34 10 3494 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/91f158cb5700da7203f8733557fcaa0d.docx fcece9f82be3218f1edb0ad181c1cc9a https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/28d9baf49b8d14de2f3fe94db9cf8f68.pdf d91a126c101362899f7253a1a2dc3c50 PDF Text Text İlyas Çeliktaş Assistant Professor Doctor, Fatih Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Ticaret Hukuku Anabilim Dalı ANONİM ORTAKLIĞIN HAKLI SEBEPLE FESHİ GİRİŞ Anonim şirketler çoğunluk ilkesine göre yönetilirler1. Pay sahiplerinin veya temsilcilerinin katılımı ile oluşan ve anonim ortaklığın iradesini temsil eden genel kurulda alınan kararlar toplantıya katılsın ya da katılmasın tüm ortakları, organları ve ortaklığı bağlar. Ancak şirkette çoğunluğa sahip pay sahipleri ile azınlık pay sahipleri arasında demokrasilerde olduğu gibi bir denge kurulması gerekir. Nitekim bu konuda pay sahiplerine bireysel olarak genel kurul kararlarına karşı iptal davası açma hakkı tanındığı gibi bazı konularda karar alınabilmesi için ağırlaştırılmış toplantı ve karar yetersayıları öngörülmüştür. Çoğunluk ilkesine karşı temel bir ilke olan eşitlik ilkesi de bu anlamda bir denge unsuru olarak kabul edilmektedir2. Çoğunluk ilkesinin yaratacağı olumsuz sonuçları engellemek amacıyla önemli bazı konularda sermayenin belirli bir oranını temsil eden azınlık pay sahiplerine de bazı haklar tanınmıştır. Bu haklar yoluyla kimi zaman belli konularda çoğunluğun karar alması önlenebilmekte (olumsuz azınlık hakları)3 kimi zamanda çoğunluğa rağmen ortaklık adına bazı işlemler gerçekleştirilebilmektedir (olumlu azınlık hakları)4. Anonim ortaklığın haklı sebeple feshi olumlu azınlık haklarından biridir. Çalışmamızda bu hakkın özellikleri üzerinde duracağız. 1 Çoğunluk ilkesi ve anonim şirketlere hakim olan diğer ilkeler için bkz.: Hasan Pulaşlı, Şirketler Hukuku Genel Esaslar, Ankara: Adalet Yayınevi, 2013, s. 261 vd. Türk Hukuku bakımından bu ilke Türk Ticaret Kanunu (TTK) m.423’de somutlaşmıştır. 2 Avrupa Birliği’nin 77/91 sayılı İkinci Yönergesinde (m.42) evrensel nitelikteki eşit işlem ilkesi kanunî bir üst-kural haline getirilmiştir (ABI. Nr. L 026, 31.1.1977). Keza 77/91 sayılı yönergeyi yürürlükten kaldıran 2012/30 sayılı Yönerge m.46 (ABI. Nr. L 315/74, 14.11.2012). 3 Genel kurul toplantılarında belli konularda karar alınabilmesi için ağırlaştırılmış toplantı ve karar yetersayısı öngörülmüşse azınlığın bu kararların alınmasını önleyebilmesi. 4 Mehmet Bahtiyar, Ortaklıklar Hukuku, İstanbul: Beta, 2012, s. 234. Bu haklar konusunda ayrıntılı bilgi için bkz.: Selin Sert Canpolat, “Anonim Ortaklıklarda Azınlık Haklarının İncelenmesi”, TBB Dergisi, Sayı 74, 2008, s.161 vd. 413 �İlyas Çeliktaş: ANONİM ORTAKLIĞIN HAKLI SEBEPLE FESHİ 1. Anonim şirketlerde azinlik kavrami Azınlık kavramı anonim şirketler hukukunda üç anlamda ele alınabilir5: a) Şirket esas sermayesinin yarısının altındaki paylar topluluğunu temsil eden pay sahipleri grubu, b) Genel kurul toplantısında azınlıkta kalanlarla beraber, herhangi bir sebeple genel kurula veya oylamaya katılmamış pay sahipleri grubu, c) Şirket esas sermayesinin belirli bir oranını temsil eden pay sahipleri grubu. Kanun koyucular genellikle azınlık kavramını şirket esas sermayesinin belirli bir oranını temsil eden pay sahipleri grubu olarak ele almıştır. Örneğin Türk hukukunda “sermayenin en az onda birini, halka açık şirketlerde yirmide birini oluşturan pay sahipleri” azınlık olarak tanımlanmıştır (TTK.411/1). Azınlık pay sahiplerine genel kurula katılma, oy kullanma, iptal davası açma, kar payı alma, tasfiye bakiyesine katılma hakkı gibi her bir pay sahibine tanınan haklar dışında bir takım haklar tanınmıştır. Şirket sermayesinin en az onda biri değerinde paylara sahip olmak azınlık haklarını kullanmak için yeterlidir. Bu hak bir kişide toplanacağı gibi birden çok paydaşın birlikte hareket etmesi halinde de oluşur6. Şirket esas sözleşmesine konulacak bir hükümle bu oran düşürülerek azınlık haklarının kullanılması kolaylaştırılabilir7. Kanunen tanınan azınlık hakları dışında esas sözleşme ile azınlığa yönetim kurulunda temsil edilebilme hakkı gibi haklarda tanınabilir8. Azınlık hakları gelişme göstermekte ve bunların listesi de zenginleşmektedir. Türk hukukunda azınlığa tanınan haklara; denetçinin görevden alınmasını ve yeni denetçi atanmasını talep hakkı (TTK.399/4), nama yazılı pay senedi bastırılmasını talep hakkı (TTK.486/3), özel denetçi atanmasını sağlama (TTK.439), finansal tabloların görüşülmesini bir ay sonraya erteletme (TTK.420), genel kurulu toplantıya davet ve gündeme 5 Mahmut T. Birsel, “Anonim Şirketlerde Azınlık Hakları”, İmran Öktem’e Armağan, Ankara 1970, s.627. 6 Yargıtay 11. Hukuk Dairesi T. 25.11.1978, E. 1978/4856, K. 1978/5184. 7 Bahtiyar, s.236; Ayşe Sumer, Anonim Ortaklıklarda Azınlık Haklarının Korunması ve Anonim Ortaklığın Haklı Nedenle Feshi, İstanbul 1991, s. 9. 8 İsmail Kırca (Manavgat/Şehirali Çelik), Anonim Şirketler Hukuku, C.1, Ankara 2013, s. 430. 414 �ZBORNIK RADOVA - Međunarodna naučna konferencija „Javni i privatni aspekti nužnih pravnih reformi u BiH: Koliko daleko možemo ići?“ madde koydurma (TTK.411,412), haklı sebeple anonim ortaklığın feshini talep hakkı (TTK.531) örnek verilebilir. 2. Anonim ortakliğin hakli sebeple feshi 2.1. Genel olarak Bir sözleşme yapıldıktan sonra özellikle sürekli sözleşmeler bakımından zaman içinde şartlar değişebilir. Tarafların üstlendikleri edimlerini yerine getirmeleri dürüstlük kuralı gereğince çekilmez hal alabilir. Böyle bir durumda hakkaniyet gereği taraflara bozucu yenilik doğuran bir beyanla sözleşmeyi sona erdirebilme imkânı tanınmıştır9. Temelinde sözleşme ilişkisi bulunan anonim şirketler bakımından da haklı sebeple fesih imkânı mevcuttur10. Konu, Türk hukukunda TTK.531’de “Haklı sebeplerle fesih” başlığı altında düzenlenmiştir. Bu hükmün kaynağı olan İsviçre Borçlar Kanununda da (736/4) şirket sermayesinin yüzde onunu temsil eden pay sahiplerinin haklı sebeple şirketin feshini talep edebilecekleri düzenlenmiştir. Alman hukukunda ise Alman Paylı Ortaklıklar Kanununda (AktG) bu konuda yasal bir düzenleme olmamakla beraber, Alman Limited Ortaklıklar Kanununu (GmbHG) § 61 hükmünün kıyasen uygulanmasının mümkün olabileceği veya esas sözleşme ile dava hakkının düzenlenebileceği ifade edilmektedir11. Çoğunluk gücünün kötüye kullanılmasına karşı etkili bir araç olan haklı sebeple ortaklığın feshi hakkı aynı zamanda azınlık ile çoğunluğun menfaatler dengesinde uzlaşarak yaşamalarına da hizmet etmektedir.12 3. Hakli sebeple feshi talep hakki azinliğa taninmiştir Türk hukuku bakımından bu hakkın kullanılabilmesi için esas sermayenin onda birine halka açık şirketlerde yirmide birine sahip olmak gerekli ve yeterlidir. Bu oranda paya bir pay sahibinin sahip olması şart değildir. Birden fazla pay sahibi de bir araya gelerek söz konusu hakkı 9 Erdoğan Moroğlu, “Anonim Ortaklıkta Azınlık Pay Sahiplerinin Korunması ve Haklı Nedenlerle Fesih”, Makaleler I, İstanbul 2001, s.93. 10 Emin Cem Kahyaoğlu, “Anonim Ortaklıkta Haklı Sebeple Fesih”, Prof. Dr. Şener Akyol’a Armağan, İstanbul 2011, s. 549 vd. 11 Ayşe Şahin, Anonim Ortaklığın Haklı Sebeple Feshi, İstanbul: Vedat Kitapçılık, 2013, s. 86 vd. 12 Ünal Tekinalp, “Otuz Yıllık Uygulamanın Işığında Azınlık Hakları Sisteminin ve Uygulamasının Değerlendirilmesi”, Türk Ticaret Kanunu’nun 30. Yıl Semineri, İstanbul 1988, s.241. 415 �İlyas Çeliktaş: ANONİM ORTAKLIĞIN HAKLI SEBEPLE FESHİ kullanabilir. Esas sözleşme ile daha düşük bir oran öngörülebilir13. İsviçre hukukunda ise bu oran gerek kapalı gerekse halka açık anonim şirketlerde % 10 dur14. Bu oranlar dava şartı olup hakim tarafından resen nazara alınır15. 4. Feshi talep hakkinin hakli sebebe dayanmasi gerekir Türk hukukunda haklı sebep Kanunda tanımlanmamış, haklı sebepler örnek olarak da gösterilmemiş, bu kavramın niteliklerinin gösterilmesi ve tanımlanması yargı kararlarıyla öğretiye bırakılmıştır. Tekinalp’e göre şu hallerden birinin veya bazılarının bulunması halinde haklı sebep mevcuttur16; a) Çoğunluğun yönetimi anonim ortaklığın finansal durumunun devamlı olarak kötüye gitmesine, ödeme dar boğazına girmesine ve acze düşmesine yol açacak nitelikte ise, b) Anonim ortaklığın kaynaklarının sistematik olarak çoğunluğa veya onun ortaklık ve işletmelerine aktarılıyorsa, c) Kar dağıtmama politikasının sürekli hale gelmesi, d) azlık haklarının devamlı ihlalî. İsviçre öğretisinde genel kurulun birçok kez kanuna aykırı bir şekilde toplantıya çağrılmış olması, genel kurul olağan toplantısının sürekli ve devamlı şekilde yapılamaması, azlık hakları ile bireysel hakların devamlı ihlalî, özellikle bilgi alma ve inceleme haklarının engellenmesi, şirketin sürekli zarar etmesi, dağıtılan kâr payının düzenli azalması, haklı sebep sayılmıştır17. Buna karşılık ileride kötüye kullanma hususunda sadece korku ve endişeye dayanan varsayımlar ve olumsuz beklentiler haklı sebep sayılmamıştır18. İleri sürülen sebeplerin haklı olup olmadığına karar verecek olan mahkemedir. 13 Esas sermayenin en az onda birine sahip olma şartının, esas sözleşme ile ne ağırlaştırılabileceği ne de hafifletilemeyeceği konusunda bkz.: Rauf Karasu, Anonim Şirketlerde Emredici hükümler İlkesi, Ankara 2009, s.145. 14 OR.736/4; “durch Urteil des Richters, wenn Aktionäre, die zusammen mindestens zehn Prozent des Aktienkapitals vertreten, aus wichtigen Gründen die Auflösung verlangen. Statt derselben kann der Richter auf eine andere sachgemässe und den Beteiligten zumutbare Lösung erkennen”. 15 Şahin, s.345. 16 Ünal Tekinalp, Sermaye Ortaklıklarının Yeni Hukuku, İstanbul: Vedat Kitapçılık, 2013, s.292. 17 Hasan Pulaşlı, Şirketler Hukuku Şerhi, C.II, Ankara: Adalet Yayınevi, 2011, s.1791. 18 Pulaşlı, Şerh, s.1791. 416 �ZBORNIK RADOVA - Međunarodna naučna konferencija „Javni i privatni aspekti nužnih pravnih reformi u BiH: Koliko daleko možemo ići?“ 5. Hâkimin taleple bağli olmamasi Mahkeme sebepleri haklı bulsa bile fesih kararı vermek zorunda değildir. Nitekim bu husus TTK.531’in gerekçesinde şu şekilde ifade edilmiştir; “Şirketin feshini haklı kılan sebeplerin varlığına rağmen, yaşatılmasının ekonomik ve rasyonel açıdan daha doğru olacağına kanaat getiren mahkeme; şirketi feshetmek yerine, fesih talebinde bulunan paysahiplerinin paylarının gerçek değerinin ödenmesine ve kendilerinin şirketten çıkarılmalarına veya duruma uygun düşen ve kabul edilebilir diğer bir çözüme karar verebilir. Davacıya paranın kimin tarafından ve nasıl ödeneceği, bu payları geçici olarak şirketin iktisap edip edemeyeceği yargı kararlarına ve öğretideki görüşlere göre belirlenecektir”. Türk hukukunda mahkemenin feshi haklı gördüğü durumda şirketi feshetmek yerine, fesih talebinde bulunan paysahiplerinin paylarının gerçek değerinin ödenmesine ve kendilerinin şirketten çıkarılmalarına karar vermesi hali açıkça zikredilmesine karşılık İsviçre hukukunda bu alternatifin açıkça zikredilmemesi Türk hukukunun alternatif çözümü feshe üstün tuttuğu şeklinde yorumlanmaktadır19. Fesih en son çare olmalıdır. İptal davası açma, yönetim kurulu aleyhine sorumluluk davası açma, bilgi alma ve özel denetim talep edilmesi gibi yollara gitmek varken fesih davası açılması dava şartı değilse de açılan davanın reddini gerektirebilir20. Aksi takdirde yönetim kurulu üyelerine tazminat ve iptal davası ile ilgili sebepler çoğunlukla şirketin feshi için de haklı sebep teşkil edebileceğinden pay sahipleri bu kanuni imkanlar yerine etkin araç olarak fesih davasına yönelebileceklerdir21. Duruma uygun düşen ve kabul edilebilir diğer bir çözüme örnek olarak; kar dağıtma zorunluluğu, uygun bir yeni pay sahibinin şirkete alınması, sermaye artırımı, davacı azınlığın yönetim kurulunda temsili, bir iştirakin şirketten ayrılması, şirketi sağlığa kavuşturabilecek kısmî tasfiye verilebilir22. 19 Tekinalp, Sermaye, s.289. Ayşe Sumer, “Türk Ticaret Kanunu Tasarısında Anonim Ortaklıkların Haklı Nedenle Feshi”, MÜİİBF Dergisi, 2010, C.XXVIII, S.I, s. 176; Tekinalp, s.288. 21 Moroğlu, Makaleler, s. 100. 22 Tekinalp, Sermaye, s.294; Pulaşlı, Şerh, s.1793 vd. 20 417 �İlyas Çeliktaş: ANONİM ORTAKLIĞIN HAKLI SEBEPLE FESHİ 5. Feshi talep hakkinin makul sürede ileri sürülmesi gerekir Türk ve İsviçre hukukunda fesih davası açılması için özel bir zamanaşımı süresi öngörülmemiştir. Fesih gibi etkili bir silahın keyfi kullanılmasını engellemek için haklı neden oluşturacak vakıaların oluşundan itibaren iki yıllık bir kısa zamanaşımı süresinin menfaatler dengesine uygun olacağı ifade edilmiştir23. Moroğlu ise kanun tasarı halinde iken; “Dava hakkı, feshe neden olan son işlem veya eylemden itibaren bir yıl geçmekle zamanaşımına uğrar” şeklinde bir metin önermiştir24. Şahin ise, bir yıllık bir zamanaşımı veya hak düşürücü sürenin öngörülmesinin davanın niteliğine uygun olmadığını, davanın feshe yol açan sebebin öğrenilmesinden itibaren makul bir sürede açılması gerektiğini, makul sürenin somut olayın şartlarına ve haklı sebebin niteliğine göre mahkemece belirleneceğini ifade eder25. Herhalde haklı sebebin meydana gelmesinden uzun süre sonra fesih davasının açılması dürüstlük kuralına aykırılık teşkil eder26. SONUÇ Azınlığın haklı sebeplerle anonim şirketin feshini talep etme hakkı çoğunluk pay sahiplerine karşı kendilerine verilen radikal bir araçtır27. Dolayısıyla mahkemelerin bu konuda sebebin haklı olup olmadığını değerlendirmede isabetli karar vermeleri ve feshi son çare olarak görerek alternatif çözümlere yönelmeleri kanunun amacına uygun düşecektir. Mahkemeye bu konuda takdir yetkisi tanınmıştır. Türk hukuku açısından yeni olan bu hüküm içtihatlar yoluyla somut çözümlere ulaşacaktır. Örneğin, feshi talep hakkının ileri sürülmesindeki makul sürenin ne olması gerektiği mahkeme kararlarıyla çözülecektir. Fesih davasının azınlık tarafından kötü niyetle kullanılmasının önüne geçmek için 1/10 yerine daha yüksek oranların belirlenmesi gerektiği ileri sürülmüşse de28 feshin en son çare olması, diğer hukuki imkanların kullanılmasının gerekmesi, kanuni tercihin alternatif çözümler olduğu gerçeği karşısında büyük bir risk oluşturmadığı 23 Sumer, Tasarı, s.179. Erdoğan Moroğlu, Türk Ticaret Kanunu Tasarısı, Değerlendirme ve Öneriler, İstanbul 2009, s. 306. 25 Şahin, s.360. Benzer görüşte bkz.: Oruç Hami Şener, Teorik ve Uygulamalı Ortaklıklar Hukuku, Ankara, 2012, s. 597. Murat Oruç, “6102 sayılı Yeni Türk Ticaret Kanunu’na Göre Anonim Ortaklıktan Haklı Sebeple Fesih İstemine Bağlı Çıkarılma”, Batider (2011), C.XXVII, S.1, s.220. 26 Pulaşlı, Şerh, s.1792. 27 Pulaşlı, Şerh, s.1787. 28 Sumer, Tasarı, s.180. 24 418 �ZBORNIK RADOVA - Međunarodna naučna konferencija „Javni i privatni aspekti nužnih pravnih reformi u BiH: Koliko daleko možemo ići?“ kanaatindeyiz. Çünkü anonim şirketin feshedilmesi sadece ortakların değil üçüncü kişilerin de maruz kalacağı ekonomik ve sosyal türdeki ağır sonuçları beraberinde getirecektir29. KAYNAKÇA BAHTİYAR, Mehmet. Ortaklıklar Hukuku, İstanbul: Beta, 2012. BİRSEL, Mahmut T. “Anonim Şirketlerde Azınlık Hakları”, İmran Öktem’e Armağan, Ankara 1970. CANPOLAT, Selin Sert. “Anonim Ortaklıklarda Azınlık Haklarının İncelenmesi”, TBB Dergisi, Sayı 74, 2008. KAHYAOĞLU, Emin Cem. “Anonim Ortaklıkta Haklı Sebeple Fesih”, Prof. Dr. Şener Akyol’a Armağan, İstanbul 2011. KARASU, Rauf. Anonim Şirketlerde Emredici hükümler İlkesi, Ankara 2009. KIRCA, İsmail (Manavgat/Şehirali Çelik), Anonim Şirketler Hukuku, C.1, Ankara 2013. MOROĞLU, Erdoğan. “Anonim Ortaklıkta Azınlık Pay Sahiplerinin Korunması ve Haklı Nedenlerle Fesih”, Makaleler I, İstanbul 2001. MOROĞLU, Erdoğan. Türk Ticaret Kanunu Tasarısı, Değerlendirme ve Öneriler, İstanbul 2009. ORUÇ, Murat. “6102 sayılı Yeni Türk Ticaret Kanunu’na Göre Anonim Ortaklıktan Haklı Sebeple Fesih İstemine Bağlı Çıkarılma”, Batider (2011), C.XXVII, S.1, s.209-233. PULAŞLI, Hasan. Şirketler Hukuku Şerhi, C.II, Ankara: Adalet Yayınevi, 2011 (Şerh). 29 Pulaşlı, Şerh, s.1788. 419 �İlyas Çeliktaş: ANONİM ORTAKLIĞIN HAKLI SEBEPLE FESHİ PULAŞLI, Hasan. Şirketler Hukuku Genel Esaslar, Ankara: Adalet Yayınevi, 2013. SUMER, Ayşe. Anonim Ortaklıklarda Azınlık Haklarının Korunması ve Anonim Ortaklığın Haklı Nedenle Feshi, İstanbul 1991. SUMER, Ayşe. “Türk Ticaret Kanunu Tasarısında Anonim Ortaklıkların Haklı Nedenle Feshi”, MÜİİBF Dergisi, 2010, C.XXVIII, S.I, s. 171-181 (Tasarı). ŞAHİN, Ayşe. Anonim Ortaklığın Haklı Sebeple Feshi, İstanbul: Vedat Kitapçılık, 2013. ŞENER, Oruç Hami. Teorik ve Uygulamalı Ortaklıklar Hukuku, Ankara, 2012. TEKİNALP, Ünal. “Otuz Yıllık Uygulamanın Işığında Azınlık Hakları Sisteminin ve Uygulamasının Değerlendirilmesi”, Türk Ticaret Kanunu’nun 30. Yıl Semineri, İstanbul 1988. TEKİNALP, Ünal. Sermaye Ortaklıklarının Yeni Hukuku, İstanbul: Vedat Kitapçılık, 2013 (Sermaye). 420 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 3074 Title A name given to the resource ANONİM ORTAKLIĞIN HAKLI SEBEPLE FESHİ GİRİŞ Author Author ÇELIKTAŞ, İlyas Abstract A summary of the resource. Anonim şirketler çoğunluk ilkesine göre yönetilirler1. Pay sahiplerinin veya temsilcilerinin katılımı ile oluşan ve anonim ortaklığın iradesini temsil eden genel kurulda alınan kararlar toplantıya katılsın ya da katılmasın tüm ortakları, organları ve ortaklığı bağlar. Ancak şirkette çoğunluğa sahip pay sahipleri ile azınlık pay sahipleri arasında demokrasilerde olduğu gibi bir denge kurulması gerekir. Nitekim bu konuda pay sahiplerine bireysel olarak genel kurul kararlarına karşı iptal davası açma hakkı tanındığı gibi bazı konularda karar alınabilmesi için ağırlaştırılmış toplantı ve karar yetersayıları öngörülmüştür. Çoğunluk ilkesine karşı temel bir ilke olan eşitlik ilkesi de bu anlamda bir denge unsuru olarak kabul edilmektedir2. Çoğunluk ilkesinin yaratacağı olumsuz sonuçları engellemek amacıyla önemli bazı konularda sermayenin belirli bir oranını temsil eden azınlık pay sahiplerine de bazı haklar tanınmıştır. Bu haklar yoluyla kimi zaman belli konularda çoğunluğun karar alması önlenebilmekte (olumsuz azınlık hakları)3 kimi zamanda çoğunluğa rağmen ortaklık adına bazı işlemler gerçekleştirilebilmektedir (olumlu azınlık hakları)4. Anonim ortaklığın haklı sebeple feshi olumlu azınlık haklarından biridir. Çalışmamızda bu hakkın özellikleri üzerinde duracağız. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Pravni fakultet Univerziteta u Tuzli i Centar za društvena istraživanja Internacionalnog Burč univerziteta Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed K Law (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/6ae9b603e35955915d4876433936bfd8.docx 2116a95c2b461caa7dec606b00f0e1ef https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/780aa74613dea359a704da3421181580.pdf c766291acc13b0e1b1166dde79c3de92 PDF Text Text ANTAKYA SALLANGAÇ TÜRKÜLERİ Bülent ARI Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi, Eğitim Fakültesi, Türkçe Eğitimi Bölümü, Hatay / Türkiye Anahtar Kelimeler: Antakya, Türkü, Sallangaç, Sallangaç Türküleri. ÖZET Bildiriye öncelikle bir giriş bölümüyle başlanılnış; bu bölümde türkü kavramından, Hatay türkülerinden ve sallangaç kavramından söz edilmiştir. Sonrasında salıncak ya da sallangaç türkülerinin oluşmasına Antakya eğlence hayatı ve ikliminin nasıl olanak tanıdığı ve bu tarz türkülerin nasıl oluştuğu üzerinde durulmuş, sallangaç (salıncak) türkülerinin yöreye özgülüğünden bahsedilmiş; ancak benzer yaklaşımların Anadolu’da da bulunduğu Şükriye Tutkun’un salıncak albümü örnek verilerek ortaya konulmuştur. Yine, bildiriye konu olan sallangaç türkülerinin bir veya iki örnekle sınırlı olmadığını ve Antakya yöresinde uzun soluklu bir sallangaç türküsü söyleme geleneği olduğunu göstermek amacıyla çalışmanın son bölümüne yeter sayıda sallangaç türküsü örneği konulmuşur. Yörede tespit edilen 19 sallangaç türküsünden bildiriye alınan 9’unun adları şöyledir: Yaprak Gazellendi - Hanım Arabaya Binmiş - Hasan Dağı Oymak Oymak - Mavilim Yakdın Beni - Ninem Kurmuş Yol Üstüne Çıkrığı - Pınara Vurdum Kazmayı - Elmas Dolu Çekmecesi - Kızın Adı Emneli - Antakya Dağın Diktir � https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/975dd45e397270eaca92a0f29385b06b.docx b761012d3418a4bff80491c2fd035947 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/f440c84d86afbe2505e3eb58fc339509.pdf 037c56a9c8a2a39c16e6e2701aacff7a PDF Text Text ANTAKYA SALLANGAÇ TÜRKÜLERİ Bülent ARI1 Özet Bildiriye öncelikle bir giriĢ bölümüyle baĢlanmıĢ; bu bölümde türkü kavramından, Hatay türkülerinden ve sallangaç kavramından söz edilmiĢtir . Sonrasında salıncak ya da sallangaç türkülerinin oluĢmasına Antakya eğlence hayatı ve ikliminin nasıl olanak tanıdığı ve bu tarz türkülerin nasıl oluĢtuğu üzerinde durularak, sallangaç (salıncak) türkülerinin yöreye özgülüğünden bahsedilmiĢ; ancak benzer yaklaĢımların Anadolu’da da bulunduğu ġükriye Tutkun’un salıncak albümü örnek verilerek ortaya konulmuĢtur. Yine, bildiriye konu olan sallangaç türkülerinin bir veya iki örnekle sınırlı olmadığını ve Antakya yöresinde uzun soluklu bir sallangaç türküsü söyleme geleneği olduğunu göstermek amacıyla çalıĢmanın son bölümüne yeter sayıda sallangaç türküsü örneği konulmuĢtur. Yörede tespit edilen 19 sallangaç türküsünden bildiriye alınan 6’sının adları Ģöyledir: 1- Mavilim Yakdın Beni 2- Pınara Vurdum Kazmayı 3- Hanım Arabaya BinmiĢ 4- Hasan Dağı Oymak Oymak 5- Elmas Dolu Çekmecesi 6- Ninem KurmuĢ Yol Üstüne Çıkrığı Anahtar Kelimeler: Antakya, Türkü, Sallangaç, Sallangaç Türküleri ANTAKYA OSCILLATOR FOLK SONGS ABSTRACT Abstarct This paper is started with introduction section; folk songs, Hatay folk songs and oscillator mentioned in this section. Then, the fact how Antakya nightlife and its climate made oscillator songs possible to be created and how these folk songs were created emphasized, it is stated that oscillator songs are peculiar to the region, but it is also revealed by giving the example of ġükriye Tutkun’s oscillator album that similar approaches are available in Anatolia. 1 Yrd.Doç.Dr., Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi, Eğitim Fakültesi, Türkçe Eğitimi Bölümü, bari@mku.edu.tr �Sufficient oscillator folk song samples are introduced in the conclusion section in order to show that oscillator folk songs are not limited to one or two samples and there is a lasting singing folk song tradition in Antakya. Names of the six of the nineteen oscillator folk songs identified in the region and studied in this paper are : 1Mavilim Yakdın Beni 2Pınara Vurdum Kazmayı 3Hanım Arabaya BinmiĢ 4Hasan Dağı Oymak Oymak 5Elmas Dolu Çekmecesi 6-Ninem KurmuĢ Yol Üstüne Çıkrığı Key words: Antakya, Folk Song, Oscillator, Oscillator Folk Songs Giriş Türkü, Türkçe Sözlük’ te hece ölçüsüyle yazılmıĢ ve halk ezgileriyle bestelenmiĢ manzume Ģeklinde tanımlanmıĢtır. (Türkçe Sözlük,1998: 2021) Türkü kelimesinin kökeniyle ilgili çeĢitli görüĢler vardır. Bunların içerisinde yaygın olarak kabul edilen görüĢ, Türk kelimesine “Ġ” nispet eki getirilerek önce “Türki” daha sonra da ünlü uyumuna uyarak kavramın “Türkü” Ģekline dönüĢtüğü yönündedir. (Yakıcı, 2007:210) Halk içinde gün yüzüne çıkmamıĢ, ince yeteneğe sahip nice sanatçılar vardır ki, bunlar hiç beklenmedik bir yer ve durumda toplumun ortak duygu ve düĢüncelerini güzel bir Ģekilde ortaya koyar ve toplumun söyleyen dili, duyan kulağı, gören gözü olurlar. ĠĢte böyle eĢref saatlerinde oluĢmuĢ sanat eserleri bir süreç içerisinde toplumun süzgecinden geçerek halk türkülerini oluĢtururlar. Türküler farklı Ģekil ve ezgilere sahip olabilirler. Buna göre de Varsağı, Bayatı, KayabaĢı, Türkmani gibi farklı adlarla anılırlar.