339 10 3494 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/77b0a26cdacf1a4210838cf20771041e.docx 5373618befe51663ae40d0c06dc73593 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/1659563aa62bdb2fc2af9ead69b0ed7a.pdf 7f375c466efba8bd3689b54d59d7d07b PDF Text Text W. B. Yeats’ Postmodern Apocalyptic View Soolmaz Mohammadshahi & Mohammad Exir Iran Language Institute (ILI), Bushehr Branch/Bushehr, Iran Key words: W. B. Yeats, deconstruction, postmodernism, apocalyptic ABSTRACT Postmodernism, a rather vague term, escapes any centralized framework attempting to define it. This might be the reason Derrida denied the attachment of any isms to his theories which construct one of the mainstream critical foundations of any postmodernist reading. In other words, defining certain techniques and frameworks to include or exclude a literary work into/from a defined postmodernist context is a flaw which questions the very foundations of postmodernism itself. Postmodernism might better be called a vogue, a stream, even an era rather than a specific movement, not an era ascribed to the post-world war period only, but to any era which goes beyond the accepted norms and conventions of the dominant discourse of its own time. In this regard, W.B. Yeats had a post modern apocalyptic vision which prophesied the upcoming of an age in which “Things fall apart; the centre cannot hold; /Mere anarchy is loosed upon the world.” Generally agreed, the antinomies in Yeats's poetry turns out to be reconciliation between the old hostilities of the good/bad, soul/flesh, etc., which attempts to arrive at a unity holding both parts. Yeats’s juxtaposing rather than reconciling the old vs. new ideas is a postmodern attitude. In this way, we might call Yeats as a poet who not only prophesied the coming of the postmodern era, but also a precursor of postmodernity in his verse as well as his apocalyptic work, A Vision. This paper is an attempt to analyze Yeats’s late poetry in the context of Derridean deconstruction and difference. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1993 Title A name given to the resource W. B. Yeats’ Postmodern Apocalyptic View Author Author MOHAMMADSHAHI, Soolmaz EXIR, Mohammad Abstract A summary of the resource. Key words: W. B. Yeats, deconstruction, postmodernism, apocalyptic ABSTRACT Postmodernism, a rather vague term, escapes any centralized framework attempting to define it. This might be the reason Derrida denied the attachment of any isms to his theories which construct one of the mainstream critical foundations of any postmodernist reading. In other words, defining certain techniques and frameworks to include or exclude a literary work into/from a defined postmodernist context is a flaw which questions the very foundations of postmodernism itself. Postmodernism might better be called a vogue, a stream, even an era rather than a specific movement, not an era ascribed to the post-world war period only, but to any era which goes beyond the accepted norms and conventions of the dominant discourse of its own time. In this regard, W.B. Yeats had a post modern apocalyptic vision which prophesied the upcoming of an age in which “Things fall apart; the centre cannot hold; /Mere anarchy is loosed upon the world.” Generally agreed, the antinomies in Yeats's poetry turns out to be reconciliation between the old hostilities of the good/bad, soul/flesh, etc., which attempts to arrive at a unity holding both parts. Yeats’s juxtaposing rather than reconciling the old vs. new ideas is a postmodern attitude. In this way, we might call Yeats as a poet who not only prophesied the coming of the postmodern era, but also a precursor of postmodernity in his verse as well as his apocalyptic work, A Vision. This paper is an attempt to analyze Yeats’s late poetry in the context of Derridean deconstruction and difference. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available IBU Publishing Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-03 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/c386ecdc18ad9decefabefbf1e8cc7df.docx 4868f6ff0b3c6cd95a89a194fa1bf825 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/7a77f3666b4b09e7521ee8f27f9ab363.pdf 9760a6cb9a1f9d2642e6a0cd97d929f3 PDF Text Text W. G. Sebald's Austerlitz and the Emigrants: Suffering Absorbed into the Setting of Human History Mohammad Exir Islamic Azad University/Bushehr, Iran Key words: suffering, history, Austerlitz, The Emigrants Bushehr ABSTRACT History can be viewed both as a science and a form of remembrance. This means that it is an experience which has the capacity of bringing the past into presence while keeping the two in tension. The tension is due to the fact that remembrance makes the forgotten events in the past appear in the present through disruption. Therefore, remembrance is an experience that does not allow us to see history as a cumulative. Not only does it force its invincible story to fragment but our very existence as responses to the suffering in the past is refashioned. This is what happens in Sebald’s works. The reader is placed in a position to remember events of ruined lives, thus preventing us to see history as progress without ruins and destruction; this, in turn, calls into question our own tranquility. The Emigrants interrupts the flow of history by depicting the protagonists’ attempted homecomings, only to find mere ruins of their personal histories. Here Sebald has a retrospective look into the silent and pervasive presence of the traumatic legacy of unspoken horror. The Emigrants seems to be a kind of album dedicated to the lives and sufferings of people who surely would have otherwise been forgotten. The next work, Austerlitz, illustrates an adult expected to reconstruct his forgotten origins in order to discover his true identity. It is novel about the delayed and deferred sufferings of an orphan. It can also be regarded as critique of European social history. Here the protagonist tries uselessly to recall his own life, but cannot eradicate the fifty years of not remembering, driving him to increasing despair. Sebald’s works are concerned to a great degree with the suffering body. The slight shift of perspective brought about by physical pain is both the driving force and the structural principle of Sebald’s narratives. This paper is an attempt to examine how W. G. Sebald's narrative establishes the interrelation between history and suffering. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1904 Title A name given to the resource W. G. Sebald's Austerlitz and the Emigrants: Suffering Absorbed into the Setting of Human History Author Author EXIR, Mohammad Abstract A summary of the resource. Key words: suffering, history, Austerlitz, The Emigrants Bushehr ABSTRACT History can be viewed both as a science and a form of remembrance. This means that it is an experience which has the capacity of bringing the past into presence while keeping the two in tension. The tension is due to the fact that remembrance makes the forgotten events in the past appear in the present through disruption. Therefore, remembrance is an experience that does not allow us to see history as a cumulative. Not only does it force its invincible story to fragment but our very existence as responses to the suffering in the past is refashioned. This is what happens in Sebald’s works. The reader is placed in a position to remember events of ruined lives, thus preventing us to see history as progress without ruins and destruction; this, in turn, calls into question our own tranquility. The Emigrants interrupts the flow of history by depicting the protagonists’ attempted homecomings, only to find mere ruins of their personal histories. Here Sebald has a retrospective look into the silent and pervasive presence of the traumatic legacy of unspoken horror. The Emigrants seems to be a kind of album dedicated to the lives and sufferings of people who surely would have otherwise been forgotten. The next work, Austerlitz, illustrates an adult expected to reconstruct his forgotten origins in order to discover his true identity. It is novel about the delayed and deferred sufferings of an orphan. It can also be regarded as critique of European social history. Here the protagonist tries uselessly to recall his own life, but cannot eradicate the fifty years of not remembering, driving him to increasing despair. Sebald’s works are concerned to a great degree with the suffering body. The slight shift of perspective brought about by physical pain is both the driving force and the structural principle of Sebald’s narratives. This paper is an attempt to examine how W. G. Sebald's narrative establishes the interrelation between history and suffering. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available IBU Publishing Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-03 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/ad176f5f669cb6948815e3b014122ab6.pdf 05e861ddb3832d3a8ab0dd3ed34e9f07 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Journal of Education and Humanities Subject The topic of the resource Education and Humanities Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource War in Afghanistan: A Look Back at Twenty Years of American Presence Author Author Mustafa Baĝ, Selma Delalić, Nataša Tandir, Adem Olovčić Abstract A summary of the resource. The history of Afghanistan is abundant in crises, coups, assassinations, political intrigues, as well as invasions and conquests. The last 40 years have been marked by long crises and conflicts: Soviet invasion 1979-1989, the civil war 1989-2001, the American invasion 2001-2021 with disastrous consequences for the country and the people. The invasion carried out in the name of ‘war on terrorism’, ‘bringing democracy’ and ‘freedom’, as a matter of fact, led to instability, turmoil, sectarian wars, deaths of tens of thousands of civilians and the formation of new terrorist organizations in the country, rather than peace and stability. War has become commonplace in Afghanistan. Once seen as the ‘shining star’ of Central Asia, Afghanistan is now known as the country exporting terrorism, drugs and refugees. The paper aims at showing causes and consequences of two decades long American presence in Afghanistan that left lasting imprint on Afghan society. Keywords Keywords. Afghanistan, United States, invasion, Taliban, human rights violation. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/282037b82707aa1adf80197bb2405b61.docx 35d3fa1520d0f70fb0484ba9b8f9e5d6 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/c224af4a8ea90ceb6fd696d6ba3a9123.pdf bd8c9703dcdf5fb8a36edd0c0378a87b PDF Text Text Waste Disposal and Recycling in Albania: Case of Lezha Town SalihOzcan Epoka University Albania sozcan@epoka.edu.al Altin Bora Epoka University Albania abora09@epoka.edu.al Abstract: Albania as a developing country has many social and economic problems and waste is one of them. In every corner of Albania there are waste thrown out on the street and lands. This is mainly caused by the negligence of both people and the central and local governments. Communism period has made people as such and they were not aware of protecting the environment. The second reason for having a waste problem in Albania is that there is a lack of infrastructure and equipment where to dispose or recycle the waste. As one of the main goals of Albania is to join the EU there are criteria to fulfill. Therefore, the governments since 2002 have been adopting the EU legislation about recycling of the waste. Only after 2009 some example of application have been seen and the governments are concerning more on this issue because of the EU's strong advise for putting those legislation into practice. Currently there are 60 recycling companies operating and two new landfills are created to dispose of waste. In Albania the waste can be managed only by landfill and recycling. Recently the government passed a law to permit importing waste in Albania, but a referendum about this law will be held as a final decision. The town of Lezha is the first successful example where the waste is collected in different containers and recycled. In this paper Lezha example will be evaluated by employing primary data taken from Lezha municipality, statistics of INSTAT of Albania and the Ministry of Environment of Albania. The example of Lezha must be adopted by all other municipalities in order to have a clean Albania. Recycling and successful waste management are among the key indicators of advancement, and these two will contribute to development of the economy and living standards in Albania. Keywords: Waste management, Recycling, EU legislation, Landfill, Lezha, Albania 28 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2458 Title A name given to the resource Waste Disposal and Recycling in Albania: Case of Lezha