132. †††††††††††††††††††††††††† Nicolae Jorga: History of Ottoman Empire Yeditepe Yayınları. Trans.: Nilüfer Epçeli. After he was wounded, Mehmet Ali Pasha`s head was separated from his body and put on a stick. It was showed for three days. A tomb was made for him in 1897. Süleyman Külçe, Đbid, page 259. ‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡ BOA, Yıldız Esas Evrakı (YEE), 100 /1. §§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§ Ali Fuad Turkgeldi; Đbid, p. 137. *************************** BOA,YAHUS, 160/28. ††††††††††††††††††††††††††† Peter Bartl; Đbid. p. 204. ‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡ Süleyman Külçe; Đbid, p. 260. §§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§ Ali Fuad Türkgeldi; Đbid, p. 137. **************************** However, these societies are known to have an important role in establishing the Albanian Kingdom. Mustafa L. Bilge “Albania”, TDVIA, V: 3 ist 1991, page 386. †††††††††††††††††††††††††††† Süleyman Külçe: Đbid 247-248. ‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡ Peter Bartl: Đbid page 204. 461 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo On the other hand, Montenegro Prince announces, if Kosovo Muslims surrender, they will be behaved humanly, but if not, he declared they’ll be behaved unjustly§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§. Montenegro general Bojo Petroviç claims that, Kosovo people in Gusinje and Plave are directly supported by Babı-ali and Ahmet Muhtar Pasha gives 500 riffles and a lot of ammunition to Gusinyeli Ali Pasha*****************************. As for new events strike out, Ottoman’s attention should be taken in a proper way before it is too late†††††††††††††††††††††††††††††. Also Ahmet Muhtar Pasha’s being sent to the region again doesn’t make it possible to gain not the Kosovo Albanians but Albanian Albanians‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡. Ahmet Muhtar Pasha aims to accept his advises to Albanians for not to shed blood in vain and give up rebellion, so he’ll do this with words instead of using force. Ahmet Muhtar Pasha says to Albanians that, whose lands are given to Montenegro people, you can immigrate to Prizen, Kosovo, Đşkodra, Manastır and Ergiri and you’ll be settled to farms in these lands, you’ll be given seeds and machines for agriculture. Even it is said that they are free from tax for a few years, finding a solution to the matter with advise and peace method doesn’t work§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§. c- Italy’s mediation instead of Gusinye and Plave Gruda, Klemendi and Hot’s being given to Montenegro: Kont Corti Pact Montenegro delegate Voyvoda Gabroye is in Đstanbul and he urgently wants to go his hometown. The reason is it is understood that as because of the article of Gusinye, Montenegro people want to start a war. The transmission of some materials to the region is started. Prince Nicola send the message to abandon Gusinye in 34 days, if not so Montenegro army’ll enter Gusinye. Also Montenegro who sent nato to great states send their complaints. He wants Ottoman State to pay 2 billion Frank as indemnity and up to fulfill the articles of Berlin Pact completely, he declares that he seizures the possessions of the Muslims who immigrate from the lands which are abandoned to Montenegro******************************. Ottomans effect on Albanians becomes lesser as; Mehmet Ali Pasha’s being killed who is sent to Albania to find a solution and then instead of him Ahmet Muhtar Pasha’s been sent and his struggles come out with no result. It should be declared that; Mostly, Italy interests the national development in Albania. As Italy, who afraid of the situation, knows Austria has potential to interfere in Albania, so immediately in the side of the problems being solved between Ottoman State and Montenegro. How earlier it is solved, much better it will be††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††. After Albanians reacted for Gusinye and Pleve’s been given to Montenegro, on 2nd April in 1880 the member countries’ leaders of Berlin Pact start to think about the matter. Italian representative Kont Corti who mediates between Ottoman and Montenegro, offers to give Gruda, Hot and Klemendi instead of Gusinye and Plave, because Gruda, Hot and Klemendi are mostly formed by Catholic Albanians. Finally, it is accepted to leave Hot, Gruda and Klemendi to Montenegro. According to the treatment called Kont Corti‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡; 1- Border starts from Vakroçi up to the lake. It passes the lake and goes between the Kasrati and Hoti Lakes, then passes the top of Tuzi and Hoti Mountains and reaches the River of Zam. It goes through the river of Zam and climb foot of Goliş and following the tops of Yenzika Mountain by passing the Vermos Valley reach the top of the Stovica Mountain. The border passing from the top of Libovica Zerintin ends with by leaving Kerya to Montenegro and Okra Plantya to Ottoman State. 2- These lands will be abandoned 10 days after the treaty. §§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§ BOA, YAHUS, 163/30. ***************************** Beitullah Destani (Ed.) “Mr. Kirby Green to Marques of Salisbury 17 January 1880 Cettinje” Montenegro: Political And Ethnic Boundaries 1840–1920, Volume I, Cambridge University Press Archive Editions, Wilts 2001 UK, p. 640. ††††††††††††††††††††††††††††† BOA, Yıldız Perakende Evrakı Elçilik, Şehbenderlik Ve Ataşemiliterlik (YPRKEŞA), 2/11. ‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡ Armaoğlu; Đbid, p. 540. §§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§ Ali Fuat Türkgeldi; Đbid, p. 138; BOA, Đradeler Meclis-i Mahsus (ĐMMS), 66 /3104. ****************************** Ali Fuat Türkgeldi; Đbid, p. 138. †††††††††††††††††††††††††††††† Armaoğlu Đbid page 540-541. ‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡ For the whole text of the treaty look at Ali Fuat Turkgeldi; Đbid, page 353-356. 462 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo 3- 24 hours before the evacuation Montenegro informs Podgorica Commanders, so that Ottoman Commanders can pass at that hour. After the evacuation, Ottoman State does not be responsible with the events in these abandoned lands. 4- People keep remaining their possessions in these abandoned lands. But it is told by the Sultan, who wants to immigrate should already tell where they want from Ciftligat-ı Hümayun in Kosovo and Monastery. Nikola, the Prince of Montenegro accepts the treaty and via Ambassador of Cetine sends his thanks to II. Abdulhamid. With the help of a published declaration§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§, the matter, between the Foreign Minister of Ottoman Sava Pasha and Charge of the Affairs of Montenegro Gavro Vaucovitch, is solved on 12th of April. So that, the border is determined with the leadership of Kont Corti and the treaty which carries the same name with him. It is accepted by the states and which have signatures in the Berlin Pact, and it is made valid in a protocol on 18th of April*. On May 1880, Iskodra’s governor and commander sends a notification to Đzzet Pasha in order to make Albanians abandon Tuz and Hot†. As it is understood from the articles, Christian Albanians are shown the possible element for giving Hot, Grude and Klemend instead of Gosine and Pleve. That is; It is supposed that, Christian Albanians do not have any matter with Christian Montenegro Citizens. Nothing happens as Kont Corti has foresighted. When the citizens of Hot and Gruda receives such an information, they start to act and 26 people composed of olds and the leaders of aşiret, sends Kirby Green a letter and express that they give a signal of resistance by saying ‘they will fight till the last drop their blood’‡. The citizens of Hot, Gruda Ksatrat, Đşkirek and Repol declare that they’ll struggle with Montenegro people, so reacted to the decision and on 4th April they send an article to representatives of the six states. In this article by protesting the occupation; ‘For centuries we are devoted to our Sultan with obedience and faith. We are proud as we live our independence. We’ll fight everybody whoever changes our situation.’