4 10 3494 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/33bb948db7488836153783b6f15ebb1d.pdf 47be84498ebc70ee2c9e6de939187b52 PDF Text Text 1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo ‖Sight‖ – ‖Vision‖ Binomial or the ―Poetic Dwelling‖ of the World: (Pre)Modern Perspectives in Ioana Em. Petrescu‘s Study "Eminescu and the Mutations of the Romanian Poetry" Silviu Mihăilă ―1 Decembrie 1918‖ University of Alba Iulia, Romania silviu_emin@yahoo.com Abstract: The present study attempts to offer ‗a cartography‘ of the internal ‗morphology‘ of the ‖sight‖ – ‖vision‖ dialectics proposed by Ioana Em. Petrescu in her work, Eminescu and the Mutations of the Romanian Poetry. This internal ‗morphology‘ is analysed from double perspective: from the perspective of the history of the literary ideas and from the point of view of the history of the pre-modern science. We believe that Ioana Em. Petrescu‘s work found its theoretical and conceptual sources primarily in the (pre)modern philosophy theorized by Aristotle, Plato and Tomas Aquinas whose studies were highly read by the Romanian critic. In other words, it is our endeavor to demonstrate the existence of a semantically ontological superposition between the pre-modern text and that of the Romanian critic. Our premise is that the "sight – vision” axis presented in Ioana Em. Petrescu‘s volume underlies in the explanation provided by Aristotle gave to the sense of sight (‗cognition through intellect‘, and noũs – ‗the Eye of the Soul‘). We therefore believe that even if they belong to two different scientific paradigms, the texts of the two authors generate a dialogue between them. Undoubtedly, Ioana Em. Petrescu‘s ―theory of sight‖ initially communicated in an osmotic manner with pre-modern texts; afterwards, the Romanian critic turns her attention to modern concepts of scientificity with a view to sustaining her convictions in the field of literary poetics. Key Words: sight, vision, pre-modern and modern paradigms, close-reading, objective-correlative, annotation Motto: ―We insist in talking about vision as a cause of philosophy, as: the god invented it and gave it to us because –noticing the aspects of cosmic intelligence- we should apply it at the movement of our own thoughts as they are related…‖ (Plato, Timaios) Preliminaries. Theoretical confluences: pre-modern science vs. modern science Our research aims at revising an internal morphology of the dialectic ―see-sight‖ proposed by Ioana Em.Petrescu in her study, Eminescu and the Mutation of the Romanian Poetry, analyzed from a double perspective: one of the history of the literary ideas and the other of the history of the (pre)modern science. My arguments will be proved by a theoretical-conceptual descendence of the Eminesciology study that finds it primary sources in pre-modern philosophy (Aristotle, Plato and Toma D‘Aquino represent the main Ioana Em. Petrescu‘s readings.) In other words, I try to demonstrate an overlapping - at least one of ontological semantics essence - between the pre-modern text and that of the Romanian critic. I am sure that the ―see-sight‖ axis from the critic‘s volume originates, in its main aspects, in the explanation given by Aristotle to sight, thing that only makes me think that although the two texts have different time origins they are in a tight relation. There is no doubt that if at a first level Ioana Em.Petrescu‘s sight theme communicates with pre-modern texts, the author is heading during her research towards modern scientific concepts in order to support her own literary poetics convictions. There are two reasons which encouraged me to start this study: on the one hand, a possible reunification of the two paradigms - the pre-modern and the post-modern one with their common and divergent points like they appear customized in About the Soul (and not only) and in Eminescu and the Mutation of the Romanian Poetry -, on the other hand, relying on my personal notes taken down during a semester in which I conducted a research project in the archive of the ―Popovici-Petrescu‖ book collection held at the ‗Octavian Goga‘ County Library from Cluj-Napoca, I try to get close to the 1130 �1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo analyzed literary work by detecting some reading methods that dialogically found the ideas of the new literary work. These methods can be traced down through what we could call close reading – an attempt to decipher the work of the writer who is ‗investigated‘ from both the perspective of our literary ideas and from that of the proposed hermeneutical patterns. The Binomial ―see-sight‖ or about the ―Poetic Dwelling‖ of the World Ioana Em. Petrescu‘s study, Eminescu and the Mutation of the Romanian Poetry, builds a ―see-sight‖ dialectics based on the interpretation of sight as defined by Aristotle. Therefore, I conclude that for both writers sight represents the most evolved form of sensibility and being in the same time the most complex of all the human senses. First of all, theoretically speaking, Ioana Em. Petrescu brings into discussion the original relation between theory (with focus on the dissociation made by Aristotle between ‗theoretical sciences‘, ‗practical sciences‘ and ‗poietical sciences‘) and sight, contemplation, show taking into consideration Anton Dumitriu (1986: 382-383): ―There are two themes that create the word θεωϱία: θέα and Fοϱ (this being the basis that means <<to take care of>>, <<to observe>>, <<to look>>). Starting from this point we will have the following words: Fοϱ that derivates in – to observe, to look; I watch; I see; show; sight; spectator etc. On the other hand the theme θέα means <<sight>>, <<contemplation>>.‖ Second of all, Ioana Em. Petrescu tries to explain the privileged statute of the eye in the hierarchy of sense organs making reference to Toma D‘Aquino‘s Summa Theologiae (Ioana Em. Petrescu, 1986: 182, 183): ―the first meaning of the word sight (visio) is that of designating the activity of the sense organ of vision; but because of its importance and significance, the meaning of the word was extended through the use of the speakers referring to any other knowledge by means of other senses and, lately, to knowledge through intellect‖ – and to Aristotle‘s idea: ―the association of the eye with the intellect comes from Aristotle who, in his Nicomachean Ethics, presents the intellect (noũs) as an eye of the soul, << Noũs is for the soul what the eye is for the body.>>‖ These ‗discursive formations‘ from the pre-modern science characterizing sight - ‗knowledge through intellect‘, (noũs) as the eye of the soul - help the Romanian critic to set her scientific discourse of poeticism in a larger area of research. Sight is for Ioana Em. Petrescu an attribute of cosmos, it has a high value of generalization and articulates the ontological relationship between myself and the world through an attempt of communication/communion with the cosmic environment, with everything that has to do with transcendence (Ioana Em. Petrescu, 1986: 184): ―the sight is the perfect expression of the relationship between myself and the world.‖ At the level of this analogy between intellect and soul, Ioana Em. Petrescu by ‗sight‘ understands an attempt of self-definition of the creative ego as compared to ‗the great being of the world‘ with the essential meaning of the verb ‗to be‘: (Alexander Baumgarten, 2002: 45) ―the eye can see, if this may ever be visible, the condition of transcendental possibility of its own generic sight is stated in the principle of each mental action, mainly in what Plato calls <<sky>>.‖ The privilege of sight symbolizes a reality that was imagistically established and intended to express the unity of the cosmos in thinking in such a way that the essence of the world could be aware of its consubstantiality with the universe (see ***, 1978 and Ioana Em. Petrescu, 2009), (Ioana Em. Petrescu, 2002: 24) ―only the uncertain geometry of our body, only the rather hesitating rhythms of our blood make us capable of understanding the divine geometry of the astral movements and to create between the two of them, the clear geometry of the art or of the Idea.‖ The idea according to which for Ioana Em. Petrescu synchronizing with the rhythms of the Universe and being in consonance with the cosmic forces means an attempt of reaching the meaning, the meaning of the world is clear enough. This triggers the divine nostalgia and that of wholeness mentioned by Aristotle and Toma D‘Aquino- great thinkers whose ideas are quoted by the Romanian author (Ioana Em. Petrescu, 1986: 26): ―this is why the movement of the planets is at Aristotle the result of the attraction the divinity has towards the matter, <<the fruit of love>> or that of nostalgia of the matter towards another form. The Aristotelic explanation is also taken over by Christian thinkers: for Toma D‘Aquino the <<cosmic engines>> are the angels- forms of intelligence governing each planet and inducing its movement, expression of an <<intellectual desire>>, of the divine nostalgia.‖ The conceptual dialectics ‗see-sight‘ - which stays at the basis of the study Eminescu and the Mutation of the Romanian Poetry - is a type of knowledge used for decoding the interrelation between the individual and the universe (Saint Augustine, 2000:444): ―of all the senses, the eyes are the main instruments of research.‖ Many of Ioana Em. Petrescu‘s readings that served as starting point in writing the Eminesciology study are representative in this direction- that of supporting the theory according to which sight is the objectual universal core that controls the condition of the existence in this world. More than that, the notes made on the edges of the book she read or the reading reports are truly revealing in this case. She sees in the radical changes in language and poetic imaginary brought 1131 �1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo by Mihai Eminescu, Tudor Arghezi, Lucian Blaga, Ion Barbu and Nichita Stanescu - who are thoroughly analyzed - are a way of understanding man in rapport to universe and universe in rapport man (William Kelly Wright: 1967:25): ―so everything in man, the microcosm, corresponds to something in the macrocosm. Man is to be understood through the universe and the universe through man. All knowledge of the outer world is self-knowledge.‖ In conclusion, if the first part of the volume is concerned with the ‗theory of sight‘ (in close relation to eye, taste, mouth) listing scientific rules of comparatist comprehension from the pre-modern science, the following chapters reorganize the lyrical universe of the reminded poets by means of the axis ‗sight-vision‘ from one of the perspectives of the modern science which facilitates expressing some statements of value regarding (Ioana Em.Petrescu, 1986: 186): ―the privileges of taste towards sight, of mouth towards eyes.‖ Regarding the modernist poetic episteme, Ioana Em. Petrescu uses the binomial ‗see-sight‘ with the meaning of ‗objective correlative‘ - this is the way in which it appears theorized by T.S. Eliot, Anglo-American poet whom she reads avidly - whose axiological significance about poetry will be applied in her studies, too (not only in Eminescu and the Mutation of the Romanian Poetry but also in Configurations or in Ion Barbu and the Poetic of Postmodernism). The meaning of ‗objective correlative‘ - briefly defined by N. Frye (1981:29) as ―terrifying clairvoyance‖ - is useful on a first ‗intra-textual‘ level for identifying the ‗structural mutations‘ regarding thematology, phenomenology, style, poetry and so on, objectified by the lyrical universe of each analyzed writer (for example the terrifying clairvoyance of Ion Barbu is under the sign of objective correlative intentionally characterized as ‗big eyed‘), while the second ‗extra-textual‘ level is a lot broader and goes beyond the ‗form‘ of the text – expresses the unity of the cosmos in thinking in such a way that the poetic being realizes its consubstantiality with the universe. In a broader meaning the objective correlative, ―terrifying clairvoyance‖, similar to the dichotomy ‗sight-vision‘ helps our critic in establishing the defining poetic substance of the creating universe for each poet separately, using it in the sense given to ‗the metaphor of interpretation‘ by Wolfgang Iser (2001: 280) as revelation, i.e. access to the depths of the text and exploitation of the untold or partially revealed aspects- extracting and clarifying these aspects. Ioana Em. Petrescu identifies three ‗general patterns of thinking‘ (cultural episteme characteristic for the European thinking) that represent the theoretical coordinates regarding the taxonomy of the Romanian poetry evolution (Sanda Cordoș, 1991: 112-113): ―1. The pattern of the Renascentist individualism (<<Renascentist anthropocentrism>>) that is characteristic for Renaissance and close to our century. This is the pattern in which the existence is centered on the individual, detached subject, outside of the object-world in which the scientific reality is understood as generalization of data supplied by a reality that is perceived empirically and for which the abstract observation, from outside the system is symptomatic and comes from the Newtonian physics that accepts an absolute time and space, and that builds the pattern of the universe having as basis the Euclidian geometry; 2. The modernist pattern is built as a reply to the Renascentist pattern and its crisis during the last century. The old subject-object relation is falling apart. The subject becomes - if I was to use Ilya Prigogine‘s expression - participating-observer, establishing in this way a sort of participative knowledge that makes this pattern quite similar with the old mysteries and, generally, with the preSocratic thinking: the new image of the world is not composed of discrete objects anymore, of distinct individual entities, but of an interrelation like a woven material in which the dynamic relationship is preferred in rapport to entity, the phenomenon being nothing else but a web of relationships; 3. The postmodernist cultural pattern develops in parallel with the modernist one starting with the period between the two world wars, tries to regain the place of the individual in the system, this time not as an isolated entity (like that of the Renaissance), but more like a knot in the web of relationships. This pattern is configured through the cosmotic subconscious from Blaga‘s philosophy, the archetypal structures that Mircea Eliade decodes in the mythical thinking and in the mechanisms of the contemporary novel, the dynamic Neo- Pythagoreanism of Matilda Ghyca and Constantin Noica‘s holomers.‖ Subsequently, in her study, the author applies the three ‗general patterns of knowledge‘ of the Romanian poetry through which she analyses the evolution and mutations of the poetic language and that of the concept of poeticism illustrated by Mihai Eminescu, Ion Barbu and Nichita Stanescu‘s writings. The above poets enormously innovated in the sense in which we can talk about a poetic of the rupture in which the poetic language and imaginary are irreversibly altered. Mihai Eminescu or about the role of the ‗intermediary‘ Ioana Em. Petrescu is interested in producing a history of the literary poetics seen in its ‗mutation‘, ‗rupture‘ aspects, while knowledge through sight helps her decode signs of the scientific real defined by the new poetic codes that are in the process of formation, of clotting. Mainly the option, for Mihai Eminescu, Ion Barbu and Nichita Stanescu, is due to the fact that they deeply restructured the 1132 �1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo Romanian poetry, each of them imposing a new poetic sensibility. Consequently, they are seen as pioneers: the core of their poetics foresees, after all, larger changes in mentality that happen in the scientific and philosophic fields. This construction of the evolution of the Romanian poetry seen in synchrony starts from Eminescu and reaches, at the end, at Nichita Stanescu, also inserting transition moments represented by Tudor Arghezi and Lucian Blaga. The most interesting part in the making of the history of our literary ideas and that of the pre-modern science ideas is the motivation of placing our ‗national poet‘ at the very beginning of this critical presentation of the evolution of the Romanian poetry. If one of the first explanations confirms the synchronization of the analyzed poetical-literary phenomenon organization, the second explanation represents, with no doubt, one of the major thesis of the present study. As a conclusion, Ioana Em. Petrescu starts with Eminescu because our ‗national poet‘ represents a literary pattern that is often referred to by post-Eminescian Romanian literature as a type of epistemic claim. Mainly, the contact with the Eminescian poetics for those who followed him is realized through a statement of adopting the Eminescian language emblematic by now, even prototypic: its main function being that of stylistic, configurative, ontological innovation. So, in Aristotle‘s words (Book II, chapter 7 of About the Soul), I strongly believe that Eminescu is seen by Ioana Em. Petrescu as playing the role of the needed intermediary that allows the Romanian poetry to evolve (Aristotle, 2005: 123): ―sight is realized only when something affects the sense organ. But this <<agent>> cannot be just the color one sees: so he/she must be the intermediary in such a way that the very existence of an intermediary becomes necessary.‖ In other words, Eminescu - the needed intermediary - sets, according to the theoretician, an epistemic method of claim of an aesthetic ‗program‘ (canonic convention) to which post-modernist literature will certainly appeal. One of Ioana Em. Petrescu‘s notes supports the idea according to which the poets following Eminescu are to be ‗seen‘ through ‗him‘ (the great pattern) (Jean-Paul Sartre, 1943: 421): ―nous nous résignons à nous voir par les yeux de l‘autre‖ (we submit to seeing ourselves through the eyes of the other, o.t.) Knowledge through ‗sight-vision‘. About the mutations of the Romanian poetry A poetical innovation identified by Ioana Em. Petrescu at Eminescu - and which will definitely mark the becoming/evolution of the Romanian poetry - is the passage from ‗sight‘ to ‗vision‘ or, in other words, the passage from a referential mimetic poetics (in which the poet renders what he/she sees in the environment) to a visionary one (Ioana Em.Petrescu, 2002: 187): ―in the Romanian artistic environment Eminescu‘s poetry is the place where vision takes the place of sight[…] and defines the marks of a standard concept of <<poeticity>>.‖ In fact, Ioana Em. Petrescu wants to emphasize the inspired way in which the poet chooses to process the outer space/environment, Eminescu‘s imaginary requires a change of meaning, add of meaning in most of the times for common places, reinventing new landscapes, new worlds: (Ioana Em. Petrescu, 2002: 223): ―what Eminescu sees in a landscape is not the sign of reality recorded mimetically but their hidden, noumenal meaning unveiled to the visionary eye.‖ Tudor Arghezi and Lucian Blaga‘s poetics do not produce any mutation at the level of Romanian poetry; they do not radically change the meaning of the poetic language, that is why they are rather representatives of the so-called ‗passage stage‘, being the connection between the two general patterns of thinking. Being under the influence of the ―Baudelaire‘s satanic Romanticism through its opaque, visionary-creative sight‖ (Arghezi), and ―under a ‗high Romanticism‘ through Rilke respectively, by passing from the motif of the blind eye to that of silence and hush (Blaga)‖ (Corin Braga, 2002:106) the two poetical discourses innovate inside the same episteme: the romantic one. A second moment in the evolution of the Romanian poetry, of important structural mutations, is considered to be Ion Barbu‘s lyric. To Ioana Em. Petrescu, Ion Barbu is a representative of such a trans-individual and non-anthropomorphic poetics specific to the new ‗scientific reality‘: the mathematic humanism. Unlike the traditional analyses that set Ion Barbu among the major modernist poets whose lyric is listed - in an old-fashioned manner - as hermetic, obscure and encoded, Ioana Em. Petrescu gives his work the attribute of a new poetic code situating him nearer to Post-modernism as the poet surpasses the area of the Modernist cultural pattern and prevailing instead a new paradigm. As discussed in Modernism. Postmodernism. A hypothesis (Ioana Em. Petrescu, 2003), the two cultural patterns coexist as Postmodernism does not appear like a reaction to Modernism but rather as a sequel. This having been said, Ion Barbu‘s work (which can be substituted to the ‗objective correlative‘ suggestively perceived as ‗big eyed‘: a distorted, reversed vision of reality) is revealed as an evolution from the Modernism towards Postmodernism through the introduction of absolute lyricism - meaning a non-mimetic, non-figurative art and (Ioana Em. Petrescu, 2006: 22): ―poetry that was understood as 1133 �1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo great sensuality […] always new and numerous as the different faces of creation‖ - and that of infrarealism that has as art objective ―the cosmic chaos‖ and which defines (Ioana Em. Petrescu, 2006:29) ―the initiating component through which the trans-individual does not damage the individual (thing that happened in Modernism) but transcends him/her by integrating him/her, that is offering him/her the function of ‗holomer‘ that is assigned by Postmodernism.‖ Once Ioana Em. Petrescu places Barbu‘s work somewhere at the end of Modernism and the beginning of Postmodernism, in an ending-point of crisis, the poetic reality defines itself as a synthesis of new and old, prefiguring the changes of the poetic language and of the semantic figures that the new paradigm (that of Postmodernism) had put in question. The third moment in the evolution of the Romanian poetry is marked by Nichita Stănescu‘s metalinguistic poetics which defines true structural mutations. Stănescu‘s lyric universe is centered on the dialectic ‗sight-devouring, consuming‘ understood as a series of paradigmatic poetic changes as: ‗the slit-man‘ (broken image of the past), ‗the modern ontological crisis‘ (the rupture between conscience and self, subject and object) and others under the syntagm of ‗correlative objective‘: ‗the toothed eye.‘ Instead of conclusions. Pre-modern science as ‗perpetual return‘ Following a development of the Pre-modern science into a modern one with the gnosiological dichotomy ‗of a characteristic coupe semiotique (semiotic cut)‘ - ‗sight-vision‘ - Ioana Em. Petrescu‘s study, Eminescu and the Mutations of the Romanian Poetry, is constructed as an attempt of rendering the Universe in the Idea. This is because by studying the branches of a Pre-modern science and philosophy - starting with Aristotle and up to Romanian neo-modernism (Nichita Stanescu) - it means to follow the way in which the concepts of these sciences and philosophies can become any more productive at the end of the 20th century. As a final remark, I think that Ioana Em. Petrescu‘s study makes us aware, just one more time, of the fact that the roots of modern science are in Pre-modern science. In other words, Pre-modern science and philosophy become a productive principle, a grid of perceiving reality in order to form future Modern science and philosophy. This idea makes us consider Ioana Em. Petrescu one of the most important theorizers of the last century (Ioana Em. Petrescu, 1986: 10): ―because, placed at the emerging point of conscience in the world, lyric is made through word, meaning through a permanent break of the limits of language, preparing the language for new concepts through which it can express itself regarding the human thinking and universe.‖ 1134 �1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo References Adamek, Diana (1991) Portret de grup cu Ioana Em. Petrescu. Cluj-Napoca: Dacia . Aristotel (2005) Despre suflet. BucureĢti: Humanitas Augustin, Sfântul (2000) Confesiuni. BucureĢti: Nemira. Baumgarten, Alexander (2002) Principiul cerului (eternitatea lumii Ģi unitatea intelectului în filosofia secolului al XIII-lea). Cluj-Napoca: Dacia. Braga, Corin (2003) Portret de grup cu Ioana Em. Petrescu. București. Dumitriu, Anton (1986) Eseuri. BucureĢti. Frye, Herman Northrop (1981) T.S.Eliot: an introduction. Chicago-London: The University of Chicago Press. Iser, Wolfgang (2001) The range of interpretation. Columbia University Press. Petrescu, Ioana Em (2000) Configuraţii. Cluj-Napoca: Casa Cărții de Știinţă. Petrescu, Ioana Em (2009) Studii eminesciene. Cluj-Napoca: Casa Cărţii de ġtiinţă. Petrescu, Ioana Em (1978) Eminescu-modele cosmologice Ģi viziune poetică. BucureĢti: Minerva. Petrescu, Ioana Em (2006) Ion Barbu Ģi poetica postmodernismului. Cluj-Napoca: Casa Cărţii de ġtiinţă Platon (1993) Opere VII. BucureĢti: ġtiinţifică. Sartre, Jean-Paul (1943) L‘étre et le néant: essai d'ontologie phénoménologique, Paris: Gallimard. Wright, William Kelly (1967) A history of modern philosophy. New York: Macmillan. 1135 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 592 Title A name given to the resource ‖Sight‖ – ‖Vision‖ Binomial or the ―Poetic Dwelling‖ of the World: (Pre)Modern Perspectives in Ioana Em. Petrescu‘s Study "Eminescu and the Mutations of the Romanian Poetry" Author Author Mihăilă, Silviu Abstract A summary of the resource. The present study attempts to offer ‗a cartography‘ of the internal ‗morphology‘ of the ‖sight‖ – ‖vision‖ dialectics proposed by Ioana Em. Petrescu in her work, Eminescu and the Mutations of the Romanian Poetry. This internal ‗morphology‘ is analysed from double perspective: from the perspective of the history of the literary ideas and from the point of view of the history of the pre-modern science. We believe that Ioana Em. Petrescu‘s work found its theoretical and conceptual sources primarily in the (pre)modern philosophy theorized by Aristotle, Plato and Tomas Aquinas whose studies were highly read by the Romanian critic. In other words, it is our endeavor to demonstrate the existence of a semantically ontological superposition between the pre-modern text and that of the Romanian critic. Our premise is that the "sight – vision” axis presented in Ioana Em. Petrescu‘s volume underlies in the explanation provided by Aristotle gave to the sense of sight (‗cognition through intellect‘, and noũs – ‗the Eye of the Soul‘). We therefore believe that even if they belong to two different scientific paradigms, the texts of the two authors generate a dialogue between them. Undoubtedly, Ioana Em. Petrescu‘s ―theory of sight‖ initially communicated in an osmotic manner with pre-modern texts; afterwards, the Romanian critic turns her attention to modern concepts of scientificity with a view to sustaining her convictions in the field of literary poetics. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2011-05 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed P Philology. Linguistics https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/eeabc4b3d366295b1027ba19ec91d706.pdf 0682bb813388637fb8f14eeb442ef6c9 PDF Text Text BİLDİRİ ÖZETLERİ - UTEK 2014 1908’DEN 1928’E BATI ÇOCUK EDEBİYATI ESERLERİNİ OSMANLI TÜRKÇESİNE ÇEVİRME ŞEKİLLERİ: DİL VE EDEBİYATI ÜZERİNE ÇEVİRİ ODAKLI BAZI GÖZLEMLER Ayşe Banu KARADAĞ Yıldız Teknik Üniversitesi, İstanbul / Türkiye Anahtar Kelimeler: Bati çocuk edebiyati eserleri, çeviri, Osmanli Türkçesi, kültür repertuari, erek-odakli yaklaşim. ÖZET Bu bildirinin amacı, Tanzimat’tan Latin harflerinin kabul edildiği tarih olan 1928’e kadar Batı dillerinden Osmanlı Türkçesine yapılan özellikle çocuk edebiyatı çevirilerini, bu çevirilere yazılan ön sözler/son sözler tanıklığında erek-odaklı bir yaklaşım çerçevesinde dil ve edebiyat vurgusuyla irdelemektir. Bilindiği üzere birçok edebi tür Osmanlı dil ve edebiyat dizgesine çeviri yoluyla girmiştir. Roman, Batılı anlamda hikâye ve masal da bu edebi türlerdendir. Böyle bir çalışmanın hazırlanmasına neden olan temel sorunsal, Osmanlı Türkçesine çevirisi yapılan bu tür edebi eserlerin ön sözlerinin/son sözlerinin çeviriyazılarının bütünlüklü bir yaklaşımla çağdaş çeviribilim kuramları ışığında incelenmemiş olmasıdır. Bildirinin temel inceleme nesnesini oluşturmak amacıyla öncelikle çocuklar için çevirisi yapılmış olan masal, hikâye ve roman gibi edebi türler kataloglar temel alınarak listelenecek ve daha sonra bu çeviri romanlarda bulunan ön sözlerden/son sözlerden bazı örnekler verilecektir. Çeviriyazısı yapılacak bu örnek metinlerden hareketle, çevirmen ve yayıncıların çocuk edebiyatı oluşturmak için nasıl bir yol izledikleri, nasıl bir dil kullanmayı tercih ettikleri, neleri amaçladıkları, hangi yazarları ve eserleri tercih ettikleri vb. sorulara cevap aranarak nasıl bir “kültür repertuarı” oluşturmaya çalıştıkları betimlenmeye çalışılacaktır. Key words: Works of Western Children’s Literature, translation, Ottoman Turkish, Cultural Repertoire, Target-Oriented Approach. “Civilization” can be recognized as a key determinant of westernization dynamics while analyzing Turkish modernization. In order to reach “the level of contemporary civilizations”, Ottoman/Turkish intellectuals attached special importance to Western civilization and considered modernization as a socio164 �BİLDİRİ ÖZETLERİ - UTEK 2014 cultural transformation/translation project. Within this context, Ottoman/Turkish society witnessed a process of change -commonly known as “modernization project”- that ended with the establishment of a “modern”, “secular” nation-state. It can be said that the culture of this nation-state was constructed via a “target-oriented” translation of the works of the Western literary and cultural polysystem. This paper aims to examine particularly the children’s literature translations rendered from Western languages into Ottoman Turkish from Tanzimat Period to 1928, when the Latin alphabet was adopted, with a target-oriented approach and with an emphasis on language and literature in the witness of the prefaces and epilogues written for these translations. As is well known, considerable deal of literary genres was introduced into Ottoman linguistic and literary system via translations. Novel; story and tale, in the western sense of the genres, are included in the aforementioned imported literary genres. The basic problematic which set ground for such a study is the fact that the transcriptions of the prefaces and epilogues of such genres of literary work, which were translated into Ottoman Turkish, have hitherto not been researched with a holistic approach in the light of contemporary translation theories. To start with, in order to constitute the main object of analysis of this very paper, literary genres such as tale, story and novel which were translated exclusively for children will be listed based on the catalogues and subsequently several prefaces and epilogues belonging to some of these translated works will be cited as examples. With reference to these sample texts which will be transcribed into Latin letters, the kind of the “cultural repertoire” which the then translators and publishers were trying to form will be attempted to describe by seeking answers to certain questions such as “What kind of method did they follow so as to compose children’s literature?”, “What style of language did they prefer to use?”, “What did they aim at?”, “What authors and works did they choose?”