37 10 3494 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 3531 Title A name given to the resource ARE YOU A BOOKBURNER? “PEOPLE AND SOCIETY” NEOLOGISMS IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE 21ST CENTURY Author Author Skenderovic Bakir, Sabina Abstract A summary of the resource. Diachronic study of a language demonstrates how the language changes significantly over a period of time and neologisms are one of the greatest indicators of language transformation. Therefore, the field of neologisms which came to existence in the English language in the period from 1950 to 2000 and which belong to the semantic group labeled as "people and society" is morphologically examined. This semantic group comprises neologisms related to characteristics of people, their habits, social groups as well as typical social phenomena such as human rights, education, religion, etc. Methods applied in this research are method of corpus analysis, method of diachronic and synchronic analysis and method of questionnaire. The main hypothesis is that neologisms in the semantic field of ‘people and society’ have quantitative ascent since the commencement of the 1950s until the year 2000. The supporting hypotheses are related to productivity of each major word formation process and instability of neologisms. Productivity of certain word formations, derivation and compounding in particular, is examined in the coinage of ‘people and society’ neologisms. Stability/instability of neologisms is examined in two ways: through corpus analysis and survey. Namely, research on frequency of neologisms coined in the 1950s in contemporary dictionaries of the English language is carried out. Native speakers’ knowledge of these neologisms is examined by means of survey among native speakers from Canada, Australia, the USA and the UK. The overall aim of this research is thorough analysis of neologisms that entered the English language since the middle of the twentieth century and examination of recent trends in English word formation. Keywords: word, word formation process, neologism, categorization, people and society Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed PE English https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/c9655f08f7459055e12c78bafa523a31.pdf 21b49e835bf0054f8a4c4e8338ac3f34 PDF Text Text ARGUMENTATION AND POLITENESS STRATEGIES FOR ENHANCING CRITICAL LITERACY COMPETENCE IN C1/C2 STUDENTS OF SPANISH AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE Milena Ivanović Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain Article History: Submitted: 11.06.2015 Accepted: 22.06.2015 Abstract This work, proceeding from Ivanovic (2015), focuses on the linguistic manifestations of argumentation and politeness in expressing different points of view and how they can be applied in teaching Spanish as a FL to advanced level students according to the CEFR (2001) which suggests the critical interpretation of texts in levels B2/C. For proving this proposal, columns published in two Spanish newspapers with different political orientation: progressive, El País (Carlos Boyero and Maruja Torres), and conservative, ABC (Antonio Burgos and Ignacio Camacho) were analyzed. Both the content and the strategies used by columnists have a persuasive goal and are considered materials that encourage students to think about social issues and trigger meaningful discussions. Previous studies have shown that, on the one hand, argumentation is a way of being polite because it justifies communicative goals and is a way of collaborating with the speaker, and, on the other hand, politeness can be considered as a tool for argumentation (Fuentes, 2009: 117, 125). It is supposed that (im)politeness is an argumentative technique that can add value and convince the speaker of something (Alcoba and Poch: 2006, 2010). Therefore, the aim of this paper is to approach Critical Literacy studies and develop critical literacy competence in C1/C2 students of Spanish as a FL focusing on argumentation and politeness strategies. In order to achieve that, as proposed in Goethals (2011), it is essential to enable students to identify different components of each text (text organization), to interpret its functional exponents and functions of certain strategies. In that sense, to adopt critical approach towards media discourse and to be able to interpret the underlying messages it is necessary to emphasize the importance of the following �aspects to the B2/C students of Spanish as a FL: argumentation and politeness strategies used in columns and its significant exponents because it can allow us to show whether these manifestations of argumentation and politeness depend on ideology or rather on the personal style of each author. �1. Introduction This work, proceeding from Ivanovic (2015), focuses on the linguistic manifestations of argumentation and politeness in newspapers columns and how these techniques can be applied for enhancing critical literacy competence in teaching Spanish as a FL to advanced level students. According to the CEFR (2001), the critical interpretation of texts in levels B2/C is suggested so the aim of this work is to: • Encourage students to develop critical attitude and incorporate that competence as an additional communicative competence in foreign language learning. • Analyze techniques that can facilitate the acquisition of critical competence such as argumentation and politeness strategies. That will allow them to see text, in general, and, each component of the text, in particular, from different perspectives and to finally see whether these manifestations of argumentation and politeness depend on ideology or rather on the personal style of each author. 2. Critical Literacy in the Framework of Foreign Language Learning The world we're living in is changing and evolving at an extraordinary rate and will continue to do so at ever-increasing rates. We live in an increasingly diverse, globalized, complex and media-saturated society which partly has to do with the penetration of Internet which has provided a common platform to communicate and share information. In this context, critical literacy competence has become vital. Students must develop different literacies such as critical, multicultural, emotional, environmental, and media literacies. They need to know how to use their knowledge, information and to be able to think critically in order to grow personally and become thoughtful active citizens both on local and global levels. Critical literacy is the ability to actively read different types of discourses so as to achieve a deeper understanding of socially constructed concepts such as ideology, power, domination, political, economic and gender inequality and injustice that are reflected in media, books, everyday conversations, etc. Critical literacy encourages students to understand and question ideology and power issues, attitudes, values, and beliefs of written or spoken discourses, as well as different visual applications. To become critically literate students have to develop and master not only simple reading comprehension, but also the ability to analyze, critique, and question the �messages inherently present within any form of discourse and to challenge these issues. Only in that way they can become active agents of change because critical literacy practices can contribute to change and the development of political awareness (Freire and Macedo, 1987; Luke and Freebody, 1999). According to CEFR (2001), communicative language competence comprises several components:  Linguistic competences include lexical, phonological, syntactical knowledge and skills and other dimensions of language as system, independently of the sociolinguistic value of its variations and the pragmatic functions of its realizations.  Sociolinguistic competences refer to the socio-cultural conditions of language use (rules of politeness, norms that govern relations between different generation, sexes and social groups) which affects all language communication between representatives of different cultures even though participant may be unaware of its influence.  Pragmatic competences are concerned with the functional use of linguistic resources (production of language functions, speech acts, mastery of discourse, etc.) in interactional exchanges. Critical competence is considered in C2 level, both in case written production and visual reception (writing) (CEFR, 2001: 69)1: Can understand and interpret critically virtually all forms of the written language including abstract, structurally complex, or highly colloquial literary and non-literary writings Can understand a wide range of long and complex texts, appreciating subtle distinctions of style and implicit as well as explicit meaning. Castellà and Cassany (2005) distinguish between a critical and a non-critical reader: Critic reader Non-critic reader Seeking the unique and constant meaning Aware that there are different meanings (dynamic and contextual) �Satisfied with his personal interpretation Dialogues and seeks for social interpretations Reads all texts in the same way Reads each genre in a different way Puts emphasis on the content and looks for Puts emphasis on the ideology and looks for main ideas the intention Pays attention on the explicit aspects Draws attention to the implicit aspects Satisfied with one source of information Looks for different sources and contrasts them Perceives quotations as accurate reproductions Perceives quotations as interested reformulations Argues that understanding is like believing Argues that understanding is not the same as believing Based on this distinction, we are primarily focusing on implicit aspects of each column, the author's' intention and ideology. 3. The relation between Argumentation-Politeness Previous studies have shown that the relation between argumentation and (im)politeness in discourse is bidirectional (Fuentes, 2009; Alcaide Lara, 2014). From one point of view, argumentation is bound to politeness since it can be used in favor of (im)politeness apart from the persuasive goal which is present in different degree in almost any kind of discourse as proposed by Anscombre and Ducrot (1994)2. When we provide the speaker with arguments, we in a way justify our communicative goals. When we give reasons, we collaborate with the speaker and respect his face. Persuasion doesn't have to be concealed always. Therefore, the argumentative structure can operate as a mechanism that regulates the speakers’ face as well as a mechanism that reinforces (im)polite activity. On the other hand, (im)politeness is considered a mechanism in favor of argument and its function is purely persuasive. It is supposed that (im)politeness is an argumentative technique that can add value and convince the speaker of something (Alcoba and Poch: 2006, 2010). The argumentative goal of politeness is to get something from the other and of the impoliteness to indirectly achieve something, to transmit the position of power, to convince or cause a reaction in the other (for example in politics discourse). �In conclusion, although politeness emphasizes more the sociological and psychological aspect of communication and has other functions3 apart from persuasive, in this work we will focus on its purely argumentative goal and we consider it a persuasive technique per se. 4. Argumentation – Politeness Strategies in FLT and for enhancing Critical Literacy Critical literacy competence is fostered by analyzing different types of texts and meanings: newspapers, magazines, TV and radio programs, texts on the Internet within different social and cultural contexts. The focus should be on materials that can trigger meaningful discussions in the classroom and encourage students to thinks about social issues that are seen in their everyday lives. In that sense, critical literacy is more an attitude, a way to position towards discourses which implies the activation of previous knowledge and exchange of different points of view (Cots, 2006). That is why, as we have already mentioned, for proving this proposal, columns published in two Spanish newspapers with different political orientation: progressive, El País (Carlos Boyero and Maruja Torres), and conservative, ABC (Antonio Burgos and Ignacio Camacho) were analyzed. Therefore, we suggest organizing the reading task in different stages: before, while and after reading. Stage 1 - Before reading. Activate knowledge and vocabulary that is required for the understanding of the text by raising various questions concerning the contest, discourse genre, the author, its communicative goal and the target reader.  Cultural context o What kind of text it is? o In what kind of society it is produced?  Situational context o In which section of the newspaper are these texts published?  Communicative goals o For what purpose are these text created?  Author/Writer o Who is the writer? o Which ideology does he reflects? �o What is his/her intention?  Readers o Who´s the target reader? o What kind of reaction is the writer looking for?  Multimodality o The role and purpose of the images/videos? (if used) The answer to all these questions lies in the general knowledge of the world so it is essential to activate these general competencies4 and fully involve a learner in the comprehension of the text as the active member of the target language linguistic community. Stage 2 - While reading. Check out the interpretational hypothesis, proceed with the content, and identify different components of the text. Since the aim of this work is to approach Critical Literacy studies and develop critical literacy competence in C1/C2 students of Spanish as a FL focusing on argumentation and politeness strategies, we suggest focusing on the following aspects as we did in our analysis. The first aspect regarding argumentation focuses on the orientation of the arguments, whether they are co-oriented and lead to the expected conclusion or anti-oriented and lead to opposite conclusions; and the second one on the strength of the arguments, on two particular mechanisms: intensification and attenuation. Argumentation Orientation Strength Co-orientation Intensification Anti-orientation Attenuation Since the argumentation is bound to the intention of the speaker to influence the reader, it means that the reader is implicitly present and, therefore, it is essential to bear this dialogical character of argumentation in mind. As Plantin (1990: 232) pointed out: "La argumentación es dialéctica; su lenguaje no es un lenguaje de objetos sino un lenguaje habitado por los interlocutores y marcado por sus puntos de vista".5 Therefore, as for the columnist, the focus is on the expressions of the personal view, polyphony (the use of different voices), and the use of impersonal structures for �depersonalization of the discourse. And as for the reader, the use of pronominal forms as a way of addressing the reader (T – V distinction)6 and other types of reference to the reader that make columns more dialogical and interactive should be considered. Interlocutors Columnist Reader Personal vision T–V distinction Polyphony Reference to the reader Impersonality Finally, when it comes to politeness, our starting point was Brown y Levinson´s distinction of politeness strategies (1987). So regarding positive politeness, in our analysis we focused on two strategies in particular: claim common ground and convey that S and H are cooperators7. The aim of the first one is to attend the readers´ needs and wants by justifying intentions and reformulating; to exaggerate interest and sympathy with the reader; and, to show in-group solidarity with the use of different pronominal forms. As for the second strategy, its aim is to include both the columnist and the reader in the activity with the use of inclusive plural; and to assume and enhance reciprocity by strengthening reader´s positive face with the use of modality. In relation to the negative politeness, the focus was on two strategies as well. The first one, don´t coerce the reader aims to minimize the imposition by limiting the writer´s attitude on the personal level avoiding generalization; and give deference by using different pronominal forms for addressing the reader. The second strategy, communicate writer´s want not to impinge on the reader, seeks to impersonalize both the columnist and the reared. Politeness Positive politeness Claim ground' Negative politeness 'common Attend (interests, the H's Don't coerce H needs, Minimize imposition wants) Exaggerate approval, (interest, sympathy Give deference the �with H) Use in-group identity markers Convey that S and H Include both speaker Communicate are cooperators S's Impersonalize S and (S) and hearer (H) in want not to impinge H activity Assume on H or assert reciprocity Stage 3 - After reading. Get the global meaning and the main idea. As suggested in this work, one of the ways to construct the global meaning is by analyzing linguistic manifestations of argumentation and politeness in expressing different points of view in order to see whether they depend on the ideology or on the personal style of the columnists. Furthermore, to encourage students to exchange opinions and read multiple or parallel texts further comparison tasks may be carried out.  