45 10 3494 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/5d20025d25ea601a6d7ebdcf09825e2a.pdf f8fb0071090c8927084ff82ab78ad421 PDF Text Text 2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo Assessing International Accounting Harmonization Using Izomorfism Erdal YILMAZ 19 Mayıs University Finance And Account Lecturer erdalyilmaz1971@hotmail.com Okan GELMEDĠ Sakarya Univeristy Finance And Account Ph.D. Student okangelmedi@hotmail.com Abstract:The purpose of this study is to tell the convergence process which is being tried to be created by using the izomorfism concept with the standards of international accounting and financial reporting about accounting records and financial reporting throughout the country. Convergence is the activity in which accounting and related sections work together with the purpose of contributing to the developement of a team of accounting standards for every country to be able to use them globally. However, in the studies done in this concept direction it is seen that, by ignoring the differences between countries and the negativenesses resulted form county dynamics, these studies gradually turn into the shape of an obligatory izomorfism. Obligatory izomorfism concerns the way in wich organizations are subject to external pressure, either from organizations they depend upon, or from more general cultural expectations. We think that , as a result of these applications, in the future the regulations that each country will form by adding their own dynamics will come out and the applications will be similar, not the same. Key Words: Harmonization, Accounting Standards, Financial Reporting, Ġzomorfism Introduction Particularly the acceleration of mutual business traffic worldwide and the intention of businesses to operate in countries other than where they are based made it compulsory for all countries to develop a common accounting language. This is why the convergence efforts, which are described as the identification of accounting practices or the collaboration efforts of accounting-related organizations with the aim of developing new standards that will contribute in creating a set of uniform accounting standards that every country can use on a world scale, have started. To achieve this, accounting committees formed worldwide started publishing International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). As the national legislation should support the published standards in order that they can be implemented, they are adopted as national standards by countries. However, cultural differences between various countries have rendered the standard application goal of the standards inaccessible. The Study With the increase in international investment activities and rapid circulation of capital globally, global economy gained an important acceleration on the one hand while the capital holders started enjoying higher profitability on the other. Firms bound to the international market with an expectation of better profits are bearing the costs largely while making investment decisions. Particularly because the financial indicators relating to the investment area or financial statements of companies are prepared based on varying accounting systems and practices in individual countries, investors were required to bear significant costs during the decision-making process and make various conversions in order to test the accuracy of such financial data and render them understandable for themselves. One of the efforts conducted aimed at reducing said costs of investors are the efforts to narrow the differences in the accounting systems of individual countries. This is because the losses and costs borne by global capital holders for their decisions in the countries they invest in made the accuracy of financial statements in invested countries questionable. ( Gönen,Uğurgel:p.1) This is why convergence eforts have started today as a non-returnable development process. (Moussa,2010;p.1) IASB, FASB, and other standard-setting organizations describe the concept 621 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo of convergence as increasing the conformity of the standards of each organization for high quality financial statements. To ensure this standardization, these organizations set and publish accounting standards, and the countries adopt these standards sometimes with minor changes but as a national accounting standard most of the time. That is, the intent, which was the convergence, meaning quality financial reporting, has become uniformization aiming to comply fully with the standards published. However, the evolution of standards in the form of uniformization gradually puts accounting practices away from the socio-economic realities of the country. To illustrate; while business transactions in certain countries are made beforehand, they are mostly done at fixed future times in countries like Turkey. In which case, the impacts of accounting standards regarding the recognition of term differences shall vary from one country to the other. Moreover, many problems are encountered during the stage of application of standards. This is because accounting practices have become different in all countries for different reasons. The main reasons underlying the differences in the accounting systems of countries are listed below: -Legal System -Sources of Finance -Political and Economic Development -Economic Crises -Taxation -Securities Exchange -National Culture -Inflation -Reconciliation of Accountants Demanding that accounting practices become completely the same and trying to pump an excessive optimism is a vain effort in the face of existence of many differences caused by the above reasons in the accounting systems and practices worldwide. Even though a uniform accounting system is achieved as a result of efforts shown for the standardization of these efforts, the outcomes might not be as desired. This is because the interpretation and application of standards by countries with differing accounting cultures will naturally vary. Despite this fact, the convergence efforts conducted so far bear a continuous quest for uniformization. Uniformity is full compliance with a structure or rule. Uniformity aims to realize international accounting as a uniform purpose at the conceptual level and practical level. .(Çankaya,Aydoğan,2008,p.302) It may be remarkable to see the standards adopted by many countries despite the presence of so many reasons. However, the question we should ask is: Is convergence a practice that countries are willingly into? Or have the countries really adopted the standards in consideration of the positive effects of accounting standards on accounting practices? For us, convergence is essentially a uniformity imposition of global conditions in its current practice. At this point, we see this imposition as compulsory isomorphism. Isomorphism, meaning identity of form, means the organizations working in the same framework having identical conditions and resulting in the formation of similar structure and actions, and making similar arrangements as a result of similar restrictions. However, in compulsory isomorphism, organizations are pressurized by external pressures, general (cultural) expectations, and other organizations. ―From this point of view, adoption of international accounting standards emerging within the frame of convergence efforts as a whole by many countries may also be considered compulsory isomorphism.‖ (Rodrigues,Craig:2007,p.743) For example, the reasons underlying the adoption in Turkey as a whole of international standards published by standard-setting organizations (its creating isomorphic conditions by necessity) are as follows: 1-Globalization: Currently puts Turkey as well as the entire world into type concept of convergence. 2-EU Negotiations: While chapters are opened and closed in The process of Turkey‘s accession of the EU, the standards are accepted with the thought that it will result is support as there is a desire to ensure harmony with Europe on all matters in Turkey. 3-Desire to Increase Foreign Investment: Because Turkey is a developing country, there is a desire for increasing the capital build-up in the country and ensuring economic enhancement. Standards are being adopted to facilitate the procedures of capital holders that will invest in Turkey, and to assist in evaluating the companies they will buy, and this will is reflected in the Turkish Commerce Code currently being discussed by the Turkish Grand National Assembly. 4-Pressures from the Business World: Turkish business world asks the adoption of standards on grounds that it trades and collaborates most with the European countries With these and such other reasons, many countries are adopting the international standards ―by necessity‖ as their national standards. For example, the desire to increase foreign investment is a desire of not only Turkey but of other developing countries as well. On the other hand, all countries desirous of attracting foreign investments try 622 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo to see the same capital holders in their countries. That is, as in the definition of isomorphism, developing countries are aiming the same capital, and as can be easily imagined, that the other developing countries take measures aiming to reduce the costs and increase the trusts of such capital holders and, for example their adoption of international standards, putting Turkey into an isomorphic practice and resulting in the Turkish translation of the international standard and its publishing as a national standard. When doing this, general expectations are pressurized and led by the business world and capital holders. This shows the necessity dimension of the isomorphic practice. Problems Of Convergence And Proposal For Solution: The process of convergence continues in the entire world with various problems. The main problems of the process are mainly as follows: (1) Problems on interpretation, (2) Language related problems, (3) Problems on technical terminology (terminology problem) (4) Problems relating to changes in profit measurements, (5) The role of capital markets, (6) Political influences.(Demir,2009,p.5) With IFRS‘s published in the convergence process, the aim is to increase liquidity, level of transparency, international collaborations and fund collection abilities from international markets, reducing funding costs, preservation of competition and contributing to the efforts aimed at creating an economic union. Standards to serve this aim should offer principle-based, dynamic, abstract-priority dependent solutions, suitable for all conditions and businesses. (Gönen, Uğurgel, p.1)However, as mentioned above, there are many problems preventing the formation of standards with such principles. For example, the understanding and desire that the standards should be principlebased does not match Turkey‘s accounting structure. Turkish accounting system has a tax-based approach, the legislator prepared its accounting regulations on tax basis and principle-based in parallel with this. However, as mentioned above, expectations and coercions have put Turkey in a position to develop isomorphic practices for principle-based standards. In fact, uniformity is the adoption of all other countries the accounting practice and reporting standards of several countries. Today, considering the economic effectiveness of capital-intensive countries, if we assume that capital-intensive -developed- countries will be more effective in these accounting practices and reporting, that is if we accept the standards as a common language, it is obvious that developed countries will inject more words into this language. It is clear that developing countries will use the language of the developed ones if the language develops in this manner. Just as a human being speaks his own language best, it should be able to arrange its financial reports first based on the needs of its own country. Speaking the uniformizing accounting language ―by necessity‖, and creating isomorphic practices, developing countries are negatively affected by this process. A situation might arise resembling the difficulty of someone speaking another language in his own country. This is because the developed countries where there are more capital holders have become an industrialized, professional and an informal society. Capital-holding countries mostly look alike one another. For example, an accounting convergence between Germany and France might not be rejected by both of these countries. However, trying to uniformize the accounting practices of Germany and Turkey will create different responses, also bringing many challenges. The economic structure of countries, and their abovementioned cultural differences will make it difficult to practice the same accounting system. For example, level of avoidance of uncertainties, one of Hofstede‘s cultural dimensions, is lower in countries with higher capital accumulations, which will make it easier to adopt new standards, as they are bolder and have risk-based understandings. So the best thing to do is to make efforts in order to minimize the differences between practices and systems. If the aim of convergence is to create a common language in accounting practices and financial tables and to speak that language, the only way to create a common language cannot be the convergence process aiming uniformization. In its place, ways should be considered that would minimize the differences among countries. Mutual recognition and reconciliation are some of the alternatives we can mention at this point. Mutual recognition expresses the acceptance of national financial reports although they are not prepared according to the accounting principles of foreign countries. Mutual recognition is in practice between USA and Canada. US companies may be traded in the Canadian Securities Exchange with US-GAAP‘-compliant financial statements. American companies can trade in the Securities Exchanges of European Union countries based on financial statements prepared in compliance with US-GAAP. Although mutual recognition is very well practiced in 623 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo the case of Canada and the USA, the role of close economic and cultural ties between the two nations and the identity of standards and targets in accounting should not be forgotten. Reconciliation is the permission for preparation of financial reports of foreign companies according to the accounting principles of their countries. However, in reconciliation, reconciliation is established arrangements relating to net profit and equities, which are considered as the most important factor by users of financial statements. The purpose of reconciliation is to reveal the great differences arising between the accounting practices. Thanks to reconciliation, foreign investor companies can obtain information about their assets and profitability levels based on their own accounting principles. As a result of the reconciliation, investors can make easy comparisons. The positive side of reconciliation is that it is less costly than the harmonization of all financial reports based on foreign accounting principles. (Çankaya,Aydoğan, 2008,p.307-308) The concepts of reconciliation and mutual recognition also have negative aspects. The negative aspect of reconciliation are expressed to be its presentation of summary information relating to the financial situations of companies and its failure to make disclosures about the general conditions of companies. The negative aspect of mutual recognition is the difficulty that financial users might encounter in understanding different accounting standards. In fact, to remove such negative aspects, XBRL (eXtensible Business Reporting Language), supported for convergence, may be used. As the language of financial reporting, XBRL is a standard, platform-independent, digital data coding language to be jointly used by financial information producers and information users for data exchange. With this data coding language, businesses shall create their financial reports once and these reports shall require no rearrangement or conversion when transferred to other environments. It will be possible to use these XBRL-prepared financial reports for all financial report exchanges. XBRL permits coding any information about the business. So, loading information suitable for each financial statement item, financial statements complying with both international standards and national standards may be produced. Harmonization efforts in preparing financial statements should methodically reduce the difference between accounting practices and increase the comparability of financial statements prepared and practices in various countries. This will also contribute en reducing the overall difference between the countries. When the overall difference is reduced, problems in preparing and reading financial reports will also lessen. Conclusion Globalization is an inevitable reality directly affecting today‘s economic, social and political events. With globalization, capital movements went beyond national borders, continuously searching for and utilizing new investment opportunities in the international arena. That the accounting system is based on different principles and rules in each individual country produced difficulties in mating rational investment decisions. As a result, there has been the necessity for common financial reporting system valid in all countries and convergence efforts continued led by certain countries and organizations. Every country‘s accounting system differs based on factors like their social, political, financial, cultural etc. environment. Set of uniform financial reporting principles to be imposed disregarding these factors shall not give the intended outcome, with many countries being obliged to produce and bear the costs of financial tables not directly addressing their specific needs, as a price of attracting investments to a country. Instead, unnecessary differences between the accounting systems of countries can be removed, while other differences are being made identical by mutual recognition and reconciliation. With the appropriate use of solutions like XBRL, which has emerged with technological improvements, both the needs of international capital and countries intending to maintain their national accounting systems will be greatly met. References Çankaya,Fikret,Aydoğan,Ertan: The Harmonization Of Account Standarts Ġn Frame Of Cultural Differences. Atatürk Üniverstiy, Journal Of Social Sciences Institute, Vol. 11 No 1 (2008), P.299-326 Demir,Volkan: Financial Reporting Practices Relating Different Approaches, April,2009,P.73-92 Approach To Accounting And Auditing, Gönen Seçkin, Uğurgel GülĢah: The International Financial Reporting Standards And Practices Ġn Transition: Problems And Solutions, Ġn Turkey Http://Www.Tmsk.Org.Tr/Ġndex.Php?Option=Com_Content&Task=View&Ġd=82&Itemid=92 , Access Date:09/05/2010 Moussa Boka, On The International Convergence Of Accounting Standards: Ġnternational Journal Of Business And Menagement, Vol.5, No:4; April 2010 624 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo Rodrigues Lucia Lima, Craig Russell: Assessing Ġnternational Accounting Harmonization Using Hegelian Dialectic, Ġsomorphism And Foucault; Critical Perspectives On Accounting, 18 (2007),739-757 625 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 298 Title A name given to the resource Assessing International Accounting Harmonization Using Izomorfism Author Author YILMAZ, Erdal GELMEDİ, Okan Abstract A summary of the resource. The purpose of this study is to tell the convergence process which is being tried to be created by using the izomorfism concept with the standards of international accounting and financial reporting about accounting records and financial reporting throughout the country. Convergence is the activity in which accounting and related sections work together with the purpose of contributing to the developement of a team of accounting standards for every country to be able to use them globally. However, in the studies done in this concept direction it is seen that, by ignoring the differences between countries and the negativenesses resulted form county dynamics, these studies gradually turn into the shape of an obligatory izomorfism. Obligatory izomorfism concerns the way in wich organizations are subject to external pressure, either from organizations they depend upon, or from more general cultural expectations. We think that , as a result of these applications, in the future the regulations that each country will form by adding their own dynamics will come out and the applications will be similar, not the same. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed HB Economic Theory https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/a6530e611aca6af5a043f33fdc434901.pdf eeae0c8c3a75629b16e280da59c73ed3 PDF Text Text 2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo In the Context of Basel II Accord, Capital Adequacy and Rating Feyyaz YILDIZ Assist. Prof. Dr., Afyon Kocatepe University Department of International Trade and Finance, feyyaz.yildiz@gmail.com Mustafa ÜÇ Assist. Prof. Dr., Epoka University Department of Business Administration mustafauc@epoka.edu.al Bilge Leyli ELĠTAġ Res. Assist., Afyon Kocatepe University Department of Business Administration bilgeleyli@gmail.com Cemal ELĠTAġ Assoc. Prof. Dr., Afyon Kocatepe University Department of Business Administration cemalelitas@gmail.com Idaver SHERIFI Epoka University, Department of Business Administration isherifi@epoka.edu.al Abstract: Basel II is a series of rules which brings new things and radical changes to the banking regulation standards. The basic reason of this change; while calculating the risk of the capital adequacy is taken into consideration and activities which forms the basic degree of Basel II‘s criterion. Especially Basel II criteria get heavy the circumstances of lending banks credits and in meantime the importance of rating marks in on the deal. In that study, reforms which bring Basel II the changing of the calculation of capital adequacy and in that way the criteria of rating and feasibility will be evaluated. Key Words: Basel, Rating, Capital Adequacy Introduction In order to create a series of rules which can regulate globalized financial markets and bring the banks in the global common standards, in 1974 the head of the central bank of ten developed countries with the participation of BIS (Bank for International Settlements), formed the "Basel Committee" (Aksoy, 2007, p. 21). This committee publishes regulations, recommendations and best practices of supervisory standards for banking authorities while making arrangements about the best way to adapt the system to their countries. In this way, the committee encourages member states' to harmonize common approaches and standards of surveillance techniques, without forcing them to converge in details. This Committee is collected 4 times per year and current members are Belgium, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom and the United States of America (Doyrangöl and Saltoğlu, ismmmo.org.tr , 2009). In 1988, a capital measurement system, called Basel I has been prepared. Despite Basel I was developed for international banks operating in many countries, it began to spread widely. Once Basel I has been started and implemented, in various events some problems appeared and it started to be criticized. The problems which were occurred after starting the implementation of Basel I, are listed as below: 9 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo - Banks exposure to credit risk is calculated by separating in different classes the banks‘ assets and out of balance sheet items, and by multiplying the risk ranges of corresponding classes with 0%, 20%, 50% and 100% coefficients. - Basel I was tried to be applied equally to all banks of different areas of activity, because of lower risk sensitivity of Basel I, which uses four different risk weights. - According to the application known as ―OECD club rule‖, there is a predicted risk weight of 0% for governments of the countries members of OECD, 20% for the banks of those countries in case of debt, and 100% for countries which are not members of OECD. Because of these problems and the continuous changes in the market prices, Basel I was seen to be insufficient, and Basel Committee accelerated the work to develop the Basel II standards (Yardımcıoğlu and Çam, 2007, p.60-61). At the Accord of 1998, the market risk, which represents the whole of interest rates, exchange rates and changes in commodity prices was ignored to be part of capital adequacy and in 1996 market risk was added in capital adequacy calculation in USA. By taking into consideration this significant progress and other critics, in 1999 Basel Committee started preparing a new draft study for capital adequacy (Teker, Bolgün, Akçay, 2005). The Basel Committee, taking into account the developments occurring in the financial markets and the lack of measurements of capital adequacy of Basel I, in June 1999, published the initial advisory text for the New Basel Capital Adequacy Accord (Basel II). After that, at the beginning of 2001 the second advisory text was published, and in April, 2003 the third one. These advisory texts are revised and renewed based on opinions of countries‘ supervisor authorities, banks and other interested parties, and the final text of Basel II was published in June, 2004 (BDDK, 2005). In Turkey, BDDK (Banking Regulation and Supervision Agency) worked on this issue and in 30.05.2005 announced the transition roadmap to Basel II. In June 2006, a comprehensive document about this was prepared. However, European Union countries expected to complete the legislation until the end of 2006 and to start applying from 01.01.2007, and most of countries succeeded. Actually, in banking system of Turkey is applied the ―Regulation on measurement and evaluation of capital adequacy of banks‖, published in 01.11.2006 in Official Gazette of Republic of Turkey. Financial statements of sector should be prepared according to IFRS (International Financial Reporting Standards). Turkish Accounting Standards Board (TMSK), which arranges regulations from 2002, has completed their work. However, because of missing of obligatory legislation for the application of these standards, there was accordance with certain standards but the total transition has not been achieved. As a result, transition process was delayed again. Basel II regulations is a set of international rules, which effects banks because of radical changes envisaged in the financial system, and firms because of credit relations with banks (Aksoy, 2007). This arrangement with the banks' capital adequacy has been brought in an international standard. Capital adequacy ratio of this practice determined as 8%, at the beginning was applied to show the power of the financial structure of the banks and was used as a driving force to consolidate the capital structure of banks in a lot of countries (Aras, p. 4). Reconcillation of the Basel Basel I Regulations Basel I Capital Accord was published as new banking standards by Basel Committee. With this regulation are determined international capital adequacy standards which will be applied by the banks. These standards must be applied by banks with international activity, and define the lower limit of the capital that banks must have, towards the risk-weighted assets. The standard rate of minimum 8% known as ―Capital Adequacy Ratio‖, is based on the principle of increasing financial stability of banks, in the sense to control the risk by maintaining enough capital at the same rate. For this purpose, in Basel regulations, the minimum capital amount holded by the banks is applied as a criterion which indicates the financial stability of banks. In Basel I, during the setting of risk weight which is fundamental in calculation of the capital adequacy, is calculated the total credit risk of banks and market risk and in this way try to find a method which will show better the banks‘ exposure to the risks. In this context, the calculation of capital adequacy in Basel I, is as below: Total Capital -------------------------------- ≥ 8 Credit Risk + Market Risk However, during the implementation process of Basel I, it was seen that it is not possible to ensure the existence of a more robust and stable financial system only by providing the minimum capital adequacy (Aras, 2007, p. 4). 10 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo For example; According to one of the rule in Basel I accord, a bank‘s assets have to be classified into five risk groups (0, 10, 20, 50 and 100 percent) based on credit risk. This risk groups are determined in terms of the length of maturity date of related credit. If a bank lends 100 Euros for a year, this operation‘s risk is computed at 20% therefore bank has to allocate its 1, 6 Euros capital for this transaction in order to meet 8% the least capital adequacy ratio. But if the same amount lends for more than a year, bank has to allocate minimum its 8 Euros capital to meet minimum of requirement because the risk computation is made at 100%. When it is considered from the perspective of economic growth, this situation is unfavourable. Because long-term investments can be financed by long-term credits but risk grouping in Basel I accord discourages to banks to lend for long-term credits (Ariss and Sareddinne, 2007, p.48). Even only this case implies Basel I accord is not a sustainable regulation. Current methods used in measuring credit risk and market risk, to whom banks are exposed and that are defined in the Basel I, because of a not accure measuring of banking risk, not taking into consideration in the appropriate measure the price fluctuations of financial market and not being able to differentiate the behaviuor of banks during the creation of the portofolio, the revision of this standard has become a necessity, by extending the scope and restructuring with new management methods and methods for measuring the risk exactly. Therefore, it was understood that it was needed to be able to calculate in a right and exact way the effected risk, to provide financial stability, and to increase the compatibility of market conditions in order to improve the quality of market discipline for the crises that banks experienced. Basel I was criticized by global big players and academic community, because of its simple content. However, the simple content and easy implementation ability made Basel I more preferable and easely adaptable for developing countries. Basel I, contributed in the modernization of regulations and in increasing of competitivity in financial sector of these countries. Except the critics, there were recognized some positive aspects of Basel I, which creates a ―fair competition environment‖ with specified rules for market players, and because of 8% minimum capital adequacy, some developing countries have strengtht their financial stability (BDDK, 2005, p.2-3). The deficiencies identified in this process, made necessary the developing of a more complete regulation than Basel I. For this reason, Basel Committee redefined the bank‘s capital adequacy, by revising the components used for calculating it. The new regulation was named Basel II Minimum Capital Adequacy Accord since it was based on Basel I which was used from 1988. Basel II, must not be percepted as a new regulation because it is the continuity of Basel I, but there must not be ignored that predicted extremely important changes (Aras, 2007, p.4). Basel II Regulations The capital adequacy ratio calculated in Basel I framework, no longer accurately reflect the financial situation of the banks. In the days where the areas of activity of banks increase and there are intensive financial changes in the sector, the diversity and dimension of the risk also grows. Because the cost of banking crises to the economy reached at highest level, the need for effective risk management increased. Basel II Accord is formatted in accordance with emerging requirements, and as a result it is not only a well prepared comprehensive theoretical study but also achieved great success in practice. Being prepared based on suggestions and critics of concerning interested parties, this Accord provides the necessary flexibility of applicability (Aras, 2007, p.4). Basel Committee started working in order to update and correct deficiencies of Basel I and to help banks to make a better risk measurement, so in 2004 published the Basel II standards. Basel II criteria aim to regulate more efficiently the capital adequacy, to establish market discipline and supervision, and to enhance financial stability and risk management. With Basel II criteria, it is expected a reduction of informal economy, a better preparation of financial statements and a more effective working of banking system in Turkey (Yardımcıoğlu and Çam, 2007, p.61). Basel II consists of three complementary structural blocks:  Determination of the minimum capital requirements  Reviewing of supervision authority  Market discipline Determination of the minimum capital requirements Minimum capital requirement, which is the first rest of Basel II regulations, is calculated as a sum of credit risk, operational risk and market risk. Capital adequacy ratio is calculated as a legal capital and risk-weighted assets. According to the regulation, the total capital adequacy ratio should be as before, not below 8%. The total of risk- 11 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo weighted assets can be reached by multiplying the market and operational risk requirements with 12.5 (i.e. the opposite of 8% minimum capital requirement ratio) and by adding the reached amount to the total of risk-weighted assets of related credit risk (BaĢar, 2007, p.17). The Basel II capital adequacy is calculated as below: Total Capital --------------------------------------------------------- ≥ 8 Credit Risk + Market Risk + Operational Risk Market Risk is a probability to loss in positions held in balance sheet and off-balance