(Dizdaroğlu, 1968:103) Yine Türküler önceleri askerler, âĢıklar, savaĢlar, göç, ticaret kervanları yoluyla yayılırken, günümüzde teknik imkanlar ve kitle iletiĢim araçları, türkülerin yayılmasını hızlandırmıĢtır. (Arı, 2011:144) Türküler ezgilerine göre usullü- usulsüz olmak üzere iki kısma ayrılır. Usullü türküler oyun havalarıdır. Bunlar oturak, kırık gibi adlar alırlar; uzun havalar ise bozlak, hoyrat, kayabaĢı, Çukurova, barak gibi adlar alırlar. Türküler konularına göre ise iĢ, doğa, aĢk, �ayrılık, ölüm, kahramanlık, askerlik… türküleri Ģeklinde sınıflandırılabilirler. (Büyük Larousse, 1986:11886) Kısacası türküler kültürümüzün, yerli kimliğimizin en önemli unsurlarıdır. Yıllar boyu söylenegelmiĢ, Türk kültürünü, halkımızı anlatmıĢ: sevdalara sözcü olmuĢ, sevinçlere ortak olmuĢ, ağıtlara eĢlik etmiĢlerdir. Hatay Türkiye’nin diğer yörelerine göre, farklı bir yapılanmaya sahiptir. Ġl merkezi Antakya 18. Yüzyıldan itibaren bir ilim merkezi haline gelmiĢ, okumuĢ kesim ve özellikle Ģiirle uğraĢanların sayısı artmıĢ;gerek divan gerekse halk edebiyatı alanında bir çok eserler verilmiĢtir. Antakya’nın yetiĢtirdiği bu Ģairler yanında Kırıkhan ve Yayladağı çevresinde yetiĢen halk ozanları da köklü bir geçmiĢin izlerini taĢır. Çevredeki aĢiret kavgalarını, aĢk hikayelerini içeren türküler bu dönemin eserleridir. Bu geliĢim süreci içerisinde yer alan müzisyenlerin bazıları Antakya’ya Ġstanbul ya da Rumeli’den göç etmiĢ ya da görevle gelmiĢlerdir. Nitekim Muzaffer Sarısözen’in yöreden derlediği “Lofçalı” türküsü Rumeli bölgesi ile iliĢkilidir.(Ġpek, 2003:41) Antakya halk müziği Antakya’nın kendisine bağlı ilçelerdeki müzik yapısından farklı özelliklere sahiptir. ĠĢte salıncak türküleri de bunun tipik bir örneğidir. Antakyalı salıncağa “sallangaç” der. Yörede geçmiĢ dönemlerde aile içi eğlence hayatında ağaçlara kurulan salıncağın ipinin uzunluğuna göre 2’li veya 4’lü ritimli sallanımlara uygun olarak bir türkü türü geliĢtirilmiĢtir. Sonuçta, bahse konu sallangaç türküleri de Antakya halkının eğlencelerine eĢlik etmiĢ;bu türküler salıncakta sallanırken ve salıncağın ritmine göre söylendikleri için yöresel ağızla sallangaç türküleri olarak anılmıĢlardır. Bildirimizde sallangaç türküleri iĢlenirken öncelikle bu türkülerin oluĢma ortamlarına değinilecek bu bağlamda Hatay’ da seyrana çıkma ve eğlence hayatından kısaca bahsedilecek, ardından sallangaç türküleri örnekleri verilecek; çalıĢma bir sonuç ve kaynakça bölümü ile sonlandırılacaktır. 1. Antakya’da Seyran, Buna Bağlı Hazırlıklar ve Eğlence Hayatı Antakya’da günümüzden 60-70 yıl önce düğün hazırlıkları yapılırken, adanan adaklardan sonra gidilen yatırlar; mevsimlik meyvelerin olduğu zaman bunların yenilmesi ve eğlenilmesine gidilen seyran (piknik) yerleri varmıĢ. Hatta Antakya’ da “hamam bir gün, seyran bir gün, yorgunluğun adını seyran koyuklar” denilir. (Doğruer, 1996:24) �Eskiden pazar günleri Asi nehri karĢısında Lafat denilen yerde güzel havalarda yürüyüĢe çıkılır. Ġsteyenin çiçek bahçesinde, isteyenin açıkta oturduğu; dondurma yenilen, gazoz içilen, çerez yenilen mekanlar mevcutmuĢ.(K.1, K.5, K.7) Yine ilkbaharda Ziraat Bahçesi (ġimdiki belediye parkı) ne seyrana gidilip orada sarma içi yapılıp, marul ya da yaprakla birlikte yenilirmiĢ.(K.2, K.3, K.8) Yine Antakya’ da bulunan Ataker Ġlkokulu’nun karĢı tarafında innep ve incir bahçelerinin bulunduğu yere (ġimdi Ģehrin göbeği ve trafiğin en yoğun olduğu yerlerden birisidir.)pikniğe gidilir; incir zamanı sabah kahvaltısına incir, peynir, ekmek-incir; çökelekekmek yemeği; innep zamanında (Eylül sonu Ekim baĢı ) seyran için hazırlanan oruk, sarma içi, sarma- dolma gibi seyran için hazırlanan yiyeceklerle gidilirmiĢ. Bunun yanı sıra Hacı Hasan Suyu’nun bulunduğu yerde (Bugünkü Aksaray semti) yatak, yastık yünü yıkamaya gidilip burada yılan balığı kızartılırmıĢ. Yine aynı Ģekilde Reyhanlı yolu çıkıĢında Gümrük Müdürlüğü yanında Didem Eğlence Merkezi’nin yerinde Soğuksu denilen bir yer varmıĢ. Burası da Hacı Hasan Suyu ile aynı iĢleve sahipmiĢ.(Doğruer, 1996:24) Yine bunlar gibi Dink Bahçesi (ġimdiki stadyum karĢısı) , Ali Pınarı ve Harbiye ġehleri de seyran yerleri arasındaymıĢ. Bu seyran yerlerinde hazır yemek yenildiği gibi Arap kebabı, Tepsi kebabı, oruk, künefe gibi yöreye özgü yemekler de yenilirmiĢ. Bu seyran yerlerinin hepsinin ortak yönü ise mutlaka bir kaynak suyuna sahip olmalarıymıĢ. (K.4, K.6, K.8) Bu seyran yerlerine ekseriye darbuka götürülür; yemek merasiminden önce veya sonra çeĢitli türküler, maniler, uzun havalar söylenir ve bunun ardından lililiĢ çekilirmiĢ. Aynı zamanda seyran yerlerinde bulunan ağaçlara salıncaklar da kurulur ve bu salıncakların ritmine göre Ģarkılar söylenilrmiĢ. (K.1, K.7, K.9) Bu seyran yerleri dönemin çocukları ve aile yapısı için de önemli imiĢ. Bu durumu merhum Sadık Ayhan Ġpek, Ģu sözlerle dile getirmektedir: “Teknoloji Ģimdiki gibi geliĢmiĢ değildi… Domates, biber ancak Haziran ayında sofralara arz-ı endam ederdi. Ancak ġubat ayında koyunların ve keçilerin yavrulamasıyla köylerden gelen ve baĢka yerlerde kullanılmayan ağız, baharı müjdelerdi. Ağızlı kadayıf en sevdiğimiz tatlılardandı. O dönemlerde pazarın gelmesini iple çeker, havanın iyi olduğu günleri mutlaka sahrada (piknik) geçirmeye babalarımız gayret gösterirdi. Yurdun baĢka yerlerinden farklı olarak Antakya, yazdan zahire temin edilerek kendine has sıcak ve soğuk yemekler yapmada �oldukça geliĢmiĢ durumdaydı. Tuzlu yoğurt, cara peyniri, yazdan kurutulmuĢ takriben ev halkının her ferdi için bin tane biberden yapılan dövme biber, cevizli biber baharın gelmesiyle hemen görünen taze soğan, maydanoz ve yöreye has nar ekĢisi, zeytinyağı ve bulgurla yapılan sarma içi… Yine sonbaharda tatlandırılarak saklanan yeĢil zeytin ve bu zeytinden yapılan zeytin öfelemesi, küflendirilmiĢ çökelek, yine yöreye has terbiyelenmiĢ çeĢitli hazırlıklar; havaların fırsat verdiği anlarda ortaya çıkar, doğanın nefis ve çok sağlıklı bağrına kendimizi atar, haftanın bütün yorgunluğunu giderirdik. Bu iĢ aynı zamanda evin fertlerini de birbirine daha yakınlaĢtırır. Yine yakın aile dostlarını da adeta birbirleriyle kenetlendirirdi.” ( Ġpek, 1996 :26 ) 2. Antakya’da Sallangaç Türkülerini Hazırlayan Ortam Antakya insanı güneyin sıcak iklimine uygun olarak canlı, hareketli, neĢeli, bunun yanı sıra eğlenceye düĢkün yapısıyla bilinir. Bu eğlence kültürü, onların güzel sanatların her koluna; özellikle de edebiyat ve müziğe bir heves, sevgi ve heyecanla yaklaĢmasını sağlamıĢtır. Bu duruma Tanzimat dönemi Osmanlı devlet yapısı ve siyasi ortamı da katkıda bulunmuĢ; bu durum ise yörede sallangaç türkülerinin oluĢmasına olanak sağlamıĢtır. 19.y.y. Osmanlısında matbaa, okumuĢ zümrelerin batıdaki özgürlük, demokrasi(ile ilgili) gibi fikirleri birbirlerine aktarmalarını kolaylaĢtırmıĢ ve devlet yönetimindeki yüksek kademe bu durumdan rahatsız olmuĢ; dönemin idarecileri, bu nesli Ġstanbul’dan uzaklaĢtırma gereği duymuĢlar ve bunların bir kısmını da Antakya’ya sürgün göndermiĢlerdir. Bu sürgün gelenler genellikle varlıklı kimselerdi; maddi olanakları yerinde olduğundan beraberlerinde hizmetçilerini ve maiyetlerini de Antakya’ya taĢımıĢlardı. Bu gelen kimselerin maiyetleri arasında Ģair, müzisyenler de bulunmaktaydı. Ilık bir iklime sahip olan Antakya, bunların kısa zamanda birbirleriyle ve Antakya çevresiyle kaynaĢmalarını sağlamıĢtır. Bu devirde Antakya türkülerinde de sanat ve zevk yönünün arttığı görülmüĢ ve yakın çevredeki ağaçlıklı, suların bol aktığı yerlere salıncaklar kurularak salıncakların ritimlerine göre türküler söylenmeye baĢlanmıĢtır. ĠĢte bu türkülere de sallangaç türküleri adı verilmiĢtir. (Ġpek,1992:26) 3. Antakya Türkülerinin Yapısı ve Sallangaç Türküleri Çukurova bozlaklarının etkilerini taĢıyan Hatay türküleri genelde Gavurdağı yöresi özellikleri taĢır. Yörede söylenen uzun havalar ya Gavurdağı ve Barak uzun havaları, ya da bunların etkilerini taĢıyan özgün eserlerdir. Halk müziği yönünden Antakya türkülerinin diğer ilçelerden farklı bir yapısı vardır. Türk sanat müziği karakteri taĢıyan ve bu müziğin makam �sisteminden etkilenen Antakya türküleri özellikle küpleler arasındaki uzun, birkaç ölçü devam eden “aaah” ya da “amaan” gibi ifadelerle dikkat çeker. ( Tekin,1998:126) Bu türkülerin ritmi de kurulan salıncakların boyuna göre değiĢik çabuklukta söylenir; yani salıncak ipinin boyu oranında salınımın verdiği hızla ip kısa ise daha çabuk, uzun ise daha ağır bir ritimle söylenir. Kısacası bu türküler 2-4, 4-4’ lük ritimlerle söylenir. (Ġpek, 1992:14) Söz konusu sallangaç türküleri 1950’lerin baĢından 70’li yıllara kadar Sadık Ayhan Ġpek’in Antakya Lisesi’nde oluĢturduğu “Halk Müziği Grubu”nda bir çok defa seslendirilmiĢtir. Merhum Sadık Ayhan Ġpek’in korosuyla seslendirdiği sallangaç türkülerinin birkaçı aĢağıda verilmiĢtir. ( Hanım Arabaya BinmiĢ, Hasandağı Oymak Oymak, Mavilim Yaktın Beni, Ninem KurmuĢ Yol Üstüne Çıkrığı, Pınara Vurdum Kazmayı, Elmas Dolu Çekmecesi. (Kalaycıoğlu, 2011:87), (Ġpek,1993:9) 4. Antakya Sallangaç Türkülerinin Benzerleri Türkiye’nin özgün kadın sanatçılarından ġükriye Tutkun’un da 5. Albümü(2006) “Salıncak ” adını taĢır.“Ağ Elime Mor Kınalar Yaktılar”, “Ġskender Boğazı Dardır Geçilmez”, “Sürüler Ġçinde Sürmeli Koyun” gibi türkülerin yer aldığı albümün ses kaydı esnasında doğal sazların kullanıldığı ve türkülerin salınımını en güzel Ģekilde aktarabilmek için özel çaba harcandığı ifade ediliyor. ġükriye Tutkun albümün adının “Salıncak” olmasının tesadüf olmadığını Ģu sözlerle dile getirmiĢtir: “Salıncak benim ilk sahnemdi. Salıncakta baĢladım ilk türkülerimi söylemeye; rüzgârın, dalga seslerinin, sesimin ve salıncağımın oluĢturduğu orkestranın müziği çok uzaklara giderdi; hissederdim.” 5. Antakya Sallangaç Türkülerinden Örnekler MAVĠLĠM YAKDIN BENĠ Derleyen: Muzaffer Sarısözen Kaynak: Yöre Ekibi Nota: Muzaffer Sarısözen �Mavilim yakdın beni Mavilim yakdın beni Yakdın yandırdın beni Üç beĢ gün arasında Derde bırakdın beni Mavilim yandım Mavilim mavuĢalım Yol verin savuĢalım KüsmüĢsek barıĢalım Yar Allahı seversen Çabucak kavuĢalım Mavilim yandım (Ġpek,2003:95) PINARA VURDUM KAZMAYI Derleyen: Muzaffer Sarısözen Kaynak: Emel Akçay Nota: Muzaffer Sarısözen �Pınara vurdum kazmayı (gülüm aman) Güzeller sever gezmeyi Aman çirkinler bağlar yazmayı (gülüm aman) Aman yar öldürdün beni Ölmeden alaydım seni Pınarın baĢında ceviz (gülüm aman) Cevizin dalları semiz Aman yar nerde eviniz (gülüm aman) Aman yar öldürdün beni Ölmeden alayım seni Pınarın baĢında iğde (gülüm aman) Ġğdenin dalları yerde Aman yar eviniz nerde (gülüm aman) Aman yar öldürdün beni Ölmeden alayım seni (Ġpek,2003:101) �HANIM ARABAYA BĠNMĠġ Derleyen: Sadık Ayhan Ġpek Kaynak: Cemil Ġpek Nota: Ġsmet Akyol Hanım arabaya binmiĢ (ah) yan yana yörür Arabacı aĢga (da) gelmiĢ atlara vurur Hanımın hararetinden dudağı kurur Ġnce belen ne huriĢan o da o da bir miras Yanağına gül sorunmuĢ elinden beyaz Ben seni sevdim seveli getmedim size Anam duyar babam duyar söz eder bize Benim bir sevdiğim var (ah) tazedir taze (Ġpek,2003:83) �HASAN DAĞI OYMAK OYMAK Derleyen: Muzaffer Sarısözen Kaynak: Sıdıka ġerbetçi Nota: Muzaffer Sarısözen Hasan Dağı oymak oymak Olur mu hiç yar sana doymak Ağzı Ģeker dudağı da kaymak Yürü yürü yürü yürü Edalım yürü Ben sözümden dönmem geri Sağolsun yiğidin seri Kazanır getirir beri Hasan Dağının yokuĢu Gider yazı gelir kıĢı O yârin humar bakıĢı Yürü yürü yürü yürü Edalım yürü Ben sözümden dönmem geri Sağolsun yiğidin eri Kazanır getirir beri Hasan Dağının söğüdü Kız kimden aldın öğüdü Ah ilen ömrüm çürüdü Yürü yürü yürü yürü Edalım yürü Ben sözümden dönmem geri Sağolsun yiğidin eri Kazanır getirir beri �(Ġpek,2003:85) ELMAS DOLU ÇEKMECESĠ Derleyen: Sadık Ayhan Ġpek Kaynak: Cemile Kılbey Nota: Sadık Ayhan Ġpek Elmas dolu çekmecesi BeĢ liraya bir gecesi Efendimin eğlencesi Yalan değil sahi güzel Methinde var Ģarkı gazel Ak ellerin bade süzer Benim yârim bağ yolunda GümüĢ hançer var belinde Ġpek mendil var elinde Ağladıkça siler yaĢın Bahar olur açar güller Bülbül gibi Ģakır diller �Yari bana benzetirler Yalan değil sahi güzel (Ġpek,2003:73) Ninam kurmuĢ yol üstüne çıkrığı (aman aman) Aydın havasına da büker ipliği (of) Annesinin bir kınalı kekliği (aman aman) Nihandır sevdiğim de yosmam nihandır Yari görmeyeli hayli zamandır Ninam kurmuĢ yol üstüne kazanı (aman aman) Ben isterim okuyanı yazanı (of) Ben istemem diyar diyar gezeni (aman aman) Nihandır sevdiğim de yosmam nihandır Yari görmeyeli hayli zamandır ġamdancılar Ģamdan döner gümüĢten (aman aman) Benim yarim pek hazzeder cümbüĢten (of) Billahi haberim yok benim bu iĢten (aman aman) Nihandır sevdiğim de yosmam nihandır Yari görmeyeli hayli zamandır (Ġpek,2003:97) �Sonuç Türküler toplumun yaĢayıĢını; acılarını, sevinçlerini, dile getirdiği için Antakya’nın salıncaklı seyranlarını da dile getirmiĢlerdir. Bu türküler salıncağın ritmine göre söylendikleri için yörede yöresel ağızla sallangaç türküleri Ģeklinde adlandırılmıĢlardır. Sallangaç türkülerinin ortaya çıkmasında çeĢitli etkenler rol oynamıĢtır. Bunlar yörenin iklim özellikleri ve seyrana çıkma (piknik) ile eğlenceye düĢkünlüğünün yanı sıra 19.y.y. sonlarında yöreye sürgüne gelenlerin maiyetleriyle birlikte gelmesi ve bu kültürden etkilenmeleri yanında kültüre yeni kattıkları kültürel değerler bütünüdür. Yine yörede müziğe, sanata olan yatkınlık ve dıĢa dönük yaĢam Ģekli, bu tarz türkülerin zamanla sayılarının artmasını sağlamıĢtır. Aynı Ģartların sağlandığı ortamlarda Anadolu’nun diğer bölgelerinde de salıncak türkülerine rastlandığı görülür. ġükriye TUTKUN’ un 5. Albümü “Salıncak” buna güzel bir örnektir. Kaynaklar 1. Arı, Bülent (2011) “Kına Türkülerinde Veda” Veda Tarihçi Yay. Ġstanbul. 2. Büyük Larousse (1986) “Türkü Maddesi” 23. Cilt, Milliyet Yay. Ġstanbul. 3. Dizdaroğlu, Hikmet (1968) “Halk ġiirinde Türler”, Türk Dili, Türk Halk Edebiyatı Özel Sayısı, 207, Ankara. 4. Doğruer, ġen (1996) “Antakya’da Seyran ve Adak Yerleri ” Güneyde Kültür, Cilt.8, Sayı: 86, Antakya. 5. Ġpek, S. Ayhan (1992) “Antakya Türkülerinde Romantik ve Fantastik Öğeler”, Güneyde Kültür, Cilt.4 Sayı: 44, Antakya. 6. Ġpek, S. Ayhan (1992) “Sallangaç Türküleri”, Güneyde Kültür, Cilt.4 Sayı: 46, Antakya. 7. Ġpek,S. Ayhan (1993) “Sallangaç Türküleri 2”, Güneyde Kültür, Cilt.5 Sayı: 47, Antakya. 8. Ġpek, S. Ayhan (1996) “Baharın DüĢündürdükleri ”, Güneyde Kültür, Cilt.8 Sayı: 85, Antakya. 9. Ġpek, S. Ayhan (2003) Antakya Türküleri, Hafad Yay.,Antakya. 10. Kalaycıoğlu, Mithat (2011) Hatay Halk Bilimi, Antakya Belediyesi Yay. Hatay. 11. Tekin, Mehmet (1998) “Hatay Türküleri”, Cumhuriyet’in 75. Yılı Hatay, Ajanstürk Yay. Ankara. 12. Türk Dil Kurumu (1998) Türkçe Sözlük (9. Baskı), TDK Yay. Ankara. 13. Yakıcı, Ali (2007) “Halk ġiirinde Türkü”, Akçağ Yay. Ankara. 14. (www.emikat.com.tr/album/1589/salıncak) �Sözlü Kaynaklar K.1- Adil DenktaĢ (72), Antakya, Emekli Öğretim Gör. Üniversite K.2- Nezahat Civelek (81), Antakya, Ev Hanımı, Okur-yazar değil K.3- Muzaffer Amık (72), Antakya, Emekli Mühendis, Yüksekokul K.4- Gülfidan Kosi (57), Antakya, Emekli Öğretmen, Yüksekokul K.5- Tahir Doğru (68), Akcurun, Çiftçi, Ġlkokul K.6- Aybek Vurmay (63), Antakya, Emekli, Yüksekokul K.7- Fethiye Amık (90), Atakya, Ev Hanımı, Okur-yazar K.8- Selahattin Tümer (71), Antakya, Emekli, Ġlkokul K.9- Mustafa Güngör (63), Antakya, Emekli, Ġlkokul � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2118 Title A name given to the resource ANTAKYA SALLANGAÇ TÜRKÜLERİ Author Author ARI, Bülent Abstract A summary of the resource. Anahtar Kelimeler: Antakya, Türkü, Sallangaç, Sallangaç Türküleri. ÖZET Bildiriye öncelikle bir giriş bölümüyle başlanılnış; bu bölümde türkü kavramından, Hatay türkülerinden ve sallangaç kavramından söz edilmiştir. Sonrasında salıncak ya da sallangaç türkülerinin oluşmasına Antakya eğlence hayatı ve ikliminin nasıl olanak tanıdığı ve bu tarz türkülerin nasıl oluştuğu üzerinde durulmuş, sallangaç (salıncak) türkülerinin yöreye özgülüğünden bahsedilmiş; ancak benzer yaklaşımların Anadolu’da da bulunduğu Şükriye Tutkun’un salıncak albümü örnek verilerek ortaya konulmuştur. Yine, bildiriye konu olan sallangaç türkülerinin bir veya iki örnekle sınırlı olmadığını ve Antakya yöresinde uzun soluklu bir sallangaç türküsü söyleme geleneği olduğunu göstermek amacıyla çalışmanın son bölümüne yeter sayıda sallangaç türküsü örneği konulmuşur. Yörede tespit edilen 19 sallangaç türküsünden bildiriye alınan 9’unun adları şöyledir: Yaprak Gazellendi - Hanım Arabaya Binmiş - Hasan Dağı Oymak Oymak - Mavilim Yakdın Beni - Ninem Kurmuş Yol Üstüne Çıkrığı - Pınara Vurdum Kazmayı - Elmas Dolu Çekmecesi - Kızın Adı Emneli - Antakya Dağın Diktir Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-17 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2203-4548 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/6d9d365f3823dd7ae8ca90f3030d19a7.pdf 3a4f2b13630ba15816bcf0e9f723295f PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Antalya As Destination In Convention Tourism Gonca Manap Davras Süleyman Demirel University,Isparta, Turkey goncamanap@edu.edu.tr Abstract Convention tourism is a type of alternative tourism consisting of the total of activities which emerge as a result of the organization of meetings. Individuals convene in line with the developments in science and technology and the increasing need for specialization, in order to learn new technologies, to explain and present their scientific work, or to engage in an exchange of information. This situation introduces convention tourism, an important type of alternative tourism activity. Growing rapidly, this type of tourism came to tone into other types of tourism and now possesses an important share in world tourism. There are about 9 thousand conventions all over the world each year both at national and international levels, and as a result, 75 million people travel for these conventions. Convention tourism, which partially solves the problem of seasonal tourism and has the potential to bring high revenues, is next to leisure tourism, an important alternative tourism activity highly preferred in Turkey. After Istanbul, Antalya now wants to have a say in the market of international conventions. This study displays the nature of convention tourism in Turkey and in the world with numeric data. It indicates the characteristics of convention tourism as well as the expectations of attendees from the convention centers. The chosen convention city shall be above a certain level so as to fulfill these expectations. With this aim, Antalya, which wants to play a bigger role in the convention market, has been thoroughly examined through a SWOT analysis. Keywords: Alternative tourism, Convention tourism, Antalya 1.INTRODUCTION The tourism sector has started to increase its variety according to demands. One of the alternative tourism types, convention tourism has been rapidly growing in the past few years. According to the data in 2011 by the Union of International Associations (UIA), every year about 9 thousand conventions are organized in 218 countries and 75 million people travel to attend them. Convention tourism, whose participants spend 3.5 times more than normal tourists, has a direct effect on 37 sectors and an income share of 30% in the world tourism market.(http://ifm.ibb.gov.tr/Calismalar/Documents/altyap%C4%B1%20_komitesi_cal%C4%B1 %C5%9Fma_raporu_taslak.pdf: reaching date: 5.4.2012) During this process of development, Turkey has been lucky in this competition due to its firstclass accommodation and meeting facilities, its transportation opportunities to the world’s principal cities, its cultural and natural beauties, its perfect climate, and its more appropriate 84 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo prices compared to alternative destinations. Using this opportunity, Turkey has been increasing its share in the convention tourism sector, which has been growing rapidly. In this context, many initiatives were undertaken mainly in Istanbul and in other cities such as Izmir, Antalya, and Ankara, where convention and visitor centers have been established. In “Turkey’s Tourism Strategy for 2023” and “Action-Plan 2007-2023,” implemented by the Ministry of Culture and Tourism, Ankara, Bursa, Konya and Mersin are designated as convention cities, and Istanbul, Antalya, Izmir, Ankara, Adana, Gaziantep and Trabzon as important expo cities. (Ersun & Aslan, 2009: 107 ) This study first explains the scope of convention tourism and its characteristics, and examines the development of the convention market in the world and in Turkey. Then it evaluates Antalya, an important touristic city in Turkey, according to the supply in convention tourism by using the SWOT analysis method. 2.CONVENTION TOURISM According to the United National World Tourism Organization (UNWTO), the number of 980 million people traveling on earth in 2011 will increase to 1.6 billion in 2020, and the 919 million dollars of revenue from tourism in 2010 will increase to 2 trillion dollars. (http://www.tourexpi.com/tr-intl/news.html~nid=42076: reaching date: 12.4.2012) In Turkey, which started its touristic activities in 1980, the number of 326 thousand tourists in 1980 increased to 31.5 million people in 2011, and the revenue reached 17 million dollars. According to UNWTO, after France, the USA, Spain, China, Italy, and England, Turkey is 7th in the list of first 10 countries which attracted the most visitors in 2011. (www.airporthaber.com/turkiyedunya-yedincisi--32450h.html: reaching date: 5.4.2012) The original concept of tourism has been changing every day in terms of form and content, and the demands and expectations of tourists have been also shifting. The trio of sea-sun-sand has been yielding its place to alternative tourism activities. Therefore, national, regional, and urban leaders, who realize the local, regional, national and international value of tourism, choose to diversify touristic activities with alternative tourism options and build their plans accordingly. One of the important types of tourism growing in the world in the past few years is convention tourism. The increasing number of conventions every year demonstrates the bright future of this type of tourism.(Kozak, Kozak & Kozak, 2001: 21) Convention tourism is the total of events and relations regarding travel and accommodation that emerge out of individuals convening in a location that is not their usual lodging or working place, in order to have an information exchange on a topic that requires specialization, such as scientific developments or occupational subject matters. (www.kobifinans.com.tr/tr/sektor/011610/21645: reaching date: 5.4.2012) Convention tourism does not consist of only the travels for conventions. Seminars, symposiums, workshops etc. are also included within the scope of convention tourism. For this reason, “meeting tourism” is used instead of “convention tourism.” The conventions organized nationally and internationally may be on many topics. (Pechlaner, Zeni & Raich, 2007: 32 ) Convention tourism is part of business tourism and of the individual business trips or convention and fair visits, which belong to that category as well. For this reason, it comes into existence with the change and trends in cultural topics, leisure time, workforce, health, and education levels. 85 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo While on one hand benefiting from the infrastructure of tourism, on the other, it can balance the low seasons when traditional touristic activity is stagnant or low. Traditional tourists and convention delegates are not only service chain operations, but also bring wealth to the economy of the region. 2.1 The Characteristics of Convention Tourism With its multi-faceted nature, convention tourism is differentiated from classical tourism in the following ways:(www.kobifinans.com.tr/tr/sektor/011610/22676: reaching date: 8.4.2012)          Conventions are more concentrated in certain periods of the year and because they usually take place outside the conventional touristic season, they affect the occupancy rate in hotels positively. Convention tourism and convention hotel management need a strong infrastructure in terms of technical equipment and other constituents. Fixed investments such as the construction of meeting facilities and convention centers are of a high cost and are usually undertaken by the state or the local administration. Because convention tourism is organized outside the general tourism season and because it involves a wide range of touristic services, it is the type of tourism which generates the highest income. It requires detailed and professional preparations such as simultaneous translation, special programs, preparation and distribution of invitation cards, various transfers, hotel reservations, arrangement of meetings for delegates and the media, organization of the convention center, and preparation of tours for accompanying persons and spouses. The organization of an international convention is considered as an important promotion tool for a country. For success in convention tourism, not only the related agencies, but all society shall support the initiative, and there shall be collaboration among different sections of society. For success, this type of organizations require a certain level of quality and capacity regarding transportation, infrastructure, accommodation, convention center and facilities, personnel, security, peripheral services, environmental and cultural riches. The level of income of convention participants (delegates) is quite high and all their expenses are covered by the organization they are representing. According to TURSAB, they spend 3 times more than a conventional tourist.