§ The leaders of tribes in Hot, Gruda and Klemendi come together and with ‘Besa Oath’∗ they give the signals of they’ll struggle. Telegraphs are send to Đşkodra, Prizen, Đpek, Yakova, Debre, Elbasan and Tirana and asked for help**. They sent a manifesto to II. Abdulhamid on 10th April 1880 and again they take their desire of autonomy to agenda. II. Abdulhamid refused their offer. Abdulhamid do not completely refuse the Albanians by not accepting their autonomy offer. He sends a telegraph to Albanians with aiming to show favors. In his telegraph he says he knows how Albanians are devoted to himself††. He expressed his good feelings to them and even giving a small portion of land gives sorrow to him but they do that because of the forceful effect of the policy. If the Albanians who have faith to Ottoman State, and love their religion and state, should leave Hot and Klemendi to the Karadağ Government. If the citizens cease from their rights in these lands, they’ll be given some lands and inhabitances in Ciflikat-ı Humayun which has the same value‡‡. They will be exempt from some responsibilities§§. So they’ll keep themselves, Albanians and also Ottoman State from a great danger. If they insist on not abandoning Hot and Klemendi, they cause danger for the state and warns them by saying you come face to face God’s and his own torture. He gives morale to §§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§ Armaoğlu, Đbid page 540-541. According to our research Hot Gruda, Klemendi and virmoş valley are the places that were intended to leave to Montenegro with the treaty of cant Corti. For the whole text of treaty signed by Düvel-i Muazzama Murahhas Look at Ali Fuat Turkgeldi; Đbid page 357 Beitullah Destani; Đbid V.2 page 65-67 * BOA, YPRK BŞK, 2/71. † Süleyman Külçe; Đbid, p. 261. ‡ § Beitullah Destani ; Đbid, Volume I, s 628-629. Peter Bartl; Đbid, p. 205. ∗ Besa, an Albanian word, means Albanian swearing. At the same time, it means the treaty made between the bloody hostiles through swearing. Ottoman language dictionary “Besa” ** Süleyman Külçe; Đbid, p. 261. †† Abdin Temizer: Ottoman-Montenegro border disagreements and solution, On dokuz Mayıs University, SBE unissued master`s thesis, consultant Ass. Prof. Mucize Ünlü. ‡‡ Ali Fuat Turkgeldi; Đbid page, 146 §§ YAHUS, 164/57, 17 ca 1297, (27.04.1880). 463 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo Albanians whose lands are given to Montenegro by saying ‘you’ll gain the lands again with the help of God and Our Prophet which you have to abandon, don’t lose your hope.’*** According to Corti Treaty by considering the borders between Ottoman and Montenegro†††, it is started to the solution of the matter and carrying out the articles of the barter. Also the military and material needs for the evacuation are provided‡‡‡. Ghazi Ahmet Muhtar Pasha demands soldiers in order to fight against the terrorists§§§. He gives the order of making Albanians accept the border which is determined in Corti Traty by advise if not with help of soldiers by force. It is explained that they’ll be given lands from Hümayun farms and other places. Besides, in order not to cause any problem it is desired what need to do****. But, Albanians tell Ferik Necip Pasha that they’ll not accept the advice committee††††. In conclusion, at least Ottoman State tries to give a sense of faith to treaty and ready to do what’s necessary, it is not easy to solve the problem. It comes out that the plan that Italy puts forward with great hopes doesn’t work. The insistent acts of Albanians require to think Berlin Pact, again. In the region Abdulhamid’s struggles to find a peaceful solution is in vain because of Albanians an insistent thought. d- England’s Efforts, Ülgün’s Exchange With Gusinye and Plava Upon the Kont Corti Treaty is out of use, a solving plan is put forward by England. The article comes forth,as before European ambassadors give a note to Ottoman, if the submission of the lands ,which are determined in Berlin Pact, are not taken in, it is thought to give Ülgün instead of these lands. As it is known by the Albanians that it impossible to abandon that note which is published August 1878, different alternatives are applied‡‡‡‡. In 2 years time, liberal party is in power. The leadership is done by William Gladstone who is known with his Turk hostility. A great deal of changes occur in England’s political aspects about Turkey. This worries Abdulhamid§§§§. The prime minister of England Gladstone makes great efforts to protect the rights of the small countries especially Montenegro*****. But this offer is given up since it may cause a new crisis in the Balkans. In short, with Glindstone period England’s policy changes towards Ottoman. It is a period of breaking Ottoman State instead of protecting it†††††. In Kont Corti Treatment which is done with Italy’s moderation on 12th April 1880, England’s Foreign Affairs Minister Lord Grandville‡‡‡‡‡ who seen Ottoman State responsible with the problems, prepares an offer pack and present it to great countries which consists of Montenegro’s legal wishes§§§§§. Gladstone, who declares that carrying out some articles of Berlin Pact is a European crisis, wishes for from the six states to give a memorandum to Ottoman State via their ambassadors. Gladstone wants to be carried out the agreements in Montenegro and Greece and he puts forward Albanians to be given autonomy. The agreement is send via the ambassadors to Babı-Ali on 11th June 1880******. It is also added that Ottoman himself will responsible from the bad results delaying to carrying out the agreement††††††. Ottoman is accused of not pertaining the Kont Corti Pact and ignoring Albanian’s invasion of the lands, which are given to Montenegro. On the memorandums which Ambassadors of the great states one by one give to Babı-ali, it is also expressed that Ottoman will be responsible *** Ali Fuat Türkgeldi; Đbid, p. 146-146. BOA, YPRK UM, 1/102. ‡‡‡ BOA, YPRK.KOM, 2/75. §§§ BOA, YEE, 147/12. **** BOA, YEE, 101/16. †††† BOA, YAHUS, 164/160. ‡‡‡‡ BOA, YEE, 101/15. §§§§ Britain, having pursued a “Turcophil” policy was highly agitated because of the otoman attitude during Bulgarian revolt. The British public turned against Turks after Gladstone published “Bulgarian Horrors and the question of the East” and issued 200 thousand copies. M.S Anderson Đbid, page 221-184. ***** Joan Haslip; Unknown Soultan IInd Abdulhamid, IQ Kültür Sanat Yay. Ist. 2001 Trans: Nejdet Öztürk, page 190. ††††† Armaoğlu; Đbid, p. 541. ‡‡‡‡‡ Ali Fuat Türkgeldi; Đbid, p. 144. §§§§§ BOA, YAHUS, 164/83. ****** BOA, YAHUS, 165/22. †††††† Ali Fuat Türkgeldi; Đbid, p. 144. ††† 464 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo for any conflict between Albanians and Montenegro and it is wished Corti Pact to be applied‡‡‡‡‡‡. Because of the unavoidable resistance of Kosovo Albanians in in Gusinye and Pleve, England declares that Montenegro and Ottoman should come together immediately to solve the problem. They come together in Berlin and discuss with the matters Montenegro and Greece on 16th June 1880§§§§§§. England’s Cabinet finds an alternative solution to the border matter between Ottoman and Montenegro on 26th of 1880. For this reason; these lands should be abandoned to Montenegro, which are Hot and Grode lands between Adriatic Sea and Iskodra which comprises Ülgün and upto the river Boyona. In order to lessen the reactions of the Albanians it is offered to establish an autonomic Albanian State which is again connected to the Ottoman, but it is refused. Instead of this, it is wished some means to some extend satisfy the legal inclinations of Albanians and give them some administrational discriminations*******. In