Compare possible interpretations of each column.  Contrast different discourses that belong to the same genre which implies comparing columns published in the same newspaper and then with the ones published in the other that reflects different ideology (El País vs. ABC).  Analyze different genres of texts dealing the same topic, for example columns and editorials, although this is just one of many possible comparisons.  Contrast different modes of communication, for example written, oral, audiovisual. In the framework of trans-cultural pragmatics, it may also imply the comparison of different linguistic tools used for a concrete purpose across different languages. In addition, these specific practices should be contrasted with the same practice in students' own culture. 5. Conclusions Critical Literacy is a way to address texts from a global perspective and it involves not only linguistic, sociolinguistic and pragmatic competencies, but also the competence to compare discourses from a critical point of view. In that sense, comparison tasks are essential. �Reading comprehension activities should be focused on specific social practices, authentic and multimodal texts. The analysis should proceed from general contextual and communicative goals aspects towards more concrete, specific, linguistic dimensions of the texts to identify discourse characteristics, components, functional exponents and strategies. In particular, the analysis of the argumentation and politeness strategies and its significant components used in columns can enhance Critical Literacy Competence because it allows to see:  Which linguistic mechanisms are commonly used to persuade a reader;  Whether these manifestations depend on ideology or rather on the personal style of each author. From the analysis we have conducted, we proved that the use of argumentation and politeness strategies is not determined by the ideology that columnists reflect, but by their own personal and expressive style. �Endnotes 1 Users of the Framework may wish to consider for what purposes and in which modes the learner will need, or wish or be required to read (CEFR, 2001: 71). 2 Anscombre and Ducrot (1994) have developed the linguistic approach to argumentation. They named their approach Radical Argumentativism because, according to their view, every form of language has an argumentative aspect. In other words argumentativity is a general feature of all language use. 3 Apart from the persuasive functions, Fuentes (2009: 140-141) distinguishes other functions both for manifestations of politeness and impoliteness. In case of politeness, the author mentions: organizational and cohesive function in an interactive level (greetings, rituals, initiation of a conversation); and social function that goes beyond the linguistic aspect because it affects the social image that a speaker wants to project about himself. In the same way, additional functions of impoliteness are the following: cohesive function to indicate the end of interaction; social function to project negative image because the speaker wants to break interactional bonds of wants to be seen in that way; and modal function when the speaker seeks to surprise the other or cause rejection. 4 "Language use, embracing language learning, comprises the actions performed by persons who as individuals and as social agents develop a range of competences, both general and in particular communicative language competences. [...] General competences are those not specific to language, but which are called upon for actions of all kinds, including language activities." (CEFR, 2001: 9). 5 The argumentation is dialectical; its language is not a language of objects, but a language inhabited by the interlocutors and marked by their views. 6 In sociolinguistics, a T–V distinction (from the Latin pronouns tu and vos) is a contrast, within one language, between second-person pronouns that are specialized for varying levels of politeness, social distance, courtesy, familiarity, age or insult toward the addressee. 7 S stands for Speaker and H for Hearer. �References: Alcaide Lara, Esperanza (2014): “La relación argumentación-(des)cortesía en el discurso persuasivo” in Diana Bravo (ed.), Pragmática Sociocultural / Sociocultural Pragmatics, Volume 8, Issue 2. De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 223-261. Alcoba, S. (2013): “Cortesía y gramática de la Argumentación en las cuñas publicitarias“, en C. Fuentes (Coord.) (Des) cortesía para el espectáculo: estudios de pragmática variacionista, Madrid, Arco/Libros, págs. 39-66. Alcoba, Santiago y Dolors Poch (2006): "Cortesía y argumentación en las cuñas de radio. Español Actual, 86, pp. 7-44. Alcoba, Santiago y Dolors Poch (2010): "Argumentación, cortesía y ´poder´en las cuñas de radio" en F. Orletti y L. Mariottini (eds.), Descortesía en español. Espacios teóricos y metodológicos para su estudio. Roma/Estocolmo. Università Roma Tre-EDICE. pp. 285-314. Anscombre, J.C. y Ducrot, O. ([1983] 1994): La argumentación en la lengua. Madrid. Gredos. Brown, P. y Levinson, S. (1987): Politeness. Some universals in language use, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. Cassany, D. (2005): “Literacidad crítica: Leer y escribir la ideología”, workshop at the IX Simposio Internacional de la Sociedad Española de Didáctica de la Lengua y la Literatura, SEDELL/Universidad de la Rioja, Logroño. 30-11-2005. Available at: file:///C:/Users/ub/Downloads/0046352ca74ca3a32c000000.pdf. Castellá, J. M. y D. Cassany (2010): “Aproximación a la literacidad crítica” in Perspectiva, Florianópolis, v.28, n. 2, pp.353-374. Available at: https://repositori.upf.edu/bitstream/handle/10230/21187/Cassany_PERSPECTIVA_28_2.pdf?seq uence=1. Cots, J.M. (2006): "Teaching with an attitude: Critical Discourse Analysis in EFL Teaching", ELT Jornal, 60/4, pp. 336-345. Council of Europe (2001): Common European Framework of Reference for Languages: Learning, Teaching, Assessment (CEFR). Available at: http://www.coe.int/t/dg4/linguistic/Source/Framework_EN.pdf. Freire, P. and D. Macedo(1987): Literacy: Reading the Word and World. South Hadley, Mass: Bergin & Garvey Publishers. �Fuentes Rodríguez, Catalina (2009): "La argumentación en la lengua y la cortesía verbal, ¿dos teorías distintas?" en Miguel Casas Gómez (dir.) y Raíl Marquez Fernández (ed.), XI jornadas de Linguística. Homenaje al profesor José Luis Morales. Cádiz. Universidad de Cádiz. Servicio de Publicaciones. pp. 109-148. Goethals, P. (coord.) y VVAA. (2011): Manual de expresión escrita en español. Libro de actividades para estudiantes anglófonos. Gante, Academia Press. Ivanovic, M. (2015): Manifestaciones de la opinión y de la argumentación en columnistas de El País y de ABC. PhD Thesis in submisson process. Barcelona. Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona. López Ferrero, Carmen and Ernesto Martín Peris (2010): “La competencia crítica en el aula de español L2/LE: Textos y contextos” at XXI Congreso Internacional de la ASELE, Del texto a la lengua: la aplicación de los textos a la enseñanza-aprendizaje del español L2-LE. Salamanca, 2010. Available at: http://cvc.cervantes.es/ensenanza/biblioteca_ele/asele/pdf/21/21_0507.pdf Luke, A. and P.Freebody (1999): “A map of possible practices: further notes on the four resources model”, Practically Primary, vol 4, no 2. pp. 5-8. Plantin, C. (2001 [1990]): La argumentación. Barcelona. Editorial Ariel. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2896 Title A name given to the resource ARGUMENTATION AND POLITENESS STRATEGIES FOR ENHANCING CRITICAL LITERACY COMPETENCE IN C1/C2 STUDENTS OF SPANISH AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE Author Author Ivanović, Milena Abstract A summary of the resource. This work, proceeding from Ivanovic (2015), focuses on the linguistic manifestations of argumentation and politeness in expressing different points of view and how they can be applied in teaching Spanish as a FL to advanced level students according to the CEFR (2001) which suggests the critical interpretation of texts in levels B2/C. For proving this proposal, columns published in two Spanish newspapers with different political orientation: progressive, El País (Carlos Boyero and Maruja Torres), and conservative, ABC (Antonio Burgos and Ignacio Camacho) were analyzed. Both the content and the strategies used by columnists have a persuasive goal and are considered materials that encourage students to think about social issues and trigger meaningful discussions. Previous studies have shown that, on the one hand, argumentation is a way of being polite because it justifies communicative goals and is a way of collaborating with the speaker, and, on the other hand, politeness can be considered as a tool for argumentation (Fuentes, 2009: 117, 125). It is supposed that (im)politeness is an argumentative technique that can add value and convince the speaker of something (Alcoba and Poch: 2006, 2010). Therefore, the aim of this paper is to approach Critical Literacy studies and develop critical literacy competence in C1/C2 students of Spanish as a FL focusing on argumentation and politeness strategies. In order to achieve that, as proposed in Goethals (2011), it is essential to enable students to identify different components of each text (text organization), to interpret its functional exponents and functions of certain strategies. In that sense, to adopt critical approach towards media discourse and to be able to interpret the underlying messages it is necessary to emphasize the importance of the following aspects to the B2/C students of Spanish as a FL: argumentation and politeness strategies used in columns and its significant exponents because it can allow us to show whether these manifestations of argumentation and politeness depend on ideology or rather on the personal style of each author. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2015-07 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed P Philology. Linguistics Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 3445 Title A name given to the resource ARGUMENTATION STRATEGIES IN NEGATIVE ACADEMIC BOOK REVIEWS Author Author Vassileva, Irena Abstract A summary of the resource. Although nobody would deny that academic criticism is an inherent feature of academic communication, most of the existing studies assume that due to the nature of the development of science, collaborative rhetoric is intrinsic to academic discourse and criticism is an exception rather than the rule. In order to check this hypothesis, the present pilot study investigates a sample corpus of 10 book reviews in the field of English applied linguistics, which have a definitely negative character. Scientific book reviews not only belong to the basic academic genres, but also possess a functionally determined highly evaluative character, thus being potential carriers of academic criticism. They have, unfortunately, received relatively little attention as yet. The study aims at uncovering the argumentation strategies used by review writers in terms of the classical argumentation Aristotelian theory. Within this theory the notion of topic plays a crucial role. There are two basic types of topoi: those based on everydaylogic generic premises and those with conventionalised conclusions, whose subgroups are used as a methodological instrument of the analysis. The analysis leads to conclusions concerning the surface expression of the argumentation strategies used by writers, the degree to which criticism is based on objective logic and on subjective personal evaluation, the preference for certain topoi, as well as some general concerns in relation to confrontation in the academia. “ I f y o u h a v e m o ne y t o b u r n, b u r n i t; d o n’ t b u y t h i s b o o k! ” Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed PE English https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/9d0bfa0cd64fc7ebaf5c527533dfcd57.pdf df3c325aabeb19b7e0984db9567841a6 PDF Text Text Journal of Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics Argumentation Strategies inNegative Academic Book Reviews Irena Vassileva New Bulgarian University, Bulgaria Submitted: 03.03.2014. Accepted: 03.11.2014. Abstract Although nobody would deny that academic criticism is an inherent feature of academic communication, most of the existing studies assume that due to the nature of the development of science, collaborative rhetoric is intrinsic to academic discourse and criticism is the exception rather than the rule. In order to check this hypothesis, the present pilot study investigates a sample corpus of 10 book reviews in the field of English applied linguistics that are definitely negative in character. Scientific book reviews not only belong to the basic academic genres, but also possess a functionally determined highly evaluative character, thus being potential carriers of academic criticism. They have, unfortunately, received relatively little attention as yet. The study aims to uncover the argumentation strategies used by review writers in terms of classical Aristotelian argumentation theory.Within this theory the notion of topic plays a crucial role. There are two basic types of topoi: those based on everyday-logic generic premises and those with conventionalised conclusions, whose subgroups are used as a methodological instrument of the analysis. The analysis leads to conclusions concerning the surface expression of the argumentation strategies used by writers, the degree to which criticism is based on objective logic and on subjective personal evaluation, the preference for certain topoi, as well as some general concerns in relation to confrontation in the academia. Keywords: academic discourse rhetoric, negative book reviews, English, confrontation in science, argumentation Aim and data of the study The pilot study is based on a sample corpus of 10 book reviews in English applied linguistics that have a definitely negative character.This means that the ‘final verdicts’ of the reviews are in accordwith the above motto.The investigation aims to elucidate the argumentation strategies used by review writers in terms of the classical 119 �Argumentation Strategies inNegative Academic Book Reviews Aristotelian theory combined with the modern argumentation theory.The analysis leads to conclusions concerning the realisation of the argumentation strategies used by writers, the degree to which