(www.siyasiforum.net/viewtopic. php?f=13&t=12232: reaching date: 5.4.2012) 2.2 Convention Tourism in the World and in Turkey According to International Congress and Convention Association’s (ICCA) data in 2010, Turkey, this hosts 160 international conventions, places 20th in world ranking. The United States, Germany, Spain, England, and France occupy the first five spots. When examined at a city level, in 2010, Istanbul placed 7th in world ranking with 109 conventions before Vienna, Barcelona, Paris, Berlin, Singapore and Madrid, and rose from 13th place to 6th in European rankings. (http://iccaworld.com/dcps/doc.cfm?docid=1246: reaching date: 5.3.2012) 2 million convention participants who came to Turkey stayed for an average of three days and spent 4 million Euros. 86 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Compared to 10 years ago, this 5-times increase escalated Turkey 14 steps and Istanbul 24 steps in the convention race. Now, 80% of the conventions in Turkey take place in Istanbul. The Ministry of Culture and Tourism took this concentration into consideration and added other cities as locations where conventions and meetings can be organized: Ankara, Antalya as well as Mersin, Izmir, Konya and Bursa. Despite all this data and these efforts, and despite all the natural and cultural attractions and riches that Turkey has, it is not possible to say that the country benefits adequately from convention tourism. It is obvious that the efforts in this sector should be more deliberately carried out and more carefully organized. Convention tourism cannot emerge by itself in this country. Factors of attraction are of utmost importance in convention tourism. Natural factors such as the geographical location of the region, natural beauties, climate, cultural and historic riches as well as infrastructure and superstructure shall be present. The locations where special investments will be made for convention tourism shall definitely possess convenient facilities for local and foreign visitors to meet their needs such as accommodation, eating-drinking, leisure etc. For a city to earn its title as an international convention city, facilities such as transportation, infrastructure, accommodation, convention centers, security, peripheral services, as well as natural and cultural riches shall be above a certain quality and capacity. Any malfunction that may arise in these constituents can also hinder the success of the conventions.(Aymankuy, 2006: 45) According to the statement of Istanbul Convention and Visitors’ Bureau, 1.5 million tourists, among the 9 million who visited Istanbul, came for the purpose of meetings and conventions. According to the data of Association of Turkish Travel Agencies (TURSAB), the number of tourists who came to Antalya for meetings and conventions is around 200 thousand. All around Turkey, about 2 million convention participants lodged in 2010. This number is equal to the number of tourists who visited Turkey in 1980s.(www.siyasiforum.net/viewtopic.php? f=13&t=12232: reaching date: 5.4.2012) 3.CONVENTION TOURISM DESTINATION: ANTALYA According to the 2010 data of Antalya Convention Bureau, a total 86 conventions were organized in Antalya, 40 international, 46 national. With an 81% increase, this number rose up to 156 in 2011. For international conventions, the increase is 40%, and 117% for national conventions. Accordingly, a total of 156 conventions, 56 national and 100 international, were organized in Antalya in 2011. In 2010, 37,045 people participated in these meetings. In 2011 as well, it is observed that conventions were concentrated in Belek, and as in the previous year, most conventions were in the area of medicine. In addition, many conventions were organized in the following areas: agriculture, sports, pharmaceutics, animal husbandry, statistics, chemistry, biology, psychology, physics, technology, cosmetics, law, aquaculture, geography, and archeology. Based on the present statistics from Antalya Convention Bureau, it is possible to observe that the convention sector has been fast growing in Antalya, and that the developments shall take place at a higher speed in order to fulfill the needs of this sector. 87 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 3.1 SWOT Analysis of Antalya In Terms Of Convention Tourism The establishments and foundations which decide to organize a convention determine the location of the convention according to the expectations and wishes of the prospective delegates. Would the potential delegates want to rest or to have fun? Would they prefer an urban center or the suburbs? Does the country or city in question have a positive image? All of these are taken into consideration in the choice of location for a convention.(Aymankuy, 1997: 56) For a city to earn the title of a convention center, it is expected that some criteria regarding the following is above a certain quality: accessibility, price, quality of service, the compatibility of the facilities with the capacity of the convention, the experience of the convention center on convention tourism, the quality of the hotels near the convention center, transportation ease inside the city, touristic attractions (cultural richness, restaurants, museums etc.) and security. (http://www.kobifinans.com.tr/tr/sektor/011610/22001: reaching date: 10.4.2012) In order to increase the demand for international and national conventions in our country, we need private congress centers outside Istanbul. One of the leading locations is Antalya. Here the SWOT analysis (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats), which includes the strong and weak aspects of the region as well as the opportunity and threats present in the market, is used to provide an evaluation of the potential of convention tourism in Antalya. Strengths         88 According to data from 2010, there are 789 certified accommodation facilities in Antalya with a capacity of 348 thousand beds. Many tourism facilities certified by the Ministry of Culture and Tourism, primarily those in Belek, Kadriye and Kemer, possess modern meeting rooms, (There are a total of 67 hotels that provide services related to convention tourism: 47 in Kemer, 6 in Side, 6 in Manavgat, 8 in Alanya. These hotels operate with 155 conference rooms. Their total capacity is for 26,000 people.) Antalya has a coast to the Mediterranean that is 630 kilometers-long and it benefits from its coastal location for summer tourism (sea-sand-sun), Antalya is suitable for tourism all four seasons due to its climate, and is open to tourism for 12 months, Antalya has locations which have potential for cultural tourism, Antalya is one of the biggest ports in Turkey and hosts 7 yacht ports as well, It has the second biggest airport in Turkey, with two outgoing terminals. Due to its airport, passenger and yachts ports, tourism investments, 21,000 scheduled and charter flights every year to 42 different spots in Turkey and abroad, Antalya is the center of attraction for national and international fairs,(www.geziantalya.com/bilgi.asp?id=151&BilgiADI= Antalya %20 Kongre%20Turizmi: reaching date: 5.4.2012) There are efforts to regenerate historical sites, It is home to Sabancı Glass Pyramide Congress Fair Center with its 4,500 m2 floor space and 5 rooms, Antalya Cultural Center with its 9000 m2 closed space, Haşim İşcan Cultural Center with its 11,059 m2 space, and Antalya Expo Center which has 20.000 m2 closed fair �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo          space,(http://www.antalya.gov.tr/yukleme/long_files/DBA_Cilt_2/antalya%20cilt2.html:r eaching date: 16.4.2012) There is a total of 21 museum and historical sites; 18 are ancient cities, 3 museums, The airport is 13 kilometers away from the city center (important for the conventions), There are 25 tourism areas designated by the Ministerial Cabinet, such as Belek, Kemer, and Alanya, According to data in 2011, there are 324 beaches with blue flag, 17 marinas with blue flag and 12 yachts with blue flag, (http://www.antalya.gov.tr/anasayfa: reaching date: 16.4.2012) Prices are affordable, The historical and cultural spirit of the city is alive 24/7, Many international cultural and art festivals are organized here, Antalya benefits from a variety in tourism, including cultural tourism, health tourism, shopping tourism, sports tourism, and recreational tourism, The local administration is conscious of the importance of convention tourism, Weaknesses           89 Efforts among stakeholders in the sector of convention tourism are uncoordinated, The number of multi-purpose convention centers is inadequate, Convention demands in Antalya largely arise from the internal market, and the international demand is quite low, Accommodation facilities and travel agencies related to convention tourism are not members of international organizations that largely work on conventions,(Çizel, 1999: 128) Tourism promotion is the total of activities of creating a positive image about the touristic values of the country and of informing potential tourists about essential qualities which constitute the touristic potential of a country, such as nature, culture, history, archeology, the sea, the sun etc., and about the superstructure of tourism, by using all types of promotion techniques in tourism markets.(Tavmergen & Meriç, 2002: 33) However, Antalya lacks marketing and promotion in convention tourism, Convention and Visitors’ Centers have an important role in coordinating convention tourism, manage the relationship among the stakeholders, and organize the activities of destination management and of marketing and promotion. (Ersun & Aslan, 2009: 92) Antalya Convention Bureau, which is important in the marketing of convention tourism in Antalya, is not successful in this area, Despite many convention hotels in Antalya, because these hotels prefer to act individually, there are few opportunities for organizing international conventions, Even though accommodation places have facilities suited for convention tourism, they lack the staff specialized in this topic,(Çizel,1999:126) Antalya lacks the perception of a certain image about convention tourism,(Doğanlı, 2006: 187) Because the type of tourism based on sea-sun-sand trio is emphasized here, many businesses have little interest in other types of tourism, �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Opportunities    Indian Travel Agencies Union and British Travel Agencies Union chose Antalya for their Travel Congress in 2012, International Union of Congress Organizers, with members specialized in meetings and congresses over 65 countries, preferred Antalya for their general assembly over Houston in the United States and Monterrey in Mexico, Akdeniz University and International Antalya University (which will start student admission in the academic year of 2012-2013 as the second university and the first endowment university in Antalya) is engaging in activities both by working academically and by creating the qualified personnel who can work in convention tourism, Threats     Nature is being destroyed, especially on the coastal strip where there is unplanned and irregular development, The image of Antalya which cheap tourists create due to the cheap prices carries repelling characteristics for convention groups that have a higher income level than normal tourists, (Çizel,1999:113) The number of Turkey’s competitors in the convention tourism area increase every day, The accommodation duration of the tourists is only 3-4 days, 4. CONCLUSION As one of the cities with the biggest tourism potential in Turkey, Antalya is home to various types of tourism activities. One of these is convention tourism. By using SWOT analysis, this study evaluated Antalya, which is a preferred location for national and international congress activities on various topics, and its opportunities such as transportation, infrastructure, accommodation, convention centers and facilities, security, and peripheral services. The study indicated that areas such as transportation facilities, cultural and historical richness, and accommodation conditions are above a certain level. Marketing and promotion activities have shortcomings, and both local administration and private firms have a big role in this respect. In addition, the convention rooms in the hotels are not adequate. The lack of equipped convention centers also appears as a problem. Taking huge steps in convention tourism, Turkey accelerated its activities also in Antalya after Istanbul. International Congress and Convention Association’s (ICCA) choice of Antalya for their general assembly in 2014 is an important opportunity for Antalya to become popular in the convention tourism market. The city should combine this opportunity with its other strengths, reinforce its weaknesses, and take strong steps in convention tourism. REFERENCES Aslan, K. (2009) Türkiye’de Kongre Turizmini Geliştirme İmkanları, İstanbul Ticaret Odası www.kobifinans.com.tr/tr/sektor/011610/21645: reaching date: 5.4.2012 90 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo www.kobifinans.com.tr/tr/sektor/011610/22676: reaching date: 8.4.2012 www.kobifinans.com.tr/tr/sektor/011610/22001: reaching date: 10.4.2012 Aymankuy, Y. (1997) Turizm’de Geliştirilebilir Turizm Şekli Olarak Kongre Turizmi ve İzmir İl Merkezi Örnek Uygulaması, Balıkesir Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Ens. Turizm İşletmeciliği ve Otelcilik Anabilim Dalı, Doktora Tezi, Balıkesir Aymankuy, Y. (2006) Kongre Turizmi Ve Fuar Organizasyonları, Detay Yayıncılık, Ankara Çizel, B. (1999) Kongre Turizmi, Kongre Organizasyonu ve Antalya Bölgesinin Kongre Turizmi Potansiyeli, Sorunları ve Gelecekteki Beklentilerine Yönelik Bir Araştırma, Akdeniz Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Ens. Turizm İşletmeciliği ve Otelcilik Anabilim Dalı, Yüksek lisans Tezi, Antalya Doğanlı, B. (2006) Turizmde Destinasyon Markalaşması Ve Antalya Örneği, Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi, İşletme Bölümü Doktora Tezi, Isparta, 2006, pp.187 Ersun, N. and Aslan K. (2009) Kongre Turizminin Geliştirilmesinde Kongre Ve Ziyaretçi Bürolarının Rolü ve Önemi, İstanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi Yıl:8 Sayı:15, pp. 89-114 Kozak, N., Kozak, M. A., Kozak, M.,(2001) Genel Turizm İlkeleri-Kavramlar, Detay Yayıncılık, 5. Baskı, Ankara, pp. 21 Pechlaner, H., Zenı, A. & Raıch, F. (2007),"Congress tourism and leisure tendencies with special focus on economic aspects", Tourism Review, Vol. 62 Iss: 3 pp. 32 – 38 Tavmergen, İ. P. and Meriç, P. Ö. (2002) Turizmde Kitapevi, 1. Bası, Ankara, pp. 33 Tanıtma ve Halkla İlişkiler, Turhan www.airporthaber.com/turkiye-dunya-yedincisi--32450h.html: reaching date: 5.4.2012 www.siyasiforum.net/viewtopic.php?f=13&t=12232: reaching date: 5.4.2012 http://iccaworld.com/dcps/doc.cfm?docid=1246: reaching date: 5.3.2012 www.geziantalya.com/bilgi.asp?id=151&BilgiADI=Antalya%20Kongre%20Turizmi: date: 5.4.2012 reaching Antalya Valiliği, http://www.antalya.gov.tr/anasayfa: reaching date: 16.4.2012 http://www.tourexpi.com/tr-intl/news.html~nid=42076: reaching date: 12.4.2012 Dünden Bugüne Antalya, http://www.antalya.gov.tr/yukleme/long_files/DBA_Cilt_2/antalya%20cilt2.html: reaching date: 16.4.2012 İstanbul Uluslararası Finans Merkezi Projesi (2011) Altyapı Komitesi, Çalışma Raporu, pp.139 http://ifm.ibb.gov.tr/Calismalar/Documents/altyap%C4%B1%20_komitesi_cal%C4%B1%C5%9 Fma_raporu_taslak.pdf: reaching date: 5.4.2012 91 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1367 Title A name given to the resource Antalya As Destination In Convention Tourism Author Author Gonca, Manap Davras Abstract A summary of the resource. Convention tourism is a type of alternative tourism consisting of the total of activities which emerge as a result of the organization of meetings. Individuals convene in line with the developments in science and technology and the increasing need for specialization, in order to learn new technologies, to explain and present their scientific work, or to engage in an exchange of information. This situation introduces convention tourism, an important type of alternative tourism activity. Growing rapidly, this type of tourism came to tone into other types of tourism and now possesses an important share in world tourism. There are about 9 thousand conventions all over the world each year both at national and international levels, and as a result, 75 million people travel for these conventions. Convention tourism, which partially solves the problem of seasonal tourism and has the potential to bring high revenues, is next to leisure tourism, an important alternative tourism activity highly preferred in Turkey. After Istanbul, Antalya now wants to have a say in the market of international conventions. This study displays the nature of convention tourism in Turkey and in the world with numeric data. It indicates the characteristics of convention tourism as well as the expectations of attendees from the convention centers. The chosen convention city shall be above a certain level so as to fulfill these expectations. With this aim, Antalya, which wants to play a bigger role in the convention market, has been thoroughly examined through a SWOT analysis. Keywords: Alternative tourism, Convention tourism, Antalya Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/f25f076f9c51983e81aaea35044f24b3.pdf 9c7c08b8205bdf21027729ef33077f97 PDF Text Text Anthroponyms of the fairy tale Kako je Potjeh tražio istinu by Ivana Brlic-Mazuranic and aspects of their translation in target language texts Biljana Vidiček Croatia Abstract: It is the general opinion that translation of literary works should be transparent and in the spirit of the original. The same applies for translation of personal names as one of particularities of a literary work. In addition to identifying protagonists, personal names play important role in their characterization and represent a literary character to the reader in a multilayer manner and in more direct way than in everyday life. Therefore, we believe that translation of personal names in a literary work should earn specifically important place in order to achieve genuine reception with readers of the translated literary work. The objective of this study is to present the results of comparative analysis of personal names of the characters in the Croatian source text, fairytale Kako je potjehtražioistinu and their versions in other target languages. The corpus includes release of all available translations of the fairytale Kako je Potjehtražioistinu(How Quest Sought the Truth) in English, French, Hungarian, German, Italian, Russian, Czech, Danish, Swedish and Ukrainian language printed during the last hundred years,ie of its publication in the collection of children fairytales Price izdavnine (Tales from long ago) until present. With consideration to translating procedures, various translating strategies applied in translation of personal names of the fairytale’s characters into different languages will be compared and highlighted in this study. Cross-cultural and semantic implications of translation choices will be observed and consequent conclusions will be made on extent of their authenticity. Keywords: Tales, translating personal names, translation procedures, comparative analysis 1. Uvod Kao jedna od kulturnih specifičnosti književnih djela ističu se vlastita imena među kojima ovdje izdvajamo antroponime. S obzirom na činjenicu da se vlastitim imenima kao bitnim označiteljima u književnim djelima, posebno u onima pisanim za djecu vrši svojevrsna identifikacija likova, autorski postupak nadijevanja imena prema istaknutim karakteristikama likova ili njihovom osebujnom ponašanju uobičajena je pojava. No, prilikom prevođenja djela dječje književnosti na ciljni jezik, nameće se pitanje o potrebi prevođenja vlastitih imena. Ovo pitanje predstavlja jednu od najzanimljivijih žarišnih točaka u kojoj se susreću problemi i strategije prijevoda uopće. Kako su ovom problemu pristupili prevoditelji djela Ivane BrlićMažuranić, točnije prve bajke antologijske zbirke Priče iz davninenaslova Kako je Potjeh tražio istinu, razmotrit će se u ovome radu. �2. Antroponimi u bajci Kako je Potjeh tražio istinu Pojedine bajke zbirke Priče iz davnine kao i zbirka u cijelosti prevedene su na mnogestrane jezike, a na neke više puta. Zbirka je prvi put objavljena 1916.g. nakon čega se vrlo brzo počela prevoditi. Prvo je 1924.g. prevedena na engleski jezik, a sljedećih dvadeset godina na desetak drugih stranih jezika. Tijekom sedamdesetih i osamdesetih godina Zbirka se prevodi na niz novih jezika. Danas, možemo reći da se zbirka bajki Priče iz davnine kao i pojedine pripadajuće bajke mogu čitati na sljedećim jezicima: češki, danski, njemački, ruski, slovački, ukrajinski, francuski, talijanski, albanski, kineski, mađarski, esperanto, finski, litavski, poljski, bugarski, latvijski, japanski, španjolski, engleski i švedski jezik. Prevoditeljima ovoga djela posebni izazov predstavljaju izražajna ili sugestivna vlastita imena koja svojim značenjem prenose poruke čitateljima što se očituje u njihovom alegorijskom supstratu. Na korpusu prijevodnih izdanja zbirkePriče iz davnine Ivane Brlić-Mažuranić i zasebnih prijevodnih izdanja bajke Kako je Potjeh tražio istinu1 u ovome će se radu identificirati značenjem obogaćenaimena likova i čudesnih bića iz mitološkog svijeta i usmene narodne književnosti zastupljena u ovoj bajci, te će se komparativnom metodom promatrati njihova prijevodna rješenja u različitim ciljnim jezicima kao i same strategije prevođenja. Strategije prevođenjaantroponima ove bajke bazirat će se na klasifikacijiThea Hermana (1988) odnosno njegove četiri osnovne strategije prevođenja antroponima: kopiranje ili preuzimanje imena (imena su reproducirana u ciljnom tekstu na isti način kao i u izvornom tekstu), transkribiranje imena (imena su reproducirana u ciljnom tekstu na način da su prilagođena na fonološkom, morfološkom, gramatičkom nivou), zamjena imena (imena koja svojim oblikom i/ili sadržajem nisu vezana za zaplet priče/bajke izvornog teksta; mogu biti zamijenjena bilo kojim drugim imenom u ciljnom tekstu), prevođenje imena (imena koja su transparentna ili motivirana svojim značenjem te postoje u standardiziranom jeziku) (Aguilera, 2008 prema Aixela, Franco, 2000: 76).Ove strategije prevođenja vlastitih imena mogu se kombinirati proizvodeći nove metode prijenosa imena iz J1 u J2. Tako se strategijama prijenosa imena iz izvornog teksta u ciljni tekst smatraju još i izostavljanje imena u ciljnom tekstu ili umetanje imena kada ga nema u izvornom tekstu. U konačnici će se usporediti i istaknuti različite strategije primijenjene prilikom prevođenja imena likova ove bajke u različitim kulturama.Time će se zaključiti o odabranim i prevladavajućim načinima i strategijama prevođenja pojedinih prevoditelja. Razmotrit će se međukulturalne i semantičke implikacije prijevodnih rješenja te će se zaključiti o stupnju ostvarene autentičnosti. Šest imena bajke Kako je Potjeh tražio istinu(Vjest, Ljutiša, Marun, Potjeh, Bjesomar i Svarožić)usporedit će se sa svojim prijevodnim inačicama u slijedećim stranim jezicima: engleskom, švedskom, danskom, njemačkom, ruskom, ukrajinskom, češkom, talijanskom, mađarskom i francuskom. 