Town Author Author OZCAN, Salih BORA, Altin Abstract A summary of the resource. Albania as a developing country has many social and economic problems and waste is one of them. In every corner of Albania there are waste thrown out on the street and lands. This is mainly caused by the negligence of both people and the central and local governments. Communism period has made people as such and they were not aware of protecting the environment. The second reason for having a waste problem in Albania is that there is a lack of infrastructure and equipment where to dispose or recycle the waste. As one of the main goals of Albania is to join the EU there are criteria to fulfill. Therefore, the governments since 2002 have been adopting the EU legislation about recycling of the waste. Only after 2009 some example of application have been seen and the governments are concerning more on this issue because of the EU's strong advise for putting those legislation into practice. Currently there are 60 recycling companies operating and two new landfills are created to dispose of waste. In Albania the waste can be managed only by landfill and recycling. Recently the government passed a law to permit importing waste in Albania, but a referendum about this law will be held as a final decision. The town of Lezha is the first successful example where the waste is collected in different containers and recycled. In this paper Lezha example will be evaluated by employing primary data taken from Lezha municipality, statistics of INSTAT of Albania and the Ministry of Environment of Albania. The example of Lezha must be adopted by all other municipalities in order to have a clean Albania. Recycling and successful waste management are among the key indicators of advancement, and these two will contribute to development of the economy and living standards in Albania. Keywords: Waste management, Recycling, EU legislation, Landfill, Lezha, Albania Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014-04-24 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-4564 H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/34883605c92ec5c83805af0d48d3f5d2.pdf 09e0a628f3dfc1e932cdb2ba9c58350f Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource IT Senior Design Projects Description An account of the resource The IT Senior Design Projects (SDPs) category showcases innovative and practical final-year capstone projects developed by undergraduate and graduate students in the field of Information Technology. These projects represent the culmination of students' academic and technical expertise, demonstrating their ability to solve real-world problems through software and hardware solutions. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM Author Author Ahmed Kedić Abstract A summary of the resource. Waste management is a major issue in modern cities. Many places have difficulties with collecting, sorting, and disposing of waste in an efficient way. The Waste Management System project addresses these problems by using a software application. The system helps organize and optimize the process of waste collection, track vehicles, manage employees, and keep records of containers and routes. A three-layer architecture is used: Data Access Layer (DAL), Business Logic Layer (BLL), and API Layer. The DAL stores and manages the data in a database. The BLL contains the main logic for how the system works. The API Layer allows users and other systems to interact with the application through web requests. The user interface is implemented with modern web technology, React, which makes the system easy to use and accessible from any device. C# and ASP.NET Core are used for development. The results show that the system can make waste management more efficient. It becomes easier to assign tasks, monitor progress, and generate reports. In conclusion, this project can help cities or companies improve their waste management process and reduce problems related to waste. Keywords Keywords. waste management, software, database, ASP.NET Core, C#, React, efficiency, environment management system sdp web development https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/0f2473e10f0a55244a84005f474b49f7.docx d717313a6764279977ab596e6970909f https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/4fb6b4c6312d407262f6507dfe34b760.pdf c54887b92703a45f48b4929efe3a4394 PDF Text Text WASTEWATER TREATMENT APPLICATIONS OF NANOPARTICLES Arzu Yalçın Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey temizsoy@Istanbul.edu.tr Naim Sezgin Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey nsezgin@Istanbul.edu.tr Yüksel Köseoğlu Fatih University, Istanbul, Turkey yukselk@fatih.edu.tr Keywords: Nanoparticles, wastewater treatment, environmental clean-up technologies ABSTRACT Particles nano-sized have been present on earth since time immemorial. Human beings have used nanoparticles for thousands of years. Recently, the use of manufactured nanoparticles in industrial and commercial applications have became considerable widespread. Nanoparticles based immobilization technology, which purposed to enhance removal efficiencies, tends to be a novel treatment method. The most commonly used materials such as iron oxides, Fe2O3, Fe3O4, TiO2, ZnO have several special properties: high surface area, adsorption capacity, unsaturated surfaces, simple operation and simple production. In this study, the latest applications of nanoparticles in wastewater treatment were discussed and investigated in terms of environmental clean-up technology. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2169 Title A name given to the resource WASTEWATER TREATMENT APPLICATIONS OF NANOPARTICLES Author Author YALCIN, Arzu SEZGIN, Naim KOSEOGLU, Yüksel Abstract A summary of the resource. Keywords: Nanoparticles, wastewater treatment, environmental clean-up technologies ABSTRACT Particles nano-sized have been present on earth since time immemorial. Human beings have used nanoparticles for thousands of years. Recently, the use of manufactured nanoparticles in industrial and commercial applications have became considerable widespread. Nanoparticles based immobilization technology, which purposed to enhance removal efficiencies, tends to be a novel treatment method. The most commonly used materials such as iron oxides, Fe2O3, Fe3O4, TiO2, ZnO have several special properties: high surface area, adsorption capacity, unsaturated surfaces, simple operation and simple production. In this study, the latest applications of nanoparticles in wastewater treatment were discussed and investigated in terms of environmental clean-up technology. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-24 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2233-1565 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/b2d7a30ad1c0bd191b1afb7215d947ac.pdf f408e7fb1760683a5d7150f5712c9556 PDF Text Text 1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Water for Sustainable Development: Example from Past to Future Fatma ŞENSOY Dr., Đstanbul, Turkey Abstract: Freshwater is not only a finite resource that is imperative for sustainable development but also economic growth, political and social stability, human and ecosystem health, and poverty eradication. While water issues have long been on the international agenda, the debate on how to meet the growing global demand for freshwater has intensified in recent years: over 800 million people currently lack access to safe drinking water, while about 2.5 billion lack access to adequate sanitation. In response to these challenges, the World Water Forum was initiated as a platform to include water issues on the international agenda. The WWC, an international policy think-tank established in 1996, addresses global concerns over the pressures on the Earth’s freshwater resources. Besides todays global water issues,the historical example given below is a way to enlight our future by the means os usage and management of the water suplies. In XVI. Century in Istanbul there was a strong scarcity on water. The increasing population and welfare by time, the consumption of water has increased during the time. The water supply systems were not sufficient for Istanbul. The dimension of this scarcity was mentioned by Selaniki. One bottle of water was 15 akçe. Those days, a worker’s daily wage was 6 akçe. A skillled worker’s daily wage was 12 akçe. Due to these problems ; in 1554 Suleiman the Magnificient ordered his architect Sinan to supply water to the Đstanbul from the forests located on the north of the city. The grand vizier of Sultan, opposed this huge project because of its cost. The grand vizier notified that if the water comes to the city in large amounts; the Đstanbul would became to an attractive position for people from many nations and occupations.This would cause the increase in the population of the city coming aside with many other problems. Kanuni has endowed 5 villages and a town for the finance of this big investment. Kanuni mentioned that his will is “fountains should be built to every district. To the high places that, the consturction of fountain is impossible the fresh water well should be placed. By that the old people, poor women, infants can full their water caps and that they can pray for the continuity of regality. In the consensus of Istanbul given by the 5.th World Water Forum was a reflection from an event held centuries ago. The contribution of Kanuni is an event that still should enlight todays modern approaches toward the use of water. “Access to good quality water and sanitation is a basic right for all human beings and plays an essential role in life and livelihoods, the preservation of the health of the population and the fight against poverty.” Keywords: Water; Kanuni; Water supply systems. 1. Introduction 1.1. Water Is Life Water is the source of life. But today everyone knows that this vital element is being consumed up more and more every day because of misusing by humanity. This reality is becoming a global crise. Climate change, ecosystem degradation, the food crises, enegy crisis, economic crisis all increase the problems more difficult. Thus our children will inherit a global problem. For saving our planet needs global solutions. Water is ever increasingly becoming the single most precious and essential item that sustains life in this world, enabling all human need for life and the development of civilizations. For that reason, the first civilizations in history appeared in regions which are rich in terms of water such as Mesopotamia in Anatolia, and the river Nile in Africa... and established the grounds of agriculture, trade and science. The vital importance of water is the same degree from the ancient times to today. In many cultures water is considered to be one of the four elements, along with fire, air and soil. In Ottoman culture these were known as anasır-ı erbaa. A verse from the Qur’an, which is frequently inscribed on fountains, “We made from water every living thing” (Anbiyaa, 21/30) In a hadith Prophet Muhammad was asked which form of charity he approved of and the answer he gave was “water.” This and similiar hadiths encourage Muslims to provide water, to offer it and to help in the 355 �1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo constructions of water structures. Water is not only important in belief and religion, but also it is important for the formation and the development of cities and civilizations. 1.2. The Definition of Sustainable Development Sustainable development has been defined in many ways, but the most frequently quoted definition is from Our Common Future, also known as the Brundtland Report. "Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. It contains within it two key concepts: • the concept of needs, in particular the essential needs of the world's poor, to which overriding priority should be given; and • the idea of limitations imposed by the state of technology and social organization on the environment's ability to meet present and future needs." All definitions of sustainable development require that we see the world as a system—a system that connects space; and a system that connects time. When we think of the world as a system over space, we grow to understand that air pollution from North America affects air quality in Asia, and that pesticides sprayed in Argentina could harm fish stocks off the coast of Australia.And when we think of the world as a system over time, we start to realize that the decisions our grandparents made about how to farm the land continue to affect agricultural practice today; and the economic policies we endorse today will have an impact on urban poverty when our children are adults. We also understand that quality of life is a system, too. It's good to be physically healthy, but what if we are poor and don't have access to