criticism is based on logic (objective) and on personal evaluation (subjective), the preference for and/or avoidance of certain topoi. The scientific book review Wills (1997:136) defines the academic book review in the following way: “A person, as a rule an expert, expresses her/his opinion on a scientific work with view to bringing about a (tacit) feedback between herself/himself and the respective author and to familiarizing a more or less expert leadership with the achievements and failures of the work under review. The reviewer produces, on the basis of his subjective text assessment, a metatext directly related to a primary text.” What follows from this definition are the two basic features of the review, namely: (1)The discourse of the review is not independent and self-sufficient, but is closely related ideationally to preceding texts and/or practices, thus forming a wide and complicated network of intertextual links. (“Ideational function” after Halliday 1985) (2) The two basic communicative functions of the review are the informative and the evaluative. (“Interpersonal function”, ibid.) Methodology McElholm (2002:67-68) maintains that: “Argumentation takes place when there is disagreement (or lack of agreement) as to a certain state of affairs, or as to what should be done, or as to whether something is good or bad; a speaker or writer intends to bring about consensus on the subject, i.e. transform disagreement into agreement, by persuading his or her audience of the correctness of the point of view put forward by him or her by advancing an argument which appeals to certain commonly held beliefs or opinions, i.e. beliefs or opinions shared by his or her audience.” Eggs (1994:16ff. and 1996:183) classifies argumentation into three types depending on the author’s objectives. Thus, there are three ways to react to a controversial problem of the type: 120 �Journal of Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics Problem: T or not T? For T to assert Against T Argumentation to deny epistemic to advise in favour to appreciate of to advise against to find bad deontic ethical/aesthetic On the other hand, within the classical Aristotelian argumentation theory the notion of topic plays a crucial role. There are two basic types of topoi: those based on everyday-logic generic premises and those with conventionalised conclusions, where each of these groups contains the following subgroups: I. Topoi based on everyday-logic generic premises: 1. Topoi from the consequence 2. Topoi from the comparison 3. Topoi from the contrast 4. Topoi from the division (classification) 5. Topoi from the example II. Topoi with conventionalised conclusions 1. Topos from the authority 2. Topos from the analogy 3. Topos from the person. The topoi enumerated above will serve as a second analytical methodological instrument for the investigation of argumentation in book reviews. Results Content- and form-based premises The expression of criticism maytake various forms and may be based on different premises – theoretical assumptions, methodological failures, relevance of data, etc. I have divided the premises into content-oriented and form-oriented, where the first type refers to criticism of the content per se, while the latter refers to the graphic representation, spelling mistakes and the structure in general. Graph 1 shows the distribution of the two types and their sub-types within the present corpus in percent. 121 �Argumentation Strategies inNegative Academic Book Reviews As Graph 1. below shows, the most frequent premise for criticism is theoretical deficiency or failure, which accounts for almost half of the cases (48%). Next comes criticism of methodology / analysis (22%), followed by pointing to discrepancies between the aim(s) of the respective study / course book and their realization, erroneous and/or imprecise use of terminology and ‘personal attack’ which I shall dwell upon later in more detail. 122 �Journal of Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics Graph 1. Content- and form-based premises Hyland’s (2004) investigation of book reviews in various disciplines showed a tendency to praise general features and criticise specific ones: “[…] while over 80 per cent of the positive commentary on content addressed general aspects of the book, critical observations tended to be more specific, with 60 per cent referring to particular content issues.” This, however, does not seem to be the case in the present investigation. Reviewers tend to attach more importance to theoretical and analytical aspects of publications. Topoi in English book reviews Graph 2. demonstrates that 22% of the topoi consist of topos from the person,which, together with topos from the authority (4.5%), makes more than ¼ of the topoi. That is, unlike other academic genres where argumentation is primarily based on topoi based on everyday-logic generic premises (see e.g. Vassileva 2006 for spoken academic communication), within the genre of the academic book review the topoi with conventionalized conclusions account for a relatively high percentage of argumentation. Thus, it seems that the review is one of the few academic genres that are highly personalized. 123 �Argumentation Strategies inNegative Academic Book Reviews Graph 2. Topoi in English book reviews The topos from the person is very often realized in the form of a personal attack and may have a snide and sneering, contemptuous tone: Ex. (1) But in my view, the outcome was merely a bizarre charade of camouflaged communication where the lion’s share of the analyst’s work was kept out of sight by invoking the “native speaker’s intuition” and “introspection” (cf. Beaugrande 1998b). In this example, there is a shift from condemning the content of the book under review to denouncing the author as incompetent and arrogant, thus flouting “need to facilitate a continued sense of solidarity with their readers” (Hyland 2004:48). The topos from the authority prevails in criticism of theoretical and terminological issues, usually pointing either to failures or to deficiencies: Ex. (2) But then Saussure never said it was, and nor did anybody else as far as I know. So this departure from tradition is not a radical theoretical innovation at all but a rudimentary mistake, […]. Topoi based on everyday-logic generic premises: The topoi from the contrast account for 38% of the cases: Ex. (3) If this were just an occasional lapse or aberration, it would not matter much. But this disregard of inconvenient textual features seems to be endemic in the critical approach. Most of the topoi from the contrast are used in criticism of theory and methodology / analysis. In addition, such criticism is often expressed by involving both the reader and the review author in the process of argumentation: 124 �Journal of Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics Ex. (4) Meanwhile, bleary-eyed readers might ask with mounting frustration: if all these would-be “discourse analysts” have got it wrong, when is [X] going to present his own method that sets matters right? This does not expressly occur, as far as I can see, until pages […]. Next in frequency (with 15.5%) comes the topos from the example, which is not surprising for the genre since reviews often draw directly on the original text for argumentation: Ex. (5) However, some of the previous weaknesses continue to exist in this edition, which is rather disappointing. For instance, the writing is still not very reader-friendly and, in fact, is somewhat inaccessible. The ‘definition’ topos accounts for 8% and relates primarily to terminology; it is often expressed in the form of questions: Ex. (6) So there are seven main headings, but how the second group relate to the first is not explained. Nor is the relationship between headings (aspects?, dimensions?, functions?) within the groups. What, one wonders, […], is the difference between cohesion and text structure? The cause and effect topoi account for 5% of the cases. They refer either to negative consequences of problematic theoretical assumptions or of errors in the analysis: Ex. (7) It would be difficult for an EST teacher to try and use the book […] as there does not seem to be any attempt at teaching techniques […]. The topos based on means and goal (7%) expresses criticism concerning discrepancies between author’s aim and its realization. The latter may concern the overall aim of the publication or certain ‘local’ aims: Ex. (8) However, due to the brevity of the chapter there is very little by way of examples, and it is really only a reminder to the reader to use some visuals during the talk. Conclusions From the viewpoint of argumentation theory and Eggs’ (1994) classification, one could draw the following conclusions:  Epistemic argumentation dominates review articles.This is only logical, since academic discourse in general reproduces the natural striving of research for the truth and for explanations of phenomena.  Deontic argumentation is relatively more frequent compared to other academic genres such as the research article (see Vassileva 2000, 2006) due to the evaluative character of the genre;  The same holds for ethical argumentation, which presupposes the categorization of a claim on the scale of ‘good – bad’. 125 �Argumentation Strategies inNegative Academic Book Reviews  Although this kind of personalized evaluation clashes in principle with the universal assumption of the objectivity of science, the wide use of topoi from the person in reviews points once again to their highly subjective character. The correlation between the topoi based on logical generic premises and those based on conventionalized conclusions is approximately 2:1 in the present corpus.Linguistics is a ‘Geisteswissenschaft’ (‘spiritual science’ if translated 1:1 from German) that does not and cannot always operate with strictly measurable, tangible and therefore verifiable matter, so it has to rely on logic for securing successful argumentation. The latter is obviously true for English with its high percentage of ‘argumentation pure’ through topoi from the contrast. Moreover, English-speaking reviewers are rather derisive and idiosyncratic. Particularly prominent is the relatively frequent use of ‘personal attacks’, realized in “scornful, contemptuous, and sarcastic tones” (Tannen 2002:1664) – a fact that contradicts Galtung’s (1985) observation that the English-speaking academic discourse community is more tolerant than, e.g., the German-speaking one. This new development is most probably due to the function of English as the globallingua franca of research, the language that is the medium of the ever-growing global competition in academia. In the humanities it is easy to play down the discourse of other scholars. Especially in cases where there is a preliminary conception that there could not possibly be any common ground to be found, where the review writer sees him/herself as a worrier, as a gatekeeper whose mission is to fight for the only cause, his/her own cause, the discussion of a book may turn into a battlefield and remain a battlefield, only to take other forms, sometimes through other media of academic communication. Thus, one could, to my mind at least, hardly speak today of the academic discourse community as one consisting of like-minded peers. Like-mindedness consists in ‘moving within the same semiotic space’, so to say, in partial sharing of terminology and background knowledge, in observing certain politeness rules. It stops, however, there, where basic interests of various kinds clash, since the competition for power and prestige in science becomes ever more intensive with the increase of its importance in modern society. Tannen (2002:1653) maintains in this connection that: “oppositional moves traditionally assumed to be constructive can have hitherto unexamined destructive consequences” and, further, that “there is much wrong with the metaphorical assignment of research to warring camps. It obscures the aspects of disparate work that overlap and can learn from each other. It obscures the complexity of research” (ibid., 1661). 126 �Journal of Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics Our present conventions of climbing the academic ladder and making a name in the community through opposition and refutation of the work of our predecessors could be extremely counterproductive in the achievement of our primary goal, namely the maintenance of the purity of science and its principal aim – to explore the enormous complexity of our world. References Aristotle (1954).Rhetoric. (W.R.Roberts, Trans.) New York: Random House. Clyne, M. (1991). The Sociocultural Dimension: The Dilemma of the Germanspeaking Scholar. In Schröder, H. (Ed.),Subject-oriented Texts(pp. 49 – 67). Berlin: de Gruyter. Clyne, M. (1993).Pragmatik, Textstruktur kulturelleWerte.EineinterkulturellePerspektive. In Schröder, Fachtextpragmatik(pp. 3 – 18).Tübingen: Gunter NarrVerlag. H. und (Ed.), Eggs, E. (1994).Grammaire du discoursargumentatif. Paris: Kime. Eggs, E. (1996).Formen des Argumentierens in Zeitungskommentaren – Manipulation durchmehrsträngig-assoziativesArgumentieren ? In HessLüttich, E. W. B., Holly. W. &Püschel, U. (Eds.),TextstrukturenimMedienwandel(pp. 179 – 209). Frankfurt/Main: Peter Lang. Galtung, J. (1985).Struktur, Kultur und intellektuellerStil.Einvergleichender Essay übersachsonische, teutonische, gallische und nipponischeWissenschaft.In Wierlacher, A. (Ed.),Das Fremde und das Eigene(pp. 151 – 193).München: Judicum-Verlag. Halliday, M. (1985).Introduction to Functional Grammar. London: Edward Arnold. Hyland, K. (2004).Disciplinary Discourses. Social Interactions in Academic Writing.Michigan: The University of Michigan Press. McElholm, D. (2002).Text and Argumentation in English for Science and Technology. Frankfurt/Main: Peter Lang. Tannen, D. (2002).Agonism in academic discourse.Journal of Pragmatics 34, 1651 – 1669. 