spite of all the facts, Ottoman State prefers Corti Pact to 26th June offer. It insists on carrying out these decisions as it’ll be better for Ottoman State to carry out the responsibilities in Corti Pact on 18th April. Because as it is seen if these are not carried out, great states don’t mind Montenegro’s invading Ülgün†††††††. On 18th August Abidin Pasha gives a reply to representatives of six states and he wants border determination Agreements to be organized. Also he declares that he prefers Ülgün’s being abandon instead of Gosine and Plave. Because of England’s Gladstone policy six states send Ülgün a navy. Ottoman State who knows using force results in bad consequences and this is not true for religious and political morals, force his own citizens to bind a government which they don’t want‡‡‡‡‡‡‡. The navy reached to Ülgün on September 1880 and spends about 2 months there§§§§§§§. This is only a kind of warning and threat. As it is ordered to captains not to shoot. This threats works and Albanians, who do not want to give Ülgün to Montenegro starts to resist. Ottoman State’s unhurried actions and instead of forcing Albanians, trials of convincing them delay Ülgün’s being abandoned. England becomes angry about Ottoman’s these inconsiderate attitudes and offers to invade Đzmir with Russia and Italy. Gladstone’s this offer is refused by Germany, Austria and France********. Abdulhamid doesn’t believe that they will give an end to the navy show, which is given after ülgün abandoned. He says; the aim of great nations is to make Ottoman state just a land, for this reason it is difficult to take a written guarantee††††††††. So, it stated that instead of gosine and plave, ülgün can be abandoned in certain conditions‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡. In Berlin Pact the possessions and religions are already taken under guarantee§§§§§§§§. The reason of Abdulhamid’s wish to take such a guarantee is the obligations of the six states, which make a navy show, and the worry about the Yanya matter*********. Ottoman State, with the decision of Meclis-I Vükela gives Rıza Pasha an order and for this reason††††††††† Rıza Pasha immediately goes to the region with a six battalion soldier on 10th October ‡‡‡‡‡‡ Ali Fuat Türkgeldi; Đbid, p. 358. Armaoğlu; Đbid, p. 541. ******* For the whole text of the passage look at Ali Fuat Türkgeldi; Đbid page 364 Darkot, Đbid article, page 227. ††††††† BOA, YEE, 101/23. ‡‡‡‡‡‡‡ For the whole text of the document look at Ali Fuat Türkgeldi: Đbid page 368-369. §§§§§§§ Francis Seymour Stevenson; A History Of Montenegro, Elibron Classics, London 2005, p. 202; BOA, YPRK ASK, 4/49. ******** BOA, YPRK. ASK, 4/36; Constantine A. Chekrezi, Đbid page 53; The six country fleet anchored to Dubrounik consisted of 3 french, 2 British, 2 Austrain, 2 Đtalian, 1 Russian and 1 German ships. Peter Bantl; Đbid page 207-208, Armeoğlu; Đbid page 542. †††††††† Soultan IInd Abdulhamit Han. “Detect” V.2 memleket görüşlerim, çağır yay. Đst. 1976, p. 76-77. ‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡ BOA, YEE, 76/83. §§§§§§§§ BOA, YPRK HR, 5/35. ********* Ali Fuat Türkgeldi; Đbid, p. 157. ††††††††† BOA, YEE, 101/29. §§§§§§ 465 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo 1880‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡. On the other hand the time is up which is stated by Admiral Simon to give Ülgün§§§§§§§§§. These decisions are prepared by Meclis-I Vükela********** and they are presented to great nations††††††††††. Ottoman State decides to use force to Albanians for to abandon Ülgün and sends Müşir Derviş Pasha as the magnificent commandor who is in Selonika, in order to send Albanian forces out of Ülgün‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡. Dervis Pasha with 1300 soldiers come to the Ülgün by using Istanbul and Mecidiye Ships§§§§§§§§§§. Upon this order, Dervis Pasha comes from Đskodra to Ülgün with Ottoman soldiers and gives an end to rebellion by using force on 23rd November 1880. With the demand of an officer from Montenegro, an agreement is prepared with Ottoman officer Bedri Bey and Montenegro citizens entered Ülgün*********** at the night of connecting 26th to 27th November in 1880†††††††††††. At the same night Düvel-i Sitte‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡ ambassadors are informed by Asım Pasha and the navy’s showing of is ended on 5th December 1880§§§§§§§§§§§. In conclusion, it is given to Montenegro instead of Ülgün, Gosine and Plave which are composed mostly of Albanian Muslims. The effects of this barter, which is done by taking the support of all the great nations, continue for a long time. An existing problem is solved but it causes many other ones. As it is understood, the lands, which are given to Montenegro indirectly triggers the independence of Albanians. The Albanian lands, which are lying on the connection line of Ottoman and Montenegro are given to Montenegro after the Berlin Pact. Although Ottoman State doesn’t want to this, with the force of great nations these lands are given and Albanians are bartered. This causes a disappointment among Albanians which lasts long years. e- The Determination of Montenegro’s Border and Göksu Pact Gosine and Pleve keep on binding to Kosovo Province. But the problem is where will be the border passes. Montenegro doesn’t want to abandon some of the villages in Gosine where they occupy as Ottoman gives Ülgün to Montenegro************. Also they don’t contend a new agreement††††††††††††. Ottoman offers a new and unusual recommendation in order to solve the matter. It is absolutely certain that Albanians do not want to abandon their lands to Montenegro. But it is necessary from one side to step back. Otherwise the matter can become long lasting and again an international conflict. Ottoman offers Nikola if he gives up the insisting on the lands on Tuz region, he’ll be given a scar, and some of his debts to Ottoman State will be ignored‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡. In order to conclude the border studies on 19-31st August, some meetings are held between Prince Nikola, Nusret Pasha, who is the representative of Ottoman State, in Göksu town. Prince pleases from the meetings and expresses his thanks§§§§§§§§§§§§. There occur some conflicts during the meetings held by the representatives of the two states in Lim Valley. So the problems become hard to solve. Prince Nikola and Montenegro Government’s offers do not cover each other. In order the correct the fault, Prince Nikola during his visit in Istanbul makes some meetings in Göksu Town where he stays as a guest. At the end of these meetings and exchanging of ideas, which are held on ‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡ Nuray Bozbora: Albania under otoman control and development of Albanian nationalism, Đstanbul, 1997, p. 200-202. BOA, YPRK PT, 1/31, 18 za 1297 (23.10.1880). ********** BOA, YEE, 100/39. †††††††††† BOA, YEE, 100/43; According to this, 1.States will give up fleet shows, 2.Inhabitants of the abondoned towns will be protected in terms of religion, residence, legal rights. 3. Rights of the Muslim and Catholic community will be guaranteed. 