sheet accounts, due to fluctuations in financial markets from shifts in prices of interest rates, exchange rates and stock prices, and as consequence of risk of interest rates ratio, stock risk and exchange rates risk. Shortly, this is a risk arising from the changes in interest rates and market prices so Basel II does not bring much change regarding this. Credit risk is the risk arising from possible credit losses. In general, it is the situation faced by the lender when the debitor fails to comply it‘s obligations of the contract complitely or partially. At the same time it indicates the situation of loss in market value, which is caused by deterioration in financial situation of counterparty. Counterparty may be the borrower of credit operations or the guarantor. Operational Risk is the risk arising from the wrong or insufficient internal managament, people, system and from other external events. Human errors, abuses, inadequate internal controls and business processes, and reasons arising from technological infrastructure and system, are likely to cause losses to the institution. Operational risk usually occurs rarely but causes big losses in financial system, as happened with Barings Bank, Allied Irish Bank, General Societe. The destructive effects in the cases of operational risk show as that to be protected it‘s enough only to hold capital. For this reason, it is very important and necessary to have a strong risk management (MazıbaĢ, 2005, p.12). In this case, risk measurement is very important. Risk Measurement Methods Risk Measurement Methods used in Basel II for calculating the capital requirement can be grouped as Internal Rating Method, Standard Method and Method of Basic Indicators. These groups are also divided into subgroups according to their levels of development. In the following tabel, there are presented different calculation methods for different categories, according to Basel II. The level of development of measurement Basic Medium Advanced Risk Credit Risk Standard Approach Market Risk Operational Risk Method of Basic Indicators Basic Internal Rating Approach Advanced Internal Approach based on Rating Standara Method Internal Model Standard and Alternative Standard Method Advanced Internal Rating Approach Table I. There are presented different calculation methods for different categories, according to Basel II (Arslan, sosyalbil.selcuk.edu.tr, 2009, p.54) Credit risk is calculated using standard method or advanced method, in other hand operational risk is calculated using method of basic indicator, standard method and advanced method. Using Standard Method, banks calculate the credit risk, based on the ratings given to the companies by the international institutions for external rating (S&P, Moodys, etc.). Whereas, using advanced method, banks calculate the credit risk using the rating given to the companies by themselves. According to this method, during the calculation of the credit risk, it must be considered also the probability of this credit to become problematic and the risk, maturity and other risk factors in this case (Doyrangöl and Saltoğlu, ismmmo.org.tr, 2009, p.359). Internal rating approach is more sensitive toward 12 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo risks, but is more complicated comparing to standard approach and needs more information; its application is more difficult and needs technical support (Doyrangöl and Saltoğlu, ismmmo.org.tr, 2009, p.359). This method is divided in two parts, basic internal method and advanced internal method. In Basic internal method, banks calculate theirselves the probability of credit to become problematic, using rating systems, but for other risk factors they use the coefficients determined by legal authorities. Whereas, advanced internal method gives the opportunity to banks to use thir own approaches in calculating all risk factors, but these approaches must be approved in advance by the regulatory authorities (Doyrangöl and Saltoğlu, ismmmo.org.tr, 2009, p.360). Reviewing of supervision authority Aims to make compatible the risk profiles and strategies of the banks by ensuring the necessary precaution and supervising. The regulation authority, can intervene if the capital of the bank isn‘t enough to encover the taken risk and if needed can request from the bank to hold more capital than minimum capital adequacy. Market discipline The providing of market discipline depends on feedbacks from risk assessments of the banks and evaluations of credit rating institutions. The aim is to complete the minimum capital requirements and the inspecting process of supervision authority. During this process, the steps taken to ensure the market discipline will help in a more effective and more rigorous valuation and work. By looking to Basel II framework, can be understood that there is a possible systematic risk in financial institutions and especially in banking sector (BaĢar, 2007, p.28-30). The aim of Basel II standards is to highlight the risk management in risk criteria of the banks. In this direction, with Basel II, the risk-based credit management and risk-based credit pricing becomes more important. The price of crediting will be determined depending on the risks of the company and the types of the guarantee. The firm's risk level will be considered as risk level of credit transactions (atonet.org.tr, 2009, p.2009). The difference between Basel I and Basel II The differences of Basel II from Basel I are as below:  The criteria of being or not a member of OECD, which was important in determination of capital adequacy for credit risk in Basel I, in Basel II is removed.  While in Basel I, capital requirement is only required for credit and market risk, in Basel II it is also included the capital requirement for operational risk. In Basel II, operational risk is defined as risk of wrong or insufficient internal managament, people, system and from other external events, so it is required from banks to hold capital to face this risk.  Basel II predicts banks to evaluate the capital adequacy, and process of selfevaluation of the bank and the capital adequacy should be evaluated and monitored by the banking supervision authority.  According to Basel II, detailed information regarding the implementation of Basel, must be published to the public. This wasn‘t included in Basel I.  In Basel II, the credit risk is determined by credit ratings of parties. For this, rating notes independent rating institutions can be used (Kutlu and Demirci, ulakbim.gov.tr, 2009, p.206). One of the innovations in Basel II is grading activities. The purpose of Basel II standards is to highlight the risk management in credit criteria of banks. With Basel II standards, the companies‘ risk weighting is linked to the credit rating. So, with starting of the implementation of the Basel II, the risk level of the credit and firms, affects directly the cost of the credit. For this reason, the credit rating given to the companies by independent rating institutions, gain importance. Rating Rating is the process of independent evaluation of a company or institution which issues securities, if the obligations of principal and interest are fulfilled or not. Reaching to the final note is done after evaluation of a lot of factors, starting from financial datas to managerial qualifications, past performance to future projects, etc. Rating process also includes the probability of delaying of a payment during the payment process of an issued security 13 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo (BabuĢçu, 1994, p.6). There are two main reasons of using the rating system by the banks and other credit agencies, to increase the transparency of the credit which will be given and to reduce the cost (BaĢar, 2007, p.56). Instability in interests of bank credits, increased competition among companies and increasing of unions, the development in wholesale money and capital markets, has obligated the companies to work on strengthening of their financial structure. For this reason, the need for credit rating increased because of expansion in the financial market, due to increasing of the number of the issuers of the securities and number of borrowers in other ways (BabuĢçu, 1994, p.10). By the use of Basel II accords credit rating agencies play to very crucial regulatory role in the banking sector which its failures associated with many social costs. Due to credit rating agencies have private ownership brings doubts about to sustainability of the regulation (Weber and Darbellay, 2008, p.2-3). Ratings may be long-term or short-term. Long-term rating is an opinion given to the companies based on the performance of the company and the main economic and financial characteristics of the sector, where the company operates. Important elements are: sensivity of economic conjucture, technological developments, changes in demand, legal arrangements, quality management and other. Rating in Long-term determines the possibility of fulfilling obligations. In short-term, rating is the evaluation of the opportunity to access liquidity and capital resources in order to fulfill all obligations for a period of a year. Rating is divided into international foreign exchange and local currency and evaluates the ability to pay the obligations in respective valutes (Berker, fitchratings.com.tr, 2009, p.12). The first legal regulations on the activities of rating agencies, was done in the USA, by the regulatory institution, known as Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). Starting from 1975, SEC gives to the credit rating agencies which have market credibilty, the title NRSRO (Nationally Recognized Statistical Rating Organizations). Actually, there are only four NRSRO-s, Moody‘s Investors Service Inc; Fitch Inc; Standard and Poor‘s Inc and the last who get this status is Dominion Bond Rating Service Ltd. (Berker, fitchratings.com.tr, 2009). In Turkey, the companies who are acreditted by the Capital Markets Board of Turkey (SPK) are JCR Avrasya Derecelendirme A.ġ., TCR Kurumsal Yönetim ve Kredi Derecelendirme A.ġ., Saha Kurumsal Yönetim ve Kredi Derecelendirme Hizmetleri A.ġ., Kobirate Uluslararası Kredi Derecelendirme ve Kurumsal Yönetim Hizmetleri A.ġ and Fitch Ratings Finansal Derecelendirme Hizmetleri Aġ. (spk.gov.tr, 2010). Financial Institutions, evaluate the risk measurement based on the criteria of the worl rating institutions (agencies); According to Standart and Poor‘s company, the economy risk is very important for a bank to understand the environment. In fact, economic risk is not a credit quality of the bank but the risk level of the country‘s economy. Here, should be payed attention to the size of the economy, growth expectations, encountered structural problems, the course of the functioning of the economy and external opening of the national economy. The risk in the sector, industry structure, customer base, national and international regulations and public-private status must be reviewed. After that, what must be reviewed is the management and organizational structure, accounting compliance, liquidity situation, the level of using of assets and the institution's capital adequacy. Depending on credit risk, is reviewed the way of management of structure of bank‘s credit portfolio. In the case of market risk, evaluation is done according to risk measurement methods, preventive strategies, control, market monitoring mechanisms, and structure compliance with financial conditions. If these are gathered in four main categories then economic risk, sector risk, credit risk, and business risk can be evaluated (standardandpoors.com, 2009). According to Moody‘s, bank analysis is based on three basic principles. Those are, the role of the bank's operating environment, the role in the national financial system and bank‘s main analysis. In terms of Regulatory and Supervisory agencies, the role of the environment and competition structure are considered as reliable. In terms of the role in national financial system, are reviewed the government guarantees, the level of damage of the bank‘s bancruptcy to the national and international economy, the status of creditors in bankruptcy and the public-private status of the bank. Looking at the basic analysis of the bank, is observed the ability to use assets, financial and statistical data open for the public, profitability, management strategy, and using of the opportunities and creating values from them. Interest and exchange rate risk is also a very important topic to be evaluated (Boyacıoğlu, 2005). These worldwide rating agencies, considering the listed risk factors give the rating note. Note is given after calculating the risks and depending on capital adequacy is given a specific letter. The meanings of the leters are explained in this table. 14 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo S&P AAA Moody’s Aaa AA Aa A A BBB Baa BB Ba B B CCC Caa CC Ca C C D Meaning of the Note Shows an extremely strong capacity in repayments of principal and interests. Represents the highest credit quality and the lowest credit risk. Almost not affected at all from economic conditions. Shows a very strong capacity in payments of principal and interests. Not affected at all from economic conditions. Although have a positive attitude, should be dignified against negative economic changes. But the capacity to meet financial obligations toward creditors is still strong. Even has a capacity for principal and interest, should be taken the risk of delayin in payment in negative conditions. Negative changes can reduce the capacity. Is in the lowest rating category possible for investment. Speculative. In principal and interest repayments exists a moderate protection. Is exposed to continuous uncertainties or commercial financial and economic diasadvntages. Can fail to meet financial obligations. The risk of repayment is very high. The highest probability is that is speculative. It can pay financial obligations but to continue this situation depends on the economic conditions. Fulfilling of the financial obligations depends totally on good business and economic. There is a high probability for default status. There is a very high risk. Just started facing with problems in meeting financial obligations. This is the lowest quality note. There is a high risk borrower to don‘t be able to pay the obligations. Bankruptcy and similar situations can also be expressed. The worst note that can be given. Repayment is impossible. Shows the default status. Table II: The meanings of the leters In the Standard & Poor's rating system, putting "+"or "-" between "AA‖ and "CCC" diversifies the rating. For example, putting (+) on the right of "A" ("A+") shows that even though the rating of the country is below "AA‖, it is still slightly above "A". On the other hand, putting (-) shows that the credit rating is better than "BBB" but nevertheless slightly under "A". On the other hand, while giving credit ratings to countries Moody‘s uses numerical symbols such as 1, 2, 3 for each ratings group, from Aa to B. Symbol 1 shows the best level within the rating group concerning the debt payment capacity, symbol 2 the middle level, whereas symbol 3 refers to the weakest debt payment capacity within the group. The topics generally dealt by ratings agencies are: operational framework, risk profiles, funding and liquidity, shareholders' equity, profitability and performance, management and strategies, ownership and support criteria. In the context of Basel II, rating activities are carried out as internal rating (giving scores to companies by banks) and external rating (ratings issued by independent rating agencies such as S&P and Moody`s) activities. In the internal rating, banks evaluate at least the two-year financial and qualitative indicators on the credit activities (Mısırlıoğlu, ismmmo.org.tr, 2009). In order to do this, it should have a rating system to measure the credit worthiness and risk level of companies. According to these criteria, banks shall use two types of loans. In the case of demand for loans of less than one million Euros the retail portfolio is evaluated, in case the demand exceeds 1 million Euros, the institutional portfolio should also be used. During the conduct of internal rating, borrower`s risk, operational risks and the characteristics of these risks as well as whether there has been a delay in the credit payments. With regard to external rating, independent rating agencies are employed. Credits exceeding 1 million Euros and that are found in the institutional portfolio (category) of banks will be subject to rating by external rating agencies (Moody`s, Fitch, S&P, Duff etc.) and the credit ratings will be determined accordingly. These independent agencies take into consideration the country risk, market risk and company risk while conducting ranking. Independent rating agencies after carrying out evaluations on the financial situation of banks, give the ratings to banks as instruments that point out banks' credit worthiness and capacity to carry out obligations. In the context of the rating of bonds, apart from the debt securities exports by banks, financial strength ratings, individual ratings and support ratings (Alp and Üstğndağ, 2007). 15 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo Basel II and importance of Ratings In case risks related to banks` activities materialize, the possessed capital to meet the losses incurred by clients and banks is very important. A good relation should be established between capital and risk so that they are affected only minimally by these losses. For this reason it is important to calculate the possessed minimum capital. Basel II is an arrangement for this purpose (kobifinans.com.tr, 2009). According to the Banking Regulatory and Supervisory Agency of Turkey, if analysed country`s perspective, Basel II can be considered as an opportunity to ensure a stronger and more efficient banking system. Some countries have fully implemented these standards and Turkey has made the necessary preparations to be ready for it. Some banks have even established Basel II departments and are waiting for the full transition stage. Delays in the full implementation of Basel II will principally result in increased costs. If full implementation is ensured, the efficiency of risk management at banks as well as their intermediation activities will increase. Market discipline which represents the main subject of Basel II will increase, the institutional governance structure of companies that are clients to banks will improve and it will also be ensured that the capital levels develop in parallel with their risk exposure. In the context of Basel I, domestic and foreign banks which invested in Turkey‘s Treasury securities were not required to hold capital for these securities. In the context of Basel II, since turkey has a low rating, a capital adequacy ratio of 8% is envisaged for foreign currency-denominated government securities (Eurobonds and foreign currency-denominated domestic debt securities. In fact, the possibility of non-repayment of the loan is related to who is given, but in present application, banks are applying the same approach to all companies with too high or too low credibility. Basel II separates the risk and adjusts it. However, the calculation of capital should be done according to risk. If the bank gives loans to a company with high risk, maybe will need to hold more capital than 8%. This is the logic in Basel II functioning (kobifinans.com.tr, 2009). Basel II brought two new different methods in credit risk measurement. These are standard method and basic internal rating method. There was no innovation in market risk measurement, but in new added operational risk are developed two methods, the basic and advanced measurement method. Credit risk can be defined as the risk of the probability of a party to not-fulfill the obligations to counterparty. With Basel II, as a result of risk-based pricing in credit risk calculation, the types of credits which require keeping more capital will be avoided or the prices will be increased, and the most important point will be to work with qualitative clients. There will not be any significant change in market risk, and in the same way the exchange risk, the interest rate risk, stock risk and liquidity risk will take place. The most important element that divide Basel II from Basel I is operational risk. According to Basel Committee, Operational Risk is the risk arising from the wrong or insufficient internal management, people, system and from other external events. On Basel I the most important risk is credit risk, and recent years‘ banking crises and fraud events within companies, highlights the importance of calculating of operational risk. This is one of the biggest indicators of the importance of Basel II. Related to Basel II the importance of degree is very important. The notes given by the rating agencies, are seen as the indicator for the borrower's risks. Many markets and institutions (banks, etc.), in this way reduces the research effort of individual investors and helps individual savers in evaluating of various investments (Çelik, 2004). Another important thing is ensuring the capital flows. Investors, who are interested to invest in international market, need the credit rating of specific company/business. Investing with a company, which note is known and where accountancy and transparence standards are evaluated, emphasize the importance of rating. Also, the companies who have rating notes, have the opportunity to access to a large investor audience, more credibility, trust and opportunity for more loans. Basel II and Ranking in Turkey The Capital Measurement and Capital Standards Harmonization in the International level document, established by Basel Committee on Banking Supervision has started to be implemented within a given transition by EU member states. In Turkey, Basel I criteria are still being implemented. According to the BDDK 2009 Basel II Progress Report, the % 39.8 of the sector's total asset size formed by banks on individual basis, and the % 29.7 formed by the banks of the consolidated Basel II- have submitted for approval or approved the implementation of the related strategies and policies by their board of directors. 99% of the banking sector, is composed by the top management and related units that will carry out the work of Basel II, 82% responsible staff and 70% the committees. 16 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo If we look at risk measurements, it can be seen clearly that there is a rising in using internal rating method and they are adapted to standard method, during the calculating process of risk. For market risk, all of banks comply the standard rating method, however for operational risk, most of banks use basic indicator method and the number of banks which use standard rating method is very limited. According to the results of quantitative impact studies, while the Basel-II reduces to the extent the capital adequacy of banks, the Turkish banking system's capital adequacy is high so due to these adverse effects they do not reach a significant size. According to the results of the local digital effects work, the 23 banks participating in the study had an aggregated capital adequacy ratio of 28.8% in the current situation and after applying the provisions of the Basel-II this ratio fall to 16.9%. If we take into account the minimum level of capital adequacy that is 8% we see that under the provisions of Basel-II that it‘s available a capital more than double the minimum level (BDDK, 2005). When we take a look to the implementation of Basel II for the past six months considering the developments, the most positive is being a member of the Basel Committee and the most negative development has been the global crisis. In addition the data deficiency and the lack of legislation and technology constitute a negative side. Turkey met with the rating activities in 1992. Moody's and S & P has given to Turkey for a long-term debt mark. After a series of falls experienced in 1994, 1995, 2001 the credit ratings currently is (B) as in the countries where investing should not be done and this prevents Turkey's borrowing ability from international debt markets (NYE and EKE, 2004, p.1). In this way the first time Turkey had met with the rating activities which continued with the beginning of the applicability of Basel II criteria. Conclusion Basel II regulations, in the context of the changes and improvements in the banking system means risk management. In the effective risk management, it is important to identify the credit risk, market risk and operational risk in the calculation of the capital adequacy which is the basic structural block of the Basel II. Other structural blocks provide the market discipline of risk management to develop effective monitoring mechanisms. It appears to be a fact that the further development of risk management in banks culture, indirectly will affect also the real sector firms which are in the position of the banks' customers. The most significant innovation Basel II has brought is the calculation of capital adequacy proportional to the risk in and the use of ratings. In the standard approach in the calculation of ratings, are used the notes based on the rating agencies, while in the internal approach banks are allowed to use their own notes in the ratings. The company internal ratings are based on such criteria as financial statements, market share and product quality. The most important criteria in the company rakings are the financial statements of companies. This is why the companies should be prepared from the results of banks ratings and need to strengthen their capital to get good grades. However, in standard method, international rating agencies by givin a rating note to banks, have an importan mision to be reference for banks if they have capability to carry out with the credit obligations or not. If the rating note is high, the financing costs is low, if rating note is low then the financing costs is high. The two reasons of rating are to increase the transparence and to decrease the cost. While some countries have passed to the Basel II standards Turkey is ready and getting well prepared. Some banks have also established a Basel II department and are waiting for the full shift to the standards. Despite the delays in the transition, this will return to us as a more cost. References Boyacioğlu, M. A., (2005). Bankalarda Derecelendirme (Rating) ve Türk Bankacılığı Üzerine Ampirik Bir ÇalıĢma (Doktora Tezi). Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ünal Aysal Tez değerlendirme YarıĢama Dizisi. Aksoy, T. (2007). Basel II ve Ġç Kontrol, Ankara SMMM Odası Yayın No: 53, Ankara. Aksoy, T. (2007). Derecelendirme Süreci IĢığında Basel II‘nin Kobilere Etkileri ve Kobilerce Atılması Gereken Adımlar: Analitik Bir BakıĢ. Mali Çözüm ISMMMO Yayın Organı. Number: 84. Alp, Ali. ve Üstündağ, S. (2007), Active. Bankaların Derecelendirilmesi Ankara Ticaret Odasi., Basel II, Kobilerin Kredi Riski ve Derecelendirmesi, http://www.atonet.org.tr/yeni/files/_files/OZEL_IHTISAS_KOMISYONLARI/files/ato_basel.pdf-matbaa.pdf Access Date: 13.12.2009. 17 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo Aras, G. (2007). Basel II Bankacılık Düzenlemelerinin Ekonomiye ve Reel Sektöre Yansımalar, Deloitte. Aras, G. Basel II Uygulamasının KOBĠ‘lere Etkileri ve GeçiĢ Süreci. Ariss, R. T. and Sarieddine, Y. Challenges in implementing capital adequacy guidelines to islamic banks (p. 48). Y. Journal of Banking Regulation Vol. 9. Arslan, Ġ. Basel II Kriterleri ve Türk Bankaclık Sektörüne Etkileri http://www.sosyalbil.selcuk.edu.tr/sos_mak/makaleler/%C4%B0brahim%20ARSLAN/ARSLAN,%20%C4%B0BRAH%C4%B0 M.pdf. , Access Date: 01.12.2009. BabuĢçu, ġ. (1994). Bankacılıkta Risk Değerlendirmesi(Rating) ve Türk Bankacılık Sektörüne Uygulanması. Sermaye Piyasası Kurulu. BaĢar, M. (2007). Basel II Düzenlemeleri ve Kobiler, Anadolu Üniversitesi Yayınları. BDDK. (2005), Basel II Ekonomik Yansımaları ve GeçiĢ Süreci, AraĢtırma Dairesi. BDDK. (January 2005). 10 Soruda Yeni Basel UzlaĢısı (Basel II). BDDK. (September 2009), Bankacılık Sektörü Basel II Ġlerleme Raporu. BDDK. (2005), Basel II‘ye GeçiĢe ĠliĢkin Yol Haritası (Taslak). Berker, A. B., Kredi Derecelendirmesi. http://www.fitchratings.com.tr/ftp/derecelendirme/drc_20.pdf , Access Date: 25.12.2009. Berker, A.B., Derecelendirme KuruluĢları.. http://www.fitchratings.com.tr/ftp/derecelendirme/drc_23.pdf , Access Date: 27.11.2009. Çelik, P. (2004), Bankaların Risk Derecelendirmesi (Uzmanlık Yeterlilik Tezi). TCMB, Bankacılık ve Finansal KuruluĢlar Genel Müdürlüğü, Ankara. Doyrangöl, N. C. ve Saltoğlu, M., Muhasebeci Gözüyle Basel II. http://archive.ismmmo.org.tr/docs/malicozum/malicozum_kongreozel/19%20nurancomertdoyrangol.pdf , Access Date: 27.10.2009. Kutlu, H. A. ve Demirci, N.S. Kapsamlı Bir Risk Yönetimi Düzenlemesi: Basel II ve Kobilere Muhtemel Etkileri. http://uvt.ulakbim.gov.tr/uvt/index.php?cwid=3&vtadi=TPRJ%2CTTAR%2CTTIP%2CTMUH%2CTSOS&c=google&s_f=_5&d etailed=1&keyword=86942 ,14.12.2009. MazibaĢ, M., Operasyonel Riske Basel YaklaĢımı: Üç Yapısal Blok Çerçevesinde Bir Değerlendirme. BDDK AraĢtırma Rapoları, 2005/1. Misirlioğlu, Ġ. U., UFRS ve Basel II‘nin ĠĢletme Faaliyetleri Üzerindeki Etkileri. http://archive.ismmmo.org.tr/docs/malicozum/76MaliCozum/1ismailufukmisirlioglu.pdf , Access Date: 27.12.2009 NYE, R. P. ve Eke, S. (March 2004), Türkiye‘de Kredi Derecelendirmesi, Activeline. Rodoplu, G. ve Ayan E. (2008). Basel II UzlaĢısında Piyasa Risk Yönetimi ve Türkiye Açısından Faiz Riskine ĠliĢkin Bir Uygulama. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi ĠĠBF Dergisi. Teker,S., Bolgün, K.E., Akçay, M.B. (2005). Banka Sermaye Yeterliliği: Basel II Standartlarının Bir Türk Bankasına Uygulanması (p. 42-54). Elektronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, www.e-sosder.com, Number: 12. Weber, H. R. and Darbellay, A. (2008), The regulatory use of credit ratings in bank capital requirement regulation (p.2-3). Journal of Banking Regulation Vol. 10. Yardimcioğlu, M.ve Çam, A. V. (2007). Sermaye Piyasalarındaki Derecelendirme Müessesesinin Basel II Kapsamında Değerlendirilmesi. Mali Çözüm ISMMMO Yayın Organı, Number: 80. www.kobifinans.com.tr, Access Date: 25.12.2009 www.spk.gov.tr, Access Date: 21.12.2009 18 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo www.standardandpoors.com , Access Date: 25.12.2009 19 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 135 Title A name given to the resource In the Context of Basel II Accord, Capital Adequacy and Rating Author Author YILDIZ, Feyyaz ÜÇ, Mustafa ELİTAŞ, Bilge Leyli ELİTAŞ, Cemal SHERIFI, Idaver Abstract A summary of the resource. Basel II is a series of rules which brings new things and radical changes to the banking regulation standards. The basic reason of this change; while calculating the risk of the capital adequacy is taken into consideration and activities which forms the basic degree of Basel II‘s criterion. Especially Basel II criteria get heavy the circumstances of lending banks credits and in meantime the importance of rating marks in on the deal. In that study, reforms which bring Basel II the changing of the calculation of capital adequacy and in that way the criteria of rating and feasibility will be evaluated. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed HB Economic Theory https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/6f639c494ce62f1ca6c8a1c8cd77b7eb.pdf 4361bdde1c53bf35853ea7eaa06b2e4f PDF Text Text Determination of Fungal and Bacterial Diseases on Bean Plants in Bean Production Areas in Konya Province, Turkey Serkan YEŞĐL Selcuk University, Agricultural Faculty, Department of Plant Protection, Konya, Turkey serkanyesil@selcuk.edu.tr Nuh BOYRAZ Selcuk University, Agricultural Faculty, Department of Plant Protection, Konya, Turkey nboyraz@selcuk.edu.tr Abstract: Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is a major crop that provides an important source of protein for human nutrition. In this study presence of plant pathogenic fungal and bacterial agents was determined in five mostly bean growing districts of Konya province in 2006. The surveys were carried out at seedlings, blooming and podmaturing phases of beans, and determined the average incidence of fungal diseases on three phases as 16.42%, 14.17% and 15.37% respectively. According to results, five fungal agents were identified as primary pathogens which were Fusarium equiseti, F. oxysporum f.sp. phaseoli, Macrophomina phaseolina, Rhizoctonia solani and F. solani f.sp. phaseoli on beans. In the three sampling phases and on majority at collected samples, Fusarium spp. were isolated at ratios 65.36%, 76.27% and 68.88% respectively. R. solani was determined to be the most virulent agent (77.78%) in all of the fungal pathogens by the pathogenicity tests. Pseudomonas savastonoi pv. phaseolicola was identified on collected bean samples and found incidence of disease as 11.59%. Keywords: Fungal, bacterial, bean, disease, Konya. Introduction Legumes play an important role in human nutrition. Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is one of the most important legumes in the World due to its high commercial value, extensive production, consumer use, and nutrient value (carbohydrates, protein, minerals, and vitamins). It is traditionally a basic food crop in many developing countries, and it serves as a major plant protein source for rural and urban areas. Approximately 99.000 ha are planted annually to common bean in Turkey. Konya ranks first in Turkey in terms of the bean planting areas with a total area of 13.860 ha and a production level of 26.591 tons (Anonymous 2010). Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) plants are adversely affected by numerous biotic and abiotic stresses that result in important yield losses. More than 200 pathogens have been reported attacking beans; however, only about a dozen of them can cause considerable economic losses (Schoonhoven & Voysest 1991). Annual production losses in world bean production as a result of diseases average about 10%. On bean plants 61 different diseases were described 31 of these diseases are caused by fungi, five by bacteria, five by nematodes, 18 by viruses, and two by mycoplasmalike organisms. Fungal pathogens of bean are identified mostly by the size, shape, and color of their spores. Fungal pathogens cause a wide range of symptoms on beans. Most frequently they cause variously colored (brown, yellow, red, or black) spots or blotches on leaves, stems, pods, seeds, or roots. Bacteria that cause bean diseases are microscopic, colorless or yellow cells. They cause water-soaked spots (then brown) and blotches (often with yellow borders) on leaves, pods, or seeds (Hall 1994). Konya province provides 21.5% of Turkey bean production (Çiftçi 2004). Therefore it’s very important to determine diseases of bean plants and to plan control measures for diseases. It’s reported that 219 �yield losses which are caused by diseases, pests, and herbs in legumes cultivated areas in worldwide on developed countries and developing countries were 17.2% and 37.1%, respectively (Agrios 1988). Particularly in large bean production areas, irrigation by sprinkling plays an important role for spreading of bacterial and fungal diseases. Also, using seeds which were cultivated the previous year as seed plays an important role for spreading seed-borne diseases. In this study, it’s aimed to determine and identify fungal and bacterial diseases and incidences of the diseases which may cause yield losses on bean production in Konya province. In Turkey, early researches about bean diseases were carried out by Bremer (1948, 1954) and Göbelez (1956). Up to date, several survey studies about bean diseases in different provinces in Turkey has been carried out (Tekinel et al. 1969, Karahan 1971, Özalp 1971, Soran 1977, 1981, Turak & Arslan 1988, Temizel & Ertunç 1992, Demir & Gündoğdu 1994, Biçici et al. 1995, Hatat & Özkoç 1997, Turak 1997, Demirci & Çağlar 1998, Turhan et al. 2001, Kırbağ & Turan 2006) Material and Methods Material The main material of the study is infected ones of bean plants which are grown in Konya province, in 2006. Survey area of the study is determined with regard to bean production statistics of 2005 which were provided from Konya Directorate of the Ministry of Agriculture. According to the data (Anonymous 2005), districts where bean are planted in more than 1000 ha, Center districts (Selçuklu, Meram and Karatay), Çumra, Altınekin, Ilgın and Ereğli were chosen as the survey area. Methods Surveys Survey area was selected from intensively bean cultivated areas and in such a way to represent Konya province. Surveys were carried out in bean growing areas in Center districts (Karatay, Selçuklu and Meram), Çumra, Altınekin, Ilgın and Ereğli. Sampling was done at least in 1% of bean production area in each of the districts. Minimum sampling areas of the districts were determined as 150 da., 450 da., 210 da., 140 da., and 100 da., respectively. Bean planting areas, sampled field numbers and areas in the districts were shown in Table 1. District Center Çumra Altınekin Ilgın Ereğli Toplam Planting Areas (ha.) 1480 4500 2100 1400 985 10465 Field Number 14 15 14 14 10 67 Sampled Planting Areas (da.) 186 517.5 386 157 285 1531.5 Table.1. According to the districts and size of field examined field numbers. In this study, the surveys were carried out at 3 phases as at seedlings, blooming and pod-maturing phases of beans. The first one was carried out at appearing of bean seedlings on the soil surface to two real leaves phase (first week of June), the second one was at appearing of first flowers (second week of July) and the last one was at maturing of pods and seeds phase (third week of August). In field surveys controlled plant numbers in examined field were determined according to size of examined field, as in Table 2. 220 �Area of field (da.) 1-5 6-10 11-50 51-100 Number of controlled plant 25 50 100 150 Table 2. According to size of examined field, number of controlled plant During survey studies, disease incidence ratio and infected plant ratio values which belong to each field, each district and Konya province were calculated according to Bora and Karaca (1970). a) Isolation and Identification of Fungal Pathogens from Infected Bean Plants Preliminary diagnosis was based on symptoms in shoots, hypocotyls, and roots that are usually associated with specific root rot and wilt pathogens. In all isolations, hypocotyl or root tissues showing symptoms were first washed in running tap water and cut into 1-cm portions. They were then surface sterilized in 1.5% NaOCl for 1min, double rinsed in sterile distilled water, blot dried between sterile paper towels, and plated aseptically on potato dextrose agar added with streptomycin sulphate. Plates were then incubated in a growth chamber at 22 to 26°C with a 12-h photoperiod supplied by long, fluorescent, day light tubes. Plates were examined 2 to 14 days later for fungi associated with the various symptoms observed (Warcup 1958). Pure cultures were obtained by subculturing. Fungi were identified according to colony characteristics and reproductive structures by using binocular microscope according to Von Arx (1970); Booth 1971; Barnett and Hunter (1987); Domsch et al. (1980). Fungal structures of identified fungi were screened by means of a trinocular microscope and photographed by digital camera. b) Pathogenicity Tests In the pathogenicity tests “Akman 98” bean cultivar used. It’s known as sensitive to fungi which were tested. The most frequently isolated fungal species were chosen. Pathogenicity tests of 5 Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. phaseoli (Fop), 5 F. solani f.sp. phaseoli (Fsp), 3 Rhizoctonia solani and 3 Macrophomina phaseoli isolates which were identified by species, were carried out on pots in climate chamber conditions. In this study, corn flour sand culture which is mostly used and thought better for soil borne fungi was used. (Killebrew et al. 1988). Assessments were done after 30 days from planting. Therefore, CIAT 1-9 scale (Pastor-Corrales & Abawi 1987) was used for plants inoculated by Fop and Fsp, and 0-4 scale (Meinhardt et al. 2002, Eken & Demirci 2003) for plants inoculated by R. solani and M. phaseoli. Isolation and Identification of Bacterial Pathogens from Infected Bean Plants Bacteria were isolated and identified according to Schaad et al. (2001) from the parts of bean plants which showed bacterial disease symptoms. For identification, biochemical tests including Gram's stain, motility, utilisation of mannitol, sorbitol and inositol together with LOPAT tests and growth on King’s B were carried out. Results Survey Results Incidence of Fungal Root Rot on Bean Plants Extent of the study, result of the surveys which were carried out at seedling phase of bean in 2006 incidence of fungal root rot in Center, Çumra, Altınekin, Ilgın and Ereğli districts were determined as 221 �19.88%, 10.40%, 17.81%, 19.75% and 21.35%, respectively. The average of Konya province was determined as 16.42% (Fig. 1). In the same year, result of the second surveys which were carried out at blooming phase of bean incidence of fungal root rot in the same districts were determined as 16.57%, 10.84%, 14.68%, 11.43% and 19.45%, respectively. The average of Konya province was determined as 14.17% (Fig. 2). Result of the last surveys which were carried out at pod maturing phase of bean incidence of fungal root rot in the same districts were determined as 15.96%, 15.28%, 11.95%, 17.63% and 18.53%, respectively. The average of Konya province was determined as 15.37% (Fig. 3). 21,35 22 19,88 19,75 20 17,81 16,42 Incidence ( %) 18 16 14 10,4 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 Merkez Çumra Altınekin Ilgın Districts Ereğli Konya(Ort.) Figure 1. Incidence of fungal root rot on bean plants at seedling phase Figure 2. Incidence of fungal root rot on bean plants at blooming phase 222 �Figure 3. Incidence of fungal root rot on bean plants at pod maturing phase Incidence of Bacterial Diseases on Bean Plants In the survey studies which were carried out at seedling, blooming and pod maturing phases of bean in Konya Center, Çumra, Altınekin, Ilgın and Ereğli districts, in 2006 bean production seasonal symptoms of bacterial diseases were only observed at pod maturing phase. Therefore, only this survey results were given and evaluated. As a result of the analysis of these findings, plants which infected with bacteria were observed mostly in Altınekin district by 27.74%. Çumra, Ilgın, Center and Ereğli districts followed Altınekin by 9.56%, 7%, 3.22% and 1.36%, respectively. The average of Konya province was determined as 11.59% (Fig. 4). Incidence (%) 27,74 28 26 24 22 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 11,59 9,56 7 3,22 1,36 Merkez Çumra Altınekin Ilgın Ereğli Konya(Ort.) Districts Figure 4. Incidence of bacterial diseases on bean plants at pod maturing phase Results of Laboratory Studies Isolation and Identification of Fungal Pathogens from Infected Bean Plants 223 �In the survey studies, from Center districts, Çumra, Altınekin, Ilgın and Ereğli, bean plants were collected number of 440, 710, 430, 345 and 315, respectively. And fungal pathogens were isolated from these plants. In the survey studies at seedling phase, totally 615 diseased bean plants, 160 from Center districts, 200 from Çumra, 75 from Altınekin, 95 from Ilgın and 85 from Ereğli were collected and used for fungal isolation. Isolated fungi and incidence rates of each fungus as regards to districts are shown in Table 3. As given by the table fungi species were determined from 9 different genus. In this phase, 402 of 615, in other words 65.36% of bean seedlings which were examined for isolation were determined as infected by Fusarium species. In addition, in seedling isolation studies; incidence rates of R. solani, M. phaseoli, Alternaria spp and Pythium spp were determined as 19.18%, 8.61%, 8.61% and 1.78, respectively. At blooming phase of bean, totally 590 bean plants,160 from Center districts, 155 from Çumra, 75 from Altınekin, 95 from Ilgın and 105 from Ereğli were collected and used for fungal isolation. Isolated fungi and incidence rates of each fungus as regards to districts are shown in Table 4. As given by the table fungi species were determined from 8 different genus. In this phase, 450 of 590, in other words 76.27% of bean plants which were examined for isolation were determined as infected by Fusarium species. Fusarium spp. were followed by R. solani (22.37%), M. phaseoli (10.67%) and Pythium spp (5.59%). Districts Fungi Fusariu m spp. R. solani M. phaseoli Alternari a spp. Pythium spp. Curvular ia spp. Ulocladi um spp. Penicilli um spp. Chaetom ium spp. Toplam Konya Center Numb Infecti er of on infecte rate d % seedli ngs 113 70,62 Çumra Numb er of infecte d seedli ngs 115 57,5 Altınekin Numb Infecti er of on infecte rate d % seedli ngs 41 54,66 Ilgın Numb er of infecte d seedli ngs 75 78,94 Ereğli Numb er of infecte d seedli ngs 58 68,23 20 4 12,5 2,5 39 20 19,5 10 18 12 24 16 23 --- 24,21 --- 18 17 21,17 20 14 8,75 16 8 10 13,33 9 9,47 4 4,70 11 6,87 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- 1 0,62 2 1 --- --- 4 4,21 --- --- 3 1,87 1 0,5 --- --- 1 1,05 --- --- --- --- 7 3,5 3 4 1 1,05 1 1,17 --- --- 2 1 4 5,33 --- --- --- --- 160 --- 200 --- 75 --- 95 --- 85 --- Infecti on rate % Infecti on rate % Infecti on rate % Table 3. Infection rates of bean seedling samples with fungi Districts Fungi Fusariu m spp. R. solani Konya Center Numb Infecti er of on infecte rate d % seedli ngs 107 66,87 Çumra Numb er of infecte d seedli ngs 117 22 73 13,75 75,48 Altınekin Numb Infecti er of on infecte rate d % seedli ngs 62 82,66 Ilgın Numb er of infecte d seedli ngs 79 63,47 4 18 Infecti on rate % 224 5,33 83,15 Ereğli Numb er of infecte d seedli ngs 85 80,95 18,94 15 14,28 Infecti on rate % Infecti on rate % �M. phaseoli Alternari a spp. Pythium spp. Penicilli um spp. Chaetom ium spp. Gliocladi um spp. Toplam 12 7,5 22 14,19 5 6,66 7 7,36 17 16,19 7 4,37 1 0,64 4 5,33 12 12,63 5 4,76 9 5,62 --- --- --- --- --- ---- 24 22,85 --- --- 4 2,58 1 1,33 --- --- --- --- --- --- 3 1,93 5 6,66 --- --- 1 0,95 --- --- 3 1,93 --- --- --- --- --- --- 160 --- 155 --- 75 --- 95 --- 105 --- Table 4. Infection rates of bean plant samples with fungi at blooming phase At pod maturing phase of bean, totally 1035 bean plants,120 from Center districts, 355 from Çumra, 280 from Altınekin, 155 from Ilgın and 125 from Ereğli were collected and used for fungal isolation. Isolated fungi and incidence rates of each fungus as regards to districts are shown in Table 5. As given by the table fungi species were determined from 10 different genus. In this phase, 713 of 1035, in other words 68.88% of bean plants which were examined for isolation were determined as infected by Fusarium species. Fusarium spp. were followed by R. solani (24.05%), Alternaria spp. (15.26%), Pythium spp (11.59%), and M. phaseoli (10.33%). Districts Fungi Fusarium spp. R. solani M. phaseoli Alternaria spp. Pythium spp. Ulocladiu m spp. Penicilliu m spp. Chaetomiu m spp. Gliocladiu m spp. S.sclerotio rum Toplam Konya Center Numb Infecti er of on infecte rate d % seedli ngs 60 50 Çumra Numb er of infecte d seedli ngs 255 71,83 Altınekin Numb Infecti er of on infecte rate d % seedli ngs 213 76,07 Ilgın Numb er of infecte d seedli ngs 88 56,77 Ereğli Numb er of infecte d seedli ngs 97 77,6 15 8 12,5 6,66 59 17 16,61 4,78 42 34 15 12,14 36 34 23,22 21,93 42 14 33,6 11,2 27 22,5 53 14,92 44 15,71 12 7,74 22 17,6 14 11,66 40 11,26 34 12,14 5 3,22 1 0,8 --- --- 3 0,84 4 1,42 17 10,96 --- --- --- --- 5 1,40 3 1,07 4 2,58 --- --- --- --- 3 0,84 2 0,71 1 0,64 --- --- --- --- 15 4,22 15 5,35 --- --- --- --- 1 0,83 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- 120 --- 355 --- 280 --- 155 --- 125 --- Infecti on rate % Infecti on rate % Table 5. Infection rates of bean plant samples with fungi at pod maturing phase 225 Infecti on rate % �Distribution of Isolated Fungi During the survey studies, as a result of the isolation of the media grown from collected bean plants, 221 isolates from 15 different fungi species were obtained (Tab. 6). 57.02% of the isolates in other words half of the isolates were identified as Fusarium. In this study, 5 different Fusarium species were identified. As a result of species identification studies, isolation frequency of F. equiseti at seedling, blooming and pod maturing phases was determined as 24.70%, 23.40% and 22.58%, respectively. F. equiseti was followed by F. oxysporum with 17.65%. Isolation frequency rates of this fungus were determined as 19.75%, 14.90% and 17.20%, respectively. Macrophomina phoseoli was third mostly isolated fungus by 15.38%. Isolation frequency rates of this fungus were determined as 11.11%, 25.53% and 13.98%, respectively. Isolation frequency rates of R. solani, which is one of the most important pathogens of bean plants at seedling, blooming pod maturing phases and average were determined as 16.05%, 12.77%, 15.05% and 14.93%, respectively (Tab. 7). Fungi Center B P T 0 1 4 F. equiseti S 3 F.oxysporum 5 0 0 5 S 1 0 7 F. solani 1 0 0 1 F. culmorum F.semitectu m R. solani 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 0 M. phaseoli 1 Alternaria spp. Curvularia spp Ulocladium spp. Chaetomium spp. Gliocladium spp. P.oligandru m Pythium spp. S.sclerotioru m TOTAL Çumra B P 4 4 2 5 3 4 4 0 1 4 0 0 2 2 0 1 3 5 6 4 0 1 2 3 4 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 T 1 8 1 4 1 1 6 2 Number of isolates Altınekin S B P T S 0 4 8 1 3 2 2 1 8 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 Ilgın B P 0 3 T 6 S 4 Ereğli B P 3 5 0 2 3 1 4 1 T 1 2 6 0 0 0 1 1 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 2 1 2 0 0 0 2 1 4 3 0 0 0 1 0 4 0 2 0 1 3 2 0 4 6 2 0 4 6 4 2 4 1 1 2 1 5 4 1 1 2 1 0 4 0 3 1 5 1 0 3 1 0 0 1 0 1 2 1 0 3 0 2 2 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 3 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 3 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 4 1 7 4 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 4 1 3 2 3 9 9 9 2 4 1 1 1 2 1 3 7 5 3 3 1 7 5 2 2 5 2 S: Seedling survey, B: Blooming survey, P: Pod maturing survey, T: Total of the surveys. Table 6. Distribution of isolated fungi depending on survey phases and districts 226 �Isolates Seedling 24,70 19,75 6,17 9,88 3,7 16,05 11,11 2,47 0 0 F. equiseti F. oxysporum F. solani F. culmorum F. semitectum R. solani M. phaseoli Alternaria spp. Pythium spp. S. sclerotiorum Isolation rates (%) Blooming Pod maturing 23,4 22,58 14,9 17,2 10,64 5,38 0 3,23 4,26 4,3 12,77 15,05 25,53 13,98 4,26 7,53 0 1,08 0 1,08 Average 23,53 17,65 6,79 4,98 4,07 14,93 15,38 4,98 1,08 1,08 Table 7. Isolation rates of the fungi depending on survey phases. Results of Pathogenicity Tests Results of pathogenicity tests were given by Table 8. According to the results of pathogenicity tests, Ç.12/2 of Fop was determined as the most pathogen isolate with 67.41% rate of disease severity. The isolate caused stunting, chlorosis and total growth reduction on bean plants in comparison with control plants. In other isolates of Fop, rate of disease severity were determined as varying from 31.85% to 54.96%. The average rate of disease severity of all isolates was calculated as 54.96%. In Fsp isolates Ç.O.10/2 was determined as the most pathogen one with 63.70% rate of disease severity. The isolate caused stunting, growth reduction, early blooming, lesions on hypocotyls and taproot on bean plants in comparison with control plants. In other isolates of Fsp, rates of disease severity were determined as varying from 45.93% to 62.96%. The average rate of disease severity of all Fsp isolates was calculated as 56.89%. The average rate of disease severity of Rhizoctonia solani isolates was calculated as the highest with 77.78% in all tested fungal isolates. E.O.3/1 isolate was determined as the most pathogen isolate with 100% rate of disease severity. On all pots which the isolate was inoculated, it prevented the emergence of all bean seeds. In M. phaseolina isolates Ç.O.15/3 was determined as the most pathogen one with 51.66% rate of disease severity. The isolate caused stunting, growth reduction, chlorosis, blight on stems on bean plants in comparison with control plants. In other isolates of M. phaseoli, rates of disease severity were determined as varying from 32.14% to 38.33%. The average rate of disease severity of all isolates was calculated as 40.91%. Fungi F. oxysporum f.sp. phaseoli (Fop) F. solani f.sp. phaseoli (Fsp) R. solani M. phaseoli Isolate Name K.11/1 A.4/2 E.Çi.2/4 Ç.2/1 Ç.12/2 A.O.10/1 Ç.O.16/2 Ç.Ç.9/2 Ç.O. 10/2 Ç.Ç.6/3 E.O.3/1 Ç.Ç.8/2 I.O.7/2 A.6/2 E.Ç.6/3 227 Disease Severity (%)* Isolate Average** 31.85 57.78 54.96 B 59.26 58.52 67.41 60.00 62.96 45.93 56.89 B 63.70 51.85 100.00 86.66 77.78 A 50.00 38.33 40.91 B 32.14 �Ç.O.15/3 51.66 Kontrol-1 0.00 Kontrol Kontrol-2 0.00 0.00 C Kontrol-3 0.00 *Disease severity was calculated by McKinney’s infection index formula. **LSD = 19.04;P<0.01. Means followed by the same letters within each fungus aren’t significantly different according to LSD0.01 Table 8. Pathogenicities of the isolates on Akman 98 bean variety Suggestions Determination of factors which negatively effect crop yield and quality in plant production provides a basis of pest control. The first step of pest control is identification of problem correctly. If it couldn’t obtain, control strategies wouldn’t achieve. This condition is most important for bean production areas in Konya province. According to results of the study, for reducing or eradication of phytopathological problems in bean production areas in Konya province and in order to produce more yielded and more quality bean production, the following suggestions must be regarded. 1. First of all, certified and pathogen-free seed must be used because, most of the important bean pathogens can survive on or in seed. 2. Before seed sowing, field soil must be cultivated properly. Therefore, in autumn plant debris of the previous year is buried in soil by cultivating 10-15 cm deep. In spring, when soil humid is proper, it should be prepared for sowing by cultivating 1 or 2 times, then, harrow or disc harrow can be used. 3. Especially, it’s very important to minimize soil compaction in control of mostly observed root rot diseases in surveyed bean fields. This can be achieved by crop rotation, by loosening sublayers or wheel tracks with chisels at planting time, by not cultivating wet soil, and by reducing the pressure exerted by wheels on the soil surface. 4. As well in other plant crops production, in bean production cultural practices are very important. If all conditions which are necessary for growing healthy plant can be obtained, possibility of phytopathological problems occurrence will minimum. For this purpose, cultural practices such as sowing, fertilizing and irrigation should be done properly. 5. Planting depth is effective on seedling emergence and occurrence of root rot diseases. 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Adana ve Đçel illerinde fasulye kök çürüklüğü hastalığı fungal etmenlerinin tespiti, dağılışları, patojeniteleri ve bunlarda Fusarium türlerinin tanımı üzerinde araştırmalar. Ç.Ü. Temel Bilimler Fakültesi Yayınları :1, s.52 Tekinel, N., M.S., Dolar, S., Sağgöz & Y., Salcan (1969). Mersin bölgesinde ekonomik bakımdan önemli bazı sebzelerin virüsleri üzerinde araştırmalar. Bitki Koruma Bülteni, 9:37-49. Temizel, K. & F., Ertunç (1992). Investigation on the detection of bean diseases of Van province. J. Turk Phytopath., 21(1):25-31. Turak, S. & A., Arslan (1988). Erzincan Đli Fasulye Ekiliş Alanlarında Kök Çürüklüğüne Sebep Olan Fungal Etmenler Üzerinde Ön Çalışmalar. (Erişim tarihi: 24/04/2007) http://www.erzincanbk.gov.tr/sb20.htm. Turak, S. (1997). Erzincan Đli Fasulye Ekim Alanlarında Kök Çürüklüğü Oluşturan Fungal Etmenlerin Belirlenmesi ve Bunların Bazı Fasulye Çeşitlerinde Patojeniteleri Đle Antagonist Trichoderma Türleri Đle Etkileşimlerinin Đncelenmesi. Doktora Projesi http://www.erzincanbk.gov.tr/sb32.htm Turhan, G., Bora, T., Karsavuran, Y., Özaktan, H. & L., Yolageldi (2001). Fasulye tohumları ile taşınan önemli bakteriyel ve fungal etmenler ile zararlıların saptanmasına yönelik araştırmalar. E.Ü. Araştırma Fonu Araştırma Projesi, 98-ZRF-018 nolu proje. Warcup, J.H. (1958). Distribution and Detection of Root Disease Fungi. Plant Pathology Problems and Progress (Ed.) C.S: Hulton, G.W.Fulton, Helen Hert, SEA, Mc CAllon The Ragents of the University of Wisconsin, 317-324 230 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 407 Title A name given to the resource Determination of Fungal and Bacterial Diseases on Bean Plants in Bean Production Areas in Konya Province, Turkey Author Author YESİL, Serkan BOYRAZ, Nuh Abstract A summary of the resource. Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is a major crop that provides an important source of protein for human nutrition. In this study presence of plant pathogenic fungal and bacterial agents was determined in five mostly bean growing districts of Konya province in 2006. The surveys were carried out at seedlings, blooming and podmaturing phases of beans, and determined the average incidence of fungal diseases on three phases as 16.42%, 14.17% and 15.37% respectively. According to results, five fungal agents were identified as primary pathogens which were Fusarium equiseti, F. oxysporum f.sp. phaseoli, Macrophomina phaseolina, Rhizoctonia solani and F. solani f.sp. phaseoli on beans. In the three sampling phases and on majority at collected samples, Fusarium spp. were isolated at ratios 65.36%, 76.27% and 68.88% respectively. R. solani was determined to be the most virulent agent (77.78%) in all of the fungal pathogens by the pathogenicity tests. Pseudomonas savastonoi pv. phaseolicola was identified on collected bean samples and found incidence of disease as 11.59%. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed Q Science (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/5e2b8afe955608dffa341f9629058dd0.pdf bf51506ebe4cfe33930c27b7b4dd7761 PDF Text Text 2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo A Case Study Successful for Chinese family business Fatih YAġAR Department of Management Beijing Institute of Technology University-China fyasar27@hotmail.com Abstract: In order to determine the impaction of financing to corporate performance, Guangdong Province family owned listed corporation family businesses is selected to describe a sovereign form of economic organization throughout the world in terms of contributions. Because of the coincidence of family business failure and the importance of family business within national and local economies, a large percent of family business literature is allocated to the issue of succession. In mainland China, the family, as the basic social unit, has recently regained its importance in economic activity. Starting from the exacting case of a family business located in Guangdong province, this article reviews the practices that reign in the succession of the management of companies. Following this case study, a questionnaire was drawn up and submitted to 15 family businesses. Chinese companies can continue to endure or not, depends on its ability to carry out bold economic reforms and to what extent the characteristics of Chinese companies and originality play. A survey inquiry is used as the research instrument. The results prove that psychosocial needs are more often associated with the potential successors‘ intentions to take over family businesses than other factors. Keywords: Condition; Successful; Family business Introductıon Family businesses signify a widespread and prophetic form of venture in the economic and social landscape. Some researchers approximation that, today ,family-owned businesses comprise over 95% of all business establishments worldwide Studies in the United States, Canada, Europe, Australia, and overseas countries imply that family firms account for the majority of the businesses and have a major collision on the growth of the national economies. In mainland China, interest in family businesses was first aroused by the success of the big Chinese family companies which are characteristic of the countries of Southeast Asia, and then by the growth of the Chinese private sector, the majority of whose companies are of the family type. ( Lank et al, 1994) Family business is not characterized by either permissible forms or specific size. Some writers desire either the condition of possession or that of management control in order to depict a business as being a family one or not; other definitions are based on both possession and control. Recently a dynamic loom has distincted the family business, whether it be a simple family workshop or a big visibly quoted company, in terms of the real manage exercised by the founding family. (Stavrou, 1999).This does not necessarily imply majority control of the assets or the require of remedy to managers from outside the family. Its individual attribute is that no other group of shareholders carries greater weight than the family shareholders, and that the appointment of the head of the company depends absolutely on the principal shareholders. Beyond the question of definition, it is generally agreed that a family business is characterized by the superimposition of a system of enterprise and of a family system in one and the same entity which is both economic and social. In matters of succession, a decision is never taken as the result of purely economic computation, nor is it merely a problem of the passing on of the family legacy. In the context of a China in transition where the power of the state mingles with creature motivations, this method makes it possible both to evade mistakes that would lead to over simplifying complexities and to encumber light on the rich diversity of the real lives of personals and organization.(Chua,1991) The aim of this article is to donate to the accepting of the present situation of Chinese family businesses, through a focus on the question of succession. In the first part, we introduce a business that has experienced two consecutive succession processes over the last few years. From this we teased out questions which are examined in the second part, in the light of information gathered from 15 family businesses in the province of Guangdong. In order to find answers to these questions, and in conjunction with the Centre for Research into Family Enterprise in Guangdong we conducted a survey of a sample of 15 family businesses, between June and December 2009. These businesses share the following characteristics: their capital is private; they are large 239 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo companies resolute to professionalize their managerial team; the head of the company is around fifty or sixty years old, so that succession is not far off; they are manufacturing companies. In the survey, we made two unexpected discoveries. We had initially believed that a number of private companies, after over twenty years of growth, were in the process of transferring power from one generation to another or had already experienced a transfer of power. In reality, for a majority of private companies, succession is not a required solicitude because of the youth of both the entrepreneur and the company. Among the fifteen companies, only two had a change of principal manager, seven had not been resisted with the question of succession, and six did not give any answers. In this way our survey, which had expected the observation of practices, reveals only opinions on the question of succession. Secondly, we initially sought to meet with twenty large private companies in the same sector in Jiangmen, but the preponderance of small and medium-size private companies only made it possible for us to identify 13 companies in the area, to which we later added four companies situated in the environs of (two in Zhongshan, two in Xiaolan). These 15 companies are family businesses in the strict sense because of the sovereign presence of the founding family in their capital: 36.53% of the shares belong to the business leader officers and 46% of the shares are held by other members of the founding family (see Figure 1). As the chairman managerial officer is, most often, also the head of the family, the founding families control these companies. Figure 1: Shareholding of chinese firms From the management point of view managerial functions are approved out by the founders (in 40.5% of cases) and their children (13.8%), for a total of 54.3% of positions (see Figure 2). Family control at managerial level is apparent, even if it does not exclude the arrival of outside talent (25% of executives are professional managers recruited from outside). The data collected on the capital, the turnover and the number of employees shows that these are large companies (see Table 1). Figure 2: Executive for the companies 240 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo Number of companies out of 15 who replied 01 Total capital (in thousands of yuan) 02 Total turnover (in thousands of yuan) 03 Number of employess Average Minimum Maximum 101,319 22,634 181,117 145,204 16,800 550,000 1001 258 2,500 Table 1: Size of Companies in our Survey Source Our survey:2010 Reseearch Desıgn and Methodologz Data Collection At the time of this study, the common of family businesses were still under the control of their founder. 