127 �Argumentation Strategies inNegative Academic Book Reviews Vassileva, I. (2000). Who is the author? (A contrastive analysis of authorial presence in English, German, French, Russian and Bulgarian academic discourse).Sankt Augustin: AsgardVerlag. Vassileva, I. (2006).Author-Audience Interaction. A Cross-Cultural Perspective. Sankt Augustin: AsgardVerlag. Wills, W. (1997). Hedges in Expert-Language Reviews. In Markkanen, R., Schröder, H. (Eds.),Hedging and Discourse: Approaches to the Analysis of a Pragmatic Phenomenon in Academic Texts(pp. 134 – 147). Berlin/New York. 128 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2812 Title A name given to the resource Argumentation Strategies in Negative Academic Book Reviews Author Author Vassileva, Irena Abstract A summary of the resource. Although nobody would deny that academic criticism is an inherent feature of academic communication, most of the existing studies assume that due to the nature of the development of science, collaborative rhetoric is intrinsic to academic discourse and criticism is the exception rather than the rule. In order to check this hypothesis, the present pilot study investigates a sample corpus of 10 book reviews in the field of English applied linguistics that are definitely negative in character. Scientific book reviews not only belong to the basic academic genres, but also possess a functionally determined highly evaluative character, thus being potential carriers of academic criticism. They have, unfortunately, received relatively little attention as yet. The study aims to uncover the argumentation strategies used by review writers in terms of classical Aristotelian argumentation theory.Within this theory the notion of topic plays a crucial role. There are two basic types of topoi: those based on everyday-logic generic premises and those with conventionalised conclusions, whose subgroups are used as a methodological instrument of the analysis. The analysis leads to conclusions concerning the surface expression of the argumentation strategies used by writers, the degree to which criticism is based on objective logic and on subjective personal evaluation, the preference for certain topoi, as well as some general concerns in relation to confrontation in the academia. Keywords: academic discourse rhetoric, negative book reviews, English, confrontation in science, argumentation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2015-03-03 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed LT Textbooks,P Philology. Linguistics,PR English literature https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/bd56e6062d552bce02fd7b685f534a5a.pdf f2b13835bf2ad5245e08b1059391c161 PDF Text Text Aroma Marketing Concept and the Level of Awareness Among Bosnia and Herzegovina population Irma Imamović International Burch University Bosnia and Herzegovina irma.imamovic93@gmail.com Abstract: Smell certainly arouses emotions and memory. In marketing, however, scent is proven to be very effective in helping contrast one brand from another. It triggers a desire that strongly influences our buying behavior and purchase decision. The right aroma can help to recall some pleasant association, people or events, whether it is great memory from childhood, or an enjoyable time spent in friend’s home. This is the reason why so many companies use scents as marketing tool to attract customers and distinguish themselves from competition. After theoretical part of the study, the interviews showed that level of awareness of scent or aroma marketing concept among Bosnia and Herzegovina population is high and they perceive scents to have substantial influence on consumer behavior and purchase decisions. Keywords: scent marketing, emotions, memory, marketing tool, behavior Introduction Online environment is steadily replacing brick-and-mortar marketing world which happens to be more appealing to consumers. It is very important for company to keep and maintain its customers in traditional stores, while, at the same time, serving their online presence. A one tool that can be used to attract customers is the use of scent marketing. It is more than just spreading pleasant fragrance in the air. It is actually the art of blending the firm’s brand image and identity, target market and all marketing communications and link them with a scent that amplify these branding features. The result is happier customer who remembers your brand. Businesses are constantly seeking innovative ways to differentiate themselves from competition, attract new customers and retain the loyal ones. The point of scent marketing is the control of aromas, where many industries such as hospitality, retail, financial services and many others embraced this tactic of using smells as a way to better present their brand and communicate to their target audience. Car industry recognized long time ago how important is to cover up the smell of a new car and many of them sprayed their own aromas into the new automobiles- for example, Cadillac had custom made scent Nuance which they spread in car interior. Westin Hotels also use this marketing strategy, pouring their lobbies with a white tea fragrance, because of its ability to both relax and energize. Singapore Airlines introduced scented towels in their services, where Sony poured mandarin and vanilla odors into their showrooms. When planning your marketing strategy, managers consider number of factors such as strong communication, target market, distribution channels, but also, they should consider to include aromas as additional part. Awareness for this successful marketing tool is becoming even higher today, where many companies and retail stores use scents and odors to increase sales and build their brand identity. ICESoS 2016 - Proceedings Book 83 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’16) In this paper, we are going to explain the most important aspects of research methodology and the data we collected will be processed with SPSS. The one-sample t test is used, along with independent t test, ANOVA, MANOVA and Chi- square test. Research methodology Research Design According to Burns and Bush (2014), research design or research plan encompasses advanced decisions that create the master plan specifying the methods and procedures for collecting and analysing the needed information. I decided to conduct a primary research, with quantitative nature and focus on gathering enough information from a large number of respondents. Further, survey was being used, which involves interviews with a large number of people answering on a predesigned questionnaire, as a method of data collection. Given the fact that the survey is online, which implies that computer technology plays an important role in conducting the interview, research took place in an online environment, or more precisely, in an online setting. Research Objectives Defining the problem is of major importance as it is the starting point of any scientific research. That being said, the research was conducted to have an insight of the level of awareness of scent marketing concept among Bosnia and Herzegovina’s population, as it is the latest trend recorded in marketing and it was very appealing to know whether is it represented among B&H society. The next thing we should consider is research objectives which are aimed to: 1. Determine what is the level of awareness of scent marketing concept in Bosnia and Herzegovina; 2. What is opinion about importance of using scents as marketing tool? In regard to that, primary research was conducted and focused on gathering and analyzing primary data. The sample ranging from 100 to 170 respondents was chosen and I employed a quantitative approach by using online questionnaire as a main method of data collection. Therefore, the setting of this research is an online environment, or more precisely Facebook pages and e-mails. This particular setting was chosen in regard to extensive internet presence of young and adults and high response rate as one of the main features of online questionnaires. Furthermore, ethical dilemmas that I stumbled upon during this research process were lack of monitoring due to computer-administered survey and the possibility of respondents to answer in an untruthful manner. Moreover, 168 respondents took part in questionnaire. Taking into consideration that research was organized as online survey, lack of monitoring as one of the significant disadvantage has made it difficult to recognize the ones who were not interested, even though they have said they would willingly fill out the survey. Further, online questionnaire was created by Google Forms (free, online tool for survey collection and analysis) and gathered data was analyzed by SPSS program. Questions are made to be as simple as possible, so respondents would easily give their answers. It is also important to mention that some responses were partial or inconsistent, despite the fact that respondents were given certain instructions and explanations, such as that the data gathered by this research will be used specifically for the purpose of a research project and that respondents’ response anonymity is assured. The survey was created in English and was accepting responses from December 19th to December 84 ICESoS 2016 - Proceedings Book �Regional Economic Development: Entrepreneurship and Innovation 21st in 2015. Data Collection Regarding this research study, quantitative research was conducted, that is, online questionnaire, as it is perceived to be the most convenient for this type of the research. The main advantage to use questionnaire is that they are quick and cheap to administer. It enables us to collect data from a large number of respondents and to get certain reliability and suitability. Moreover, questionnaires avoid influences on the respondents’ answers where they fill the questionnaire by themselves. The questionnaire consists of 16 questions designed in English. Questions are made as short and clear as possible, so they can be easily understood and answered. It will be provided in the appendix at the end of the paper. First five questions deal with demographic aspects of each respondent. Questions five to eleven deal with individual respondents, their income level and preference for scents in retail stores. The last five question deal with the Aroma marketing concept. This task was approached with great preparation and detailed research on all available secondary data to get better insight about this topic in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Wellstructured questions, substantial sample group and having proper perspective and clarity in judgments lead to better decisions in every step of the research process. As it was stated, respondents were noticed about the purpose of the questionnaire, so they feel confident and provide us with valuable information, hence there is no space for useless data. To avoid biases and negative impacts on outcome, steps were taken to ensure the reliability of research. So, in respect to that, research was carried out in the following manner: 1. Preparation took place before designing the questionnaire, that is, the basic objectives of the study were reviewed and relevant information visualized, 2. Each respondent was given with information and intent of the online questionnaire, 3. Each respondent was informed of his/her anonymity, 4. Questions are delivered in appropriate type and sequence that is best suited to answer the question, 5. Cautions for time length to fill the questionnaire were considered. It is also important to mention ethical behavior because it is a requirement in conducting marketing research, such as fairness, respect, openness, honesty and responsibility. Results One sample t-test One sample t- test is used to determine whether a sample comes from a population with a specific mean. Here we asked respondents whether they think scents influence buying behavior. They were offered with the rate response depending on the intensity of agreement and disagreement. Scale was between 1 (strongly disagree) and 10 (strong agree). Hence, we assume that level of agreement regarding scent’s influence on buying behavior is more than six. ICESoS 2016 - Proceedings Book 85 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’16) So, we can state null and alternative hypothesis: Ho: there is no evidence that the level of agreement among respondents is more than 6; Ha: there is evidence that the level of agreement among respondents is more than 6 One-Sample Statistics N Agreement level Mean 167 Std. Deviation 5.1437 Std. Error Mean 2.36255 18282. One-Sample Test Test Value = 6 t Agreement level -4.684 df 166 Sig. Mean Differ- Confidence Interval of 95% )(2-tailed ence the Difference 000. 85629.- Lower Upper -1.2172 4953.- The first table “One- sample statistics” gives descriptive statistics for the variable “Agreement level”. We can see that number of respondents N is 167 and it has Mean of 5.1437. The second table, labeled “One- sample test” gives the result of the t- test analysis. The first column represents the value of the t- statistics which is -4.684 and the next one is degrees of freedom of 166. In the column Sig. (2- tailed), we can see the corresponding two- tailed p value of 0.000. Here we took the significance level of 5%, so it can be seen that p < 0.05. Therefore, we reject the null hypothesis (Ho) at α = 0.05, which means that sample mean is not significantly different than hypothesized value. Hence, we say that there is no enough evidence to accept null hypothesis which states that the level of agreement among respondents is less than 6. Independent sample t-test The independent t- test is used for testing the difference between the means of two independent groups. Here we compare variables obtained from two independent samples. This test assumes that two groups are independent of one another, the dependent variable is normally distributed, and the distribution of the dependent variable for one of the groups being compared has the same variance as the distribution for the other group being compared. In this example two groups of respondents regarding their age categories were asked the question: “Are you aware of Aroma or Scent Marketing concept?”. The first group belongs to age category of 18-25 and the second one belongs to age category of 2645. Based on this, we wanted to determine is there a difference in knowledge about Aroma Marketing between these two groups. So, we can state null and alternative hypothesis: Ho: There is no difference between two groups of respondents’ knowledge about Aroma Marketing concept; 86 ICESoS 2016 - Proceedings Book �Regional Economic Development: Entrepreneurship and Innovation Ha: There is a difference between two groups of respondents’ knowledge about Aroma Marketing concept. The assumption of variance homogeneity has not been disturbed, since the Levene statistic is F = 0.020 and the corresponding significance level is low (p < 0.05), and we can use the row equal variances assumed t test statistic for evaluating of null hypothesis of equality of means. T statistic shows value of 0.067 with 154 degrees of freedom. We can say that there is no difference between two age groups regarding the knowledge about Aroma Marketing concept due to the fact that corresponding p value is greater than significance level of 5%, that is p > 0.05. However, the mean values indicate that age group of 18-25 recorded more positive answers (M = 1.4696) than second age group of 26-45 (M = 1.4694). Paired sample t-test The paired sample t test is used when two groups are tested twice, that is, they are subjects of repeated measures. This student t- test assumes normality of sampling means’ distribution. In this part of the paper, we chose twenty respondents and collect their answer regarding the question whether they believe that retail stores can use scents to make people enter the shop. After the study they were presented with the Aroma marketing concept and its use in marketing and management in general. After seven days, the same groups of people were asked to answer to the same questions. They were offered with the rate response ranging between 1 (Strongly Disagree) and 10 (Strongly Agree). So, we can state the null hypothesis: Ho: The respondents’ opinion is same before and after going through Aroma marketing presentation. ICESoS 2016 - Proceedings Book 87 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’16) To test normality we look at figure Normal Q-Q Plot, that compares cumulative distribution of the observed values with the expected values derived from the normal distribution. The normal distribution forms a straight line and if a variable’s distribution is normal, the data distribution will fall more or less on the diagonal, which is the case here. It shows very little departure from normality for both Before and After variables. Also, figure Detrended Normal Q-Q Plot shows little deviation from normality for both Before and After variables. 