. 165 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2686 Title A name given to the resource 1908’DEN 1928’E BATI ÇOCUK EDEBİYATI ESERLERİNİ OSMANLI TÜRKÇESİNE ÇEVİRME ŞEKİLLERİ: DİL VE EDEBİYATI ÜZERİNE ÇEVİRİ ODAKLI BAZI GÖZLEMLER Author Author KARADAĞ, Ayşe Banu Abstract A summary of the resource. Bu bildirinin amacı, Tanzimat’tan Latin harflerinin kabul edildiği tarih olan 1928’e kadar Batı dillerinden Osmanlı Türkçesine yapılan özellikle çocuk edebiyatı çevirilerini, bu çevirilere yazılan ön sözler/son sözler tanıklığında erek-odaklı bir yaklaşım çerçevesinde dil ve edebiyat vurgusuyla irdelemektir. Bilindiği üzere birçok edebi tür Osmanlı dil ve edebiyat dizgesine çeviri yoluyla girmiştir. Roman, Batılı anlamda hikâye ve masal da bu edebi türlerdendir. Böyle bir çalışmanın hazırlanmasına neden olan temel sorunsal, Osmanlı Türkçesine çevirisi yapılan bu tür edebi eserlerin ön sözlerinin/son sözlerinin çeviriyazılarının bütünlüklü bir yaklaşımla çağdaş çeviribilim kuramları ışığında incelenmemiş olmasıdır. Bildirinin temel inceleme nesnesini oluşturmak amacıyla öncelikle çocuklar için çevirisi yapılmış olan masal, hikâye ve roman gibi edebi türler kataloglar temel alınarak listelenecek ve daha sonra bu çeviri romanlarda bulunan ön sözlerden/son sözlerden bazı örnekler verilecektir. Çeviriyazısı yapılacak bu örnek metinlerden hareketle, çevirmen ve yayıncıların çocuk edebiyatı oluşturmak için nasıl bir yol izledikleri, nasıl bir dil kullanmayı tercih ettikleri, neleri amaçladıkları, hangi yazarları ve eserleri tercih ettikleri vb. sorulara cevap aranarak nasıl bir “kültür repertuarı” oluşturmaya çalıştıkları betimlenmeye çalışılacaktır. Key words: Works of Western Children’s Literature, translation, Ottoman Turkish, Cultural Repertoire, Target-Oriented Approach. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014-05-23 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-582X P Philology. Linguistics,PA Classical philology,PI Oriental languages and literatures,PN Literature (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/17080e7ce0303fef14b09358af5cf2fb.docx 733c2c004bce8f6958965e0179167cf3 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/0aa27957772b33c9b23872835bc10a06.pdf d2d47c7fbc5a18578ae1fb351c7fe240 PDF Text Text 1946 “YUGOSLAVYA’SINA” TÜRKİYE’DEN BAKIŞ Seçil ÖZDEMİR İstanbul Üniversitesi, İstanbul / Türkiye Anahtar Kelimeler: Bosna-Hersek, Hırvatistan, Sırbistan, Makedonya, Karadağ, Slovenya Balkanlar, Yugoslavya, Türk Basını. ÖZET Balkanlar, genel olarak Türk Tarihi değerlendirilmek istendiğinde göz ardı edilmesi mümkün olmayan bir coğrafya bir kültür sahasıdır. Yüzlerce yıl devam eden ortak bağların izleri, bu gün siyasi çizgiler ile ayrılmış olsa da kültürel hatlar için bu durum söz konusu olamamıştır. Siyasi çizgilerin oluştuğu dönemlerde de Türkiye Balkanlarda yaşanan olaylara duyarsız kalmamış gerek Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisinde resmi yollarla gerekse basın yayın organları ile Balkan halkları ile Türk halkının iletişimi sürdürülmüştür. Bu noktada çalışmanın amacı tüm dünya gibi Türkiye ve Balkanlar için önemli bir tarih olan 1946 senesi gelişmelerini, özellikle Türkiye de çok partili hayata geçilirken Yugoslavya’da oluşturulan yeni anayasayı Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi zabıtları ve dönemin Türk basınını göz önünde bulundurarak değerlendirmektir. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2022 Title A name given to the resource 1946 “YUGOSLAVYA’SINA” TÜRKİYE’DEN BAKIŞ Author Author ÖZDEMİR, Seçil Abstract A summary of the resource. Anahtar Kelimeler: Bosna-Hersek, Hırvatistan, Sırbistan, Makedonya, Karadağ, Slovenya Balkanlar, Yugoslavya, Türk Basını. ÖZET Balkanlar, genel olarak Türk Tarihi değerlendirilmek istendiğinde göz ardı edilmesi mümkün olmayan bir coğrafya bir kültür sahasıdır. Yüzlerce yıl devam eden ortak bağların izleri, bu gün siyasi çizgiler ile ayrılmış olsa da kültürel hatlar için bu durum söz konusu olamamıştır. Siyasi çizgilerin oluştuğu dönemlerde de Türkiye Balkanlarda yaşanan olaylara duyarsız kalmamış gerek Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisinde resmi yollarla gerekse basın yayın organları ile Balkan halkları ile Türk halkının iletişimi sürdürülmüştür. Bu noktada çalışmanın amacı tüm dünya gibi Türkiye ve Balkanlar için önemli bir tarih olan 1946 senesi gelişmelerini, özellikle Türkiye de çok partili hayata geçilirken Yugoslavya’da oluşturulan yeni anayasayı Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi zabıtları ve dönemin Türk basınını göz önünde bulundurarak değerlendirmektir. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-17 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2203-4548 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/3c4031b55b2ca08c76b2801fc1e6813a.pdf d45fd97255d4e797ed1d0b03868489b8 PDF Text Text Journal of Economic and Social Studies 20 Years of Research on Product Placement in Movie, Television and Video Game Media Vildan Jusufović Karışık Fatih University Turkey vjusufovic@fatih.edu.tr Abstract: The popularity of product placement as a Keywords: Product placements, viable alternative to traditional commercials has been brand placements, movie placements, increasing rapidly. Latest PQ Media report (2012) video game placements, TV noted that global spending on product placement has placements already reached $8.25 billion. However, despite its popularity, extant academic research on product placement lags behind its practice. The aim of this paper is to review, categorize and analyze exhaustively the existing product placement literature with the purpose of identifying possible research gaps for academics and guidelines of effective product placements for practitioners interested in the field. 73 academic studies that in particular focus on product placements within movies, television (TV) programmes and video games were examined. The exhaustive review revealed that studies in the US investigating product placement effectiveness through memory related measures and consumer attitudes dominate the product placement literature. However, studies investigating effects of product placement on measures other than memory related and attitudinal ones are extremely scarce. Based on the identified research gaps, an agenda for future studies is suggested. Also, factors that were evidenced to trigger product placement effects throughout the literature are revealed and outlined for practitioners use. JEL Classification: M370, M310, M300. Article History: Submitted: 7 March 2014 Resubmitted: 6 May 2014 Accepted: 15 May 2014 http://dx.doi.org/10.14706/JECOSS 114210 253 �Vildan Jusufović Karışık Introduction Product placement can be defined briefly as the inclusion of brand and/or brand identifying items within mass media programming such as cinema and TV (Karrh, 1998). The practice was first seen in the mid-1890s i. Product placement became a subject of interest for academia during the 1980s following the release of Spielberg’s blockbuster film E.T. (1982). It was suggested that Hershey experienced a 66% increase in sales of their Reese’s Pieces candy as a result of product placement in the film (Gupta and Lord, 1998; Gupta and Gould, 1997). Practitioner and scholarly interest in product placement has skyrocketed since then and product placement on the silver screen has spread to other mass media vehicles, particularly, TV. Product placement on TV was rapidly adopted. The introduction of the DVR ii, which is blamed for decreasing the effectiveness of traditional commercials, has encouraged advertisers to constantly search for viable alternatives. Product placement offers an alternative with several advantages over the venerable 30-second commercial. First, product placement ensures that the advertiser’s message is integrated within the program content. Thus, the TV audience, who mostly opt to zap to other channels when commercials begin (Altaş and Öztunç, 2013), cannot easily avoid product placements. Second, product placement is less intrusive. Placed products are perceived as more natural and credible by the audience, generating favorable consumer associations and goodwill. Traditional commercials are liable to activate the Persuasion Knowledge Model iii that is referenced in the marketing literature (Reijmersdal et al., 2007; d’Astous and Chartier, 1998). Third, placements are often more economical than traditional commercials. A season-length placement within a prime-time TV program costs, on average, $200,000 in the United States; whereas a single 30-second commercial within the same type of prime-time programing costs approximately $475,000 (Wells, 1996, in Law and Braun, 2000). Soon, product placements began appearing within media vehicles other than movies and TV programmes. Especially, video games iv started to use very often product placements as a way to add verisimilitude to their virtual worlds. Dole branded bananas in Super Monkey Ball (2001), Sony Ericsson phones in Splinter Cell (2002), Nike, Adidas, Umbro uniforms, crampons in Pro Evolution Soccer (PES) and FIFA games (2008) are examples of video game product placements. Notwithstanding this, there are also instances in which product placements appear 254 Journal of Economic and Social Studies �20 Years of Research on Product Placement in Movie, Television and Video Game Media within songs (Volvo cars, Aldo shoes in I don’t give a named song by Madonna, 2012), music videos (Sony Xperia in Avril Lavigne’s music video Rock N Roll), even novels. To illustrate, British writer Fay Weldon accepted financing from Italian jewellery company, Bulgari, in return to prominently mention the firm and its products in her novel. In fact, Weldon did more than merely mention Bulgari; she integrated Bulgari to the plot and named her 2001 book “The Bulgari Connection”, thus earning the renown as the first novel with paid product placement. Prevalence of product placement practice on different media channels has thus been on rise. However, just as Karrh (1998) noted, academic research on product placement could not keep pace with the growth of its practice. Consequently, a review of the extant literature on product placement research that will provide the current status and identify research gaps will be of high value for both scholars and practitioners. This paper aims at fulfilling this purpose through reviewing, categorizing and analyzing studies which investigated product placement practice particularly in movies, TV programmes and video games. Paper is further organized in four main sections. The next section presents the analysis of the reviewed literature that was adopted for the purposes of this study, with its scope, methodology, and framework detailly explained. While the third section presents results of the analysis, the fourth discusses them exhaustively. Finally, the fifth section concludes, as well as, notes limitations along with suggestions for future product placement studies. Literature Analysis The analysis of the product placement literature is conducted as in the following. First, the scope of and the methodology adopted for this literature review study are presented. Next, the framework of the literature analysis is explained. Scope of the Literature Analysis and the Analysis Methodology For the purposes of this study, keyword search and reference search were performed. First, keyword search was carried out for full text, peer-reviewed research studies written in English through using keywords like, “product placement”, “brand placement”, “TV product placement”, video game placement”, “advergame” within refereed academic journals of EBSCOHOST database. Only the EBSCOHOST 255 �Vildan Jusufović Karışık database was scanned because it is the database that included the most relevant studies for the selected subject amongst those the researcher had full access to. In addition, to evaluate if all key academic studies within the selected subject area were included, reference search was conducted via the "snowball method" by reviewing the references of the articles found in the database. Again, only published, peer-reviewed articles were selected with the exception of two studies that were neccessarily taken into consideration to provide a better picture of the research theme v. Studies reviewing product placement literature (e.g. Kureshi and Sood, 2010), as well as, those dealing with product placement history (e.g. Newell et al., 2006), regulation (e.g. Gupta et al., 2000) were not considered relevant for the purposes of this review and thus were excluded. Additionally, studies that have investigated product placements within other alternative media such as novels, songs, music videos were scarce vi and thus they were also excluded from this review study. Description and Framework of the Literature Analysis A total of 73 out of 266 accessed studies that were published between 1993 and 2013 were considered to be relevant to the selected suject area. Most of them were published in Journal of Advertising (n=8, 11%), Journal of Current Issues and Research in Advertising (n=5, 6.8%) and International Journal of Advertising (n=4, 5.4%). The majority of the studies were focused on the movie medium (n=38, 52%), followed by TV (n=19, 26%) and lastly by the video game medium (n=14, 19%). Their methodologies, in general, were either experimental research design (n=39, 53 %), or survey (n=20, 27 %) and, in a few cases, content analysis (n=8, 11%). Additionally, sample of the majority of studies involved university students (n=30, 41%). While with the experimental research design the effectiveness of product placement question was investigated, surveys, in general, investigated product placement acceptability and the content analyses, were employed for investigating prevalence and characteristics of the product placements. Although in partial, findings of the experimental research studies provided invaluable insights for answering the product placement effectiveness question for all three media. Since the majority of the product placement effectiveness studies investigated the effect of placements on consumer memory and attitude in particular, their effects 256 Journal of Economic and Social Studies �20 Years of Research on Product Placement in Movie, Television and Video Game Media on behavioural outcomes, such as purchase intention and preference for placed products remained indeterminate. Surveys, on the other hand, enabled to discover that men are more accepting product placements than women, as well as, that countries do not differ drastically in relation to their acceptability of ethically charged goods. Finally, researchers that administered content analysis were able to reveal the nature, characteristics and prevalence of product placements for the medium they were interested with their chosen research method. In the following pages, first results from the analysis of product placement studies on movie medium is given, to be followed by TV and then video game product placements, respectively. Results of the Analyses Research on Product Placements in Movies Movies are the most investigated product placement medium in the literature. 38 out of 73 studies that were reviewed for this study were focused on movie product placements. In most of the studies investigating product placement effectiveness through memory related measures (n=13, 34.2%), attitude (n=4, 10.5%) or both (n=5, 13.15%) was the aim. Practitioners’ views (n=5, 13.15 %), ethics and acceptability of product placements and their cross-national comparison (n=7, 18.4%) were other frequently investigated subjects, whereas, brand consciousness (n=2, 5.2%), consumer interpretations (n=2, 5.2%), purchase intention for placed products were seldom examined for movie product placements. Thus, research on movie product placements can be categorized roughly under three streams: • Studies on movie placement effectiveness • Studies dealing with ethics, acceptability of movie placements and their crossnational comparison • Studies examining practitioners’ views on movie placements Discussion of main findings for the above mentioned streams are provided next. 257 �Vildan Jusufović Karışık Movie placement effectiveness Majority of scholars attempted to measure movie placement effectiveness through examining its effect on consumer memory. Recall (Gupta and Lord, 1998; Nelson and Devanathan, 2006; Bressoud and Lehu, 2007; Lehu and Bressoud, 2008; 2009), and recognition (Brennan and Babin, 2004), which are known as explicit memory measures, as well as, brand salience vii (Babin and Carder, 1996a; Johnstone and Dodd, 2000) were the most widely applied memory-related effectiveness measures. Often, together with consumer memory, consumer attitude toward movie product placements and placed products were investigated as well (Panda, 2000; Yang and Roskos-Ewoldsen, 2007; Dens et al., 2012; d’Astous and Chartier, 2000; Cholinski, 2012). Results of these studies, in general, reported that movie placements do have significant effect on enhancing consumer memory (Gupta and Lord, 1998; Nelson and Devanathan, 2006; Lehu and Bressoud, 2007; 2008; 2009; Brennan and Babin, 2004; Babin and Carder, 1996; Johnstone and Dodd, 2000; Argan et al., 2007) and generating positive consumer attitude for products being placed (Panda, 2000; Yang and Roskos-Ewoldsen, 2007; Dens et al., 2012; d’Astous and Chartier, 2000; Cholinski, 2012). Strong connection of the product placement to the movie plot was found to be vital for ensuring both high recall rates and positive consumer attitude. Even in cases when the strong plot connected placements viii were seen only for a short period (4-6 sec) on the screen, unaided recall rate was reported to reach 86.6% (Argan et al., 2007). Nonetheless, the product placement strategy that involves combination of strong plot connection with high prominence ix was widely acknowledged to generate even better results but only for retrieval of the placed brand in consumer memory (Gupta and Lord, 1998; Bressoud and Lehu, 2007; Lehu and Bressoud, 2008; 2009; Panda, 2010; Yang and Roskos-Ewoldsen, 2007; Brennan and Babin, 2004; d’Astous and Chartier, 2000; Cholinski, 2012). The same combination was not found to generate positive consumer attitude (Dens et al., 2012; d’Astous and Chartier, 2000; Cholinski, 2012) since highly prominent placements were often being criticized by the audience for being irritating and distracting from their viewing experience. Strong plot connected but less prominent placements (Dens et al., 2012; d’Astous and Chartier, 2000) were evidenced to attract positive consumer attitudes, especially when they were embedded within humorous film scenes (Jin and Villegas, 2007),. 258 Journal of Economic and Social Studies �20 Years of Research on Product Placement in Movie, Television and Video Game Media Additionally, audio-visual placements were found to generate better memory results than visual-only placements (Brennan and Babin, 2004). However, adding an audio and/or visual reference to an already high prominent and high plot connected placement was found to generate mixed results on consumer memory. Since Cholinski (2012) found that if a highly prominent and plot integrated placement is an audio-visual one, then regardless of all other executional variables, it will generate high recall and recognition rates. Nonetheless, when Gupta and Lord (1998) added an audio reference to an already visual highly prominent and plot connected placement, they did not observe enhanced recall rates, whereas, when Brennan and Babin (2004) did the same, they observed enhanced recognition scores. Furthermore, other factors that were reported to enhance explicit memory of the placed brand/product were use of the product by the main character (Yang and Roskos-Ewoldsen, 2007), familiarity with the product (Brennan and Babin, 2004; Panda, 2004), first viewing of the film at the cinema as well as its second viewing at home on a large screen, liking of the movie, its genre, its director (Lehu and Bressoud, 2008 ;2009; Bressoud et al., 2010) and brand consciousness (Nelson and Devanathan, 2006) which was also found to be highly effective in generating “the most favourable” consumer attitude towards placements (Nelson and McLeod, 2005). Conditions that were reported to increase brand salience were liking the film and being high self-monitor (Johnstone and Dodd, 2000). On the other hand, although purchase intention is an important effectiveness measure, it has been seldom considered when tapping movie placement effectiveness (Ong and Meri, 1994; Vollmers and Mizerski, 1994; Morton and Friedman; Jin and Villegas, 2007). Also, the results of the few studies are far from reputing significant effects of movie placement on purchase intention. Since while Ong and Meri (1994), as well as, Vollmers and Mizerski (1994) did not observe enhanced purchase intention for products integrated within a movie, Jin and Villegas (2007) did observe enhanced purchase intention for placed products but in particular for positively preevaluated brands/products. Auty and Lewis (2004), who examined preference for placed products by children of ages ranging from 6 to 12, reported that children showed higher preference for placed brands but their preference, in addition to placement, was found to be affected by their prior exposure to the brand as well. Therefore, it can be concluded that based on the reviewed studies the effect of movie placements on consumer memory and attitude is appreciable but their effect on 259 �Vildan Jusufović Karışık behavioural outcomes, such as purchase intention and preference for placed products is as yet indeterminate. Ethics, acceptability of movie product placements and their cross-national comparison This stream of scholars opted to investigate placement effectiveness indirectly rather than directly, through dealing with placement acceptability and ethical issues which in turn were assumed to have impact on consumer attitudes (Nebenzahl and Secunda, 1993; Gupta and Gould, 1997; Gould et al., 2000; Brennan et al., 2004; Eisend, 2009; Delorme and Reid, 1999). Ethical concerns regarding placements are twofold: objecting to product placements in general since they are perceived to have subliminal effects and objecting to placements of specific products. First, in general, positive attitudes toward movie placements (Nebenzahl and Secunda, 1993) especially by non-students (Sung et al., 2009) and those who value perceived realism, fewer restrictions (Gupta and Gould, 1997) were evidenced. Although subtle placements of familiar brands were perceived as enhancing realism (Delorme and Reid, 1999), there were also those, though in minority, who perceived this subtlety as deceptive and expressed negative attitudes (Nebenzahl and Secunda, 1993). Also excessive placements of generic brands were evaluated as being irritating and distracting from their viewing experience (Delorme and Reid, 1999). On the other hand, perceived (un)acceptability of movie placements was found to differ based on the nature of products, gender and movie watching frequency of the audience. First with regard to their nature, products in the product placement literature were distinguished by Gupta and Gould (1997) as being ethically charged and non-ethically charged ones. Ethically charged goods were defined as those that arouse ethical concerns and differences across consumers regarding their marketing and consumption, such as alcoholic beverages, guns and tobacco. On the other hand, all goods other than ethically charged ones were called as non-ethically charged goods or neutral goods, such as fatty foods, cars, beverages etc. Next, it was evidenced consistently across product placement literature that placement of ethically charged goods are less acceptable than placement of neutral products in US (Gupta and Gould, 1997; Brennan et al., 2004). Despite this, US 260 Journal of Economic and Social Studies �20 Years of Research on Product Placement in Movie, Television and Video Game Media consumers perceived the regulation need for placement of ethically charged goods only for the sake of non-adult audience members (Sung et al., 2009). Additionally, in US, males and frequent movie watchers were found to tolerate and accept placement of ethically charged goods more than females and infrequent movie watchers. Thus, it can be noted that the earlier studies dealing with placement ethics and acceptability of placements were mainly based on data gathered from US respondents. Fortunately, Gould et al. (2000) took an initiative and compared their findings generated from a US sample in 1997 with those they had generated from Austrian and French samples. Also, other studies that compared attitudes towards and acceptability of product placement by American consumers to those by Chinese, Australian, Austrian, French (McKehnie and Zhou, 2003) and Italian consumers (Nelli, 2009) emerged. All of these studies revealed that US consumers were more accepting and more likely to purchase placed products (country-based difference) than the French, the Austrian, the Australian, the Italian and the Chinese consumers. Nevertheless, ethically charged goods, regardless of country, were found to be less accepted by females and infrequent moviegoers (product difference). Similarly, regardless of country, males were evidenced to purchase the placed product more than females (gender difference). Furthermore, data of the above mentioned studies by Gould et al. (2000) and Brennen et al. (2004) McKehnie and Zhou (2003) were combined with the one by Mouskourova et al. (2006) in another study that attempted to generalize acceptability of ethically charged and neutral goods over seven different countries (Eisend, 2009). The seven different contries were USA, France, Austria (Gould et al., 2000), Australia (Brennan et al., 2004), China (McKehnie and Zhou, 2003), Germany and Bulgaria (Mouskourava, 2005). As a result, Eisend (2009) reported that acceptability of ethically charged goods was generalizable and it was described as “indifferent” (between acceptable and unacceptable) consistently across seven countries. Also gender related product placement acceptability was generalizable. However, acceptability of neutral products was not generalizable as its accepting levels differed across seven countries. Finally, Torrano and Flores (2009), who compared attitudes toward product placement by French and Spanish consumers, did not also observe significant differences between the Frenchs and the Spanishs in relation to their product placement attitudes. 