88.2% of the founders were ripened between 40 and 50. The transfer of power between generations is for that reason not yet a major preoccupation. However, 82.4% of the founders (14 out of 17) admitted that they have already begun to look for their successors. The exacting case of the FSJ Lighting Company The story of the FSJ Lighting company is strictly united to that of its founder, Cai Shusong, once the director of a state enterprise (the lighting factory in Zhongshan) and secretary of the enterprise's Party Committee. In May 1998, at the age of 63, he retired and began a second career in Zhongshan. He borrowed 90,000 Yuan and became a sales representative for a locality and enterprise at Jiangmen. In 1999, he set up his own company, FSJ Lighting, with an initial investment of 100,000 Yuan, which produced a component for Lighting equipment. The company was registered at the Chamber of Commerce and Industry as a communal enterprise. From the outset, although this official status, FSJ Lighting was defectors a private company owned and managed by the Cai family. All the management jobs were detained by members of the family or by close friends. In 2001, FSJ Lighting relinquished its status as a collective enterprise and became a public limited company with private capital. In 2003, in accordance with company law, FSJ Lighting was modernized and established a board of directors and a supervisory board. In 2002, it became a shareholding company. In 2005, FSJ Lighting opened its capital to four institutional shareholders, to the harmony of 21 million Yuan, and then equipped its submission for a citation on the stock market. In 2006, the company had total capital of 132 million Yuan, an annual proceeds of 86 million and profits of 21 million. It employs close to a thousand employees. The founder’s family Cai shusong set up his company at the age of 63 and gave up direct management of it four years later. When asked about his ambitions for FSJ Lighting, his first desire was that the company preserve its technological guide over its competitors, develop itself sustainably and contribute to local development. These ambitions are evidence that, distant from the creation of personal and family assets, self-realization is a major factor in his consumerist motivation. Cai shusong is one of those private entrepreneurs who previously had been cadres in state enterprises. He belongs to the proficient elites who made a good living before, and who set up private companies in the same sector as that in which they were employed by the state. They are differentiated from entrepreneurs driven by dearth, because of their reasonably high incomes. Their professional experience sets them apart from the administrative elites who went into business in order to capitalize on their power at the time of the transition from the planned system to the market system. Cai shusong so belongs to the group of private entrepreneurs who most closely resemble the Schumpeterian entrepreneur They often have a long-term strategy which gives priority to the growth of the company. Cai shusong has two children: Cai Chen (39), his daughter, Cai Xiao (31). Cai Chen, who graduated from university in 1986, initially looked after the maintenance of the equipment in a state enterprise, the electric controls factory in Guzhen. In 1998, he left the company to go into his own Lighting business. In 1999, he joined FSJ Lighting and became dependable for product design. The same year, Cai Xiao came into the family business with the job of supervising the establishment of the factory. Cai Xiao, who formerly worked in a public bank, recently submissive in order to join FSJ Lighting. At the time of our research, Cai shusong was president of the 241 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo supervisory board, Cai Chen and Cai Xiao were respectively president and vice-president of the board of directors, and was preparing the enterprise's listing on the stock market. Two transfers of power for company Over the course of the last ten years, FSJ Lighting has qualified two successive succession processes. The first C.E.O. officer of FSJ Lighting was Cai shusong. The job of president of the board at that time was held by his wife. From 2002 beyond, Cai shusong began the transfer of power to the second generation, appointing his son, Cai Chen, C.E.O. officer, and taking over the job of president of the board from his wife. The string process was completed in 2003 when Cai shusong reconciled the presidency of the board, which he entrusted to Cai Chen. This initial succession was carried out by the founder Cai shusong, who decided to give up the direct management because of his age and the inadequacy of his knowledge in the face of rapid technological developments. The second succession was made necessary by the company's extension strategy. In 2004, after the modification of the company's legal status, when it became a shareholding company, its development led it to take on ―risk capital‖ to the tune of 21 million Yuan, and to arrange a request for a listing on the stock market. In order to comply with the criteria of the Chinese Securities Regulation Commission, the company determined to split the positions detained by Cai Chen. In order to do this it recruited an outside professional manager, Mr. Yuan, who became C.E.O. officer. The first transfer of power was a result of the withdrawal of the head of the company because of his age. If we consider that the main task of a family running a family business is to produce managers with the necessary competencies (comprehension and know-how), the distance between two transfers of power within the family will be at least twenty-five years in the case of a nuclear family. This distance can be shorter in the case of an absolute family, which has the possibility of interesting sons-in-law or cousins into the company. Thus the structure of the family (the number of children, the accessibility and impetus of probable successors, etc) influences the regularity of successions. Factors exterior to the company also come into the computation. The technological environment anxiety the renewal of competencies in order to adapt to sectoral evolution. The evolution of the capital structure can expose the company to new shareholders. These factors can contribute to the renewal of the guidance of the company, even if they do not supply directly to the engagement of the successor. Even after the arrival of a C.E.O. officer who was not part of the family circle, the Cai family, at the time of our consultation with Cai shusong, still held 53% of the shares, while four financial institutions held 34%, and the other directors 13%. The management team is currently made up of 11 people, of whom three are members of the You family (Cai shusong and his son). Three are former company cadres who now supervise general business, finance and technology. As well as the chairman executive officer, three deputy directors have been actuated from outside the company, and an consultative position has been commended to a former state employee, who was previously the head of the local commission for foreign economic and commercial relations (Sorenson, ,2006). Although this progression has led to a diminish in the control of the founding family, the Cai family still holds a common of the capital. Table 2: FSJ Lighting Company Organization 242 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo Results In China, the development of the private sector goes back less than twenty years, most businesses are family ones and are always dash by their founders. The two successions pragmatic in the case of the FSJ Lighting company incited us to formulate the following questions: Is the actual of talent from outside the family merely an illusion in the case of China ? Will the growth of companies lead to the opening up of their capital and what effect will this have on the succession process ? Is the charming into anxiety by a family industrialist of the constancy, the spirit of commitment and the professional competence of his successor a widespread occurrence? Is it absolutely necessary for a manager recruited from outside the family to establish personal relationships with the executives of the company which recruits him ? The sample was classified to fsj lighting undergoing transition from the main reason is linked to the founder himself. The physical reject due to age (28.9%) is the major reason, while a acquainted of the limitations of his aptitude in the face of technical fruition ranks second (28.3%). Some also refer to the external environment in a situation where growth no longer allows the founder, despite his aptitude, to organize his company alone. A require of management facility within the company obliges him to judge a transfer of power (5.9%). Lastly, outside investors may command a change of guidance, but the manipulate they effort remains limited (5.9%). The reason may recline in the closed scenery of the capital the family businesses in this survey mainly rely on self-financing (90%) or on bank loans (69.4%) for finance. Whatever the reasons for this, the closed scenery of the capital of these companies and the very restricted collision of outside investors on the alternative of C.E.O., lead us to consider that the FSJ Lighting company is a very exacting case. Its choice to seek a stock market listing must be seen as an progress in the personal preferences of positive members of the family. In other words, the choice of certain family businesses to become bigger and more ―modern‖, with the help of the financial markets, is more the result of exacting personal decisions than a law of the development of family businesses. Therefore, the objective reject of the founder and the progress in the technical environment are the two main factors that lead to succession charming place, while the direct pressure exerted by outside investors is trivial. The role played by the second generation at this phase of the succession must also be noted. To the question ―Do your children wish to work and progress in your company?‖ 76.5% of the founders give a positive reply, but none of them envisage giving up their power only because of their children's wish to share more in the business. The principle for Choosing a Successor In spite of the children's wish to share power with their parents does not automatically allow them to succeed to the job of C.E.O., 88 % of founders want their children to be able to work in the company. In order to recognize them, three categories of individuality were listed in the questionnaire. We asked the founders to list them in declining order of importance, and then calculated their respective levels of importance (see Table 3) Constancy (50.4%), guidance aptitude (50%) and the spirit of commitment (43.8%) are the most appreciated qualities. Occurrence (26.1%) and university training ((19.5%) are also deemed important. Also mentioned is the network of professional contacts (15.8%). If one compares the level of importance of the three categories, ―character traits‖ come first (28.8%), ―abilities‖ follow (at 17.5%), while ―other qualities‖ come last (2.6%). In the choice of a successor, moral qualities and technical competence are the two main criteria taken into account by the founders. However, morality seems more important than competence in the eyes of the majority of founders. The substance given to constancy and proficiency is differentiated according to the kind of dependability taken on. Where the post of C.E.O., the most important in day-to-day management, is concerned, opportunistic behavior is the most destructive to the interests of the family. Where the manager's constancy and strength of commitment are the most important criteria, the selection of a successor always remains subjective, although the objective aspect of the selection procedure which is partly based on an assessment of competence through university training and acquired experience. Similar assessments are made in other parts of the world. Both in developed countries, such as Canada, and developing countries, such as India, constancy and the spirit of commitment are deemed to be the most important qualities by company heads (Levitas,,2005). An ordinary succession coupled to the age of individuals is at variance with a succession brought about by the development of the company. The preference of the founder's eldest son differs from the recruitment of a professional from outside the family.(Habberson,1999) Is such a development indication of a essential change in the criteria used by Cai shusong in the choice of his successor ? During our interview Cai shusong described the preferred career shape in the following terms a proficient person with professional experience and a wide 243 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo network of social contacts. When we asked him to assess the advantages and disadvantages of different modes of selecting a successor (see Table 3), he expressed the opinion that the introduction into the company of a professional manager favored the strengthening of management and innovation prospective; the disadvantage was a require of knowledge of the decent virtues and the real competence of the person concerned. However if the favored successor was already a company cadre, Cai shusong would be more certain, thanks to direct knowledge of the competence and moral qualities of the person; the hazard was of annoying clash and slowing innovation. to him, choosing a relation was a guarantee of constancy and easy communication. The essential problem of a succession is the assessment of the reliability of the successor, who is asked to supply management proficiency, but also certain principles and stroke taken in agreement with the family interest. The way in which these qualities are assessed is therefore imperative. In the case of FSJ Lighting, Cai shusong, the founder, first chose his eldest son, Cai Chen. A university graduate, initially guilty for product development, he participated in the foundation of the company. His capability is renowned by his family and by the workers. As Cai shusong sees it, Cai Chen is the answer to his prospect: he has the ability to entrust himself, constancy to the family's interests and mastery of the necessary technical and management comprehension. The family connection is not the definitive reason for Cai shusong 's choice, but it permitted him to detect him closely, to evaluate him and even to guide him. In this logic, the incidence of an ideal successor within the family is the reason sooner than the result of Cai shusong`s conclusion to turn over power only four years after the enterprise of the company. While the first succession was a deliberate move undertaken by the founder, the second succession was prompted by outside forces. In the wake of its modify of condition in 2002, FSJ Lighting took on board new investors from outside. The resolution to seek a citation on the stock market led Cai Chen. to divide the two posts he held although this separation was not obligatory. This unexpected development did not permit Cai shusong easily to examine, assess or guide a new successor within the family. The need to assign a successor once again arose at a time when there was no potentially proficient person available within the family. Cai shusong thus found himself in a predicament: the alias of an incompetent virtual threatens the survival of the company, while the conscription of a manager outside the family increases the risk of misappropriation, especially in the deficiency of a legal system capable of settling likely conflicts. Finally, Cai shusong chose Cai, who had worked for several years in Hong Kong and was previously the director of a condition venture in Zhongshan. The two men had met in 2002, in the course of business debate, and became friends. In 2002, Cai submissive from his company for personal reasons. Cai shusong then invited him to work at FSJ Lighting. In spite of other offers from big companies, Yuan received Cai's invitation because of their friendly relationship. Cai's professional knowledge in the sector testified to his proficiency, which was also confirmed by Cai shusong 's direct examination in their formal and informal correlation However, just as decadence did not assurance that Cai Chen would automatically become the successor, Yuan's professional proficiency was not enough to convince Cai shusong to place administrative power in outside hands. Mutual trust, the result of a close personal association, played an important role in controlling the risk of misappropriation and allowed Cai to resolve the problem of his succession. The second succession, although carried through outside the family is still observe persona. Thus professional capability and personal individuality are matching. While confidence in a person's aptitude to correctly manage the family patrimony can be recognized on the basis of indirect information such as status, experience and professional occurrence, information on personal qualities is more difficult to obtain.(Lee,2006) Moreover, the improbability produced by the difference in the available information is improved when the legal system is incapable to penalize opportunistic behavior effectively. In this sense, the trust born of personal interaction mainly determines the choice of a successor. But the importance given to personal relationships does not mean that an industrialist will have shade reliance in his children and an absolute doubt of strangers. Trust is a subjective judgment, but it is not resistant to reason. The criteria used by Cai shusong. first to choose You Yuan and then Cai are of three kinds: competency, moral qualities and a assure to act according to the family interest. Cai Chen 's only advantage in comparison with Yuan is that he had a cherished relationship with his father since birth, while Yuan had to build a relationship with Cai shusong in order to set up common trust. Trust, based on a long relationship, is also a sign of the lively scenery of a family venture which can carry in people from outside the family. 244 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo Advantages Strengthening Management capabilities Professional maneger Innovation Employee already in the company Member Of the family Ease of integration Certainty abaut his personal qualities Loyalty Disadvangates Uncertainity abaut his real compeer Uncertainity abaut loyalty and moral values Danger of a power struggle Slowing of reform and innovation Ease communication with the founder Table 3: Cai shusong‘s Perspective on the Choice of a Successor Ġmplicatıons and Suggestıons Researchers in family business area all agree that case of the FSJ Lighting Company, the survey agreed out reveals that in Chinese family businesses, the reasons for succession, the criteria of selection of the successor and the order of favorite amid the various candidates all match with practices in other parts of the world. In the course of the development of their venture, the founders do not be tentative to praise functional jobs to capable third parties who are not members of the family sphere. However, it is to be expected that the succession to the job of C.E.O. officer will usually be the result of the projected deduction of the head of the company. Anxious to defend his patrimony, an industrialist in China, as elsewhere, while taking into account technical ability and management abilities, assesses above all the honesty and constancy of his potential successor. Trust, in the widest sense of the word, is a significant factor. As a result, the capitalist prefers to designate a competent member of his family. It is when such a successor is not available at the time of succession that the individuality of China's case becomes more marked; this is not allied to literary specificities, but to the institutional context. The immature status of institutions and the desolation of traditional social organization limit the role of institutional trust in economic co-operation. In contemporary China, trust is usually produced by personal relationships. Social networks are brought into action in order to control the risks in the face of indecision. The case of the FSJ Lighting Company and the opinions we have gathered show the industrialist resorting to his network of interaction when his successor is being chosen. Depending on the degree of confidence of the relationship, he first seeks an applicant among ―the members of his family‖ then among ―those close to him‖, and may finally resort to ―strangers‖. The widespread description of ―zijiren‖, which includes all those deemed dependable and division common values, makes it likely for a family business to getaway the dilemma of succession and to develop even if there is a require of available professional managers. The survey did not make it possible to answer all the questions arising from the case of the FSJ Lighting company. Our sample was limited, and could not resolve how representative it is of the common of private companies, which in reality are small in size. Moreover, the question of succession remains open. Further surveys will afford wider understanding and perceptive of this area of business in China. References A. R. Lank, R. Owens, J. Martinez, H. Reidel, F. deVisscher, and M. Bruel, ―The state of family business in various countries around the world‖, The Family Business Network Newsletter, May, pp.3-7,1994. Business Review, vol.4, no.4, pp.161-189, 1991. E. Stavrou, ―Succession in family businesses: exploring the effects of demographic factors on offspring intentions to take over and take over the business‖, Journal of Small Business Management, vol.37, no.3, pp.43-61, 1999. Habbershon, T. G. and Williams, M. (1999). ‗A resource-based framework for assessing the strategic advantages of family firms‘. Family Business Review, 12, 1–25. J. Yan and R. Sorenson, ―The effect of Confucian values on succession in family business‖, Family Business Review, vol.19, no.3, pp.235-250, 2006. Lee, J. (2006). ‗Family firm performance: further evidence‘. Family Business Review,p. 19, 103–14. 245 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo T. T. Chua, ―Approaches to succession in East Asian business organizations‖, Family Trade and Industry Chambers of Guangdong- China (2010). ‗Founding families control‘. Wu, S., Levitas, E. and Priem, R. L. (2005). ‗CEO tenure and company invention under differing levels of technological dynamism‘. Academy of Management Journal, 48, 859–73 246 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 167 Title A name given to the resource A Case Study Successful for Chinese family business Author Author YAŞAR, Fatih Abstract A summary of the resource. In order to determine the impaction of financing to corporate performance, Guangdong Province family owned listed corporation family businesses is selected to describe a sovereign form of economic organization throughout the world in terms of contributions. Because of the coincidence of family business failure and the importance of family business within national and local economies, a large percent of family business literature is allocated to the issue of succession. In mainland China, the family, as the basic social unit, has recently regained its importance in economic activity. Starting from the exacting case of a family business located in Guangdong province, this article reviews the practices that reign in the succession of the management of companies. Following this case study, a questionnaire was drawn up and submitted to 15 family businesses. Chinese companies can continue to endure or not, depends on its ability to carry out bold economic reforms and to what extent the characteristics of Chinese companies and originality play. A survey inquiry is used as the research instrument. The results prove that psychosocial needs are more often associated with the potential successors‘ intentions to take over family businesses than other factors. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed HB Economic Theory https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/c7166d328698e496f8c80a4adfe7b5f7.pdf 9031366ac68156b8189c17e00aa3d319 PDF Text Text 2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo Travertine as Construction and Building Material Saffet YAĞIZ Pamukkale University Denizli, Turkey syagiz@pau.edu.tr Abstract An experimental study was conducted to investigate physico-mechanical properties of travertines being quarried in western Turkey as construction and buildings material. Four common type of travertine, one of the most common construction materials in the world, were collected from quarries operated around the city of Denizli in south of Turkey, and related rock property tests including both dry and saturated unit weight of travertine, effective porosity, water absorption by weight, uniaxial compressive strength, P-wave velocity, slake durability test were conducted on the samples. Consequently, the results of the performed tests were evaluated according to the national and international construction stone regulations. Concluding remark is that travertine quarrying in the Denizli Basin of Turkey satisfies the relevant natural stone standards with negligible distinction to be used for construction and building purposes. Key words: Buildings, Construction, Travertine Introduction Travertine that could be used in both interior and exterior of buildings is one of the most useable construction and buildings stones in the world. Travertine is a variety of calcium carbonate commonly formed around the hot and cold carbonate-bearing springs. Travertine consists predominantly of quartz grains that usually held together by cementing material with small percentages of feldspar and mica particles and clay. As silica and iron oxide provide the strongest bond for travertines, calcium carbonate gives weakest. Their color ranges from light white, yellow through dark brownish. Even though travertine is often called marble, simply a very pure and mostly porous form of limestone. The Denizli extensional basin in western Turkey has widespread travertine accumulation since Late Quaternary (Figure 1). The total area occupied by modern and old travertines is more than 100 km 2 and its thickness can reach up to 60 m (Özkul et al. 2000). Most of the studies performed on the Denizli travertines are generally focused on Pamukkale (one of the famous travertine deposite of the world) and mainly related to hydrogeology of hot waters, geothermal potential, wasting and conversation (Koçak, 1971; EĢder et al. 1991; Ekmekçi et al. 1995). Some studies have been subjected to dating, morphological classification and relations between travertine and active tectonic-seismicity of the region (Altunel and Hancock, 1993a and 1993b; Hancock et al. 1999). The most common lithotypes presently quarried in Denizli basin are shrub, reed and crystalline crust type travertine respectively; So far, there is no attempt made to investigate physico-mechanical properties of travertine to examine the quality of them for construction purposes. In this paper, travertine types commonly quarried in the area was investigated and results of the research are discussed herein from the scope of their usability and suitability for construction and buildings. Geological Composition of Travertine Quarried in the Denizli Basin Thermal spring waters usually contain large amounts of calcium bicarbonate. As the spring water reaches to earth surface, the water lose most of the dissolved carbon dioxide (gases) and the calcium carbonate in solution readily precipitates as a thin layer of calcite (Demirdağ, 2007). Travertine precipitated at different depositional conditions; so they exhibit variation of color, appearance, bedding, porosity, texture, strength and chemical composition in the Basin (Yağız, 2009). Mainly quarried travertine lithotype in the basin includes; shrub type travertine represented by small bush like growths are common deposit on horizontal and sub horizontal surface (Chafetz, 1984); onyx type travertine commonly forms as a result of rapid precipitation due to fast flowing water on smooth slope; reed type travertine deposited marsh-pool, mound and self built channels (Pentecost, 1990) and noche, 667 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo compact and subunit of reed type one (Guo and Riding, 1998; Akyol et al. 2005). Every travertine type has its specific texture and chemical composition because of its own depositional and environmental conditions (Figure 2). Figure 1. Location map of the sampling area, Denizli-Turkey 1 Shrub type 2 Onyx type 3 Reed type 4 Noche type Figure 2. Macro photograph of the studied rock samples collected from quarries Laboratory Testing Methods Travertine blocks were obtained from quarries operating around the city of Denizli and consequently, samples were prepared to conduct laboratory tests in accordance with the specification of the International Society for Rock Mechanics (ISRM, 1981) and Turkish Standard Institute (TSE 699, 1987). Index Properties of Travertine The samples with 70x70x70mm dimension were used in determination of unit weight, porosity and water absorption of travertines as recommended (ISRM, 1981; TSE 699, 1987). The spacemen volume was computed from an average of several caliper readings. Dry weight of sample was obtained with a balance, capable of weighing to an accurac dry sat) was obtained from the ratio of sample weight to the volume in kg/m3. The effective porosity (n‘), pore volume and water absorption by weight (w) was determined via saturation and caliper techniques (ISRM, 1981). Rock fullness ratio (F) also computed by multiplying bulk density of rock with the ratio of water absorption by weight to void ratio. For each travertine type, the measurements were carried out on ten samples and the average values of the relevant properties with standard deviation are tabulated as in Table 5. Uniaxial Compressive Strength Test 668 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo The uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) of rock was tested on cubical-samples (having dimension of 70x70x70mm) smoothly sawed from large size blocks in accordance with TSE 699 standards. The ends of the samples were cut parallel to each other and at right angle to the longitudinal axis and then smoothened to ensure that the samples were free from abrupt irregularities and roughness. The stress rate applied uniformly within the limits of 0.5-1.0 MPa/s. The test was conducted perpendicular to observed beddings or layers on a sample to get rid of anisotropy affect on obtained values. Ten samples were tested for each travertine type and the average values were recorded as the UCS of travertine (Table 5). P-Wave Velocity Test P-wave velocity of travertine was measured on the UCS samples using the Portable Ultrasonic Nondestructive Digital Indicating Tester (PUNTID plus). This tester measures the time of propagation of ultrasound pulses in a sample in the range (0.1kHz. The measurement was carried out perpendicular to visual beddings or layers by using good coupling agent necessary between rock surfaces and both receiver and transducer face for accuracy of measurement. Afterward, Pwave velocity was computed from the ratio of distance between transducer and receiver to the time that P-wave takes to travel the distance. The tests were performed on 10 samples by following ISRM methods for each travertine type and the average values were used in the dataset. As result of tests, studied travertine types show high P-wave velocity ranging from 4.5 to 5.0km/s according to P-wave classification as given in Table 1. Vp (km/s) <2.5 2.5-3.5 3.5-4.0 4.0-5.0 >5.0 Description Very low Low Moderate High Very high Shrub Onyx Reed Noche x x x x Table 1. P-wave velocity classification for studied travertine types (Anon, 1979a) Slake Durability Test (SDI) The slake durability test was carried out by using the standard testing method developed (Franklin and Chandra, 1972) and as suggested (ISRM 1981). To perform the test, ten rock lumps made blunt with chisel (ten pieces of about 40–60 g each) were taken and rotated in a drum half immersed in tap water about 20 oC for 10 min at 20rpm. Test drum was made of a standard sieve mesh of 2mm so that the products of slaking from rock samples could pass through the sieve into the water bath. The slake durability index (Id 2) corresponding to the second cycle was computed as the percentage ratio of final to initial dry weights of rock in the drum after the drying and wetting cycles. The test was performed on ten sample of each travertine type with four cycles as suggested by various researchers (Gökçeoğlu et al. 2002; Dhakal et al. 2002; Gupta et al. 2007; Yağız and Akyol, 2008). Consequently, the averaged values of slake durability indices for each travertine type with standard deviation were tabulated in Table 2. As shown in Table 2, the shrub and noche type travertine shows almost same slaking behavior while reed type gives lower durability, but onyx type demonstrates the highest durability for soaking in tap water that pH ranges from 6.75 to 7.05. 669 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo Slaking cycle Units % Shrub type x ± SD Onyx type x ± SD Reed type x ± SD Noche type x ± SD Number of test Id1 % 99.23±0.08 99.53±0.04 98.94±0.12 99.25±0.11 10 Id2 % 98.91±0.10 99.24±0.07 98.55±0.14 98.87±0.12 10 Id3 % 98.57±0.11 99.05±0.09 98.23±0.16 98.59±0.13 10 Id4 % 98.34±0.12 98.86±0.10 97.95±0.19 98.32±0.16 10 Table 2. Average slake durability indices and standard deviation of travertine types The lower value of slake durability represents the higher susceptibility for degrading. So, slake durability of travertine was classified according to first and second cycle of durability indices (Yağız, 2010) in Table 3. As mentioned previously, each test was conducted on ten samples and the average values of the results are also reported together with standard deviations herein (Table 4). Id2 Id1 Durability Shrub Onyx Reed Noche >30 <60 Very low 30–60 60–85 Low 60–85 85–95 Medium 85–95 95–98 Medium high 95–98 98–99 High >98 >99 Very high Class of travertine according to Id1 V. High V. High V. High High Class of travertine according to Id2 V. High V. High V. High V. High Table 3. Durability of travertine types according to slake durability classification (Frank and Chandra, 1972) UCS x ± SD (MPa) Vp n‘ w x ± SD x ± SD x ± SD (km/s) (%) Shrub 61±20.6 4.8±0.12 Onyx 58±15 Reed 41±16.6 Travertine type x ± SD x ± SD (%) Fullness x ± SD (%) (kg/m3) (kg/m3) 1.35±0.46 0.55±0.19 98.65±0.46 2427±25.2 2440±22.2 4.7±0.19 2.05±0.88 0.76±0.34 97.95±0.88 2664±46 2683±38.1 4.5±0.11 1.89±0.50 0.80±0.22 98.11±0.50 2317±56.3 2336±54.0 dry sat Noche 64±10.9 5.0±0.08 1.59±0.89 0.66±0.38 98.41±0.89 2373±48.1 2389±42.1 x =average values and SD=Standard deviation Table 4. Engineering properties of travertine type based on average values of ten tested samples 670 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo 64 TSE11143 (1987) >50 TSE2513 ASTMC97 ASTMC170 (1987) (1990) (1990) >52 41 64 >30 - - - 2318 2373 >2300 - >2305 - 0.76 0.80 0.66 <3 <7.5 <0.2 - 1.35 2.05 1.89 1.59 - <12 - - Vp Class High High High High - - - - SDI Class (Id1 and Id2) High High High High - - - - Properties of travertine Shrub Onyx Reed Noche UCS (MPa) (tile flooring) 61 58 41 (for wall covering) 61 58 2427 2663 w (%) 0.55 n‘(%) 3 dry (kg/m ) Table 5. Suitability of investigated travertine types for construction and buildings Discussions The uniaxial strength, P-wave velocity, effective porosity, slake durability index, fullness ratio, water absorption by weight and both dry and saturated unit weight of travertine that were quarried around the city of Denizli were investigated. 