education? It's good to have a secure income, but what if the air in our region is unclean? And it's good to have freedom of religious expression, but what if we can't feed our family? The concept of sustainable development is rooted in these sort of systems of thinking. It helps us to understand ourselves and our world. The problems we face are complex and serious. “Water has always played a key role in economic development, and economic development has always been accompanied by water development. Investment in water management has been repaid through livelihood security and reductions in health risks, vulnerability and ultimately poverty.Water contributes to poverty alleviation in many ways – through sanitation services, water supply, affordable food and enhanced resilience of poor communities faced with disease,climate shocks and environmental degradation. Water of the right quality can improve health through beter sanitation and hygiene and, when applied at the right time, can enhance the productivity of land, labour and other productive inputs. In addition, healthy freshwater ecosystems provide multiple goods and services essential to life and livelihoods.” Water plays an important role on the imporovement of human health, productivity of the land, and the economic development as long as it is used at the right time and place. All of these improvements are closely related to the infrastructure of the water. According to the socio-economic analyses, the stock of infrastructure (water supply, sanitation, dams, reservoirs and storage, electricity, and hydropower…) which a country owns is closely linked to its socio-economic development, and as a result these infrastructures are vital for a country’s development. 2. Water Scarcity from Past to Future 2.1. An Example from XVI. Century in Đstanbul The increase in demand for water depend on population growth.The population of Istanbul in the reign of Sultan Süleyman the Magnificent reached 150000-175000.The lack of water that this led to caused great problems. The increasing population and welfare by time, the consumption of water has increased during the time. The water supply systems were not sufficient for Istanbul. The dimension of this scarcity was mentioned by Selaniki. One bottle of water was 15 akçe. Those days, a worker’s daily wage was 6 akçe. A skillled worker’s daily wage was 12 akçe.( In 1544 (Irgad) worker: 5,47 akçe; 1555’de (neccar) carpenter: 10,46 akçe, in qualified kategory that worker stonemason (taşçı): 11,46 akçe, again qualified worker that sewerman (lağımcı):11,20 akçe daily payment had taken.In 1555 for one okka soup was paid 6,3 akçe by Palace.At the same time for one okka nail was paid approximately 5 akçe.) Due to these problems ; in 1554 Süleyman the Magnificient ordered his architect Sinan to supply water to the Đstanbul from the forests located on the north of the city. The grand vizier of Sultan, opposed this huge project because of its cost. The grand vizier notified that if the water comes to the city in large amounts; the Đstanbul would became to an attractive position for people from many nations and occupations.This would cause the increase in the population of the city coming aside with many other problems. During the period of Sultan people had encountred many problems but mentioned that next generation would 356 �1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo suffer more. Selanikî additionally mentions the problems that will be faced in 30 years time. In 1567 the settlement and immigration was prohibited to Đstanbul. The Kırkçeşme Waters, completed in 1563, but happened in a great floods of the same year and rapid repaired were carried out, being completed in 1564. In total this consruction costed 50 million akçe. This system first started providing services there were 135 fountains; later there were 300 and then 580 fountains. In time the system with 4 dams, 570 additions was expanded. According to the waqf registers it provided 334 lüle(Lüle: One of the units measurement of water. When the diameter of the pipe was 26 mm the amount of water it provided in one day was called a lüle (52 m3/day)) (17.423m3) The population of Istanbul at that time was around 170.000. Thus that this system provided 100 liters of water per person. Süleyman the Magnificient has endowed 5 villages and a town for the finance of this big investment. Kanuni mentioned that his will is “fountains should be built to every district. To the high places that, the construction of fountain is impossible the fresh water well should be placed. By that the old people, poor women, infants can full their water caps and that they can pray for the continuity of regality. In those days The grand vizier of Sultan showed that the reality of key concept of sustainable development. The next generations would be faced many problems. Because of population growth, people again lived the scarcity of water. Not only that scarcity but also social and environmental problems would be appeared. 3. Today’s Issues 3.1. Locally The water resources in Istanbul, which has very crowded population and continual enlarging city turned out to be insufficent for meeting the water demand. Expansion of modern urbanization and the consequent construction movement yielded the need for supplying pressured water to the city. The water in Terkos Lake was transferred to the city through apump with the priorities given the Dersaadet Inc. Water Company during the rule of Sultan Abdülaziz. This development and change have continued with the establisment of Istanbul Water Administration in 1933. In 1981 ISKI (Water and Canalization Administration) formed an incorporated company connected to Istanbul Metropolitan Council. Thus, the period of modern work including the bringing and distrubition of water as well as the managing waste water and purification of drinking water reservoirs began. Today ISKI is providing water and disposing waste water in an environment-safely way upon water treatment for over 12 million people living in Istanbul with around an annual budget of 3 billion 239 million L and around eight thousand staff. Water problems show region specific. However there are several common solitions. In our country which is developing country, the water resources must be developed in an efficient way that optimizes water’s benefits- more crop per drop-,while minimizing negative environmental impacts. The availability of