4. Podgorica boundary will be accepted log the states. Ali Fuat Turkgeldi; Đbid page 156; Peter Bantl; Đbid page 208. ‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡ Süleyman Kocabaş; Đbid, s 170; Darkot; Aynı makale, p. 227. §§§§§§§§§§ Peter Bartl; Đbid, p. 209. *********** BOA, YEE, 101/66. ††††††††††† BOA, YEE, 101/61. ‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡ BOA, YPRK KOM, 2/87. §§§§§§§§§§§ Ali Fuat Türkgeldi; Đbid, p. 166. ************ BOA, YPRK UM, 5/104. †††††††††††† BOA, YPRK UM, 5/103. ‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡ BOA, Đrade-i Dahili (ĐDH), 1295/-3 /102094. §§§§§§§§§§§§ BOA, YAHUS, 174/66. §§§§§§§§§ 466 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo between 19-31 August 1883, Prince Nikola, Montenegro Foreign Affairs Minister M. Radonic and Nusret Pasha, who is the representative of Ottoman State, reach these decisions;************* The Places in Lim Valley and under Montenegro’s management will be abandoned to Montenegro. Prince will leave all the places, which are not invaded or belonged to Montenegro, to Devlet-i Aliye whether they are Christian or not. Villages are determined with the borders of the towns. As between in Sisko, Jezero and Moikovach the places, which verified in Berlin Pact, become exceptions. On the decided border line, Montenegro and Devlet-I Aliye superintendent of polices make determination studies together†††††††††††††. For this reason, Prince Nikola expresses his thanks to Babı-Ali for their good thoughts and attitudes‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡. Göksu pact is a very important progress. It is seen as a good step to lessen the conflicts even if it doesn’t finish them. After the pact is signed, the necessary instruction is given to Mustafa Asım Pasha§§§§§§§§§§§§§. With the determination of Montenegro, Ottoman officers Mustafa Asım ( Brana Head superintendent of police ), Đsmail Hakkı, Ahmet Tahir, Bedrettin and Sabri Bey continue to decide undetermined parts of the borders of Gosine – Plave and Montenegro – Ottoman in 1884**************. Another determination study of border is in Ülgün–Pilaninçe (Planintiza). In order to determine the Ottoman – Montenegro border in its last form, G. Vooucovitch, Istanbul Montenegro Charge of the affairs, sends a memorandum to Ottoman Delegates,Müşir Derviş and Nusret Pasha. In the memorandum it is foreseen to interfere to the Christians in Berane††††††††††††††. Charge of the Affairs of Montenegro and Ottoman representatives Nusret Dervis Pasha and Rıza Pasha sign an agreement in order to determine the Ottoman – Montenegro border, definitely. In this agreement, particularly in Planenitza, where rebellion signs can be seen, border determination is done. According to agreement;‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡ Morino Province is given to Montenegro, Repic Province is given to Devlet-I Aliye, Rjenitza Province is given to Devlet-I Aliye, Velika Province is given to Montenegro, Mokra Planina is given to Ottoman State. In this agreement Christian Villages are given to Montenegro§§§§§§§§§§§§§§. So, Göksu Pact signed on 29 August 1883, is affirmed***************. Nikola The Prince of Montenegro is pleased from this agreement as he thinks it gives an end to the conflicts. He immediately requests Dersaadet Charge of the Affairs Gavro Voukovich to forgive the citizens of Montenegro††††††††††††††† who are in prison and soon after this request these are left free‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡. ************* BOA, YAHUS, 174/66, 30 L 1300 BOA, YAHUS, 174/66, 30 L 1300. ‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡ BOA, YAHUS, 174/66, 30 L 1300. §§§§§§§§§§§§§ BOA, Đrade-i Haricî (ĐHR), 337 /21725, 24/Z /1300 (Hicrî). ************** BOA, YAHUS, 205 /83, 29/Za/1304 (Hicrî). †††††††††††††† BOA, YEE, 109/17, 02/Z/1301. ‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡ BOA, YEE, 100/44, 11 Ra 1302. §§§§§§§§§§§§§§ Thomas Erskine Holland (e.d.); Đbid, p. 295 *************** This agreement was signed among Ibrahim Rıza Pasha, Nusrat Pasha and Montenegro Dersaadet charge d`affaires G. Voucovithe on 12th December 1884. BOA,YEE, 100/44i 11,RA 1302. ††††††††††††††† The letter,which includes the list of ten Montenegro prisoners and signed by Montenegro embassador, was presented to the soultern. ‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡ BOA, ĐDH. 958 /75775, 04/Z /1302 (Hicrî). ††††††††††††† 467 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo In conclusion, the completion of the determination of the borders causes a relaxation among the citizens. But it should be remembered that the people who do not like the completion of the determination of the borders will try to arise some incidents in order to cause some conflicts between the two countries. The Continuation of the Border Matters After leaving Ülgün to Montenegro, the determination studies are carried out between Ottoman – Montenegro officers. The members are changed from time to time and new appointments are done. We can see that up to 1882 - 1887 years, Gusinyeli Ali Pasha worked in the border determination commission. In Albanian, Ali Beg Shabanagaj is a leader who was born in Gusinye and gets military education in Istanbul. He works as a head officer in Gusinye since 1845. Also in determination of borders, he tries hard to the keep the borders utterly in Gusinye§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§. In 1883, Erkan-I Harbiye Head Officer Bedri Bey is appointed to remove the conflict in the border of the Montenegro****************. In January 1884, Mustafa Asım, Ismail Hakkı, Ahmet Tahir, Bedrettin Bey and Sabri Bey are appointed as the officer to the determination commission of Montenegro border††††††††††††††††. In 1887, the determination of Montenegro border is carried out by a mixed commission, which is composed of Gusinyeli Ali Pasha, Cetine Sefiri, charge of the Affairs of the border and an officer who is sent by Montenegro Government‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡. In 1890, Ahmet Pasha is appointed again for the determination of the border§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§. In 1905, Montenegro requests to form a commission for the determination of the borders. In 1906, with the leadership of Ferik Enver Pasha from Ottoman State and General Vukovic, National Defense Minister of Montenegro, a report is prepared*****************. After that in 1908, in order to analyze the border matter deeply, a commission is appointed as the representative of Ottoman State with the leadership of Bedri Pasha, who is the Governor of Đşkodra†††††††††††††††††. The two countries commissions continue to border determination negotiations‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡. While determining the borders, the expenses are paid by the public treasury. Salaries are given to the members of the commission. From time to time some difficulties arise and the obligation of sending the military forces to the region. Süleyman Külçe points out that, lots of people die because of the conflicts in these border matters. He also indicates that, the height of the corpsesare as long as the borders between Ottoman and Montenegro and he specifies the determination of Ottoman and Montenegro border is a very difficult task. Montenegro’s struggles to expanse and take more money makes the determination of the borders difficult and Ottoman’s patriotism makes it too long§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§. As it is seen the missions of the commissions, which determine the Ottoman – Montenegro border are carried out many years. Up the end of the Abdulhamid’ period this commission tries hard to determine Kosovo – Montenegro border. But it is a difficult task to find a solution. It can be understood from the struggles of the commissions that, the determination of the borders is not easy and they come face to face lots of difficulties. §§§§§§§§§§§§§§§ Peter Batl; Đbid, page 204, Gusinyeli Ali Pasha was originally from plve. While he was oppsed to the legality of Berlin treaty, he became famous with his revolt. He used interesting methods in fixing the borders. At once, Montenegro murahhas offered him to determine the border by using the pathway of his horse. But later, whild the protocol was being prepared, some disagrements were occured on the pathway of his horse. Süleyman Külçe; Đbid page 310. **************** BOA, YPRK ASK, 15/62. †††††††††††††††† BOA, YPRK ASK, 15/62. ‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡ BOA, Meclis-i Vâlâ (MV), 16/9. §§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§ BOA, ĐMMS, 114/4868. ***************** BOA, YEE, 100/45. ††††††††††††††††† Devleti Aliyye-i Osmaniye Đle Karadağ Hududu Tarifnamesi, Matbaa-i Askeriye, ist. 1324, p. 4-19. ‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡ BOA, MV, 162/61. §§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§ Süleyman Külçe; Đbid, p. 311. 