10 samples were prepared and the tests were performed for each type of travertine in order to obtain the best representative value for each rock property. TSE and ASTM standards were used to investigate quality of travertine types as construction materials. Further, P-wave velocity and slake durability classification were performed according to the scientific classifications recommended by various researchers (Anon, 1979a; Frank and Chandra, 1972) as represented in Table 5. Properties of investigated travertine types are very good and acceptable except effective porosity in ASTM standards that counts travertine as marble. The ASTM standard stated that the effective porosity of travertine should be more than three percent (Table 5). In fact, this range is actually impossible for travertine that is more porous and weaker than marble. In TSE, natural stone were categorized in detail according to their origin (TSE 11143, 1993; TSE2513, 1977); on the other hand, the stone were categorized as general in the ASTM standard (ASTM C97, 1996; ASTM C170, 1990); however, such a variation between two different standards is likely. Conclusions In this study, several type of travertine was investigated according to their physic-mechanical properties and usability for modern civil construction and buildings. It is fact that the travertine is categorized as sedimentary origin, porous and weak rocks; therefore, the important issue is not only its properties but also where to be used. Investigated travertine types quarried in the Denizli Basin of Turkey have reasonably good quality to be used for construction and buildings purposes in accordance with national and international standards. Further, P-wave velocity of travertine types is high meaning is that they do not have much micro crack and alteration. The slake durability of those travertine is very high according to the relevant durability classification. So, these travertine types could be used for the purposes without thinking of annual precipitation or humid environments. Concluding remark is that even though reed type travertine being porous has low density and the uniaxial compressive strength is the lowest in comparison with others, type of travertine quarried in the area have acceptable stone quality to be used for developing and constructing building and recreation environments in the modern cities. References Akyol, A., Yağız, S., Özkul, M., ġen, G., Kato, S: (2005). Physical properties of hot spring travertines related to lithotypes at Pamukkale Region in Denizli. In: Proceedings of 1st Int. Symposium on Travertine, M, Özkul, S. Yağız, B. Jones, (Eds), 286-290 Denizli, TR Altunel, E., Hancock, P.L. (1993a) Morphology and structural setting of Quaternary travertines at Pamukkale, Turkey. Geological Journal, 28, 335-346. 671 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo Altunel, E., Hancock, P.L. (1993b). Active fissuring and faulting in Quaternary travertines at Pamukkale, western Turkey. Z. Geomorph. N. E. 285-302. Anon, (1979a). Classification of rocks and soils for engineering geological mapping, part 1-Rock and Soil materials. Bulletin of International Association of Engineering Geology, 19, 364-371. ASTM C97 (1996). Standard test method for absorption and bulk specific gravity of dimension stone. Annual Book of ASTM Standards Vol. 4.08. ASTM C170 (1990). Standard test method for compressive strength of dimension stone. Annual Book of ASTM Standards Vol. 4.08. Chafetz, H.S., Folk, R.L. (1984). Travertines: Depositional morphology and the bacterially constructed constituents. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 54(1), 289-316 Demirdağ, S. (2007). The effect of using different polymer and cement based materials in pore filling applications on technical parameters of travertine stone. Cnstruction and buildings materials, online. Dhakal, G., Yoneda, T., Kato, M., Kaneko, K. (2002). Slake durability and mineralogical properties of some pyroclastic and sedimentary rocks. Engineering Geology, 65, 31–45. EĢder, T., Yılmazer, S. (1991). Geothermal resources of Pamukkale and travertine forming, Tıbbi Ekoloji ve Hidroklimatoloji Dergisi, In: Special issue for the Symposium, Özer N. (Ed), 32-51. Ekmekçi, M., Günay, G., ġimĢek, ġ. (1995). Morphology of rimstone pools, Pamukkale, Western Turkey. Cave and Karst Sciences, 22,103-106. Franklin, J.A., Chandra, C. (1972). The slake durability test. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 325– 341. Gökçeoğlu, C., Ulusay, R., Sönmez, H. (2002). Factor affecting the durability of selected weak and clay bearing rocks from Turkey, with particular emphasis on the influence of the number of drying and wetting cycles. Engineering Geology, 57, 215–237. Guo, L., Riding, R. (1998). Hot-spring travertine facies and sequences, late Pleistocene, Rapolano Terme, Italy. Sedimentology, 45(1), 63-180. Gupta, V., Ahmed, I. (2007). The effect of pH of water and mineralogical properties on the slake durability (degradability) of different rocks from the Lesser Himalaya, India. Engineering Geology, 95, 79-87. Hancock, P.L., Chalmers, R.M.L., Altunel, E., Çakır, Z. (1999). Travitonics: using travertines in active fault studies. Journal of Structural Geology, 21, 903-916. ISRM, (1981). Rock characterization testing and monitoring, ISRM Suggested Methods. International Society for Rock Mechanics, 211p. Koçak, A. (1971). Hydrogeological investigation of Denizli-Pamukkale and Karahayit. Mineral Research and Exploration Institute, Report No.5670. Özkul, M., Varol, B., Alçiçek, M.C. (2002). Depositional environments and petrography of Denizli travertines, Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration, 125, 13-29. Pentecost, A. (1990). The formation of travertines shrubs: Mammoth Hot Spring, Wyoming. Geological Magazine, 127, 159-168. TSE 699 (1987). Methods of testing for natural buildings stones, Institute of Turkish Standards. 75p Ankara TR TS2513, (1977) Natural stone testing methods, Institute of Turkish Standard, Ankara, TR TSE11143, (1993). Travertine as building and facing stone, Institute of Turkish Standard, 8p Ankara TR Yağız, S., Akyol, E. (2008). Investigation on the relationship between lithological features and slake durability index of travertine in Denizli. Project Report no: MHF004, (unpublished report). 672 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo Yağız, S. (2009). Predicting Uniaxial compressive strength, modulus of elasticity and index properties of rocks using Schmidt hammer. Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environments, 68,55-63. Yağız, S. (2010). Geomechanical properties of construction stones quarried in South-western Turkey. Scientific Research and Essays, 5(8), 750-757. 673 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 261 Title A name given to the resource Travertine as Construction and Building Material Author Author YAĞIZ, Saffet Abstract A summary of the resource. An experimental study was conducted to investigate physico-mechanical properties of travertines being quarried in western Turkey as construction and buildings material. Four common type of travertine, one of the most common construction materials in the world, were collected from quarries operated around the city of Denizli in south of Turkey, and related rock property tests including both dry and saturated unit weight of travertine, effective porosity, water absorption by weight, uniaxial compressive strength, P-wave velocity, slake durability test were conducted on the samples. Consequently, the results of the performed tests were evaluated according to the national and international construction stone regulations. Concluding remark is that travertine quarrying in the Denizli Basin of Turkey satisfies the relevant natural stone standards with negligible distinction to be used for construction and building purposes. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed HB Economic Theory https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/3ff52ba204a0a0827fa13600f5c1e041.pdf ce75419525fc05beb7a761f0a7cf7f67 PDF Text Text Importance of Sustainable Aquaculture in Rural Development Telat YANIK Atatürk Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Su Ürünleri Mühendisliği Bölümü 25240-Erzurum talatyanik@yahoo.com Mine ÖNALAN Barbaros Hayrettin Paşa Đlköğretim Okulu, Erzurum mineonalan@yahoo.com Abstract: Aquaculture is one of the fastest growing segments of the Turkey agriculture. Its popularity and success as an investment opportunity and a means of diversifying farming operations have resulted in a growing interest among traditional agriculture producers and others. As Turkish people have become more health conscious, the demand for fisheries production has increased. Per capita consumption of seafood has grown from about 1kg in mid 1980's to around 7 kg in 2008. To be successful, producers must have the ability to make a reasonable assessment of sustainable aquaculture enterprise opportunities and limitations including current breeding, feeding, water quality, production technologies and management practices. Therefore, in the present paper some aspects of sustainable aquaculture on the rural development will be discussed. Key words: sustainable, aquaculture, rural development Sustainable Development The Brundtland Commission (WCED, 1987) defined sustainable development as:‘...the ability to meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of the future generations to meet their own needs’. The Principle of Sustainable Development as it was endorsed in the Rio-Declaration of 1992, interpreted as comprising the inter-relation of natural and technological aspects on the one hand, with socio-economic and value-based considerations on the other. Folke and Kautsky (1992) reported that a successful aquaculture system should not have wastes, only by-products, to be used as positive contributions to the surrounding ecosystems and the economy. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO,1995) define sustainable development in their Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries, as:. . . the management and conservation of the natural resource base and theorientation of technological and institutional change in such a manner as toensure the attainment and continued satisfaction of human needs for presentand future generations. Such sustainable development (in the agriculture,forestry, and fisheries sectors) conserves land, water, plant, and animal resources,is environmentally non-degrading, technically appropriate, economically viable,and socially acceptable. Sustainability can be defined simply as the maintenance of capital (Goodland and Daly, 1996). According to Edwards and Demaine (1997) a new revolution or philosophy is required to promote sustainable development that will more equitably allocate resources among the world population. The Western philosophy in which humanity is considered as above and not part of nature, with a mandate to exploit it, should be replaced by the Oriental philosophy of man being a part of nature. Most of the countries in the world, the poor people live in rural areas. The most reported problems of rural areas are: poverty, unemployement, lack of land etc.. (Yanik, 2009a, Yanik 2010a). Various types of aquaculture form an important component within agricultural and farming systems development. These can contribute to the alleviation of food insecurity, malnutrition and poverty through the provision of food of high nutritional value, income and employment generation, decreased risk of monoculture production failure, improved access to water,enhanced aquatic resource management and increased farm sustainability (FAO 2000, Prein and Ahmed 2000). In order to solve these problems global aquaculture is now the fastest growing food production subsector in many countries. For example, FAO supports this process by promoting sustainable aquaculture development in its member countries and aims to assist them in achieving an increased contribution of this sector to rural development. As a developing country Turkey shows many similarities with the other countries with respect to reduce poverty and hunger and to ensure food security. Rural development has various dimensions such as the process of sustained growth of the rural economy and improvement of well-being of rural men, women and children (Yanik 2009b) . 624 �Fisheries being one of the four sub-sectors (plant production, animal husbandry and forestry) of the agricultural sector of Turkey. Although it has very large potential for aquaculture with its marine and fresh waters, it is not easy to say that the fisheries sector, with a share of 0.3% in GNP (Gross National Product) and 2.7% in the agricultural sector, has played its expected role in agriculture and national economy. However, it is estimated that more than 5 000 employees work in the sector and related activities (Okumus, 2003); the secondary support services, namely feed, equipment and consultancy are also developing rapidly and provide job opportunities. Aquaculture is one of the fastest growing segments of the Turkey agriculture (Yanik 2005). Its popularity and success as an investment opportunity and a means of diversifying farming operations have resulted in a growing interest among traditional agriculture producers and others. As Turkish people have become more health conscious, the demand for fisheries production has increased. Per capita consumption of seafood has grown from about 1kg in mid 1980's to around 7 kg in 2008 (Yanik, 2009b) . The aquaculture share of total fishery production (140.000 metric tonnes in 2007) is around 10–14 percent by volume and around 25 percent by value. The majority of production (about 98 percent) comes from intensive farming systems; rainbow trout is mainly consumed locally, while around 75 percent of seabass and the seabream are exported to EU countries. Almost all the aquaculture products are marketed as whole fresh fish. Aquaculture sector is developing in Turkey (Yanik 2009a and Yanik 2010ab). Major strengths of the sector are public support, fish demand and relatively cheap labour, and the limiting factors of it are poor species and product diversity, resource use conflicts, water availability and increasing environmental and animal welfare issues. To be successful, producers must have the ability to make a reasonable assessment of sustainable aquaculture enterprise opportunities and limitations including current breeding, feeding, water quality, production technologies and management practices. Some problems have been faced in the rural regions for sustainable aquaculture production: -Feed staffs and proving feeds for the farmers, -business viability and competitiveness, -marketing and processing problems -water sources should be cleaned by filtering or transferring sewages with a pipe and collecting in a septic tank. -Then this could be used as manure for agricultural purposes. -Soil erosion to the riverine systems -Adaptations to mitigate climate change. Due to climate changes some of the species may not give best performance, so studies should be conducted considering this matter (Yanik, 2009). Sustainable System According to FAO, (1995) the sustainable development is the management and conservation of the natural resource base and the orientation of technological and institutional change in such a manner as to ensure the attainment and continued satisfaction of human needs for present and future generations. Such sustainable development (in agriculture, forestry, fisheries sectors) conserves land, water, plant, and animal resources, is environmentally non-degrading, technically appropriate, economically viable, and socially acceptable. It is believed that the rapid development of aquaculture and its social-economic environment necessitates a periodical re-assessment of the guidelines as well as their implementation. The sustainable development of aquaculture requires adequate consideration of interactions among environmental, social, and economic factors that accompany any development (Chua 1992; WB 1998; NACA/FAO 2000). In assessing the sustainability of any enterprise or technology, consideration should be given to at least the following (Frankic and Hershner, 2003): . the sustainability (or continuity) of supply, and quality of inputs; . the social, environmental and economic costs of providing the inputs (e.g., depletion of resources elsewhere); . the long-term continuity (or sustainability) of production; . financial viability; . social impact and equity; . environmental impact; and . efficiency of conversion of resources into useful product. Full development of aquaculture has been constrained by a variety of technical, institutional, and financial problems. More specifically, aquaculture is faced with the following key constraints: (i) limited access of fish farmers to high-yielding environment-friendly aquaculture technologies; (ii) inadequate research and protocol development for breeding high value species; (iii) inadequate processing facilities for producing value-added 625 �products for the export market; (iv) lack of private sector participation in various stages of aquaculture production, trade, and marketing; (v) inadequate regulatory framework including land and water use; (vi) slow market development including infrastructure and market information support, trade and commercialization; and (vii) non-implementation of international accreditation systems (e.g., European Union and Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point). (Anonymous, 2005). Ommani and Chizari (2010) showed the interactions between social, ecological and economical factors in sustainable system (Fig 1). According to Greenpeace (2010), in order to be regarded as sustainable, an aquaculture system should have following properties that must be fully realised to achieve the sustainability. -using of plant-based feeds originating from sustainable agriculture -not using fishmeal or fish-oil-based feeds from unsustainable fisheries -using cultured juveniles instead of wild-caught ones. -cultivating non native species in land-based tanks -not releasing discharges and effluents to the surrounding environment -not disturbing the ecological balance by representing a risk to local wild plant and animal populations -not using genetically modified fish or feed -using suitable stock size to prevent the risk of disease outbreaks and transmission -not depleting local resources, i.e, drinking water supplies -not creating risks for the health of inhabitants -giving support to the long-term economic and social well-being of local communities (Greenpeace, 2010). Fig. 1. Indicators of ecological, economic and social aspects of sustainability of the fishery system (Ommani and Chizari 2010). Regarding sustainable development many efforts has been given to increase aquaculture in rural areas (Caffey et al. 1998;Yanık, 2005) For this purpose many guideleness have been published and symposiums were held in many countries. For example The First International Symposium on Sustainable Fish Farming in Oslo in 1994 and the Second International Symposium on Sustainable Aquaculture in Oslo in 1997. It was the time the Holmenkollen Guidelines for Sustainable Industrial Fish Farming were declared. According to Holmenkollen guidelines for sustainable aquaculture (Anonymous 1998.) Each State should: -establish an aquaculture development plan based upon the need for food security, rural development, disease control, biodiversity and sustainable use of resources. The context of integrated use of water resources and of potential production areas should be applied -establish and implement a national strategic development plan, which identifies and designates areas and resources important for future aquaculture or other food productions, and protects them from being irreversibly allocated to other purposes. 626 �-ensure co-ordination between relevant governmental departments, and implementation of participatory planning processes involving local communities and all stakeholders, in the development of aquaculture. -establish, implement and enforce appropriate laws and regulations to ensure responsible aquaculture, including food safety, environmental safety and ethical criteria and the protection of the rights of indigenous people and local communities. -establish and implement a licensing or regulatory system governing the use of exotic species, including genetically modified organisms and organisms from breeding programs, with due considerations to human health and to impacts of escapees. -be appreciative of the difficulty that allowing aquaculture to develop in response to market demand can generate problems of equity, for example if aquatic resources currently consumed by the poorer section of the community are to be used as feed for aquaculture. Producers and industry should: -take full advantage of new technologies and management procedures that can improve quality and quantity of aquaculture products and reduce risk of adverse effects on the environment and on the livelihood of other people including future generations. -strictly abide by the internationally agreed food safety, environmental safety and ethical criteria if genetically modified organisms, chemo-therapeutants or hormones are utilized in the production. -develop standards and practices, which embody ethical principles for ensuring health and welfare of fish and shellfish and for slaughter practices. -become increasingly customer oriented in defining quality attributes and strengthen dialogue with the consumer. In particular the industry has an independent responsibility to provide adequate product and production information on all issues recognized to be of consumer concern. The scientific and technological community should: -give a priority to domestication of relevant aquaculture species, involving control of the whole life cycle and thus allowing genetic improvement. As the economic costs of domestication efforts are high, concentration will be on few species. However, this should not preclude the evaluation of alternative species. -give a priority to the development of integrated, polyculture-based fish farming for omnivorous or herbivorous species, specially those useful in utilizing organic wastes. -give a priority to the development of sources for animal feed other than fish protein and fish lipid. -recognize the responsibility to develop and make available the best technology, in particular for the efficient use of the resources and for avoiding harm to the environment. Intergovernmental organizations and development agencies should: -recognize the potential of aquaculture to contribute significantly to the world´s aquatic food supply and support its realization. -require, as a precondition for involvement in aquaculture development projects, that all parties abide by these guidelines. -give a priority to transfer, adaptation and implementation of technological innovations, capacity building, training and education in order to harvest the full potential of aquaculture in developing countries. Conclusions Farmers should be able to; -Explain the primary water chemistry parameters and water quality management strategies required to maintain health. -Recognize how to select an aquaculture site and explain the differences in construction techniques, and yields from levee ponds, cages, raceways, and recirculating aquaculture systems. -Describe the life histories (reproductive, nutritional and temperature) and production strategies for 20 species of food, bait, sport, and ornamental species with highest aquaculture potential. -Describe the processing and marketing strategies with special emphasis on niche marketing. -Select a species, production system, and market and write an aquaculture business plan (Yanik 2009b). Recommendations The Technical Assistance 627 �The Technical assistance should be given freely and help to construct fish farms at different capacities as longterm aquaculture subsector strategy that will reduce poverty and enhance the sustainability of the subsector. It will cover teaching govermental laws and policies about rural areas, projecting fish farms to be submitted Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs (MARA), aquaculture support infrastructure facilities and services, including research, training and extension, credit, trade and marketing as well as fish health management. The outcomes will include rationalization of subsector policies, institutional arrangements, and planned interventions expansion of aquaculture production and productivity that will particularly benefit the poor and prevent the migration from villages to city centers or even big cities. Methodology and Key Activities In long term, area specific strategies and interventions based on an in-depth study and evaluation of present conditions and projected changes in the regional, national, and international settings should be created to overcome the constraints of the areas. In order to solve the problems, the technical assistance will be included surveys to gather pertinent information in support of strategy formulation, and workshops for consultation with stakeholders. In short term, considering the aquacultural potential of the areas, the technical assistance will cover the analyzing existing policies and institutional arrangements and identify required changes for subsector development; reviewing technical issues relevant to aquaculture development and management, and formulating a strategy and innovative measures to effectively address the issues i.e finding suitable places for aquaculture and solutions for the water pollution. As an example Aras et al. 2002 reported that the nort eastern anatolia has 30000 metric tonnes per year aquacultural potential, although there has been only about 1000 metric tonnes of annual production. Implementation Arrangements There should be a reponsible govermental organization such as Managery of Agriculture in city centers for administration, implementation and designing strategies for sustainable aquaculture. It will implement the technological assistance through its Fisheries division. References Anonymous 1998. Sustainable Aquaculture. Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on Sustainable Aquaculture, Oslo, Norway 2.-5. November1998; A.A.Balkema: Rotterdam/Brookfield Anonymous, 2005. Technical Assistance Republic of the Philippines: Strategy for Sustainable Aquaculture Development for Poverty Reduction Project. Project Number: 39031 Aras NM, Yanık T, Kocaman EM, Haliloğlu HI., 2002. Kuzey Doğu Anadolu Bölgesi kapsamında su ürünleri sektörünün ulaşabileceği potansiyel büyüklüğünün mali projeksiyonu. Atatürk Üniv. Ziraat Fak. Derg. 33:447-449 Caffey, R.H., R.F., Kazmierczak, R.P. Romaire, and J.W. Avault. (1998). Indicators of aquaculture sustainability: a Delphi survey. Presented at World Aquaculture '98; Las Vegas, NV. The international triennial conference and exposition of the World Aquaculture Society, the National Shellfisheries Association and the Fish Culture Section of the American Fisheries Society. Book of Abstracts, p. 91. Chua T.E. 1992. Coastal aquaculture development and the environment: the role of coastal area management. Marine Pollut. Bull. 25(1–4): 98–103. Edwards, P. and Demaine, H. (1997) Rural Aquaculture: Overview and Framework for Country Reviews. Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific (RAP), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Bangkok, Thailand. RAP Publication 1997/36. FAO (1995) Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, 41pp. FAO. 2000. Small ponds make a big difference. Integrating fish with crop and livestock farming. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy, 30 pp Folke, C. and Kautsky, N. (1992) Aquaculture with its environment: prospects for sustainability. Ocean and Coastal Management 17, 5–24. 628 �Frankic, A. and Hershner, C., 2003. Sustainable aquaculture: developing the promise of aquaculture. Aquaculture International 11: 517–530. Goodland, R. and Daly, H. (1996) Environmental sustainability: universal and non-negotiable. Ecological Applications 6, 1002–1017. Greenpeace, 2010. Sustainable Aquaculture. At: http://www.greenpeace.org/international/campaigns/oceans/sustainableaquaculture/ NACA/FAO 2000. Aquaculture development beyond 2000: the Bangkok Declaration and Strategy. Conference on Aquaculture in the Third Millennium, 20–25 February, Bangkok, Thailand, 27 p. Ommani A.R. and Chizari, M., 2010. Strategies for Sustainable Aquaculture: Designing for the future. Retrieved 10 April, 2010 from http://ommani.webs.com/a35.pdf Prein, M. & Ahmed, M. 2000. Integration of aquaculture into smallholder farming systems for improved food security and household nutrition. Food and Nutrition Bulletin, 21, 466-471 WB (World Bank) 1998. Sustainable aquaculture. Rural Development Department. No. 22. WCED (1987) Our Common Future. World Commission on Environment and Development. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK. Yanik, 2005. Some General Aspects in Fish Farming, American Fisheries Society Student Sub-unit at SUNY Cobleskill, NY. Sep 12. Yanık T., 2009a. Aquaculture in Turkey. FAO/NACEE Conference on Aquaculture in the Caucasus Region, International Conference on Aquaculture 21-22 April 2009, Armenia Yanik, 2009b. Main Concerns to Increase Potential Aquaculture in Ispir Region of Erzurum. Rural Development Challenges in the EU and Turkey, Workshop of Defining of Alternative Products Đspir-Erzurum Turkey, 3-4 April 2009 Yanık T., 2010a. Status and Poteinal of Aquaculture in Turkey. Seminar of Erasmus exchange staff at Firenze University, Feb 4. Yanık T., 2010b. Some Sample Boreal Water sources of Anatolia For Fish Culture in Erzurum, Visitor staff at Erasmus Program (European Region Action Scheme for the Mobility of University Staff/students) Firenze University Italy, Feb 4. 629 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 610 Title A name given to the resource Importance of Sustainable Aquaculture in Rural Development Author Author YANIK, Telat ÖNALAN, Mine Abstract A summary of the resource. Aquaculture is one of the fastest growing segments of the Turkey agriculture. Its popularity and success as an investment opportunity and a means of diversifying farming operations have resulted in a growing interest among traditional agriculture producers and others. As Turkish people have become more health conscious, the demand for fisheries production has increased. Per capita consumption of seafood has grown from about 1kg in mid 1980's to around 7 kg in 2008. To be successful, producers must have the ability to make a reasonable assessment of sustainable aquaculture enterprise opportunities and limitations including current breeding, feeding, water quality, production technologies and management practices. Therefore, in the present paper some aspects of sustainable aquaculture on the rural development will be discussed. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed Q Science (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/68279f92ce2eb33c8683308b1e838e16.pdf 4a76eed01ab334165b8d5b219e5fb71b PDF Text Text 2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo An Examination of Teacher Candidates on the Turkish Consciousness Assist Prof. Dr. Havva YAMAN Sakarya University Faculty of Education, Department of Turkish Teaching, 54300 Hendek, Sakarya/Turkey hyaman@sakarya.edu.tr Assist Prof. Dr. Erkan YAMAN Sakarya University Faculty of Education, Department of Educational Administration, 54300 Hendek, Sakarya/Turkey eyaman@sakarya.edu.tr Abstract:This study was undertaken to assess identify the state of Turkish consciousness in the teacher candidates. In study were applied “Turkish Consciousness Scale” (TCS) that developed by Yaman (2010). Students receive their scores from Turkish Consciousness Scale, the arithmetic mean and standard deviations were considered to be taken into consideration. In order to identify the effect of individual variables, Mann Whitney U Test and Kruskal Wallis Tests. Analysis showed that the variables of Turkish love of course, attended by teacher candidates resulted in significant differences in teacher candidates perceptions whereas the variables of gender, class and socioeconomic status did not affect the perceptions of teacher candidates. Key Words: Teacher candidates, Turkish consciousness Introduction Language is the most powerful institution that socializes people and makes them a member of the society. Human beings are a part of firstly family and then the area and nation. Common languages have the power to provide solidarity and each individual has to benefit from this power in a sufficient level. A common language is an indispensable means by which human beings can define and understand each other, and easily express their opinions to the addressee. The most significant aspect of the language is its function of regulating the relations within a society. Especially in our modern advanced societies, this aspect of the language is closely intertwined with the liberal and democratic maintenance of the relations not only between individuals and public institutions but also between state administration and citizens (Gokturk, 1989:222; Sagir, 2002:8-9). Mother tongue is one of the most important factors in binding individuals together and turning a society from a random mass of people into a nation. A sense of intimacy arises among those who have adopted the atmosphere of the same mother tongue within their sub-consciousness. This is the result of the effect of a mother tongue on shaping personality and their worldviews being common. This partnership, as well as the power of a mother tongue to bend individuals together, is called sense of mother tongue”. (Ozdemir, 1983:21). Being the conveyor of a culture, language also reflects the worldviews of the individuals adopting that culture. Since information technologies and globalization are increasingly becoming widespread, languages, which ensure communication between people, have drawn near to each other and words from dominant cultures have started to be used in other languages. Words and suffixes/prefixes borrowed from foreign languages are either intended to fill a conceptual and formal gap in a language or caused by a widespread admiration for and thus a tendency to imitate foreign words. The cultural dominance of English is felt in Turkey, too. The names of stores and goods, and various terms and concepts regarding certain fields are borrowed without an attempt to seek for new Turkish equivalents for any given English word, and it sometimes becomes a matter of “prestige” to use such words (Korkmaz, 1995:625; Parlak, 2000:2). A language is a reflection of a nation’s way of life and, in the broadest sense, its worldview, certain stages it has undergone throughout the history and the relations it has established with other societies. All the changes a nation has undergone over time are reflected on language in different ways. The civilization of a nation in a particular era might shed light on a whole series of events concerning its vocabulary in that era (aksan, 1997; Gulensoy, 1995; Vendryes, 2001). 