water per capita per year in Turkey is only about one fifth of that of the water rich countries. It is therefore necesary that Turkey should improve per capita water availability in order to enhance the quality of life of her people.Therefore, in recent decades Turkey has made great success in water resources development for domestic use, irrigation, power generation, flood control, and other purposes. We are living in a global village. Because of this reality we have many problems too. 3.2. The Global Problem The world is facing changes at a faster rate than ever seen before. These changes such as population growth, migration, urbanization, land-use changes and climate variability/change will drive the way in which water resources need to be managed in the future. They also call for concrete contributions from water policies and actions to help the world cope with these changes. While climate change has been the most talked about topic, other changes taking place will likely affect water resources and services and their management to a much greater degree. The population of the planet is estimated to increase by 50%, meaning 3 billion additional inhabitants, by 2050. More than half of the world's population now lives in cities, and this increasing urbanization is set to continue. Population will continue to increase as will rural-urban migration, adding difficulty to reach the agreed Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) on access to water and sanitation and increasing pollution at the same time. The demand and probably prices of natural resources and energy will increase as the planet's inhabitants grow in number and consumption increases. Humans are altering global systems at a rate not previously experienced. These drivers, and the constraints that limit the ability to adapt to them, affect the developed and developing world in different ways. 357 �1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo 3. Water is a Key to Sustainable Development An adequate and dependable source of water is needed to sustain humanity and to support development and growth. Investment in water management has been repaid through increased livelihood security and reductions in health risks, vulnerability and ultimately poverty. Poverty reduction is closely linked to enhanced access to water. Where economic growth has been strong and prosperity has been fairly equitably distributed, poor individuals and households have been able to reach the targets of the Millennium Development Goals. Conversely, where governments are unable or unwilling to deliver the basic services, water emerges among the most pressing issues. All over the world living experience shows that access to water is fundamental for economic growth and livelihoods.In rural and agriculturel-based economies water is often the most important factor for agricultural production and other livelihood activities. In urbanbased, labour-intensive manufacturing economies water is needed for nearly all productive activities. Secure access to water with reliable storage and irrigation has boosted economic growth in many of the developed economies of the Americas and Europe, and through the green revolution in Asia has enabled the transformation of agriculture-based economies to industrial and emerging market economies. Past efforts of development and water use have often ignored the water needs of life on Earth and have placed at risk the resources on which life depends The links connecting water resources, the environment and economic sectors are complex. As a result, our understanding of all the ways that natural processes influence human well-being remains incomplete, impeding our ability to ensure sustainable economic and social development. Water infrastructure supports growth and poverty reduction and should be planned by taking the possible impacts into account The principal drivers of growth and change have often come from outside the domain of water managers. Water development has largely responded to and been affected by developments in the wider political economy, such as market-oriented reforms, openness to global trading systems and advances, supply chains and regional production networks. Storage, irrigation, urban water supply and wastewater have all been part of the enabling infrastructure. These have been led by public policies and microeconomic developments (productivity changes, capital and input accumulation, and technology). In some cases infrastructure development has been promoted by specific sectors in the economy that directly benefit from them, while the costs are usually borne by society at large. Actions that target rural economies will benefit the largest number of people. As of 2007, 3 billion people live in rural areas, most of them dependent on agriculture for their livelihood. Agricultural economies are especially vulnerable to lack of water during critical crop-growing seasons. Their performance is influenced by the ability to secure and control water through infrastructure, such as water harvesting storage, reservoirs and canals, and the ability to transport it to crops when required. Investments in physical infrastructure must be accompanied by investments in ‘soft’ infrastructure, the dense network of institutions and human capacity needed to secure spaces in which individuals, households, firms and communities are able to pursue their day-today activities with a reasonable degree of predictability and stability and with due regard for the interests of others. Investments are also required for the operation and maintenance of physical infrastructure literature. Water contributes to poverty alleviation in many ways – through sanitation services, water supply, affordable food and enhanced resilience of poor communities to disease, climate shocks and environmental degradation. Water of appropriate quantity and quality can improve health and, when applied at the right time, can enhance the productivity of land, labour and other inputs. The daily water supply for multiple household uses is determined by the time, labour and financial costs required to access water. The economic and social returns from water access for different uses determine net livelihood benefits or losses. 