3. Strategija prevođenja �3.1. Engleski jezik 2 Croatian Tales of Long Ago , 1924 Croatian Tales of Long Ago3, 2010 ENGLESKI JEZIK Vjest Potjeh Ljutiša Marun Bjesomar Witting Quest Bluster Careful Rampogusto Nepromijenjeno u odnosu na izdanje iz 1924. Svarožić All.Rosy Za ime starca Vjesta čije je izvorno ime ili značenjem nemotivirano ili je moguće izvedenica pridjeva vješt, engleska prevoditeljica FSC4 1924. odabire ime Witting, pridjevnog oblika u značenju - svjestan, promišljen, oprezan, ne tememljeći svoju prijevodnu inačicu na prenošenju semantičkog „tereta“ (jer se radi o nemotiviranom, tj. konvencionalnom imenu), već na temelju njegovih karakternih osobina prepoznatih u samom tekstu. Značenjem obogaćeno ime Potjeh (izvedeno od glagola potješiti5 - malo utješiti, olakšati kome tugu) prevodi kao Quest (imenica) - traganje, traženje6 u čemu se ne oslanja na značenje koje proizlazi iz imena Potjeh, već na kontekst bajke iz kojeg proizlazi Potjehova uloga „tragača“ za istinom u čemu se znatno odmiče od semantičkog sloja izvorne inačice imena. Za autoričin motiv odabira imena Ljutiša koje je značenjem motivirano ime (netko tko se često ljuti), možemo pokušati pronaći i argument u samom izvornom tekstu: „Ljutišu pak bocka rogom bijes u njedrima, a taj je bijes htio da bude najjači među svima i gospodar svemu svijetu“. Ipak, ovaj opis onoga što je Ljutiša postao nakon što ga je „začarao“ bijes ne odgovara u cijelosti značenju imena Ljutiša. Rekli bismo da se prevoditeljica imenom Bluster (imenica, glagol) – hvalisanje, hvalisati se; prazne prijetnje, prijetiti se7poprilično udaljila od osnovnog značenja imena Ljutiša, ali da je tim imenom (Hvalisavac), drugačijeg značenja i jačeg pejorativnog naboja istovremeno vrlo dobro prenijela sam doživljaj lika opisanog u izvornom tekstu kao nekog tko je želio biti najjači i vladar svega, a na kraju nije mogao ubiti svoga djeda kada mu je to brat Marun predložio. Ime Marun mogli bismo interpretirati kao onaj koji je maran, marljiv tj. radišan. Njega je autorica izvornog teksta opisala (nakon što ga je bijes začarao) kao osobu koja je isključivo težila za bogatstvom i materijalnim dobrom te je svo svoje vrijeme posvetila upravo marljivom radu i stjecanju. To je u konačnici rezultiralo ohološću i pohlepom zbog čega se htio riješiti svoga djeda. Prevoditeljica ime Marun prevodi kao Careful (pridjev) pažljiv, brižljiv, obazriv, smotren. Svakako ćemo zaključiti da je Marun bio pažljiv, obazriv i smotren u kontekstu bogaćenja i nagovaranja svoga brata Ljutišu da likvidira djeda, ali u kontekstu brižnog ponašanja ga ne možemo vidjeti. Za ime Bjesomar Ivana Brlić-Mažuranič nudi objašnjenje uTumaču imenaobjavljenom kao dodatak zbirci Priče iz davnine. U Tumaču za ime Bjesomar stoji: Tako nazivahu stari Slaveni u nekim krajevima vladara zlih i opakih sila. Prevoditeljica se odlučuje za ime Rampogusto i također na kraju knjige daje svoje objašnjenje ovakvog odabira: Analysed, the name might be translated as Cherish-goblin, one who cares for hobgoblin8. U Tumaču imena i za ime Svarožić stoji objašnjenje: Sunčanu svjetlost zamišljali su naši pređi u obliku prekrasna mladića po imenu Svarožića. Uz ovo objašnjenje Ivane Brlić-Mažuranić napomenut ćemo da oblikotvorno Svarožić je ustvari umanjenica imena Svarog. Prevoditeljica ovo ime prevodi kao All Rosy, a prevodi i objašnjenje koje je u Tumaču imena dala Ivana Brlić-Mažuranić za ime Svarožić: The ancient �Slavs pictured the sunshine in the form of a beautiful youth named Svarohc, All-rose. Pretpostavljamo da je prvi motiv ovakvog odabira prevoditeljice bilo nastojanje dadonekle zadržati zvučnu slikuimena ime Svarohc(kako ga je ona transkribirala), drugi motiv leži u njenom viđenju prekrasne mladosti imena All Rosy - Sav Ružičast, Sav Rumen, Sav Crven9 koja uobličuje Sunce. Unatoč činjenici da se prevoditeljica s ovakvim odabirom poprilično udaljila od imena Svarožić, u kontekstu ove bajke ime All Rosy (Sav Rumen) može biti označitelj onog pozitivnog, optimističnog, lijepog i dobrog kao kontrast zlom Bjesomaru tj. Rampogustu. U pretisku iz 2010. stanje ostaje nepromijenjeno. 3.2. Švedski i danski jezik Lavendel och Rosmarin10, 1928. 11 Lavandel og Rosmarin , 1929. ŠVEDSKI JEZIK Vjest Potjeh Ljutiša Justus Tröste Bruse DANSKI JEZIK Starac Vjest Potjeh Ljutiša Justus Trøst Bruse Marun Samle Marun Blide Bjesomar Rampus Svarožić Rosengull Bjesomar Rampogusto Svarožić Prins Rosenguld Kao prijevodnu inačicu imena Vjest, švedska prevoditeljica MWM 1928. odabire ime Justus, baš kao i danski prevoditelj TB 1929. Ime Justus MWM izvodi iz švedske imenice justic, a TB iz danske imenice justits –obje značenja pravda. S obzirom da je već rečeno da ime Vjest nije značenjem motivirano, rekli bismo da je u prijevodnoj inačici Justus sadržan doživljaj i karakter lika starca Vjesta. Za ime Potjeh12 u švedskoj inačici nalazimo ime Tröste, a u danskoj Trøst. Oba imena dolaze od imenice tröst – utjeha, čime su oba prevoditelja ostvarili prikladnije rješenje nego engleska prevoditeljica imenom Quest. Ime Ljutiša oba prevoditelja prevode kao Bruse što dolazi od švedske imenice brus - buka, šum ili brusa – grmljavina ili glagol rikati. Ovakvim su izborom prevoditelji, baš kao i engleska prevoditeljica smatrali prikladnijim rješenjem prikazati Ljutišu kao glasnog, bučnog „snagatora“ nego nekoga tko je sklon ljutnji. Ime Marun švedska prevoditeljica prevodi kao Samle, a danski prevoditelj kao Blide. Ime Samle dolazi od švedskog glagola samla – skupljati, akumulirati, okupljati tj. nj. participa saml - okupljen, sastavljen što ne aludira na samo značenje imena Marun ili riječi od koje je ime izvedeno, ali odgovara opisu lika tog imena (netko tko skuplja i akumulra tj. zgrče). Za odabir danske prevoditeljice imena Blide - nježan,slabteško možemo naći poveznicu i sa samim imenom Marun i s karakterom lika toga imena osim ako prevoditeljica nije aludirala na psihičku karakterizaciju lika. Što se tiče imena Bjesomar, u švedskoj inačici ove bajke prevoditelj se odlučio za ime Rampus koja predstavlja kraću verziju imena Rampogusto (engleski prijevod) za koje je već dano objašnjenje, a i treba uzeti u obzir da ime Rumpus ima konotaciju na riječ rumpus - smetnja, uznemirenje, nemir što je sasvim u skladu s ulogom Bjesomara u ovoj bajci. U danskoj inačici prevoditelji su slijedili englesko izdanje iz 1924. i preuzeli u cijelosti ime Rampogusto. Ime Svarožić u švedskoj inačici glasi Rosengull što je �proizlazi iz imenice ros- pohvala, slava ili glagola rosa- hvaliti, slavit, veličati i pridjeva gul žuto. U danskom izdanju nalazimo za ime Svarožić prijevod Prins Rosenguld, također složenicu koja se sastoji od glagola ros- hvaliti, slavit, veličati, kao i u švedskoj inačici, te pridjeva guld- zlatno. Oba rješenja metaforički možemo objasniti kao slaviti Sunce, što lik Svarožića upravo i predstavlja. Danskoj je inačici prevoditeljica još dodala i naslov Prins – princ. Dodavanje još jedne informacije prijevodnu inačicu čini jasnijom i privlačnijom čitateljskoj publici. Ovakvu prevoditeljsku strategijudodavanja Herman nije opisao, ali jun je opisao Fernandes u svom radu ( Fernandes 53: 2006.). 4. Strategija transkribiranja i strategija fonološke zamjene ili sličnosti 4.1. Ukrajinski i ruski jezik Казки з давнини,13 1971. Ϲказки давняго времени , 1930. 14 UKRAJINSKI JEZIK Vjest Potjeh Ljutiša Вест Потех Лютіша Vjest Вѣщій RUSKI JEZIK Potjeh Ljutiša Потѣхъ Лютишъ Marun Maрун Marun Maрунъ Bjesomar Бісомар Svarožić Сварожич Bjesomar Бѣсомаръ Svarožić Сварожичъ Prevoditelj na ukrajinski jezik VG 1971. s obzirom na Hermanovu podjelu koristi se u prijevodu imenastrategijom transkribiranja. I prevoditelji na ruski jezik prevode istomstrategijom, no to možemo tvrditi samo za imena Potjeh, Marun, Bjesomar i Svarožić. S obzirom da izvorne inačice imena Vjest i Ljutiša nisu fonemski, grafološki analogne prijevodnim inačicama, reći ćemo da su ova dva imena prevedena strategijom fonološke zamjene ili sličnosti. 4.2. Češki jezik Pohádky z dávných dob15, 1928. Pohádky z dávných dob16, 1979. Vjest Věst Věst ČEŠKI JEZIK Potjeh Ljutiša Útěch Lutiša Obrad Hněvoš Marun Marun Marun Bjesomar Běsomar Běsomar Svarožić Svarožic Svarožic Prevoditelji na češki jezik JH 1928. i WI 1979. također prevode strategijom transkribiranja, ali samo imena: Vjest, Marun, Bjesomar dok se za imena Potjeh, Ljutiša i Svarožic i jedani drugi prevoditelj odlučuju za druge strategije: Prvi JH 1928. ime Potjeh prevodi kao Utěch – utjeha iz čega je razvidno da koristi strategiju prevođenja, a imena Ljutiša kao Lutiša i Svarožić kao Svarožic koristi strategiju fonološke zamjene ili sličnosti. Prevoditeljica WI 1970. ime Potjeh strategijom prevođenja ne prevodi doslovno, već mu imenom Obrad- svečanost dodjeljuje metaforičko značenje. Istom strategijom prevodi i ime Ljutiša kao Hněvoš što izvodi od češke imenice hnev – gnjev i zadovoljava tekstualni segment preijevoda. �4.3. Francuski jezik FRANCUSKI JEZIK Comment Potik partit a la recherché de la verite17, 1998. Vjest Viest Potjeh Potik Ljutiša Liouticha Marun Maroun Bjesomar Furimor Svarožić Svarojitch Prevoditelj francuskog izdanja PD 1998. imena Vjest, Ljutiša, Marun i Svarožić prevodi stategijom transkribiranja, ime Potik strategijom fonološke zamjene ilisličnosti, a ime Bjesomar prevodi strategijom prevođenja u Furimor što izvodi iz francuskog pridjeva furiuxbijesan. 5. Strategija kopiranja ili preuzimanja 5.1 Talijanski jezik TALIJANSKI JEZIK Vjest Potjeh Ljutiša Vjest Potjeh Ljutisa Vjest Potjeh Ljutiscia Leggende Croate18, 1957. Racconti e leggende della Croazia19, 1957. Racconti e leggende della Croazia20, 1975. Marun Marun Marun Bjesomar Bjesomar Bjesomar Svarožić Svarozic Svarozic Nepromijenjeno u odnosu na izdanje iz 1957. Prevoditelji talijanskih izdanja imaju jednaka prijevodna rješenja za sva imena osim za ime Ljutiša. Ime Ljutiša. Prevoditelj UU 1957. prevodi kao Ljutisa, a TF iste godine kao Ljutiscia. Kod oba prevoditelja radi se o strategiji fonološke zamijene ili sličnosti. Istom metodom koriste se oba prevoditelja prevodeći ime Svarožić kao Svarožic. Ostala imena: Vjest, Potjeh, Marun i Bjesomar prevode strategijom kopiranja ili preuzimanja. 5.2. Mađarski jezik i njemački jezik MAĐARSKI JEZIK Vjest Potjeh Ljutiša Marun Bjesomar Vjest Potjeh Ljutiša Marun Bjesomar Nepromijenjeno u odnosu na izdanje iz 1965.g. Nepromijenjeno u odnosu na izdanje iz 1965.g. Rég múlt idők meséi , 1965. Rég múlt idők meséi22, 1979. Rég múlt idők meséi23, 1982. 21 24 Geschichten aus Urvaterzeiten , 2012. NJEMAČKI JEZIK Vjest Potjeh Ljutiša Vjest Potjeh Ljutiša Marun Marun Bjesomar Bjesomar Svarožić Svarožić Svarožić Svarožić �Mađarski prevoditelj BI u sva tri izdanja 1965., 1979. i 1982.; i njemački prevoditelj PB 2012. koriste strategiju kopiranja/ preuzimanja. U njihovim prijevodnim inačicama nalazimo imena nepromijenjena u odnosu na izvorni tekst. 6. Zaključak: Govoreći u kontekstu dviju osnovnih i oprečnih prevoditeljskih strategija, strategije odomaćivanja i otuđivanja25 na temelju ove komparativne analize zaključujemo da su imena bajke Kako je Potjeh tražio istinu prevedena većinom strategijom odomaćivanja kojom su prevoditelji nastojali imena likova (značenjem, fonološki i grafološki) što više približi čitateljima iz ciljne kulture i njezinim vrijednostima smatrajući da će mladi čitatelji lakše i uspješnije razumjeti i doživjeti i tekst i likove ako se sadržaji izvornika, koji bi im mogli biti strani, zamijene poznatim im sadržajima ili pismom iz vlastite kulture. Strategijom otuđivanja koristili su se samo mađarski prevoditelj BI u sva tri izdanja i njemački prevoditelj BP (2012). Prednosti ove strategije su dakako u tome što neke bitne značajke originalaostaju očuvane.Upravo to nastojanje da se očuvaju bitne značajke izvornoga teksta zagovornici prevoditeljske strategije otuđivanja okarakterizirat će kao „poštovanje prema izvornome tekstu, prema njegovu autoru, prema dječjoj književnosti i prema djeci općenito“ (Šmidt Pelajić, 2015: 351 prema Stolt, 2006: 82). Ovim radom nismo željeli dati prednost jednoj od ova dva osnovna prevoditeljska smjera, već vidjeti kako i kojim bi se postupcima primjena obje strategije, i odomaćivanja i otuđivanja, mogla unaprijediti i usavršiti. Mišljenja smo da bi prevoditelji koji motivirane i značenjem obogaćene riječi prevode strategijom odomaćivanjatrebali nastojati pronaći što bliži i precizniji semantički ekvivalent izvornog imena kako se ne bi narušila sama funkcionalnost priče odnosno bajke za što je potrebno odlično poznavanje onomastike, etimologije, tvorbe riječi i leksika izvornog i ciljnog jezika. Također, prevoditelji bi morali ograničiti svoju prevoditeljsku slobodu. I sam Schleiermacher već je davno upozorio da u primjeni strategije odomaćivanja, u parafraziranjima i adaptacijama teksta leže opasnosti koje mogu dovesti do neobuzdane prevoditeljske samovolje (Šmidt Pelajić, 2015: 351 prema Schleiermacher, 1963: 66 i Stolt, 2006: 68). Prevoditelji koji strategijom otuđivanja preuzimaju/kopiraju imena, morali bi ili u tumaču na kraju knjige ili u bilješkama prikazati objašnjenja svih motiviranih imena, mitoloških imena kao i onih vezanih za usmenu narodnu književnost. Završit ćemoparafrazirajući Seada Muhamedagića (2003.) koji kaže da se danas mnoga nesnalaženja i nesigurnosti mogu se protumačiti nepostojanjem jasno definiranih jezičnih standarda, a činjenica da kod nas još uvijek nije ustrojen sustav traduktološke izobrazbe otvara prostor najrazličitijim nedoumicama o kojima bi se mogle ispisati na stotine stranica. Bilješke �1Podaci o prijevodnim izdanjima uzeti su iz djela: Ivana Brlić-Mažuranić: Bibliografija, Slavonski Brod 2014. Priredio: Vinko Brešić 2 Croatian Tales of Long Ago. London – New York: George Allen & Unwin LTD. – Frederick A. Stokes Company, 1924. Prevela: Fanny S. Copeland 3 Croatian Tails of Long Ago. Memphis: General books, 2010. reprinted 79 str. 4 Imena svih prevoditelja navode se početnim slovom imena i prezimena, velikim slovima, bez točke. Puno ime nalazi se u bilješci kojom je u tablici pripadajućeg jezika označen naslov i godina izdanja. 5 Hrvatski jezični portal. Hjp.znanje.hr (pristup 9.5. 2016.) 6 A long or arduous search for something (duga i naporna potraga za nečim) prijevod autorice ovog rada B.V. 7 To talk in a loud, aggressive, or indignant way with little effect (govoriti glasno, agresivno ili ogorčeno s vrlo malo efekta)prijevod autorice ovog rada B.V. 8 Hobgoblin - bauk, đavolčić. In mythologgy and fairy tales a mischievous imp or sprite (U mitologiji i bajkama) nestašan vragolan ili duh) - prijevod autorice ovog rada B.V. 9 Opis Svarožićeva zlatna dvora. (Bijeli oblak, a po njemu rumen oblačak. Na rumenom oblačku stakleno brdo, na staklenom brdu zlatan dvor…) 10 Lavendel och Rosmarin: sagor for stora och smaa. Stockholm: Bokforlaget Natur och kultur, 1928. 170 str. Prevodilac: Margit Wohlfart Miholić 11 Lavandel og Rosmarin. Koebenhavn: H. Koppels Forlag, 1929. 135 str. Prevodilac: Thorkil Berfod 12 Vidi bilj. 6 u tekstu. 13Kazki z davnini. Dlja molodšogo škil'nogo viku. Kijev: Vidavnictvo ditjačoj literaturiVeselka, 1971. 127 str. Prevodilac: Vil Grimič 14 Skazki davnjago vremeni. Zagreb: Izdanje autora, 1930. 177 str. Prevodilac: Fedorov, Nikolaj I.; Brlić, Ivo 15 Pohádky z dávných dob. Prag: Vydavatelstvo Družstevní práce, 1928. Prevodilac: Hudec, Jan. 16 Pohádky z dávných dob. Prag: Lidové nakladatelstvi, 1979. 161.str. Prevodilac: Wenigová, Irena 17 Comment Potik partit a la recherché de la verite. Most (Zagreb. 1976) - (1998), ¾; str. 1928. Prevodilac: Pascale Delpech 18 Leggende Croate. (Favole antiche). Firenze: Marzocco, 1957. 143 str. Prevodilac: Urbani, Umberto 19 Racconti e leggende della Croazia di Ivana Brlić Mažuranić. Torino: S.A.I.E., 1957. 183 str. Prevodilac: Trogrančić, Franjo 20 Racconti e leggende della Croazia di Ivana Brlić Mažuranić. Alba: Edizioni Paolione, 1975. 191 str. Prevodilac: Trogrančić, Franjo 21Rég múlt idők meséi. Novi Sad: Forum Könyvkiadó, 1965. 172 str. Prevodilac: Bodrits, Istvan 22 Rég múlt idők meséi. Novi Sad: Forum Könyvkiadó, 1979. (Hazi olvasmany az altalanos iskolai neveles es oktatas 6. osztalya szamara.) 179.str. Prevodilac: Bodrits, Istvan 23 Rég múlt idők meséi. Ujvidek = Novi Sad: Tankonyvkiado Intezet = Zavod za izdavanje udžbenika, 1982. 2. (Hazi olvasmany; 6). 179. str. Prevodilac: Bodrits Istvan 24Geschichten aus Urvaterzeiten: (Auszuge aus dem Buch). Relations (1/2), 2012. str. 45-63. Prevodilac: Perić, Boris. 28 Friedrich Schleiermacher je u svojoj znanstvenoj raspravi Uber die verschieden Methoden des Uebersetzens(O različitim metodama prevođenja) (1963.) načeo jedno od glavnih težišta aktualnih rasprava povezanih s problematikom prevođenja dječje književnosti. U skladu s tim �danas se ističu dvije oprečne strategije prevođenja: strategija otuđivanja i stratrgija odomaćivanja. Primjenom strategije otuđivanja, kojoj je i sam Schleiermacher bio naklonjeniji, čitatelju se razotkrivaju i približavaju njemu možda neobični načini razmišljanja, osjećanja, ali i elementi tuđinske kulture. Isticao je da prijevod treba odražavati „duh jezika“ izvornika. Strategija odomaćivanja najrasprostranjenija je strategija, a njeni zagovornici smatraju da je potrebno književni tekst, pa i imena likova prijevodom približi čitateljima iz ciljne kulture kako bi se olakšao identifikacijski proces mladih čitatelja. Izvori: Brlić-Mažuranić, Ivana. 2004. „Priče iz davnine“ Zagreb: Golden marketing-Tehnička knjiga. Brlić-Mažuranić, Ivana.1924.„Croatian Tales of Long Ago“. London – New York: George Allen & Unwin LTD. – Frederick A. Stokes Company. Prevela: Fanny S. Copeland Brlić-Mažuranić, Ivana. 2010.„Croatian Tails of Long Ago“. Memphis: General books, reprinted 79 str. Brlić-Mažuranić, Ivana. 1928.„Lavendel och Rosmarin“: sagor for stora och smaa. Stockholm: Bokforlaget Natur och kultur, 170 str. Prevodilac: Margit Wohlfart Miholić Brlić-Mažuranić, Ivana1929. „Lavandel og Rosmarin“. Koebenhavn: H. Koppels Forlag, 135 str. Prevodilac: Thorkil Berfod Brlić-Mažuranić, Ivana. 1933.„Aus Urvaterzeiten. Marchen aus kroatischer Urzeit“. Salzburg: Verlag Anton Pustet, 229 str. Prevodilac: Lucerna Camilla. Brlić-Mažuranić, Ivana. 1999.„Aus Urvaterzeiten: Marchen aus kroatischer Urzeit“. Ogulin: Matica hrvatska Ogulin, 182 str. Prevodilac: Luzerna, Camilla. Brlić-Mažuranić, Ivana. 1971.„Kazki z davnini. Dlja molodšogo škil'nogoviku“. Kijev: Vidavnictvo ditjačoj literaturiVeselka, 127 str. Prevodilac: Vil Grimič Brlić-Mažuranić, Ivana1930. „Skazki davnjago vremeni“. Zagreb: Izdanje autora, 177 str. Prevodilac: Fedorov, Nikolaj I.; Brlić, Ivo Brlić-Mažuranić, Ivana. 1928.„Pohádky z dávných dob“. Prag: Vydavatelstvo Družstevní práce, Prevodilac: Hudec, Jan. Brlić-Mažuranić, Ivana. 1979.„Pohádky z dávných dob“. Prag: Lidové nakladatelstvi, 161.str. Prevodilac: Wenigová, Irena Brlić-Mažuranić, Ivana. 1976. – 1998. „Comment Potik partit a la recherché de la verite“. Most, Zagreb. ¾; str. 19-28. Prevodilac: Pascale Delpech Brlić-Mažuranić, Ivana. 1957.„Leggende Croate. (Favole antiche)“. Firenze: Marzocco, 143 str. Prevodilac: Urbani, Umberto Brlić-Mažuranić, Ivana. 1957.„Racconti e leggende della Croazia di Ivana Brlić Mažuranić“. Torino: S.A.I.E., 183 str. Prevodilac: Trogrančić, Franjo Brlić-Mažuranić, Ivana. 1975.„Racconti e leggende della Croazia di Ivana Brlić Mažuranić“. Alba: Edizioni Paolione, 191 str. Prevodilac: Trogrančić, Franjo Brlić-Mažuranić, Ivana. 1965.„Rég múlt idők meséi“. Novi Sad: Forum Könyvkiadó, 172 str. Prevodilac: Bodrits, Istvan Brlić-Mažuranić, Ivana. 1979.„Rég múlt idők meséi“. Novi Sad: Forum Könyvkiadó, (Hazi olvasmany az altalanos iskolai neveles es oktatas 6. osztalya szamara.) 179.str. Prevodilac: Bodrits, Istvan Literatura: �Brešić, Vinko (ur.) 2014. „Ivana Brlić-Mažuranić: Bibliografija“. Slavonski Brod . Aguilera, Elvira Camara, 2008. „The translation of proper names in children's literature. Ef@bulations/ E-f@bulacoes. http://ler.letras.up.pt/uploads/ficheiros/4666.pdf (pristup 1. travanj 2016.) Coillie, Jan Van and Walter P. Verschueren. 2006. „Character Names in Translation“in Children's Literature in Translation.Manchaster, UK; Kinderhood, US: St. Jerome Publishing Fernandes, Lincoln. 2006. „Translation of Name sin Children's Fantasy Literature: Bringing the Young Reader into Play“ in New Voices in Translation Studies 2. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237246131_Translation_of_Names_in_Ch ildren's_Fantasy_Literature_Bringing_the_Young_Reader_into_Play_i(pristup 25. ožujka 2016.) Muhamedagić, Sead.2003. Prevođenje kultura, Zagrebački prevodilački susret, Zagreb: Društvo hrvatskih književnih prevodilaca, 2005. (Zagreb: Gandalf) Schleiermacher, Friedrich. 1963. „Uber die verschieden Methoden des Uebersetzens“(On the Different Methods of Translating“, translated by: Waltraud Bartscht. https://www.scribd.com/doc/156593573/Friedrich-Schleiermacher-On-the-DifferentMethods-of-Translating (pristup 25. ožujka 2016.) Šmidt Pelajić, Iris. 2015. „Kako likove romana o šegrtu Hlapiću zovu čitatelji njemačkoga govornog područja“ u: zbornik radova: „Šegrt Hlapić“ Od čudnovatog do čudesnog, Zagreb – Slavonski Brod, 2015. str. 349-367. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 3272 Title A name given to the resource Anthroponyms of the fairy tale Kako je Potjeh tražio istinu by Ivana Brlic-Mazuranic and aspects of their translation in target language texts Author Author Vidiček, Biljana Abstract A summary of the resource. It is the general opinion that translation of literary works should be transparent and in the spirit of the original. The same applies for translation of personal names as one of particularities of a literary work. In addition to identifying protagonists, personal names play important role in their characterization and represent a literary character to the reader in a multilayer manner and in more direct way than in everyday life. Therefore, we believe that translation of personal names in a literary work should earn specifically important place in order to achieve genuine reception with readers of the translated literary work. The objective of this study is to present the results of comparative analysis of personal names of the characters in the Croatian source text, fairytale Kako je potjehtražioistinu and their versions in other target languages. The corpus includes release of all available translations of the fairytale Kako je Potjehtražioistinu(How Quest Sought the Truth) in English, French, Hungarian, German, Italian, Russian, Czech, Danish, Swedish and Ukrainian language printed during the last hundred years,ie of its publication in the collection of children fairytales Price izdavnine (Tales from long ago) until present. With consideration to translating procedures, various translating strategies applied in translation of personal names of the fairytale’s characters into different languages will be compared and highlighted in this study. Cross-cultural and semantic implications of translation choices will be observed and consequent conclusions will be made on extent of their authenticity. Keywords: Tales, translating personal names, translation procedures, comparative analysis Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2016-05-11 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed PE English https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/a91c99eb16de67a4863ec4bbe8ef1fe5.pdf 2d9f1cc6083e24750a62524e9456517d PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Anti-Dumping Measures in European Trade Sato Alexej University of Economics, Prague, Czech Republic sato@vse.cz Evolution of the globalization process is closely connected with a separation of free-standing and independent macro-regions of North America, Asia-Pacific and Europe. Despite their narrow and intense mutual economic and political contacts in the process of globalization, each of them try to defend the interests of its own members. The European Commission has expressed its intentions and interests in New business strategy, introduced in November 2010. This paper shows an example of protection of EU interests in the form of price dumping and anti-dumping measures, whereby the two macro-regions (European and Asia-Pacific) trying to find solutions to some of their internal economic problems. Keywords: Anti-Dumping Measures, Globalization, New Business Strategy 30 � https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/9318b225c6501f411e9e96130b562fb7.docx fdac596a927800229e2b8f13aec841b8 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/f932bad7af73ad63e9e611598a10127a.pdf fe59d1a90eae4d2e12d7e61709e40b4e PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Anti-dumping measuresin EuropeanTrade AlexejSato University of Economics,Prague, Czech Republic sato@vse.cz Abstract Evolution of the globalization processisclosely connected with a separation of freestanding and independent macro-regions ofNorth America, Asia-Pacific andEurope. Despite theirnarrowandintensemutualeconomicandpoliticalcontacts inthe process ofglobalization, eachof them try to defend the interests ofitsownmembers. The EuropeanCommission hasexpresseditsintentions and interests inNewbusinessstrategy, introducedinNovember 2010. Thispaper showsan exampleof protectionof EU interestsinthe formof pricedumpingandanti-dumping measures, whereby the twomacro-regions (EuropeanandAsia-Pacific) trying tofindsolutions tosome oftheirinternaleconomicproblems. Keywords:Anti-dumping measures, Globalization, Newbusinessstrategy Introduction The process of globalization is perceived by the public as a process of interconnecting national, regional and local economies and their markets, accompanied by an increasing dynamics of the exchange of goods, services, capital and labor, while also transferring technologies and know-how. However, such processes, which we have been witnessing for several decades, is neither an unexpected nor incidental phenomenon and it is not by far so balanced, smooth and non-conflicting as has been presented to us. Quite the contrary: it becomes apparent that the interconnection of regional economies is accompanied by the separation of their structures and that while these processes concur, they demonstrate a number of mutual contradictions. The development of global economies as a whole is thus accompanied by the separation of three relatively independent and in many aspects closed economic blocks – macroregions. In this respect, North American, Asian-Pacific and European macroregions are usually mentioned, each of them being characterized by a number of its own, distinctive integration tendencies and the related measures. The economic and financial crisis we have been facing over the past several months has revived considerations about the necessity, extent and intensity of regulation of integration processes, both at the national and regional level. New Trade Strategy EU 2020 In the EU countries, the extent and form of regulation in foreign trade is defined by the principles of the common commercial policy. Article 207 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (the so-called Treaty of Lisbon) states that it shall be based on uniform tariff rates, common non-tariff measures, bilateral and multilateral agreements relating to goods, services and intellectual property rights, foreign direct investment and measures to protect trade, including dumping and subsidies. In order to be sufficiently efficient, the common commercial policy must continuously adapt itself to the surrounding economic environment and flexibly react to changes in such environment. The last reaction 1 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo to global economic changes is the strategic communication from the European Commission of 9 November 2010 entitled „Trade, Growth and World Affairs“, which indicates the way to increasing the openness of European economy and to improving trade relationships with non-EU partners. In its New Trade Strategy EU 2020, the European Commission mentions six current priorities for its forthcoming negotiations: - To finalize, under the auspices of WTO, negotiations with the main trade partners (such as India, Mercosur and others) and to achieve an increase in the EU GDP growth by another, more than 1%. - To improve trade relationships with strategic partners (U.S., China, Russia and Japan), in particular by removing non-tariff trade barriers. - To improve European companies' access to world markets by creating a mechanism of balance renewal between open markets in the EU and more closed markets of trade partners outside the Union (in the form of public procurement, for instance). - To initiate negotiations with key trade partners concerning profound changes of investment conditions. - To ensure a wider applicability of EU law-based rules in trade. - To improve access to trading activities for all those who might be interested, to change rules for providing trade preferences to developing countries. In mentioning New Trade Strategy EU 2020, the European Commission expects that by 2015, 90% of world growth will be generated outside Europe, with approximately a third from China. Nevertheless, it intends to continuously seek to maintain world trade openness. In this respect, the European Commission works on the basic presumption that open economies tend to grow faster than closed economies and therefore, open markets are necessary to support its own, European competitiveness. These considerations also match with the Commission's effort to further reduce tariff rates, to conclude on-going negotiations concerning multilateral world trade liberalization, to open markets for services and investment and the possibility to participate in public procurement. This time, liberalization efforts should be more selective rather than general, in particular with respect to the main initiators of world growth, such as the BRIC countries, U.S. and Japan, which is also demonstrated by the current on-going process of negotiations. Of course, the previously mentioned vision is not completely original; the European Commission took numerous similar steps already in the past, although not always with clear positive results. One of the serious problems which occurred in the past was the relatively limited accessibility of liberalization steps for certain business entities. Especially small and medium-sized enterprises, which face a number of restrictions and barriers of administrative, legislative or fiscal nature when entering foreign markets, could not make use of the negotiated benefits. According to the 2010 Eurobarometer survey, only 8% of the total number of small and medium-sized European companies have been doing business abroad. As results from the strategic communication, the European Commission intends to be helpful, but not naive, towards its potential trade partners in trade policy matters in the future. The efforts to enhance the protection of intellectual property rights, to achieve the global harmonisation of technical and technological standards and to fight unfair practices 2 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo as well as the infringement of global trade rules are evident. In particular, the efforts to create and strengthen the role of tools for the enforcement of interests and rights, for instance through the World Trade Organisation (WTO), are significant. The content of the previously mentioned visions in discussions about the future trade and political strategy is sometimes termed „Assertive Europe“. Anti-dumping measures Anti-dumping measures are relatively frequently used and very controversially viewed protective tools of the EU trade policy. They allow to restrict the import of goods from third countries in such cases when the seller (producer) offers its product in the EU market at a price that is lower than the normal price for that product in such seller's (producer's) domestic market, thus causing material injury to domestic (European) producers. Such behavior (price dumping) is defined in Article VI of GATT, according to which dumping occurs if the price of a product is lower than the price of the like product sold by the exporter in the exporter's domestic market. If the producer does not sell the product in the domestic market, the price of goods is considered to be lower in the following cases: - If it is lower than the price of other domestic producers of the like (comparable) product destined for export to any other third country in the ordinary course of trade; - If the price is below the cost of production of the goods in the exporter's domestic economy, increased by a reasonable profit on sales. The investigation of complaints from the EU industry concerned due to alleged price dumping is conducted by the European Commission, which also proposes measures if dumping is ascertained. In the Czech Republic, protective measures associated with the implementation of the common commercial policy are governed by the Ministry of Industry and Trade. The Ministry collects and analyses information and opinions from the interested parties, professional associations and unions, its own specialist departments and other state administration bodies and institutions and formulates official opinions of the Czech Republic through its Anti-Dumping and Anti-Subsidy Advisory Committee and for the purpose of optimal defense of Czech entrepreneurs' interests. The industries most frequently affected by international dumping include, in particular, chemical and metallurgical production or clothing and textile industries. In the past, all these industries gained a very strong position in the Union market, which they were, however, not able to maintain being confronted with the competition from developing and newly industrialized countries (mainly from Asia). In the past decade, the European Commission initiated more than 330 investigations related to dumping allegations, in particular in the manufacturing of chemical, steel or metallurgical products, of which around 20% concerned exports from China. Almost 70% of investigations did prove the existence of dumping and were concluded by announcing an anti-dumping measure. However, in the same period, China applied only six measures of similar nature. The stated reasons for alleged price dumping include, in particular, the low wages of Chinese employees with relatively low production costs and the resulting high competitiveness. In 2010, the EU-China trade reached 320 billion EUR with an annual increase of almost one fifth. The growing volume of Chinese exports resulted in a rapid increase in the EU trade and payment 3 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Balance deficit towards China and a number of Union industries became dependent on imports from China.The individual EU member states have different opinions about the trade policy in terms of dumping stations. Discrepancies exist mainly between the countries with a more liberal view of the functioning of international trade (UK, Scandinavia) and the countries who rather prefer protectionist principles of trading (Germany, Italy, Portugal, Spain), mostly those most deeply affected by dumping. In order to be able to objectively recognize the need for anti-dumping measures, the following facts required by international conventions should be objectively identified and supported with evidence: - The existence of dumping – which means to demonstrate the fact that a dumped product is present in the market and is offered at a price that is lower than the price for that product in the exporter's domestic market. - The existence (or threat) of material injury to an EU industry (for instance, the loss of market share, a significant drop in sales, profit or productivity of the industry). - The causal link between the existing dumping and the injury caused. A complaint leading to an anti-dumping investigation may be lodgedby any natural or legal person, or any association, acting on behalf of the whole Community industry. The preparation of the complaint, which is quite a demanding task from the administrative, financial, technical and linguistic point of view, can be entrusted to national control and administrative bodies before the complaint is lodged with the European Commission; in the Czech Republic it is the Ministry of Industry and Trade. The Commission initiates the investigation only when it makes sure that the complaint is supported by Union producers whose production accounts for at least 25% of the total Union production of the product to be investigated. Proceedings are not initiated against countries whose alleged dumped imports represent a Union market share of below 1%, or against a group of countries whose collective share does not exceed 3%. In exceptional cases, the Commission may initiate proceedings also of its own decision and without any complaint being lodged. When assessing the content and legitimacy of the complaint, the Commission follows Council Regulation (EC) No. 384/96 of 22 December 1995 on protection against dumped imports from countries not members of the European Community, which imposes an obligation on the Commission to decide on the complaint within 15 months of the date of lodging. Investigation may be terminated by one of the following steps: - Without adopting definitive measures the investigation is terminated if the complaint does not comply, formally or materially, with the established requirements, or if the complaint is withdrawn by the complainant and the Community has no interest to continue the investigation. - By announcing a definitive anti-dumping duty, which however requires, besides discussion in the European Commission, also approval from the EU Council. This measure can also be used if it is demonstrated during the investigation that the effects of a previously imposed anti-dumping duty are intentionally circumvented or frustrated. - The investigation may be terminated by accepting a price undertaking if the exporter is willing to change the price of its goods by the dumping difference so that the European Community interests are not harmed. 4 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Both anti-dumping duties and price undertakings remain valid for a period of five years and their existence is published in the Official Journal. The Official Journal also publishes information about the expiration of the validity of individual protective measures, which allows to assess whether there is a significant risk of dumping to continue or recur and whether the Community might be exposed to injury. If no request for a further investigation of the case is presented after the lapse of the five-year period, the duty or the undertaking expires. Conclusion Within WTO and compared to other economic macroregions, the European Union is a very frequent user of anti-dumping measures against third countries, and the most frequent one in the long-term history. As regards dumping from Union producers, its share is significantly lower and has been decreasing in the long-term. In 2009, only 5% of the total number of complaints was lodged against Union producers.China is the leader among the countries with which the European Union has to solve dumping disputes most frequently: approx. 40% of all investigations are conducted against China, which is followed by other countries of Southeast Asia. Trade disputes between the EU, China and other countries of Southeast Asia have been rising proportionately to the deepening of the mutual trade and payment balance deficit. The protective measure recently adopted by the European Commission and aimed at roughly two hundred Chinese producers of screws and jointing material aroused considerable displeasure in business circles also because it includes a number of exceptions for Chinese branches of European companies raising concerns that double standards are often used with respect to the entities affected. Globalization is undoubtedly a necessary and inevitable process which brings the human society to a higher evolutionary stage. However, it is by far not as smooth and natural as is sometimes presented. Globalization is surely paralleled by a process which leads to the separation of relatively independent and distinctive economic and political structures – macroregions. Each of them uses, to a greater or lesser extent, their own organization, control and executive tools by means of which they defend, in particular, economic interests of their members on a global scale. References Agreement on Implementation of Article VI of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (1994) Busch, K. (2010), World Economic Crisis and the Welfare State: Possible Solutions to Reduce the Economic and Social Imbalance in the World Economy, FriedrichEbert-Stiftung, Berlin. Available at: http://library.fes.de/pdf-files/id/ipa/07000.pdf ECIPE (European Centre for International Political Economy)Occasional Paper 2/2011: Chinese Trade Policy after ten years in the WTO: A post-crisis stocktake Communication from the Commission COM (2010) of 3 March 2010 A strategy for smart, sustainable and inclusive growth Commission Communication COM (2010) 612/4 of 9 November 2010Trade, Growthand World Affairs 5 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Council Regulation (EC) No 384/96 of 22 December 1995 on protection against dumped imports from countries not members of the European Community Kellermann, Ch., Ecke, M., Petzold, S., (2009): A new growth strategy for Europe beyond 2010, Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung, Berlin. Available at: http://library.fes.de/pdffiles/id/ipa/06219.pdf 6 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1467 Title A name given to the resource Anti-Dumping Measures in European Trade Author Author ALEXEJ, Sato Abstract A summary of the resource. Evolution of the globalization process is closely connected with a separation of free-standing and independent macro-regions of North America, Asia-Pacific and Europe. Despite their narrow and intense mutual economic and political contacts in the process of globalization, each of them try to defend the interests of its own members. The European Commission has expressed its intentions and interests in New business strategy, introduced in November 2010. This paper shows an example of protection of EU interests in the form of price dumping and anti-dumping measures, whereby the two macro-regions (European and Asia-Pacific) trying to find solutions to some of their internal economic problems. Keywords: Anti-Dumping Measures, Globalization, New Business Strategy Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-10 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 978-9958-834-23-3 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/ee030fb601943c5308f10f24558ea0c9.pdf e695db5041e67e6a934ffbe53777f9ab PDF Text Text 1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Antinutritional Factors in Food Grain Legumes M ustafa Onder Selcuk University, Agricultural Faculty, Department of Field Crops, Konya, TURKEY monder@selcuk.edu.tr Ali Kahraman Selcuk University, Agricultural Faculty, Department of Field Crops, Konya, TURKEY kahramanali@selcuk.edu.tr Abstract:The use of plants to meet the world’s food needs is vital to human survival. On a global basis, over 65 % of food protein and over 80 % of food energy is supplied by plants. In terms of gross tonnage, approximately 98 % of the total world food production is harvested from land sources and only 2 % from the ocean and inland waters. Of the total food harvest, plant products directly contribute about 82 % of the gross tonnage, whereas the other sources (animal and marine products) together contribute only 18 %. The avarage production of plant protein potentially edible by humans was estimated to be 200 million tons, compared to 50 million tones of animal protein. Their unfavorable balance of amino acid requires that complementary protein be provided for optimal nutrition. In the developed countries of the Western world, animal protein make up a substantial portion of the diet. In the developing countries, however, the animal proteins are either too expensive, so legumes serve as main sources of both protein and calories in many of these tropical and subtropical areas of the world. Dry legumes and legume products are, in fact, the richest source of food protein from plants. Keywords: Antinutritional factors, inhibitory, legume, pulses. Introduction Pulses, whose history of cultivation dates back to earlier times, are essential for human and animal nutrition as well as crop rotation. The factthattheir grains contain 18-36 % protein (Çiftçi,2004), are sufficient in carbohydrates, consist of high amounts of phosphor,iron and calcium and are rich in vitamins (A, B, C, D) further adds to their significance. Since pulses contain high amounts of amino acids, they are consumed in developing countriestogether with low-protein and high calorie foods that are staple diets ofthose areas instead of animal proteins, which are both expensive and rare. Rice and bean or bean and bulgur in Turkey, corn and cowpea or rice and cowpea in African countries and corn and bean combinations (mixtures) complement each other in terms of their nutrient contents. However,in addition to increasing consumption of pulses in diets,itis also important to know how sparing amounts of antinutrient substances that are inherent in them will be removed. It has been established that pulses contain various substances, some varieties of which can be toxic (though rare) or may cause indigestion. However,it has been observed thatthe effects of these factors disappear or decrease when legumes are properly prepared. Among appropriate techniques of preparing legumes are germination, peeling, soaking, cooking, treating with various chemicals, fermenting, adding enzymes, roasting and frying. However, heat treatment applied to remove antinutritious substances should be performed carefully because this can lead to a decrease in essential amino acids. Shimelis and Rakshit(2005) reported thatthe most important factorthat affected the amount ofthe ingredientsin a grain is genetic constitution. Pulses contain proteins, oils, vitamins, mineral substances, carbohydrates and dietary fibers, which positively affect nutritional value as well as antinutrients that negatively affect diets. The most important of these substances are the following. Enzyme inhibitors Protease (trypsin, chymotrypsin) and Amylase Inhibitors: These protein inhibitors are found in many nutrients. Found in various forms, inhibitors are present in the tissues of animals and plants as well as in microorganisms. By virtue of theirinnumerable pharmacological properties,they also enjoy medical value. The 40 �1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo rate of water-soluble non-glucose proteinase inhibitor in legume seeds is about 0.2-2 % of the total soluble protein (Sgarbieri and Whitaker 1982). These substances reduce protein digestion. They decompose with heat. Therefore, when legumes are eaten raw or without being cooked properly, they upset digestive functions and cause diarrhea or excessive gas. Autoclave treatment or boiling also reduces the quantity of these substances (Khalil, 2001). About 10-20 % of the total active trypsin is found in human pancreatic juice (Weder and Link 1993). They bind proteases,which are resistantto digestion in the smallintestine, and thus ensure theirremoval through excretion. This is why the availability of amino acids (methionine and cystine) consisting of sulphur in legume grains is low. Sulphur deficiency may occur in a diet thatis dependent on legume grains (Ergün et al., 2002). In addition to this information, it is also known that trypsin inhibitors also carry characteristics of an insecticide (Hilder et al. 1990). Amylase inhibitors alter reactions to blood sugar and insulin by slowing down digestion and thus can be used fortherapeutic purposes in diabetes (Lajolo et al. 1991). Lectins (Hemagglutinins) All of them are proteins or glycoproteins. Lectin activity has been determined in more than 800 varieties of the legume family, which consists of 600 genus (Liener et al. 1986). 