261 �Vildan Jusufović Karışık So, based on the above mentioned exceptional studies, countries do not differ drastically in relation to their acceptability of ethically charged goods. Nonetheless, there is still a gap regarding the ethical concerns and acceptability of product placements within countries other than US. Practitioners’ views on movie product placements Some scholars, alternatively, showed a special interest in the practitioners’ beliefs when examining product placements on the silver screen (Karrh, 1995; McKee and Pardun, 1996; 2000; Karrh, McKee and Pardun, 2003; Jan and Martina, 2013) . Karrh (1995) was the first to investigate practitioners’ views. His seminal study involved a survey of 23 ERMA x members, who described the most effective brand placements as those that were “easily recognized”, “portrayed positively in the movie plot”, as well as, “being accompanied by further promotional support”. Moreover, practitioners in his study generally noted recall and recognition as the best measures of brand placement effectiveness. Subsequently, Pardun and McKee (1996) surveyed 89 advertising agency media directors and examined factors most important in making product placement decision for a feature film. “National viewing potential”, “price of the placement” and “theme of the movie” were noted as the most important ones, while “action in the movie”, “international viewing potential”, “movie producer” as the least important ones out of 10 listed factors. Practitioners noted further positive and long term roles as well as increased use of movie placements in future. Pardun and McKee (2000) later repeated the same study with 106 public relations (PR) professionals. PR professionals reported “international viewing potential” instead of national one together with “price of the placement” and “theme of the movie” as the most important factors. Later on, Karrh together with McKee and Pardun (2003) repeated his seminal study conducted in 1995 to reveal the evolution of practitioners’ product placement views. The survey items from Karrh’s study was responded 28 ERMA members and results revealed that effective placements in 2003 mandated a more expanded set of both executional factors and brand characteristics. Also, the importance attached by practitioners to each executional factor and brand characteristic increased. More practitioners in 2003 believed that product placements have a subliminal dimension 262 Journal of Economic and Social Studies �20 Years of Research on Product Placement in Movie, Television and Video Game Media than in 1995. Additionally, practitioners’ belief regarding the future rise in product placements was reinforced in 2003. With the exception of a recent study, in which Jan and Martina (2013) revealed that Czech practitioners are sure of product placement efficiency and regard it as longterm marketing field that involves brand-building efforts, studies investigating practitioners’ views, especially those of other than US, are extremely hard-to-comeby. Research on Product Placements on TV TV product placements have been attracting scholarly interest especially in the last decade, when 16 out of 19 reviewed TV placement studies were conducted. Studies on TV product placement mostly focused on its effectiveness (n=10, 52.6%) through attitude (n=5, 26.3%), memory related measures (n=3, 15.7%) or both (n=2, 10.5%) at the same time. On the other hand, another stream of studies investigated its prevalence and characteristics (n=7, 36.8%). It can be noted that scholars mainly employed either experiment (n=9, 47.3%) or content analysis (n=7, 36.8%) method to investigate product placement applications on TV programmes. Those who investigated its effectiveness used the experiment method, while those who aimed at shedding light on its nature and characteristics employed the content analysis method. Academic studies on TV product placements can be examined under two categories: • Studies on TV placement effectiveness • Studies investigating prevalence, nature and characteristics of TV placements TV placement effectiveness Just as movie placement effectiveness, effectiveness of TV placements was generally tapped through consumer attitude and memory related measures. The methodology utilized most frequently was viewing by a sample of students a whole TV programme or an excerpt from it with product placements. This viewing experience was immediately followed by a questionnaire that probed recall, recognition levels and/or attitudes towards the placed products by the sample audience (Law and Braun, 2000; Reijmersdal et al., 2007; Tiwsakul et al., 2005; 263 �Vildan Jusufović Karışık Cowley and Barron, 2008; Homer, 2009). In general, overall enhancement of recall and recognition levels for placed products (Law and Braun, 2000) and positive attitudes towards TV placements as well as placed products were noted (Tiwsakul et al., 2005; Schmoll et al., 2006). Results with regard to effective placement strategies revealed that products that were placed as visual-only were least recalled but mostly preferred, whereas products that were placed central to the plot were most recalled but least preferred ones on the TV screen (Law and Braun, 2000). It was also evidenced that incongruences between modality (visual or audio) and plot connection attracts consumer attention and thus improves memory for placed product. However, persuasion was found to enhance by congruency, therefore the said incongruence was reported to affect consumer attitude negatively (Russell, 2002; d’Astous and Seguin, 1998). High prominence was not found to be a promising characteristic for TV placement effectiveness as it was for movie placements. Highly prominent TV placements were found to diminish positive consumer attitudes, especially in case of being repeated frequently for known brands and being displayed in favourite programmes. On the contrary, subtle placements were evidenced to generate positive consumer attitudes (Cowley and Barron, 2008; Homer, 2009). Moreover, placements of ethically charged goods were found to arouse ethical concerns and negative attitudes on TV screen as well. Females were once more found to evaluate placements of ethically charged goods more negatively than males (Tiwsakul et al., 2005; Schmoll et al., 2006). Additionally, subliminal, implicit and passive placements were found to arouse negative attitudes and ethical concerns, especially when they were within information and services TV programme type (Tiwsakul et al., 2005). On the other hand, congruity between placement sponsor and the program was found to generate positive ethical and evaluative reactions for all TV program types except for mini-series and dramas, in which placements were evidenced to generate most negative attitudes (d’Astous and Seguin,1998). Additionally, genre of the TV programme was found to influence effectiveness of product placement as well. Russell and Stern (2005a) studied US sitcoms and they found out, based on their Product-Character Association (PCA) model, that US audience associate products placed within sitcoms with the sitcom characters and their attitudes toward placed products was found to be driven by their attitude 264 Journal of Economic and Social Studies �20 Years of Research on Product Placement in Movie, Television and Video Game Media toward the characters. The same association was evidenced to occur in case of US soap operas as well (Russell and Stern, 2006). On the other hand, Gupta and Gould (2007) examined placements within TV game shows in particular. First, they studied how consumers evaluate game shows and products placed in them and subsequently their effectiveness on consumer memory in relation to traditional advertising. While location and price of the product within a game were found to be the factors enhancing recall the most, overall traditional advertisements were recalled better. Effectiveness studies that do not employ memory based measures are scarce for TV product placements as well. Only one study which investigated the effect of TV product placements on brand image was reviewed. The said study evidenced that brand image starts to change in the direction of the TV programme after -at least- a second exposure (Reijmersdal et al., 2005). So, there is a need in the literature for more studies that shed light on effectiveness of product placement practice on TV screen through measures other than memory and attitude related ones. Prevalence, nature and characteristics of TV product placements This stream of researchers opted to examine characteristics of product placements appearing on the TV screen. Their research method, content analysis, chiefly involved analysis of TV programming on major TV networks of the countries to be studied. Very often prime-time, which represents largest number of viewers in relation to any other time period of the day, was chosen as the period to be analysed (Avery and Ferraro, 2000). Most of these studies were conducted in the US (Ferraro and Avery, 2000a; 2000b; La Ferle and Edwards, 2006) with the notable exceptions by Smit et al. (2006), who examined TV placements on Dutch TV networks and Wouters and Pelsmacker (2011), who provided comparison of placements on US and Flemish TV networks. The study by Avery and Ferraro (2000a) was among the earliest ones examining prevalence and nature of TV product placements. The authors content analysed 112 hours of US prime-time programming (April, 1997) and reported that brands are prevalent on prime time television (one placement every two-minutes of TV programming) with the majority appearing in real-life events, such as sports, news, 265 �Vildan Jusufović Karışık feature magazine and game shows. Moreover, most of them were found to be visually prominent, with extended portrayals (75%) and foreground placements (79%) and almost half of the visual placements involving interaction with the programme character (40%) (Ferraro and Avery, 2000b). In addition, the content analysis of the nature of TV placements revealed that their commercial intent was overshadowing the intent for enhancing realism. Despite this, still 60% of the viewers were found to perceive placements as adding realism to the TV programmes (Schmoll et al., 2006). Five years later, when La Ferle and Edwards (2006) content analysed US prime time TV programming (January, 2002), they observed relatively less prevalence of brand placements (one placement every three-minutes TV programming) in relation to 1997. Visual TV placements in 2002 were also observed to be less prevalent in relation to 1997 (52.8%). Also, in 2002 the type of US TV programmes that involved most brand appearances was found to be sitcoms and dramas rather than real life events as they were in 1997. Real life events, such as news and feature magazines, took the second place. (La Ferle and Edwards, 2006). On the other hand, in another study, frequency and nature of US TV placements were compared with Flemish TV placements (Wouters and Pelsmacker, 2011). It was found that the difference between placement frequencies on Flemish and US TV programmes was not statistically significant. Nonetheless placements were embedded mostly within non-scripted TV programmes in US, whereas they were integrated generally within scripted TV programmes in Belgium. Additionally, Pervan and Martin (2002) investigated product placements within soap operas of US and New Zealand. They found that while placements within US soap operas were mainly produced for promotion of leisure and appearance related products, those in New Zealand soap operas were largely promoted transport and food related products. In addition, soap opera viewers in New Zealand found to show more positive emotional outcome towards placements in soap operas than US viewers. Only two studies that inspected characteristics of TV placements in a country other than US were found (Smit et al., 2005, La Pastina, 2001). First, Smit et al.., (2005) focused on Dutch TV placements and observed placements to be more prevalent on commercial Dutch TV networks than on public networks. Additionally, those on commercial networks were found to be more prominent than those displayed on public networks. On the other hand, La Pastina (2001) who studied TV viewers in a 266 Journal of Economic and Social Studies �20 Years of Research on Product Placement in Movie, Television and Video Game Media Brazilian rural area revealed that the products placed within soap operas were not perceived as promotional efforts but rather as portrayals of daily life necessities by those in upper class. Alternatively, a theoretical study conducted by Russell and Puto (1999) content analysed viewers' opinions regarding TV placements expressed via focus groups, internet fan forums, phenomenological interviews and tapped audiences' relationships with TV programs. As a result, a construct named "connectedness" was revealed, which denotes the intense relationships between the audience and a TV program that touches to individuals' personal and social lives. Research on Product Placements in Video Games The extant literature on video game placements is currently scarce but promising. Nevertheless, 16 studies on in-game placements, all of which were conducted during the last decade, were examined. The review of the literature revealed that effectiveness was the most investigated subject also for video game placements. The effectiveness studies on in-game placements were also found to be based mostly on explicit memory related measures (Lee and Faber, 2007; Nelson, 2002; Glass, 2007; Walsh et al., 2008; Yang et al., 2006; Winkler, 2006; Kuhn et al., 2007; Chaney et al., 2004; Acar, 2007; Wise et al., 2008) and players’ attitudes toward placed products (Nelson, 2002; Nelson et al., 2004; Winkler, 2006). Moreover, the methodology of video game effectiveness studies was also the same; an experiment followed by a questionnaire. In case of video games, the experiment involved playing of a game that encompasses product placements by participants and following this game session a survey was conducted delving into their memory of and/or attitudes toward placements in the game. Effectiveness of video game placements Consistent with the previous literature on the effectiveness of movie and TV product placements, effectiveness of video game placements were also attempted to be tapped through memory related measures mostly. Main findings illustrate that placements as billboards in video games were recalled better than those in real outdoor billboards (Chaney et al., 2004), however, recall rates for placements in a live sport event outperformed those in a sport game (Walsh 267 �Vildan Jusufović Karışık et al., 2008). On the other hand, congruency between the game setting and the brand was found to generate a positive attitude both toward the game and the brand, if it is noticed by the player (Wise et al., 2008). Hence, Lee and Faber (2007) and Nelson (2002) proposed that the placement, which involves high incongruency between the game setting and the placed brand, generated higher recall rate than those in which high congruency is present. Moreover, it was validated in several studies that the proximity of the product/brand to the focal area in the game scene is vital for its recall and recognition (Acar, 2007; Lee and Faber, 2007). Besides, recall rate was found to be higher when the placed brand is a local one (Nelson, 2002) and the player is an experienced and skilled one who has been acquainted with the game (Kuhn et al., 2007), as well as, being moderately involved at that game play (Lee and Faber, 2008). However, there were contradictory results for the recall of brands that were new. Nelson (2002) found out that the recall rate of the brand placed in a video game would be enhanced if that brand was a new one. Whereas, Winkler (2006) proposed that placement of a brand that was already known by the player would be better recalled in relation to a new one. On the other hand, with regard to attitudes, it was found that players in general held positive attitudes toward placements in games and they do not think that placements are deceptive. It was observed that generally players believe placements enhance realism, except for the study conducted by Chaney et al. (2004) who reported only limited support. Moreover, Nelson et al. (2004) evidenced that there was a direct relationship between attitudes toward advertising in general and placements in games, meaning that if a player had positive attitude toward advertising he/she had a positive attitude toward placements in games as well or vice versa. However, Winkler (2006) found that this direct relationship generates stronger outcomes in case of having negative attitudes toward advertising. Furthermore, just as it is with movie and TV media, placements of ethically-charged goods within a video game were found to be less acceptable than placements of non-ethically charged goods among gamers consistently (Kim and McClung, 2009). Recently, Mackay et al. (2009), who examined whether brand placements in video games can shift pre-existing consumer attitudes towards a specific brand, evidenced that after exposure to a placed product during game-play, positive brand attitudes did not but recall rates did increase for those who had already positive attitude 268 Journal of Economic and Social Studies �20 Years of Research on Product Placement in Movie, Television and Video Game Media towards the placed product. Jeong et al. (2011), on the other hand, reported psychological arousal in a game (with violence cues) had positive effect on consumer attitude, but did not on brand logo memory. Rather high engagement in a violent video game enhanced recall rates, but generated negative attitude toward the placed brand logos. Yang and Wang (2008), alternatively, assert that product placements should take into account the type of product, placement and the game for enhancing effectiveness. They proposed that within shooting/sport games, tool products xi should be placed as feedback placements xii, while within role-playing/strategic games; tool and enhancement products should be placed as operator placements. Goal placements, on the other hand, were proposed to appear when the player passes a new level. Two studies that did not investigate effectiveness were the ones by Acar (2007) and Choi et al., 2013). Acar (2007) examined the incidental exposure and evidenced that high proximity to the focal area had but message content did not have incidental effects for video game placements. Choi et al., (2013), on the other hand, examined the effect of sensory distractions on implicit memory and they found that while auditory distractions did visual ones did not inhibit implicit memory for the placed brand within a video game. Discussion The review of 73 academic studies on product placement yielded invaluable results and implications. This review study revealed factors that trigger product placement effectiveness for all three media. The extended list of factors that influence product placement effectiveness for all three media vehicles are categorized and outlined within tables that are provided in the following (Table 1, Table 2, Table 3). In the three tables that follow (Table 1, Table 2 and Table 3), factors that influence product placement effectiveness are categorized as those related with placed product/brand, respective medium, product placement execution and audience characteristics. Next, the said factors are outlined, primarily, in relation to their effects on explicit memory measures and attitude, which were revealed to be the most investigated effectiveness measures in the product placement literature. Nonetheless, 269 �Vildan Jusufović Karışık as it was mentioned previously, though being extremely rare, the researcher came across studies that investigated product placement effects on measures other than explicit memory and attitude as well. The findings regarding said rare effectiveness measures are provided under the column named other effectiveness measures. In addition, factors that were evidenced to generate favourable/positive outcomes for those effectiveness measures were denoted with a (+) sign, whereas those that generated unfavourable/negative outcomes were denoted with a (-) sign. To illustrate, familiarity, which is determined as a product/brand related factor affecting explicit memory for movie placements (Table 1), has a (+) sign and thus implies that familiarity with the placed product/brand was evidenced to increase explicit memory for the placed product/brand. On the other hand, the mini-series and drama are displayed as TV programme genres under the attitude and acceptability column within Table 2. The (-) sign implies that product placements within these TV programme genres generate unfavourable consumer attitudes (Table 2). 270 Journal of Economic and Social Studies �20 Years of Research on Product Placement in Movie, Television and Video Game Media Table 1. Factors Influencing Effectiveness of Movie Product Placements Factors affecting on…. Explicit memory product/brand related - - familiarity (+) first viewing of the movie at the cinema (+) 2. viewing at home on a large home cinema screen (+) respective medium related execution related audience charactersitics strong plot connection (+) high prominence (+) used by main character (+) audio-visual (+) high film involvement (-) brand consciousness (+) liking the film (+) liking film genre (+) liking director (+) Attitude and acceptability Other effectiveness measures ethically charged goods(-) familiarity (+) - humorous scenes (+) - used by main character (+) multiple simultaneous placements (+) strong plot connection but less prominent (+) subtlety (+) high repetition frequency (-) - - - gender (males (+)), movie watching frequency (+) postive attitudes towards advertisments (+) appreciating realism and fewer restrictions (+) brand saliance: repeated display of high prominent placement (+) purchase intention: prior brand evaluation (+) brand saliance: liking the film (+), being high self monitors (+) In a similar way, in the following tables factors influencing effectiveness of product placements on TV and video game media are presented respectively (Table 2 and Table 3). 271 �Vildan Jusufović Karışık Table 2. Factors Influencing Effectiveness of TV Product Placements Factors affecting on…. product/ brand related Explicit memory Attitude and acceptability - - location (central to the scene (+)) - respective medium related - - execution related - explicit, non-integrated placements (-) high plot integration (+) visual placements (-) congruency between plot and the product (+) - - - audience characteristics 272 - ethically charged goods(-) familiarity (+) TV programme genre (mini-serie and drama (-)) program liking (prominent and high repetitive placements in liked TV programmes ()) passive and implicit placements in information/services programmes (-) sponsor-programme congruity, explicit, nonintegrated placements (+) subliminal; prominent placements in favourite programs (-) subtlety (+) high repetition levels (-) gender (males) positive attitude toward TV programme characters (+) Other effectiveness measures - choice: visual placements (+); brand image: (when repetition frequency of placement is 2 or more (+)) Journal of Economic and Social Studies �20 Years of Research on Product Placement in Movie, Television and Video Game Media Table 3. Factors influencing Effectiveness of Video Game Product Placements Factors Explicit memory affecting on... product/ brand related respective medium related - execution related gamers' characteristics - product type (symbolic, tool and enhancement) brand origin (local (+)) introductory footage to game (+) game genre (shooting/sport games, role playing/strategi c games) incongruency between the product and the game content (+) experience (+) game skill (+) moderate game involvement (+) pre-existing positive attitude (+) Attitude and acceptability Other effectiveness measures ethically charged goods(-) strong thematic connection between game and brand (+) - implicit memory: auditory distraction(-) - incidental exposure: high proximity (+) positive attitude towards advertising (+) psychological arousal (+) purchase intention:positive attitudes towards placements (+) Then based on these results, first for movie placements briefly it can be said that practitioners should formulate strong plot connected and at the same time highly prominent product placements to enhance consumer memory of the placed brand. In order to generate favourable consumer attitudes at the same time, practitioners should be cautious of the prominence dose of the placement since its perceived excessiveness may easily prompt negative consumer attitudes. Also, it can be said that practitioners will most probably not regret executing placements that are audiovisual and involve interaction with the main character of the movie. Second, for TV placements; practitioners can easily attract consumer attention and enhance the recall of placed brands through use of strong plot integrated placements. However, practitioners should take into consideration that attitude towards and preference for the strong plot integrated and prominently placed brands weakens on 273 �Vildan Jusufović Karışık TV screen, especially for known ones within favourite programs, with the exception of those placed in an information and services programmes, where, on the contrary, implicit placements are negatively evaluated (Tiwsakul et al., 2005). Moreover, although product placements were found to be most prevalent within mini-series, sitcoms and dramas (LaFerle and Edwards, 2006), it was also evidenced that these TV programme genres were the ones, in which placement of products generated most negative consumer attitudes (d’Astous and Seguin,1998). So, practitioners should devote high attention when planning for product placements within the said TV programme genres. Third, for video game placements; billboard placement strategy can be advised as an effective one for in-game placements. Incongruence between the game plot and the placed brand together with proximity of the placed brand to the focal area will attract consumer attention and enhance his memory of the placed brand. On the other hand, congruence between the game plot and the placed brand, as well as, psychological arousal during the gameplay are the factors that do not enhance the consumer memory on placed brands but generate positive attitudes. So, practitioners should make a detailed assessment of objectives (enhancing consumer memory and awareness of placed brands vs. positive consumer attitudes towards placed brands) before formulating in-game placements. Lastly, for all three media, formulation of product placements of ethically charged goods, which are less accepted in relation to neutral ones, should be conducted with high care and vigilance. Conclusion, Limitations of the Study and Suggestions for Future Studies This study reviewed and analyzed product placement studies of the last two decades exhaustively. Analysis results contributed to the advancement of knowledge for both academicians and practitioners that are interested in the field of product placement. First for practitioners; the presented extended list of factors that influence product placement effectiveness for all three media vehicles will help practitioners in formulating and executing most striking product placements and thus at the same time help saving the financial resources and time of the whole industry that is wasted every year by ineffective marketing communications campaigns all around the world. For researchers; it was revealed that despite its intensified practice, the literature accumulated on the product placement field during the last two decades is far from providing a complete picture of the phenomenon. Nonetheless, this review study 274 Journal of Economic and Social Studies �20 Years of Research on Product Placement in Movie, Television and Video Game Media provided a complete picture and the current state-of-the-art of the product placement literature for researchers by its attempt to analyse the to date accumulated literature on product placement. However, this study, just as most academic studies, was subject to some limitations, which can be classified as direct and indirect ones. Direct limitations were those limitations that stemmed from this study, while indirect ones were those that stemmed from limitations of reviewed studies. First, with regard to limitations of this study, it should be noted that only product placement studies on movie, TV and video game media vehicles that were accessed from journals available only on the EBSCOHOST database were reviewed since EBSCOHOST database is the one that was most relevant with the selected subject topic amongst those that the researcher had full access to. Moreover, studies regarding product placement history, definitions, review, and its practice on other than the said media were beyond the scope of this study and thus were excluded. Also only the peer reviewed articles were considered, whereas other forms of published materials such as dissertations, conference proceedings etc. were not included in this review study. With regard to limitations stemming from reviewed studies, it was revealed that majority of to date conducted studies were either concentrated on particular countries or on investigating effects on particular measures. First, product placement studies on all three media used mostly US based data (n=46, 63%). Only 17.8% (n=13) and 13.7% (n=10) of the reviewed studies were conducted in European countries and rest of the world (e.g. India, Australia, and China) respectively, while 5.4 % (n=4) of the studies were comparing product placement practices in US with other countries (e.g. New Zealand, Belgium) (see Table 4). Although it can be noted that European interest to product placement research, in particular on TV medium, has been on rise, still there is a huge gap in the placement literature regarding its practice in countries other than US. Then, future studies that will concentrate on this issue will also contribute to the academic literature largely. 275 �Vildan Jusufović Karışık Table 4. Locations of the Reviewed Product Placement Studies Location of the Reviewed Studies Number/percentage of studies conducted in this location out of 73 reviewed studies US Europe n=46 63% n= 13 17.8% Rest of the World n=10 13.7% US vs Other Countries n=4 5.4 % Second, majority of studies, across all three media vehicles were concentrated on tapping product placement effectiveness through either explicit memory related measures, namely recall and recognition, or consumer attitude. Studies to date on effects of product placements on behavioural outcomes, (e.g. purchase intention, preferences), and attention are extremely scarce and inconclusive. Also the effects of demographics, such as age and level of education, were rarely taken into consideration. Therefore, there is a need for academic studies that will investigate effects of product placements on measures other than memory and attitude related ones, as well as, for those that will focus on demographic characteristics and reveal the impact of product placements on different groups in the society. In addition, especially those studies that had investigated product placement effectiveness, performed experiments as the research methodology and used students as their samples. However, the application of experimental methodology and mainly to student samples has some general limitations that might have influenced the findings. First of all, the artificial setting usually results in more attention to the stimuli, which in turn can generate higher recall and recognition rates, as well as, different behaviours (Van Reijmersdal et al., 2007). Second, the student samples involved mostly young and highly educated respondents, who might have been better at noticing product placements and understanding their commercial intents than less educated ones. Hence, the said methodology might have biased findings. Therefore, future studies which employ a mix of different methods to samples that are more representative of the product placement audience can provide additional insights into brand placement effects. 