229 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo Those individuals who are detached and isolated from collective consciousness through images which are unfamiliar to their own culture are so deprived of the world of consciousness required by a language that they cannot reproduce it even when they are using it and dragged into the world of images. It should be noted here that the images which have coexisted with a language over ages go beyond their own capacity and start to be as effective in shaping the conscious as language. The human mind, which has both shaped and been influenced by cultural and belief environment since before now, has always used language not only in verbal but also in written form. Used throughout the sense of reality and unreality, language has always been descriptive. In this sense, language plays a key role in thinking and human interaction (Celik, 2002:767). Language consciousness could be defined as “the sensitivity concerning the usage of the common language used in the society, which the individual is a part of”. The Turkish language, which is being spoken in a vast geographical region, has a significant function in providing the integrity of the country as well. Having the position as a conveyor for the national culture, the Turkish language has conveyed the emotions and ideas of the Turkish society for centuries until today by means of oral and written works, whereby it has empowered the creation of national unity and brotherhood from this perspective. An individual’s consciousness of his/her mother tongue is mostly developed through formal education. Therefore, the importance of teachers in making children and youngsters gain an consciousness of their mother tongue is undeniable. Development of a staunch consciousness of the Turkish language by prospective teachers will have a positive effect on the future generations’ consciousness of it. Within this context, the purpose of this study is to determine the prospective teachers’ consciousness of the Turkish language and present the correlation between this consciousness and certain variables. Method Description-based quantitative study model was employed in the study. Study models attempt to describe a past or present condition as it was or is. The study was conducted through the use of correlational study model, a comparative one. This model makes an attempt to determine the existence or the level of covariance between two or more variables (Karasar, 2000). Population and Sample The population of the study is comprised of the prospective teachers who studied at the Faculty of Education, University of Sakarya, during the Educational Year 2008-2009. The sample consists of 602 prospective teachers selected through random sampling, a type of simple random sampling. 42% (255) of the prospective teachers are male whereas 58% (347) of them are female. As for their socioeconomic level, 5% (27) of the prospective teachers are included within low economic group; 92% (544) of them within intermediate economic group; and 3% (21) within high economic group. 37.2% (222) of the prospective teachers always like Turkish Language Lesson; 32% (196) of them often like it; 25% (148) of them occasionally like it; 5% (29) of them rarely like it; and 1% (7) of them never like it. As for their level of foreign language, 43% (259) of the prospective teachers have a low level; 53% (321) of them an intermediate level; and 4% (22) of them a high level. Instruments for Data Gathering In study were applied “Turkish Consciousness Scale” (TCS) that developed by Yaman (2010). The factor analysis, 17 points gathered under three factors, which are named as “individual usage”, “the importance of unity of the country”, and “correct usage of Turkish in mass media”, and which indicate the 50,8% of the total variance. The inner consistency reliability coefficients of the scale was .88 for the whole scale; .85 for the “individual usage”, .69 for the “the importance of unity of the country”, and .87 for the “correct usage of Turkish in mass media”. In the affirmative factor analysis made for verifying the three factor structure of the scale, it was seen that the Ki-square value is significant (x2= 348.96, sd= 110, p= 0.00), while the fitness index values were found to be RMSEA=.051, CFI=.98, IFI=.98, GFI=.95, AGFI=.94 and SRMR=.047. Processing the Data The normality of the variable distribution was investigated in order to determine which tests to apply. A Shapiro Wilk Test indicated that not all variables were normally distributed, and therefore non-parametric tests were used in the further data analysis. Students receive their scores from Turkish Consciousness Scale, the arithmetic mean and standard deviations were considered to be taken into consideration. In order to identify the effect of individual variables, Mann Whitney U Test and Kruskal Wallis Tests. 230 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo Findings Dimensions N x ss Sh x Individual Usage The Importance of Unity of the Country Correct Usage of Turkish in Mass Media Total 602 602 602 602 26,95 17,53 21,14 65,62 6,33 2,62 3,72 12,67 0,25 0,10 0,15 0,50 Table 1. The Dimension of the Turkish Consciousness Scale Belong to the Mean, Standard Deviation and Standard Error Values As can be concluded from Table 1, the arithmetic mean of the total score obtained by the prospective teachers from the Scale for the Consciousness of the Turkish Language is 65,62. When this figure is divided by 17, the total number of the items included in the scale, we have 3,8. This figure suggests that the prospective teachers are highly conscious of the Turkish language. Dimension Groups N x sira ∑ The Importance of Unity of the Country Male Female 255 263,80 67269,00 347 329,20 114234,00 sira U z 34629,000 -4,634 p ,000 Table 2. The Dimension of the Importance of Unity of the Country Differ According to Gender Variant Configuration to Determine Mann-Whitney U Test Results According to Table 2, there is a meaningful difference between female and male students, in favor of female ones, concerning the importance of the Turkish language to national integrity (U=34629,000; p<.01). Female students ( x =329) have a higher level of consciousness of the importance of language to national integrity than male ones ( x = 264). On the other hand, no meaningful correlation has been observed between individual use and gender. Dimension Groups N x sira ∑ Correct Usage of Turkish in Mass Media Male Female 255 274,79 70072,50 347 321,13 sira 111430,50 U z 37432,500 -3,254 p ,001 Table 3. The Dimension of the Correct Usage of Turkish in Mass Media Differ According to Gender Variant Configuration to Determine Mann-Whitney U Test Results According to Table 3, there is a meaningful difference between genders in the consciousness of the correct use of the Turkish language in mass media (U=37432,500; p< .01). Female students ( x =321), have a higher level of consciousness of the correct use of the Turkish language in mass media than male ones ( x = 275). Score Groups N x sira ∑ TCS Total Score Male Female 255 347 274,57 321,29 70016,50 111486,50 sira U z 37376,500 -3,258 p ,001 Table 4. The Turkish Consciousness Scale Total Score Differ According to Gender Variant Configuration to Determine Mann-Whitney U Test Results 231 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo As can be concluded from table above, the variable “gender” has a differentiating effect on the total score obtained by the prospective teachers from the Scale for the Consciousness of the Turkish Language. It can be observed that female students ( x =321) have a higher level of consciousness of the Turkish language than male ones ( x =275). The of love of Turkish Significant N x sira p Dimension sd x2 Course Difference Always 222 369,55 alwaysOften 196 288,76 rarely Individual Occasionally 148 224,60 66,284 4 ,000 Usage Rarely 29 279,97 Never 7 215,21 Table 5. The Dimension of the Individual Usage Differ According to the of Turkish Love of Course Variant Configuration to Determine Kruskal Wallis-H Test Results According to Table 5, there is a meaningful correlation between the individual use of the Turkish language and the level of liking Turkish Language Lesson [χ2 (4) =66,284; p<.01]. According to the Mann Whitney U Test that was conducted to find the source of the meaningful correlation, there is a statistically meaningful difference between those prospective teachers who always like Turkish Language Lesson (SO=130,65) and those who rarely like it (SO=90,40), in favor of those who always like it (U=2186,500; p< .01). Dimension The Importance of Unity of the Country The of love of Turkish Course Always Often Occasionally Rarely Never N x sira x2 sd 222 196 148 29 7 357,42 298,43 232,67 262,97 228,79 50,441 4 p Significant Difference alwaysrarely ,000 Table 6. Dimension of the The Importance of Unity of the Country Differ According to the of Turkish Love of Course Variant Configuration to Determine Kruskal Wallis-H Test Results As can be concluded from Table 6, there is a meaningful correlation between the consciousness of the importance of the Turkish language to national integrity and the level of liking Turkish Language Lesson [χ2 (4) =50,441; p<.01]. According to the Mann Whitney U Test that was conducted to find the source of the meaningful correlation, there is a statistically meaningful difference between those prospective teachers who always like Turkish Language Lesson (SO=130,68) and those who rarely like it (SO=90,21), in favor of those who always like it (U=2181,000; p< .01). Dimension Correct Usage of Turkish in Mass Media The of love of Turkish Course Always Often Occasionally Rarely Never N x sira x2 sd 222 196 148 29 7 354,10 281,72 255,88 270,59 279,79 34,555 4 p Significant Difference alwaysrarely ,000 Table 7. Dimension of the The Correct Usage of Turkish in Mass Media Differ According to the of Turkish Love of Course Variant Configuration to Determine Kruskal Wallis-H Test Results As can be concluded from Table 7, there is a meaningful correlation between the consciousness of the correct use of the Turkish language in mass media and the level of liking Turkish Language Lesson [χ2 (4) =34,555; p<.01]. According to the Mann Whitney U Test that was conducted to find the source of the meaningful correlation, there is a statistically meaningful difference between those prospective teachers who always like Turkish Language Lesson (SO=130,04) and those who rarely like it (SO=95,10), in favor of those who always like it (U=2323,000; p< .01). 232 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo Score TCS Total Score The of love of Turkish Course Always Often Occasionally Rarely Never N x sira x2 sd 222 196 148 29 7 374,42 288,30 219,53 267,45 232,86 75,305 4 p Significant Difference alwaysrarely ,000 Table 8. The Turkish Consciousness Scale Total Score Differ According to the of Turkish Love of Course Variant Configuration to Determine Kruskal Wallis-H Test Results As can be concluded from Table 8, there is a meaningful correlation between the scores obtained by the prospective teachers from the Scale for the Consciousness of the Turkish language and the level of liking Turkish Language Lesson [χ2 (4) =75,305; p<.01]. According to the Mann Whitney U Test that was conducted to find the source of the meaningful correlation, there is a statistically meaningful difference between those prospective teachers who always like Turkish Language Lesson (SO=131,33) and those who rarely like it (SO=85,21), in favor of those who always like it (U=2036,000; p< .01). No meaningful correlation has been determined between the variables socioeconomic level and level of foreign language, and the total score obtained from the Scale for the Consciousness of the Turkish Language and the sub-dimensions of the scale. Conclusion The purpose of the present paper is to determine the prospective teachers’ consciousness of the Turkish language and to present the correlation through certain variables. On the basis of the scores obtained from the Scale for the Consciousness of the Turkish Language, the study concluded that the prospective teachers had a high level of consciousness of the Turkish language. It was observed that female prospective teachers expressed more positive opinions than male ones regarding the importance of the Turkish language to national integrity and its correct use in mass media. On the other hand, liking Turkish Language Lesson was a factor in the prospective teachers’ consciousness of the Turkish language. The fact that those prospective teachers who always like Turkish Language Lesson scored better in the Scale for the Consciousness of the Turkish Language than those who rarely like it has demonstrated the importance of Turkish Language Lesson to making children and youngsters gain a consciousness of the Turkish language. Conducting this study in the Faculties of Education across Turkey and a comparison of the findings could be recommended for future researchers. 233 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo References Aksan, D. (1997). Türkçenin gücü. Ankara: Bilgi Yayınevi. Çelik, E. (2002). Modernizmin ulusal dil bilinci üzerine etkisi. Türk Dili Dil Bayramının 70. Yılı Özel Sayısı, 609, 765-770. Göktürk, A. (1989). Sözün ötesi. Đstanbul: Đnkılâp Kitabevi. Gülensoy, T. (1995). Türkçe el kitabı. Kayseri: Bizim Gençlik Yayınları. Karasar, N. (2000). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemi. Ankara: Nobel Yayınları. Korkmaz, Z. (1995). Bilinçli dil sevgisi ve eleştirel düşünce üzerine. Türk Dili Üzerine Araştırmalar (pp: 625631). Ankara: TDK Yayınları. Özdemir, E. (1983). Ana dili olarak Türkçe öğretimi. Türk Dili Dil Öğretim Özel Sayısı, 379-380, 18-30. Parlak, B. (2000). Dil değişimi ve Türkçe kullanımı tartışmaları. Muğla Üniversitesi SBE Dergisi, 1(2), 1-16. Sağır, M. (2002). Đlköğretim okullarında Türkçe dil bilgisi öğretimi. Ankara: Nobel Yayınları. Vendryes, J. (2001). Dil ve düşünce. (Çev. Berke Vardar). Đstanbul: Multilingual Yayınları. Yaman, H. (2010). Turkish Consciousness Scale: The Study of Validity and Reliability. Journal of Turkish Educational Sciences, Published During. 234 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 702 Title A name given to the resource An Examination of Teacher Candidates on the Turkish Consciousness Author Author YAMAN, Havva YAMAN, Erkan Abstract A summary of the resource. Abstract:This study was undertaken to assess identify the state of Turkish consciousness in the teacher candidates. In study were applied “Turkish Consciousness Scale” (TCS) that developed by Yaman (2010). Students receive their scores from Turkish Consciousness Scale, the arithmetic mean and standard deviations were considered to be taken into consideration. In order to identify the effect of individual variables, Mann Whitney U Test and Kruskal Wallis Tests. Analysis showed that the variables of Turkish love of course, attended by teacher candidates resulted in significant differences in teacher candidates perceptions whereas the variables of gender, class and socioeconomic status did not affect the perceptions of teacher candidates. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/651d5e0e0dc9eeb2ff9170145d184854.pdf 4e2e9e518029104bbb1ae7012837021f PDF Text Text Xia, S.,Zhong F.,Zhang Y.,Li H.(2010).Bio- reduction of nitrate from groundwater using a hydrogen – based memrane biofilm reactor : Journal of Environmental Sciences , 22(2) 257 – 262. 811 �Stance of Undergraduates of Department of Construction at Vocational High Schools Upon Technician Training and Expectations from Both Higher Education Institutions and Governments: Sample of Vocational High School University of Düzce Assistant.Prof. Latif Onur UĞUR* lougur@ahievran.edu.tr Lecturer. Serdar KORKMAZ* serdarkorkmaz1984@gmail.com (*) Ahi Evran University Kaman Technical Vocational Collage Kaman, Kirşehir/Turkey Abstract: The goal of the study is to specify both opinions of undergraduates of department of construction at vocational high school over courses they take all through their education and expectations of them from authorities regarding technician training. For this reason, a questionnaire is carried out for seniors at department of construction of vocational high school of Düzce, T.R University of Düzce. According to the research, the seniors state they think they are going to benefit most from courses of Computer-Assisted Design, Ferroconcrete, Works of Quantities and Specifications, Statics of Construction and System Analysis and Design. % 50 of seniors state laboratory opportunities are on sufficient level; more than half of them state the education they have taken enables to work in this profession. % 40 of seniors expect from the administration to increase opportunities of practices (laboratory, land, computer…etc). Their leading expectation from governments is to improve signing authority. Training higher-up, improving job opportunities and developing laboratories- implementation areas succeed the expectation. Key words: Civil Technician, Vocational High School, Technician Training, Laboratory Practices. Introduction In Turkey, technician training started in 1953. In 1962, in technician schools totally 3700 students had received training including, 22 trainings in the evenings and 4 during the daytime. With the participation of technician schools which were opened in 1965 in Istanbul (night) and Ankara (daytime), technician training had continued until 1967. Due to various reasons, in 1967 technician training and in 1972 upper technician training had been brought to an end. In 1975, 45 colleges were opened bound to The Foundation of Common Higher Education (YAY-KUR), in 1979 the number of technician schools were increased up to 59, including 45 vocational high school. In 1982, vocational high schools were committed to the universities by being illustrated to Law No 2547 in Higher Education Law. The number of vocational high schools which were alienated to the universities in 1982 is 44. In 1997, the number of Vocational High Schools was around 400. Students who graduate from technical programs of Vocational High Schools are called “Technician”, and the students who graduate from social programs are called “Vocational Staff Member”. Entrance to the Vocational High Schools is provided with OSS. During the academic year of 1996-1997, approximately 68 thousand students registered for the Vocational High Schools. During the academic year of 1996-1997, approximately 150 thousand students were trained in Technical Programs of the Vocational High Schools (109 program), Economics and Administrative Programs (40 Programs) and Health Programs (18 Program). (Gürbüz, 1997, p.1). In consideration of the academic year of 2002-2003, 262 types of programs were provided in 474 vocational high schools. These are collected in three basic groups including Technical Programs, Economics and Administrative Programs and Health Programs. The number of associate degree programs in the Faculty of Open Education is thirteen. In Public Universities mostly technical programs, in foundation universities and open education associate degrees mostly social, economics and administrative programs are applied (Kaya, 2005). 812 �Today in our country vocational high schools are divided into five departments including Department of Skilled Trade Program, Department of Economics and Administrative Program, Department of Health Program, Department of Technical Program and Department of Agrarian Program. Every single department is divided into programs as well. Construction Program takes place in the Department of Technical programs. According to the OSS 2008 Choice Guide (TRNC included), 63 universities include construction program. According to OSS 2008 Choice Guide (2nd education included), total quota of 2 year construction programs is 6650 students (OSYM, 2008). The level of higher education is a system determined to provide to be recognized mutually in a national and international scale along with providing a compatibility between the qualifications earned through training and research, given degrees (Bircan,2008,p.2) Vocational High School: It is the only High School which cultivates the qualified manpower the industry needs. Vocational High Schools cultivates manpower with the title of technician and vocational staff member (YOK, 2004, p.10-26) The criteria in Vocational High Schools are determined according to the student number before the academic year. These criteria are; 11. Physical conditions of the unit which will go into operation ( classroom + laboratory + workshop) Computer Hardware; Up to 60 students, 60 students included, 2 computer centers with internet connection for 30 students Between 61-150 students 3 computer centers internet network connection for 30 students Between 151-240 students 4 computer centers internet network connection for 30 students Between 241-330 students 5 computer centers internet network connection for 30 students Between 331- 420 students 6 computer centers internet network connection for 30 students Between 421-510 students 7 computer centers internet network connection for 30 students Between 511- 600 students 8 computer centers internet network connection for 30 students Between 601-690 students 9 computer centers internet network connection for 30 students Between 691-780 students 10 computer centers internet network connection for 30 students Physical conditions; For each program minimum two classrooms, For the teaching staff two offices, Library supporting the program, Considering every program type, proper workshop practice area and materials [May not be necessary in some social programs] (YOK, 2003, p.7) Technician: Technicians can be defined as vocation members who completed their associate degrees, cultivated according to the needs of the industry with the necessary information and qualifications as a result of the training they received, know how to reach the information, have ability to solve problems, have improved the ability to take a decision, have accepted the necessity of a lifelong education, have completed the development considering human relations, know another language at a basic level, use computer basically and for their jobs, can contribute to the social, cultural activities either directly or indirectly. Technicians have more theoretical knowledge than the other technicians whom they collaborate together as a team. From another aspect, they are technical employees who have no problems in perceiving the orders they get from senior managers due to their positions, who are in control of practice, who can easily pass an order to another employee or can create a solution in event of a problem (Solar Commission, 2007, p.1) Building technician; composes the vocational group who work actively as a technical employee in construction buildings such as, barrages, roads, airports, dwellings, etc., natural resources, transportation/ highway, construction departments and material testing laboratories of the controlling firms and public and local administrations. From the highway, bridge, barrage, airport, water carry / distribution systems and dwellings to the trade center, technicians play an important role in plans, projects, and construction and control steps of every building. (MEB-YÖK, 2002, p. 9) Law No 4702, provides the integrity in vocational and technical training. The first level of vocational and technical education in Turkish education is vocational and technical secondary education, and the second level is the associate degree given in vocational high schools. These two levels of education should be continuation and complement of each other (Kaya, 2005). The lessons taught in the Department of Technical Programs, Construction Program of the universities are arranged within MEB-YÖK Vocational High School Program Development Project. Düzce Vocational High School is chosen as a sample in this research and the courses taught for four semesters are included in Chart 1. 1st SEMESTER 813 �Optic Code 101 103 105 107 109 111 113 115 121 123 125 127 129 131 133 Optic Code 102 104 106 108 110 112 114 122 124 126 128 130 132 134 Name of the Course Mathematics-I Computer- I Scientific Principles of Technology Construction Static I Construction Technology I General and Technical Communication Material Science and Construction Material Mechanical Drawing Turkish Language I Principles of Atatürk and Revolution History-I English I German I French I Physical Education I Fine Arts I Theoretical 3 1 3 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 4 0 0 Practical 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 Credit 4 2 4 3 2 2 3 2 2 2 4 1 1 0 0 28 Total 2nd SEMESTER Name of the Course Theoretical Practical Mathematics-II Computer- II Construction Static II Construction Technology II Beton Technology Resistance Construction Architecture and Detail Drawing Turkish Language II Principles of Atatürk and Revolution History-II English II German II French II Physical Education II Fine Arts II 814 Credit Type P P P P P P P P P P P P E E 3 1 2 1 3 2 2 2 2 4 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 4 2 3 2 4 2 3 2 2 4 0 0 1 1 0 0 28 Total 3rd SEMESTER Optic Code Name of the Course Theoretical Practical 201 Computer Supported Design I 1 1 203 Soil Mechanics I 2 1 205 Topography 2 2 207 Iron Concrete I 2 2 209 Construction Establishment Knowledge 2 0 211 Office and Construction Site Organization 3 0 213 Steel structure I 2 0 221 Hydraulics and Hydrology 2 1 223 Highway Construction I 2 1 225 Loss Assessment in Construction I 2 1 227 Vocational Foreign Language 2 1 229 Wooden Constructions 2 1 231 Prefabricated Constructions I 2 1 Total 4th SEMESTER Type P P P P P P P P P P P P P E E Credit 2 3 3 3 2 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 24 Type P P P P P P P E E E E E E �Optic Code 202 204 206 208 210 212 214 216 222 224 226 228 230 232 Name of the Course Theoretical Computer Supported Design II Soil Mechanics II System Analysis and Design Iron Concrete II Quality Assurance and Standards Business Management Footage and Detection Work Steel structure II Water Supply and Waste Waters Highway Construction II Loss Assessment in Construction II Entrepreneurship Masonry Prefabricated Constructions II Practical Credit Type 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 3 2 2 2 4 2 3 3 3 3 3 P P P P P P P P E E E E E 1 2 2 1 1 1 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 Total Table 1. Düzce Vocational High School Department of Construction Course List (Düzce Üniversity, 2008) 26 Students who achieve the final grade which universities determined, who complete required assignments, projects, model applications in the required norm; students who complete sixty work days of internship based on industry in two academic years and students who reach grade points average when they graduate get “Construction Technician” title. Literature Research High Education includes all educational institutions which provide higher education minimum two years. The aim of higher education is; “to educate students towards their interests, abilities and talents, to make researches on scientific fields, to publish research-observation results which enable science to improve, to complete the researches and observations required by the government and inform the results, to spread the information orally and in writing which improves the level of Turkish society and enlightens common opinion, and to serve in mass education considering the country’s science policy, society’s need for manpower at high levels and various levels.” Examining the statistic of the students graduated from high school between years of 1997-1998 and 2002-2003, majority of the graduates are found in the year of 1997-1998 with the number of 541.163. In spite of the fact that this number reduced in the following two academic years, it increased in 20012002 and 2002-2003 and exceeded half million. This shows that; in the near future, approximately half million new student will apply for high education. (Yağcızeybek, 2008, http://zulfikar.forumup.com/about1018zulfikar.html) With the influence of politics, vocational high schools continued to be opened in districts in order to prevent the buildup in universities, to cover the need of manpower, etc., and in the year of 2005 the number reached 555 from the number of 412 in the year of 2001. Majority of these schools have continued the education for the sake of qualified manpower in the buildings which are not suitable for education, and which are devoid of laboratory materials. There are even schools in which there is not a teaching staff. The lack of teaching staff is at the peak. There are schools which can not compose their administrative board. (Henden et, 2005) Vocational high schools had been stimulated for the variety of programs. The education of every profession was tried to be increased to the associate level and studies had been made towards this. Some of these diversification are, for example, programmes of bus driving, hair dressing, nut expert and etc. The aim is to satisfy the needs of environment. In the line with this purpose, the number of opening programme in vocational higher schools reaches 275. However, some programmes are combined by board of higher education on the account of the fact that vocational high schools’ programme diversity creates appellation conflict. In this context with the 04/12/2001 dated decision of Higher Education Executive Council programmes were developed within the scope of “Vocational and Technical Secondary Education Institutions Programme Coherence and Continuity Projects.” With the 19/07/2002 dated and 2002.27.2090 decision of Higher Education Institution 75 programme were developed and by associating lowered to 15. Association and aggregation were not argued enough in public opinion and the thoughts of related instructors of Vocational High Schools were not taken or if it was taken, it did not considered sufficiently. Although it is thought that association of programmes which have the same 815 �contexts is an appropriate decision, the associations of some programmes which have different contexts mostly affect the students who choose these programmes. For instance, students who win the drawer programme were placed to construction programme. When students come to school to enroll into drawer programme and when they learn they have to enroll into construction programme, it is seen that as a reaction they do not enroll into school. Also from students who want to enroll into school an application for enrolling in construction programme is wanted. Because students who win drawer programme were forced to enroll construction programme, after a while it is seen some of these students drop out. (Henden et.,2005) Vocational and technical education aims to raise producer people. Vocational and technical education system which can response to needs of skilled and technical of labor market in terms of quantity and quality can have a positive effect in the increase of Turkey’s competitive power in the Global market. Between the efficiency of vocational and technical education system and the quality of teachers of shop classes, there is a strong relationship. (Yağcızeybek, 2008, http://zulfikar.forumup.com/about1018-zulfikar.html) Vocational higher school students who go to vocational high school which is associated with vocational higher schools can not benefit from university instructors because of insufficient number of instructors and the distance of associated higher school and similar causes. Mostly high school teachers are appointed to these students’ lessons. Students can become university graduate without entering the university environment. Although these students do not enter the university environment and do not take university culture, how can we say these students are university graduate? Thus, students who are in associates MYO schools express that they do not want to come to MYO and do not want to take education in guest high schools because teachers of vocational high schools enter the lessons there that they do not see any difference and also benefiting from same workshop does not provide a plus them. Students announce that they want not associate high schools with MYOs but MYOs and they also want to leave vocational and technical education areas (METEB). (Henden et.,2005) Erdem prepared an investigation which consists of 45 questions. Questionnaire was applied to randomly chosen vocational higher school graduate group which has 144 person and the results were evaluated. According to study findings, from 114 person the percentage of %20.41 believe that during their education in their schools they take lesser skill about their basic skill; %44.10 believe that they take medium level education; and %34.50 believe that they take higher level education. It is seen that graduates information which is taken from vocational higher school use them %14.00 very little; % 16.60 little; %46.50 medium level; %24.60 higher level while solving a problem about their job. %35.00 of graduates work as worker while %44.00 as member of profession, %10.30 as manager and %9.70 as the owner of business office. Graduates can understand a text in foreign language at least %46.80 and talk a foreign language at least %50.80. Also it is seen that at least %54.40 of these graduates can use computer. Which easiness was there for the assessment of your spare time in your graduate school? %21. 90 of respondents claim they have none and %44. 