2-10 % of the total protein legume seeds are lectins. One of their mostimportant characteristicsisthatthey prevent absorption of digestive end products in the small intestine. They enable the coagulation of red blood cells by affecting erythrocytes. Lectins possess some other interesting chemical and biological properties, some of which are as follows: they interact with specific blood groups;they perform various functions in mitotic division, demolish cancerous cells and have toxic effects in some animals. Since they bond with different sugar groups, their bonding with intestinal wall may exhibit variation depending on the type of sugar.If some types of beans are consumed raw, they may cause shock cramps (Saldamlı 1998). Besides these characteristics,lectins can easily disintegrate (ElAdawy- 2002; Mubarak, 2005). Oligosaccharides They are gas generating factors in legumes. Legume seeds, which produce digestive gases in humans and animals, contain oligosaccharides of raffinose, stachyose and verbascose (Aksar 1986). As the duration of cooking increases, a decrease is observed in oligosaccharide content. Moreover, a decrease in oligosaccharide content also occurs when soaking wateris poured, seeds are washed a second time or seeds are germinated (Table 1).Itis known thatflatulent substances,which belong to the indigestiblefibers group, reduce the risk of intestinal cancer, fortifies the immune system, increases excretion frequency and weight as well as H DL cholesterollevel. Duration of cooking (min) 0 Total Sugar Verbascose Stachyose Raffinose Percentage 78,5 40,3 7,8 - 0 10 59,3 35,7 7,6 - 8,8 20 56,6 34,8 7,5 - 10,9 30 54,9 33,9 6,8 - 14,3 40 52,6 29,6 5,8 - 25,5 Table 1. The Effect of Cooking on Total Sugar and Oligosaccharides Content of Legume Seeds (from Reddy and Salunke (1980)) Phenol Compounds They constitute plants’ protection mechanisms against external factors. It is known that there is a relationship between flower color and bollcolor and tannin compositions. They are found infruitand vegetables and in some cereals. They cause plants to have a pungent taste. They reduce bioavailability of some minerals (especially zinc). Tannins of this group are usually stable when confronted with heat, and they may negatively affect pH mechanism, reduce protein digestion, and cause nitrogen mechanism. They can be discharged with excrement. 41 �1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Saponins They are glycoside derivativesthat are found in many plants. Their general characteristics can be cited as follows: they give a bitter taste, foam when they are treated with various solutions and cause hemolysis in red blood cells. Sincethey reduce the surfacetension of blood in cold-blooded animals,they have an extremely toxic effect. On the other hand, due to their cholesterol-reducing effect, legumes are the most important sources of saponins. The fact that saponins can bond with cholesterol and therefore reduce absorption and that legumes contain saponins points to theirimportance for health (Sidhu and Oakenfull 1986). Studies on medical uses of saponins continue. Cyanogens Glycosides (HCN) Many members of the plant kingdom contain cyanide. The cyanide contents of some legumes have been investigated forlong years (Montgomery 1964). Cyanogen compounds of tall plants are of two types: cyanogen glycosides and cyanogen lipids. Both groups contain cyanohydrins and free carbonyl. Since glycosides, which consist of HCN (hydrocyanohydric acid), can come out as a result of hydrolysis, they are potentially toxic. Cyanide can not be disintegrated with heat and since it separates from legumes during cooking or washing, it will be beneficialto pour soaking water(Devos 1988).Itisknown that broad beans and Lima beans are potential sources of cyanide. Vicine and Convicine (Favism factors) Favism is a hemolytic disease thatisfound in sensitive individuals with consumption of broad beans.Itis more widely found in people living in the Mediterranean countries. Itis known to be of genetic source (Liener 1983). The structure of hemoglobin, which is the primary carrier of oxygen, is upset. Dizziness, vomiting, feeling oftiredness and dark orange urine, which isthe firstsymptom of blood transfusion,are symptoms ofthis disease. The disease disappears soon butincidences of death may be encountered when the disease is prolonged. This disease of hemolytic anemia is caused by favogens. Favism also causes high fever and jaundice. Phytic acid and Phytoids Phytoid phosphor accounts for almost 80 % of the total phosphor in many legume seeds (Lolas and Markakis 1975). Most of them are found on the outer layer of the aleurone or endosperm (Desphande et al. 1984). Phytic acid causes the bioavailability of essential mineralsto decrease and turn into insoluble compounds whose absorption and digestion isless in the smallintestine (Desphande and Cheryan 1984). Pulses are sources of dietary phytoid (Ergün et al., 2002). When phytoid phosphor is not made use of, it is discharged with excretion. A way of preventing this is through the hydrolysis of phytoid phosphor; for this purpose, besides methods such as soaking, germinating, using food rich in vegetable endogen phytosis enzyme and storing, methods like cooking and performing autoclave where phytoid phosphor is demolished in the presence of heat can also be used. The studies that have been conducted demonstrated that phytoids reduce cholesterollevel and protect against intestinal cancer of iron origin. Besides, phytoids exhibit characteristics of natural antioxidants thanks to their benefits such as reducing lipid peroxidation (Zhou and Erdman 1995). Moreover, pulses are important sources of calcium, copper, iron, magnesium, phosphor, potassium and zinc (Geil and Anderson 1994). The content of these minerals and their bio-availability depend, to a large extent, on the degree of the processing (cooking) process and their absorption is affected by the phytoid level found in the plant (Liener 1994). 50-80 % of the endogen phytoids in broad beans can be discharged through soaking and cooking. Allergens They are substancesthat are generally found in nutrients. They cause allergic reactionsthatare specificto certain individuals. The level of harm done depends on the sensitivity level of individual’s body rather than the quantity ofthe substances taken with the food. Diarrhea and vomiting are symptoms of allergy. Itis also argued that proteins with high molecular weight cause allergies(Perlman 1980). Histamine and compounds of histamine derivatives act as antigens against allergens. 42 �1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Toxic Amino acids There are certain amino acids in legume plants that are not of protein nature and reduce nutritious value and cause toxic effects. These substances are commonly found in Lathyrus and broad beans. Dihydroxyphenyl alanine (DOPA) is the most common toxic amino acid found in legumes. Although these amino acids do not display a direct toxic effect,the plant firstly takes on a black color due to these substances, and then withers. Moreover, the nutritional value of plants that contain such amino acids (broad beans, Lathyrus) decreases substantially. Toxic amino acids are believed to combine causes of metabolic favism. Despite allthese,these substances can not do any kind of harm because they need to be inlarge quantitiesinthe plantto pose a risk. In addition to this group of toxic substances, some legumes may contain sparing amounts of antivitamin substances and estrogen factors. Substances of this kind may be activated with heat and cause serious harm. Extensive studies are reported in the relevantliterature on the elimination of these substances in orderto reduce their harmful effects on plants (Desphande 1984). When itis taken into account that pulses are sources of the highest quality vegetable proteins, the importance of studies on the toxicity mechanisms of toxic amino acids that have an unfavorable effect on the quality of this protein and the degree of their potential harm become obvious. Goitrogens Soybean, a kind of oil seed, contain glycosides called goitrogens. Consisting of sulphur,these glycosides cause the thyroid gland to grow by inhibiting the iodine intake of the thyroid gland. This toxic effect can be reduced with the addition ofiodine to the diet. Conclusion In addition to being perfect sources of vegetable protein, pulses contain nutrients with high-fiber content and reduce blood cholesterol levels thereby contributing favorably to human health (Eastwood and Hamilton 1968; Önder and Akçin 1996).Increased legume consumption is recommended on cold days when energy need rises (Pekşen and Artık, 2005). Nergiz and Gökgöz (2007) stated that soaking before cooking is the most traditional, economic and appropriate method. Although cooking causes a reduction in soluble quality substances, especially vitamins and minerals in legumes,they should not be consumed raw by humans because they eliminate antinutrient substances or reduce them substantially. Also called the meat and bread of the poor and having dry grains whose chemical composition resembles that of peanut and soybean, pulses are recommended to be consumed frequently asthey are highly suitable for dieting. References Aksar, A. (1986). 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Food Res. 28-93-166. Shimelis, E. A. & Rakshit, S. K. (2005). Antinutritional factors and in vitro protein digestibility of improved haricot bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) varieties grown in Ethiopia. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition. 56(6): 377-387. Sidhu, G. S. & Oekenfull, D. G. (1986). A mechanism for the hypocholesterolaemic activity of saponins. Br. J. Nutr. 55: 643649. Weder, J. K. P. & Link, I. (1993). Effect of treatments on legume inhibitor activity against human proteinases. In Recent advances of research in antinutritional factors in legume Seeds; van der Poel, A. F. B., Huisman, J., Saini, H. S., Eds.; Wageningen Pers: Wageningen, The Netherlands, pp: 481-485. Zhou, J. R. & Erdman, J. W. Jr. (1995). Phytic acid in health and disease. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 35 (6): 495-508. 44 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 467 Title A name given to the resource Antinutritional Factors in Food Grain Legumes Author Author Onder, Mustafa Kahraman, Ali Abstract A summary of the resource. The use of plants to meet the world’s food needs is vital to human survival. On a global basis, over 65 % of food protein and over 80 % of food energy is supplied by plants. In terms of gross tonnage, approximately 98 % of the total world food production is harvested from land sources and only 2 % from the ocean and inland waters. Of the total food harvest, plant products directly contribute about 82 % of the gross tonnage, whereas the other sources (animal and marine products) together contribute only 18 %. The avarage production of plant protein potentially edible by humans was estimated to be 200 million tons, compared to 50 million tones of animal protein. Their unfavorable balance of amino acid requires that complementary protein be provided for optimal nutrition. In the developed countries of the Western world, animal protein make up a substantial portion of the diet. In the developing countries, however, the animal proteins are either too expensive, so legumes serve as main sources of both protein and calories in many of these tropical and subtropical areas of the world. Dry legumes and legume products are, in fact, the richest source of food protein from plants. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2009-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed Q Science (General) Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 3502 Title A name given to the resource ANTONYMY AS BINARY CONSTRUAL IN CONCEPTUAL SPACE Author Author Kostić, Nataša Abstract A summary of the resource. This article is based on empirical investigation of intrasentential antonym functions in Serbian written discourse, which suggests that phrasal contexts in which antonyms co-occur are relatively stable and that at least some of the most frequent ones can be viewed as potential triggers of contrast relation in discourse. Starting from the notion of antonymous framework, a formulaic structure in which certain grammatical and content words systematically house both members of an antonymous pair, the article addresses the issue of whether some of the most frequent frameworks can be viewed as potential triggers of contrast relation in discourse and seeks to explain the non-canonical instances of binary semantic contrast generated in those contexts within the framework of Cognitive Semantics. The paper also attempts to explain how this contributes to our understanding of the nature of the category of antonymy in language. Theoretical framework adopted is that of Cognitive Semantics in which antonymy as a Gestalt is an instance of a bisected domain and the resulting interpretation is shaped by the construal of comparison and the profiling of a specific dimension. Examples of binary semantic contrast analyzed in the article fulfill the requirements for antonym construal: they are aligned along the same meaning dimension within a domain in which they are compared and construed as denoting contrasting concepts. Conclusions provide support to the treatment of antonymy as a conceptual relation and a linguistic category exhibiting prototypicality effects. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2016 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed PE English https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/943b668a7c59daf567eb65c46eb29064.pdf f50af548adf148c65fb68c3daba71a77 PDF Text Text Journal of Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics Apology in Use Jelena Ilić University of Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina Submitted: 04.05.2014. Accepted: 12.11.2014. Abstract There have been many researchers (Holmes, Brown and Levinson, Olshtain, BlumKulka, House, Kasper) who have devoted themselves to the analysis of one of the basic units of human linguistic communication - the act of apologizing. An apology, as argued by Holmes (1989), is seen as a face-supportive act. As such, it does not impose on thehearer’s face. It has been understood that the act of apologizing serves as a social goal of maintaining harmony between the speakers, and in order to make it convincing and workable it has to be used with appropriate strategies. Olshtain (1989) claimed that apologies do not differ drastically across languages and therefore it could be said that they are mostly universal. Interestingly enough, what BlumKulka, House and Kasper (1989: 21) noticed is that apologies are used with different degrees of intensity. Speakers may use intensifiers or upgraders to increase the power of their apology (‘I’m so sorry’, ‘I’m really sorry’), but they may also use other modality markers such as downgraders to avoid the use of apology and minimize their guilt (ex. I didn’t know you’d be eager to go out tonight.). Moreover, an act of apologizing might not accompany the set of realization patterns typical for apologizing and does not have to coincide with thespeaker’s pragmatic intention. ‘Sorry ‘bout that!’ is an example that one may find in contexts in which a speaker is not apologizing for something s/he did, but s/he is sarcastic or just superficially using the pattern to avoid a sincere apology. In other words, meaning does not have to be tightly connected to the pragmatic intention whatsoever. Still, the aim of this paper will be to analyze the structure of an apology using data-collection instruments, such asthediscourse completion test (DCT), rating scalesand roleplays,inorder to elicitapologetic data produced by non-native speakers who are highly proficient in English andwho are responsible for teaching and guiding young generations. The paper will examine teachers’ apologetic competences as a type of knowledge that everyone needs to acquire, process, develop, use and display on a daily basis. The analysis of teachers’ contextual perceptions and choices of apology strategies openly indicates their socio-pragmatic performance through written and oral tasks, and their pragmalinguistic performance as well. 145 �Apology in Use Keywords: interlanguage pragmatics, speech acts, discourse completion task, roleplay data, apology strategies Definition and Strategies of an Apology There are many definitions of apologies as most frequently studied expressive speech acts. Goffman (1971) defined an apology as a remedial interchange that is used to restore social equilibrium after the violation of social norms. It is clear that ‘an apology is called for when there is some behavior that violates social norms, … when an action or an utterance (or the lack of either) results in one or more persons perceiving themselves as deserving an apology, the culpable person(s) is (are) expected to apologize…’ (Cohencited in McKay, S.L., Hornberger, N.H., 1995:386).Moreover, Blum-Kulka and Olshtain (1984: 206) proposed the three preconditions that evoke the act of apologizing: 1. the apologizer committed a violation or abstained from committing a violation (or is about to commit it); 2. a violation is perceived by the apologizer only, by the hearer only, by both the apologizer and the hearer, or by a third party as a breach of a social norm; 3. a violation is perceived by at least one of the parties involved as offending, harming, or affecting the hearer in some way. It is evident that the apologizer shows readiness to accept the guilt and responsibility to restore social harmony and in that way an apology becomes a face-saving act or remedial interchange. Once there is a need for the act of apologizing, an apologizer may choose one or more apology strategies to restore social harmony. Fraser (1981: 263) proposed a systematic classification of apology strategies into: 1. announcing that you are apologizing: ‘I apologize for …’ 2. stating one’s obligation to apologize: ‘I must apologize for …’ 3. offering to apologize: ‘I offer my apology for …’ 4. requestingthat the hearer accept my apology: ‘Please accept my apology for …’ 5. expressing regret for the offence: ‘I am (truly / so / very / deeply) sorry for …’ 6. requesting forgiveness for the offence: ‘Please excuse me for…’ 7. acknowledging responsibility for the offending act: ‘That was my fault …’ 146 �Journal of Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics 8. promising forbearance from a similar offending act: ‘I promise you that will never happen again …’ 9. offering redress: ‘Please, let me pay for the damage I‘ve done …’ Dealing with the apology speech act set, Cohen, Olshtain and Rosenstein (1986) perfected five apology strategies: 1. an expression of apology, whereby the speaker uses a word, expression, or sentence that contains a relevant performative verb such as apologize,forgive, excuse, be sorry; 2. an explanation or account of the situation that indirectly caused the apologizer to commit the offence and that is used by the speaker as an indirect speech act of apologizing; 3. acknowledgement of responsibility, whereby the offender recognizes his or her fault in causing the infraction; 4. an offer of repair, whereby the apologizer makes a bid to carry out an action or provide payment for some kind of damage that resulted from the infraction; 5. a promise of nonrecurrence, whereby the apologizer commits himself or herself not to let the offence happen again. In her study, Trosborg (1987, 1995) categorized apology speech-act sets in seven categories, and she also added one additional, the Zero strategy, in whicha complainee does not take responsibility at all (opting out through implicit or explicit denial of responsibility, evading responsibility completely, blaming someone else or attacking the complainer). The classification ofthe other seven apology speechactsets is as follows: Evasive strategies – (minimizing; querying preconditions; blaming a third party); Indirect strategies – a) acknowledging responsibility (implicit and explicit acknowledgement; expression of lack of intent; expression of self-deficiency; expression of embarrassment; explicit acceptance of blame); b) providing an explanation or account (implicit or explicit explanation); Direct strategy – (expression of regret; offer of apology; request for forgiveness); Remedial support – a) expressing concern for the hearer; b) promise of forbearance; c) offering repair or compensation. 147 �Apology in Use The most influential classification of apology strategies is still the one developed by Blum-Kulka, House and Kasper in 1989. 