276 Journal of Economic and Social Studies �20 Years of Research on Product Placement in Movie, Television and Video Game Media References Altaş, D., & Öztunç, H. (2013). An Empirical Analysis of Television Commercial Ratings in Alternative Competitive Environments Using Multinomial Logit Model. 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Explicit, Non-integrated Product Placement in British Television Programmes. International Journal of Advertising, 24(1), 95-111. Torrano, J., & Flores, E. (2009). Is Effective Product Placement in Movies?: A Cross-Cultural Study Between French and Spanish Consumers. Advances in Consumer Research, 36. Van Reijmersdal, E. A., Neijens, P. C., & Smit, E. G. (2007). Effects of Television Brand Placement on Brand Image. Psychology & Marketing, 24(5), 403-420. Wei, M.L., Fischer, E., & Main, K. J. (2008). An Examination of the Effects of Activating Persuasion Knowledge on Consumer Response to Brands Engaging in Covert Marketing. Journal of Public Policy & Marketing, 27(1), 34-44. Wells,1996 in Law and Braun, 2000 Wells, S. (1996, June 4). TV’s Subtle Sell. USA Today, p. 1B. Wenner, L. A. (2004). On the Ethics of Product Placement in Media Entertainment. Journal of Promotion Management, 10(1-2), 101-132. doi: 10.1300/J057v10n01_08 Winkler, T., & Buckner, K. (2006). Receptiveness of Gamers to Embedded Brand Messages in Advergames: Attitudes towards Product Placement. Journal of Interactive Advertising, 7(1), 37-46. 281 �Vildan Jusufović Karışık Wise, K., Bolls, P. D, Kim, H., Venkataraman, A., & Meyer, R. (2008). Enjoyment of Advergames and Brand Attitudes: The Impact of Thematic Relevance. Journal of Interactive Advertising, 9(1), 27-36. Product placement in motion pictures is as old as the motion picture industry itself. Both events were generated by the Lumière brothers in the mid-1890s (Karrh, 1998; Newell et al., 2006; Galician and Bourdeau, 2004; Avery and Ferraro, 2000; Hudson and Hudson, 2006; Dens et al., 2013). The Lumière brothers exhibited their newly invented projected motion pictures to the first paying audience ever in the basement lounge of the Grand Café in Paris on December 28, 1895. This event is credited as the world's first public film screening and heralded the birth of the film industry (Pearson, 1996). A few months later, in the spring of 1896, the Lumière brothers conducted an arrangement with the UK soap producer Lever Brothers (today’s giant multinational company, Unilever) that would constitute the first prototype of product placement that displayed a Lever Brothers leading product, “Sunlight Soap”, in a Lumière brothers’ film. ii DVRs, also known as time-shifting devices, include a hard drive that enables the audience to record their favorite programs for playback at any time. The devices can also fast forward through traditional commercials. iii According to this widely cited model by Friested and Wright (1995), if consumers perceive that advertising messages have the intent to affect their judgement, then they may generate negative attitudes towards those commercials. iv Video game term denotes all game genres including, computer and on-line games since most of the time these terms were used interchangeably in the product placement literature (Winkler, 2006; Nelson, 2002; Yang et al., 2006). v Two key studies that were not published in refereed academic journals but nonetheless were reviewed in order to provide a complete picture of the “Practitioners’ view on movie placements“ research theme (see page 7). The said studies were proceeding papers by Karrh (1995), Pardun and McKee (1996). vi Although its practice in alternative media (those other than movies, TV programmes and games) is not scarce, academic studies that focus on product placements in the said media are extremely rare. To illustrate, with regard to placements in novels, only one study was found in which Nelson (2004) examined the product placement practice within the novel named “The Bulgari Connection”. vii Brand salience is also considered among memory-related measures since it involves the recognition of a brand in relation to other brands in that product category. viii Plot connection of placements refers to the degree to which the brand/product is integrated into the plot of the story (Russell, 1998). i 282 Journal of Economic and Social Studies �20 Years of Research on Product Placement in Movie, Television and Video Game Media In high prominent placements the product is made conspicuous either through its size, position on the screen or centrality to the plot, integration to the plot, number of mentions, and/or duration on the screen (Gupta and Lord, 1998). x Entertainment Resources and Marketing Association is a leading product placement industry group. xi Tool products are high-utility but low price products such as food and fuel, whereas, symbolic products are high price but low utility such as jewellery and enhancement products are high price and high utility such as white electronic goods (Yang and Wang, 2008). xii Goal in a videogame describes the milestone that players attempt to achieve. For example, in a shooting game, the goal may be rescuing hostages whereas feedback is a kind of reinforcement. If some predetermined desirable or undesirable player behaviours are demonstrated, a reward or punishment is provided for positive or negative feedback. Operators, on the other hand, indicate those instruments, such as knife, cape, and magic that players can apply to achieve their objectives (Yang and Wang, 2008). ix 283 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2413 Title A name given to the resource 20 Years of Research on Product Placement in Movie, Television and Video Game Media Author Author Jusufovic-Karisik, Vildan Abstract A summary of the resource. The popularity of product placement as a viable alternative to traditional commercials has been increasing rapidly. Latest PQ Media report (2012) noted that global spending on product placement has already reached $8.25 billion. However, despite its popularity, extant academic research on product placement lags behind its practice. The aim of this paper is to review, categorize and analyze exhaustively the existing product placement literature with the purpose of identifying possible research gaps for academics and guidelines of effective product placements for practitioners interested in the field. 73 academic studies that in particular focus on product placements within movies, television (TV) programmes and video games were examined. The exhaustive review revealed that studies in the US investigating product placement effectiveness through memory related measures and consumer attitudes dominate the product placement literature. However, studies investigating effects of product placement on measures other than memory related and attitudinal ones are extremely scarce. Based on the identified research gaps, an agenda for future studies is suggested. Also, factors that were evidenced to trigger product placement effects throughout the literature are revealed and outlined for practitioners use. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014-07-15 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/d0d6cd53bb3627213a7f1b7e418f0a85.pdf acab1f2fa5681b60047fe657c950ff2b PDF Text Text 2005 Dil Anlatım Dersi Kapsamı İle Genel ve Özel Hedeflerinin Değerlendirilmesi ve Öğretmen Tutumları Aziz KILINÇ Canakkale Onsekiz Mart Universitesi Filiz TURAN Canakkale Onsekiz Mart Universitesi Giriş Dil, kültürün hem taşıyıcısı hem de temel unsurudur. Bir topluma ait olan sözlü ve yazılı kültür değerleri dille aktarıldığı için, dil sosyal yapının ve kültürün aynı zamanda yansıtıcısı durumundadır. Kültür, toplumdan topluma ayırt edici bir nitelik taşıdığı halde aynı toplum içinde, fertleri birbiri ile kaynaştıran ve uyumlu kılan bir özelliğe sahiptir. Kültür, bir toplumun sosyal yapısına yön veren ve o topluma kişilik kazandıran değerler bütünüdür. Kültür, genel olarak kendisini oluşturan öğelerin nitelikleri bakımından maddî kültür ve manevî kültür olarak iki grupta ele alınmaktadır. İnsanların günlük hayatı içerisinde kullandığı ev bark şekilleri, kullandıkları çeşitli âlet ve eşyalar, giyim kuşam tarzları, yemek ve beslenme şekilleri gibi toplumların maddî yaşama düzeni ile ilgili olanlara maddi kültür; dil, tarih, gelenek ve görenek, hukuk, ahlâk gibi yaşayışın manevî yönü ile ilgili olanlara da manevî kültür içerisinde yer alır. Genel dilbilimcilerin de belirttiği gibi milletlerin sosyal yapılarından gelen manevî özellikleri, aydın karakterleri, millî şahsiyetleri ve kültür değerleri dilde kendini gösterdiği için, dil ile kültür arasında bu bakımdan sıkı bir ilişki vardır. Bu da demektir ki dil, bir milletin manevî gücünün eseridir. W.Humboldt’un deyimi ile, “Bir milletin dili ruhtur, ruhu da dildir.” Gerçekten de her dilin günlük konuşmalarından başlayarak edebî eserlerine kadar uzanan çeşitli metinlerine şöyle bir göz atılınca bile, bu manevi görmek mümkündür. Çalışmanın Amacı Çalışmanın temel amacı ortaöğretim kurumlarında 2005–2006 eğitim öğretim yılında uygulanmaya başlanan Dil ve Anlatım Dersi Programının kapsamı ile hedeflerinin değerlendirmesi ve Türk Dili ve Edebiyatı dersi öğretmenlerinin 2005 Dil ve Anlatım Dersi Programa ilişkin görüşlerini ortaya koymak ve bulgulara dayanılarak öneriler geliştirmektir Eğitim süreci belli bir programa göre yürütülür. Programsız bir eğitim ve öğretim olamaz. Hızla gelişen ve değişen bir dünyada yaşıyoruz.2005 Dil Anlatım Dersi Programı da eğitim sürecinde değişimin son halkasını oluşturmaktadır. Bu yönüyle bu araştırma yeni ve ilk olma özelliği taşımaktadır. Bu özellikleri ile alana katkısının olacağı düşünülmektedir. Bu araştırma ile 2005 Dil ve Anlatım Dersi Programının genel ve özel hedeflerinin ve kapsamının değerlendirilmesi yapılacak Türk Dili ve Edebiyatı öğretmenlerinin 2005 Dil ve Anlatım Dersi Programına karşı görüşleri ortaya konulacaktır. Bu bölümde araştırma modeli, araştırma evreni, verilerin toplanması, verilerin analizi ve yorumlanması alt başlıklarından oluşmaktadır: Bu araştırma Dil Anlatım Dersi Programının kapsamı ile genel ve özel hedeflerin değerlendirilmesine ilişkin ders öğretmenlerinin görüşlerini belirlemeyi amaçlamıştır. Bu yüzden betimsel nitelikte olan bu araştırmada amaca en uygun model olan tarama modeli kullanılmıştır. Araştırma bulguları literatür taraması ve anketin uygulanması sonucu elde edilen verilere dayanılarak oluşturulmuştur. Çalışmanın Evreni Araştırmanın evrenini Çanakkale merkez ile Biga, Bayramiç, Lapseki, Gelibolu ve Gökçeada ilçelerinde resmi liselerin 2006-2007 Öğretim yılında Dil Anlatım Dersi Öğretim Programını uygulayan öğretmenlerden oluşmaktadır. Araştırmamızda 80 öğretmene ulaşılmıştır. 319 �Örneklem grubunun oluşturulmasında Çanakkale ilinin coğrafya, nüfus ve ulaşılabilirlik özellikleri dikkate alınmış ve bu özelliklere göre ilçelere ulaşılmaya çalışılmıştır. Araştırma evrenini oluşturan okul ve öğretmen sayıları şekil 1’de verilmiştir. EVREN Çanakkale merkez ile Biga, Bayramiç, Lapseki, Gelibolu ve Gökçeada ilçelerinde resmi Ortaöğretim Kurumlarında 2006-2007 Öğretim yılında Dil Anlatım Dersi Öğretim Programını uygulayan öğretmenler OKULLAR VE ÖĞRETMEN SAYILARI Okullar MERKEZ BİGA BAYRAMİÇ LAPSEKİ GELİBOLU GÖKÇEADA Toplam 38 15 okul 8 okul 4 okul 2 okul 7 okul 2 okul Öğretmen 36 kişi 17 kişi 6 kişi 3 kişi 12 kişi 5 kişi Sayıları Toplam 80 Şekil 1. Verilerin Toplanması: Araştırmada veri toplama aracı olarak, çalışma evreninde yer alan liselerdeki Türk Dili ve Edebiyatı Öğretmenlerine uygulanan anketten yararlanılmıştır. Anketin geliştirilmesinde öncelikle öğretimin değerlendirilmesi ile ilgili kaynaklar taranmıştır. Bunlardan yararlanılarak ankete girilebilecek maddeler taslak olarak yazılmıştır. Ayrıca sunuş yazısı, yönergeler ile kişisel bilgiler bölümleri oluşturulmuştur. Böylece ilk taslak anket danışman öğretim üyesinin görüş ve önerileri doğrultusunda düzeltilerek hazır duruma getirilmiştir. Araştırma için geliştirilmiş ve uygulanmaya hazır duruma getirilmiş anket yeterli sayıda çoğaltıldıktan sonra, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü aracılığıyla Çanakkale İl Milli Eğitim Müdürlüğünden anketin liselerde uygulanması için gerekli izin alınmıştır Araştırma amacına yönelik olarak hazırlanan ve uygulamaya hazır hale getirilen anket belirlenen okullarda 2006-2007 öğretim yılı 2. döneminde uygulanmıştır. Uygulamada katılım gönüllülük esasına dayandığından cevaplamak isteyenlere dağıtılmamıştır. Ayrıca Türk Dili Ve Edebiyatı öğretmeni olduğu halde Dil Anlatı Dersi Öğretim Programının uygulamayan öğretmenlere de dağıtılmamıştır. Sonuç olarak ulaşılan 100 öğretmenden 80 tanesine anket uygulanmıştır. Anket iki bölümden oluşmaktadır. Birinci bölümde kişisel bilgiler ( cinsiyet, mesleki kıdem, eğitim düzeyi ) yer almaktadır. İkinci bölümde Dil Anlatım Dersi Programının kapsamı ile genel ve özel hedeflerinin değerlendirilmesi ile ilgili 20 soru yer almaktadır. Anketi oluşturan 20 ifadeden ilk 8 tanesi Dil Anlatım Dersi Programının hedeflerinin değerlendirilmesi ile ilgilidir.9- 17 arasındaki ifadeler ise Dil Anlatım Dersi Programının kapsamının değerlendirilmesi ile ilgilidir. 18. 19. ve 20. sorular ölçme değerlendirmeye yöneliktir. Araştırma alt amaçlar doğrultusunda hazırlanan anket sonucu SPSS programından yararlanılarak anketin güvenirlik katsayısı 0,879 olarak bulunmuştur. Anketteki maddelere ilişkin görüşlerini belirtmeleri için( 1 ) Hiç Katılmıyorum, (2) Kısmen Katılıyorum, (3 ) Büyük oranda Katılıyorum, (4 ) Katılıyorum şeklinde derecelendirilmiştir. Verilerin Analizi Anket yolu ile toplanan verilerin analizinde SPSS programı kullanılmıştır.Araştırma verilerinin analizi araştırma amacına uygun olarak aşağıda verilen sıralama ile yapılmıştır. Anketin birinci bölümünde katılımcıların kişisel özelliklerine ilişkin bilgilerin frekans (f) ve yüzde (%) dağılımları belirlenmiştir. Anketin ikinci bölümünde Dil Anlatım Dersi Öğretim Programının hedeflerinin ve kapsamının değerlendirilmesine ilişkin öğretmenlerin değerlendirmelerini içeren verilerin analizinde, her bir 320 �maddeye ait frekans (f), yüzde (%), aritmetik ortalama (X) ve standart sapma (S) değerleri hesaplanarak tablolar halinde verilmiş ve bu tablolara dair yorumlar yapılmıştır. Öğretmenlerin Dil Anlatım Dersi Öğretim Programının hedeflerinin ve kapsamının değerlendirilmesine ilişkin görüşlerinin cinsiyete, eğitim düzeyine ve kıdeme göre farklılıkları ise tek yönlü varyans analizi (one-way ANOVA) tekniği kullanılarak hesaplanmıştır.Tek yönlü varyans analizi sonucu anlamlı çıkan görüşlere yönelik farkın kaynağını belirlemek amacıyla Tukey testi uygulanmıştır. Katılım Düzeyi (4) Ölçmenin Gerekçesi (3) f f (%) (%) 9. Programın kapsamı programınhedefleri ile tutarlıdır. 28(35,0) 19(23.8) 10.Programda yer alan bilgiler konu alanındaki temel bilgileri içerecek özellik ve öneme sahiptir 16(20,0) 11. Programda yer alan bilgiler göreli olarak kalıcılığa sahip ve dayanıklıdır. 12. Programda yer alan bilgiler çağdaş, bilimsel bilgileri yansıtacak kapsam ve geçerliktedir. 13.Programın kapsamı öğrencilerin ilgi ve ihtiyaçlarına uygundur. 14.Programın içeriğini oluşturan konular günlük yaşamla ilişkilendirilebilmektedir. 15. Kapsamda yer alan bilgiler yakından uzağa,basitten karmaşığa, bilinenden bilinmeyene giden bir yolla ele alınmıştır. (2) (1) f Ss X f (%) (%) 30(37.5) 3(3.8) 2,9000 ,9359 25(31.3) 30(37.5) 9(11.3) 2,6000 ,9359 15(18.8) 29(36.3) 26(32.5) 10(12.5) 2,6125 ,9345 20(25.0) 38(47.5) 18(22.5) 4(5.0) 2,9250 ,8233 7(8.8) 17(21.3) 43(53.8) 13(16.3) 2,2250 ,8264 15(18.8) 26(32.5) 36(45.0) 3(3.8) 2,6625 ,8259 ,9691 17(21.3) 29(36.3) 23(28.8) 11(13.8) 2,6500 16. Programın içeriğini oluşturan konular sınıflara göre dengeli olarak dağıtılmıştır. 11(13.8) 17(21.3) 27(33.8) 25(31.3) 2,1750 1,0284 17. Programın kapsamında yer alan konular geçmişte öğretilenleri desteklemektedir. 24(30,0) 28(35,0) 22(27,5) 6(7,5) 2,8750 ,9329 Tablo 1. Öğretmenlerin Dil Anlatım Dersi Öğretim Programının Kapsamına İlişkin Görüşleri * (4) Katılıyorum (3) Büyük Oranda Katılıyorum (2) Kısmen Katılıyorum (1) Hiç Katılmıyorum Türk Dili Ve Edebiyatı Öğretmenlerinin Dil Anlatım Dersi Öğretim Programının kapsamına ilişkin görüşleri incelendiğinde, “Programın kapsamı programın hedefleri ile tutarlıdır.” maddesine % 58,8 oranında, “Programda yer alan bilgiler konu alanındaki temel bilgileri içerecek özellik ve öneme sahiptir” maddesine %51,3 oranında katıldıkları görülmektedir. “Programda yer alan bilgiler göreli olarak kalıcılığa sahip ve dayanıklıdır.” maddesine %55,1 oranında, “Programda yer alan bilgiler çağdaş, bilimsel bilgileri yansıtacak kapsam ve geçerliktedir.” maddesine %72,5 oranında katıldıkları görülmektedir. “Programın içeriğini oluşturan konular günlük yaşamla ilişkilendirilebilmektedir.” maddesine %51,3’ oranında katıldıkları görülmektedir. 321 �“Kapsamda yer alan bilgiler yakından uzağa, basitten karmaşığa, bilinenden bilinmeyene giden bir yolla ele alınmıştır.” maddesine %57,6’ oranında katıldıkları görülmektedir. “Programın kapsamında yer alan konular geçmişte öğretilenleri desteklemektedir.” maddesine % 65 oranında katıldıkları görülmektedir. Ancak; “Programın kapsamı öğrencilerin ilgi ve ihtiyaçlarına uygundur.” maddesine %53,8’inin kısmen katıldığı,yine “Programın içeriğini oluşturan konular günlük yaşamla ilişkilendirilebilmektedir.”maddesine % 45’inin kısmen katıldıkları görülmektedir. “Programın içeriğini oluşturan konular sınıflara göre dengeli olarak dağıtılmıştır.”maddesine% 33,8’inin kısmen katıldıkları ve % 31.3’ünün katılmadıkları tespit edilmiştir. Bu maddede “Hiç Katılmıyorum” seçeneğinin diğer maddelere göre en yüksek oranda tercih edildiği görülmektedir. Katılım Düzeyi (4) Ölçmenin Gerekçesi 18. Program öğrencilerde yaratıcı ve eleştirici düşünme yeteneğini geliştirici niteliktedir. 19. Program, öğrencide Dil Anlatım Dersine karşı olumlu bir tutum geliştirecek niteliktedir. 20. Program, öğrencide duyma düşünme, algılama, sentez yapma ve duygu ve düşüncelerini ifade etme becerisini geliştirebilecek niteliktedir. (3) f (%) (2) f (%) (1) f Ss X f (%) (%) 26(32,5) 8(10,0) 2,7500 ,9744 22(27,5) 24(30,0) 11(13,8) 29(36,3) 28(35,0) 12(15,0) 2,4875 ,9139 19(23,8) 22(27,5) 31(38,8) 8(10,0) 2,6500 ,9560 Tablo 2. Öğretmenlerin Dil Anlatım Dersi Öğretim Programının Değerlendirilmesine İlişkin Görüşleri * (4) Katılıyorum (3) Büyük Oranda Katılıyorum (2) Kısmen Katılıyorum (1) Hiç Katılmıyorum Ankette Dil Anlatım Dersi Öğretim Programının değerlendirilmesine ilişkin öğretmen görüşlerini belirlemek amacıyla sorulmuş olan sorulara verilen cevapları incelediğimizde , “Program öğrencilerde yaratıcı ve eleştirici düşünme yeteneğini geliştirici niteliktedir.” maddesine % 57,5’inin katıldığı bunun yanında % 32,5’ inin kısmen katıldığı görülmektedir. “Program, öğrencide Dil Anlatım Dersine karşı olumlu bir tutum geliştirecek niteliktedir.” maddesine %50,1’inin katıldığı bunun yanında % 35’inin kısmen katıldığı görülmektedir. “Program, öğrencide duyma düşünme, algılama, sentez yapma ve duygu ve düşüncelerini ifade etme becerisini geliştirebilecek niteliktedir.” maddesine %51,3’ünün katıldığı ve % 38.8’ inin kısmen katıldığı görülmektedir. Bu üç maddeye yüksek oranda katılımın olmadığı genelde maddelere %50 civarının üstünde katılım sağlandığı görülmektedir. Sonuçlar 322 �Öğretmenlerin 2005 Dil Anlatım Dersi Programının hedeflerinin ve kapsamının değerlendirilmesine ilişkin görüşlerini tespit etmek amacıyla yapılan araştırmanın sonuçları şöyledir: 1. Araştırmaya katılan Türk Dili Ve Edebiyatı öğretmenlerinin % 50’si bayan , % 50’si erkektir.Bayan (40 ), ve erkek (40 ) toplam 80 kişidir. Öğretmenler Meslekî kıdemleri açısından incelendiğinde % 12,5’ i 0-5 yıl , % 27,5’i 6-10 yıl , % 23,8’i 11-15 yıl , 12,5’i 16-20 yıl , % 23,8’inin 20 yıl üstü oldukları tespit edilmiştir. Öğretmenlerin eğitim düzeyleri ise şu şekildedir: Lisans mezunu % 87,5 , Yüksek lisans mezunu % 12,5’ tir. 2. Öğretmenlerin, Dil Anlatım Dersi Öğretim Programının Hedeflerine ilişkin verileri analiz edildiğinde; Öğretmenlerin “Programın hedefleri toplumun beklenti ve ihtiyaçlarına uygundur.”maddesine % 37,6 oranında katıldıkları, % 47,5 oranında kısmen katıldıkları ve % 12,5 oranında katılmadıkları tespit edilmiştir. Bu sonuçlara göre öğretmenlerin bu madde için olumlu görüşte oldukları tespit edilmiştir. “Programın hedefleri öğrenci ihtiyaçlarına uygundur.” maddesine % 40 oranında katıldıkları, % 47,5 oranında kısmen katıldıkları ve % 12,5 oranında katılmadıkları tespit edilmiştir. Bu maddenin tamamlayıcısı niteliğindeki “Programdaki hedefler öğrencilerin hazır bulunuşluk düzeyine uygundur.”maddesine % 25,1 oranında katıldıkları, % 46,3 oranında kısmen katıldıkları ve % 28.8 oranında katılmadıkları tespit edilmiştir.Bu maddeler için öğretmenlerin katılım oranlarının “kısmen katılıyorum” seçeneğinde yoğunlaştığı görülmektedir. Hedeflerle ilgili 8 madde içinde “Hiç Katılmıyorum” seçeneğinin en yüksek oranının % 28,8 ile “Programdaki hedefler öğrencilerin hazır bulunuşluk düzeyine uygundur.” maddesine olduğu tespit edilmiştir. “Hedefler konu alanının özelliklerine uygun mu? ” amacına yönelik hazırlanmış olan “Program kendi özelliklerine uygun genel amaçlar içerir” maddesine % 76,3 ile en yüksek katılımın olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Yine bu maddeye öğretmenlerin % 23,8 inin kısmen katıldığı tespit edilmiştir. Bu maddeye katılmayan öğretmenin olmadığı da tespit edilmiştir. “Hedefler konu alanının özelliklerine uygun mu?” amacına yönelik hazırlanmış olan ikinci anket maddesi “ Programın hedefleri kazandırılacak davranışları içermektedir.”e öğretmenlerin % 62,5 oranında katıldıkları, % 32,5 oranında kısmen katıldıkları ve % 5 oranında katılmadıkları tespit edilmiştir. Bu sonuçlara göre hedeflerin konu alanına uygunluğu konusunda öğretmenlerin olumlu görüşte oldukları tespit edilmiştir. “Hedefler birbiriyle tutarlı mı ?” alt amacına yönelik olarak hazırlanmış olan “Programın hedefleri, kendi aralarında kazandırılmak istenen özelliklerin birbirleriyle çelişmeyeceği bir tutarlıktadır.” maddesine öğretmenlerin % 70 oranında katıldıkları, % 28,8 oranında kısmen katıldıkları ve % 1,3 oranında katılmadıkları tespit edilmiştir. Bu sonuca göre öğretmenlerin “hedeflerin birbiriyle tutarlı olduğu” konusunda olumlu görüşe sahip oldukları ortaya çıkmaktadır. “Hedef ifadeleri yeterince açık mı?” alt amacına yönelik olarak oluşturulmuş “Programda öğrencilere kazandırılacak davranışlar açıkça ifade edilmiştir.” maddesine öğretmenlerin % 56,3 oranında katıldıkları, % 33,8 oranında kısmen katıldıkları ve % 10 oranında katılmadıkları tespit edilmiştir. Bu sonuçlara göre hedef ifadelerinin yeterince açık olduğu konusunda öğretmenlerin olumlu görüşe sahip oldukları görülmektedir. “Programdaki hedefler gerçekleşebilecek niteliktedir.” maddesine öğretmenlerin % 58,8 oranında katıldıkları, % 30 oranında kısmen katıldıkları ve % 11,3 oranında katılmadıkları tespit edilmiştir. Bu sonuçlara göre öğretmenlerin hedeflerin gerçekleşecek nitelikte olduğu konusunda olumlu görüşe sahip oldukları görülmektedir. Öğretmenlerin, Dil Anlatım Dersi Öğretim Programının Hedeflerine İlişkin 8 maddenin 5 tanesine büyük oranda katıldıkları 3 tanesine büyük oranda katılmayıp kısmen katıldıkları tespit edilmiştir. 3. Türk Dili Ve Edebiyatı Öğretmenlerinin Dil Anlatım Dersi Öğretim Programının kapsamına ilişkin görüşleri incelendiğinde, “Programın kapsamı programın hedefleri ile tutarlıdır” maddesine öğretmenlerin % 58,8 oranında katıldıkları, % 37.5 oranında kısmen katıldıkları ve % 3,8 oranında katılmadıkları tespit edilmiştir. Öğretmenlerin programın hedeflerinin kapsamı ile tutarlılığı konusunda olumlu görüşe sahip oldukları belirlenmiştir. 2005 Dil Anlatım Dersi Programı kapsamında yer alan bilgiler önemli, dayanıklı ve geçerli mi ? alt amacına uygun olarak oluşturulmuş 3 anket maddesini tek tek ele alırsak; “Programda yer alan bilgiler konu alanındaki temel bilgileri içerecek özellik ve öneme sahiptir.”maddesine öğretmenlerin % 51,3 oranında katıldıkları, % 37,5 oranında kısmen katıldıkları ve % 11,3 oranında katılmadıkları tespit edilmiştir. “Programda yer alan bilgiler göreli olarak kalıcılığa sahip ve dayanıklıdır.” maddesine öğretmenlerin % 55,1 oranında katıldıkları, % 32,5 oranında kısmen katıldıkları ve % 12,5 oranında katılmadıkları belirlenmiştir. 323 �“Programda yer alan bilgiler çağdaş, bilimsel bilgileri yansıtacak kapsam ve geçerliktedir.” maddesine %72,5 ile en yüksek katılımın sağlandığı tespit edilmiştir. Öğretmenlerin bu maddeye % 22,5 oranında kısmen katıldıkları ve % 5 oranında katılmadıkları tespit edilmiştir. Bu üç maddeye bakarak 2005 Dil Anlatım Dersi Öğretim Programında yer alan bilgilerin önemli, dayanıklı ve geçerli olduğu konusunda öğretmenlerin olumlu görüş bildirdikleri belirlenmiştir. 2005 Dil Anlatım Dersi Programı kapsamında yer alan bilgilerin sunuluş sırası öğrenme ilkelerine uygun mu ? alt amacına yönelik olarak hazırlanmış olan 3 anket maddesi tek tek ele alalım : “Kapsamda yer alan bilgiler yakından uzağa, basitten karmaşığa, bilinenden bilinmeyene giden bir yolla ele alınmıştır.” maddesine öğretmenlerin % 57,6 oranında katıldıkları, % 28,8 oranında kısmen katıldıkları, % 13,8 oranında katılmadıkları tespit edilmiştir.Bu madde için öğretmenlerin olumlu görüş belirttikleri ortaya çıkmaktadır. “Programın içeriğini oluşturan konular sınıflara göre dengeli olarak dağıtılmıştır.” maddesine öğretmenlerin % 35,1 oranında katıldıkları, % 33,8 oranında kısmen katıldıkları ve % 31,3 oranında katılmadıkları tespit edilmiştir. Bu sonuçlara göre kapsamla ilgili bu madde üzerinde düşünülmesi gerektiği ortaya çıkmaktadır. “Programın kapsamında yer alan konular geçmişte öğretilenleri desteklemektedir.” maddesine öğretmenlerin % 65 oranında katıldıkları, % 27,5 oranında kısmen katıldıkları ve % 7,5 oranında katılmadıkları tespit edilmiştir.Sonuçlara göre öğretmenlerin bu madde için olumlu görüş belirttikleri ortaya çıkmaktadır. 2005 Dil Anlatım Dersi Programı kapsamı öğrenciler için anlamlı mı? alt amacına yönelik olarak hazırlanmış 2 anket maddesini tek tek ele alalım: “Programın kapsamı öğrencilerin ilgi ve ihtiyaçlarına uygundur.” maddesine öğretmenlerin %30,1 oranında katıldıkları, % 53,8 oranında kısmen katıldıkları ve % 16,3 oranında katılmadıkları tespit edilmiştir.Sonuçlara göre, öğretmenlerin “kısmen katılıyorum” seçeneğinde yoğunlaştıkları görülmektedir. “Programın içeriğini oluşturan konular günlük yaşamla ilişkilendirilebilmektedir.” maddesine öğretmenlerin % 51,3 oranında katıldıkları, % 45 oranında kısmen katıldıkları ve % 3,8 oranında katılmadıkları tespit edilmiştir.Öğretmenlerin programın içeriğini oluşturan konuların günlük yaşamla ilişkilendirilebileceği konusunda olumlu görüşe sahip oldukları ortaya çıkmaktadır. Öğretmenlerin Dil Anlatım Dersi Öğretim Programının kapsamına ilişkin 9 maddenin 7’sine büyük oranda katıldıkları tespit edilmiştir. En düşük katılımın “Programın kapsamı öğrencilerin ilgi ve ihtiyaçlarına uygundur.” maddesine %30,1 olduğu ortaya çıkmaktadır. Bu maddede öğretmenlerin “kısmen katılıyorum” seçeneğinde yoğunlaştıkları( % 53,8 ) tespit edilmiştir. Kapsamla ilgili olarak “Hiç katılmıyorum” seçeneğinin en yüksek oranı % 31,3 ile “Programın içeriğini oluşturan konular sınıflara göre dengeli olarak dağıtılmıştır.” maddesidir. 4. Ankette Dil Anlatım Dersi Öğretim Programının değerlendirilmesine ilişkin öğretmen görüşlerini belirlemek amacıyla sorulmuş olan sorulara verilen cevapları incelediğimizde ; “Program öğrencilerde yaratıcı ve eleştirici düşünme yeteneğini geliştirici niteliktedir.” maddesine % 57,5 oranında katıldıkları, % 32,5 oranında kısmen katıldıkları ve % 10 oranında katılmadıkları tespit edilmiştir. “Program, öğrencide Dil Anlatım Dersine karşı olumlu bir tutum geliştirecek niteliktedir.” maddesine %50,1 oranında katıldıkları, % 35 oranında kısmen katıldıkları ve % 15 oranında katılmadıkları tespit edilmiştir. “Program, öğrencide duyma düşünme, algılama, sentez yapma ve duygu ve düşüncelerini ifade etme becerisini geliştirebilecek niteliktedir.” maddesine %51,3 oranında katıldıkları, % 38,8 oranında kısmen katıldıkları ve % 10 oranında katılmadıkları tespit edilmiştir. Bu 3 maddeye yüksek oranda katılımın olmadığı genelde maddelere %50 civarının üstünde katılım sağlandığı görülmektedir. Öğretmenlerin bu maddelere % 30 civarlarında da kısmen katıldıkları ortaya çıkmaktadır.Bunu programın yeni olmasına, uygulamada daha ikinci yılı olmasına bağlayabiliriz. 5. Türk Dili ve Edebiyatı Öğretmenlerinin Dil Anlatım Dersi Öğretim Programının kapsamı ile genel ve özel hedeflerinin değerlendirilmesi hususunda görüşleri cinsiyete, eğitim düzeyine ve kıdeme göre değişmekte midir? Alt amacına göre sonuçları değerlendirirsek: a) Türk Dili ve Edebiyatı öğretmenlerinin Dil Anlatım Dersinin hedefleri, kapsamı ve değerlendirmesine ilişkin görüşleri ile cinsiyetleri arasında anlamlı bir fark olmadığı yapılan t-testi sonuçlarından anlaşılmaktadır. Ankete katılan 40 kadın öğretmen ve 40 erkek öğretmenin verdikleri yanıtların ortalamalarına bakıldığında, “Programın hedefleri, kendi aralarında kazandırılmak istenen özelliklerin birbirleriyle çelişmeyeceği bir tutarlıktadır.”maddesine ilişkin görüşlerin ortalaması; kadınlar X = 3,10, erkekler X = 3,02, “Program kendi özelliklerine uygun genel amaçlar içerir.” maddesine ilişkin görüşlerin ortalaması; kadınlar X = 3,22, erkekler X = 3,17 ile yüksek düzeyde katıldıkları görülmektedir. 