70 claim they have less than three options. %69.80 expresses that although they have library in their school, they cannot benefit from it effectively. %42.60 of respondents believes they had a qualified education their graduate vocational high school. %60.30 prefers to take education in a vocational higher school which has international standards and complete its development rather than a newly opening faculty. %70.40 of the participants of questionnaire believes that apart from the permanent instructors for reaching a more qualified vocational higher school education, from experienced employee of production and service sector should be benefited. %56.50 of respondents does not believe they had a qualified education in their vocational higher school. (Erdem, 1999). Goal and Method Goal The aim of this study is to determine the thoughts of students of construction programme about the lessons they take during their education and the expectations of these students about construction technician education from authorized persons. Method In this study as an example students who are in second year in T.C. Düzce University Düzce Vocational Higher School Construction Programme are chosen. A Questionnaire is applied to 64 students who take the education of construction technician in Düzce Vocational Higher School Construction Technician Programme. The results obtained are explained by using frequency, percentage and graphic representations. Questionnaire application was done in 2009-2010 academic year spring semester before final examinations. Thus, it is aimed that students who are about to graduate can evaluate their education. 816 �Findings and Comment Lessons in education of Construction Technician Düzce Vocational Higher School was opened by depending on ministry of national education under the name of technical and social sciences departments in the year of 1976. In 1992 it is connected to Abant Đzzet Baysal University and in 2006 with the foundation of Düzce University, it is connected to Düzce University. (Düzce University, 2008). According to applied questionnaire results to students who are about to finalize their two year education in Düzce Vocational Higher School, 55 of the total 64 students are male (%85.94) and 9 (%14.06) of the them are female. While %67.19 of the participant students take place in the range of 17 and 21 years old, %32.81 of them are between 22-25 years old. There are not any students who are older than 25 years old. The age range appears low and this shows that more than the half of the students begins to university education at the latest two years after they finish their high school education. Figure 1. Sufficiency of Curriculum lessons for profession practice When it is asked whether their technician education which continues two year they take curriculum lessons is sufficient to perform that job; 36 students answered (% 56.25) as “yes sufficient,” 21 students (%32.81) as “it was sufficient reasonably,” and 7 students as (%10.94) “no, it was not sufficient.” An important number of construction technician applicants who are in construction programme and who will be graduate after final examinations think the education they took is enough for the practice of this profession. (See Graphic 1) Technical Programmes Departments of Universities are the places in which students learn information and skills which are belong to a technical field (construction, drilling, food, computer technology and programming and etc). Each technical programme should provide a technical education and through which students can realize that profession after their graduation. Students who take construction technician education after their graduation in the light of their knowledge which is taken from higher school will perform their professions. In the frame of committed questionnaire students who are about to graduate were asked: “Please mark the five lessons which do you think will help you mostly in your vocational life?” 55 (%85.94) of the total 64 students “computer aided design”, 40 of them (%62.50) “ferroconcrete” 40 of them (%62.50) “quantities and budget estimates”, 32 of them (%50.00) “construction statistics,” 27 of them (%42.19) “system analyses and design” lessons will be very beneficial for them in their vocational life, they think. According to questionnaire results the lessons “entrepreneurship,” “prefabricated structure,” “quality assurance and standards,” “building installations knowledge,” and “masonry units” are the lessons students think they will not benefit them from them very much from these vocations. When students were asked “please mark five lessons which do you think benefit in your profession life?” as a response 28 (%43.75) students mark “scientific principles of technology,” 28 (%43.75) students “business economics”, 27 (%42.19) students “quality assurance and standards”, 26 (%40.63) students “general and technical communication”, 25 (%39.06) students “soil mechanics”. According to data, students generally think that the lessons which have the context of project design, project design calculation and calculation via project will be more beneficial in their profession life. Nowadays because the preference computer aided programmes being practical and dependable can be a cause of this thought although it is not certain. 817 �In the frame of two year construction programme with the guideline of determined programme and lesson context by YÖK education is done in higher schools. In the frame of questionnaire the question “if you have the chance while taking education in construction technician department which three lessons do you want to take in a more detailed way?” to students who are applicant to do construction technician profession. While more than the half of the students (36 students, %56.25) want to take “quantities and budget estimate”, 17 students (%26.56) “building statistics” and 13 students (%20.31) “concrete technologies” lessons in a more detailed way. The applicants of construction technicians “lessons which they think they benefit most in their profession life” afore is determined as “computer aided design”, “ferroconcrete,” “quantities and budget estimate,” “building statistics” and “system analyses and design.” Students also “want to learn some lessons in a more detailed way” such as “computer aided design,” “ferroconcrete”, “quantities and budget estimate,” “building statistics,” and “concrete technology”. As it is seen the lessons show consistency with each other. The students of construction technologies want to learn the lessons which they will benefit mostly in their profession life in a more detailed way. Training hardware and education applications in construction technician education In the scope of the questionnaire when it is asked “whether they have enough laboratory in their schools” to construction technician graduate students, 23 (%35.94) students of total 64 students response as “yes, there is” while 32 students (%50.00) “there is in medium level” and 9 students (%14.06) “no, there is not.” %85.94 (50.00+35.94) of the students, who take two year technician education, expresses “there is enough laboratory possibility.” (See, graphic 2) Figure 2. Laboratory Possibility To construction technician applicants during their education it is asked “whether they make enough computer application.” 7 students (%11.00) express that they make “very much” application, while 13 students (%20.00) claim they make “enough” application, 28 students (%44.00) say they make “medium level” application, 9 students (%14.00) say they make “little” application and 7 students (%11.00) claim they make “very little” application. %25.00 (%11.00 + %14.00) of the participants of students think that “computer applications are not performed enough or done little application.” 818 �Figure 3. Sufficiency of land application When it is asked “whether they made enough land application” to construction programme students, 36 students (%56.00) response as the made very little application” 15 students (%23.00) claim they made “little” application, 12 students (%19.00) say they made “medium level” application and 1 student (%2.00) claims they made “very much” application. No one from the surveyed students mark the option “yes, I believe we made enough land application.” When the response of asked questions are examined, it is appeared that only %2.00 of the students believe they made “very much” or “enough” land application. %78.00 (%56.00 + %23.00) of the surveyed students think that they made “little” or “very little” application. Land application in technician education provides students to perform their theoretical knowledge in practical way in application areas. Because of the littleness of land application, it is possible for students to have hard times in their profession life after their graduation. In the ÖSS examination of construction programme, students can select this programme from the “computational” point type. The student who will graduate from construction programme will have the title of “construction technician.” In other words, this student will be “craft”. Solving a problem is one of the essential factors for one craft because a craft should have the practical calculating and solving skill. In this context when it is asked to students who will take the title of construction technician “whether they made enough problem solving”, 4 students (%6.00) express they made “very much” application, 12 students (%19.00) claim they made “enough” application, 18 students (%28.00) say they made “medium level” application, 17 students (%27.00) claim they made “little” application and 13 students (%20.00) suggest they made “very little” application. Expectations from authorized institution and organization The expectations of students from education system are directly proportional with their future planning. According to their future goals, students have some wish and demand from authorized institutions and organizations. For the purpose of the determination of the expectations of students who are about to graduate from Düzce Vocational Higher School with gaining related necessary theoretical and practical knowledge a questionnaire is performed and it is asked students to write their expectations with from the manager of Düzce vocational higher school and higher school management with the questions about these issues. EXPECTATIONS FROM HIGHER SCHOOL MANAGER Enhancement in application possibilities Active academic programme Enhancement in technical visits Enhancement in laboratory possibility Preservation of existing order Renewal of education staff Enhancement in the dialogue with teachers Enhancements in social possibilities 819 FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE 23 13 10 7 1 1 1 1 40.35 22.81 17.54 12.28 1.75 1.75 1.75 1.75 �TOTAL 57 Table 2. Expectations from Higher School Manager 100 To surveyed students are asked about “their expectations from the higher school manager of their school.” This question is asked as an open ended comment and while 57 students of the total 64 students writing about their thoughts, 7 students does nor express any wish and demand. 23 students (%40.35) from 57 respondent students have the expectations of “enhancements of application possibilities,” 13 students (%22.81) want the “preparation of active academic programme,” 10 students (%17.54) want “the enhancements of technical visits,” and 7 students (%12.28) want “increase in laboratory possibilities.” “Preservation of existing lesson plan and social possibilities,” “renewal of academic staff,” “the enhancements of social possibilities” and “enhancements in dialogue with teachers” take place among the low ratio (%1.75) expectations. From this it is understood that students have expectations about “more application possibilities” and “more application field” from higher school management. (See table 2). Expectations from YÖK President FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE 6 17.65 Circulation of education in a longer term 6 17.65 Giving signing authority to technicians 4 11.76 Abolishment of open admission 4 11.76 Giving attention on applied training 4 11.76 Abolishment of unnecessary lessons Abolishment of the difference between engineer 3 8.82 and technician 2 5.88 Making amendments in DGS 2 5.88 Enhancement in lesson hours Making introduction which makes department 2 5.88 more important 1 2.94 Auditing of teachers TOTAL 34 100 Table 3. Expectations from YÖK President In the survey, technician candidate students were also asked about their expectations from YÖK. While 34 students from total 64 students were writing something to this open ended question, 30 students did not write any wish and demand. 6 students (%17.65) from the total 34 respondent students express their expectation as “circulation of education in a longer term,” 6 students (%17.65) as “giving signing authority to technicians,” 4 students (%11.76) as “abolishment of open admission,” 4 students (%11.76) as “giving attention on applied training,” 4 students (%11.76) as “abolishment of unnecessary lessons,” 3 students (%8.82) as “abolishment of the difference between engineer and technician,” 2 students (%5.88) as “making amendments in DGS,” 2 students (%5.88) as “enhancement in lesson hours,” 2 students (%5.88) as “making introduction which makes department more important,” and 1 student as “auditing of teachers.” (See, Table 3). From this it is understood that students want more detailed and longer education about their department. One of the most important expectations of students from YÖK is “giving the signing authority to technicians.” However, this authority was given within certain limits by Ministry of Public Works and Settlement. Thus, in February 5, 2008 “the building control application regulations” of Ministry of Public Works and Settlement became valid by issuing in official journal. With the 15th item of regulation, as per building site the limits of audit mandate is given as following: Technician Techie Technical instructor (Building, Machine, (Building, Machine, (Building, Machine, Electric) Electric) Electric) 15.000 m² 10.000 m² 5.000 m² Table 4. Limits of audit mandate (Ministry of Public Work and Settlement, 2008) According to regulation, the audit mandate limit of building, machine and electric technician is 10.000 m². Through responses it is understood that some of the students do not know about this authorization. (See, table 4). 820 �EXPECTATIONS FROM POLITICAL FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE POWERS 5 45.45 Giving signing authority to technicians 2 18.18 Providing higher level education possibility 2 18.18 Providing job opportunity Enhancement of Laboratory and application 1 9.09 fields 1 9.09 Providing equality in education 11 100 TOTAL Table 5. Expectations from political powers For the purpose of determining the expectations of students from political powers, to the asked open ended question 11 students from the surveyed 64 students give answer but 53 students do not express any wish and demand. 5 students (%45.45) from the respondent 11 students are in the expectation of “giving signing authority to technicians,” 2 students (%18.18) are in the expectation of “providing higher level education possibility,” 2 students (%18.18) are in the expectation of “providing job opportunity,” 1 student (%9.09) is in the expectation of “enhancement of Laboratory and application fields,” and 1 student (%9.09) is in the expectation of “providing equality in education.” (See, Table 5). When we look at the students’ expectations, they want to have an application improvement in their education and they want to have an enhancement in authority, responsibility and job opportunities related with their education field. Results and Suggestions Results • Male students (%85.94) are predominant in the education of construction technician education. • A large proportion of the students are in the range of 17-21 years old (%67.19). • More than the half of the graduate students (%56.25) indicates that the lessons in the curriculum are enough for the application of this profession. • According to questionnaire results, if there is possibility the students want to take following lessons in a more detailed way because they think these lessons wil be very beneficial in their profession life: (%85.94) “computer aided design”, (%62.5) “ferroconcrete”, (%62.50) “quantities and budget estimate”, (%50.00) “building statistics” and (%42.19) “system analyses and design.” The lessons Atatürk Principles and history and Turkish language are excluded from this question. • According to questionnaire results, the least beneficial lessons in students profession life are (%43.75) “Scientific principles of technology”, (%43.75) “business economics”, (%42.19) “Quality assurance and standards”, (%40.63) “general and technical communication” and (%39.06) “soil mechanics.” • %50.00 of students indicates that laboratory possibilities are in “enough level.” While %36.00 of students think there is “medium level” laboratory possibility, %14.00 of students claim “there is not enough laboratory possibility.” • %25.00 (%14.00+ %11.00) of students think “laboratory applications are not done sufficiently.” • A large proportion of the students (%56.00+ %23.00) think “field applications are not done sufficiently or done very little.” • In the subject of enough problems solving students have different thoughts. While %25.00 (%6.00+ %19.00) of students think “lot of and enough application is done,” %47.00 (%27.00+ %20.00) of students believe “little or very little application is done.” On the other hand, %28.00 of students thinks “medium level application is done.” • %40.35 of students is in the expectation of “enhancement of application possibilities” from higher school management. “Arrangement of active lesson plans,” “enhancements of technical visits,” and “enhancement of laboratory possibilities,” follow aforementioned expectation respectively. • Students’ expectations from YÖK also show variety. Some these main expectations are “circulation of education in a longer term” (%17.65), “giving signing authority to technicians” (%17.65), “abolishment of open admission” (%11.76), “giving attention on applied training” (%11.76), and “abolishment of unnecessary lessons” (%11.76). • The main expectation of students from political powers is “giving signing authority to technicians” (%45.45). “Providing higher level education possibility” (%18.18), “providing job opportunity”, 821 �(%18.18), “enhancement of Laboratory and application fields” (%9.09), “providing equality in education” (%9.09) follows the aforementioned main expectation. Suggestions According to obtained data, the possibility of lessons which take place in higher school curriculum and theoretical knowledge application use of students should be increased. Hence, they can begin their profession life with a specific level application experience. Laboratory possibilities which students will use during their education actively should be renewed in a compatible way with the developing technology and new laboratories should be established. It should not be forgotten that learning by “doing- performing” is one of the learning types. Land applications should be considered as a part of the education and studies which provide more active participation of students to school-industry collaboration should be arranged. Moreover, instructing students about their after graduate authorization will be very beneficial. 822 �References Bircan, Đ. (2008). Towards [iro.atilim.edu.tr/Yeterlilik.ppt] a Framework for Qualifications of Higher Education of Turkey. p.2, Düzce University. (2008). Vocational High School of Düzce. [http://79.123.147.197/dmyo/] Erdem, A. (1999). Adequacy of Education in Vocational Schools and Quality Assurance”, ISSN 1306-0767 Journal Of Legıslatıve, year 2, number 23 Gürbüz, R. (1997). Expectations of vocational high school. p.1, Çankırı Henden, R. and Tunç, A. (2005). Vocational Technical Education in Transition without Exam Practice. Journal of The National Education, number 165, Ankara Kaya, F. (2005). Demographic Structure of Vocational High School Students and Research on the Effectiveness of Vocational High School. National Vocational Education and Journal of Social Sciences, number 168, Ankara MEB-YÖK. (2002). Vocational Schools Development Program- Construction Program. Trade Commission of Construction Program, p.9, Ankara Ministry of Public Work and Settlement. (2008). Buıldıng Control Applıcatıon Regulatıons. Official Newspaper, Number 26778, February 5 OSYM. (2008). ÖSS Preferences Guide. Yağcizeybek, S. (2008). Career Technical Education Issues and Suggestions. [http://zulfikar.forumup.com/about1018zulfikar.html] YÖK. (The Council of Higher Education). (2003). Criteria of Vocational High Schools. p.7, Ankara Solar Commission. (2007). III. National Meeting of Directors [http://myotoplantisi.cu.edu.tr/komisyon1/GünesKomisyonI.doc] , p.1, November 8-9, Adana of the Vocational, YÖK (The Council of Higher Education). (2004). Present Status of Vocational Higher School and Vocational and Technical High Schools in the Vocational High School Assessment exams without're Late. Ankara University Press, Ankara 823 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 632 Title A name given to the resource Stance of Undergraduates of Department of Construction at Vocational High Schools Upon Technician Training and Expectations from Both Higher Education Institutions and Governments: Sample of Vocational High School University of Düzce Author Author Uğur, Latif Onur KORKMAZ, Serdar Abstract A summary of the resource. The goal of the study is to specify both opinions of undergraduates of department of construction at vocational high school over courses they take all through their education and expectations of them from authorities regarding technician training. For this reason, a questionnaire is carried out for seniors at department of construction of vocational high school of Düzce, T.R University of Düzce. According to the research, the seniors state they think they are going to benefit most from courses of Computer-Assisted Design, Ferroconcrete, Works of Quantities and Specifications, Statics of Construction and System Analysis and Design. % 50 of seniors state laboratory opportunities are on sufficient level; more than half of them state the education they have taken enables to work in this profession. % 40 of seniors expect from the administration to increase opportunities of practices (laboratory, land, computer…etc). Their leading expectation from governments is to improve signing authority. Training higher-up, improving job opportunities and developing laboratories- implementation areas succeed the expectation. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed Q Science (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/f655a108bebd21775b59e970eb34832d.pdf c6bd709168650a001e11da1c35e29152 PDF Text Text 2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo Evaluation of Vocational Education Construction Technician by Lecturers Latif Onur Uğur Ahi Evran University, Kaman Technical Vocational College, Kaman, Kirşehir/Turkey onurugurtr@yahoo.com Đlknur Bekem Ahi Evran University, Kaman Technical Vocational College, Kaman, Kirşehir/Turkey ilknurbekem@hotmail.com Serdar Korkmaz Ahi Evran University, Kaman Technical Vocational College, Kaman, Kirşehir/Turkey skorkmaz@ahievran.edu.tr Abstract: In this study the faculty members who served in the Civil technician training in Construction Technology Program which one of two-year Vocational Technical High School Program, have been trying to search for relating to alumni comments and suggestions about classroom curriculum, industry-based training applications, information systems. For this purpose a questionnaire was administered to teaching staff who served in different vocational schools of different universities which consists of 28 questions. Survey in the context of the teaching staff of the course content, how much they are happy, whether they think the theoretical and practical lesson hours in curriculum classes, the laboratory facilities of the application whether or not, technical field trips, conferences, seminars served in the vocational schools which are applied in frequency were asked. Apart from problems related to curriculum, construction technician has a very important place in teaching that the inspection of industrial training, internship and then interview, examination and achievement levels of students received a result that responses were evaluated. The ideas of the construction teaching staff in arranging a national symposium on education technicians and construction sectors in the field of civil engineering/construction teacher/architectural education provider to do joint activities with the perspectives were investigated. In addition, surveys of faculty members applied the quality of construction technicians in the art are also to be thinking about. Some results of the findings of this work, a symposium is desired as soon as possible broad participation with a construction technician education, the construction industry different topics technicians was trained with organizations collaborate and projects consolidated at being desirable, training of the overall goal reached, but inspection and examination of the continuing benefits, monitoring system on the development of graduates are beneficial. Introduction The construction sector is one of the oldest branch of industry on earth. It firstly existed by people who tried to protect themselves from the negative impacts of the nature and it developed, diversified and reached its current level by the time when water constructions, temples, memorials, city walls for cities and countries, roads and bridges and with other constructions were built. Approximately 150 years ago, that branch of industry caused the existence of civil engineering as the first engineering and the first engineering education begun (Yoklu, 2009). Another higher education facility that supply qualified labour for the sector is occupational high 134 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo schools. The alumni of the occupational schools are employed in private construction or supervision companies as civil technician in the constructions of dam, road, airport, house, etc., and in public and local administrations as technicians in the departments of natural resources, transportation/highways, construction or material test laboratories. They play an important role in planning, projects, construction and control phases of all the constructions, including but not limited to roads, bridges, dam, airport, water supply and distribution, houses and trade centres (Uğur and others., 2008). The study There are many studies which have been done generally by students on the civil technician education in the higher occupational schools for two years. Those studies have been focused on courses, educational perspectives, instructors, job trainings, physical sufficiency of the schools. Birinci and Arı (2004) stated that there are lack of laboratories and workshops in some of those occupational schools; however, those schools with their implementative orientation for the educational qualification give no great importance to the buildings with special design for the continuance of the education. Hızlan (1997) stated that the basic criteria of the education are the conformity and objective unification of industry and schools. The assessments of the instructors on the basis of the opinions of students is one of the most used methods to determine the features of the education and many countries have been accepted such data as an important input (Shevlin, 2000, Greenwald, 1997, Mskheachie, 1997). The student assessments, however, cause some discussions. Those discussions have been focused on invalidation of the student assessments since the expectations and prejudgments of students may affect the assessment and whether those students have met the required qualifications to make such assessments. (Kaya and others, 2007). It is seen that the number of the studies about the opinions of the instructors who are very important for the civil technician education. A questionnaire with 28 questions has been asked to 60 instructors who are employed in 12 different occupational school of civil technician in Turkey to assess the education in the schools. The occupational schools where those instructors are employed are in the Table 1. University / Vocational education Ahi Evran University / Kaman Ahi Evran University/ Kırşehir Batman University / Batman Bitlis Eren University/ Bitlis Cumhuriyet University / Sivas Çukurova University / Adana Dicle University / Dicle Hacettepe University / Polatlı Sakarya University/ Hendek Selçuk University / Kadınhanı Faikiçil Selçuk University/ Teknik bilimler Süleyman Demirel University/ Isparta Table 1. Universities and occupational schools where the instructors are employed The questionnaire have tried to clarify the profile of the instructors, sufficiency of courses, laboratories, implementations on civil technician, benefits of cooperation of the civil technician education and students with other departments and students of other departments, job trainings for students and probable participation of symposium/congress on civil technician. The opinions of instructors on the development of the civil technician education have been taken, as well. There are multiple-choice questions for 25 and the rest is open ended. The answers of the instructors have been converted to percentages and they were explained meaning by the help of graphics and tables. 135 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo Findings According to the findings, the participants have been working averagely in occupational schools for 6 years. The percentage of the academic members is 41,7 % and lecturer is 58,3 % in those 60 instructors answering the questionnaire. The instructors consist of 50 % civil work instructors, 42 % civil engineering and the rest is, 8 %, architecture (see Figure 1) Lecturer's occupations 42% Civil Engineer Architect 50% Construction teacher 8% Figure 1. Professions of the instructors Educational background of instructors; %34 “BA degree”, %33 “MA degree”, %33 is “doctorate” (see. Figure 2). Graduation status of lecturers 33% 34% Undergraduate MA Ph.D. 33% Figure 2. Educational backgrounds of instructors The instructors participating to questionnaire are asked which courses have sufficient contents they think enough. When the answers are examined (see Table 2), it is seen that they find mostly the content of “Concrete Technology” with 98,38 %. It is followed by “Construction Technology” and “Construction Static” with 7,29 %. 136 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo Courses % Concrete Technology 9,38 Construction Static 7,29 Construction Technology 7,29 Organization of office and construction site 6,25 Soil Mechanics 6,25 Damage Detection in Structures 6,25 Materials Science and Building Materials 6,25 Topography 5,21 Quantities and Discovery Works 5,21 Computer 4,17 Computer Aided Design 4,17 Road Construction 4,17 Resistance 4,17 Systems Analysis and Design 4,17 Structure Installation Information 3,13 Steel Structures 3,13 General and Technical Communication 3,13 Business administration 3,13 Architectural drawings of buildings and details 2,08 Water Supply and Waste Water 2,08 Hydraulics and hydrology 1,04 Timber Structures 1,04 Prefabricated Buildings 1,04 Total 100 Table 2. The courses and percentages which the instructors find sufficient The instructors were asked that which course contents are insufficient in the curriculum; the answers and percentages are indicated in Table 3. Accordingly, “Wooden Building” and “Business Management” are found insufficient in terms of their content with 21,43 %. They are followed by “General and Technical Communication” with 17,86 % and “Hydraulic and Hydrology” with 14,29 %. Courses % Wooden building 21,43 Business management 21,43 General and Technical Communication 17,86 Hydraulics and hydrology 14,29 Water Supply and Waste Water 14,29 Systems Analysis and Design 7,14 Organization of office and construction site 3,57 Total 100 Table 3. The courses and percentages which the instructors find insufficient The instructor have assessed the existing courses and stated that there can be other courses which can be included in the civil technician education. The courses which the instructors find useful to add the curriculum are 137 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo construction technician drawing, laboratories on mansonry and wooden, cement and floor mechanics laboratories, construction law, job security and labour health, computer aided project management. The instructors of occupational higher schools have stated that theoretical and practical hours of the courses are not suitable for 66,7 %, however, 33,3 % of the instructors have stated the suitability of the courses for the civil technician programmes. The instructors, 91,7 % have stated that the new comer students have insufficient background to have civil technician education. The instructors have asked for the sufficiency assessment of the computer, foreign language, topography and problem solution implementation in the programmes. The answers indicated; • Computer implementation 66,7 % sufficient (see Figure 3), • Foreign language 50 % mid-level sufficient (see Figure 4), • Topography 75 % mid-level sufficient (see Figure 5), • Problem solution 66,7 % mid-level sufficient (see Figure 6) Computer application 66,7 Enough 16,7 Medium 16,7 No 0,0 10,0 20,0 30,0 40,0 50,0 60,0 70,0 Figure 3. Assessment of the sufficiency of the computer implementation Foreign language application 8,3 Enough 50,0 Medium 41,7 No 0,0 10,0 20,0 30,0 40,0 50,0 Figure 4. Assessment of the sufficiency of the foreign language Topograpy application 8,3 Enough 75,0 Medium 16,7 No 0,0 10,0 20,0 30,0 40,0 50,0 60,0 Figure 5. Assessment of the sufficiency of the topography 138 70,0 80,0 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo Problem solving application 33,3 Enough 66,7 Medium No 0,0 0,0 10,0 20,0 30,0 40,0 50,0 60,0 70,0 Figure 6. Assessment of the sufficiency of the problem solution The answers of the instructors to question about the frequency of the technical visits in their occupational higher schools are in Figure 7. Accordingly; • 51 % of the instructors stated that there is no technical visit at all; • 33 % of them stated that there is a technical visit once a year; • 8 % of them stated that there is a technical visit once a semester; • The rest 8 % stated that there are technical visits more than one in a semester. The frequency of technical visits 8% Never Once a year 51% 33% Once a semester More than once a semester 8% Figure 7. Frequency of the technical visits The instructors have been asked the frequency of the conferences and seminars in their own schools; 42 % stated that “once in semester”. 