468 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 735 Title A name given to the resource Border Matters and Border Determination Studies Between the Provinces of Montenegro and Kosovo after the Berlin Pact Author Author Babacan, Hasan Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/ac73d6da92d76b2fc9578b8bf13f3dfd.pdf ba007eb8674b0f9f962d1ea855412d1f PDF Text Text Boronizing: Radiation Shielding of Stainless Steel Iskender Akkurt Süleyman Demirel University Fen-Edebiyat Fak. Fizik Böl. Isparta-Turkey skender@fef.sdu.edu.tr Adnan Çalık Süleyman Demirel University Teknik Eğt. Fak. Makina Egt. Böl. Isparta-Turkey Hakan Akyıldırım Süleyman Demirel University Teknik Eğt. Fak. Yapı Egt. Böl. Isparta-Turkey Nazım Uçar Süleyman Demirel University Fen-Edebiyat Fak. Fizik Böl. Isparta-Turkey Abstract: Boron is an important element and about 75% of the world reserve is in Turkey and it can be used in a variety of 400 different fields. Moreover it can be used in strategic fields such as defense or nuclear technologies directly or by boronizing of materials for some different applications. In the radiation shielding besides some materials such as lead, the boronizing of the material can be used to increase radiation shielding capability. In this study the importance of the boron and its application will be detailed and application of the boronizing on the radiation shielding properties of some types of steel will be presented. Keywords: Boron, radiation shielding, stainless steel Introduction Boron is a black, lustrous material and conducts electricity like a metal at high temperatures and is almost an insulator at low temperatures. It was first isolated in 1808 by heating boron oxide (B2O3) with potassium metal. The elemental boron is widely used to increase hardness in steel and also used in the nonferrous-metals industry, generally as a deoxidizer, in copper-base alloys and in aluminum castings to refine the grain. It is estimated that about 75% of the known boron reserves of the World are in Turkey. On the other hand the only 22% of the boron based production are produced in Turkey. The boron can be used in a variety of 400 different fields such as kitchen staff, defense sector and also agriculture. Radiation always exists in our environment due to the natural and man-made sources and this is called background radiation. Especially after development of the technology man-made radiation has significantly increased. Thus the radiation protection became an important subject in nuclear science. The basic rule for the radiation protections is time, distances and shielding and the latest one is a most commonly used methods. Although heavy metals such as lead have been used for this purpose, an alternative method would be investigated. Boron can be an alternative for radiation shielding and boronizing of the materials used in radiation shielding can be used to improve radiation shielding properties. In this study radiation shielding properties of the boronized steel has been investigated. Materials and Methods Besides utilization of boron itself, boronizing is the most commonly used technology in different fields. Boronizing processes is an important technology and different types of samples have being boronized in Suleyman Demirel University Technical Faculty laboratory for different purposes (Calık et al. 2007). This is achieved in a solid medium using the powder pack method where a commercial Ekabor-II boron source and activator (ferro-silicon) were mixed. The packed samples are heated in an electrical furnace for required period (usually several hours) at about 1000 oK under atmospheric pressure. After the bonding process the samples is cooled at a rate of 15 °C/min to room temperature before removal from the chamber. The samples are sectioned from one side and prepared metallographically up to 1200-grid emery paper and then polished, using 0.3-Am alumina pastes. 292 �For the radiation shielding properties, the linear attenuation coefficients have been measured using gamma spectrometer system (Akkurt et al. 2004, Akkurt et al. 2006, Akkurt et al. 2008). In the system NaI(Tl) detector connected to Multi-Channel-Analyzer (MCA). Gamma rays have been obtained from the 137Cs and 60Co sources. Those produce 0.662 and 1.17, 1.332 MeV energy. Results and Discussions The linear attenuation coefficients (µ) of steel were measured at the photon energies of 0.66, 1.17 and 1.332 MeV obtained from 137Cs and 60Co γ-ray sources respectively. This measurement has been performed before and after boronizing. This is displayed in Figure 1 where it can clearly be seen that the boronizing processes increased linear attenuation coefficients. Figure 1. Linear attenuation coefficients for boronized and unboronized steel References Akkurt I. et al. 2004 "The photon attenuation coefficients of barite, marble and limra" Annals of Nuclear Energy 31,577-582 Akkurt I. et al. 2006 "Radiation shielding of concretes containing different aggregates" Cement and Concrete Composites, 28-2,153-157 Akkurt I. et al. 2008 "The effect of boronizing on the radiation shielding properties of steel" Z.Naturfors. A 63a, 445-447 Çalık A. et al. 2007 "Mechanical Properties of Boronized Fe-0.94%Mn Binary Alloy" Z.Naturfors. A 62a, 545-548 Çalık A. et al. 2008 "Specimen geometry effect on the mechanical properties of AISI 1040 steeel" Z.Naturfors. A 63a, 448452 293 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 443 Title A name given to the resource Boronizing: Radiation Shielding of Stainless Steel Author Author AKKURT, İskender Çalık, Adnan Akyıldırım, Hakan Uçar, Nazım Abstract A summary of the resource. Boron is an important element and about 75% of the world reserve is in Turkey and it can be used in a variety of 400 different fields. Moreover it can be used in strategic fields such as defense or nuclear technologies directly or by boronizing of materials for some different applications. In the radiation shielding besides some materials such as lead, the boronizing of the material can be used to increase radiation shielding capability. In this study the importance of the boron and its application will be detailed and application of the boronizing on the radiation shielding properties of some types of steel will be presented. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed Q Science (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/a37a6ede96ac4a79aee9ea3e6402597b.pdf a8965b7708bdefb0b506315794bc2349 PDF Text Text BİLDİRİ ÖZETLERİ - UTEK 2014 şekilleri diğer ağız bölgeleriyle karşılaştırmalı olarak ortaya konulmaya çalışılacaktır. DİVAN ŞAİRİ KAZAK-ZÂDE İBRAHİM TÂ'IB'IN KOŞMALARI EROL GÜNDÜZ Inönü Üniversitesi, Malatya / Türkiye Anahtar Kelimeler: Kazak-zâde İbrahim Tâ’ib, divan şiiri, halk şiiri, hece ölçüsü, koşma ÖZET Kazak-zâde İbrahim Tâ’ib, 1794’te Malatya’da doğmuş, iki Türkçe divanı olan Klasik Türk Edebiyatının son şairlerinden biridir. İbrahim Tâ’ib, divan şiiri geleneğini benimsemiş, her iki divanında da ağırlıklı olarak bu tarzda eserler vermiş; aynı zamanda halk şiirine de ilgi duymuş bir şairdir. Divanlarında heceyle gazel örnekleri vermiş, ayrıca bilinen tek nüshası Almanya-Berlin Millî Kütüphane Ms.or.oct.2171 numarada kayıtlı birinci divanında sekiz tane koşma yazmıştır.Bu sempozyumda, halk şiiri-divan şiiri etkileşiminin güzel örneklerinden olan ve henüz üzerinde çalışma yapılmamış bu divanda geçen koşmaları tanıtacağız. BORROWING AS A LINGUISTIC OUTCOME OF LANGUAGE CONTACT ETYMOLOGY OF COLOUR TERMS IN TURKISH Lola TÜRKER International Burch University / Bosna Hersek Anahtar Kelimeler: Borrowing, Language Contact, Colour Terms in Turkish. ABSTRACT There are universals in semantics of color in (probably) all languages (Berlin