324 �Bu maddeler içerisinde erkek ve kadınların en düşük oranda katılımları “Programdaki hedefler öğrencilerin hazır bulunuşluk düzeyine uygundur.” maddesine ilişkin görüşlerin ortalaması; kadınlar X = 1,97 erkekler X = 2,22 olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Öğretmenlerin Dil Anlatım Dersi Öğretim Programının hedefleri, kapsamı ve değerlendirilmesine ilişkin ortalamaları ile cinsiyetleri arasında farklılığın olmamasında Dil Anlatım Dersinin işlenişine ve uygulamalarına yönelik aynı düşünceye sahip olmalarından kaynaklandığını söyleyebiliriz. b) Türk Dili ve Edebiyatı Öğretmenlerinin Dil Anlatım Dersinin hedefleri, kapsamı ve değerlendirmesine ilişkin görüşleri ile eğitim düzeyleri arasında anlamlı bir fark olmadığı yapılan t-testi sonuçlarından anlaşılmaktadır. Tablo 6’da ankete katılan 70 lisans mezunu, ve 10 yüksek lisans mezunu öğretmenin verdikleri yanıtların ortalamalarına bakıldığında, “Programın hedefleri, kendi aralarında kazandırılmak istenen özelliklerin birbirleriyle çelişmeyeceği bir tutarlıktadır.” maddesine ilişkin görüşlerinin ortalaması; lisans mezunları X = 3,02, yüksek lisans mezunları X = 3,30 ile en yüksek katılımın olduğu görülmektedir. Bu maddeler içinde lisans ve yüksek lisans mezunları olan öğretmenlerin en düşük oranda katılımları. “Programın içeriğini oluşturan konular sınıflara göre dengeli olarak dağıtılmıştır.”maddesine ilişkin görüşlerin ortalaması lisans mezunu X = 2,21, Yüksek lisans mezunu X = 1,90 ‘dır. Lisans ve yüksek lisans mezunu öğretmenlerin Dil Anlatım Dersi Öğretim Programının hedefleri ve kapsamının değerlendirilmesine ilişkin ortalamaları ile eğitim düzeyleri arasındaki farklılığın olmamasında dersin işlenişi ve uygulanması konusunda aynı yolu izledikleri söylenebilir. c) Dil Anlatım Dersi Öğretim Programının hedeflerinin ve kapsamının değerlendirilmesine ilişkin görüşleri ile mesleki kıdemleri arasındaki ilişki one-way ANOVA testi yapılarak incelenmiş ve elde edilen bulgular her madde için ayrı olarak tablolaştırılmış ve yorumlanmıştır. Buna göre: 1) “Programın hedefleri kazandırılacak davranışları içermektedir.” ifadesini taşıyan 1. maddeye ait ortalamaların; 20 yıl üstü öğretmenlerin X = 3,15, ile yüksek düzeyde olduğu belirlenmiştir. En düşük ortalamanın ise 0–5 yıl X = 2,40 olduğu görülmektedir. Bu maddeye katılımın en düşük düzeyde 0–5 yıl kıdeme sahip öğretmenlere ait olması öğretmenlik mesleğindeki deneyimlerinin az olmasına bağlanabilir. Öğretmenlerin Madde 1’ e ait ortalamaları ile kıdemleri arasında anlamlı bir fark olmadığı( P> 0,005) ortaya çıkmıştır. 2) “Programın hedefleri, kendi aralarında kazandırılmak istenen özelliklerin birbirleriyle çelişmeyeceği bir tutarlıktadır.” ifadesini içeren 2. maddeye ait ortalamaların 20 yıl üstü öğretmenlerin X = 3,26, ile yüksek düzeyde olduğu görülmektedir. En düşük ortalamanın ise 6-10 yıl X = 2,90 olduğu görülmektedir. Öğretmenlerin Madde 2’ ye ait ortalamaları ile kıdemleri arasında anlamlı bir fark olmadığı( P> 0,005) ortaya çıkmıştır. 3) “Programın hedefleri toplumun beklenti ve ihtiyaçlarına uygundur” ifadesini içeren 3. maddeye ait ortalamaların hepsinin orta düzeyde olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Öğretmenlerin Madde 3’ e ait ortalamaları ile kıdemleri arasında anlamlı bir fark olmadığı( P> 0,005) ortaya çıkmıştır. 4) “Programın hedefleri öğrenci ihtiyaçlarına uygundur.” ifadesini içeren 4. maddeye ait ortalamaların bütün kıdemlere göre orta düzeyde olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Öğretmenlerin Madde 4’ e ait ortalamaları ile kıdemleri arasında anlamlı bir fark olmadığı( P> 0,005) ortaya çıkmıştır. 5) “Program kendi özelliklerine uygun genel amaçlar içerir.” ifadesini içeren 5. maddeye ait ortalamaların hepsinin yüksek düzeyde olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Öğretmenlerin Madde 5’ e ait ortalamaları ile kıdemleri arasında anlamlı bir fark olmadığı( P> 0,005) ortaya çıkmıştır. 6) “Programdaki hedefler gerçekleşebilecek niteliktedir.”ifadesini içeren 6. maddeye ait ortalamaların; 0-5 yıl X = 3,00,ile yüksek düzeyde diğer kıdemlere ait ortalamaların ise orta düzeyde olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Öğretmenlerin Madde 6’ ya ait ortalamaları ile kıdemleri arasında anlamlı bir fark olmadığı( P> 0,005) ortaya çıkmıştır. 7) “Programda öğrencilere kazandırılacak davranışlar açıkça ifade edilmiştir.”ifadesini içeren 7. maddeye ait ortalamaların hepsinin orta düzeyde olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Öğretmenlerin Madde 7’ ye ait ortalamaları ile kıdemleri arasında anlamlı bir fark olmadığı( P> 0,005) ortaya çıkmıştır. 8) “Programdaki hedefler öğrencilerin hazır bulunuşluk düzeyine uygundur.” ifadesini içeren 8. maddeye ait ortalamaların; 6–10 yıl X = 1,95 ile düşük düzeyde olduğu diğer kıdemlere ait ortalamaların ise orta düzeyde olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Öğretmenlerin Madde 8’ e ait ortalamaları ile kıdemleri arasında anlamlı bir fark olmadığı( P> 0,005) ortaya çıkmıştır. 9) “Programın kapsamı programın hedefleri ile tutarlıdır.” ifadesini içeren 9. maddeye ait ortalamaların; 0-5 yıl ile 11-15yıl X = 3,00,ile yüksek düzeyde olduğu diğer kıdemlere ait ortalamaların ise orta düzeyde 325 �tespit edilmiştir. Öğretmenlerin Madde 9’ a ait ortalamaları ile kıdemleri arasında anlamlı bir fark olmadığı( P> 0,005) ortaya çıkmıştır. 10) “Programda yer alan bilgiler konu alanındaki temel bilgileri içerecek özellik ve öneme sahiptir.”ifadesini içeren 10. maddeye ait ortalamaların hepsinin orta düzeyde olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Öğretmenlerin Madde 10’ a ait ortalamaları ile kıdemleri arasında anlamlı bir fark olmadığı( P> 0,005) ortaya çıkmıştır. 11) Tabloya göre “Programda yer alan bilgiler göreli olarak kalıcılığa sahip ve dayanıklıdır.” ifadesini içeren 11. maddeye ait ortalamaların; 0–5 yıl X = 1,80 ile düşük düzeyde olduğu, 11-15yıl X = 3,05 ile yüksek düzeyde olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Diğer kıdemlere ait ortalamaların orta düzeyde olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Öğretmenlerin Madde 11’ e ait ortalamaları ile kıdemleri arasında anlamlı bir fark olduğu ( P> 0,005) ortaya çıkmıştır. Bunun 0-5 yıl kıdeme sahip öğretmenlerin öğretmenlikte tecrübe sahibi olmamalarına bağlıyabiliriz. 12) “Programda yer alan bilgiler çağdaş, bilimsel bilgileri yansıtacak kapsam ve geçerliktedir.”ifadesini içeren 12. maddeye ait ortalamaların; 16–20 yıl X = 3,20 ile yüksek düzeyde olduğu, diğer kıdemlere ait ortalamaların ise orta düzeyde olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Öğretmenlerin Madde 12’ ye ait ortalamaları ile kıdemleri arasında anlamlı bir fark olmadığı( P> 0,005) ortaya çıkmıştır. 13) “Programın kapsamı öğrencilerin ilgi ve ihtiyaçlarına uygundur.”ifadesini içeren 13. maddeye ait kıdem ortalamaların hepsinin orta düzeyde olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Öğretmenlerin Madde 13’ e ait ortalamaları ile kıdemleri arasında anlamlı bir fark olmadığı( P> 0,005) ortaya çıkmıştır. 14) “Programın içeriğini oluşturan konular günlük yaşamla ilişkilendirilebilmektedir.”ifadesini içeren 14. maddeye ait kıdem ortalamaların hepsinin orta düzeyde olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Öğretmenlerin Madde 14’ e ait ortalamaları ile kıdemleri arasında anlamlı bir fark olmadığı( P> 0,005) ortaya çıkmıştır. 15) “Kapsamda yer alan bilgiler yakından uzağa, basitten karmaşığa, bilinenden bilinmeyene giden bir yolla ele alınmıştır.” ifadesini içeren 15. maddeye ait kıdem ortalamaların hepsinin orta düzeyde olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Öğretmenlerin Madde 15’ e ait ortalamaları ile kıdemleri arasında anlamlı bir fark olmadığı( P> 0,005) ortaya çıkmıştır. 16) “Programın içeriğini oluşturan konular sınıflara göre dengeli olarak dağıtılmıştır.” ifadesini içeren 16. maddeye ait ortalamaların; 11-15yıl X = 1,68 ile düşük düzeyde olduğu , diğer kıdemlere ait ortalamaların ise orta düzeyde olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Öğretmenlerin Madde 16’ ya ait ortalamaları ile kıdemleri arasında anlamlı bir fark olmadığı( P> 0,005) ortaya çıkmıştır. 17) “Programın kapsamında yer alan konular geçmişte öğretilenleri desteklemektedir.” ifadesini içeren 17. maddeye ait ortalamaların; 0–5 yıl X = 3,20, 11-15yıl X = 3,05, 16–20 yıl X = 3,10 ile yüksek düzeyde olduğu, 6–10 yıl X = 2, 59, , 20 yıl üstü X = 2,73 ile orta düzeyde olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Öğretmenlerin Madde 17’ ye ait ortalamaları ile kıdemleri arasında anlamlı bir fark olmadığı( P> 0,005) ortaya çıkmıştır. 18) “Program öğrencilerde yaratıcı ve eleştirici düşünme yeteneğini geliştirici niteliktedir.” ifadesini içeren 18. maddeye ait ortalamaların; 11-15yıl X = 3,00 ile yüksek düzeyde olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Diğer kıdemlere ait ortalamaların ise orta düzeyde olduğu belirlenmiştir. Öğretmenlerin Madde 18’ e ait ortalamaları ile kıdemleri arasında anlamlı bir fark olmadığı( P> 0,005) ortaya çıkmıştır. 19) “Program, öğrencide Dil Anlatım Dersine karşı olumlu bir tutum geliştirecek niteliktedir.” ifadesini içeren 19. maddeye ait kıdem ortalamaların hepsinin orta düzeyde olduğu belirlenmiştir. Öğretmenlerin Madde 19’ a ait ortalamaları ile kıdemleri arasında anlamlı bir fark olmadığı( P> 0,005) ortaya çıkmıştır. 20) “Program, öğrencide duyma düşünme, algılama, sentez yapma ve duygu ve düşüncelerini ifade etme becerisini geliştirebilecek niteliktedir.” ifadesini içeren 20. maddeye ait kıdem ortalamaların hepsinin orta düzeyde olduğu belirlenmiştir. Öğretmenlerin Madde 20’ ye ait ortalamaları ile kıdemleri arasında anlamlı bir fark olmadığı( P> 0,005) ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu sonuçlara göre öğretmenlerin Dil Anlatım Dersi Öğretim Programının hedefleri ve kapsamının değerlendirilmesine ilişkin anket maddelerine ait görüşleri ile kıdemleri arasında 11. madde hariç anlamlı bir fark olmadığı ortaya çıkmıştır. Öneriler Bu başlık altında araştırmanın bulguları çerçevesinde uygulayıcılara ve benzer konularda araştırma yapmayı düşünen araştırmacılara aşağıdaki öneriler sunulabilir. 1. Dil Anlatım Dersi Öğretim Programının Hedeflerinin toplumun ve öğrencilerin beklenti ve ihtiyaçlarına uygunluğu konusunda bir araştırma daha yapılarak program yeniden gözden geçirilmelidir. Çünkü öğretmenlerin programın hedeflerinin toplumun ve öğrencilerin beklenti ve ihtiyaçları konusundaki görüşleri “kısmen katılıyorum” seçeneğinde yoğunlaşmıştır. 326 �2. Dil Anlatım Dersi Öğretim Programının içeriğini oluşturan konuların sınıflara göre dağılımının dengeli olarak yapılması için program yeniden gözden geçirilmelidir. Çünkü öğretmenler programın içeriğini oluşturan konuların sınıflara göre dağılımının dengeli olarak yapılmadığı konusunda yoğunlaşmışlardır. 3. Öğretmenlerin hizmet içi eğitime alınarak programa daha hâkim olmaları sağlanmalıdır. Bu kurslarda programı uygulayan kişiler olarak öğretmenlerin gözlem ve görüşleri dikkate alınmalıdır. 4. Öğretim programı çağdaş ve bilimsel ölçülere göre hazırlansa da uygulamada etkinliğini belirlemek için programın değerlendirilmesine ihtiyaç vardır. Bilim ve teknikteki gelişmelerin, kültürel değişimin sonucu olarak eğitim programının geliştirilmesi gerekir.Bunun için eğitim programının aksaklık ve eksikliklerinin belirlenmesinde program geliştirme uzmanlarının,akademisyenlerin öğretmenlerin,velilerin, öğrencilerin görüşlerinin alınması gerekir.Programın uygulayıcısı olan öğretmenlerden programın hedefleri ve kapsamı dışında uygulama ve değerlendirme konusunda da anket ve görüşme teknikleri ile veriler elde edilmelidir. Dostane kelimesi yerine arkadaşça Realizm kelimesi yerine gerçekçilik Haller kelimesi yerine durumlar Kalbim kelimesi yerine yüreğim Kontrolü kelimesi yerine denetlemeyi Show kelimesi yerine gösteri Şarj kelimesi yerine dolum Blander kelimesi yerine karıştırıcı kullanılabilir. Aslında Türk dilinde çok fazla yabancı kelime olmasına rağmen bu kelimelerin birçoğunun Türkçe karşılığı vardır. Türk dilinin bir parçası haline gelmiş ve henüz Türkçede karşılığı olmayan bazı kelimeler için ise şimdilik yapacak bir şey yoktur. Dilin kurallarına uygun yeni kelimeler oluşturulup halk tarafından kabul edilinceye kadar eksi ve artılarıyla bu kelimeler dilimizde misafir olarak kalacaklardır. Bununla birlikte Türkçeleşmiş bazı yabancı kelimelerin dilimizden çıkarılıp atılması mümkün değildir. Çünkü Türk dili ve edebiyatı tarihi boyunca söz konusu bu kelimeler -Türkçe karşılıklarıyla- beraber asırlarca kullanılagelmişlerdir. Kaynaklar Yabancı Sözlere Karşılıklar Kılavuzu TDK yayınları Ankara 2008 Nişanyan, Sevan Sözlerin Soyağacı Adam Yayınları, İstanbul 2007 Sarı, Mustafa Türkçenin Batı Dilleriyle İlişkisi, TDK yayınları Ankara 2008 Ergin, Muharrem Üniversiteler İçin Türk Dili,Bayrak Yayınları İstanbul 1997 327 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 381 Title A name given to the resource 2005 Dil Anlatım Dersi Kapsamı İle Genel ve Özel Hedeflerinin Değerlendirilmesi ve Öğretmen Tutumları Author Author KILINÇ, Aziz TURAN, Filiz Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2009-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed L Education (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/dd79657305c929f424b53f575b620a1c.docx 5de881c4a92bf3160840ba34363259c6 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/c607c32c16990ab1b957524990364fc5.pdf 6d17ddaa94822f1e4b993268fe967122 PDF Text Text 2006-2012 YILLARINDA BOSNA’DA YAPILAN EDEBİ ÇEVİRİLER Sezai COŞKUN - Ayşe DİNÇ - Merve KANDEMİR International Burch University, Türk Dili ve Edebiyatı Öğretmenliği Böülümü, Saraybosna / Bosna Hersek Anahtar Kelimeler: : Çeviri, Edebi eser, Çevirmen, Bosna, Yayınevi. ÖZET Bosna- Hersek'in Fatih Sultan Mehmet tarafından 1463 tarihinden fethedilmesinden itibaren 500 yıl boyunca Müslüman Türkler ve Boşnaklar arasında çok sıkı bir dil ve kültür etkileşimi olmuştur. İstanbul'a giderek Arapça, Farsça ve Türkçe öğrenen aydınlar arasından Osmanlı Türkçesi'yle yazan şairler çıkmış ve bu şairler divan meydana getirmişlerdir. Bu dönemde metinler Türkçe aslından okunup anlaşıldığı için çeviri çalışmalarına pek fazla rastlanamaz. Ancak Osmanlı Devleti'nin bölgeden çekilmeye başladığı 19.yüzyıldan itibaren çeviri çalışmaları yapılmaya başlanmış ve bu çeviriler günümüzde de devam etmektedir. Tanzimat'tan itibaren başlayan bu çeviri çalışmalarını ilk olarak Çatica, Başagiça, gibi isimler Namık Kemal, Ziya Paşa, Tevfik Fikret, Muallim Naci gibi isimlerden çeviri yaparak başlatmışlardır. Daha sonraki yıllarda bu konu üzerine Amina Şiljak, Kerima Filan, Sabina Baksic gibi isimler çalışma yapmışlardır. Bu tercüme çalışmalarının edebiyat- edebiyat teorisi, edebi tenkit gibi açılardan Bosna edebiyatına katkıları olmuştur. Son zamanlarda özellikle 2006’dan itibaren Bosna’da çeviri çalışmaları üzerine bir artış gözlenmiştir. Bu çalışmada 2006’dan sonra Bosna'da yapılan edebi çeviriler tespit edilmiş ve ülkede daha fazla edebi çeviri yapılmasını engelleyen çevirmen ve yayınevi ile ilgili sorunlar irdelenmiştir. Yaşanılan sıkıntıların sebepleri gösterilip ve bu konuda çözümler sunulmuştur. � https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/4faeaa3a3b35ce7b2ef36b37692db201.docx e3adf85453529869ce98a1f0c64a247d https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/4b8dbc9709e17a0f954a49c446c1a497.pdf 5dafcd555f83e708fa186daf13406a97 PDF Text Text 2006-2012 YILLARINDA BOSNA’DA YAPILAN EDEBİ ÇEVİRİLER Ayşe DİNÇ1 MERVE KANDEMİR2 Özet Bosna- Hersek'in Fatih Sultan Mehmet tarafından 1463 tarihinden fethedilmesinden itibaren 500 yıl boyunca Müslüman Türkler ve Boşnaklar arasında çok sıkı bir dil ve kültür etkileşimi olmuştur. İstanbul'a giderek Arapça, Farsça ve Türkçe öğrenen aydınlar arasından Osmanlı Türkçesi'yle yazan şairler çıkmış ve bu şairler divan meydana getirmişlerdir. Bu dönemde metinler Türkçe aslından okunup anlaşıldığı için çeviri çalışmalarına pek fazla rastlanamaz. Ancak Osmanlı Devleti'nin bölgeden çekilmeye başladığı 19.yüzyıldan itibaren çeviri çalışmaları yapılmaya başlanmış ve bu çeviriler günümüzde de devam etmektedir. Tanzimat'tan itibaren başlayan bu çeviri çalışmalarını ilk olarak Çatica, Başagiça, gibi isimler Namık Kemal, Ziya Paşa, Tevfik Fikret, Muallim Naci gibi isimlerden çeviri yaparak başlatmışlardır. Daha sonraları bu konu üzerine Amina Şiljak, Kerima Filan, Sabina Baksic gibi isimler çalışma yapmışlardır. Bu tercüme çalışmalarının edebiyat- edebiyat teorisi, edebî tenkit gibi açılardan Bosna Edebiyatına katkıları olmuştur. Son zamanlarda Bosna‟da çeviri çalışmaları üzerine bir artış gözlenmiştir. Bu çalışmada 2006‟dan sonra Bosna'da yapılan edebî çeviriler tespit edilecek ve ülkede daha fazla edebî çeviri yapılmasını engelleyen çevirmen ve yayınevi ile ilgili sorunlar irdelenecektir. Yaşanılan sıkıntıların sebepleri ve bu konuda çözümler sunulacaktır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Çeviri, Edebî eser, Çevirmen, Bosna, Yayınevi LITRARY TRANSLATIONS IN BOSNIA AFTER AT 2006-2012 Abstract Since the Bosnia and Herzegovina was conquered by the Sultan Fatih Mehmed, there has been a very strong interaction in language and culture between Bosnians and Muslim 1 Arş.Gör., International Burch University, Türk Dili ve Edebiyatı Öğr.Böl., adinc@ibu.edu.ba Lisans Öğrencisi, International Burch University, Türk Dili ve Edebiyatı Öğr.Böl.,m.kandemir@windowslive.com 2 �Turks (among 500 years). After Bosnian writers went to Istanbul to learn Arabic, Turkish and Persian, some of them began to write their writings by Ottoman Turkish. Therefore those poets composed their Divan. In that term, there was not translation because poets tried to understand tasks in their original language. From the 19 century, when the Ottoman Empire began to lose ground from Balkans, translations of literary works became common, and it continues nowadays. First translators were Çatica, Başagiça, Avde Karabegoviça and these translators did their work from famous Turkish writers like Namık Kemal, Ziya Paşa, Tevfik Fikret, Muallim Naci. Literature theory of these translations has contributions on Bosnian literature to criticize literally. In this work, literary translations which are composed after Tanzimat term will be scanned and the contributions of these works on Bosnian Literature will be analyzed. Key words: translations, literary works, writer, Bosnia, publishing house. Giriş Çeviri kelime anlamı olarak; bir dilden başka bir dile aktarmak olarak açıklanabilir ancak çevirinin en önemli işlevi diller arası ve kültür alışverişini sağlayan bir iletişim alanı olmasıdır. Çevirmen yaptığı çevirinin dilini ve çevirinin konusunu bilerek ya da bu konuda araştırma yaparak kaynak metne anlamca uygun işlevsel bir çeviri metni oluşturmakla yükümlüdür. Bir ülkenin kültürü hakkında bilgi edinmek için o ülkenin diline hâkim olmak gerekmektedir. Bir ülkenin yapısı, onun milli unsurları, diline ve yazılmış olan eserlere yansımaktadır. Bu açıdan çevirinin kültür aktarımı işlevini gerçekleştirebilmesi için kaliteli olması önem arz etmektedir. Bu bağlamda Bosna‟da Türkçenin gelişimi ve çevirilerin başlangıcı açısından Osmanlı Devleti‟nin Balkanlarda bulunuşunu kısaca gözden geçirmek gerekmektedir. Osmanlı Devleti tarih boyunca birçok milletle birlikte yaşamış, kendi varlığını sürdürürken, birlikte yaşadığı milletleri kültürü ve diliyle etkilemiş ve bu milletlerden de etkilenmiştir. �Etkileşime girdiği milletlerin en önemlilerinden birisi de Boşnaklardır. Resmi olarak (1428-1429) yılları içerisinde Bosna Kralı ll. Tvrtko, Osmanlı devletini kabul etmiş ve 1463 yılında Fatih Sultan Mehmet döneminde fethedilmiştir. Bu dönemden itibaren Türkler ve Boşnaklar arasında ciddi bir kültürel iletişim başlamış ve zamanla Türkçe kelimeler Bosna‟da günlük hayatın bir parçası olmuştur. (Yorulmaz, 2008: 73) Bosna‟da Türkçe kelimelerin bu kadar yayılmasında; Bosna‟dan İstanbul'a giderek Osmanlıca Farsça ve Türkçe öğrenen Müslümanların payı büyüktür. Hatta bu kişiler arasından Osmanlıca yazan şairler de çıkmış ve Divan Edebiyatı şairleri arasında sayılmışlardır. İstanbul‟da bulundukları süre içinde bazı kelimeleri Boşnakçada tam olarak çeviremedikleri için, aynı şekilde alıp kullanmak zorunda kalmışlardır. Dolayısıyla 19. Yüzyıla kadar Bosna‟da Türkçeden Boşnakçaya çevrilmiş eser hemen hiç yoktur. (Filan, 2005:192) Ancak 19. Yüzyılda Panslavizm politikası sebebiyle Bosna‟da çıkan isyanlar ve ayaklanmalar sonucunda karışıklıklar çıkmıştır. Bu ayaklanmalar Ayastefanos Antlaşması‟nın 3 Mart 1878‟de imzalanmasıyla sonuçlanmıştır. Ayastefanos Antlaşmasının şartları İngiltere gibi diğer Avrupalı devletlerin kabul etmemesinden dolayı reddedilmiş ve Rusya ve İngiltere de bir Avrupa kongresinin toplanması konusunda anlaştıklarından, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu 13 Haziran 1878‟de, Berlin‟de toplanacak olan kongreye çağrılmıştır. (Doğu Anadolu Bölgesi Araştırmaları, 2003: 17) Böylece 13 Haziran 1878‟de toplanılan Berlin kongresinde Osmanlı devleti Bosna‟daki topraklarını Avusturya‟ya bırakmak zorunda kalmıştır. Avusturya‟nın bölgeyi işgalinden sonra Bosna‟da bir dönem boyunca kültürel açıdan ciddi sorunlar yaşanmış ve bir süre burada eğitim alanında çalışma yapılamamıştır. Bu dönemde yayın yapan gazeteleri kapatırlar ve bazı seçkin insanlar bu dönemde ülkeden ayrılmak zorunda kalmışlardır. Avusturya‟nın hâkimiyeti içerisinde bulunan Bosna‟da yedi yıl boyunca Türkçe eser yayınlanmamıştır. Bu yedi yıllık dönem hem Bosna-Hersek, hem Boşnaklar için ciddi kayıptır. Yedi yıllık bir aradan sonra Mehmet Hulusi, Neretva gazetesinden edindiği birikimlerle Vatan adında haftalık bir gazete ile Bosna-Hersek semalarında Türkçenin ses bayrağını yeniden dalgalandırmaya başlar.(Birinci, 2000: 407). 19. yüzyılda Divan edebiyatından sonra Tanzimat edebiyatına benzer bir geçiş Bosna‟da yaşanmıştır. Batı‟da gelişen şiir, hikâye, roman, tiyatro türleri bizdeki yazarlar gibi denemeye �çalışmışlardır. Avusturya‟nın siyasi baskısına paralel olarak edebiyattaki Batı etkisi 19. Yüzyılın sonlarında hızlanmış ve 20. Yüzyılın başlarında da devam etmiştir. (Yorulmaz, 2007:275) Bosna‟da çeviri çalışmalarına Türkçenin yeni öğrenilmesi ve yeni yeni eserler çıkması dolayısıyla ilk dönemler pek rastlamak mümkün değildir. Kerima Filan, Türkçeden Boşnakçaya yapılan çeviri çalışmalarını şu dört bölümde incelemektedir: -19.yüzyıldan 1918'e kadar olan çalışmalar -Savaş dönemi çalışmaları (1918'den 1941'e kadar) -Yugoslavya Dönemi (1945-1992) -Yugoslavya'nın yıkılışından günümüze kadar olan dönem Yapılan çalışmalarda tercüme çalışmaları; edebiyat teorisi ve tarih, edebî tenkit ve çeviriler açısından önemlidir. 1. Başlangıçtan Günümüze Bosna’da Yapılan Çeviriler 1990‟lı yıllardan itibaren Saraybosna‟da Zagreb ve Üsküp‟te Türk kültür ve edebiyatına ait bir takım eserlerin tercüme edildiğini ve tanıtıldığını görüyoruz. Bu dönemde Bajram Esad, Emin İljami, Fahri Mermer, Kerima Filan, Amina Şiljak Jesenkoviç gibi isimler önde gelen Türkologlardır. (Filan, 2005:192) Nedim Filipoviç, Fehim Nametak gibi Şarkiyat'ta hocalık yapan Türkologlar'ın yaptığı çeviriler tamamıyla profesyonel değildi, hem anlam hem de bilgi yanlışları bulmak mümkündü. Ancak bu çalışmaların önsözlerinde yazar, eserin yazıldığı dönem hakkında verilen bilgiler oldukça eğiticiydi ve Türk Edebiyatı'nın Bosna'da anlaşılması ve sevilmesinde etkili oluyordu. Ljubinka Rajkoviç'in (Sırp ve Hırvatlar'da Türk Şair ve Yazarlar) isimli çalışması, o zamanda çıkan Novi Behar, Biser, Gajret gibi dergilere kadar hep ikinci elden çeviriler yapılıyordu. Avrupa dillerinden yapılan bu çeviriler genellikle hem yanlış bilgilerle dolu hem de çok yorumlu oluyordu. Bir nevi çevirinin çevirisi durumunda idiler. Ancak yapılan bu �çeviriler her ne kadar çok iyi olmasalar da Bosna'da ilk dönem adına çok önemli bir görevi yerine getirmişlerdir. (Filan, 2005:192) Çevirilerin dönemlere göre ve o zaman ki yaşanılan siyasi olaylara göre şekil aldığını görüyoruz. Komünizm zamanında Yaşar Kemal, Nazım Hikmet gibi sanatçıların eserleri çevrilmiştir. Yaşar Kemal‟in düşünce yapısı eserlerine işleyişi o zamanki tercümanların dikkatini çekmiştir. (Yılanı öldürseler kitabı). Ayrıca yine günümüz yazarlarından Orhan Pamuk‟un Nobel ödülü almasından dolayı birçok eseri yayınevleri tarafından çevrilmiştir. Son 7 yıl içinde yayınevleri birçok çeviri yayımladılar. Böylece çeviri adına yapılan çalışmalar artarak devam etti. Sabina Baksic, Saraybosna‟daki Gazi Hüsrev Kütüphanesinin her yıl çıkartmış olduğu „ANALİ‟ dergisinin bu seneki sayısında „ÇEVİRİ VE İDEOLOJİ‟ başlığı altında bir makale yayımlamıştır. Burada çevirilerin Bosna‟ya etkisi üzerine bir yazı yazmıştır. Makaleye göre; Çevirilerin ideolojik kökenli olabileceğinden bahsetmiş ve çalışmada editörlerin ya da çevirmenlerin önsözlerinde eseri, neyi hangi amaçla çevirdiği incelenerek bir sonuca varılmaya çalışılmıştır. Ülkenin zaman zaman birçok sıkıntılar atlatması, birçok dönemlerden geçmesi eserleri mutlaka etkileyen sebepler arasındadır. Yılmaz Taşçıoğlu, Bosna‟da yapılan çevirileri Türk Edebiyatı konusunda öne çıkan 200 kadar dergiyi tarayarak tespit etmiştir. Boşnakça Hırvatça ve Sırpça Dillerine çevrilen Türk yazarların başında ilk yıllarda Namık Kemal, Abdülhak Hamit, Tevfik Fikret, Halit Ziya Uşaklıgil, Ahmet Hikmet gibi isimleri görüyoruz. Cumhuriyetin ilk dönem yazarlarından Halide Edip, Yakup Kadri Ve Reşat Nuri bölgede ilgi gören yazarlar arasındadır. 2. Dünya savaşı sonrasında ise başta Nazım Hikmet olmak üzere, Orhan Veli, Fazıl Hüsnü Dağlarca, Melih Cevdet Anday, Aziz Nesin kitapları en çok tercüme edilen yazarlardır. Son zamanlarda ise Orhan Pamuk‟un romanları çevrilmektedir. (Taşçıoğlu, 429-477) Tanzimat‟tan itibaren Bosna‟da çeviri çalışmaları yapılmaya devam etmiştir. Ancak bu çalışmalar profesyonel olmaktan ziyade amatör bir ruhla yapılmış çalışmalardır. Dolayısıyla etkisi de çok geniş çaplı olamamıştır. Ancak 2005 yılından itibaren Boşnakçaya çevirisi yapılan Türkçe eserlerin sayısında bir artış gözlemlenmiştir. �2006‟dan itibaren Bosna‟da Türkçe eser çevirilerinde görülen artışın en önemli sebeplerini şöyle sıralayabiliriz; 1. Türkçe Çeviri Projesi ile (TEDA). (24 tane eser çevirmiş ve hala çalışmalar sürmektedir.) 2. 2006 'da Orhan Pamuk‟un Nobel ödülü alması 3. Türkçe dizilerin Türk kültür hayatının merak edilip araştırılmasına neden olması 4. Bosna‟da bulunan Türk okullarının Türkçenin yaygınlaşmasına etkisi Son yıllarda çevirilerin artmasının başka nedenleri de: 1990‟dan itibaren Avrupa Birliğine aday olan Türkiye‟nin hem diğer ülkelerce daha da çok tanınması, hem ülkenin ekonomik açıdan gelişim göstermesi ve birçok insanın Bosna‟dan Türkiye‟ye gitmesi, gezme veya iş maksatlı programlar da etkilidir. Türk Kültür, Sanat ve Edebiyatı ile ilgili Eserlerin Türkçe Dışındaki Dillerde Yayımlanmasına Destek Projesinin (TEDA) önemli etkisi vardır. TEDA Türkiye kapsamında yurtdışındaki birçok ülkeyle çalışma halinde olup, birçok kitabın çevrilmesinde katkıda bulunmuştur. TEDA projesi kapsamında görüştüğümüz, Doç. Dr. Oktay Saydam‟ın bize gönderdiği Bosna‟da çevrilen eserler aşağıdaki tabloda gösterilmektedir: TEDA Programı Kapsamında Boşnakça Dilinde Verilen Destekler Ülke Dil Yayınevi Bosna2005/2 Boşnakça Connectum Hersek Bosna2005/2 Boşnakça Connectum Hersek Bosna2006/1 Boşnakça Connectum Hersek No Dönem 1 2 3 4 2006/1 5 2007/2 6 7 8 BosnaBoşnakça Connectum Hersek BosnaHersek Bosna2007/2 Hersek Bosna2007/2 Hersek Bosna2007/2 Hersek Buybook D.O.O. Buybook Boşnakça D.O.O. Boşnakça Boşnakça Connectum Boşnakça Connectum 2007/2 BosnaBoşnakça Connectum Hersek 10 2007/3 BosnaBoşnakça Connectum Hersek 9 Eser Öyküler (Şeçmeler) O/Hakkari‟de Bir Mevsim Yazar/Hazırlayan Çevirmen Durumu Füruzan Kerima Filan yayımlandı Ferit Edgü Kerima Filan yayımlandı Kar Masalları Feridun Andaç Ayet Arifi yayımlandı Ciğerdelen Safiye Erol Mucizevi Mandarin Kırmızı Pelerinli Kent Yılanı Öldürseler Aslı Erdoğan Gezgin Osmanlıyı Yeniden Keşfetmek Mavisini Yitirmiş Yaşamak Aslı Erdoğan Amina Siljakyayımlandı Jesenkovic Enver yayımlandı İbrahimkadic Enver yayımlandı İbrahimkadic Yaşar Kemal Kerima Filan yayımlandı Sadık Yalsızuçanlar Ayet Arifi yayımlandı İlber Ortaylı Ayet Arifi/Selmir Kaplan yayımlandı Ali Çolak Ayet Arifi yayımlandı �11 2007/3 12 2007/3 13 2007/3 14 2007/3 15 2008/1 16 2008/1 17 2008/3 BosnaHersek BosnaHersek BosnaHersek BosnaHersek BosnaHersek BosnaHersek BosnaHersek Buybook D.O.O. Buybook Boşnakça D.O.O. Buybook Boşnakça D.O.O. Buybook Boşnakça D.O.O. Boşnakça Boşnakça Connectum Boşnakça Boşnakça Buybook D.O.O. Buybook D.O.O. Izdavacka kuca TUGRA Izdavacka kuca TUGRA Izdavacka kucaTUGRA Izdavacka kuca TUGRA NID "Novi Kevser" d.o.o. NID "Novi Kevser" d.o.o. NID "Novi Kevser" d.o.o. 18 2009/1 BosnaBoşnakça Hersek 19 2009/1 BosnaBoşnakça Hersek 20 2009/2 BosnaBoşnakça Hersek 21 2009/2 BosnaBoşnakça Hersek 22 2010/1 BosnaBoşnakça Hersek 23 2010/1 BosnaBoşnakça Hersek 24 2010/2 BosnaBoşnakça Hersek 25 2010/2 BosnaBoşnakça Connectum Hersek 26 2010/2 BosnaBoşnakça Connectum Hersek 27 2010/2 Bosnabuybook Boşnakça Hersek d.o.o. 28 2010/2 Bosnabuybook Boşnakça Hersek d.o.o. 29 2011/1 30 2011/1 31 2011/1 32 2011/1 33 2011/2 34 2011/2 BTC BosnaBoşnakça (TKD) Hersek Sahinpasic BTC BosnaBoşnakça (TKD) Hersek Sahinpasic BosnaBoşnakça Connectum Hersek BosnaBoşnakça Connectum Hersek BTC BosnaBoşnakça (TKD) Hersek Sahinpasic Bosna- Boşnakça BTC Adı: Aylin Ayşe Kulin Beyaz Kale Orhan Pamuk Sessiz Ev Orhan Pamuk Babamın Bavulu Türk Masalları Kara Kitap Masumiyet Müzesi Git Kendini Çok Sevdirmeden Orhan Pamuk Fatih M. Durmuş Orhan Pamuk Enver yayımlandı İbrahimkadic Enver yayımlandı İbrahimkadic Marta Andric yayımlandı Enver yayımlandı İbrahimkadic Dzejla yayımlandı Dautovic Ekrem yayımlandı Causevic yayımlandı Orhan Pamuk Kerima Filan Tuna Kiremitçi Enver yayımlandı İbrahimkadic Kayıp Söz Oya Baydar Enver yayımlandı İbrahimkadic Küçüğe Bir Dondurma Tuna Kiremitçi Enver İbrahimkadic Huzur Ahmet Hamdi Tanpınar Enver İbrahimkadic Bir Anlık Gecikme Reha Çamuroğlu Enver İbrahimkadic On Beş Türk Masalı Adnan Binyazar Enver İbrahimkadic Aşka Şeytan Karışır Hande Altaylı Enver İbrahimkadic İlber Ortaylı Mirsad Turanoviç Reşat Nuri Güntekin Kerima Filan yayımlandı Ahmet Hamdi Tanpınar Marijana Bavcevic yayımlandı Mario Levi Sabina Baksic Yeşil Peri Gecesi Ayfer Tunç Enver İbrahimkadic Aziz Bey Hadisesi Ayfer Tunç Enver İbrahimkadic İlber Ortaylı Ayet Arifi Cemil Kavukçu Mirsad Turanoviç Ayşe Kulin Enver İbrahimkadic Mehmet Murat Enver Son İmparatorluk Osmanlı Yaprak Dökümü Saatleri Ayarlama Enstitüsü Karanlık Çökerken Neredeydiniz Defterimden Portreler Öyküler (Seçme) Veda: Esir Şehirde Bir Konak Buse Cinayeti �Hersek (TKD) Sahinpasic BosnaSemerkand 35 2012/1 Boşnakça Hersek D.O.O. BosnaHersek Bosna37 2012/1 Hersek Bosna38 2012/1 Hersek Bosna39 2012/1 Hersek 36 2012/1 40 2012/1 Semerkand D.O.O. Semerkand Boşnakça D.O.O. Boşnakça Boşnakça Connectum Boşnakça Connectum BosnaBoşnakça Connectum Hersek 41 2012/1 Bosna- Boşnakça Connectum Hersek 42 2012/1 BosnaBoşnakça Connectum Hersek Bosna43 2012/1 Boşnakça Connectum Hersek 44 2012/2 BosnaBoşnakça Connectum Hersek Bosna45 2012/2 Boşnakça Connectum Hersek 46 2012/2 BosnaBoşnakça Connectum Hersek 47 2012/2 BosnaBoşnakça Connectum Hersek 48 2012/2 BTC BosnaBoşnakça (TKD) Hersek Sahinpasic Somer Leyla ile Mecnun Nusret Özcan Kalbin Şehrayini Aşık Paşazade Cemil Çiftçi Tarihi (Haz.) Ömer Nasuhi İki Aşk Çiçeği Bilmen Üç Kıtada İlber Ortaylı Osmanlı İbrahimkadic Amir Cananovic Amir Cananovic Amir Cananovic Ajet Arifi Balkanlarda Osmanlı Mirası ve Milliyetçilik Kemal Karpat Dzejla Khattab Osmanlılar, Fütühat, İmparatorluk, Avrupa İle İlişkiler Halil İnalcık Nadira Zunic Barbaros Metin Özdamarlar Nadira Zunic Mimar Sinan Nefise Atçakarlar Azra Efendic Niyazi Mısri Burc-i Belada Mustafa Tatçı bir Merdi Huda Dahi Fatihin Muhteşem Behiçe Tezçakar Fethi 365 Günde Sevgili Peygamberim Bir Adam Girdi Şehre Koşarak Kekeme Çocuklar Korosu Serenad Amina SiljakJesenkovic yayımlandı Azra Efendic Nurdan Damla Samira Osmanbegovi c Baksic/Ajet Arifi Tarık Tufan Ajet Arifi Tarık Tufan Ajet Arifi Zülfü Livaneli Nura Dika Kapic Türk dilinin, kültürünün ve Edebiyatının farklı ülkelerce tanınması açısından çalışmalar yapan bu kurumun Bosna‟da da birçok yayınevi ile çalıştığı görülmüştür. 