88 ICESoS 2016 - Proceedings Book �Regional Economic Development: Entrepreneurship and Innovation The result of this test shows us there is significant difference in the opinion before and after the given presentation on the topic. We see that degrees of freedom is 19 and t statistics shows value of -11.315. At significance level of 0.05 there is enough evidence to reject the null hypothesis which states that there is no difference between before and after opinion of respondents (p < 0.05). ANOVA The one- way analysis of variance (ANOVA) is an extension of independent sample t test and is used determining whether the means from several independent groups differ. In this case we want to find out whether difference exists among four sets of educational background (High school, Bachelor degree, Master’s degree, PhD degree) on the opinion that use of scent is a good marketing tool. This test assumes again, that dependent variable is normally distributed and that groups have approximately equal variance on the dependent variable. In the online survey, respondents answered on the question “The use of scent is a good marketing tool” with the rate response ranging from 1 (Strongly disagree) to 10 (Strongly agree). Therefore, the null hypothesis states: Ho: There is no difference among four sets of educational background; Test of Homogeneity of Variances Opinions Levene Statistic df1 492. df2 3 .Sig 162 688. ANOVA Opinions Sum of df Mean Squares Between Groups F .Sig Square 14.697 3 4.899 Within Groups 1142.749 162 7.054 Total 1157.446 165 694. 557. The assumption of homogeneity of variance has not been violated due to the fact that Levene statistic and corresponding significance level are high. The first row named Between groups shows the variability between groups , second row Within groups shows variability due to the random error and the third row gives the total variability (Ho & Ho, n.d.)1 The result from the One- way ANOVA test confirms that respondents’ opinion is same among all three groups of educational background that is p > 0557. 1 Ho, R. & Ho, R. Handbook of univariate and multivariate data analysis with IBM SPSS. ICESoS 2016 - Proceedings Book 89 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’16) Factorial analysis of variance The factorial univariate ANOVA includes the analysis of two or more independent variables. It allows us to assess the effects of each independent variable individually and joint effect of variables, also. This test assumes that samples are independently drawn from the source population and the dependent variable is normally distributed. Also, distribution of dependent variable for one of the groups being compared has the same variance as the distribution for the other group being compared. 2 In this part, we want to determine how gender and educational background influence the opinion of using scents as efficient marketing tool. Respondents were asked the same question as in the previous example; “The use of scent is a good marketing tool” and could choose from 1 (Strongly disagree) to 10 (Strongly agree), depending on the intensity of agreement and disagreement. We wanted to do 2-way factorial analysis; hence we choose two type of educational background: high school and bachelor degree. The null hypothesis states: Ho: The educational background and gender do not have effect on respondents’ opinion that scent is good marketing tool. 2 Ho, R. & Ho, R. Handbook of univariate and multivariate data analysis with IBM SPSS. 90 ICESoS 2016 - Proceedings Book �Regional Economic Development: Entrepreneurship and Innovation The assumption about homogeneity of variance is again tested by Levene’s test of equality of error variances which tests the hypothesis that the population error variances are equal. Here we can see that Levene statistic is F = 0.415 and the corresponding level of significance is large p > 0.05. Hence, assumption about homogeneity of variance has not been violated. In this example, neither gender, educational background nor combination of gender and educational background has effect on the respondents’ opinion.3 The main effect of Gender is not significant (p > 0.05). From the estimated marginal means, the males’ opinion (M = 5.298) is not significantly different from the females’ opinion (M = 5.453). Also, marginal means of educational background show that respondents with high school diploma (M = 5.505) and respondents with bachelor diploma (M = 5.245) have slightly same opinion of viewing scent as a good marketing tool. Hence, the main effect of educational background is not significant (p > 0.05). The interaction effect of Gender*Educational Background neither have significant effect on respondents’ opinion (p > 0.05). Also, we wanted to determine whether gender (In SPSS 1- Female; 2- Male) and age (In SPSS 1: 18-25; 2- 26-45) have effect on respondent’s preference of scents in retail stores. The null hypothesis is that gender and age do not influence respondent’s preference of scents in retail stores. 3 Ho, R. & Ho, R. Handbook of univariate and multivariate data analysis with IBM SPSS. ICESoS 2016 - Proceedings Book 91 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’16) Tests of Between-Subjects Effects Dependent Variable: Response Source Type III Sum df of Squares Corrected Mean F .Sig Square 532a. 3 177. 186. 906. 106.093 1 106.093 111.107 000. Gender 291. 1 291. 305. 583. Age 005. 1 005. 005. 943. Gender * Age 005. 1 005. 005. 943. Error 46.788 49 955. Total 284.000 53 Corrected Total 47.321 52 Model Intercept )a. R Squared = .011 (Adjusted R Squared = -.049 Again, Gender does not influence respondent’s preference, neither as age or combination of gender and age Chi square test Chi-square test is usually used for comparison of observed data with the data one’s expect to acquire according to certain hypothesis. Here we wanted to determine with a significance level of α = 0.05whether relations exist between respondents’ age levels (18-25; 26-45; 46-65) and knowledge (familiarity) about Aroma Marketing concept. In the table, Familiarity with Aroma Marketing concept is the row where responses are recorded with Yes and No (in SPSS it was coded like this: 1-Yes; 2-No). The Respondent’s age is the column (in SPSS it was coded like this: 1: 18-25; 2: 26-45; 3: 46-65). So, we can say that null hypothesis is: Ho: there is no relation between respondent’s age and familiarity with Aroma Marketing concept. Chi-Square Tests Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-sid)ed Pearson Chi-Square 043 . 2 979. Likelihood Ratio 043. 2 979. Linear-by-Linear Association 008. 1 930. N of Valid Cases 166 a .a. 1 cells (16.7%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 4.70 The table labeled Familiarity with Aroma Marketing concept * Respondent’s age Cross tabulation shows descriptive statistics that was required in analysis. We requested for actual and expected count, which is produced for each row (Familiarity with Aroma Marketing concept) and each column (Respondent’s age). Row Count shows actual frequencies for particular cell and Expected Count shows expected frequencies for each cell assuming no association. The last table represents the result of Chi-square test. In this case, the p value is 0.979 (p > 0.05) which is higher than corresponding 92 ICESoS 2016 - Proceedings Book �Regional Economic Development: Entrepreneurship and Innovation significance level 5%. So, we cannot reject the null hypothesis. In other words, there is no significant relationship between respondents’ age and the knowledge about Aroma Marketing concept. Discussion Before we discuss the results of this study, we are going to recall two previously mentioned research objectives: - Determine what is the level of awareness of scent marketing concept in Bosnia and Herzegovina; - What is opinion about importance of using scents as marketing tool? The independent sample t- test showed that respondents belonging to two different age groups (18-25 and 26-45) do not differ in their knowledge about Aroma marketing concept. It is important to mention that most of them are familiar with this term. However, one research from Sweden showed that large number of shops in Umea are not quite familiar with the use of aromas in their business and even dough number of stores are no aware of its implications as marketing tool, some of them use aromas empirically. Chi square test also showed that no relations exist between respondents’ age levels (18-25; 26-45; 46-65) and knowledge (familiarity) about Aroma Marketing concept. Zoladz and Raudenbush (2005) were investigating the influences of ambient aromas on magnifying cognitive performance and the results indicated improved participants’ activities and tasks such as attention level, memory and visual motor response speed, by both cinnamon and peppermint fragrances. Here is important to mention that participants specified their energy and mood level higher, but their tiredness level lower when were surrounded by peppermint aroma. People working in the pleasantly scented environment reported better task execution, better efficiency and being more ambitious regarding work goals than participants who worked in non-scented environment (Herz 2002). Regarding these studies, we can say that one sample t- test in our case showed similar findings regarding respondents’ opinion whether scents influence buying behavior. Most of them confirmed that they strongly believe that aromas indeed affect buying behavior. Many previous researches proved that scents are able to affect retail performance, as well. Several studies showed there is congruence between aromas and other factors present in the ambient, such as positive influence on product evaluation, money and time spent in the shop. The paired sample t- test showed that after the respondents were presented with the Aroma marketing concept and its use in management, their responses showed strong agreement toward the fact that retail stores can use scents to make people enter the shop. The result from One- way ANOVA test confirms that respondents’ opinion regarding the question whether the use of scents is a good marketing tool is same among all three groups of educational background. However, it must be highlighted that most of the respondents reflected quite strong agreement with this statement. Also, in factorial analysis of variance we want to determine how gender and educational background influence the opinion of using scents as efficient marketing tool. Respondents were asked the same question as in the previous example, and the results were quite the same as it was the case with Anova. ICESoS 2016 - Proceedings Book 93 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’16) Crowely and Henderson (1996) come up with idea to make an experiment where different odor was released each day for the total 20 weeks into retail environment. Two aromas were used: neutral and pleasant. They observed and tracked participant behavior and were then asked to fill in the questionnaire. The major findings from this research were that people had more positive shop appraisal, they were more likely to visit the retail store again, they would linger longer and possibility of actually purchase something was increased. Spangenberg, Grohmann and Sprott (2005) investigated how gender relates to scent recognition and evaluation, where male customers found rose fragrance more appealing, but women preferred vanilla scent more. Both genders evaluated the shop, employees and environment in general, more favorably, stayed much longer, and spent more money than they were intended to spend. We can notice that all these previous studies on this particular topic involve experimental study which is not the case with this research paper. However, one more Anova result showed that gender and age of respondents in this case did not have effect on respondent’s preference of scents in retail stores. Furthermore, many of participants in online survey stated that they in most cases prefer fresh smells. Most of the people said that only sometimes they like scented environment. The findings from this research give us an insight into the awareness of scent marketing concept among Bosnia and Herzegovina population and can be useful both for retailers and for upcoming researches on this particular topic. However, using scents as a part of marketing strategy does not fit the same for every business, and mainly depends on company’s’ structure, culture, organization and size, its customers and many other factors. Aroma and its effects on customers’ purchase behavior and decision making process is recognized just recently, and this new marketing trend can, if used precisely, create competitive advantage for the firm and boost brand identity, if we take into consideration that there are not so many businesses that are aware of this strategy and its implications. That being said, it important to highlight that it may not be sustainable in the long run, because other retail shops may use it as well. As it was mentioned previously, aromas are used to grasp customer’s emotions and memory and managers should know what kind of fragrance to use. People will enjoy and remember pleasant odor, but can also remember the bad one and be dragged away, because not all people react in the same way when exposed to scented area, so appropriate market research should be conducted to deeply investigate target markets’ characteristics. If there are future researches to come, one suggestion for researchers would be to pay attention about well explained concept of scent marketing, given the fact that there can be confusion about this term among respondents, especially if information is going to be collected from people that do not have a solid marketing knowledge. Hence, they should give an explanation about the term or provide few questions to actually test what is the true knowledge about scent or aroma marketing. 94 ICESoS 2016 - Proceedings Book �Regional Economic Development: Entrepreneurship and Innovation References • Air Aroma. (n.d.). Retrieved Fall, 2015, from http://www.air-aroma.com/scentmarketing • Blondeau, M., & Tran, A. (2009). Scent Marketing: What is the impact on stores in Umeå? (Unpublished master’s thesis). Umeå School of Business. Retrieved Fall, 2015, from http://umu.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:224612/FULLTEXT01.pdf • Bradford, K. D., & Desrochers, D. M. (2009). The Use of Scents to Influence Consumers: The Sense of Using Scents to Make Cents. J Bus Ethics Journal of Business Ethics, 90(S2), 141-153. • Brown, R. B. (2006). Doing your dissertation in business and management: The reality of researching and writing. London: SAGE. • Burns, A. C., & Bush, R. F. (2013). Marketing Research (7th ed.). Prentice Hall. • Douce, L., & Janssens, W. (2011). The Presence of a Pleasant Ambient Scent in a Fashion Store: The Moderating Role of Shopping Motivation and Affect Intensity. Environment and Behavior, 45(2), 215-238. • Durst, L. D. (2007, January 30). Scent Branding: Smell of Success? Retrieved Fall, 2015, from http://www.marketingprofs.com/7/duncan9.asp • Herz, R. S. (2002). Influences of Odors on Mood and Affective Cognition. Cambridge University Press, 160-177. • Hirsch, A. R. (1990). Preliminary Results of Olfaction Nike Study. Smell and Taste Treatment and Research Foundation. • Hirsch, A. R. (1995). Effects of ambient odors on slot-machine usage in a las vegas casino. Psychology and Marketing Psychol. Mark., 12(7), 585-594. • Ho, R. (2014). Handbook of univariate and multivariate data analysis with IBM SPSS (2nd ed.). Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC Press. • How does in store scent influence our shopping behavior? (n.d.). Retrieved Fall, 2015, from http://hubpages.com/education/How-does-in-store-scent-influenceour-shopping-behavior • Kotler, P., & Lindstrom, M. (2005). Brand Sense: Build Powerful Brands Through Touch, Taste, Smell, Sight, and Sound. The Free Press. • Laird, D. A. (1932). How the consumer estimates quality by subconscious sensory impressions. Journal of Applied Psychology, 16(3), 241-246. • McDonnell, J. (2002). Sensorial Marketing for Those Who Can Wait No Longer. 