17 % of the instructors stated that there is not any conference/seminar in their school (see Figure 8). The frequency of conferences and seminars 17% 33% 8% Never Once a year Once a semester More than once a semester 42% Figure 8. Frequency of conference and seminars The instructors have assessed the duration of job training, scope, accuracy, practice and opportunity to learn the construction sector in the construction programme of students as “insufficient”, “average” and “sufficient”. • The ratio of sufficient for the job training are equal to average and insufficient as 33,3 %. 139 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo • According to the instructors, the scope of the job training for the civil technician programme students are 16,7 % sufficient, 58,3 % average and 25 % insufficient. • Only 16,7 % of the participants find the accuracy of the job training is sufficient. • There is no instructor who finds the scope of the job training is exactly what it should be. 50 % finds it insufficient while the other 50 % finds it “averagely sufficient”. The instructors, as 58,3 %, stated that the opportunity for students to learn the sector during the job training is insufficient. Only the 8,3 % thinks that such opportunity is sufficient. No instructor has supervised the students during the job training. However, 75 % of the instructors say there are interviews/tests for post jobtraining periods. According to the answers of the 50 % of instructors, 70 % of students are successful in these post-job training interviews and tests. On the other hand, 25 % of the instructors has stated that the ratio of successful students in post-job training evaluations as less than 70 % (see Figure 9). Percentage of success in interview/test of internships 8% 0% 25% 17% Less than % 70 70% 80% 90% 100% 50% Figure 9. Success ration in post-job training interview/examinations The instructors were asked about the information on construction programme in their web sites and the answers are in the Table 4. Accordingly, mostly included web information is; • 25,64 % course contents, • 23,08 % courses, • 20,51 % definition of civil technician education. The web sites; • Legislation, • Authority and responsibilities, • Occupational modes (Occupational roles, control, project drawing, bill of quantities, etc.), • General situation of the construction sector, • Place of the civil technicians in the sector, and • Occupational and sectoral institutions are not included. Web information % Course contents 25,64 Course List 23,08 Technician training is the definition of construction 20,51 Technical tours 12,82 Legislation 12,82 Internship applications 2,56 Vocational training 2,56 Total 100,00 Table 4. Web site contents The 41,7 % instructors have negative opinions about 6 semester technician education that will be enforced by the Board of Higher Education (YÖK). %33,3 of instructor has no idea about the matter (see Figure 10). 140 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo View of 6 semesters of training technicians 33,3 I have no idea 41,7 Negative 25,0 Positive 0,0 5,0 10,0 15,0 20,0 25,0 30,0 35,0 40,0 45,0 Figure 10. Opinions on 6 semester technician education. The instructors were asked “do you think that a national level congress or symposium on ‘Civil Engineering Education” should be held on” and all of them answered positively by saying “Yes, it should be”. In case such an organization is held, the instructors will; • 44,4 % will participate in with a paper, • 17 % will not participate in, • 11,1 % will be work in scientific committee, • 11,1 % will participate as referee, • 11.1 % will be in advisory board, • 6 % will participate as audient (see Figure 11). Form of congresses and symposia to join 17% 11% 11% 6% Science committee Advisory board Referee Participate with a paper 11% Listeners I don't join 44% Figure 11. Form of participation to congress or symposium When the instructor were asked whether they have student follow up system; only 16,7 % told that they have a follow up system, 25 % told that such a system is at the developmental stage. 58,3 % of the participants stated that they do not have such a follow up system. The instructors assessed the benefits of co-works their current institutions which educates the civil technicians with other institutions which educate civil engineering, building teacher/architecture. As it can be seen in Table 5, • In terms of the co-ordination of the instructors, such efforts will benefit 50 %, • In terms of harmonization of the different disciplines in the same sector, such efforts will benefit 58,3 %, that is great, • In terms of following the technical developments, such efforts will benefit 91,7 %, that is great, • In terms of following the changes in legislation, such efforts will benefit 75 %, that is great, • In terms of contributing the changes in legislation, such efforts will benefit 66,7 %, that is great, • In terms of updating the education methods and practices, such efforts will benefit 91,7 %, that is great, • In terms of joint projects and increasing the scientific researches, such efforts will benefit 83,3 %, that is great. 141 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo Coordination of the teaching staff More Medium No 41,7 50,0 8,3 Belonging to different disciplines in the same sector, 58,3 41,7 0,0 harmonization of training programs Technical monitoring developments closely 91,7 0,0 8,3 Monitoring of legislative changes 75,0 8,3 16,7 Contribute to changes in legislation 66,7 33,3 0,0 Updating of teaching methods and practices 91,7 8,3 0,0 To carry out joint projects 83,3 8,3 8,3 Increasing scientific research 83,3 8,3 8,3 Table 5. Opinions on the aspects of benefit of co-works with institutions which educate on civil engineering/ building teacher / architecture. A question in the questionnaire made the instructors to assessed the aspects of benefit that in case the civil technician students pair up with students of engineering/architecture/building teacher on different grounds; according to the answers; • Such an effort will be useful to understand the roles in the work life (%66,7), • Such an effort will be useful for health evaluation of authorities and responsibilities in the construction projects (%75,0), • It will be useful in terms of the diminishing the emotions on account of misunderstandings (%83,3), • Such an effort will be useful to understand the other occupations’ scope of education (%75,0). (see Table 6). More Medium No A better understanding of the role of business 66,7 33,3 0,0 75,0 25,0 0,0 Authority and responsibility for construction projects more robust assessment of 83,3 16,7 0,0 Misunderstanding caused by the reduction of the sense of 75,0 25,0 0,0 Understanding of the scope of vocational training of other Table 6. Assessment the aspects of benefit that the civil technician students pair up with students of engineering/architecture/building teacher on different grounds. The instructors were asked whether the civil technician education must be monotype or it must be different according to the university/occupational higher school; 67 % of them said “must be different”. (see Figure 20). 33% Must be the same Must be different 67% Figure 20. Civil technician education must be monotype or different from each other, the answers and percentages Majority of the participants stated that civil technicians cannot take place in the occupational higher schools as instructor (%91,7). 142 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo The instructors, 91,7 %, have supported the existence of the course of Occupational Ethic in the construction programmes of occupational higher schools. (Figure 12). Professional ethics course 8,3 Hayır 91,7 Evet 0,0 20,0 40,0 60,0 80,0 100,0 Figure 12. Perception of the instructors on occupational ethic course The instructors, also, defined the possible revisions in the current system to grow better civil technicians, as below: • The supervision of the job-training should be increased. • The frequency of conference, seminar and technical visits should be increased. • The duration of education should be increased. • The technology must be traced more closely. • The cooperation between schools and companies should be developed by signing protocols. • The qualifications of the instructors should be increased. • The open admission should be abolished. Conclusions Those are seen in the direction of the answers given by the instructors; The content of some courses of civil technician education are insufficient, it is useful to update those courses, • It is found useful civil technician education to add the courses of technical drawing, labour health and job security, • The exchange of theoretical and practice hours will contribute to the students positively, • Majority of the students who begins the civil technician education have insufficient infrastructure, therefore, its compensation either in secondary education or at the beginning of the higher education, , • It is necessary to increase the practice of foreign language, computer and topography and frequency of technical visit, conference and seminars. • The job-trainings are not supervised during the term but the post-job training examination is useful, the supervision needs to be increased, • The scope, accuracy and practice of job-training have been found averagely sufficient and should be recovered, • It will be positive when the information on legislation, authorities and responsibilities of technicians, situation of the sector is placed into web sites, • Only the quarter of the instructors have positive opinions about the 6 semester education in 2 years, • The occupational ethic practices will be useful, • A civil technician education symposium with broad participation is demanded, • A cooperation and joint projects with institutions which educates technicians for different places of construction sector are desired, • It will be useful to develop alumni follow-up systems. • 143 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo References Toklu, C.Y. (2009). Đnşaat Mühendisliği Eğitiminde Yeni Eğilimler, 1. Đnşaat Mühendisliği Eğitimi Sempozyumu, Antalya. Uğur, L.O, Yüksel, E., Bekem, Đ., Korkmaz, S. .(2008). Đnşaat Teknikerliği Eğitimi Üzerine Bir Alan Araştırması, Selçuk Üniversitesi Teknik Bilimler Meslek Yüksekokulu, Teknik-Online Dergi Cilt 7, Sayı:3. Binici, H., Arı, N. (2004). Mesleki ve Teknik Eğitimde Arayışlar, (pp. 383-396). Gazi Üniversitesi, Gazi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, Cilt 24, Sayı. Hızlan, D. (1997). Okul-Sanayi Đlişkileri, Đnkılap Yayınevi, Đstanbul. Shevlin, M. and etc. (2000). The Validity of Student Evaluation of Teaching in Higher Education: love me, love my lectures?, Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education, Vol. 25, No. 4. Greenwald, A. G. (1997). Validity Concerns And Usefulnes Of Student Rating Instruction, (pp. 1182–1186). American Psychologist, 52(11). Mckheachie, W. J. (1997). Student Rating: The Validity of Use, (pp.1218–1225). American Psychologist, 52(11). Kaya, H.Đ., Bay, E., Yazıcı, G., Şebin, K. (2007). Öğretim Elemanlarının Ders Verdikleri Öğrencilerin Özelliklerine Đlişkin Görüşleri, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi / Journal Of Graduate School Of Socıal Scıences, Cilt 10, Sayı 2. 144 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 415 Title A name given to the resource Evaluation of Vocational Education Construction Technician by Lecturers Author Author Uğur, Latif Onur Bekem, İlknur Korkmaz, Serdar Abstract A summary of the resource. In this study the faculty members who served in the Civil technician training in Construction Technology Program which one of two-year Vocational Technical High School Program, have been trying to search for relating to alumni comments and suggestions about classroom curriculum, industry-based training applications, information systems. For this purpose a questionnaire was administered to teaching staff who served in different vocational schools of different universities which consists of 28 questions. Survey in the context of the teaching staff of the course content, how much they are happy, whether they think the theoretical and practical lesson hours in curriculum classes, the laboratory facilities of the application whether or not, technical field trips, conferences, seminars served in the vocational schools which are applied in frequency were asked. Apart from problems related to curriculum, construction technician has a very important place in teaching that the inspection of industrial training, internship and then interview, examination and achievement levels of students received a result that responses were evaluated. The ideas of the construction teaching staff in arranging a national symposium on education technicians and construction sectors in the field of civil engineering/construction teacher/architectural education provider to do joint activities with the perspectives were investigated. In addition, surveys of faculty members applied the quality of construction technicians in the art are also to be thinking about. Some results of the findings of this work, a symposium is desired as soon as possible broad participation with a construction technician education, the construction industry different topics technicians was trained with organizations collaborate and projects consolidated at being desirable, training of the overall goal reached, but inspection and examination of the continuing benefits, monitoring system on the development of graduates are beneficial. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/d108b5d6e78b647f71ff09170b1140fb.pdf 0c77c4c96e9e6da222154082bcb164e1 PDF Text Text 2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo Case Study Orginated Education in Construction Technology Latif Onur Uğur Ahi Evran University, Kaman Technical Vocational College, Kaman, Kirşehir/Turkey onurugurtr@yahoo.com Đlknur Bekem Ahi Evran University, Kaman Technical Vocational College, Kaman, Kirşehir/Turkey ilknurbekem@hotmail.com Abstract: It has an up most importance of the construction technician students to have professional information as well as to have an ability to cope with the people and the foundations necessary. In this study the importance of the case study has been investigated. A case study has been applied to the students to determine the developments in their professional life and solutions, in one term time; and to determine acquisition a survey has been done. The survey has been done to the Ahi Evran University, Kaman Vocational High School Construction Technology students during Construction Management course. 23 cases have been selected from experience which had been leaved at different times and places. Every week 2 cases have been read, and the students have been asked how they would react if he/she were one of the person in the cases. After taking the written answers, oral debates have been done, and the opposititons were seen with the students. At the end of the term a survey has been done to determine how useful the case studies were. It has been seen that case study has been found useful by most students as it gave them an idea of the professional life to be emphatic. It is thought that such technicqs can be useful for the students to prepare them to the professional life. Introduction The aim of the case study method is to gain abilities to people who have different opinions and values in the same society to solve the problems on the ground of differences by communicating with each other. The case study examination is based on solving a problematic matter in class environment by students. The case study examination is based on finding solution ways for the cases calling problematic with the participation of participants (Altunçekiç, A. 2010). The case study examination necessitates the active participation of the students to the problem that can be faced in real life. The case may be real or imaginary and it is generally written. The students who study on the case, analyses the data and evaluate it after they learned the content of the case, at last they reach a solution. The students, sometimes, may be asked to write the case. The case must be proper for the level of the students. The basic problematic and its details must be obvious in the case and the story must have been fictionalized reasonably. The key questions must be prepared to clarify the case and provide the direction in the desired way (for example, about the reason, occurrence and results of the case). The teacher must have a good leadership to direct the discussions (Mesleki ve Teknik Öğretim Dairesi, 2006). 127 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo The study The researches on learning method base on case study indicated that it develops the performance abilities of the students (Çakır, Ö.S. and others 2010) Scwartz and Burget indicated that learning method base on case study develops the performance abilities of the students in their study in 1997. Although, one of the aims of the education is to prepare the students for real life, traditional schools grows student far from real life abilities on account of education system based rote-learning. The performance abilities like organizing, self-expression are needed for lifetime and they must be enabled in the schools. Jones (1997) stated as a result of his research that students consider the cases similar to real life and they like cases. Arambula-Greenfield (1996) stated that students prefer the education based on cases since it helps the personal development and they can easily establish the relation between the matters in the article. Cliff and Curtin (2000) indicated that education based on cases increases the level of understanding the realities and concepts, of students. Herried (1994), too, has focused on the students understanding ability of the matter and as a result of the study, stated that cases develop the learning by practicing, learning internalization, ways to approaching the real life matters and oral communication. As a result of the literature researches, it is seen that students in Turkey in the field of civil technician have no experience in case study practice. To be able to compensate such fault, 17 people who took part in either national or international projects in the construction field as architect/engineer/building teacher and the cases they met during their work life were written into 23 different texts. The second grade students of civil technician was given those different situation definitions in the context of Site Management course and ask for the comment/analyses. Majority of those 23 cases are real. The questions were asked in the class by the instructor, they were also presented on papers and students were given time to think. The situations which were asked for evaluation to students are given in Table 1 as summary. 128 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo A master builder who is very close to retirement has been asked for building a house and he took lightly and at the end, the boss gave the house to him as a gift. Veli Göçer; sea sand, very cheap houses, construction on the fields without investigation of ground 2 conditions … and the earthquake. Is he the only one who is guilty? Since the required time and money was not spend, the block supports were not built so the block 3 was collapsed so the work could not be achieved on time. Opinions of workers, masters, technicians, engineers and site manager on insufficiency of job work 4 security precautions. No safety belt on scaffold, insufficiency of rigidity of scaffold, no use of helmet, no belt during the 5 crane installation in Iraq. There are requests and pressure to controller for the permission of concreting although it was 6 warned that iron equipment and block supports are not strong enough. The worker experienced an industrial accident on account of his own fault and he is suggested by 7 others to bring a lawsuit for compensation against the employer and threaten him for jail. The construction watcher goes up to the roof then he falls and dies, the site manager is in the court. 8 The building contractor who misleads people by using qualified labels on cheap paints for 9 exhibition as if he does a good buildings. The cooperative management tries to re-start the construction after the cancellation of the license 10 since there is no basement recovery, filling bevel without slope stability, by providing a patronage. Acceleration measures of the site manager during a meeting since the work plan could not be 11 followed in a timely manner. 12 The discussions to determine the price before the tender file is given. 13 The site manager having a payment trouble on account of the late payment of the progress billing. 14 The new comer crane operator was beaten by the existing operators.. 15 The controller who notices that there are more/less iron during the control. 16 The teams of wall, alum and coating which strikes for more wages while the works are so intensive. 17 While the personnel are so much needed, reclaim a engineer without any discipline. Although it is demanded in a timely manner, the cement plant sent the cement lately in general and 18 the workers are paid to over-work. 19 The intervention to the fight between the workers of two contractors who make the same work. A contractor who does not pay the wages of his workers after he is paid the progress bill and 20 continue to cooperate with him. There is a struggle for the returns of personnel who were in an event and sent to the jail while they 21 were in critique mission. 22 Telling a technician about the death of his father and send him to his place. 23 Noticing that the person responsible for purchase cheats and intervention. Table 1. Cases 1 Findings During the practices for an academic semester, a selection of interesting student comments in relation with different cases is given in Table 2. The most interesting answers according to the implementing instructors in the aforementioned situation are; 129 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo A master builder who is very close to retirement has been asked for building a house and he took lightly and at the end, the boss gave the house to him as a gift. • I think that the boss gave the house as a gift since he disliked the house. • People working in the construction sector must never take their job lightly. Veli Göçer; sea sand, very cheap houses, construction on the fields without investigation of ground 2 conditions … and the earthquake. Is he the only one who is guilty? • The institutions which did not control, as well. • Everyone who took place in the construction is guilty. Since the required time and money was not spend, the block supports were not built so the block was 3 collapsed so the work could not be achieved on time. • The responsible technician must be punished. • The work plan was not given the necessary importance. Opinions of workers, masters, technicians, engineers and site manager on insufficiency of job work 4 security precautions. • Workers never feel themselves in security. That feeling affects their performance. • The workers have not considered it. • “Worker: We are not considered as human being. Master: What will I do if anything happens to my workers? Technician: How can I secure the life security? Engineer: The technician cares about it, I will tell him to do. Site Manager: There are many responsible. Why should I think about it?” No safety belt on scaffold, insufficiency of rigidity of scaffold, no use of helmet, no belt during the 5 crane installation in Iraq. • Human is valuable whether in Iraq or in Italy. • There is a possibility of termination of the freedom of the site manager. There are requests and pressure to controller for the permission of concreting although it was warned 6 that iron equipment and block supports are not strong enough. • People have lost their moral values on account of ambitious to earn more money. • The person who makes such pressure, where does he take courage from? • If the controller accepts, he is a murderer. The worker experienced an industrial accident on account of his own fault and he is suggested by 7 others to bring a lawsuit for compensation against the employer and threaten him for jail. • There will be no matter since he is not right. Sorry for the money he spends. • The worker is fault but he searches the fault in someone else. The construction watcher goes up to the roof then he falls and dies, the site manager is in the court. 8 • What does watcher do on the roof? The building contractor who misleads people by using qualified labels on cheap paints for exhibition as 9 if he does a good buildings. • The contractor should be put in those paints. • It is unethical. • He is a cheater. The cooperative management tries to re-start the construction after the cancellation of the license since 10 there is no basement recovery, filling bevel without slope stability, by providing a patronage. • The management is murderer. • The only aim of the management is to earn money. • I resigned if I was in the management. • Why the license was given if it was not proper? Acceleration measures of the site manager during a meeting since the work plan could not be followed 11 in a timely manner. If he accelerates, he should consider the necessity of the use of more equipment, machine and workers. The discussions to determine the price before the tender file is given. 12 • The discussion environment has already been necessary for the proper offer. • There must be a very careful market analyses. The site manager having a payment trouble on account of the late payment of the progress billing. 13 • The works become slower. • He tells the situation and expects the understanding of the workers. The new comer crane operator was beaten by the existing operators.. 14 1 130 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo • • • I am not involving in that matter. They think that the new comer is better than them so they tried to deter from. Who knows what did he do? The controller who notices that there are more/less iron during the control. 15 • It is a trouble if he says improper, there is a conscience if he ignores… • It must be intervened and it must be according to the project. The teams of wall, alum and coating which strikes for more wages while the works are so intensive. 16 • The teams are opportunist. • I fire the teams and find new teams. • I behave as if I accept their demand till the new teams arrives, and then I fire them. While the personnel are so much needed, reclaim a engineer without any discipline. 17 • No one is unique. • I give him promotion. • I give him more responsibilities. Although it is demanded in a timely manner, the cement plant sent the cement lately in general and the 18 workers are paid to over-work. • I change the cement supplier. The intervention to the fight between the workers of two contractors who make the same work. 19 • I listen both parties and try to find a mid-way. • I forbid them to communicate with each other. A contractor who does not pay the wages of his workers after he is paid the progress bill and continue 20 to cooperate with him. • I do not cooperate with him anymore. There is a struggle for the returns of personnel who were in an event and sent to the jail while they 21 were in critique mission. • In my opinion, they must be away from the profession at least for five years. I do nothing for their return. • I help for return. Telling a technician about the death of his father and send him to his place. 22 • Sending him is the ethical approach. Even, a close friend can be sent with him as a company. • I told him that his father is very sick. I do not tell him his death. Noticing that the person responsible for purchase cheats and intervention. 23 • I inform the authorities. • I inform my supervisor for his punishment. Table 2. Answers of students A questionnaire consisting of 9 questions was applied to 67 students after the case study in the Site Management course. The questionnaire tried to determine the students’ satisfaction from the application and their opinions about it. The questions in the questionnaire can be seen in the Table 3. Yes 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 I am satisfied with case study application. I am in favour of doing such applications in other courses. The students having this course after us should experience such application. A multi-discussion environment could be created after the application. That application indicated me the possible situations which I can face to while I am on work. That application contributed my ability to think positively. In comparison with other illustrations in the courses, that application is more attractive for me. That application causes better feelings towards my profession. Your opinions and demands about the application. 9 Table 3. The questionnaire after the case application 131 No �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Some findings as a result of the questionnaire are below; The percentage of the students who are satisfied with the application is 82 %. When the civil technician students asked whether they desire to have the similar applications in other courses, 8 % of them said “Yes”. 71 % of the students answering the questionnaire said that they are in favour of the application on behalf of the students who would have the same class after them. A multi-discussion environment was created in the class as a result of the case study application according to the 94 % of the students. 6 % of the students mentioned that they had opinions about what they can face to during the work by the help of the application. 78 % of participants to the questionnaire told that it contributed positively to their analytic thought abilities. In comparison with other teaching methods, case study method is more attractive for 74 % of the students. 81 % of the students mentioned that the application cause better feelings towards their profession. The participant students demanded that, • They want to have more information on work security and labour health; • They want to have complete information on construction law; • They demand the generation of lecture notes on case studies. Conclusions When the results of the case study in civil technician education are evaluated on the basis of the questionnaire; • Majority of the students have satisfaction with the application, • They want similar case studies in other courses, • The creation of the multi-discussion environment provided development in their analytic thought skills, • In comparison with other teaching methods, the case study is much more attractive for them, • They like more their profession with the application, • They have information about the situation they can face during the work life. It is thought that, as one of the teaching method, the case study examination method will provide to practise and know their sector closely in case the method is used in other courses in construction programme, for students. 132 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo References Altunçekiç, A. (2010). Örnek Olay Đncelemesi, http://w3.gazi.edu.tr/web/alperal/orn-ola.pdf Mesleki ve Teknik Öğretim Dairesi. (2006). Modüler Öğretim, Lefkoşa. http://www.mebnet.net/duyurular/meyap/modegitim.pdf Çakır, Ö.S., Berberoğlu, G., Alpsan, D., Uysal, D. (2010). Örnek Olaya Dayalı Öğrenme Yönteminin, Cinsiyetin Ve Öğrenme Stillerinin Öğrencilerin Performanslarına, Biyoloji Dersine Karşı Tutumlarına, Akademik Bilgilerine Ve Üst Düzey Düşünme Yeteneklerine Etkisi, http://www.fedu.metu.edu.tr/ufbmek5/b_kitabi/PDF/Biyoloji/bildiri/t14.pdf Schwartz, R.W., and Burget, J.E. (1997). Problem-based learning and performance-based testing: Effective Alternatives for undergraduate surgical education and assessment of student performance. Medical Teacher. 19(1) 19-23. Jones, M.A. (1997). Use of a classroom jury trial to enhance students’ perception of science as part of their lives. Journal of Chemical Education. 74(5), 537. Arambula-Greefield, T. (1996). Implementing Problem-Based Learning In A College Science Class, Journal of College Science Teaching 26 (1), 26-30. Cliff, W.H., and Curtin, L.N. (2000). The directed case method: Teaching concept and process in a content-Rich Course, Journal of College Science Teaching, 30(1) 64-66. Herreid, F.C (1994). Cased studies in science – A novel method of science Education. (pp. 221-229). Journal of College Science Teaching. 23. 133 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 414 Title A name given to the resource Case Study Orginated Education in Construction Technology Author Author Uğur, Latif Onur Bekem, İlknur Abstract A summary of the resource. It has an up most importance of the construction technician students to have professional information as well as to have an ability to cope with the people and the foundations necessary. In this study the importance of the case study has been investigated. A case study has been applied to the students to determine the developments in their professional life and solutions, in one term time; and to determine acquisition a survey has been done. The survey has been done to the Ahi Evran University, Kaman Vocational High School Construction Technology students during Construction Management course. 23 cases have been selected from experience which had been leaved at different times and places. Every week 2 cases have been read, and the students have been asked how they would react if he/she were one of the person in the cases. After taking the written answers, oral debates have been done, and the opposititons were seen with the students. At the end of the term a survey has been done to determine how useful the case studies were. It has been seen that case study has been found useful by most students as it gave them an idea of the professional life to be emphatic. It is thought that such technicqs can be useful for the students to prepare them to the professional life. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General)