2005‟den itibaren çevrisi yapılan ve yapılma aşamasında olan birkaç eserlere bakacak olursak: Bosna‟da 2005‟ten itibaren 24 adet kitap çevrilmiştir. Bu kitaplar içerisinde 15 tane roman ve romanlar içerisinde 1 tarihi roman, 4 hikâye kitabı, 1 anı, 1 deneme türü eser çeviri çalışması olmuştur. Bunlar içerisinden de hala çevirisi yapılan kitaplar arasında 17 roman vardır. Romanlardan 7 tarihi roman, 2 çocuk hikâye kitabı, 2 deneme türü eser bulunmaktadır. �Teda kapsamında bakılırsa 1351 Türkçe eser, 54 farklı dile çevrilerek 57 ülkede yayımlanmıştır. Çevrilen kitaplara baktığımızda büyük bir kısmının edebî eser kapsamında bulunduğunu görürüz. Bu eserlerin büyük bir kısmı roman türündedir. Ardından hikâye ve deneme türünde eserler gelmektedir. Bu noktada dikkatimizi çeken, eserler arasında hiç şiir kitabının bulunmamasıdır. Buna sebep olarak ise şiir çevirisinin daha zor olması gösterilebilir. Türkiye'nin Saraybosna Kültür ve Tanıtma Müşaviri Dr. Cengiz Aydın ise Türkçe kitaplara olan ilgide TEDA‟nın önemini belirtti. Bu proje sayesinde 2005 yılından bugüne kadar Türkçeden Boşnakçaya çevrilen çeşitli alanlardaki 24 kitaba destek verildiğini ifade eden Aydın, bu destekler nedeniyle çevirmenlerin ve yayıncıların Türk edebiyatına öncelik verdiğine işaret etti.(Radikal.com) 2. Yayınevleri Bosna‟da yayınevleri sayısı çok fazla değildir. Bununla birlikte Bosna‟da bulunan toplam yayınevi sayısı 10‟ u geçmemektedir. Yayınevleri pek çok açıda sıkıntılı olsa da genel anlamda en ciddi problem olarak, çeviri sisteminin ticari bir amaç haline gelmesi nedeniyle masraftan kaçınan bir tutuma sahip olduklarını görüyoruz. Bu işi üstlenen profesyonel anlamda bilgisi olan insanların maddi gelir açısından çok şey isteyeceklerini düşünen yayınevleri çözümü çeviri işlerini daha az bilgili veya daha az para alan ve profesyonel olmayan insanlarla çalışmakta bulmaktadır. Bu nedenle ortaya kaliteli ve sağlıklı çeviriler çıkmamaktadır. Bu projede payı olan Connectum Yayınlarının sahibi ve çok sayıda Türkçe kitabı Boşnakçaya çeviren Ajet Arifi3 olumlu bir tablo çizerek; Bosna‟da kitap okuma oranının çok fazla olduğunu ve Boşnakçaya çevrilen Türkçe eserlerin çok satıldığını söyledi. Çevrilen kitap sayısının az bir nüfusa sahip olan Bosna‟ya göre gayet yüksek olduğunu belirtti. Ancak Arifi‟ye göre Türkiye‟de günümüze kadar Boşnak yazarlarından sadece üç yazarın kitabının yayımlanmış olması, çevirilerin kültür aktarımı açısından önemi dikkate alındığında bir eksikliktir. Boşnakçadan Türkçeye çevrilen bu kitaplar, Meşa Selimovic‟in „Derviş ve Ölüm‟, İzet Sarajlic‟in „Sunu‟ ve Ahmet Hromadzic‟in hikâyeleridir. Bundan dolayı da çeviri çalışmalarının tek taraflı şekilde yürüyemeyeceğini, Türkiye‟de bu çalışmaların daha yoğun 3 Buradaki bilgiler 05.03.2013 tarihte yapılan röportajından alınmıştır. �şekilde yapılması gerektiği Ajet Arifi tarafından vurgulanmıştır. Çeviri açısından sadece bu alanda bilindik kişilerin yapabildiğini, günümüzde çok fazla çeviri yapabilen çevirmenin olmadığından söz etti. Bu konuda çalışma yapan diğer bir yayınevi olan Bybook yayınlarının sahibi Damir Uzunovic de, popüler kitaplar çevirdiklerini, bu konuda Teda‟nın desteğinin oldukça iyi olduğunu ancak devletin bu konuda yayınevlerine katkısının olmayışının sıkıntı meydana getirdiğini söyledi. Teda yaklaşık her kitap için 3 ile 5 bin Euro arasında yardım yapmaktadır. Profesyonel olarak çalışan çevirmenler, İngilizce çeviriye göre Türkçe eser çevirisinden daha fazla ücret talep etmektedirler. Bu da yayınevlerinin daha az ücretle çalışan insanlara yöneldiğini gösteriyor. Bybook‟da en çok Orhan Pamuk ve Ahmet Hamdi Tanpınar‟ın eserlerine talep vardır. Edebî eserlerin yanında dini eser çevirisi yapan yayınevleri de bulunmaktadır. Bu yayınevlerinin sıkıntıları, Boşnakların çok fazla tasavvuf bilgisi olmayışı ve bu yüzden Türkçeden çeviri eserlerde çok fazla satış olmamasıdır. Semerkand Yayınevi de Türkiye ile karşılıklı ilişki halinde çeviri çalışması yapmaktadır. Boşnakçaya çevrilen eserlerin yanında Türkçe eserler de satılmakla birlikte bu kitapların satış rakamları iyidir. Satış oranlarının iyi olmasını sebebini Aldin Zigiç, Semerkand Tv kanalının olmasına bağladı. Hikmet yayınevinden Fikret Daçiç, tercih olarak daha çok dini kitap çevirisi yaptıklarını bunların içinde Fethullah Gülen‟in yazmış olduğu eser çevirileri oldukça fazladır. Gülen‟in yazmış olduğu eserler, Bosna‟da iyi satılmakta ve bu kitaplar Boşnakçaya çevrilen eser sayısını arttırmaktadır. Geçen sene açılan ve bu zamana kadar 20 kitap çevirisi yapmış olan Hikmet Yayınevi, çeviri yapabilecek her türlü insanla çalıştıklarını, bunların içinde profesyonel ve üniversite öğrencisinin yanında daha önce Türkiye‟de yaşamış kişilerin bulunduğunu ifade etti. Fikret Daçiç, genç ve daha az tecrübeli insanlarla daha kolay iş birliği yapıldığını, buna sebep olarak çok tecrübeli olan çevirmenlerin, yaptıkları çevirilerde çok fazla dikkatli olmadığını söylüyor. Aksine az tecrübeli olan çevirmenler hata yapma korkusu ile daha da dikkatli çalıştıklarını belirtti. Sonuç olarak; yayınevlerinin kitap seçiminde popüler kitaplara yöneldikleri, daha az maliyetle çalışmak için profesyonel olmayan çevirmenler tercih ettikleri, bu nedenle edebî eser çevirisinde kalitenin birinci planda olmadığını belirtebiliriz. �3. Çevirmenler Bir dilden başka bir dile çeviri yapılırken; bu çevirinin nitelikli olması işini bilen uzman çevirmenlerin yetiştirilmesiyle ilgilidir. Bosna bu anlamda, henüz profesyonel olgunluğa ulaşamamıştır. Daha çok gönüllülük esasına dayalı olarak çevirmenler, çalışmalarını yapmaktadır. Bosna‟da çevirmenler de çeşitli sıkıntılar yaşamaktadırlar. Bunların en başta gelenlerinden birisi, yayınevleri ile ilgili yaşanan sıkıntıdır. Bu sıkıntılar yayınevlerinin popüler eserlere öncelik tanımasından kaynaklanmaktadır. Yayınevleri kitapların satış oranına göre, estetik değerlerine öncelik vermeden çevrilecek kitaba karar vermekte ve bu konuda profesyonel anlamda çalışan çevirmenlerin görüşlerine değer vermemektedir. Bu genel anlamda dünyanın pek çok ülkesinde yaşanan bir problemdir. Çevirmen olarak Sabina Baksic4 de bazen çalışmalarda sorun çıkarabildiğini, kendisinin çeviri yapmaktan çok zevk aldığını ama iki yıl önce yaptığı çevirinin yayınlanmamasından dolayı (Maria Levi, Karanlık çökerken neredeydiniz? ) yaşanılan sıkıntılardan bahsetti. Yayınevleri çevirilerin iyi olup olamadığına bakmaksızın kâr amacıyla çalıştıkları için ortaya kaliteli çeviriler çıkmamaktadır. Diğer bir sıkıntı da, çevirinin Bosna‟da çok para getirmemesiyle ilgilidir. Bu yüzden genellikle çeviriler belirli kişiler tarafından yapılmaktadır. Profesyonel anlamda çok çeviri yapan olmadığından, olanların da mali açıdan çok fazla beklenti içinde olabileceğini düşünen yayınevleri, uzman olmayanlarla bu işi sürdürmektedir. Fehim Nametak 5 da çeviri açısından yaşanan en büyük sıkıntının, yayınevlerinin daha az maliyete kaçmasından dolayı, kalitesiz çalışmaların ortaya çıkması olduğunu söyledi. Ona göre profesyonel olmayan çevirmenlerle çalışan yayınevleri kalitenin düşmesine sebep olmaktadır. Diğer bir konu da çevirmen Edina Ustavdic6, konuyu çevirmenin sorumlulukları açısından değerlendirerek, Türk olmayan Türkologların iki dile hâkim olmak zorunda olduğunu ifade etti. Ona göre bir çevirmen kaliteli bir eser ortaya koyabilmek için edebî dili akımları, iyi bilmeli ve bu konuda pek çok kitap okumalıdır. Aynı zamanda o dilin inceliklerine eserin ruhunu da yansıtacak kadar hâkim olmalıdır. 4 Sarajevo üniversitesi Felsefe Fakültesi öğretim Görevlisi Sabina Baksic’le 23.03.2013 tarihinde yapılan röportajda edinilen bilgilerdir. 5 Sarajevo üniversitesi öğrt. Felesefe Fehim Nametak’la 18.04.2013 tarihinde yapılan röportajdır. 6 Sarajevo üniversitesi Felsefe Fakültesi Araştırma Görevlisi Edina Ustavdic ile 23.03.2013 tarihinde yapılan ropörtajdır. �Bosna da son zamanlarda Türkçe bölümü okuyanların sayısının arttığını ifade eden Ustavdic, daha önceleri Boşnak öğrenciler amaçsız bir şekilde bu bölüme gelirken son dönemlerde artık bu seçimin bilinçli olarak yapıldığını söyledi. Buna bağlı olarak profesyonel manada çevirmen olacak kişilerde bir artış gözlenebileceği düşünülebilir. Son zamanlarda Türkiye‟ye olan ilgi artınca, bu bölüme olan ilgi de arttı. Buna sebep olarak dizilerin payı ve Türkiye‟nin yükselişi etkilidir. Türkiye ile duygusal bir bağ oluşmuştur. Bir başka sıkıntı da Bosna Şartlarında çeviriler hususunda çevirmenlerin arkasında olan veya yayınevlerini destekleyici bir kuruluşun olmayışıdır. Çevirilere, çevirmen açısından bakıldığında bir diğer konu; çevirmenlerin asıl işlerinin bu olmaması ve zaman yetersizliğidir. Amina Şiljak7 en büyük sorununun zamanı olmadığını, dolayısıyla çeviri çalışmalarına yetirince eğilemediğini ifade etti. Ayrıca hem bilimsel araştırma yapıp hem de tercümanlık yapmanın çok zor olduğunu, diğer taraftan bu çevirdiği eserlerin para ile olamayacağını, vakit bulduğu zamanlarda çeviri yaptığını, bunun karşılığında herhangi bir ücret talep etmediğini söyledi. Sonuç Sonuç olarak; Çeviri çalışmaların ülkeler arası etkileşim açısından büyük bir etkiye sahip olduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Ancak bu çalışmaların tek taraflı değil de karşılıklı koordinasyon kurularak daha ciddi çalışmalarla devam etmesi gerekmekte ve çeviri çalışmalarında çevrilecek eseri, konusunu ve yayınevinin belirleyen pek çok etmenden bahsetmek mümkündür. En önemli etkilerden birisi çevirinin ideolojik fikirleri göre değişiklik gösterebildiğidir. Başka bir etmen olarak ise, Bosna‟da bu işi yapan profesyonel manada çevirmenlik mesleğini icra eden bireylerin yetişmemesidir. Bu bağlamda herhangi destekleyici bir Kurumun olmaması, Türkoloji‟nin bu konuda yeterince çalışma yapamaması bürokratik engeller ve ülke yönetimindeki aksaklıkların da etkisi vardır. 7 Sarajevo Üniversitesi Şarkiyat Endüstrisi Öğretim Görevlisi Amina Şiljak ile görüşmemiz sonucunda edilinilen bilgilerdir. �Bir diğer sebep ise ülkedeki ekonomik sıkıntının ve çevirmenlerin yeterince para alamamasıdır. Son bir nokta olarak ise yayınevlerinin politikasını belirlemelerinde dünyanın pek çok yerinde görüldüğü gibi, popüler olan eserlerin öne çıkması ve estetik değerler taşıyan eserlerin daha arka planda kalmış olmasıdır. Bu konuda çok yönlü çalışma yapılması ve daha verimli olunması için Türkiye ile karşılıklı etkileşim halinde olunmalıdır. Çünkü edebî çeviri çalışması pek çok anlamda önemlidir. Kendi edebiyatımızı daha iyi anlamanın yolu farklı edebiyatları da anlamaktan geçer. Farklı dillerin edebî eserlerini anlayarak, yabancı edebiyatları tanımak, kültürlerarası etkileşime yardımcı olacaktır. Kaynaklar: Alparslan Şenol (2008), “Bosna‟da Türk Kültürünün İzleri”, Ankara, Genel Kurmay Ataşe ve Denetleme Başkanlığı Yayınları Baksic Sabina (2012) „Prevodenje İ İdeologıa‟, Anali Gazi Husrevbegove biblioteka, 2012 S. 33, s.291-300 Filan Kerima (2005), “Antologija Turske Price”, TKD Şahinpaçiç, Sarajevo 2005. s.192 Karatay Osman, Gökdağ Bilge (2006), “Dil ve Edebiyat Balkan Kaynakçası”, Balkanlar El Kitabı, Ankara, Tarih / Araştırma ve Kültür Vakfı-Karam Yayınları Karatay Osman, Gökdağ A.Bilgehan, Pars Melehat (2007), “Balkanlar El Kitabı III. Cilt Dil Ve Edebiyat”, Ankara, Vadi Yayınları Yorulmaz Hüseyin (2007), “Osmanlı‟nın Batı Yakası Bosna”, İstanbul, 3F Yayınevi � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2281 Title A name given to the resource 2006-2012 YILLARINDA BOSNA’DA YAPILAN EDEBİ ÇEVİRİLER Author Author COŞKUN, Sezai DİNÇ, Ayşe KANDEMİR, Merve Abstract A summary of the resource. Anahtar Kelimeler: : Çeviri, Edebi eser, Çevirmen, Bosna, Yayınevi. ÖZET Bosna- Hersek'in Fatih Sultan Mehmet tarafından 1463 tarihinden fethedilmesinden itibaren 500 yıl boyunca Müslüman Türkler ve Boşnaklar arasında çok sıkı bir dil ve kültür etkileşimi olmuştur. İstanbul'a giderek Arapça, Farsça ve Türkçe öğrenen aydınlar arasından Osmanlı Türkçesi'yle yazan şairler çıkmış ve bu şairler divan meydana getirmişlerdir. Bu dönemde metinler Türkçe aslından okunup anlaşıldığı için çeviri çalışmalarına pek fazla rastlanamaz. Ancak Osmanlı Devleti'nin bölgeden çekilmeye başladığı 19.yüzyıldan itibaren çeviri çalışmaları yapılmaya başlanmış ve bu çeviriler günümüzde de devam etmektedir. Tanzimat'tan itibaren başlayan bu çeviri çalışmalarını ilk olarak Çatica, Başagiça, gibi isimler Namık Kemal, Ziya Paşa, Tevfik Fikret, Muallim Naci gibi isimlerden çeviri yaparak başlatmışlardır. Daha sonraki yıllarda bu konu üzerine Amina Şiljak, Kerima Filan, Sabina Baksic gibi isimler çalışma yapmışlardır. Bu tercüme çalışmalarının edebiyat- edebiyat teorisi, edebi tenkit gibi açılardan Bosna edebiyatına katkıları olmuştur. Son zamanlarda özellikle 2006’dan itibaren Bosna’da çeviri çalışmaları üzerine bir artış gözlenmiştir. Bu çalışmada 2006’dan sonra Bosna'da yapılan edebi çeviriler tespit edilmiş ve ülkede daha fazla edebi çeviri yapılmasını engelleyen çevirmen ve yayınevi ile ilgili sorunlar irdelenmiştir. Yaşanılan sıkıntıların sebepleri gösterilip ve bu konuda çözümler sunulmuştur. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-17 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2203-4548 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/cd11442ee79c22fd0ea89e2cb626bc05.pdf c13967e2471cf266bacbbc4690ca0316 PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo REFERENCES Agency of Statistics of Bosnia and Herzegovina www.bhas.ba “Bosnia and Herzegovina: Letter of Intent and Technical Memorandum of Understanding“, Published:June 16, 2009, Available at IMF officaila page www.imf.org, “Bosnia and Herzegovina: Letter of Intent and Technical Memorandum of Understanding“, Published:June 16, 2009, Available at IMF offical page www.imf.org Central Bank of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Various Issues, www.cbbh.ba Consequences of the global financial crisis on BiH economy“, Source: FENA, Published: December 30, 2008., http://www.emportal.rs/en/news/region/74519.html International Monetary Fund. http://www.imf.org/external/np/sec/pr/2010/pr10111.htm , . http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/2010/cr10348.pdf “The Western Balkans: Between the Economic Crisis and the European Perspective”, Institute for Regional and International Studies, Sofia, September 2010, page.52 http://www.iris-bg.org/files/The%20Western%20Balkans.pdf, 2008 Global Crisis, The Case Struggle Turkey “You are the Privileged, give us lessons”* Bulut Şahin1, Göçer İsmet1, Dam M. Metin1, Mercan Mehmet2 Martin Wolf, Financal Times' chief economic commentator. 1Adnan Menderes University, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Department of Economics, Aydin, Turkey 2Lec. Hakkari University, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Department of Economics, Aydin, Turkey E-mails: sbulut@adu.edu.tr, igocer@adu.edu.tr, mdam@adu.edu.tr, sbulut@adu.edu.tr Abstract In this survey, how Turkey overcame the 2008 crisis was studied using 2002:1-2011:12 period data through co-integration test. Within the scope of Empiric analysis, the influence of 397 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo selected macroeconomic variables such as Economical growth, ISE, unemployment, export, agriculture, foreign currency rate-USD and supply of Money were studied through two-stage Engle-Granger co-integration method. As a result of co-integration test, in the long run, export policies, IMKB, agriculture and foreign currency policies practiced have positive contribution to economic growth; therefore, Turkey has been successful in the struggle against economic crisis. Money supply policies had negative effect on economic growth and the recent economic crisis affected the growth of Turkish economy in a negative way. In the short term, export and agriculture had a positive effect on the growth of Turkish economy but global economic crisis had a negative effect. Keywords: 2008 Global economic crisis, struggle, Turkey, co-integration. 1.INTRODUCTION In a globalizing world, all countries monitor and study what happens in a particular country. As a result of globalization, all countries are interrelated directly or indirectly. Economic and political relations have become more and more important along as a result of globalization. Developed countries not only manipulate globalization for their own sake, but also they use it as a weapon against developing countries (John Perkins, 2006) the rapid change in the accelerated with immense developments in hi-tech, communication and transport, and there remains no limitation in front of capital and information. The spread of c rises to a different country is regarded as the result of a globalization (Öztürk and Gövdere, 2010) the recent crisis which broke out with the bubbles in the mortgage markets in USA and continued with the publication of the two giants of the market, Fannie May and Freddie May and deepened with bankruptcy of Lehman Brothers in USA in September, 2008 and detriments from private sectors (General motors etc.) first influenced finance markets (American stock markets in the first place and then the whole world economies fell sharply) and then real economies (economic growth, unemployment etc.). (Turkish ministry of Finance). The influences of the crisis are still on the go in especially EU countries (Greece, Portugal, Spain, Italy, Hungary etc.) The globalizing world had its first devastating economic recession 1929 and it was followed by oil crises in 1970 and 1980. however new crises were on the way: European monetary crisis(1992-1993), Mexico Tequila Crisis (1994-1995), south-east Asia crisis (1997-1998), Indonesia Crisis (1997), Russia Crisis (1998), Brazil Crisis (1999), and Argentina Crisis (2002). Recent crises in Turkey are; 4th April, 1994, November 2000, and February 2001 (Koyuncu and Şenses, 2003) The concept of crisis which badly affects living standards of people and financial crises definitions and their types were handled. Next, the world financial crisis process which emerged in mid-2007 but whose effect was felt in 2008 in Turkey, and also known as mortgage crisis was explained and finally the effects of crisis on Turkish economy and its reflections were mentioned and the effects mentioned were analyzed econometrically and its results were assessed. 398 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 2.ECONOMIC CRISIS, DEFINITIONS AND TYPES 2.1.Definition of the Economic Crisis A great many definitions have been made for economic crisis. Only a few of those will be given here. “Economic crises can be defined as violent surges which happens beyond an acceptable change limit in any kind of goods, service, production factor or foreign Exchange market.” (Kibritçioğlu, 2003) it means “incidents which happen all of a sudden and unexpectedly in the economy result in quakes in a country’s economy (macro) and firms (micro)” (Aktan and Şen, 2002) In other words, economic crisis can be stated as an unexpected and unpredictable state of nervousness which requires quick action, which needs to be managed well and which threatens the company’s current values, goals and assumptions by making its prevention and adaptation mechanisms inadequate. (kobifinans, 2010) “Financial crisis is a nonlinear corruption in which adverse selection and moral risks are at an advanced level, consequently, financial markets cannot convert funds actively into economic institutions which have the most productive investment opportunities. (Mishkin, 1996) 2.2. 2008 Process of Global Economic Crisis Most of the countries were effected by the crisis. In this period there were also less effected countries(China, Rusia, Brazil etc.). the negative effects of crisis were felt in turkey in the last quarter of 2008. In this crisis real sector was effected in Turkish economy unlike fiscal sector crisis in 2001-2002(Global crisis and Turkey, 2009). The recession in developed countries and sharp falls in the growth rate of developed countries diminished foreign demand, world export rate has declined since the last quarter of 2008. The most effected economies were those which based their growth on exports. As a result of the decline in foreign demand as well as obscurity consumer and real sector reliability declined to the lowest and resulted in a sharp decrease in domestic demand primarily investment(Yörükoğlu, 2009). Figure 1: Selected Macroeconomics Overall Views Of Selected Groups 2002-2011 20,00 15,00 10,00 5,00 0,00 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 -5,00 -10,00 -15,00 Figure 1.7 Campus status DI CAD/GDP Sources: The data was created by me taking IMF(World Economic Outlook Database, April 2012). 399 Figure 1.7 Campus statu �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Table 1: Descriptions of variables used in Figure 1 WORLD EG WORLD TV D UN D CAD/GDP DI TV DI TIV DI TXV DI CAD/GDP World Real Economic Growth World Trade Volume Development Countries Unemployment Rate Development Countries Currnet Account deficit/GDP Developing Countries Trade Volume Developing Countries Total Import Volume Developing Countries Total Export Volume Developing Countries Currnet Account Deficit/GDP According to the chart above, 12% by volume of global trade in 2009, recorded a 23% reduction In terms of value. Apparently the U.S. economy which started the crisis transferred it to EU. US appear to have got over the crisis. In the EU zone crisis tends to spread. Even though Greece was healed temporarily countries such as Spain and Portugal are also susceptible. International credit rating institute(S&P) warned that it would lower 15 EU countries’ ratings in December 2011, and decreased 9 EU countries’ ratings including France, Austria, Italy on 13 January 2012(Haberturk, 14 Jan. 2012). So what happened in Turkish economy while all these were taking place in the world? 2.3. Process of 2008 Global Economic Crisis Turkey Reconstruction, strengthening and durability of Turkish banking sector following 2001 crisis enabled it to be more resistant to global crisis. Therefore real sector, not the banking sector, was effected by the recent global crisis. Thus Turkey was less effected by the crisis and got rid of its negative effects easily. In order to perceive the effects of crisis on Turkish economy, developments of basic macroeconomic parameters are written below. Figure 2: General Wiev of Selected Turkey macroeconomics Variables 2002-2011 (% annually) 50,00 40,00 30,00 20,00 10,00 0,00 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 -10,00 -20,00 400 EG TI/GDP TS/GDP CPI TX UNM GGE/GDP CAD/GDP 2011 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Sources: The data was created by me taking IMF(World Economic Outlook Database, April 2012) . Table 2: Descriptions of variables used in Figure 2 Variables EG TX TI/GDP UNM TS/GDP GGE/GDP CPI CAD/GDP Descriptions Economic Growth Total Export Total Investment /Gross Domestic Product Unemployment Rate Total Saving/ Gross Domestic Product General Government Expenditures / Gross Domestic Product Consumer Price Index Current Account Deficit / Gross Domestic Product In figure 2 some annual economic data are provided for 2002-2011 period. According to the chart, of the economic indicators growth rate, export volume, total savings, total investments and inflation fell while current account deficit, government expenditures and unemployment rate increased. Turkey is the fastest growing economy of Europe in 2010 and in the first quarter of 2011. In the second quarter of 2011 Turkey reached 8.8% growth rate being the second after China 9.5% in the world. OECD foresees that Turkey will be fastest growing OECD country for 2011-2017 period. What helped Turkey overcome the crisis most is trade Turkey follows aggressive export policies(cooperating with African and Asia countries) and is shifting its trade to other places at a time when Europe is in crisis(Çağlayan, 2011). Turkey’s export reached 114 billion dollars in 2010 rising four times and imports reached 185,5 billion dollars rising 3,5 times in the last decade. In 2011the country’s export was 134 billion 969 million dollars. According to the first 79 months data of 2011 exports were made to 79 countries/regions (Çağlayan, 2011). Let’s look into the effects of crisis by checking Turkish economy’s recent data: according to the chart below Turkey started to feel the recent global crisis in the last quarter of 2008 and found itself in the middle of the crisis Feb. 2009. Macroeconomic indicators, especially unemployment rates in 2009, growth rate, ISE as a finance indicator and consumption figures demonstrate this clearly. Then Turkey continued its economical activities, shifted its export from Europe to other countries and started to get over effects of the crisis in a very short time by applying strict fiscal policies. This situation is clear in the next figures. Table 3: Selected Macroeconomic Indicators of the Global Economy in Crisis and Post-2008 Turkey 2008-2012 Selected 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012Q1* Macroeconomic Indicators Economic Growth % 0,7 -4,8 9,2 8,5 Total Consumption % -0.4 10,9 -2.0 14,0 5.9 11,9 7.2 9,7 37587,1871 37489,9219 59440,0334 60724,6953 Unemployment Rate % Istanbul Stock Market Endex Credit Volume (Million 401 9,1 58226,7269 114.657.587,4 124.082.398,6 166.330.794,2 231.587.129,9 634.752.560,9 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo TL) Total Export (Million 132.027.190 102.142.606 113.883.213 134.969.268 34.744.000** USD) Sources: The data was created by me taking TUIK. *: Quarter of 2012, while expressing 2008, 2009, 2010 and 2011 year period represents. **: http://www.tim.org.tr/tr/tim-gundem-8.html (DA:20.04.2012) 3.LITERATURE Short quotations were made from the crisis studies and given in this section. Obstfeld and Rogoff (2009), used oil prices, economic growth, international reserves, long term interest rates, policy interest rate, estate prices(case-shiller index), exchange rate, net trade figures, current account deficit, the portion of settled investments in GDP, international investments and foreign deficit while clarifying global imbalances and financial crisis Gourinchas and Rey (2007), showed econometrically that price arrangements of dollar which has been held as reserve currency in the last 10 years determined US net export. Zandi, expressed that low energy costs would greatly contribute to the US economy and would help development in technology. Verick and Islam (2010), suggested that the recent global crisis significantly effected economic growth first, then mixed and the related factors emerged in the markets, freedom of monetary policies has occurred, global imbalances emerged and financial risks have increased. In the most recent of them, beyond all these, economic collapse and unemployment increased and focused on this issue. Taylor (2009), clarified reactions of inflation and macroeconomic activities that was used by CMB’s which use interest rate instrument. Especially short-long term interest rate being used: 1. Current interest rate to target interest rate, 2. How far Current economic activities are from full employment, 3. At what level short long term interest rate should be in full employment. Krugman (1999), expressed that at the time of crisis firms and entrepreneurs could provide growth using foreign capital. Hayaloğlu and Artan (2011), examined IMF well and tried to make out its role. Şimşek and Altay (2009), studied fiscal policies applied during global crisis in their survey and emphasized that. Economy would not recover by only increasing public spending without foreign sources. And they stated that crisis could only be prevented by studying the effects of crisis well, recovering the global liquidity congestion, decreasing domestic obscurities, applying monetary and fiscal policies that are freed from diminishing effects of real sector. 4.DATA SET, METHODOLOGY AND EMPIRICAL RESULTS 4.1.Data Set Data used for analysis between 2002:01 – 2011:12 monthly closed values for 120 observations from Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey-CBRT-(Electonic Data Delivery System). Analysis was conducted using E-wievs 5.1 packet program. 