1st International Conference on Sensorial Marketing. • Morrin, M., & Ratneshwar, S. (2000). The Impact of Ambient Scent on Evaluation, Attention, and Memory for Familiar and Unfamiliar Brands. Journal of Business Research, 49(2), 157-165. • Ravn, K. (2007, August 20). Smells like Sales. Los Angeles Times • Saunders, M., Lewis, P., & Thornhill, A. (2009). Research methods for business students (5th ed.). Pearson Education;. • Scent Marketing Institute : Scent in the News. (n.d.). Retrieved Fall, 2015, from http://www.scentmarketing.org/trends/ • Science of Scenting - Prolitec - Home & Commercial. (n.d.). Retrieved April 27, 2015, from https://prolitec.com/scenting/science-of-scenting • Smiley, M. (n.d.). Dollars & Scents: From Clothes to Cars to Banks, Brands Seek Distinction Through Fragrance. Retrieved Fall, 2015, from http://adage.com/ article/cmo-strategy/smell-money-marketers-sell-scent/296084/ • Spangenberg, E. R., Crowley, A. E., & Henderson, P. W. (apr., 1996). Improving the Store Environment: Do Olfactory Cues Affect Evaluations and Behaviors? Journal of Marketing, Vol. 60, no. 2, 67-80. • Spangenberg, E. R., Grohmann, B., & Sprott, D. E. (2005). It’s beginning to smell (and sound) a lot like Christmas: The interactive effects of ambient scent and ICESoS 2016 - Proceedings Book 95 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’16) music in a retail setting. Journal of Business Research, 58(11), 1583-1589. • Toth, D. (1989, September 24.). What’s New in Fragrances; To Relax or Stay Alert, New Mood-Altering Scents. The New York Times. Retrieved Fall, 2015, from http:// www.nytimes.com/1989/09/24/business/what-s-new-in-fragrances-to-relax-orstay-alert-new-mood-atlering-scents.html • Zoladz, P. R., & Raudenbush, B. (april 2005). Cognitive Enhancement through Stimulation of the Chemical Senses. North American Journal of Psychology, Vol. 7(Issue 1), 125-125. Apendix 96 ICESoS 2016 - Proceedings Book �Regional Economic Development: Entrepreneurship and Innovation ICESoS 2016 - Proceedings Book 97 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’16) 98 ICESoS 2016 - Proceedings Book � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 3326 Title A name given to the resource Aroma Marketing Concept and the Level of Awareness Among Bosnia and Herzegovina population Author Author Imamovic, Irma Abstract A summary of the resource. Abstract: Smell certainly arouses emotions and memory. In marketing, however, scent is proven to be very effective in helping contrast one brand from another. It triggers a desire that strongly influences our buying behavior and purchase decision. The right aroma can help to recall some pleasant association, people or events, whether it is great memory from childhood, or an enjoyable time spent in friend’s home. This is the reason why so many companies use scents as marketing tool to attract customers and distinguish themselves from competition. After theoretical part of the study, the interviews showed that level of awareness of scent or aroma marketing concept among Bosnia and Herzegovina population is high and they perceive scents to have substantial influence on consumer behavior and purchase decisions. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2016 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/54a1eb16effc25e9e93924fda4500dfc.pdf 50084f3872cae99e3b63793f85e2f367 PDF Text Text 1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Arsenic Removal By Electrochemical Treatment Process Recep Boncukçuoğlu Department of EnvironmentalEngineering, Engineering Faculty, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey Berrin Z. Can VIIIst Regional Directorate of State Hydraulic Works (DSĐ), Erzurum, Turkey Alper E.Yilmaz Department of EnvironmentalEngineering, Engineering Faculty, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey M. Muhtar Kocakerim Abstract: In the present study, electrocoagulation (EC) has been evaluated as a treatment technology for arsenic (As) removal from aqueous solutions. Iron plate electrode was used in experiments. The experiments was used were carried out in a batch reactor. The effects of operational parameters such as current density, initial pH, electrolysis time and initial arsenic concentration were investigated. The obtained experimental results showed that efficiency of arsenic removal increased with increasing current density and decreased with increasing arsenic concentration in the solution. It has been established that the pH has a considerable influence on the performance of electrocoagulation process. Under the optimum conditions of an initial pH of 4, current density of 1,07 mA/cm2, stirring speed of 150 rpm, electrolysis time of 30 minutes, Arsenic was removed from aqueous solutions including arsenic concentration of 50 mg/L, at a rate of 99,50%. Keywords: Arsenic removal, electrocoagulation, water treatment, iron electrode 1. Introduction Arsenic, a toxic trace element present in natural waters (ground and surface water), has become a major unavoidable threat for the life of human beings and useful microorganisms. Arsenic concentration in water can become elevated due to several reasons like, mineral dissolution, use of arsenical pesticides, disposal of fly ash, mine drainage, and geothermaldischarge [1]. Arsenic contamination in potable water suppliesis a serious health problem in many countries around the world. As is a cause for skin,liver,lung and kidney or bladder cancer,itis a big headache to the nation. Due to carcinogenic nature of arsenic compounds, the purpose should now be to reduce the exposure of arsenic-contaminated water to a level as close to zero as possible [2.] . According to theWorld Health Organization (WH O), the maximum contamination level of arsenic in drinkingwater is 50 and 10 µg/L as a provisional guideline value [3]. This standard has been retained by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) and is currently the maximum contaminant level. The range of values under consideration by USEPA is from 2 to 20 µg/L for total arsenic. Several methods have been investigated for removal of arsenic,including ion exchange [4, 5],coagulation and precipitation withiron and aluminum salts[6, 7], adsorption [8, 9], electocoagulation [10, 11], membran techniques like ultrafiltration [12, 13], Nanofiltration [14],electrodialysis,reverse osmosis [15]. EC (electocoagulation) is an emerging watertreatmenttechnology and could be a good choice to remove As (III)from water:the amount ofrequired chemicalsis much lower,a smaller amount of sludge is produced, no mixing of chemical is required, coagulant dosing as well required overpotentials can be easily calculated and controlled, operating costs are much lower when compared with most ofthe conventionaltechnologies [16,17]. W hen iron is used as electrode material, the chemical reactions which occur on electrode and in the solution, are shown in Table 1. The following mechanisms describe the formation of the iron hydroxides Fe(OH)n where n = 2 or 3. The Fe(OH)n(s) formed remains in the aqueous stream as a gelatinous suspension, which can remove the pollutants from wastewater either by complexation or by electrostatic attraction, followed by coagulation [18]. 194 �1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Mechanism Mechanism 1: Anode : In the solution Cathode: Overall: Reactions 4Fe(s) → 4Fe2+ (aq) + 8e4Fe2+(aq) +10H2 O(1) + O(2) →4Fe(OH)3(s) + 8H+ (aq) 8H+ (aq) + 8e- → 4H2(g) 4Fe(s) + 10H2 O(1) + O2 (q) → 4Fe(OH)3(s) + 4H2(g) Anode : Fe(s) → Fe2+(aq) + 2eIn the solution Fe2+(aq) + 2OH- (aq) → Fe(OH)2(s) Cathode: 2H2 O(1) + 2e- → H2(g) + 2OH -(aq) Overall: Fe(s) + 2H2 O(1) → Fe(OH)2(s) + H2(g) Table 1. The reactions occurred atiron electrode and in the solution Mechanism 2: The H2 produced as a result of the redox reaction may remove dissolved organics or any suspended materials by flotation. The purpose of the present study is to assess the performance of EC on the treatment of arsenic, by exploring the effects of various operational parameters such as current density, initial pH and initial arsenic concentration on arsenic removal efficiency. 2. Experimental 2.1. Materials All chemicals were of analytical grade. Stock arsenic solutions of 1.32 g/l were prepared according to the EPA standard method by dissolving arsenic oxide (As2 O3) in 2N NaOH and then diluting the solution up to 1 liter with de-ionized water. Solutions of lower concentrations were prepared by proper dilution. The pH of the solution was adjusted by adding either sodium hydroxide or sulfuric acid. 2.2. Analytical methods The concentration of As was determined by a Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer model Shimadzu AA 6800 equipped with a hydride generation. Hydride generation is, perhaps, the most popular sample derivatization method used for inorganic arsenic detection. Initially it was developed as a method for AAS, whereby sodium or potassium tetrahydroborate (III) is used for arsine production (Eq 4,5). The reduction reagents NaBH4 and KBH4 have proved to be exceptionally reliable reagents forthe conversion ofthe sample to volatile forms [19]. The hydride generation procedure can be also used for differential determination of As (III) and As (V), based on the fact that As (III) reacts with tetrahydroborate at a higher pH than As (V).Thus tetrahydroborateis acting as a reductantfor As (V) as wellas a hydride source. The inclusion of on-line hydride generation generallyincreasesthe sensitivity of detection and reducesthe possibleinterferences from the sample matrix. In this study sodium tetrahydroborate (NaBH4) was of analytical grade and was dissolved in sodium hydroxide solution just before use. − As(OH) 3 + 3BH4 + 3H + → AsH3 + 3BH3 + 3H 2 O (1) 3BH3 + 3H 2 O → H 3 BO3 + 3H 2 (2) Electrocoagulation was conducted at different electrolysis time, different pH, different current density, and differentinitial concentrations,different stirring speed using Fe electrodes. 2.3. Electrocoagulation test The experiments carried outin a 1600 mL3 laboratory-scale batch reactor made of plexiglass. Two groups of alternating electrodes being cathodes and anodes (by six plates of each type) made ofiron with total area of approximately 700 cm2 were arranged vertically. The net spacing between the iron electrodes was 5 mm. They were treated with the solution of HNO3 for cleaning priorto use. At the end of run,the electrodes were washed thoroughly with water to remove any solid residues on the surfaces, and dried. Electrodes were connected to a digital DC power supply characterized by the ranges 0.36–2.14 mA/cm2 for current and 0–30V for voltage in monopolar mode. G W GPC -3060 D was used as a power supply. Cell current was measued using WT W Multiline 340i multimetre. During the experiments, the electrocoagulation unit was stirred at 150 rpm by a magnetic stirrer. (Heidolph M R-3004). The pH and conductivity were measured by a multimeter (WT W, 195 �1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Multiline 340 i), which was freshly calibrated by 2 points (4.01, 7.00) before each test. The experimental apparatus is given in Fig. 1. The reactor was fed with 1500 mL of arsenic containing solution atthe beginning of each run performed at constanttemperature (293 K). After each run was timed starting with switching the DC power supply on,the residual arsenicinthe samples filtered and taken from the reactor was measured. Concentrations of arsenic were measured spectrophotometrically before and after electrolysis. The samples were analyzed by atomic absorption spectroscopy (Shimadzu A-A 6800) by the standard method (APHA). 1. Water Circulator, 2. D.C. Power Supply, 3. Ampermeter,4. Voltmeter, 5. Reactor, 6. Magnetic Stirrer Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of the experimental setup. 3. Results and discussion 3.1. The effect ofinitial pH The initial pH is one of the important factors in affecting the performance of electrochemical process. It has been established thatthe pH has a considerable influence on the performance of electrocoagulation process. To investigate this effect, a series of experiments performed using aqueous solution containing arsenic of 50 mg/L were carried out atinitial pH of 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0, 7.0 8.0 under conditions in which current density of 1,07 mA/cm2 and stirring speed of 150 rpm were kept constant during experiments. After the removal experiment, we observed 99% removal,in the water samples with initial Arsenic concentration at 50 mg/L and initial pH at 4.0, 3.0 and 5.0 respectively. In the study initial pH was chosen as 4 and other experiments were done at pH 4. 196 �1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo 100 As removal, % 80 60 pHi=2 pHi=3 40 pHi=4 pHi=5 pHi=6 20 pHi=7 pHi=8 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 time, min Figure 2. Effect of pH on arsenic removal 3.2. The effect of current density The current densityis defined asthe ratio of currentinputto the electrolytic celltothe surface area of the electrode. It is well known that current not only determines the coagulant dosage rate but also the bubble production rate, size and the flocks growth, which can influence the treatment efficiency of the electrocoagulation. Thus,this parameter should have a significant impact on removal efficiencies of pollutants. To investigate the effect of current density on the energy consumption, a series of experiments were carried out under the experimental conditions of current density being varied from 0.36 to 2.14 mA/cm2 solution pH of 4.0, temperature of 293 K and stirring speed of 150 rpm. 100 As removal, % 80 60 0,25 amper 0,50 amper 0,75 amper 1,00 amper 1,25 amper 1,50 amper 40 20 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 time, min Figure 3. Effect of current density on arsenic removal Increasing the current density 0.36 mA/cm2 to 1.07 mA/cm2 the removal efficiency isfurtherimproved. A higher current density means a higher Fe3+ and OH- dosage, and a better removal should therefore be the result. On the other hand,increasing the current density to 2.14 mA/cm2 no real difference in As removal. 197 �1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo 3.3. The effect ofinitial arsenic concentration The effect of initial arsenic concentration on the arsenic removal was examined with solutions including arsenic of 10, 25, 50 and 100 mg/L. Current density of 1.07 mA/cm2, optimum pH of 4.0 and stirring speed of 150 rpm were kept constant in the experiments. The solution conductivity increased with increasing arsenic concentration. As a result ofthis situation, applied potentialand energy consumption decreased. On the contrary, arsenic removal efficiency decreased with increasing arsenic concentration. This can be explained as following; although the same amount Fe3+ passed to solution atthe same current density for all arsenic concentration, Fe3+ was insufficient for solutions including higher arsenic concentration. Because of increasing arsenic concentration, potential applied to solution and energy consumption decreased. The results obtained were shown graphically in Fig. 4. 100 As removal, % 80 60 40 10 mg/L As 25 mg/L As 20 50 mg/L As 100 mg/L As 0 0 10 20 30 40 time, min 50 60 70 Figure 4. Effect ofinitial arsenic concentration on arsenic removal. 4. Conclusions The present study clearly demontrated the applicability of electrocoagulation process using the iron electrode for arsenic removal. The effects of operational parameters such as current density, initial pH, electrolysistime,initial arsenic concentration on arsenic removal efficiency were studied in detail and explained as well. It has been observed that the pH is an important operating factor influencing the performance of electrocoagulation process. Optimal initial pH was found as 4 in the use of iron as sacrificial electrode material inthetreatment. Oxidation of As(III)to As(V) was occured asthe firststep and then subsequent adsorption on to hydrous ferric oxides. As(III)is more mobile and more toxic than As(V), so itis an advantage to convert As(III) to As(V).Increasing the current density 0,36 mA/cm2 to 2,14 mA/cm2,the Fe3+ and OH- dosage isincreased too, and thereby favouring the removal of As. On the other hand,itseems thatincreasing the current density beyond a maximum value,the electrocoagulation process would notimprove further. This could probably be explained by passivation of the anode. When effect of initial arsenic concentration on arsenic removal efficiency was investigated,the obtained results shown thatincreasing arsenic concentration increased conductivity of solution. Thus, solution with higher arsenic concentration had more ions atthe same volume. As a result under the optimum conditions of an initial pH of 4, current density of 1,07 m A/cm2, stirring speed of 150 rpm, electrolysis time of 30 minutes, As was removed from aqueos solutions including arsenic concentration of 50 mg/L, at a rate of 99,50. It can be concluded from this study that electrocoagulation is a promising technique for arsenic removal. 