and Kay 1969). However, semantics of color may show varieties from one 160 �BİLDİRİ ÖZETLERİ - UTEK 2014 culture to another depending on factors such as, life-style, climate, history, and socio-political circumstances. Languages in their turn carry traces of all historical changes and socio-cultural development, resulted as a contact with other cultures and languages. Semantics of color terms in Turkish, which this paper explores, presents a wide variety of etymological development which parallels the socio-cultural developments of that period, together with political and demographic factors have led to the linguistic change. The radical changes in the Turkish language mainly emerge after Turks come into contact with other cultures and religions, the most significant among which, their converting to Islam in 7th century. By 10th century, Turks have mainly accepted Islamic culture and shaped their social lives according to Islamic criteria. This significant change in its turn influenced the language, the main source of literature. Taken into account the structural changes in Ottoman Turkish, it can be observed that they appear as a result of contact with Islamic culture and therefore with Arabic and Persian. This exploratory work addresses only basic color terms in which the case of phonological changes and borrowings in color etymology are traced from Proto-Turkic to Modern Turkish period, paying special attention to language contact phenomenon and its linguistic outcomes. In order to carry out this study, online edition of Nişanyan Etymological Dictionary of Turkish Language has been used. Data has been retrieved from online web site of the dictionary (http://www.nisanyansozluk.com). By tracing the etymology of basic color terms in Turkish: black, white, red, yellow, green and blue, it is attested that four, out of six basic color words used in Modern Turkish today, have been borrowed from Arabic or Persian. This can be explained as a case of cultural diffusion and language contact of Turkish with those languages. Although Turkish has been in the spin of change all throughout its history, most of the changes took place starting from Middle Turkic period, and the highest number of borrowings are incorporated during the Ottoman Turkish period. Not only lexical features and vocabulary, but also structural and morphological elements of other languages are adopted into Ottoman Turkish. 161 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2683 Title A name given to the resource BORROWING AS A LINGUISTIC OUTCOME OF LANGUAGE CONTACT ETYMOLOGY OF COLOUR TERMS IN TURKISH Author Author TÜRKER, Lola Abstract A summary of the resource. There are universals in semantics of color in (probably) all languages (Berlin and Kay 1969). However, semantics of color may show varieties from oneculture to another depending on factors such as, life-style, climate, history, and socio-political circumstances. Languages in their turn carry traces of all historical changes and socio-cultural development, resulted as a contact with other cultures and languages. Semantics of color terms in Turkish, which this paper explores, presents a wide variety of etymological development which parallels the socio-cultural developments of that period, together with political and demographic factors have led to the linguistic change. The radical changes in the Turkish language mainly emerge after Turks come into contact with other cultures and religions, the most significant among which, their converting to Islam in 7th century. By 10th century, Turks have mainly accepted Islamic culture and shaped their social lives according to Islamic criteria. This significant change in its turn influenced the language, the main source of literature. Taken into account the structural changes in Ottoman Turkish, it can be observed that they appear as a result of contact with Islamic culture and therefore with Arabic and Persian. This exploratory work addresses only basic color terms in which the case of phonological changes and borrowings in color etymology are traced from Proto-Turkic to Modern Turkish period, paying special attention to language contact phenomenon and its linguistic outcomes. In order to carry out this study, online edition of Nişanyan Etymological Dictionary of Turkish Language has been used. Data has been retrieved from online web site of the dictionary (http://www.nisanyansozluk.com). By tracing the etymology of basic color terms in Turkish: black, white, red, yellow, green and blue, it is attested that four, out of six basic color words used in Modern Turkish today, have been borrowed from Arabic or Persian. This can be explained as a case of cultural diffusion and language contact of Turkish with those languages. Although Turkish has been in the spin of change all throughout its history, most of the changes took place starting from Middle Turkic period, and the highest number of borrowings are incorporated during the Ottoman Turkish period. Not only lexical features and vocabulary, but also structural and morphological elements of other languages are adopted into Ottoman Turkish. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014-05-23 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-582X P Philology. Linguistics,PA Classical philology,PI Oriental languages and literatures,PN Literature (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/a825e1a3cd919b2be013525ee7feb10e.docx 01fbb5d75e36d8e138d831d271c76956 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/0747b118738ed954f8840b3e0ed81d76.pdf 465a24c2755f705851cd212afd3df1c2 PDF Text Text Bosansko-englesko-turska knjiga fraza A Akbarov, H Baştuğ, S Djemaili – 2011 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 3246 Title A name given to the resource Bosansko-englesko-turska knjiga fraza Author Author AKBAROV, Azamat BASTUG, Harun DJEMAILI, S Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2016 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed PE English,PR English literature https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/20854158a6ba6b69d380b85394e70cde.docx 0f6993536f76b4a37d367b9fee78cf86 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/8a9555bec3ba9d327f2f84499cb730a7.pdf 244b32f64b03fd83cc681cfe9167fd02 PDF Text Text BOSNA AĞITLARI Gülperi MEZKİT Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Türk Halkbilimi, Ankara / Türkiye Anahtar Kelimeler: Bosna, Balkanlar, Türk Halk Edebiyatı, Bosna Ağıtları. ÖZET Bosna Hersek tarihi ve jeopolitik konumu itibariyle hem Balkan tarihi hem de Osmanlı tarihi içinde önemli bir yere sahiptir. On beşinci yüzyılda Osmanlı Devletine önce sancak ardından eyalet olan Bosna bu süre boyunca Osmanlı Hükümetinin kendilerine sağlamış olduğu refah ve huzurlu ortam içinde Osmanlı Devleti’nin hem kendisine hem de ileri gelenlerine karşı samimi duygular ile bağlanmış ve bağlılıklarını da çeşitli vesilelerle ifade etme imkânı bulmuşlardır. Bu sevgi ve bağlılığın ifade bulduğu eşsiz eserlerden bazıları da ağıtlardır. Bu bildiride Bosna halkının ağıtları tarihi ve sosyal bağlamı içinde değerlendirilmiştir. Ağıtların yakılmasındaki tarihi ve sosyal conteks göz önünde bulundurularak yapılacak olan analizlerle Bosna halkının Türk halkıyla olan ebedi muhabbeti ortaya konulmaya çalışılmıştır. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2191 Title A name given to the resource BOSNA AĞITLARI Author Author MEZKİT, Gülperi Abstract A summary of the resource. Anahtar Kelimeler: Bosna, Balkanlar, Türk Halk Edebiyatı, Bosna Ağıtları. ÖZET Bosna Hersek tarihi ve jeopolitik konumu itibariyle hem Balkan tarihi hem de Osmanlı tarihi içinde önemli bir yere sahiptir. On beşinci yüzyılda Osmanlı Devletine önce sancak ardından eyalet olan Bosna bu süre boyunca Osmanlı Hükümetinin kendilerine sağlamış olduğu refah ve huzurlu ortam içinde Osmanlı Devleti’nin hem kendisine hem de ileri gelenlerine karşı samimi duygular ile bağlanmış ve bağlılıklarını da çeşitli vesilelerle ifade etme imkânı bulmuşlardır. Bu sevgi ve bağlılığın ifade bulduğu eşsiz eserlerden bazıları da ağıtlardır. Bu bildiride Bosna halkının ağıtları tarihi ve sosyal bağlamı içinde değerlendirilmiştir. Ağıtların yakılmasındaki tarihi ve sosyal conteks göz önünde bulundurularak yapılacak olan analizlerle Bosna halkının Türk halkıyla olan ebedi muhabbeti ortaya konulmaya çalışılmıştır. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-17 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2203-4548 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 947 Title A name given to the resource Bosna Halk Edebiyatındaki Sevdalinkalarda Geçen Türkçe Unsurların İncelenmesi Author Author Sasmaz, Ozcan Arslan, Mustafa Abstract A summary of the resource. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Bosna-Hersek Halk Edebiyatında önemli bir yer tutan Sevdalinka’larda geçen Türkçe unsurları belli bir sistem içerisinde incelemektir. Boşnakçada geçen Türkçe kelimelerle ilgili çalışmalar yapılmış ancak özel olarak Sevdalinkalarda geçen Türkçe unsurlar üzerine kapsamlı çalışmalar azdır. Sevdalinkalar üzerine Bosna halk edebiyatında yazılan eserler incelenmiş ve bu eserlerde geçen Türkçe kelimeler bir yöntem kapsamında sınıflandırılmıştır. Sevdalinkaların özünü oluşturan ve birçok manalar yüklenen Türkçe unsurların tespit edilmesi, bu alanda çalışma yapacaklara kaynak olacaktır. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed P Philology. Linguistics https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/f095a4adbbba9d88964573fe819fa6b6.pdf cf67d6d21c1774489b14d2935962e583 PDF Text Text BİLDİRİ ÖZETLERİ - UTEK 2014 izleri devletin hemen hemen her köşesine dayanmakla birlikte Bosna'ya kadar da uzandığını (yaptığımız araştırmalar 16. asrın sonralarına kadar) tespit edebilmekteyiz. Nasıl ki herhangi bir siyaset toplumun en önemli kısımlarını ihtiva eder, aynı şekilde Osmanlı istimâlet siyaseti de Bosna toplumunun politik, askerî, iktisadî, kültür ve dinî bölümlerine de yansımıştır. Diğer taraftan Bosna ile ilgili arşiv kaynaklarda somut olarak istimâlet kavramının bulunması nadir görülen bir hadisedir. Ancak bazılarını tespit edebildik. Buna dair Bosna sancağının 1488/89. Mufassal Tahrir Defterinde, 1099-1116\16881704. Osmanlı Tarihi başlığında bir anonim kroniğinde, Viyana Bozgunudan sonraki Saray Bosna Şer'iye Sicillerindeki örnekleri zikredebiliriz. “İnsanı yaşat ki devlet yaşasın” düsturuyla hareket eden Osmanlı hâkimiyeti bu durumu çok iyi kavramış ve istimâlet siyâseti ile de bunu genel manada başarmıştır. Hiç de homojen olmayan bir yapıya sahip olan Osmanlı hâkimiyet alanı ve toplumlar (Balkanlar gibi) Osmanlı'nın uyguladığı istimâlet siyâseti sayesinde asırlar boyunca barış ve huzur içinde beraberce yaşamayı başarmıştır. 15. ve 16. yüzyıl Bosna'sı da bu tarihi bağlamda yer alan bir bölgeyi temsil etmektedir. BOSNA HERSEK SİNEMASININ SİNEMATOGRAFİSİNDE TÜRK KÜLTÜRÜNÜN ETKİLERİ Yasemin KILINÇARSLAN Uşak Üniversitesi, Uşak / Türkiye Anahtar Kelimeler: Sinema, kent, Osmanlı kültürü, drama, senaryo. ÖZET 1992 öncesinde Yugoslavya sineması olarak adlandırılan Bosna Hersek sineması bu tarihten sonra kendi özgün film dilini yaratma arayışlarına girmiş ve ulusal bir sinema olarak uluslararası festivallerde boy göstermeye başlamıştır. Küçük bütçeli ve gelişmekte olan Bosna Hersek sineması, filmlerde savaşın bireyler üzerinde yarattığı travmaları aktarmakta ve bunlara ilişkin çözüm arayışlarına girmektedir. Ülke sineması bu anlamda Filistin sinemasında olduğu gibi yaşananları dünyaya duyurma ve görünür olma 12 �BİLDİRİ ÖZETLERİ - UTEK 2014 arzusunun görsel dille dönüşümünü temsil etmektedir. Filmsel mekanlarda Bosna Hersek vatandaşları, şehirlerine yönelik olarak sivil toplumun kentsel aidiyet ve bütünleşme çabalarını sergilemektedir. Öte yandan, filmlerin senaryoları yazınsal bir ürün olarak drama olgusundan yola çıkmakta, böylelikle Bosna Hersek sinemasının dili dramatik-trajik anlatılara dayanmaktadır. Bu anlatıların temellerinden birisi ise Türk kültürüyle ve inanç sistemiyle olan bağlantılardır. Özellikle Osmanlı’nın dörtyüzelli yıllık izlerini taşıyan Saraybosna’nın sinemasal mekan olarak kullanımı, bu sinemanın görsel dilinin Türk kültüründen ayrışık olamayacağını göstermekte ve bu bölgedeki Osmanlı izleri sinema diline önemli ölçüde katkı sağlamaktadır. Bu anlamda Bosna Hersek sineması hem dramanın aktarılış biçimi hem de mekanın yansıtılması anlamında Türk kültürün derin izlerini taşımaktadır. Tüm bu olguların ışığında bu çalışmada Bosna’lı farklı yönetmenlerin filmleri anlatısal ve görsel unsurlar bağlamında ele alınarak sinemasal dilleri kültürel bir çözümlemeye tabi tutulacaktır. XX YÜZYIL AZERBAYCAN EDEBİYATINDA TAHMİS TARZININ ÜSTADI NOVBERİ Naile MUSTAFAYEVA Azerbaycan Milli Bilimler Akademisi M.Fuzuli Adlı Elyazmalar Enstitüsü Anahtar Kelimeler: Toplu, tahmis, klasik, Novberi, Fuzuli. ÖZET Yirminci yüzyılda, özellikle de eski Sovyetler döneminde Azerbaycan edebiyatı yeni görevler üstlenmiş, şiire yeni konular gelmiş, birtakım klasik şiir türlerinden vazgeçilmiştir. “Novberi” mahlasıyla şiirler yazan Kerbelayi Gara Meşedi Suleyman oğlu Garayev böyle bir dönemde yaşayarak klasik edebi geleneği yaşatmaya çalışan, Nevai ve Fuzuli şiirlerine tahmisler yazan şairlerden olmuştur. O, 1885 yılında Şuşa'da, tüccar ailesinde doğmuş, eğitimini de burada almış, Arap, Fars ve Rus dillerini öğrenmiştir. 1920 yılında Azerbaycan'da Sovyet hakimiyeti kuruluncaya kadar şair ticaretle uğraşmış, İran, Suriye, İrak ve Suudi Arabistan'a seyahat etmiştir. Novberi XX 13 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2627 Title A name given to the resource BOSNA HERSEK SİNEMASININ SİNEMATOGRAFİSİNDE TÜRK KÜLTÜRÜNÜN ETKİLERİ Author Author KILINÇARSLAN, Yasemin Abstract A summary of the resource. 1992 öncesinde Yugoslavya sineması olarak adlandırılan Bosna Hersek sineması bu tarihten sonra kendi özgün film dilini yaratma arayışlarına girmiş ve ulusal bir sinema olarak uluslararası festivallerde boy göstermeye başlamıştır. Küçük bütçeli ve gelişmekte olan Bosna Hersek sineması, filmlerde savaşın bireyler üzerinde yarattığı travmaları aktarmakta ve bunlara ilişkin çözüm arayışlarına girmektedir. Ülke sineması bu anlamda Filistin sinemasında olduğu gibi yaşananları dünyaya duyurma ve görünür olma arzusunun görsel dille dönüşümünü temsil etmektedir. Filmsel mekanlarda Bosna Hersek vatandaşları, şehirlerine yönelik olarak sivil toplumun kentsel aidiyet ve bütünleşme çabalarını sergilemektedir. Öte yandan, filmlerin senaryoları yazınsal bir ürün olarak drama olgusundan yola çıkmakta, böylelikle Bosna Hersek sinemasının dili dramatik-trajik anlatılara dayanmaktadır. Bu anlatıların temellerinden birisi ise Türk kültürüyle ve inanç sistemiyle olan bağlantılardır. Özellikle Osmanlı’nın dörtyüzelli yıllık izlerini taşıyan Saraybosna’nın sinemasal mekan olarak kullanımı, bu sinemanın görsel dilinin Türk kültüründen ayrışık olamayacağını göstermekte ve bu bölgedeki Osmanlı izleri sinema diline önemli ölçüde katkı sağlamaktadır. Bu anlamda Bosna Hersek sineması hem dramanın aktarılış biçimi hem de mekanın yansıtılması anlamında Türk kültürün derin izlerini taşımaktadır. Tüm bu olguların ışığında bu çalışmada Bosna’lı farklı yönetmenlerin filmleri anlatısal ve görsel unsurlar bağlamında ele alınarak sinemasal dilleri kültürel bir çözümlemeye tabi tutulacaktır. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014-05-23 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-582X P Philology. Linguistics,PA Classical philology,PI Oriental languages and literatures,PN Literature (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/a00c934cc57263a37f033984861300db.docx 953aca902efc6f1f05f4e50adb10e43c https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/545e04664bbd47c3f24db0985bd2b92a.pdf 3325fd520f3aa8b6264be0064b826f62 PDF Text Text BOSNA HERSEK SİNEMASININ SİNEMATOGRAFİSİNDE TÜRK KÜLTÜRÜNÜN ETKİLERİ Yasemin KILINÇARSLAN Fırat Üniversitesi, İletişim Fakültesi, Gazetecilik Bölümü, Elazığ / Türkiye Anahtar Kelimeler: sinema, kent, Osmanlı kültürü, drama, senaryo. ÖZET 1992 öncesinde Yugoslavya sineması olarak adlandırılan Bosna Hersek sineması bu tarihten sonra kendi özgün film dilini yaratma arayışlarına girmiş ve ulusal bir sinema olarak uluslararası festivallerde boy göstermeye başlamıştır. Küçük bütçeli ve gelişmekte olan Bosna Hersek sineması, filmlerde savaşın bireyler üzerinde yarattığı travmaları aktarmakta ve bunlara ilişkin çözüm arayışlarına girmektedir. Ülke sineması bu anlamda Filistin sinemasında olduğu gibi yaşananları dünyaya duyurma ve görünür olma arzusunun görsel dille dönüşümünü temsil etmektedir. Filmsel mekânlarda Bosna Hersek vatandaşları, şehirlerine yönelik olarak sivil toplumun kentsel aidiyet ve bütünleşme çabalarını sergilemektedir. Öte yandan, filmlerin senaryoları yazınsal bir ürün olarak drama olgusundan yola çıkmakta, böylelikle Bosna Hersek sinemasının dili dramatik-trajik anlatılara dayanmaktadır. Bu anlatıların temellerinden birisi ise Türk kültürüyle ve inanç sistemiyle olan bağlantılardır. Özellikle Osmanlı’nın dörtyüzelli yıllık izlerini taşıyan Saraybosna’nın sinemasal mekân olarak kullanımı, bu sinemanın görsel dilinin Türk kültüründen ayrışık olamayacağını göstermekte ve bu bölgedeki Osmanlı izleri sinema diline önemli ölçüde katkı sağlamaktadır. Bu anlamda Bosna Hersek sineması hem dramanın aktarılış biçimi hem de mekânın yansıtılması anlamında Türk kültürün derin izlerini taşımaktadır. Tüm bu olguların ışığında bu çalışmada Bosna’lı farklı yönetmenlerin filmleri anlatısal ve görsel unsurlar bağlamında ele alınarak sinemasal dilleri kültürel bir çözümlemeye tabi tutulmuştur. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2020 Title A name given to the resource BOSNA HERSEK SİNEMASININ SİNEMATOGRAFİSİNDE TÜRK KÜLTÜRÜNÜN ETKİLERİ Author Author KILINÇARSLAN, Yasemin Abstract A summary of the resource. Anahtar Kelimeler: sinema, kent, Osmanlı kültürü, drama, senaryo. ÖZET 1992 öncesinde Yugoslavya sineması olarak adlandırılan Bosna Hersek sineması bu tarihten sonra kendi özgün film dilini yaratma arayışlarına girmiş ve ulusal bir sinema olarak uluslararası festivallerde boy göstermeye başlamıştır. Küçük bütçeli ve gelişmekte olan Bosna Hersek sineması, filmlerde savaşın bireyler üzerinde yarattığı travmaları aktarmakta ve bunlara ilişkin çözüm arayışlarına girmektedir. Ülke sineması bu anlamda Filistin sinemasında olduğu gibi yaşananları dünyaya duyurma ve görünür olma arzusunun görsel dille dönüşümünü temsil etmektedir. Filmsel mekânlarda Bosna Hersek vatandaşları, şehirlerine yönelik olarak sivil toplumun kentsel aidiyet ve bütünleşme çabalarını sergilemektedir. Öte yandan, filmlerin senaryoları yazınsal bir ürün olarak drama olgusundan yola çıkmakta, böylelikle Bosna Hersek sinemasının dili dramatik-trajik anlatılara dayanmaktadır. Bu anlatıların temellerinden birisi ise Türk kültürüyle ve inanç sistemiyle olan bağlantılardır. Özellikle Osmanlı’nın dörtyüzelli yıllık izlerini taşıyan Saraybosna’nın sinemasal mekân olarak kullanımı, bu sinemanın görsel dilinin Türk kültüründen ayrışık olamayacağını göstermekte ve bu bölgedeki Osmanlı izleri sinema diline önemli ölçüde katkı sağlamaktadır. Bu anlamda Bosna Hersek sineması hem dramanın aktarılış biçimi hem de mekânın yansıtılması anlamında Türk kültürün derin izlerini taşımaktadır. Tüm bu olguların ışığında bu çalışmada Bosna’lı farklı yönetmenlerin filmleri anlatısal ve görsel unsurlar bağlamında ele alınarak sinemasal dilleri kültürel bir çözümlemeye tabi tutulmuştur. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-17 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2203-4548 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 976 Title A name given to the resource Bosna Hersek`te Yabanci Dil olarak Tyrkce Ogretiminin Problemleri Uzerine Bir Arastirma Author Author Osmanbegovic-Baksic , Samira Arslan, Mustafa Abstract A summary of the resource. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Bosna-Hersek’te Türkçe öğreniminin ve öğretiminin problemlerini bir yöntem kapsamında incelemektir. Araştırma evreni olarak Saraybosna, Zenica, Tuzla Üniversitesi Türk Dili ve Edebiyatı Bölümünde okuyan 3. ve 4. sınıf öğrencileri belirlenmiştir ve Bosna-Hersek’te Türkçe öğreniminin ve öğretiminin problemleri anketi uygulanmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda elde edilen veriler faktör analizi yöntemiyle değerlendirilmiştir. Öğretim elemanlarının yetersizliği, ana dilde eğitim verilmesi, konuyla ilgili araç-gereç eksikliği ve eğitim müfredatının yetersiz olduğu gibi temel sorunlar tespit edilmiştir. Bu bağlamda ilk olarak Bosna Hersek üniversitelerindeki Türk dili ve edebiyatı bölümlerinin öğretim müfredatlarının yenilenmesi gerektiği anlaşılmıştır. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed P Philology. Linguistics https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/7a3aad6be64668744a5085ce53f62e4a.docx 9ed72f2d381ed9661cb1b180d4399a40 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/9ba5ee171a996ecd222b780c5075b617.pdf 80b275b8dce5065f693a8fbf93bb62bb PDF Text Text BOSNA HERSEK’TE BAĞIMSIZLIK SONRASI MİLLİ KİMLİĞİN İNŞASINDA FOLKLORUN İŞLEVİ VE ÖNEMİ ÜZERİNE Zülfikâr BAYRAKTAR Gediz Üniversitesi, Türk Dili Ve Edebiyatı Bölümü, İzmir / Türkiye Anahtar Kelimeler: Bosna Hersek, Milli Kimlik, Folklor. ÖZET Kültürel tarzlar, kalıplar ve yapıların oluşturduğu ve oluşturmaya devam ettiği bilgi olarak tanımlanması mümkün olan folklor kavramının başta eğlendirme ve hoşça vakit geçirme, toplumsal kurumlara ve törelere destek verme, eğitim ve kültürün genç kuşaklara aktarılması, toplumsal ve kişisel baskılardan kurtulma ve de başkaldırı gibi temel işlevlere sahip olduğu söylenebilir. Bunun yanında, folklorun en önemli işlevlerinden birinin de kimlik tanımlamasında önemli bir gösterge olduğu gerçeğidir. Folklorun bu yönü, özellikle yeni kurulan devletlerin milli kimliklerini yapılandırmalarında önemli bir işleve sahiptir. Folklor, bağımsızlığına yakın zamanda kavuşan Bosna Hersek devletinin kendi milli kimliğini tanımlamasında ve bu kimlik üzerinden kendini tanıtmasında önemli bir işlevi yerine getirmektedir. Dolayısıyla, Bosna Hersek’te bağımsızlık sonrası milli kimliğin inşasında folklorun önemli bir işleve sahip olduğunu söylemek mümkündür. Bildiride bu bağlamda, Bosna Hersek’te bağımsızlık sonrası milli kimliğin inşasında folklorun işlevi ve önemi meselesi üzerinde durulmuştur. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2122 Title A name given to the resource BOSNA HERSEK’TE BAĞIMSIZLIK SONRASI MİLLİ KİMLİĞİN İNŞASINDA FOLKLORUN İŞLEVİ VE ÖNEMİ ÜZERİNE Author Author BAYRAKTAR, Zülfikâr Abstract A summary of the resource. Anahtar Kelimeler: Bosna Hersek, Milli Kimlik, Folklor. ÖZET Kültürel tarzlar, kalıplar ve yapıların oluşturduğu ve oluşturmaya devam ettiği bilgi olarak tanımlanması mümkün olan folklor kavramının başta eğlendirme ve hoşça vakit geçirme, toplumsal kurumlara ve törelere destek verme, eğitim ve kültürün genç kuşaklara aktarılması, toplumsal ve kişisel baskılardan kurtulma ve de başkaldırı gibi temel işlevlere sahip olduğu söylenebilir. Bunun yanında, folklorun en önemli işlevlerinden birinin de kimlik tanımlamasında önemli bir gösterge olduğu gerçeğidir. Folklorun bu yönü, özellikle yeni kurulan devletlerin milli kimliklerini yapılandırmalarında önemli bir işleve sahiptir. Folklor, bağımsızlığına yakın zamanda kavuşan Bosna Hersek devletinin kendi milli kimliğini tanımlamasında ve bu kimlik üzerinden kendini tanıtmasında önemli bir işlevi yerine getirmektedir. Dolayısıyla, Bosna Hersek’te bağımsızlık sonrası milli kimliğin inşasında folklorun önemli bir işleve sahip olduğunu söylemek mümkündür. Bildiride bu bağlamda, Bosna Hersek’te bağımsızlık sonrası milli kimliğin inşasında folklorun işlevi ve önemi meselesi üzerinde durulmuştur. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-17 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2203-4548