402 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Table 4: Variables Used in Analysis And Descriptions IPI X ISE M2 AGR USD DUM Industrial Production Index Export Istanbul Stock Exchange Market Monetary Supply Agriculture ABD ($) Dummy variable for month of February 2009 For analysis first of all logarithmic series were obtained by taking logarithm of the indexes monthly average values and the integration level of logarithmic series were examined. Whether logarithmic series are stationary or not was studied Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF)(Dickey and Fuller, 1981) and Phillips-Perron (PP)( Phillips-Perron, 1988, 1990) tests. 4.2.Methodology Some pretests need to be carried out so that EKKY-two stage Engle-Granger co-integration analysis could be made to the least squares method. First selected variables were analyzed for stationary. In this survey series stationary was tested with ADF and PP methods. Short and long term relations between the series were conducted Engle-Granger two stage co-integrations analysis. Moreover short term models are obtained when long term equation residuals are added to series whose differences are taken. 5.EMPIRICAL RESULTS 5.1.Unit-Root Test Results and Evaluations The stationary of the variables are calculated for the ADF in Table 5. Table 5: ADF Unit Root Test Results Variables lnIPI lnX lnISE lnM2 lnUSD lnAGR DUM ∆IPI ∆X ∆ISE ∆M2 ∆USD ∆AGR Variables 403 t-Statistic -1.54 [12] -1.94 [2] -1.45 [1] -2.75 [1] -1.64 [2] -0.07 [12] -10.98 [0] -9.44 [11] -13.02 [1] -8.95 [0] -7.85 [0] -8.06 [1] -4.02 [12] t-Statistic %1 -3.49 -3.48 -3.48 -3.48 -3.48 -3.49 -3.48 -3.49 -3.48 -3.48 -3.48 -3.48 -3.49 %1 Critical Values %5 -2.88 -2.88 -2.88 -2.88 -2.88 -2.88 -2.88 -2.88 -2.88 -2.88 -2.88 -2.88 -2.88 Critical Values %5 %10 -2.58 -2.58 -2.57 -2.57 -2.58 -2.58 -2.57 -2.58 -2.58 -2.57 -2.57 -2.58 -2.58 %10 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo -1.66 [12] -4.04 -3.45 -3.15 lnIPI -2.07 [2] -4.03 -3.44 -3.14 lnX -1.68 [1] -4.03 -3.44 -3.14 lnISE -0.62 [1] -4.03 -3.44 -3.14 lnM2 -1.78 [2] -4.03 -3.44 -3.14 lnUSD -2.21 [12] -4.04 -3.45 -3.15 lnAGR -10.91 [0] -4.03 -3.44 -3.14 DUM -9.35 [11] -4.04 -3.45 -3.15 ∆IPI -13.10 [1] -4.03 -3.44 -3.14 ∆X -8.98 [0] -4.03 -3.44 -3.14 ∆ISE -8.49 [0] -4.03 -3.44 -3.14 ∆M2 -8.08 [1] -4.03 -3.44 -3.14 ∆USD -4.14 [12] -4.04 -3.45 -3.15 ∆AGR Note: MacKinnon (1996), Δ symbol indicates that the variables taken the first difference. In values [ ]; The optimum length of lag is determined (Schwarz Information Criterion: SC). As shown in Table 5, the series has a unit root at level of first-degree differences, but that is not a unit root at a significance level of 5%. It appeares to be stationary. In other words, the level of alignment of the series I (1) is. PP test results are given in Table 6. Table 6: PP Unit-Root Test Results Critical Values %1 %5 %10 -3.48 -2.68 [7] -2.88 -2.57 lnIPI -3.48 -1.84 [21] -2.88 -2.58 lnX -3.48 -1.20 [6] -2.88 -2.57 lnISE -3.22 [2] -3.48 -2.88 -2.57 lnM2 -3.48 -1.78 [1] -2.88 -2.57 lnUSD -3.07 [2] -3.48 -2.88 -2.57 lnAGR -3.48 -10.98 [0] -2.88 -2.57 DUM -23.06 [26] -3.48 -2.88 -2.57 ∆IPI -93.94 [24] -3.48 -2.88 -2.58 ∆X -30.15 [14] -3.48 -2.88 -2.58 ∆ISE -39.86 [33] -3.48 -2.88 -2.58 ∆M2 -50.43 [96] -3.48 -2.88 -2.58 ∆USD -30.03 [7] -3.48 -2.88 -2.58 ∆AGR Critical Values Variables t-Statistic %1 %5 %10 -4.01 [4] -4.03 -3.44 -3.11 lnIPI -3.83 [4] -4.03 -3.44 -3.14 lnX -1.83 [6] -4.03 -3.44 -3.14 lnISE -0.68 [2] -4.03 -3.44 -3.14 lnM2 -1.95 [1] -4.03 -3.44 -3.14 lnUSD -3.97 [2] -4.03 -3.44 -3.14 lnAGR -10.91 [0] -4.03 -3.44 -3.14 DUM -25.22 [28] -4.03 -3.44 -3.14 ∆IPI -94.64 [24] -4.03 -3.44 -3.14 ∆X -30.52 [14] -4.03 -3.44 -3.14 ∆ISE -40.31 [34] -4.03 -3.44 -3.14 ∆M2 -56.72 [102] -4.03 -3.44 -3.14 ∆USD -29.87 [7] -4.03 -3.44 -3.14 ∆AGR Note: MacKinnon (1996), Δ symbol indicates that the variables taken the first difference. In values [ ]; Barlett-Kernel used as a prediction method is the optimum length of lag. Variables 404 t-Statistic �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo As shown in Table 6 that the series has a unit root, but the first degree level at 5% significance level differences appear to be stationary, ie there is a unit root. In other words, the level of alignment of the series I (1) is. After levels of integration of series is determined I (1) the error terms of the series obtained by regression of the series I (0) is expected to be (Brooks, 2008). When ADF test is applied for a series of error terms, the ADF test statistic is 7.288124, given a series at a critical value of 1% does not have 5% significance level a unit root is seen in Table 7. Table 7: The Regression error terms Unit Root Test The length of lag: 0 ADF Test Statistical Test Critical Values Critical Values 1% level t- St. Prob. -7.288124 0.0000 -3.48 5.2. Long-Term Analysis Long-term model for the series included in analysis was estimated and the results are given Table 8. Table 8: Long-Term Analysis Variables Statistical Values C -3.45 [-8.71] AGR 0.04 [4.92] USD 0.277 [4.22] ISE 0.164 [6.83] X 0.428 [12.12] M2 -0.166 [-5.20] DUM -0.148 [-2.95] Table 9: Long-Term Analysis Statistic 2 R 0.93 CRDWAC 1.25 CRDWTAB 0.511 Fist 287.78 In Table 9 the descriptive statistics for the analysis of long-term value of CRDWAC CRDWTAB, in Table 10, the ADFAC value of long-term residuals are significant because of the 5% level of co-integration analysis of long-term relationship between the series. In table 8, long term analysis crisis effected Turkish economy in a negative manner and its statistically significant. Export is the most remarkable variable which contribute to the country’ economy. This rate is statistically significant coefficient and 0,428. The other variables that contributed to the growth of Turkish economy are ISE, USD and AGR and they are statistically significant. Supply of money effects economic growth negatively. 5.3 Testing for Co-Integration Residuals series were composed from long term analysis of countries and ADF and CRDW tests were applied to the series. Table 10: The Relationship Co-Integration ADFAC ADFTA CRDWAC DWTA Conclusion -7.28 -3.77 1.25 0.511 Yes VARIABLES Note: Critical values, Engle-Granger, 1987, taking in Table II. The calculated test statistics, in absolute value, the table is larger than the critical values, the existence of co-integration relationship between the series makes decisions. 405 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo In table 10, its clear that there is a co-integration relation between Turkey macroeconomic series. Since a co-integration relation is found its decided that short term analysis could be made. 5.4. The Short Term Analysis Short-term error correction model and the results are given in Table 11. Table 11: The Short Term Analysis Variables Statistical Values ECt-1 -0.531 [-5.49] C -0.002 [-0.38] ∆AGR 0.032 [3.23] ∆USD 0.175 [1.24] ∆ISE -0.020 [-0.31] ∆X 0.495 [12.12] ∆M2 -0.110 [0.40] Table 12: The Short Term Analysis 2 R DW Fst LMols WHols Constant 0.75 1.84 48.48 0.75 0.06 -0.002 Variables Note: LMols: Breusch-Godfrey Serial Correlation LM test probability values, WH ols: White Heteroskedasticity test probability refers to the value. These values are less than 0.05 is large, the model is considered Note a problem. When the results in table 12 are examined, its observed that error corrections term coefficients in the short term are negative and statistically significant. Therefore, deviations occurring in the short term between series which move together in the long run are removed and series approach their long term balance value again. The variable which effects economic growth n the short term is export series with 0,49 coefficient and in a positive way. Agriculture an exports effect economic growth in a positive way and its significant. Effect of global economic crisis is negative and statistically significant. 6.CONCLUSION In this survey, the effects of 2008 global economic crisis on the selected macroeconomic variables in Turkey was studied using 2002-2011 period monthly data. Crisis was represented in analysis with a dummy variable. In the long term analysis it was proved empirically that in Turkish economy agriculture, exchange rates, exports effected economy in a positive way while money supply and 2008 global crisis effected negatively. All of the variables in the analysis are significant. While exports effected economic growth in a positive way as expected the effect of crisis on Turkish economy is negative. In the short term analysis; error correction terms coefficients is negative and statistically significant. Therefore, deviations occurring in the short term between series which move together in the long run are removed and series approach their long term balance value again. In other words the effect of a shock on one of the variables disappear in the long run. According to empirical results obtained; the biggest contribution to Turkish economy was made by export and agriculture and recent economic crisis had a negative effect on its growth. Because, crisis in Turkey lasted relatively short and precautions were effective. REFERENCES AKTAN, Coşkun Can and ŞEN, Hüseyin, (2002), “Ekonomik Kriz: Nedenler ve Çözüm Önerileri”, Yeni Türkiye Dergisi 2002/1, 2002. 406 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo BROOKS, Chris (2008), “Introductory Econometrics for Finance”, 2nd Edition, ISBN:9780521873062, Publication date:May 2008 ÇAĞLAYAN, Zafer (2011), “Ekonomi Bakanı, DTÖ Müzakereler Koordinasyon Kurulu Toplantısı Açılış Konuşması”, 22 Kasım 2011. DICKEY, David A., and FULLER, Wayne A., (1981), “Likelihood Ratio Statistics for Autoregressive Time Series with a Unit Root”, Econometrica, (49), 1057-72. ENGLE, Robert and GRANGER, C. W. J. (1987), “Co-Integration and Error Correction: Represention, estimation and Testing”, Econometrica, no: 55(2), pp.251-276. GOURINCHAS, Pierre-Olivier and REY, Hélène (2007). “International Financial Adjustment.”, Journal of Political Economy 115 (August): 665-703. HABERTURK, EKONOMİ SERVİSİ, 14 Ocak 2012 Cumartesi, 11:07:36 http://ekonomi.haberturk.com/finans-borsa/haber/705852-iste-sira-dayagi-magdurlari (DA:20.04.2012) HAYALOĞLU, Pınar and ARTAN, Seyfettin (2011), “Küresel Ekonomik Krizle Mücadelede İMF’nin Değişen Rolü”, Uluslararası İktisadi ve İdari İncelemeler Dergisi, Yıl:3 Sayı:6, Kış 2011 ISSN 1307-9832 IMF, World Economic Outlook Database, April 2012 (DA: 25.04.2012) KİBRİTÇİOĞLU, Aykut (2003), “Türkiye’de Ekonomik Krizler ve Hükümetler”, 19692001, http://politics.ankara.edu.tr/~kibritci/ytd-kibritcioglu.pdf, s.1, 28/08/2003. KOYUNCU, Murat and ŞENSES, Fikret (2003), “Kısa Dönem Krizlerin Sosyoekonomik Etkileri: Türkiye, Endonezya ve Arjantin Deneyimleri” , Çalışma ve Toplum Dergisi, S . 13. , Mart-2003, s. 11. KRUGMAN, Paul(1999), “Balance Sheets, the Transfer Problem and Financial Crises”, International Tax and Public Finance, 6, 459–472 (1999). MACKINNON, James G. (1996), “Numerical Distribution Functions for Unit Root and Cointegration Tests”, Journal of Applied Econometrics, (11), 601-618. MISHKIN, Frederic S, (1996), “Understanding Financial Crises: A Developing Country Perspective,” Annual World Bank Conference on Development Economics, The World Bank, Washington, pp. 29-62. 1996. OBSTFELD, Maurice and ROGOFF, Kenneth (2009), “Global Imbalances and the Financial Crisis: Products of Common Causes”, Paper prepared for the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco Asia Economic Policy Conference, Santa Barbara, CA, October 18-20, 2009. Barbara, CA, October 18-20, 2009 PERRON, P. (1990), Testing For a Unit Root in a Time Series With a Changing Mean, Journal of Business & Economic Statistics, no: 8(2), pp.153-162. PHILIPS, P.C.B. and PERRON, P. (1988), Testing For a Unit Root in Time Series Regression. Biomètrika, no:75 (2), pp.336-346. ŞİMŞEK, Hayal A. and ALTAY, Asuman (2009), “Küresel Kriz Ortamında Türkiye'de Maliye Politikalarının Değerlendirilmesi”, Gündem 1, Sayı 528, <http://www.ekonomikyorumlar.com.tr/dergiler/gundem/Gundem_1_Sayi_528.pdf> 407 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo TAYLOR (2009), “Voluntary social initiatives in fresh fruit and vegetables value chains; ISBN 978-92-2-122007-7 (print); 978-92-2-122008-4 (web pdf) Sarah Best and Ivanka Mamic. VERICK, Sher and ISLAM, Iyanatul (2010), “The Great Recession of 2008-2009: Causes, consequences and policy responses”, Employment Sector Employment Working Paper No. 61. WOLF, Martin (2012), http://ekonomi.haberturk.com/makro-ekonomi/haber/710434-bizeders-verin- 28 Ocak 2012 Cumartesi, 13:13:34 (DA:05.04.2012) YÖRÜKOĞLU, Mehmet (2009), “Küresel Mali Kriz ve Türkiye Ekonomisi”, Türkiye Cumhuriyet Merkez Bankası Başkan Yardımcısı, 2009, İstanbul. ZANDI, Mark. Chief economist of Moody's Analytics Inc. He can be reached via help@economy.com. http://www.philly.com/philly/opinion/144040636.html “Gas prices and the economy” www.tcmb.gov.tr www.imf.org www.tuik.gov.tr http://www.kobifinans.com.tr/tr/bilgi_merkezi/02061001/20892 (DA:17.04.2012) http://www.tim.org.tr/tr/tim-gundem-8.html (DA:20.04.2012) xa.yimg.com/kq/groups/22560935/886502103/name/ikp-pdf.pdf (17.04.2012) Natural Resources and Economical Growth in Central Asia and Caucasus Filiz Kadi Fatih University Economics Department Abstract As it is known, all former Soviet states faced serious economical and social problems after they gained independency. At this stage of history, these countries took into their hands responsibilities for self-development. To overcome their problems, they tried to find and imply suitable policy in all spheres of social life. In order to strengthen their economy, they had to look their capability and capacity, and use them in the right direction. However, many factors such as cut off the link between the main provider of the Soviet Union, Russia and other republics, problems in management, the lack of experience in market economy brought to serious problems in these countries. As a result, production process was seriously damaged in all sectors of their economy. Consequently, without being able to manufacture products, these countries began to focus on the raw materials, not considering effects of economic dependency on natural recourses. 408 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1348 Title A name given to the resource 2008 Global Crisis, The Case Struggle Turkey Author Author Bulut, Şahin Abstract A summary of the resource. In this survey, how Turkey overcame the 2008 crisis was studied using 2002:1-2011:12 period data through co-integration test. Within the scope of Empiric analysis, the influence of selected macroeconomic variables such as Economical growth, ISE, unemployment, export, agriculture, foreign currency rate-USD and supply of Money were studied through two-stage Engle-Granger co-integration method. As a result of co-integration test, in the long run, export policies, IMKB, agriculture and foreign currency policies practiced have positive contribution to economic growth; therefore, Turkey has been successful in the struggle against economic crisis. Money supply policies had negative effect on economic growth and the recent economic crisis affected the growth of Turkish economy in a negative way. In the short term, export and agriculture had a positive effect on the growth of Turkish economy but global economic crisis had a negative effect. Keywords: 2008 Global economic crisis, struggle, Turkey, co-integration. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General),HB Economic Theory,HG Finance,HJ Public Finance https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/b1117c1f53756772203ac326d3b5975d.docx f8cb82df287a574d199e1b52aa91f399 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/a45a197a1c5bf7d5ef0c9db295511848.pdf 406a9924972b88e51ba53bd18639539c PDF Text Text 23 Years after the fall of Communism the Challenges of Albania in the Political System MarselaFejzaj Epoka University Tirana / Albania mfejzaj@epoka.edu.al JonidaDhroso Municipality of Vlora Vlore / Albania jonida.dhroso1@hotmail.com Abstract: Albania was the last country 23 years ago that broke down the communist regime paving the way for the establishment of pluralism and the creation of Democratic Party, the first political force in the country. In these years Albania has undergone profound changes and has achieved a big leap. It should be noted that it might have progressed more quickly if transition will not be related with trauma that delayed it in time. Transition in theory is called historical process during which the communist states carry out radical transformation of the political regime into pluralist democracy and market economy. Albania during these years had faced many defeats that hindered its political and social development. This paper examines the challenges of Albania in efforts to be a developed country, the problems that Albania has experienced with the fall of communist system and the multiple transitions toward democracy. How have numerous political parties influenced Albanian political system? What is the impact of new electoral system in Albania and which steps have led Albania towards democratization? What are the challenges that Albania have experienced in these years? What are the success and failures of Albanian politics? Methodology that it is used is single case study through qualitative method. Literature is based in different books, newspapers and various articles related with this topic. The first part analyzes the political system in communism regime and after the fall of communism the situation of Albania. The second part discusses the challenges of Albania in political system and democratization. Additionally, the paper argues about the attempts of government towards democratization of the country and the current situation. Keywords: communism, transition, democracy, Albania, challenges, developed country, current situation, challenges, political system 8 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2431 Title A name given to the resource 23 Years after the fall of Communism the Challenges of Albania in the Political System Author Author FEJZAJ, Marsela DHROSO, Jonida Abstract A summary of the resource. Albania was the last country 23 years ago that broke down the communist regime paving the way for the establishment of pluralism and the creation of Democratic Party, the first political force in the country. In these years Albania has undergone profound changes and has achieved a big leap. It should be noted that it might have progressed more quickly if transition will not be related with trauma that delayed it in time. Transition in theory is called historical process during which the communist states carry out radical transformation of the political regime into pluralist democracy and market economy. Albania during these years had faced many defeats that hindered its political and social development. This paper examines the challenges of Albania in efforts to be a developed country, the problems that Albania has experienced with the fall of communist system and the multiple transitions toward democracy. How have numerous political parties influenced Albanian political system? What is the impact of new electoral system in Albania and which steps have led Albania towards democratization? What are the challenges that Albania have experienced in these years? What are the success and failures of Albanian politics? Methodology that it is used is single case study through qualitative method. Literature is based in different books, newspapers and various articles related with this topic. The first part analyzes the political system in communism regime and after the fall of communism the situation of Albania. The second part discusses the challenges of Albania in political system and democratization. Additionally, the paper argues about the attempts of government towards democratization of the country and the current situation. Keywords: communism, transition, democracy, Albania, challenges, developed country, current situation, challenges, political system Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014-04-24 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-4564 H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/d82f88c4cc132e57f988660279f2b8e5.docx f5094a66be6bcc5ac26fe5d0e860168e https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/775bd96dd08ffb53f990f11ed2df8b35.pdf 66efe614ff353106f64c918eaa4493bf PDF Text Text The Impact of Public and Private Tourism Investments on Tourism Performance and GDP: The Case of Balkan Countries Kemal Kantarci Akdeniz University Turkey kantarci@akdeniz.edu.tr Mustafa Unver Gumushane University Turkey mustunver@yahoo.com KazimDevelioglu Akdeniz University Turkey kdevelioglu@akdeniz.edu.tr Abstract: Tourism is one of the most promising industries in the world and is expected to contribute to economic development of countries. The sector also has positive role in balancing national economies in terms of current account deficit and external debts. In this sense, the impact of tourism industry can be measured directly and indirectly in national economies. Because of the increasing importance of tourism industry for national economies, in this study, we will investigate the relationship between investments in tourism industry and tourism performance and contribution to gross domestic product (GDP) in Balkan countries. More specifically, we would like to unravel, first, the impact of our independent variables, which are, “government individual tourism and travel (T&T) spending” and “capital investment”, on dependent variables, which are “tourist arrivals”, “tourism receipts”, “leisure T&T spending”, and “business T&T spending”. Additionally, we used aforementioned dependent variables as independent variables and investigated impact of them on Balkan countries’ T&T direct contribution to GDP and T&T total contribution to DP. Variables and model of the study are presented below. In this study, we used World Travel and Tourism Council’s economic data for the years 19992011 to test our model for Balkan countries. In order to test our model, we used correlation analysis instead of using multiple regression analysis because of the limited number of years for each Balkan country. Results of our analysis revealed that for almost all Balkan countries, public and private investments in tourism industry have a positive impact on tourist arrivals and tourism spending, which is made by tourists. Another main finding of this study is that tourism spending has a positive relationship with T&T direct and total contribution to GDP in Balkan countries. Keywords: Balkan Countries, Tourism Performance, Gross Domestic Product, Government and Private Investments 31 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2461 Title A name given to the resource 25The Impact of Public and Private Tourism Investments on Tourism Performance and GDP: The Case of Balkan Countries Author Author KANTARCI, Kemal UNVER, Mustafa DEVELIOGLU, Kazim Abstract A summary of the resource. Tourism is one of the most promising industries in the world and is expected to contribute to economic development of countries. The sector also has positive role in balancing national economies in terms of current account deficit and external debts. In this sense, the impact of tourism industry can be measured directly and indirectly in national economies. Because of the increasing importance of tourism industry for national economies, in this study, we will investigate the relationship between investments in tourism industry and tourism performance and contribution to gross domestic product (GDP) in Balkan countries. More specifically, we would like to unravel, first, the impact of our independent variables, which are, “government individual tourism and travel (T&T) spending” and “capital investment”, on dependent variables, which are “tourist arrivals”, “tourism receipts”, “leisure T&T spending”, and “business T&T spending”. Additionally, we used aforementioned dependent variables as independent variables and investigated impact of them on Balkan countries’ T&T direct contribution to GDP and T&T total contribution to DP. Variables and model of the study are presented below. In this study, we used World Travel and Tourism Council’s economic data for the years 1999-2011 to test our model for Balkan countries. In order to test our model, we used correlation analysis instead of using multiple regression analysis because of the limited number of years for each Balkan country. Results of our analysis revealed that for almost all Balkan countries, public and private investments in tourism industry have a positive impact on tourist arrivals and tourism spending, which is made by tourists. Another main finding of this study is that tourism spending has a positive relationship with T&T direct and total contribution to GDP in Balkan countries. Keywords: Balkan Countries, Tourism Performance, Gross Domestic Product, Government and Private Investments Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014-04-24 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-4564 H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/d931da9132c8809a2733ed750c02dd63.pdf e6da759af6e59abb347eb97ae0043945 PDF Text Text ______ The 5th International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ PROCEEDINGS ISSD 2014 THE USE OF NATURAL RENEWABLE MATERIALS IN THE SUPPORT OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT Isminur Aybek, Zedina Hujdur, Amar Dautović, Adnan Novalić, Sanela Klarić Department of Architecture - International Burch University Sarajevo ABSTRACT Architecture design today has become far more challenging then it traditionally used to be. On top of accustomed thermal insulation thickness and heating demand, architects need to design new or renovate existing structures in compliance with the primary energy demand, CO2 reductions, as well as ecological properties of the building materials. These properties are essential for a holistic assessment. Researches and demand for ecological building materials have been growing dramatically, particularly for insulating materials from renewable resources. Conventional design, constructions and conventional materials are still predominantly used in the world, particularly in BiH and Turkey. The aim of this paper is to present a comparison between the use of conventional methods, constructions and materials against alternative solutions of renewable insulations materials application in the wall constructions. The conventional walls are predominantly made of cement, bricks, Styrofoam, plaster and paint. For the innovative walls, materials used for a wall 1 are: brick, wood fibre insulation, plaster, coat render, and for wall 2: timber, sheep’s wool insulation, brick, OSB board and plaster. The tests results indicate the amount of primary energy and CO2 emission which could be saved if renewable materials are used not only for insulation but for the construction as well. Findings also show great demand for a new clean technology in brick production that will save energy and CO2 emission. Additionally, renewable materials have more ecological and fewer health damaging aspects. Keywords: wall construction, natural insulation materials, primary energy, global warming potential, health 273 | P a g e �ISSD 2014 The 5th International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ PROCEEDINGS 1. Introduction The production of the most of today’s building materials is a very high energy consuming process that includes very high CO2 emission. A lot of the wall patterns existed across the world are constructed by similar building methods or insulation materials. In BiH and Turkey, wall patterns in residential buildings are almost the same. In order to support better understanding of sustainable architecture needs and requirements for a building materials, this paper took one common wall pattern to examine and to compare with two innovative wall examples. Also, the new EU directives from 2010 have been requiring a more holistic approach to architectural design. That DIRECTIVE 2010/31/EU of the European Parliament and the European Council of 19 May, 2010 on the energy performance of buildings requires that “the energy performance certificate should also provide information about the actual impact of heating and cooling on the energy needs of the building, on its primary energy consumption and on its carbon dioxide emissions”[1] This paper deals with necessary information and drawings for resolving important questions regarding the wall constructions as well as for their insulation materials. What makes this paper special is its analysis of one of the newest innovative insulation material (wood fibre insulation, Styrofoam, sheep’s wool) that we could find on the market today. Additionally, the combination of these insulation materials with the one of the oldest brick materials as a commonly used material in all three case walls will be discussed in many aspects. Paper will achieve many tasks including the analysis of the material properties as well as their primary energy needs and environmental impact. Furthermore, it will provide methodology through historical and comparative analysis, together with an eco-balance of the materials. Results of the research could play a key role in future reduction of energy the demands of buildings as well as providing proposals for new investors considering innovative local materials in those two countries and wider. 2 Presentation of the examined wall's materials and dimensions The location of all examined walls is the same in all three cases. Examined walls are an element of a residential building, located on the first floor, on the north side of the building, as a wall without any openings. All examined walls contain the same base construction such as brick. Wall 1 presents the most common wall pattern in BiH and Turkey. Wall 2 and Wall 3 present the innovative approach that combine brick with natural materials such as a wood and sheep’s wool. Wall 1. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Exterior wall paint 0,05 cm Finishing coat with cement 0,1 cm Roughcast with cement 0,5 cm Horizontally perforated bricks (8,50x19,00 cm) 8,5 cm Styrofoam 10 density 3 cm Horizontally perforated bricks (8,50x19,00 cm) 8,5 cm Gypsum plaster 0,5 cm Satin gypsum plaster 0,1 cm Water based silicon interior wall paint 0,05 cm 274 | P a g e �PROCEEDINGS ______ The 5th International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 Figure 1. Wall 1 - 3D visualisation of study case external wall; Resource: Authors drawing Wall 2. 