198 �1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo References [1] Kumar, P.R., Chaudhari, S., Khilar, K.C., Mahajan, S.P., (2004) Removal of arsenic from water by electrocoagulation, Chemosphere 55 (9) 1245-1252. [2] Basha, A., C., Josephine Selvi, S., Ramasamyc, E., Chellammal, S., (2008). Removal of arsenic and sulphate from the copper smelting industrial effluent, Chemical Engineering Journal 141, 89–98. [3] World Health Organization (WHO), Guidelines for DrinkingWater Quality, WHO, 1993, p. 41. [4] Greenleaf, J.E., Lin, J.C., Sengupta, A.K., (2006) Two novel applications of ion exchange fibers: arsenic removal and chemical-free softening of hard water, Environ. Prog. 25 (4) 300–311. [5] Anirudhan, T.S., Unnithan, M.R., (2007) Arsenic(V) removal from aqueous solutions using an anion exchanger derived from coconut coir pith and its recovery, Chemosphere 66 (1) 60–66. [6] Edwards, M., 1994. Chemistry of arsenic removal during coagulation and Fe–Mn oxidation. J. Am. Water Works Assoc. 86, 64–78. [7] Hering, J.G., Chen, P.Y., Wilkie, J.A., Elimelech, M., (1996). Arsenic removal by ferric chloride. J. Am. Water Works Assoc. 88, 155–167. [8] Manning, B.A., Goldberg, S. 1997. Arsenic(III) and arsenic(V) adsorption on three California soils. Soil Sci. 162: 886895. [9] Bajpai, S., Chaudhuri, M., (1999) Removal of arsenic from ground water by manganes dioxide-coated stand, J. Environ. Eng. 125(8) 782-784,. [10] Parga, J.R., Cocke, D.L., Valenzuela, J.L., Gomes, J.A., Kesmez, M., Irwin, G., Moreno, H., Weir, M., (2005), Arsenic removal via electrocoagulation from heavy metal contaminated groundwater in La Comarca LaguneraM´exico, J. Hazard. Mater. 124 (1–3) 247–254. [11] Hansen, H.K., Nunez, P., Grandon, R., (2006) Electrocoagulation as a remediation tool for wastewaters containing arsenic, Minerals Engineering 19 (5) 521. [12] Weng, Y.-H., Chaung-Hsieh, L.H., Lee, H.-H., Li, K.C., Huang, C.P., (2005) Removal of arsenic and humic substances (HSs) by electro-ultrafiltration (EUF), J. Hazard. Mater. 122 (1–2) 171–176. [13] Iqbal, J., Kim, H.J., Yang, J.S., Baek, K., Yang, J.W., (2007) Removal of arsenic from groundwater by micellarenhanced ultrafiltration (MEUF), Chemosphere 66 (5) 970–976. [14] Kim, D.H., Kim, K.W., Cho, J., (2006) Removal and transport mechanisms of arsenics in UF and NF membrane processes, J.Water Health 4 (2) 215–223. [15] Ning, R.Y., (2002) Arsenic removal by reverse osmosis, Desalination 143 (3) 237–241. [16] Rajeshwar, K., Ibanez, J. G., 1997 Environmental Electrochemistry, Fundamentals and Applications in Pollution Abatement Academic Press, San Diego, , pp. 410. [17] Ihoş, M., Negrea, A., Lupa, L., Ciopec, M., Negrea, P., (2005) Comparative Study of As (III) Removal Efficiency from Water by Electrocoagulation and Conventional Coagulation, Chem. Bull. "Politehnica" Univ. (Timişoara) 50 (64) 1-2. [18] Mollah M.Y.A., Schennach R., Parga J.R., et. al., (2001) Electrocoagulation (EC) – science andapplication, Journal of Hazardous Materials, B84, 29-41, [19] Howard, A.G., (1997) (Boro)hydride techniques in trace element speciation, J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 12 267-272. 199 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 509 Title A name given to the resource Arsenic Removal By Electrochemical Treatment Process Author Author Boncukçuoğlu, Recep Can, Berrin Z. Yilmaz, Alper E. Kocakerim, M. Muhtar Abstract A summary of the resource. In the present study, electrocoagulation (EC) has been evaluated as a treatment technology for arsenic (As) removal from aqueous solutions. Iron plate electrode was used in experiments. The experiments was used were carried out in a batch reactor. The effects of operational parameters such as current density, initial pH, electrolysis time and initial arsenic concentration were investigated. The obtained experimental results showed that efficiency of arsenic removal increased with increasing current density and decreased with increasing arsenic concentration in the solution. It has been established that the pH has a considerable influence on the performance of electrocoagulation process. Under the optimum conditions of an initial pH of 4, current density of 1,07 mA/cm2, stirring speed of 150 rpm, electrolysis time of 30 minutes, Arsenic was removed from aqueous solutions including arsenic concentration of 50 mg/L, at a rate of 99,50%. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2009-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed Q Science (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/72a3726b21149afdd847d090d93eb647.pdf e27c00accab507da41e79d1230bb8ce2 PDF Text Text 1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Artificial Intelligence Techniques for Food Drying Technology Koksal Erenturk Ataturk University College of Engineering Department of Electrical&Electronics Eng. Erzurum, Turkey erenturk@yahoo.com Abstract: Applications of artificial intelligence techniques, such as artificial neural networks, fuzzy logic, genetic algorithms and neural-fuzzy systems, in engineering have gained momentum in past decade. Main applications of these techniques in engineering are estimation, optimization and control process. In this paper, some of the applications are studied and both simulation and real-time experimental results are given. Artificial neural networks and genetic algorithms are very useful for estimation and optimization process for drying technologies. However, fuzzy logic is also capable of both classification and control of the drying process. Estimation, optimization and control applications of artificial intelligence methods are given in detail for different types of food drying applications. Echinacea angustifolia and carrot are selected as application examples. A fuzzy logic based control approach is employed to control a convective type drier. Estimation and optimization applications of artificial neural networks and genetic algorithms are compared with non-linear regression analysis. In addition, fuzzy control is also compared with a classical control technique to conclude the robustness of the fuzzy control in terms of classical control. According to the results, it is observed that artificial intelligence techniques have several advantages such as: decreasing computation time, increasing stability and accuracy. Moreover these techniques could be applicable for different type processes with simple changes in configuration. Introduction Drying behavior of differentmaterials has been proposed in theliterature by various researchers on both theoretical and application grounds during the past 60 years. There have been many studies for modeling of drying behavior and determining the drying kinetics of various vegetables and fruits such as onion (Sarsavadia, Sawhney, Pangavhane, & Singh, 1999), grape (Dincer, 1996), potato (Diamante & Munro, 1993), pistachio (Midilli, 2001), kiwifruits (Maskan, 2001), red pepper (Akpinar, Bicer, & Yildiz, 2003), rosehip (Erenturk, Gulaboglu, & Gultekin, 2004a and b) and Echinacea roots (Erenturk, Erenturk, & Tabil, 2004c). Dynamic modeling of the drying characteristics of agricultural products, using artificial intelligence methods including genetic algorithms and neural networks has gained momentum, because learning ability ofthe neural network is suitable for identifying plant and fruit responses, which are complex processes to which mathematical approaches are not easily applied. Studies to identify nonlinear and difficult-to-define system behavior with aid of neural networks were conducted on grain drying by Farkas, Reményi, & Biró (2000a and b) and Trelea, Courtois, & Trystram (1997). Kaminski, Strumillo, & Tomczak (1998) also used an artificial neural network for modeling of moisture content and quality index for vitamin C in sliced potatoes and green peas. On the other hand, the genetic algorithm is one of the search methods and optimization techniques for an optimal value of a complex objective function by simulation of the biological evolutionary process based, as in genetics, on crossover and mutation. Morimoto, De Baerdemaeker, & Hashimoto (1997a) developed an artificial neural network-genetic algorithm intelligence approach for optimal control of fruit-storage process. Morimoto, Purwanto, Suzuki, & Hashimoto (1997b) used genetic algorithm for optimization of heat treatment for fruit during storage. Hashimoto (1997) introduced applications of artificial neural networks and genetic algorithms to agricultural systems. Fuzzy settheory is atheory about vagueness and uncertainty. Thistheory provides an approximate, and yet effective, means of describing the behavior of systems that are too complex or ill-defined to permit precise mathematical analysis. Fuzzy controllers were developed to imitate the performance of human expert operators by encoding their knowledge in the form of linguistic rules. The fuzzy controlis also nonlinear and adaptive in nature, which gives it a robust performance under parameter variations. Fuzzy control systems provide control through a set of membership functions quantified from ambiguousterms in controlrules.As fuzzy control can be implemented by a small number of rules,it has a short initial development period. The number of the rules is determined by required accuracy. 375 �1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Afterthe invention of fuzzy logic by Zadeh,the fuzzy modeling and fuzzy identification of systems has found numerous practical applications in control, prediction and inference. In many cases, reducing to design time and costs the fuzzy logic approach allows the designer to handle efficiently very complex closed-loop control problems. Fuzzy control also supports nonlinear design techniques that are now being exploited in motor and temperature control applications. A fuzzy logic based controller adjusts the system input to get a desired output by justlooking atthe output without any requirement mathematical model ofto be controlled system. For this reason fuzzy logic based controller systems differ from classical control systems and it is possible to get desired control actions for complex, uncertain, and non-linear systems by using fuzzy logic controller (FLC) withoutthe requirement oftheir mathematical models and parameter estimation. In this study, applications of artificialintelligence techniques,such as artificial neural networks, genetic algorithms and fuzzy logic, for food drying technologies are studied. Estimation, optimization and control applications of artificialintelligence methods are given in detailfor differenttypes of food drying applications. Echinacea angustifolia and carrot are selected as application examples. A fuzzy logic based control approach is employed to control a convective type drier. Estimation and optimization applications of artificial neural networks and genetic algorithms are compared with non-linear regression analysis.In addition, fuzzy control is also compared with a classical control technique to conclude the robustness of the fuzzy control in terms of classical control. Mathematical Model of Food Drying Process The flow of moisture from the agricultural materialto its surroundings can be considered as analogous to the heattransfer from a body immersed in cold fluid. Comparing the drying phenomenon with Newton’s law of cooling,the drying rate will be approximately proportionalto the difference in moisture content between the material being dried and equilibrium moisture content atthe drying air state. Hence: Drying rate = M t + dt − M t dt (1) Similarly,the moisture ratios of Echinacea and carrot are obtained from: MR = M − Me M0 − Me (2) As proposed by earlier authors and given in Table 1,the drying curves obtained were processed for drying rates to find the most suitable modelamong the four different expressions (Akpinar et al, 2003). Model no: 1 Model name: Model equation: Newton MR = exp(−kt) 2 Page MR = exp(− kt n ) 3 M odified Page 4 Henderson and Pabis MR = exp(−(kt ) n ) MR = a. exp(−kt) Table 1: Thin layer drying curve models considered. The correlation coefficient (r) was one of the primary criteria for selecting the best equation to define the drying curves. In addition to r, the coefficient of determination (r2), reduced Chi-Square (χ2), and sum of squares ofthe difference between the data and fit values (SSR) were used to determine the quality ofthe fit. The best results of the proposed criteria were obtained by using the modified Page equation (Madamba et al., 1996; Panchariya et al., 2002) as shown in Eq. (3): MR = exp(−(kt ) n ) (3) The dependence of the drying rate constant, k, and drying parameter, n, on the drying air variables was modeled as an Arrhenius-type equation. This dependence of both constants on the variables can be expressed in the following form: k = a 0 V a1 d a 2 exp(− 376 a3 ) T (4) �1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo n = b 0 V b1 d b 2 exp(− b3 ) T (5) Artificial intelligence techniques for food drying process The selected structure ofthe applied neural network, with its four inputs and single output,is shown in Figure 1. There is no feedback from the output to the inputs. Since the physical structure of a thin layer dryer consists ofthree main parts(the input variables,the drying bed itself and the output variables) athreelayerfeedforward neural network was chosen for modeling purposes (Farkas et al., 2000a).In the hidden layer, 30 hidden neurons were used for Echinacea and 25 hidden neurons were used for carrot. For training, the classical backpropagation algorithm was used (Farkas et al., 2000b) for the both cases. In this study, a logarithmic sigmoid activation function was used. (a) (b) Figure 1: Neural network structure for a) Echinacea and b) carrot. Higher r, r2, χ2 and SSR values were obtained by using the neural network compared with that of modified Page model. The results have shown that the indicators for goodness of fit of the proposed neural network model are betterthan the values obtained by the modified Page model. These results are shown in Table 2. Therefore,the proposed neural network model was selected to represent the thin layer drying behavior of E. angustifolia because of the higher values of r and r2, and the lower values of χ2 and SSR than that by the modified Page model. It can be clearly seen from Table 2 that the accuracy of the neural network model provided a better fit and better results. The performance of the neural network model for E. angustifolia is illustrated in Fig.2a, 2b and 2c for different drying airtemperatures, drying airflow rates and root sizes. Detailed information forthis case could be found in (Erenturk, Erenturk, & Tabil, 2004c) Model name Newton Page M odified Page Henderson &Pabis N NET Model constants k=0.004 k=0.014 n=0.790 k=0.004 n=0.790 k=0.004 a=0.915 - Coefficient of Correlation determination coefficient (r) (r2) 0.9862 0.9938 0.9965 0.9896 0.9994 0.9726 0.9876 0.9930 0.9793 0.9989 χ2 SSR 1.27E-3 3.78E-4 3.29E-4 9.64E-4 3.96E-05 0.348 0.089 0.089 0.262 0.0109 Table 2: Results of