1. Illocutionary Force Indicating Devices (IFIDs): e.g. sorry; 2. Taking on Responsibility (explicit self-blame: e.g. my mistake; lack of intent: e.g. I didn’t mean to upset you; justify hearer: e.g. you’re right to be angry; expression of embarrassment: e.g. I feel awful about it; admission of facts but not of responsibility: e.g. I forgot about it; refusal to acknowledge guilt: e.g. it wasn’t my fault); 3. Explanation or Account: e.g. the traffic was terrible; 4. Offer of Repair: e.g. I’ll pay for the damage; 5. Promise of Forbearance: e.g. This won’t happen again; 6. Distracting from the Offence: (query precondition: e.g. are you sure we are supposed to meet at 10?; pretend not to notice the offence: e.g. am I late?, future/task-oriented remark: e.g. let’s get to work!, humour: e.g. if you think that’s a mistake, you should see our fried chicken!, appeaser: e.g. I’ll buy you a cup of coffee!, lexical and phrasal downgraders (politeness markers: e.g. please, understater: e.g. a bit, hedge: e.g. somehow, subjectivizer: e.g. I’m afraid, I wonder, downtoner: e.g. possibly, perhaps, cajoler: e.g. you know). (Blum-Kulka, House and Kasper, 1989: 289) As mentioned in the introduction, apologies are used with different degrees of intensity. Speakers acquire the knowledge of how to increase the power of their apology as well as they acquire the knowledge of how to evade a sincere apology. Trosborg (1995: 385-6) also identified some of the most common internal apology modifications, which she grouped into: 1. upgraders (intensifiers: I’m terribly sorry; I didn’t mean to cause you any pain;); 2. downgraders(downtoners, understaters, hedges and subjectivizers: just, simply, maybe; a little bit, not very much; kind of, sort of; I think, I suppose, I’m afraid;); 3. cajolers and appealers (you know, you see, I mean; okay, right, see;). Methodology The present paper compared the results on the speech act of apology obtained throughtheDiscourse Completion Test (DCT) and role-plays(RPs) that the Master’slevelEnglish-language students took at the beginning of the academic year 2013/2014 within their master’s-degree studies. The DCT data contained 10 different situations, whereas the RPs had six situations. For this study only six situations were selected within the DCT as to be easier to compare them with the results obtained via the RPs. 148 �Journal of Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics A description of every situation was given to a student who then needed to put down apologetic responses s/he thought to be the most adequate for the given context. Ina similar way, the data was obtained from the RPs, in which respondents were provided with a role card and then were asked to role-play the situation and reply in a way that would be the most typical, natural and spontaneouswith respect to the reallife situation. As far as informants are concerned, there were 40 native speakers of Bosnian examined. All of the speakers were highly fluent in English (80% of them were advanced EFL learners – C1, C2; 20% were pre-advanced – B2.). Most of them were employed as teachers of primary and/or secondary schoolchildren in Bosnia and Herzegovina, or giving private English lessons to friends and family members. The data included 20 males and 20 females. Their age range is from 24 to 37, and all of them started learning English at the age of 12 in primary school. The data in the present paper were collected through the DCT and RPs, offering situations that call for apologies for the purpose of investigating apologies. The corpus consisted of almost960 apologies and apology responses over a variety of contexts, some reflecting heavy, some medium-weighted and some light offences. The paper also put emphasis onto the degrees of apology intensity presented within the apology responses through the use of upgraders, downgraders, cajolers and appealers. What is more, the differences in apology responses between male and female respondents were also addressed as well as the overallwillingness or reluctance in expressing an apology explicitly through written and oral tasks. Results and Discussion It must be emphasized that the results revealed interesting and vivid differences between the two methods, DCT and RP. Namely, whathad been anticipated was thatthe DCT data would not differ too much from the RP data. However, the results proved different. First of all, within the DCT all respondents were asked to rate the contexts on a five-point rating scale for four context-internal factors (severity of the situation, offender’s obligation to apologize, difficulty of such obligation and likelihood for the apology to be accepted). Theyexpressed that the possibility of them apologizing remained high no matter how severe the situation (more than 80% said there was a high probability of them apologizing). They argued that expressing apologies is never problematic, especially if they are expected to apologize to someone they haveoffended. What is more, they pinpoint that an apology is never difficult to express and that they do not mind apologizing. They also strongly hold that the likelihood of the apology being accepted by the complainee is relatively high (more than 54% believe that their apology response bears qualitative characteristics and is sufficient to be accepted and to not let the complainee down). As far as gender 149 �Apology in Use differences are concerned, it could be said that both male and female respondents say that apology-strategy implementation is important and they do not find it difficult to use.Still, in contrast to the malerespondents, thefemale respondentsfound apologies a bit more important for restoring social harmony, regardless of whether they were apologizing for light, medium-weighted or heavy offences. On the other hand, theRP data revealed that the possibility of respondents apologizing is not as high as was evident withintheDCT data. Namely, less than 65% have not showed reluctance to apologizedespite the nature of thespecific apology situation (see Table 1). Generally speaking, it seems that respondents thought these situations to be less severe and therefore their performance on apology was generally poor or totally omitted. Therefore, it could be stated that there is evident minimization of the severity of offence inthe RPs rather than on theDCT. At times, it seemed difficult to say the apology out loud, and it was crystal clear that respondents behaved differently when engaging in theRPs. On several occasions, respondents did not employ an apology at all. To be more precise, they successfully tried to evade responsibility, or toblame or attack somebody else instead. With respect to gender differences, the females’ perception of how to apologize again became vivid and more common and colourful than the males’ perception. In addition, female respondents used apologies explicitly, but only when there was a high severity of offence that influenced their performance on apology. Male respondents proved unwilling to offer apologies, especially when they were apologizing to a male acquaintance or male friend. Needless to say, some intriguing results were discoveredwithin the RP sessions. Namely, on a few occasions it was noticed that respondents, when assuming the role of a complainee, understood the offence to be graver and therefore required not just an expression of apology, but also an additional explanation of the situation and a more thorough acknowledgement of responsibility. It was noticed that on several occasions neither an offer of repair nor a promise of forbearance were workable strategies. However, this paper could not provide a meticulous description and analysis of these situations for all examinees who acquired both the role of apologizer andcomplainee within this limited study;this should be included in further qualitative analyses of apology data.Is the edit correct? Table 1. Comparison of context internal factors in DCT and RP data DCT RP Context internal factors: severity of the situation light, medium-weighted light, medium-weighted and heavy and heavy 150 �Journal of Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics the possibility apologizing of difficulty of apology you 80% no likelihood of the apology 54% accepted is 65% questionable 50% Having reviewed the issue of context internal factors between the DCT and RP methods, it is now high time tofocuson the differences and similarities of the apology strategies obtained from the DCT and RPs. A close examination of the distribution of strategies is needed in order to make a detailed comparison between the two approaches.As mentioned above, the corpus consisted of almost 960 apology strategies over a variety of contexts. Furthermore, it is significant to mention that 960 apology strategies is a total number of apology strategies found across six situations of the DCT and six of the RPs. The results indicate that examinees tended to use at least two times the number of the apology strategies in theRPs than on theDCTs. It is quite clear that examinees behaved differently when engaged in RPs, probably because they reflected real, face-to-face interactions. In other words, there was no place for additional turns on the DCT due to its non-dynamic nature. In contrast, the RPs involved dynamics and thus created a lot of space for numerous apology strategies. Here are several examples on the distribution of apology strategies: (1) Situation: Knocking over a cup of coffee and burning a lady sitting next to you: DCT: I’m sorry. I’ll pay for the dry-cleaning. or: I’m deeply sorry. I didn’t mean to. Is there a chance to compensate? ROLE-PLAY: A: Oh, my God! B: Come on, look what you’ve done! A: I feel really bad now. I’m so clumsy. B: Yeah, my new white coat is stained now. I don’t believe it. A: Is there a chance to compensate in some way? I’ll do anything. B: It’s OK, you don’t have to worry. A: Are you sure? Can I pay for the dry-cleaners’? B: No, no, it’s ok. A: At least, let me buy you a drink. B: No, no, it’s ok. 151 �Apology in Use A: Please, forgive me. OMG, what a clumsy person I am! (2) Situation: You accidentally dropped your friend’s new phone and it broke. DCT: I’m so sorry. I shouldn’t have touched it. or: Sorry. It was an accident. ROLE-PLAY: A: Oh, don’t kill me. B: I cannot believe that you dropped my new phone. A: I really don’t know how I dropped it, it just slipped off. B: How did you let it happen? What were you trying to do? A: Please, forgive me, I don’t know what happened. One second I am holding it, the other I just lose it. Like these hands are not mine. I don’t know what is wrong with me all day, I am having a bad day, really. B: Yeah, well, I will see whether I could repair the display. A: If there is anything I could do, let me know. I am willing to pay. B: We’ll see to it. Once again, the interactive nature ofthe RPs brought a great number of apology strategies to the surface. However, if a closer attention is paid to apology-strategy preference, one may perceive that not all the apology strategies are equally distributed onthe DCTs and in the RPs. The total number of apology strategies on theDCT is three; specifically, strategy 4 - Direct Apology, as an expression of apology (I apologize; I am sorry, Please, forgive me), followed by strategy 2 – as an indirect strategy referring to Acknowledgement of Responsibility,and strategy 7 – strategy of Offering Repair or Compensation. On the other hand, the total number of apology strategies in the RPs is five: strategy 7 – strategy of Offering Repair or Compensation, followed by strategy 2 – as an indirect strategy referring to Acknowledgement of Responsibility, strategy 5 – Expressing Concern for the Hearer, and strategy 4 – Direct Apology and the last being strategy 1- Evasive Strategy. It is of high importance to mention that the Zero Strategy is also very common (up to 9.5%) when examinees show implicit or explicit denial or responsibility, evading responsibility completely or even attacking the complainer. Needless to say, the Zero Strategy was a rarity within the DCT data. Table 2. Apology strategies distribution STRATEGIES Strategy 0: opt out 152 DCT 0% ROLE-PLAY 9.5% �Journal of Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics Strategy 1: evasive strategy 1% 12% Strategy 2: acknowledgement of responsibility 17% 17% Strategy 3: providing explanation 4% 6.5% Strategy 4: direct apology 54% 15% Strategy 5: expressing concern for the hearer 3% 16% Strategy 6: promise of forbearance 2% 1% Strategy 7: offering repair or compensation 19% 23% It is worth mentioning that examinees almost never employed a single apology strategy, but a combination of strategies within a first or single response, both on theDCT and in theRPs. The most workable strategies withinthe DCT were: Direct apology (54%), Offering Repair or Compensation (19%) and Acknowledgement of Responsibility (17%). In addition, those were the strategies common in theRPs as well. However, there is a different distribution of the strategies withinthe RPs, the most frequent being: Offering Repair or Compensation (23%), Acknowledgement of Responsibility (17%), Expressing Concern for the Hearer (16%), Direct Apology (15%) and Evasive Strategies (12%). What is more, the use of Opt-out or Zero Strategy seems to be quite interesting for this study, as one could witness that theexaminees were at times minimizing the severity of the offence, or regarded it as a light one, so they would not implement any apology at all. Next, the preference order of apology strategies is evidently different on theDCT and in theRPs. Direct Apology was indeed the most preferred strategy within theDCT, but not particularly favoured within theRP approach. Examinees showedareluctance to explicitly apologize in theoral tasks, which was never the case in thewritten tasks. Both tasks, written and oral, did not affect the examinees’ selection of apology strategies in general. However, when it comes to thepreference order of these eight strategies, the differences came to the surface. The factors influencingthe preference order of the strategies might be various; generally speaking, one may conclude that the major differences are due to the nature ofthe RPs and face-to-face conversations. Such contexts allow speakers to offer a response that looks like a real response formed in real contexts with real interlocutors. As a matter of fact, written contexts might appear far away from spontaneous and natural conversations, so speakers perceive a written task as a more formal task that requires a more formal language in order to show politeness and restore social harmony. Let’s now take a look at the distribution of apology strategies within the abovementioned examples: (1) Situation: Knocking over a cup of coffee and burning a lady sitting next to you: DCT: I’m sorry. I’ll pay for the dry-cleaning. (Direct Apology + Offer of Repair or Compensation) or: I’m deeply sorry. I didn’t mean to. Is there a chance to compensate? 153 �Apology in Use (Direct Apology + Acknowledgement of Responsibility + Offer of Repair) RP: A: Oh my God! (Opt out) B: Come on, look what you’ve done! A: I feel really bad now. I’m so clumsy. (Acknowledgement of Responsibility + Providing Explanation) B: Yeah, my new white coat is stained now. I don’t believe it. A: Is there a chance to compensate in some way? I’ll do anything. (Offer of Repair + Offer of Repair) B: It’s OK, you don’t have to worry. A: Are you sure? Can I pay for the dry-cleaners’? (Expressing Concern for the Hearer + Offer of Repair) B: No, no, it’s ok. A: At least, let me buy you a drink. (Offer of Repair) B: No, no, it’s ok. A: Please, forgive me. OMG, what a clumsy person I am! (Direct Apology + Providing Explanation) (2) Situation: You accidentally dropped your friend’s new phone and it broke. DCT: I’m so sorry. I shouldn’t have touched it. (Direct Apology + Acknowledgement of Responsibility) or: Sorry. It was an accident. (Direct Apology + Providing Explanation) A: Oh, don’t kill me. (Acknowledgement of Responsibility) B: I cannot believe that you dropped my new phone. A: I really don’t know how I dropped it, it just slipped off. (Providing Explanation) B: How did you let it happen? What were you trying to do? A: Please, forgive me, I don’t know what happened. One second I am holding it, the other I just lose it. Like these hands are ROLE-PLAY: 154 �Journal of Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics not mine. I don’t know what is wrong with me all day, I am having a bad day, really. (Direct Apology + Providing Explanation + Providing Explanation + Providing Explanation + Acknowledgement of Responsibility) B: Yeah, well, I will see whether I could repair the display. A: If there is anything I could do, let me know. I am willing to pay. (Offer of Repair + Offer of Repair) B: We’ll see to it. When addressing gender differences one may witness that the act of apologizingis common for both male and female respondents on theDCTs and inthe RPs. Female examinees find an apology to be significant and valuable for re-establishing social equilibrium, as do male examinees. Still, when it comes to general use of apology strategies, the results show that female examinees have a tendency to use a combination of at least three apology strategies for every situation on the DCT and in the RPs, whereas male examinees use up to two strategies. As theresults reveal, both male and female examinees use the same common strategies on the DCT (Direct apology, Offer of Repair or Compensation and Acknowledgement of Responsibility). Role-play data clearly display that the implementation of preferable strategies is differentfor males and females. Namely, male examinees are in favour of strategy 7 – Offer Repair or Compensation, as opposed to females, who prefer strategy 2 – Acknowledgement of Responsibility, strategy 5 – Expressing Concern for the Hearer and strategy 3 – Providing Explanation or Account. The most surprising fact is that both male and female apologizers usedthe Zero Strategy on certain occasions, denying or evading responsibility completely. There is also an evidently greater use of modality markers by female examinees on both theDCT and inthe RPs. Male examinees rarely used upgraders, unlike their female colleagues (intensifiers: I’m terribly sorry; I’m awfully sorry; I deeply apologize; emotional expressions: Oh, no; OMG;). Downgraders, cajolers and appealers were also more frequent with female apologizers (hedges: My hands were kind of slippery;downtoners: I simply dropped the phone;). The use of modality markers becomes greater when there is ahigh severityof offence in question, especially in theRPs. Bearing in mind that this study covered a small number of examinees, future research should be based on a more relevant number of examinees in order to address gender differences in apology performance, including apologizer gender and complainee gender. In addition, certain social parameters, like distance, power and age might also contribute to clarification and intensification of the issue of apologywithin every culture. In that way, more reliable and valid conclusions might be drawn. 155 �Apology in Use Conclusion To sum up, this pilot study focused on a comparison between the apology data obtained from theDCT and theRPs. Similarities as well as differences have been established in the general use of apologies, context-internal factors found across six situations on theDCT and in theRPs and the preference order of apology strategies in both approaches. It is worth mentioning that, when performing an act of apology, respondents almost never employed a single apology strategy, but a combination of strategies. What is more, several important preliminary conclusions can be made at this point: 1. Act of apologizing is always a combination of several apology strategies; 2. The three most common strategies on theDCT and in theRPs are Direct Apology, Offer of Repair or Compensation and Acknowledgement of Responsibility; in addition, theRP data pointed tothe use of other strategies such as Expressing Concern for the Hearer and Evasive Strategies; 3. Direct Apology is preferable on theDCT, whereas Offer of Repair or Compensation is the most favoured in theRPs; 4. The use of theZero Strategy seems to be quite an extraordinary discovery, as it was employed exclusively in the RPs; 5. Frequency of explicit Direct Apologies is higher on the DCT than in theRPs; 6. Female examinees have a tendency to use a combination of at least three apology strategies for every single situation, as opposed to male examinees who use up to two strategies; thus, female apologizers are more expressive than male apologizers; 7. Male examinees are in favour of strategy 7, while femalesprefer strategy 2, strategy 5 and strategy 3; 8. Female examinees are eager to use modality markers, especially in RPs, in order to maximize and strengthen the power of their apologies. What future research needs to resolve is the issue of Direct Apology in everyday, natural and spontaneous conversations. A more detailed examination and analysis is required in order to address the notion of offence and apology performance in every culture. Also, further analysis of apologetic responses obtained from everyday conversations is something that needs to be taken into consideration so as to demonstrate actual culture-specific aspect(s) of apologies in the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina and culture-specific way(s) of dealing with offensive situations. Needless to say, this pilot study has raised a list of questions related to the understanding of theact of apologizing. It is essential to comprehend that apologizing cannot be truly understood without taking reference to cultural values and attitudes into consideration. The aspect of culture is highly important and deeper than the norms of politeness and therefore apologies themselves.Thus, one must raise 156 �Journal of Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics awareness about different socio-culturally determined behaviours that exist and operate above the explicit norms of politeness. 157 �Apology in Use References Blum-Kulka, S., House, J., Kasper G. (1989). Cross-cultural Pragmatics: Requests and Apologies. Norwood, NJ: Ablex. Blum-Kulka, S., Olshtain, E. (1984). Requests and Apologies: A Cross-cultural Study of Speech Act Realization Patterns; Applied Linguistics 5, 196-213. Brown, P., Levinson, S. (1987). Politeness: Some Universals in Language Usage. Cambridge: CUP. Cohen, A.D., Olshtain, E., Rosenstein, D.S. (1986). Advanced EFL Apologies: What Remains to be Learned? International Journal of the Sociology of Language 62, 51-74. Fraser, B. (1981). On Apologizing. In F. Coulmas, Conversational Routine. The Hague: Mouton. Holmes, J. (1989). Sex Differences and Apologies: One Aspect of Communicative Competence. Applied Linguistics 10, 194-213. Kasper, G., Blum-Kulka, S. (1993). Interlanguage Pragmatics. Oxford: Oxford University Press. McKay, S.L., Hornberger, N.H. (1995). Sociolinguistics and Language Teaching. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Olshtain, E. (1989). Apologies Across Languages. In Blum-Kulka, S., House, J, Kasper, G. (eds) Cross- cultural Pragmatics: Requests and Apologies. 155-173. Trosborg, A. (1995). Interlanguage Pragmatics. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. Watts, R.J. (2003). Politeness. Cambridge: CUP 158 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2815 Title A name given to the resource Apology in Use Author Author Ilić, Jelena Abstract A summary of the resource. There have been many researchers (Holmes, Brown and Levinson, Olshtain, Blum-Kulka, House, Kasper) who have devoted themselves to the analysis of one of the basic units of human linguistic communication - the act of apologizing. An apology, as argued by Holmes (1989), is seen as a face-supportive act. As such, it does not impose on thehearer’s face. It has been understood that the act of apologizing serves as a social goal of maintaining harmony between the speakers, and in order to make it convincing and workable it has to be used with appropriate strategies. Olshtain (1989) claimed that apologies do not differ drastically across languages and therefore it could be said that they are mostly universal. Interestingly enough, what Blum-Kulka, House and Kasper (1989: 21) noticed is that apologies are used with different degrees of intensity. Speakers may use intensifiers or upgraders to increase the power of their apology (‘I’m so sorry’, ‘I’m really sorry’), but they may also use other modality markers such as downgraders to avoid the use of apology and minimize their guilt (ex. I didn’t know you’d be eager to go out tonight.). Moreover, an act of apologizing might not accompany the set of realization patterns typical for apologizing and does not have to coincide with thespeaker’s pragmatic intention. ‘Sorry ‘bout that!’ is an example that one may find in contexts in which a speaker is not apologizing for something s/he did, but s/he is sarcastic or just superficially using the pattern to avoid a sincere apology. In other words, meaning does not have to be tightly connected to the pragmatic intention whatsoever. Still, the aim of this paper will be to analyze the structure of an apology using data-collection instruments, such asthediscourse completion test (DCT), rating scalesand role-plays,inorder to elicitapologetic data produced by non-native speakers who are highly proficient in English andwho are responsible for teaching and guiding young generations. The paper will examine teachers’ apologetic competences as a type of knowledge that everyone needs to acquire, process, develop, use and display on a daily basis. The analysis of teachers’ contextual perceptions and choices of apology strategies openly indicates their socio-pragmatic performance through written and oral tasks, and their pragmalinguistic performance as well. Keywords: interlanguage pragmatics, speech acts, discourse completion task, role-play data, apology strategies Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2015-05-04 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed P Philology. Linguistics,PE English Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 3564 Title A name given to the resource APOLOGY IN USE Author Author Ilić, Jelena Abstract A summary of the resource. There have been many researchers (Holmes, Brown and Levinson, Olshtain, Blum-Kulka, House, Kasper) who have devoted themselves to the analysis of one of the basic units of human linguistic communication - the act of apologizing. An apology, as argued by Holmes (1989), is seen as a facesupportive act. As such, it does not impose on hearer’s face. It has been understood that the act of apologizing serves as a social goal of maintaining harmony between the speakers and in order to make it convincing and workable it has to be used with appropriate strategies. Olshtain (1989) claimed that apologies do not differ drastically across languages and therefore it could be said that they are mostly universal. Interestingly enough, what Blum-Kulka, House and Kasper (1989: 21) noticed is that apologies are used with different degrees of intensity. Speakers may use intensifiers or upgraders to increase the power of their apology (‘I’m so sorry’, ‘I’m really sorry’), but they may also use other modality markers such as downgraders to avoid using of apology and minimize their guilt (ex. I didn’t know you’d be eager to go out tonight.). Moreover, an act of apologizing might not accompany the set of realization patterns typical for apologizing and does not have to coincide with speaker’s pragmatic intention. ‘Sorry ‘bout that!’ is an example that one may find in contexts in which a speaker is not apologizing for something s/he did, but s/he is sarcastic or just superficially using the pattern to avoid a sincere apology. In other words, meaning does not have to be tightly connected to the pragmatic intention whatsoever. Still, the aim of this paper will be to analyze the structure of an apology using data collection instruments, such as discourse completion test (DCT), rating scales and role-plays, in order to elicit apologetic data produced by non-native speakers who are highly proficient in English and who are responsible for teaching and guiding young generations. Indeed, the paper will examine teachers’ apologetic competences as a type of knowledge that everyone needs to acquire, process, develop, use and display on a daily basis. The analysis of teachers’ contextual perceptions and choices of apology strategies openly indicates their socio-pragmatic performance through written and oral tasks, and their pragmalinguistic performance as well. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed PE English https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/2736d7a173812804123f304abc3a380c.pdf 20b4adf7e95af59d83b8da0506bc76a3 PDF Text Text 1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Apple Production and Marketing in Turkey Cennet OĞUZ Selcuk University, Faculty of Agriculture Department of Agricultural Economics, Konya, Turkey coguz@selcuk.edu.tr Zuhal KARAKAYACI Selcuk University, Faculty of Agriculture Department of Agricultural Economics, Konya, Turkey zkarakayaci@gmail.com Đ.Hakkı KALYONCU Selcuk University, Faculty of Agriculture Department of Horticulture, Konya, Turkey kalyon@selcuk.edu.tr Abstract: Turkey has wide varieties of fruits and vegetables, of which many are indigenous to the area, such as the pear, quince, cherry, plum, grape, hazelnut, walnut, apricot, and apple. The land area has 6% fruit, olives and vineyard of Turkey. Six top countries for apple production in the World are Chine, USA, Iran, Turkey, and Russia. Their apple production percentages that took from World production are 42.8%, 6.6%, 4.1%, 3.5% and 3.4% respectively. These countries provide approximately 60 % of the World apple production. Turkey is top fourth apple producer country in the World, by 3, 7 % of total production. Apple yield in Turkey is by 20600 (kg/ha) that over than it’s in the World average. In spite of large amount of apple production in Turkey, the export percentage in the annual apple production is very low, just 1%. In this case, foreign exchanges are not reaching to apple producers in Turkey. Some varieties of apple that produced in Turkey need to be putted on the market immediately after harvest. Also, storage period is very short for some varieties of them, so apple decay is high in Turkey. Apple waste can be decreased by increasing storage capacity and provide better storage conditions. Producer’s conscious act for choosing good variety and cultivation techniques, and also improving quality by giving more attention to the labeling, packing, and storage conditions in order to increase apple export. The aim of this study can be explained as over viewing or exposing of apple production structure and the portion of it in World production, estimating export potential of apple, determining the problems of apple marketing, confirming the measures of solving the problems, and predicting some options in order to increase apple export in Turkey. Key words: Apple production, apple trade, apple marketing, Turkey Introduction Many fruits except some tropic fruits can be grown in Turkey because of suitable climate and ecological characteristics. The mother land of apple is The South Caucasus Region which includes Anatolia Region. Apple can be planted almost everywhere in Turkey because of ecological conditions compatibility and being gene center. Although, the most convenient hybrid types of apple exist in The North Anatolia Region as run parallel with spread area of undomesticated apple types. Furthermore, South Anatolia, Black Sea Coast Region, Central Anatolia and transition regions between East Anatolia uplands constitute the most important apple growth area. Apple has big importance in nutrition by reason of included minerals and vitamins. Fresh apple contains 84%water. Dry matter components of apple are carbohydrate, malice acid, proteins, oily substances, vitamins, pectin and mineral substances. Some salt is formed by A and C vitamins conjoin with some elements like calcium, magnesium and sodium. The organic parts of such salts, organic acids, oxidation in blood to provide energy resulted with some alkali components. Thus, apple gain acid-alkali equilibrium. A case study of conducted in England shows that, one apple consumption in a day decreases risk of cancer (Anonym 2003). 164 �1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Material and Method The main material of the study was statistical data and published researches. Especially, data of State Planning Organization and Statistic Institution was largely used in the study. World Apple Production, Consumption, and Trade World Apple Production and Consumption Today in the world cultivated area for apple is 4.9 million hectare, the production is 64.2 million tone and the yield is 13.1 tone/ha. Years 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Table 1. The Apple Production Area, production and Yield (Source: FAO) Production area Üretim Miktarı Verim (Hectare) (Tone) (Ton/Hectare) 4.878.245 55.952.172 11,5 4.781.818 58.377.086 12,2 4.761.005 62.775.656 13,2 4.802.133 62.123.069 12,9 4.786.350 63.875.324 13,3 4.921.767 64.255.520 13,1 Fifth top countries for apple production in the World are China, USA, Iran, Turkey and Rusia. Their production percentage that took from world production as listed respectively above; 42.8%, 6.6%, 4.1%, 3.5% and 3.4%. These countries provide approximately 60 % of the World apple production. Turkey is the 4th country of the world according to apple production by sharing of 3, 5%. China is the top first country in apple production results from greatness of apple production. Being in the most important countries about yield per hectare in the world are Belgium (40.7 tone/ha) and France (33,7 tone/hectare) and Chile and Italy are following that. On account of apple yield per hectare, Turkey is the 4th place in the world. Table 2. The Most Important Countries for Apple Production in the World and Their Production Amount (2007) Production Area Production Amount Yield Countries (hectare) (tone) (tone/hectare) 2.000.650 27.507.000 13,7 China 156.000 4.237.730 27,2 USA 150.000 2.660.000 13,1 Iran 110.000 2.266.437 20,6 Turkey 370.000 2.211.000 5,9 Russia 61.188 2.072.500 33,9 Italy 261.600 2.001.400 7,6 India 46.000 1.800.000 39,1 France 38.000 1.390.000 36,6 Chile 46.000 1.300.000 28,3 Arjantin 8.100 1.093.853 40,7 Belgium 175.400 1.039.100 5,9 Polland 31.700 911.900 28,8 Germany Source: FAO Average annual apple consumption per person in the world is 9, 28 kg by FAO data sources. Off course there are also countries that apple consumption per person is 48 kg annually. World Apple Export and Import The most important quality of apple is consumes as fresh. On the other hand, the rest is used in processing industry. China is the top first country in the world apple export, Chile, Italy, France, USA and polland, Netherland fallow Belgium with apple export amount. Although Turkey is the fourth order for apple 165 �1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo production in the world, its share of world export is too low. The most countries which have the important share in the apple production, also take big portion in the first orders by the apple export. Countries China Chile Italy France USA Poland Netherland Belgium South Africa New Zeland Turkey World Source: FAO Table 3. World Apple Export(tone) 2002 2003 2004 438.857 609.052 774.131 548.194 601.248 738.985 687.771 707.712 541.969 766.992 803.778 628.017 596.126 546.244 491.676 327.823 348.656 407.393 258.475 349.414 388.094 394.806 340.094 336.737 256.467 325.809 305.190 318.860 322.758 358.327 14.504 19.442 20.023 5.668.121 6.235.832 6.422.428 2005 824.050 639.515 723.944 654.074 685.431 427.034 444.353 352.775 262.745 318.608 29.043 7.006.255 2006 804.246 725.002 713.179 683.351 638.625 384.796 354.958 291.300 267.863 265.436 8.586 7.166.752 The World apple import is nearby 6.606.012 tone annually. The most important apple important countries are Germany, Russia, UK, Netherlands, Belgium, Spain, USA, Mexico, China and Canada respectively. Their import is just 10% the world apple import. Countries Russia Germany England Netherland Belgium Mexico Spanish Iraq Canada USA Chine Turkey World (Source: FAO) 166 2002 362.071 777.014 448.569 279.799 246.644 171.719 207.770 26.500 138.945 170.354 173.676 3.189 5.392.425 Table 4. World Apple Import (tone) 2003 2004 608.297 705.277 812.653 736.256 475.860 524.928 387.078 322.596 249.609 222.052 180.774 154.051 236.114 248.937 43.537 76.798 142.054 133.341 186.763 207.378 150.269 154.109 2.866 2.465 5.986.483 6.236.237 2005 723.579 773.567 514.215 320.092 225.533 195.172 224.829 95.132 159.061 122.773 170.598 4.021 6.613.919 2006 812.726 698.513 531.785 364.926 214.187 204.400 188.592 172.906 156.676 156.651 148.761 5.644 6.967.882 �1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo 8,000,000 7,000,000 6,000,000 5,000,000 4,000,000 3,000,000 2,000,000 1,000,000 0 2002 2003 2004 export 2005 2006 import Figure 1. World Apple Trade(Tone) World Apple Prices The World apple price has been examined as import and export price between 2002 and 2006 in the study. As the export price was 508,59 $/tone in 2002, that increased to 618,38 $/tone. The world apple import price was 570,32 $/tone in 2002. While this price has been floating year and year, in 2006 that increased to 695,41 $/tone. Table 5. World Apple Prices Import Price ($/tone) 570,32 633,41 686,57 622,34 695,41 Years 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Source: FAO Export Price($/tone) 508,59 548,85 594,90 554,25 618,38 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 2002 2003 2004 Import 2005 2006 Export Figure 2. World Apple Import and Export Price ($/tone) 167 �1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Apple Production, Consumption, and Foreign Trade in Turkey According to 2007 Statistics from the National Statistical Service, Turkey apple production was the first highest ranked fresh market fruit. Annual apple production of Turkey is about 2.266.437 tones while it was 2.200.000 tones in 2002, so Turkey’s apple production has been increasing 3% in last decade that’s equal the world production increased level in the same period. The production of apple in Turkey has been changed during the years like it’s in Figure 3. While the fruit production changes year and year, average fruit production in Turkey is 19,83 million tone. 84 % of total fruit production is apple. For average of last 5 year, Turkey annual apple production is about 2,4 million tones. The apple consumption in Turkey is 36, 22 kg/person in the same period. Years 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Source: FAO Table 6. Apple Production Area (hectare) and Yield (Kg/hectare) in Turkey Production Areas Production Yield (Hectare) Ton) (Ton/Hectare) 109.890 2.200.000 116.551 2.600.000 118.216 2.100.000 120.860 2.570.000 121.667 2.002.033 110.000 2.266.437 125.000 20,0 22,3 17,8 21,3 16,5 20,6 25000 120.000 20000 115.000 15000 110.000 10000 105.000 100.000 5000 2002 2003 2004 2005 Production Area(Hectare) 2006 2007 Yield(Kg/Hectare) Figure 3. Apple Production Area (hectare) and Yield (Kg/hectare) in Turkey Apple Export and Import in Turkey In value terms, over 1% percent of Turkey fresh apple was exported in last decade. Export price of apple is about 3.024.000$ in Turkey. Total apple exports have been decreasing in recent years. The Turkey apple import is nearby 3.633.000 tone annually. Years 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 (Source: FAO) 168 Table 7. Apple Export and Import in Turkey (Tone, 1000$) Import Export Amount (Tone) Value (1000$) Amount (Tone) Value (1000$) 3.189 1.250 14.504 5.891 2.866 1.370 19.442 9.879 2.445 1.544 20.023 9.950 4.021 3.007 29.043 11.960 5.644 4.975 8.586 3.024 �1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo 30,000 25,000 20,000 15,000 10,000 5,000 0 2002 2003 2004 Import 2005 2006 Export Figure 4. Apple Trade in Turkey (Tone) The 53,29 % of Turkey’s apple production is supplied by the 5 provinces such as Isparta, Karaman, Antalya, Nigde, Denizli in Turkey. According to 2007 Statistics from the National Statistical Service, Annually apple production of Turkey is about 2.3 million ton. Table 8. The Name of Most Important Apple Production Provinces and Their Production Amounts in Turkey Percentage of Apple Production Provinces Production Amount (Tone) Province in Turkey Apple Production (%) 496.596 21,91 Isparta 342.447 15,11 Karaman 308.376 13,61 Antalya 219.376 9,68 Niğde 174.676 7,71 Denizli 81.219 3,58 Kayseri 79.673 3,52 Çanakkale 65.010 2,87 Konya 62.884 2,77 Đçel 40.490 1,79 Bursa 1.870.747 82,54 Total of 10 Provinces 2.266.437 100,00 Total of Turkey Source: SIS 2007 Agricultural Structure (Production, Price and Value) 169 �1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Çanakkale 4% Kayseri 4% Konya Đçel 3% 3% Bursa 2% Isparta 22% Denizli 8% Niğde 10% Karaman 15% Antalya 14% Isparta Karaman Antalya Niğde Denizli Kayseri Çanakkale Konya Đçel Bursa Figure 5. The Name of Most Important Apple Production Provinces and Their Production Amounts in Turkey Turkey Apple Prices The average apple price in Turkey has been examined as import and export price between 2002 and 2006 in the study. As the export price was 406,16 $/tone in 2003, that decreased to 352,20 $/ton. Turkey apple import price was 391,97 $ in 2002. While this price has been floating year and year, in 2006 that increased to 881,47$/ton. 1000 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 2002 2003 2004 Import 2005 2006 Export Figure 6. Apple Price of Turkey Marketing Fresh vegetable and fruit trade is regulated by 552 Law in Turkey. The aim of law is to take record of fresh vegetable and fruit since them are not record in farms. Every Municipality of Turkey has wholesale place for fresh vegetable and fruit. Municipalities are not allow to fresh vegetable and fruit to be sold before that record in the place. Recently Turkey’s Government allow to public or private entrepreneurs to establish wholesale fresh vegetable and fruit place in 2003. Unfortunately this regulation is not going on yet. Fresh fruits and vegetables come to consumer after some stages some time long chain like producer-broker and/or wholesaler-trim-seller and/or consumer (Olgun and Işıklı 1992). 170 �1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Transportation is one of the most important and compulsive services in foreign trade of fresh fruit and vegetable in conditions of Turkey nowadays. This service can be provided by suitable transport system and haulage vehicle (Karabağlı and et al. 1989). The quality and quantity of Turkey export can be increased conscious and planned program which is implemented from production to consumption. The observed problems about fresh fruits and vegetables marketing are packaging, storage and transportation (Gündüz 1993). The principles of act in every type of product transportation are common. The product should be protected against decomposition and quality loosing. This protection act includes transportation product without disturbance and also conserve product against freeze in winter and hot weather in summer. Easily decomposed agricultural products need air cooling construction and protection precautions during transportation. So, these steps increase the transportation expenses in huge amount (Yurdakul 1996). Aggregation of products in specific gathering center, product processing and products distribution to the consumer centers are important. Nevertheless, marketing comprise all these steps, harvesting, gathering, rating, standardization, packaging, transportation, storage, venturing the damage danger, consisting of price, making financial affairs, organizing accounting affairs, organizing sale, and creating demand (Güneş 1996). Usually harvested apple keep in store until put them to the market. These stores may low quality storages, cold stores and controlled atmosphere cold stores.The apple keep period in store may differ according to fruit storage time, the feed situation of tree season and type. The fruit which is harvested after normal period resulted with quick mature and earlier harvested resulted with huge amount of loosing water and decreases of eat quality of fruit. In Turkey, 30%-40% production waste occurs after fresh fruit-vegetable harvest. This waste comprises all waste that occur in every phase of cold chain. In this case, annually 750.000 tone of 2,5 million tone produced apple is wasted in Turkey. The storage capacity is not enough, so almost half of produced apple are not stored in Turkey. Recently, Turkey’s government has being grant for establishing cols stores in rural area. The fundamental cause of marketing problems is about do not being organized either producers or exporters. Apple producers must be organized in Turkey where have significant portion in the World apple production in order to cerate significant portion for apple export too. Apple producers are interesting in choosing good quality of apple and applying new growing techniques in the orchards. Also, producers are couriers brought quality of apple, using productive inputs, packing, labeling, and conservation. In consequence, to solve the marketing problems in Turkey apple producers should be organized as federation, cooperative, and union. Off course, unorganized producers are always been alone against to the dealer and middleman. The result of that they do not fix price as they want, dealer and middleman take the considerable share of value added and consumers have to pay more for the goods all this problems will be solved by only establishing democratically producer organization such as Farmers Union, Producer Export Union, and Research Progressive(Oğuz et. al 2006) Conclusion Absences of efficient marketing organization in domestic and overseas markets are creating some marketing problems. Establishing producer organizations are necessary for surviving in external competition, even for sustainability in the markets. Productivity, good quality and consumer pleasure are the keys in order to take advantage from the competition in the markets. References Anonymous (2003). The Chamber of Agricultural Union’s Report, Ankara. Anonymous (2002). Agricultural Structure (Production, Price and Value) SIS, Ankara Anonymous (2001). Vegetable Production Special Commission Report, Fruit Sub Commission Report. 8th Five Year Development Plan, DPT: 2644, ÖĐK: 652, Ankara. Anonymous (2009a). News Bulletin, Plant Production 2008, Number:50. Anonymous (2005) http://www.ansiad.org.tr Anonymous, (2005) http://www.fao.org. Anonymous (2009). http://www.fao.org Anonymous (2005). http://www.tarim.gov.tr Anonymous (2009). http://www.tarim.gov.tr Anonymous (2005). http://www.ansiad.org.tr 171 �1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Gündüz, M. (1993). The Importance of Cold Chain in Fresh Fruit and Vegetable Export and Analyses of Present Structure .Export Promotion Center, Ankara. Güneş, T. (1996). Agricultural Marketing. The University of Ankara Agricultural Faculty. General Publication No: 110, Ankara. Karabağlı, A., Şenel, D., Ergün, N., Arıkbay, C., Yıldırım, Ş. (1989). Improvement of Internal and External Marketing Substructure of Fresh Fruit and Vegetables in Turkey. National Productivity Center. Publishing No: 388, Ankara. Oğuz, C., Peker, K. Kan A. and Beşen T. (2006). Apple marketing in Turkey, International Horticulture Quality Conference, BOKU Vienna, Austria, 2-6 February. Olgun, F.A. ve Işıklı, E. (1992). Production, Valuing and Market Issues and Solution Suggestions of Some Important Fruits for Aegean Region Agriculture. Turkey 1th National Horticulture Congress, Volume1, The University of Agean Agricultural Faculty, 13-16 October, Đzmir. Tan, M. (2001). The Organizational Structure and Marketing Targets of Agricultural Unions. The Symposium of Turkish Agriculture Targets for 2010, 21-23 February, Đzmir. Yurdakul, O. (1996). Agricultural Marketing. The University of Cukurova, Agricultural Faculty. General Publication No: 39, Adana. 172 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 163 Title A name given to the resource Apple Production and Marketing in Turkey Author Author OĞUZ, Cennet KARAKAYACI, Zuhal KALYONCU, İ.Hakkı Abstract A summary of the resource. Turkey has wide varieties of fruits and vegetables, of which many are indigenous to the area, such as the pear, quince, cherry, plum, grape, hazelnut, walnut, apricot, and apple. The land area has 6% fruit, olives and vineyard of Turkey. Six top countries for apple production in the World are Chine, USA, Iran, Turkey, and Russia. Their apple production percentages that took from World production are 42.8%, 6.6%, 4.1%, 3.5% and 3.4% respectively. These countries provide approximately 60 % of the World apple production. Turkey is top fourth apple producer country in the World, by 3, 7 % of total production. Apple yield in Turkey is by 20600 (kg/ha) that over than it’s in the World average. In spite of large amount of apple production in Turkey, the export percentage in the annual apple production is very low, just 1%. In this case, foreign exchanges are not reaching to apple producers in Turkey. Some varieties of apple that produced in Turkey need to be putted on the market immediately after harvest. Also, storage period is very short for some varieties of them, so apple decay is high in Turkey. Apple waste can be decreased by increasing storage capacity and provide better storage conditions. Producer’s conscious act for choosing good variety and cultivation techniques, and also improving quality by giving more attention to the labeling, packing, and storage conditions in order to increase apple export. The aim of this study can be explained as over viewing or exposing of apple production structure and the portion of it in World production, estimating export potential of apple, determining the problems of apple marketing, confirming the measures of solving the problems, and predicting some options in order to increase apple export in Turkey Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2009-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed HB Economic Theory