1. 15 mm plaster 2. 215 mm brickwork (0.75 W/mK) 3. 200 mm rigid wood fibre insulation(0.043 W/mK) 275 | P a g e �ISSD 2014 The 5th International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ PROCEEDINGS Figure 2. Wall 2 - 3D visualisation of study case external timber frame wall; Resource: Authors drawing Wall 3. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 103mm brick external leaf 50mm unventilated cavity 10mm OBS board Vapour permeable membrane 140mm timber frame fully filled with 140mm wool thermal Vapour control layer Internal finish of 12.5mm standard plasterboard 276 | P a g e �PROCEEDINGS ______ The 5th International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 Figure 3. Wall 3 - 3D visualisation of study case external timber frame wall; Resource: Authors drawing 3 Presentation of the examined wall's construction and insulation materials In order of better understanding of sustainable requirements of building materials, an assessment of the energy requirement and CO2 emissions has been made for the following materials: 3.1 Fired bricks Fired bricks were invented in 3500 BC and have become the world's most common form of masonry. They are made from the natural material, clay. Naturally drained bricks (čerpič/ kerpiç) are more sustainable but fired brick have a higher embodied energy because they are fired at temperatures of 900-1200 ºC with high level of the CO2 emissions. In that regard, the most environmentally friendly option is to recycle (buy reclaimed bricks), although it is essential to match the type of brick to its function: facing bricks for cladding, strong engineering bricks for structural walls, and common bricks, which are durable but not attractive, for foundations and internal walls. Also there are some researches that test combinations of clay with other natural materials like hemp, straw or sheep’s wool in order to find the optimal combination that could achieve similar characteristic as fired brick. Bricks come in a bewildering array of designs, shapes, textures and colours, and they can be laid in various patterns, called bonds. They can be used for cladding, framework, foundations and features such as chimneys. Roughly, 17 % of a brick wall is made up of mortar. Portland cement is the most common mortar material, but traditional lime mortar is increasingly being revived, as it is made from a natural non-toxic material and allows walls to breathe. 277 | P a g e �ISSD 2014 The 5th International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ PROCEEDINGS The advantages of those materials are as follows: they are made from natural material; most clay pits are carefully managed, and refilled and replanted after use, idly durable and lowmaintenance, combination with lime mortar, high thermal mass, they can be reused or recycled or are able to be used as a construction aggregate. Also this material has disadvantages such as: high embodied energy, most often laid with Portland cement, which is also a high-energy product, often used as exterior cladding on lightweight buildings which negates their thermal-mass properties, since any radiant heat escapes outwards into the atmosphere. [2] 3.2 Styrofoam Styrofoam, which also called EPS, is not a natural material. It is most common material that we could see on building construction site today. It is also one of the cheapest insulation material on the market. But the question about the embodied energy of this material is a part of the debate and discussion. “Debate on the choice of insulation materials tends to be related to environmental considerations, durability and build ability. If we first consider the environmental aspects (and keep in mind that it can be misleading to talk about an element out of context, i.e. insulation without considering the entire, say, wall construction) a principal concern for plastic insulations is ensuring that ozone-depleting chemicals are not used in their manufacture. The situation is in flux and so, individual manufacturers must be contacted on their products. [3] Because of these reasons, architects need to be cautious when they are choosing insulation materials taking into consideration their influence on nature. This insulation material could be used on or below sub-floor slabs, between timber joints, partial or full fill wallboards or flat or pitched roofs. Advantages of those material are: moisture resistance (low water vapour transmission, no capillary action, high resistance to moisture absorption), resistance to diluted acids and alkalis, cheap, variation of dimensions, recyclable. This material has also disadvantages such as: not being resistant to organic solvents, melts and shrinks away from small heat sources, ignites with severe flames and smokes heavily when exposed to a large heat source, has a high embodied energy and is expensive to recycle. 3.3 Wood fibre Wood fibre is a new insulation material which was introduced twenty years ago. It arises from inventing new ways of transforming timber waste from thinning and factories into insulation boarding. It is also a recyclable and reusable material that absorbs CO2 from the environment in a very sustainable way. Its significance lies in its range of functions including rigid insulation, sheathing and sharking for timber frames, roofs and flooring as well as flexible insulation for studs and rafters. The advantages of those material are: breathability which helps the regulation of moisture, material density (necessary for adding a degree of decrement delay that will be useful for hotter summer days), heating capacity (twice more than mineral wool), the capacity to both absorb and release moisture making it a breathable structure, manufactured from a renewable resource, reusable if it is in a suitable condition, recyclable, compostable or can be used in energy recovery, sequesters CO2 during tree growth, hygroscopic – provides a degree of humidity control and decrement delay 278 | P a g e �PROCEEDINGS ______ The 5th International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 Also this material has some disadvantages such as: high embodied energy, if imported from another country that could increase the embodied energy, rigid boards can be fragile and difficult to use on site. 3.4 Sheep’s wool Sheep wool is an easily renewable, easily recyclable and environmentally friendly source of raw material, which consists on average of 60 % animal protein fibres, 15 % moisture, 10 % fat, 10 % sheep sweat and 5 % impurities. [4] Sheep's wool is a hygroscopic fibre which meanıng that ıt absorbs, stores and releases moisture much faster than other materials. Wool can absorb over 35% of its own weight in moisture without having any significant changes to its thermal performance. Sheep’s wool insulation is well suited to timber frame structures making natural synergy with wood. Drawing out the moisture by sheep's wool fibres does the conditioning of the wood and as like that it protects the fabric of the whole building. Indoor air quality and maximal thermal efficiency are improved by natural insulation because it allows the structure to breath and at the same time to keep the thermal resistance. The benefits of sheep's wool include the durability and longevity. The importance of sheep's wool insulation lays also in the fact that sheep wool ensures the product durability throughout the life of the building. The compression tests proved that sheep wool insulation has an great recovery rate within the first 24 hours of its installation. Sheep wool insulation is resistant to compaction, unlike some alternatives that will compact over time and compromise thermal conductivity. This longevity of sheep's wool ensures that the insulation will continue to act by high standards throughout the whole building’s lifespan. This natural material ensures indoor air quality because sheep’s wool insulation has a unique ability to absorb noxious gases that are emitted from building products e.g. formaldehyde; a carcinogenic gas emitted from different man-made building materials. Wool deals with these gases by locking them up which helps protecting the residents from health risks. A lack of ‘breathability’ in buildings can cause different problems, including health issues as a result of mould and damp. Also this material reaches high fire standards. The wool has to be washed and treated in a specific way so it becomes fire safe. The sheep's wool is a comfortable material and easy to handle with. There is no risk to human health. Handling the sheep's wool can be done without any protective clothes. This natural material is easy to recycle and eco-friendly, it is biodegradable which means it can be composted into the ground to participate in Erath's natural cycle. Moreover sheep’s wool insulation can be recycled in a way to produce extra energy. 4. U-value calculations for three wall cases U-value - The heat transfer coefficient is about the flow of the heat U [W/m² K], through the single material or multiple materials in the construction. U-value is the essential characteristic of the outer structural element and plays a major role in the analysis of the total heat losses (kWh/m2), and thus the energy consumption for heating. When the heat transfer coefficient is decreased, the thermal insulation of buildings becomes better. 279 | P a g e �The 5th International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 PROCEEDINGS 4.1 Comparison of U-values for all three case walls (Wall1, Wall2, and Wall3) Below is presented the method of calculation of the U-value for the three types of wall presented with all of the materials that have been chosen. All walls are tested to reach passive house standards which are 0, 15 Wm²k. For that reason, all walls has been calculated with more insulation materials in order to reach those standards. The method of the calculation has been adopted by the TUW (Technical University in Vienna) as the official U value calculation method. This method will use following information for the materials: dimension, density, CO2 emission, water vapour permeability coefficient and basic dimensions. Wall 1. Table 1. Final result of U-value calculation (data resource: Baubook Richtwerte und Produkte, IBO, Gramitech, Naporo) Exterior wall reconstruction with 25 mm EPS Sandwich Brick Wall Potencial Acid Global Equivalent manner d l m Rsi+Rse r Warming CO2 (SO2(CO2Äq.) Äq.) [m] [W/mK] [1] [m2K/W] [kg/m3] [1] [kg C02] [1] Air SO2KEA Ekvivalent KEA Primary Energy [kg S02] [MJ/m3] [MJ/m2] [MJ/m3] 0.17 Satin Gypsum 0.01 0.3 50 plaster Gypsum 0.05 0.3 50 plaster Horizontally Perforated 0.085 0.55 7 Bricks Styrofoam 0.25 0.042 60 25 density Horizontally Perforated 0.085 0.55 7 Bricks Roughcast 0.005 0.7 50 with cement Finishing Coat with 0.001 0.7 50 cement 30 0.246 0.0738 0.00147 9,180 91.8 30 0.246 0.369 0.00147 9,180 459 1700 0.176 25.432 0.000553 4,233 359.805 25 4.169 26.05625 0.0149 1700 0.176 25.432 0.000553 4,233 359.805 1000 0.246 1.23 0.00147 9,180 45.9 1000 0.246 0.246 0.00147 9,180 9.18 3,288 822 U-Wert 0.15 W/m²K During the calculation of the U-value of Wall 1, results of the calculation showed that Uvalue for the common pattern (insulation only 30-80 mm of Styrofoam) is 0.71W/m²K, that is too high, and the only way to make the results better for an energy efficient wall was to decrease U- value, and that is done by increasing thickness of the Styrofoam insulation from 30 mm to 250 mm. With this move, the U-value is satisfying 0.15 Wm²k which enables good thermal performance of the building envelope. 280 | P a g e �PROCEEDINGS ______ The 5th International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 Wall 2. Table 2. Final result of U-value calculation (data resource: Baubook Richtwerte und Produkte, IBO, Gramitech, Naporo) Exterior wall reconstruction with 30 mm of wood fibre isolation Brickwork wall with rigid wood fibre insulation d [m] Potential Versaueglobal rungspoten- SO2Primarna l m Rsi+Rse r warming EkvivalentCO2 KEA KEA tial (SO2Ekvivalent energija (CO2Äq.) Äq.) [W/mK] [1] [m2K/W] [kg/m3] [1] [kg C02] [1] [kg S02] [MJ/m3] [MJ/m2] [MJ/m3] Air (i und e) 0.17 Lime mortar 0.02 0.2 10 1800 0.168 6.048 0.00049 3,222 64.44 Brick 0.215 0.55 7 1700 0.176 64.328 0.000553 4,233 910.095 Plaster 0.015 0.2 10 1300 0.128 2.496 0.00045 3,328 49.92 0.3 0.048 5 2300 0.128 88.32 0.00045 3,328 998.4 Rigid wood fibre insulation U-value 0.14 W/m²K During the calculation of the U-value of Wall 2, results of the calculation showed that the Uvalue is 0.20 Wm²k, which is also too high. In order to decrease U- value, the thickness of the wood fibre insulation has been increased from 200mm to 300mm. With this move, the Uvalue is satisfying 0.14 Wm²k which enables good thermal performance of the building envelope. 281 | P a g e �The 5th International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 PROCEEDINGS Wall 3. Table 3. Final result of U-value calculation (data resource: Baubook Richtwerte und Produkte, IBO, Gramitech, Naporo) Exterior wall reconstruction with 20 cm of sheep wool Exterior timber frame wall with 20 cm of sheep wool insulation Potential global warming (CO2Äq.) Acid SO2EquivalentCO2 manner(SO2KEA Equvalent Äq.) d l m Rsi+Rse r [m] [W/mK] [1] [m2K/W] [kg/m3] [1] [kg C02] [1] Air [kg S02] KEA [MJ/m3] [MJ/m2] Primary energy [MJ/m3] 0.17 Lime mortar 0.01 0.2 10 1800 0.168 3.024 0.00049 3,222 32.22 Brick 0.25 0.55 7 1700 0.176 74.8 0.000553 4,233 1058.25 OSB Board 0.012 0.13 200 610 -1 -7.32 0.00603 5,685 68.22 Vapour membrane 0.01 0.23 100000 980 2.55 24.99 0.0253 91,532 915.32 Timber frame 0.2 0.12 50 450 -1.26 -11.34 0.0341 3,618 72.36 Sheep wool 0.2 0.04 1 30 1.6 9.6 0.0103 3,495 699 Vapour membrane 1 0.01 0.23 100000 980 2.55 24.99 0.0253 91,532 915.32 0.13 W/m²K U-Wert During the calculation of the U-value of Wall 3, with dimensions of sheep’s wool and timber frame (140 mm) it showed that U-value is not allowable and is problematic, so to resolve this problem, the dimensions of the timber frame and wool were increased from 14 mm to 20 mm and the final U-value is 0.13 Wm²k, which is very satisfying. In each of three wall constructions it is possible to reach passive house standards by increasing the thickness of insulation materials. 282 | P a g e �PROCEEDINGS ______ The 5th International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 5. Natural material alternative resource and local existing materials Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) Considering material resources, it can be stated that most of them can be easily found locally. Production of brick can be found in the settlement of Rakovica which is near Sarajevo. The company “TOS” gives great opportunities for people who are willing to have their construction completed with brick material, offering them a wide range of choices of brick types. Alternatively, there is also a company in Visoko called “IGM” which deals with the production of brick. All production in BiH is fired brick. However, wood fibre production cannot be found in BiH, even though the wood industry is well-develop in BiH. Since this insulation material is new in the construction world, it is imported from the European companies such as “Agepan” from Germany and “Pro:Holz” from Austria. It is important to mention that this statement has led to the conclusion that there should be more investment in the wood products throughout BiH. This move would increase knowledge about the construction and usage of wooden materials as well as economic benefits to BiH. In BiH the availability of raw sheep’s wool is widely available with the country producing more than 1,5 million kg per year. There is currently one manufacturer of sheep’s wool insulation material in BiH. Unfortunately, the cleaning of the wool is still done by more traditional methods, so there is lot of space for reconstruction and improvement. Also the production company is under developed and the final product currently does not have any certification nor any accreditation by laboratory testing. This material is not yet widely seen on the local market. This industry provides a great economic development opportunity in BiH. Production of Styrofoam is readily available both locally or imported, and considering its wide production, it can be said that there is no problem in finding this material on the market in BiH. 5.1 Transport Transport accounts for nearly one-quarter of global energy-related CO2 emissions. To achieve the necessary extensive cuts in greenhouse gas emissions by 2050, transport must play a significant role. However, without strong global action, car ownership worldwide is set to triple to over two billion by 2050. Trucking activity will double and air travel could increase four-fold. These trends will lead to a doubling of transport energy use, with an even higher growth rate in CO2 emissions as the planet shifts toward high-CO2 synthetic fuels. How can we enable mobility without accelerating climate change.[5] “Transportation is one of the often forgotten factors affecting embodied energy. The further a material has to travel, the greater the energy that is used in its transport. The weight of a material will also affect the energy needed to move it.” [6] However, most of materials in these walls can be easily found in BiH. Furthermore, wood fibre, which is imported from Europe, does not represent a big impact to the energy that is used in its transport. Considering that the durability of materials makes a great impact on construction world, this is something which should be taken into account. That is why, on grounds of durability, an imported natural material may be more preferable than a local artificial one (e.g. polyester) and this is why importing natural material can have great benefits in the construction industry. On the other hand, they offer advantages in breathability, temperature regulation, water absorption, antimicrobial properties, etc. This leads to the conclusion that even material which is local, should be replaced by an imported one if it provides a more pleasant and healthy lifestyle until this material is a part of production in BiH. 283 | P a g e �ISSD 2014 The 5th International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ PROCEEDINGS 6. Primary energy consumption and embodied energy for three walls cases ‘Primary energy consumption (PEC) refers to the direct use at the source, or supply to users without transformation of crude energy, that is, energy which has not been subjected to any conversion or transformation process.’ [7] The primary energy used varies from product to product, but it is generally much lower for wood than other materials. However, there are exceptions that include wood-fibre which requires high processing temperatures. [8] Embodied energy gives us information about the entire life time of materials. According to definitions “it is also called life cycle assessment (LCA) and a useful tool for evaluating the relative environmental impact of various building materials because it takes production, transportation and disposal into account, all things that can have a pronounced environmental impact but are not necessarily reflected in the price.”[9] Thanks to embodied energy, people who has any interest can decide on which materials will be used in a structure. Considering long life materials and environmental impact low embodied energy is the best for energy efficiency. In this study there are three materials and their embodied energies; - EPS : 1126 kWh/m3 - Wood Fibre : 133 kWh/m3 - Sheep’s Wool : 31 kWh/m3 Potential global warming demonstrates the actual potential of materials for global warming. For all three walls, the potential global warming comparison for all materials has been made as well as a comparison between all materials from all three walls. That information will, once again, confirm advantages and benefits of natural materials as friendly products that have the ability to make a negative impact on the nature. Figure 4; potential global warming of wall materials for wall 1 284 | P a g e �PROCEEDINGS ______ The 5th International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 According to figure 4, it can be stated that Styrofoam has the highest level of potential global worming (4,169 CO2 Eq), followed by satin gypsum plaster, gypsum plaster, roughcast with cement and finishing coat with cement containing the same amount (0,246 CO2 Eq) then horizontally perforated bricks (0.176 CO2 Eq). Figure 5; Potential global warming of wall materials for wall 2 Potential global warming demonstrates the actual potential of materials for global warming. According to figure 5, brick has the highest level (0.176 CO2 Eq) followed by lime mortar (0.16 CO2 Eq). After these two materials is plaster with 0.12 CO2 Eq. The rigid wood fibre insulation has an amount of -0.8 CO2 Eq which represents that there is no potential for global warming considering the absorption of CO2. Figure 6; Potential global warming of wall materials for wall 3 285 | P a g e �The 5th International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 PROCEEDINGS According to figure 6, vapour membrane has the highest level (2,55 CO2 Eq) which is followed by sheep's wool (1,6 CO2 Eq). After these two materials, the next is brick with (0,176 CO2 Eq) then lime mortar (0,168 CO2 Eq). Finally, OSB board (-1 CO2 Eq) and timber frame (-1,26 CO2 Eq) represents that there is no potential for global warming considering the absorption of C02. Comparison of insulation materials in accordance to Potential global warming, Equivalent CO2 and Embodied energy COMPARISON BETWEEN INSULATION MATERIALS 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 -200 -400 -600 -800 1126 4.169 1.6 25.05625 133 9.6 31 -0.804 Potential Global Warming (CO2-Eq) -554.76 Equivelent CO2 (kg C02) Embodied Energy (kWh/m3) EPS 4.169 25.05625 1126 Wood Fibre -0.804 -554.76 133 Sheep Wool 1.6 9.6 31 EPS Wood Fibre Sheep Wool Figure 7; Potential global warming of wall materials for all three walls Equivalency of CO2 demonstrates how many kg of CO2 is produced per 1kg of materials shown in figure 7. According to the graph of equivalency of CO2, it can be seen that the wood fibre has conceivably the lowest level (-554,76) followed by sheep’s (9,6). the EPS (Styrofoam) contains the highest level of CO2. These statistics show that the CO2 of wood fibre has the best effect, which is absorbed and does not stay in the atmosphere which represents a perfect state when taking into consideration potential global warming. 7. Conclusions and Recommendations Today, when materials have been making an immense impact on the environment, all characteristics of the materials should be taken into account during the design of the residential buildings. A comparison between values and impacts of natural and synthetic materials is shown through the analyses of wall designs. The most important thing is to recognise the advantages of all materials and to maximise the use of those with a minimal impact on the environment. Styrofoam, a material that is not natural, is the most common in construction due to its durability, build ability and price. However, Styrofoam’s embodied energy, together with its inflammable characteristics and instability presents a great threat to the environment. Alternatively, modern natural wood fibre has a high embodied energy as well, but unlike Styrofoam, it provides a healthier life with benefits to the residents including breathability, heating capacity, material density, etc. Another natural material, sheep’s wool, is comfortable 286 | P a g e �PROCEEDINGS ______ The 5th International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 and easy to handle without potential risk to human health. Also, this material does not have a high embodied energy and could be sourced locally. Brick, the common material in all three cases, is made from clay, having a high thermal mass. Moreover, its enormous embodied energy is affecting the health of the environment, a disadvantage which should be a key point when thinking about selecting this material. The main advantage for the environment is having a unique ability to absorb noxious gases emitted from some building products and achieving a fire performance rating of Euro Class E which ensures that the material is flame retardant. The natural materials, sheep’s wool and wood fibre, show very good fire resistance performances compared with Styrofoam, which has different negative performance in flames. Concerning U-value, in all three wall constructions it is possible to reach passive house standards by increasing the insulation thickness. However, potential global warming is the true indicator which shows the true value of natural materials. During its analysis, it has been shown that Styrofoam clearly has the highest potential for global warming. Another important factor is the equivalency of CO2 in which wood fibre has shown the best value with a negative impact on environment. In BiH Styrofoam is very inexpensive, which is a great motivation for most investors when it comes to choosing insulation materials. In addition, wood fibre production cannot be found in this country. This could indicate that there is a great opportunity for investment in the wood products in Bosnia and Herzegovina. There is also great potential for local economic development and export for Sheep’s wool insulation materials productions which could be achieved by applications of EU standards and procedures. The analysis of the materials described above are the best supporters for natural materials and their value. The investors as well as architects should be careful when choosing material for construction, since it is becoming a part of our sustainable life approach. Most importantly, the health of the planet is something that people should keep in mind, and by all means implement ways to help keep the planet healthy. One way surely is through the use of natural materials, which will fulfil all requirements, for individuals and planet. 8. Acknowledgements Thanks to the Head of Department of Architecture Assist. Prof. Dr. Nermina Mujezinović for her support in designing of the curriculum for the master topic Energy Efficient Architecture. The authors would like to thank to Professors Thomas Bednar and Professor Azra Korjenić from the Technical University of Vienna for their technical support and advises. Also we would like to thanks to the colleagues Yaşar, Serdar and Ahmet Sencer, who provided some valuable data from Turkey for this research. 287 | P a g e �ISSD 2014 The 5th International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ PROCEEDINGS 10. References [1] DIRECTIVE 2010/31/EU OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 19 May 2010 on the energy performance of buildings, Official Journal of the European Union. [2] Strongman C. (2008) ‘The Sustainable Home’, Merrell, London, New York [3] Environmental design, an introduction for architects and engineers, Edited by Randall Thomas, Max Fordham LLP [4] A. Korjenic, T. Bednar, Developing a model for fibrous building materials, Energy and Buildings 43 (2011) 3189–3199. [5] International Energy Agency (IEA) 2014), http://www.iea.org/topics/transport [6] Roaf S., Fuentes m., Thomas s. (2001). “Ecohouse”: A design guide; Architectural Press, Oxford [7] https://stats.oecd.org/glossary/detail.asp?ID=2112 [8] Berge B. (2001). “Ecology of building materials”, Architectural Press, Oxford [9] https://stats.oecd.org/glossary/detail.asp?ID=2112 [10] http://buildingsdatabook.eren.doe.gov/TableView.aspx?table=Notes 288 | P a g e � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2535 Title A name given to the resource 273 | P a g e THE USE OF NATURAL RENEWABLE MATERIALS IN THE SUPPORT OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT Author Author AYBEK, Isminur HUJDUR, Zedina DAUTOVIĆ, Amar NOVALIĆ, Adnan KLARIĆ, Sanela Abstract A summary of the resource. Architecture design today has become far more challenging then it traditionally used to be. On top of accustomed thermal insulation thickness and heating demand, architects need to design new or renovate existing structures in compliance with the primary energy demand, CO2 reductions, as well as ecological properties of the building materials. These properties are essential for a holistic assessment. Researches and demand for ecological building materials have been growing dramatically, particularly for insulating materials from renewable resources. Conventional design, constructions and conventional materials are still predominantly used in the world, particularly in BiH and Turkey. The aim of this paper is to present a comparison between the use of conventional methods, constructions and materials against alternative solutions of renewable insulations materials application in the wall constructions. The conventional walls are predominantly made of cement, bricks, Styrofoam, plaster and paint. For the innovative walls, materials used for a wall 1 are: brick, wood fibre insulation, plaster, coat render, and for wall 2: timber, sheep’s wool insulation, brick, OSB board and plaster. The tests results indicate the amount of primary energy and CO2 emission which could be saved if renewable materials are used not only for insulation but for the construction as well. Findings also show great demand for a new clean technology in brick production that will save energy and CO2 emission. Additionally, renewable materials have more ecological and fewer health damaging aspects. Keywords: wall construction, natural insulation materials, primary energy, global warming potential, health Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014-05-15 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 978-9958-834-36-3 Q Science (General),QH301 Biology,QH426 Genetics