statisticalanalyses on the modeling of moisture contents and drying time. 377 �1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo (a) (b) (c) Figure 2: The performance of the neural network model forE. angustifolia for a)root sizes b) drying airflow and c) different drying airtemperatures. Similiarto the previous case, the drying rate k and the drying parameter n of the modified Page model for carrot were best described by Arrhenius-type model and shown below: k = 42.66 V 0.3123d −0.8437 exp(− 2386.6 ) T (r=0.987) n = 5.48 V −0.0846 d −0.1066 exp(− 452.5 ) T (r=0.954) Above expressions can be used to estimate the moisture content of carrot at any instant during drying, because the regression coefficient,r,is found with acceptable accuracy. The accuracy of the established model was evaluated by comparing the computed moisture ratio under any particular drying conditions with the observed moisture ratio. During both regression routines and determination ofthe dependence ofthe drying rate constant, k, and drying parameter, n, on the drying air variables,the proposed GA approach in (Erenturk, Erenturk, 2007d) was employed for all experimentalruns. After the step by step procedure described in (Erenturk, Erenturk, 2007d), the following relationship between drying variables and drying characteristics was obtained. k = 26.64 V 0.4199 d −0.8362 exp(− 2223.1 ) T (r=0.996) n = 5.29 V −0.0856 d −0.1023 exp(− 443.4 ) T (r=0.962) Regarding above r,r2,χ2 and SSR values determined by using regression analysis and the mathematical model optimized by applying G A were listed in Table 3. The accuracy of the mathematical model optimized by using GA was observed more satisfactory than that of regression analysis. Model name Newton Page M odified Page Henderson &Pabis M odified Page before optimization Correlation coefficient (r) Coefficient of determination (r2) χ2 SSR 0.9964 0.9938 0.9991 0.9976 0.9928 0.9876 0.9981 0.9917 2.36E-3 2.62E-3 2.45E-3 2.42E-3 2.553 2.825 2.698 2.611 0.9985 0.9971 2.52E-3 2.725 Table 3: Statisticalresults ofthe mathematical models optimized by using GA Another AI technique suitable for drying process is fuzzy logic. Fuzzy controllers were developed to imitate the performance of human expert operators by encoding their knowledge in the form of linguistic rules. Since the fuzzy controlis also nonlinear and adaptive in nature,these properties give FC a robust performance under parameter variations. Fuzzy control systems provide control through a set of membership functions quantified from ambiguous terms in control rules. As fuzzy control can be implemented by a small number of rules,it has a shortinitial development period. The number of the rules is determined by required accuracy. A fuzzy logic based controller adjuststhe system inputto get a desired output by justlooking atthe output without any requirement mathematical model ofto be controlled system. For thisreason fuzzy logic based controller 378 �1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo systems differ from classical control systems and it is possible to get desired control actions for complex, uncertain, and non-linear systems by using fuzzy logic controller (FLC) without the requirement of their mathematical models and parameter estimation. For this purpose, a fuzzy logic based control approach is employed to control a convective type drier. Simulation resultisillustrated in Fig. 3. Fuzzy control (FC) is also compared with a classical controltechnique to conclude the robustness ofthe fuzzy controlin terms of classical control. Comparison results are given in Table 4. According to the results, it is observed that artificial intelligence techniques have several advantages such as: decreasing computation time, increasing stability and accuracy. Figure 3: Fuzzy logic based temperature control of a convective drier. Controllertype Fuzzy control PID Overshoot (%) Rise time (h) Steady state error (o C) 1.22 0.28 0.61 1.23 3.52 Table 4: Performance evaluation of controllers. Conclusions Inthisstudy, applications of artificialintelligence techniquesforfood drying processes are presented.In order to estimate the drying behavior of different type foods, a feed-forward artificial neural network (ANN) structure is designed and applied to Echinacea and carrot. It is observed that ANN based estimation is more accurate than that of nonlinearregression analysis.In addition, for more complex operation, such as Arrheniustype modeling, GA based optimization technique is applied and more reliable results are observed. Fuzzy logic based control of a convective drier is also given and compared with a classical PID-type control technique to conclude the robustness ofthe fuzzy controlinterms of classical control. According to the results,itis observed that artificialintelligence techniques have several advantages such as: decreasing computation time, increasing stability and accuracy. Moreover these techniques could be applicable for different type processes with simple changes in configuration. 379 �1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo References Akpinar, E. K., Bicer, Y., & Yildiz, C. (2003). Thin layer drying of red pepper. Journal of Food Engineering, 59, 99-104. Diamante, L. M., & Munro, P. A. (1993). Mathematical modelling of the thin layer solar drying of sweet potato slices. Solar Energy, 51, 271–276. Dincer, I. (1996). Sun drying of sultana grapes. Drying Technology, 14, 1827–1838. Erenturk, K., Erenturk, S., & Tabil, L. G. (2004c). A comparative study for the estimation of dynamical drying behavior of Echinacea angustifolia: regression analysis and neural network. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 45, 71–90. Erenturk, S., & Erenturk, K. (2007d). Comparison of Genetic Algorithm and Neural Network Approaches for the Drying Process of Carrot. Journal of Food Engineering, 78 (3), 905-912. Erenturk, S., Gulaboglu, M. S., & Gultekin, S. (2004a). The Thin-layer Drying Characteristics of Rosehip. Biosystems Engineering, 89, 159-166. Erenturk, S., Gulaboglu, M. S., & Gultekin, S. (2004b). The effects of cutting and drying medium on the vitamin C content of rosehip during drying. Journal of Food Engineering, 68 (4), 513-518. Farkas, I., Reményi, P., & Biró, A. (2000a). A neural network topology for modelling grain drying. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 26, 147–158. Farkas, I., Reményi, P., & Biró, A. (2000b). Modelling aspects of grain drying with a neural network. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 29, 99–113. Hashimoto, Y. (1997). Applications of artificial neural networks and genetic algorithms to agricultural systems. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 18, 71-72. Kaminski, W., Strumillo, P., Tomczak, E. (1998). Neurocomputing approaches to modelling of drying process dynamics. Drying Technology, 16, 967–992. Madamba, P. S., Driscoll, R. H., & Buckle, K. A. (1996). The thin layer drying characteristic of garlic slices. Journal of Food Engineering, 29, 75-97. Maskan, M. (2001). Drying,shrinkage and rehydration characteristic of kiwifruits during hot air and microwave drying. Journal of Food Engineering, 48, 177–182. Midilli, A. (2001). Determination of pistachio drying behavior and conditions in a solar drying system. International Journal of Energy Research, 25, 715 –725. Morimoto, T., De Baerdemaeker, J., & Hashimoto, Y. (1997a). An intelligent approach for optimal control of fruit-storage process using neural networks and genetic algorithms. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 18, 205-224. Morimoto, T., Purwanto, W., Suzuki, J., & Hashimoto, Y. (1997b). Optimization of heat treatment for fruit during storage using neural networks and genetic algorithms. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 19, 87-101. Panchariya, P. C., Popovic, D., & Sharma, A. L. (2002). Thin-layer modelling of black tea drying process. Journal of Food Engineering, 52, 349-357. Sarsavadia, P. N., Sawhney, R. L., Pangavhane, D. R., & Singh, S. P. (1999). Drying behaviour of brined onion slices. Journal of Food Engineering, 40, 219-226. Trelea, I. C., Courtois, F., & Trystram, G. (1997). Dynamic models for drying and wet-milling quality degradation of corn using neural networks. Drying Technology, 15, 1095–1102. 380 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 512 Title A name given to the resource Artificial Intelligence Techniques for Food Drying Technology Author Author Erenturk, Koksal Abstract A summary of the resource. Applications of artificial intelligence techniques, such as artificial neural networks, fuzzy logic, genetic algorithms and neural-fuzzy systems, in engineering have gained momentum in past decade. Main applications of these techniques in engineering are estimation, optimization and control process. In this paper, some of the applications are studied and both simulation and real-time experimental results are given. Artificial neural networks and genetic algorithms are very useful for estimation and optimization process for drying technologies. However, fuzzy logic is also capable of both classification and control of the drying process. Estimation, optimization and control applications of artificial intelligence methods are given in detail for different types of food drying applications. Echinacea angustifolia and carrot are selected as application examples. A fuzzy logic based control approach is employed to control a convective type drier. Estimation and optimization applications of artificial neural networks and genetic algorithms are compared with non-linear regression analysis. In addition, fuzzy control is also compared with a classical control technique to conclude the robustness of the fuzzy control in terms of classical control. According to the results, it is observed that artificial intelligence techniques have several advantages such as: decreasing computation time, increasing stability and accuracy. Moreover these techniques could be applicable for different type processes with simple changes in configuration. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2009-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed Q Science (General) Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 805 Title A name given to the resource Ashik Feymani’s Bağlama-Muammas Author Author Gonenc, Cevriye Sezen Abstract A summary of the resource. Ashik Feyman, one of the living Ashiks, is one of the important Ashiks in nowadays. Ashik Feymani, born in Çukurova, has a significant role in Ashik Literature and Ashiklik Tradition. Ashik Feymani has poems about the subjects of love, social, religious-Sufi. Furthermore, Ashik Feymani gives samples of the kind of Bağlama-Muamma that has an important place in Ashiklik Tradition. Among the chapter in the Ashiklik Tradition, one of the important parts is Bağlama-Muamma. Bağlama-Muammas have an extensive place in Ashik Literature and Ashiklik Tradition. In Bağlama-Muamma, two Ashiks examine each other with many subjects such as Islamic sagas, religious-Sufi, historic. In this part, Ashiks compel one another both in terms of knowledge and arts. This study aims to give Bağlama-Muammas which play a crucial role in Ashik Feymani’s Ashik Literature and Ashiklik Tradition. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed P Philology. Linguistics https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/fdbd3dd9d52f7ecabf32e7bd3d280f6b.docx a0213163d22cf54cc415b9fa3d5654b4 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/7bf8b1db7e8ee42a25b783552f6f8585.pdf 236d42498a01e993ef7a246f5056e854 PDF Text Text ÂŞIK ÖMER’İN ŞİİRLERİNDE KUŞLAR Mehmet ÖZÇELİK - Nezih TATLICAN Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Fen- Edebiyat Fakültesi Türk Dili ve Edebiyatı Bölümü Isparta / Türkiye Anahtar Kelimeler: Âşıklık geleneği, Âşık Ömer, Kuşlar. ÖZET Ozan- baksı geleneği olarak adlandırabileceğimiz İslamiyet öncesi halk edebiyatı geleneği; kültürümüzün tarihsel süreç içerisinde yaşamış olduğu değişim ve dönüşümlerle yeni bir biçim ve öz kazanmıştır. Özellikle de İslamiyet’in kabulünün tetiklediği bu biçim ve öz değişimi Âşıklık geleneği olarak adlandırılan yeni bir geleneğin ortaya çıkmasına yol açmış ve bu geleneğin temsilcileri de âşıklar olmuştur. Yaşadıkları toplumun sesi olan âşıklar şiirlerinde motif ve sembol bakımından zengin bir hazine olan hayvanları kullanmıştır. Bu hayvanların başında da kuşlar gelmektedir. Çalışmamızda 17. yüzyıl âşıklarından biri olan ve ağırlıklı olarak Konya’nın Hadim ilçesine bağlı Korualan kasabasında yaşadığı düşünülen Âşık Ömer’in, şiirlerinden yola çıkılacak, bu sayede âşıklık geleneği içerisinde kuşların sahip olduğu yer ve öneme ufak bir temasta bulunulmuştur. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2199 Title A name given to the resource ÂŞIK ÖMER’İN ŞİİRLERİNDE KUŞLAR Author Author Mehmet, Mehmet TATLICAN, Nezih Abstract A summary of the resource. Anahtar Kelimeler: Âşıklık geleneği, Âşık Ömer, Kuşlar. ÖZET Ozan- baksı geleneği olarak adlandırabileceğimiz İslamiyet öncesi halk edebiyatı geleneği; kültürümüzün tarihsel süreç içerisinde yaşamış olduğu değişim ve dönüşümlerle yeni bir biçim ve öz kazanmıştır. Özellikle de İslamiyet’in kabulünün tetiklediği bu biçim ve öz değişimi Âşıklık geleneği olarak adlandırılan yeni bir geleneğin ortaya çıkmasına yol açmış ve bu geleneğin temsilcileri de âşıklar olmuştur. Yaşadıkları toplumun sesi olan âşıklar şiirlerinde motif ve sembol bakımından zengin bir hazine olan hayvanları kullanmıştır. Bu hayvanların başında da kuşlar gelmektedir. Çalışmamızda 17. yüzyıl âşıklarından biri olan ve ağırlıklı olarak Konya’nın Hadim ilçesine bağlı Korualan kasabasında yaşadığı düşünülen Âşık Ömer’in, şiirlerinden yola çıkılacak, bu sayede âşıklık geleneği içerisinde kuşların sahip olduğu yer ve öneme ufak bir temasta bulunulmuştur. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-17 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2203-4548 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/3cf60f1b014732a4afa9ccb4272687a7.docx 7e3d6b8388c03918fc90f83f59d0c8a2 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/0d35266967bbe3a27528c0eb8a9f5351.pdf e75f1efe41ca550e3852d7fa9a65b712 PDF Text Text ÂŞIK TARZI EDEBİYAT GELENEĞİ VE BOŞNAK GUSLARİ GELENEĞİ ARASINDA BİR KARŞILATIRMA Özkul ÇOBANOĞLU Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Edebiyat Fakültesi, Ankara / Türkiye Anahtar Kelimeler: Türk âşık tarzı edebiyatı, Boşnak guslari tarzı edebiyatı, benzerlik-farklılık. ÖZET Türk Âşık Tarzı Edebiyat geleneği ile Boşnak Guslari Tarzı Edebiyat gelenekleri arasında pek çok müşterek unsurlar vardır. Çalışmamızın amacı iki edebiyat geleneği arasındaki müşterek unsurları ortaya koymaktır. Bu amaca uygun olarak çalışmamızda Boşnak Guslari Tarzı Edebiyat geleneği ile Âşık Tarzı Edebiyat geleneği arasında tematik, yapısal, işlevsel ve bağlamsal bakımlarda karşılaştırmalar yapılarak benzer ve aynı olan unsurlar ortaya konulmuştur. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2187 Title A name given to the resource ÂŞIK TARZI EDEBİYAT GELENEĞİ VE BOŞNAK GUSLARİ GELENEĞİ ARASINDA BİR KARŞILATIRMA Author Author ÇOBANOĞLU, Özkul Abstract A summary of the resource. Anahtar Kelimeler: Türk âşık tarzı edebiyatı, Boşnak guslari tarzı edebiyatı, benzerlik-farklılık. ÖZET Türk Âşık Tarzı Edebiyat geleneği ile Boşnak Guslari Tarzı Edebiyat gelenekleri arasında pek çok müşterek unsurlar vardır. Çalışmamızın amacı iki edebiyat geleneği arasındaki müşterek unsurları ortaya koymaktır. Bu amaca uygun olarak çalışmamızda Boşnak Guslari Tarzı Edebiyat geleneği ile Âşık Tarzı Edebiyat geleneği arasında tematik, yapısal, işlevsel ve bağlamsal bakımlarda karşılaştırmalar yapılarak benzer ve aynı olan unsurlar ortaya konulmuştur. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-17 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2203-4548