4. Conclusion In Đstanbul, on 16 March 2009, Heads of States on Water is decelerate at the end of 5th World Water Forum. “We, the Heads of States, Governments and International Organizations, gathered in Istanbul on 16 March 2009 on the occasion of the, under the theme "Bridging Divides for Water", appeal to all national governments, international organizations and other stakeholders to generate a common vision and framework to develop and manage water resources in a sustainable manner and to guarantee access to safe water and sanitation for all… Many decisions taken at all levels of government both influence and depend significantly on water. Yet this connection is rarely recognized and much less acted upon. Therefore, we urgently need new policies, adaptation strategies, institutional reforms with the effective contribution of local elected administrations and water users, international commitments, financial mechanisms, technology and innovation in order to address global water issues and adapt water management strategies to the global changes. We affirm our political will to take rapid action bearing in mind the key elements of success: Solidarity, security, adaptability and useful dialogue and cooperation on transboundary waters between neighbours. Working together with a participatory, inter-sectoral and multi-disciplinary approach to manage 358 �1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo water resources, the world can and will attain greater prosperity and increased stability through the sharing of the many benefits of water. To achieve this, we call on all nations to join efforts in order to develop a global framework for addressing the world’s water issues and to implement tools that will help us accomplish solidarity, security and adaptability. We, the Heads of States, Governments and International Organizations gathered in Istanbul, pledge to create a more sustainable and water safe world in the 21st Century and, in this context, appeal to everyone to join us in meeting this challenge.” References 1. World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED) (1987). Our common future. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 5th World Water Forum Ministerial Process Istanbul Water Guide Ahmet Murat Özel, The Culture of Water and Fountains, Đstanbul, ĐSKĐ, 2009, s. 8-13. Ahmet Murat Özel, The Management Of Water In Đstanbul -From The Past To The Present, Istanbul, 2009, p. 48. Ahmet Refik, 1935, s.139. Ahmet Tabakoğlu, Türk Đktisat Tarihi, 2.nd Edition, Đstanbul 1994, p.152.. GWP Technical Committee 2003 Hussain and Hanjra 2003 Lipton, Litchfield, and faurès 2003 Istanbul &Water, ISKI publication, Istanbul Selâniki Mustafa Efendi, Tarih-i Selânikî , (haz) Mehmet Đpşirli, Đstanbul: Edebiyat Fakültesi Basımevi, 1989, p.3; Şevket Pamuk, Đstanbul ve Diğer Kentlerde 500 yıllık Fiyatlar ve Ücretler 1469–1998, Ankara: T.C. Başbakanlık DĐE. Yay. 2000, p. 142, 192. UNDP 2006, cited in World Water Development Report 3 Chapter 6. UNIDO 2007, cited in World Water Development Report 3 Chapter 6. United Nations 2008 cited in Worl Water Development Report 3 Chapter 6. Veysel Eroğlu, “Foreword”, Turkey Water Report 2009, Ankara, 2009, p.1-2. What is Sustainable Development? Environmental, economic and social well-being for today and tomorrow. http://www.iisd.org/sd/ World Bank 2007, cited in World Water Development Report 3 Chapter 6. World Water development report 3 Chapter 6. 359 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 254 Title A name given to the resource Water for Sustainable Development: Example from Past to Future Author Author SENSOY, Fatma Abstract A summary of the resource. Freshwater is not only a finite resource that is imperative for sustainable development but also economic growth, political and social stability, human and ecosystem health, and poverty eradication. While water issues have long been on the international agenda, the debate on how to meet the growing global demand for freshwater has intensified in recent years: over 800 million people currently lack access to safe drinking water, while about 2.5 billion lack access to adequate sanitation. In response to these challenges, the World Water Forum was initiated as a platform to include water issues on the international agenda. The WWC, an international policy think-tank established in 1996, addresses global concerns over the pressures on the Earth’s freshwater resources. Besides todays global water issues,the historical example given below is a way to enlight our future by the means os usage and management of the water suplies. In XVI. Century in Istanbul there was a strong scarcity on water. The increasing population and welfare by time, the consumption of water has increased during the time. The water supply systems were not sufficient for Istanbul. The dimension of this scarcity was mentioned by Selaniki. One bottle of water was 15 akçe. Those days, a worker’s daily wage was 6 akçe. A skillled worker’s daily wage was 12 akçe. Due to these problems ; in 1554 Suleiman the Magnificient ordered his architect Sinan to supply water to the Đstanbul from the forests located on the north of the city. The grand vizier of Sultan, opposed this huge project because of its cost. The grand vizier notified that if the water comes to the city in large amounts; the Đstanbul would became to an attractive position for people from many nations and occupations.This would cause the increase in the population of the city coming aside with many other problems. Kanuni has endowed 5 villages and a town for the finance of this big investment. Kanuni mentioned that his will is “fountains should be built to every district. To the high places that, the consturction of fountain is impossible the fresh water well should be placed. By that the old people, poor women, infants can full their water caps and that they can pray for the continuity of regality. In the consensus of Istanbul given by the 5.th World Water Forum was a reflection from an event held centuries ago. The contribution of Kanuni is an event that still should enlight todays modern approaches toward the use of water. “Access to good quality water and sanitation is a basic right for all human beings and plays an essential role in life and livelihoods, the preservation of the health of the population and the fight against poverty.” Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2009-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed HB Economic Theory https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/8f9f436102c11ef88822dc368d7a78ce.pdf 3b07192ca4df81d4931dc1e786c4fde2 PDF Text Text 1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Water Governance and Sustainable Development C. Gregory KNIGHT and The World Water Team1 Department of Geography and School of International Affairs The Pennsylvania State University University Park, PA 16803 USA cgk@psu.edu Abstract: Is fresh water a truly renewable resource? This paper argues that freshwater for human use is threatened by climate change, fossil water extraction and globalization processes that will exacerbate problems of access to potable water as a human right and challenge water governance on local, regional, national and global scales. Using concept maps to examine the structure of the world water system, we argue that an emerging global water crisis can only be addressed by understanding the multiple linkages that tie individuals, institutions and issues to paradigms of water management that threaten the sustainability of fresh water use. By deconstructing the global water crisis into interlocking systems of issues and influence, we identify core questions in maintaining water as a sustainable resource. Keyword: water, sustainable development, governance Introduction It is widely recognized that fresh surface water is a rare and precious resource in comparison to world stocks of salt water, deep and shallow groundwater, and ice. These larger oceanic water stocks can be exploited to create fresh water at a high energy cost for conversion, and a significant portion of groundwater use involves mining of fossil water that is not replenished at contemporary rates of extraction. Freshwater is usually viewed as a renewable resource, but this is a misnomer. It is really a flow resource whose flux can be redirected for human use, but whose magnitude has increasingly been subject to significant human intervention. Modern mankind has indeed done the latter, with widespread regional land use change, for example, changing the volume and distribution of rainfall and evaporation (especially through consumptive, evaporative uses in irrigation and industry. Weather modification attempts rainfall enhancement. Human-induced climate change will almost certainly alter water regimes, and may already be doing so. Glaciers and winter snow accumulation vital as a warm-weather source of lowland water, water batteries in effect, are already being threatened by global warming. In addition, fresh water consumptively used, evaporated into the atmosphere as a consequence of use, diminishes water availability for downstream uses; some researchers even consider water pollution a form of consumptive use when pollution precludes productive uses downstream. Fresh Water Sustainability Fresh water sustainability includes long-term maintenance of adequate volumes of fresh water and commitments of fresh water to vital human uses, including recognition of water’s place in basket of fundamental goods and services that should be attainable by all humans as a right. Sustainability means we leave as many choices about fresh water to future generations as possible, making as few permanent, irretrievable commitments as possible. We see that sustainability is being challenged by allocation of water by socio-economic and technical processes to other competing uses before meeting basic needs, by diminished water supply through global climate change, and by reliance on sources of water that are themselves non-sustainable, most important of which is ground water mining. In addition to issues of freshwater distribution and diversion for human use, issues of sustainable water use also include processes of globalization and water governance. By globalization we refer to a multiplicity of processes that make what would seemingly be local and regional challenges into worldwide networks of 1 C. Gregory Knighta, Melissa Mayb, Audrey Broucekb, Mary E. Paskewiczc, Chongming Wangd, Regina Sagoed, Rachel Sayree, R. Scott Hillkirke, Amy Norrise and Kolby K. Nelsone (aDepartment of Geography and School of International Affairs, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA; bSchool of Forest Resources, Pennsylvania State University; cDepartment of Civil Engineering, Pennsylvania State University; dDepartment of Geography, Pennsylvania State University; eSchool of International Affairs, Pennsylvania State University). 349 �1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo important and interrelated issues. By governance, we refer to the many kinds of intersecting human systems that define the nature of water as a resource, that determine water allocation among human uses, and that use social, political, economic and legal systems at multiple scales to control and enforce these precepts. In this presentation, we report on-going research on the structure of the emerging global water crisis, using visualization of linkages between and among issues and entities to illustrate the emergence of threats to sustainable water use as a global, not merely local, problem. We argue that the nexus of water sustainability lies at the intersection of water availability in the physical sense and water governance. Concept Maps In the presentation, we illustrate the basic elements of concept maps (Cmaps) as developed by the Institute for Human and Machine Cognition (2009). Concept maps consist of concepts and linkages, groups of which can be combined as nested nodes. Concepts and nodes can reference website links, document links, and links to other Cmaps. The Cmaps can be stored locally, included in websites or made available on servers. Cmaps are a visual, qualitative expression of information, subject to evaluation and criticism on the same basis as other visual and non-quantitative expressions of knowledge. The Global Water Crisis Figure 1 illustrates the interconnection of elements in the global water crisis, details of which are explicated in the conference presentation. By cumulative change, we refer to changes that are local and regional in scope, but are replicated widely and significantly throughout the world. Soil erosion, deforestation and water pollution are examples. By systemic change, we mean alterations of the global system itself, including such phenomena as ozone depletion, climate change and sea level change (Turner et al. 1990). Sustainable fresh water is subject to both kinds of change. In particular, dimensions of significant cumulative water change include water shortages, cost, limited access, gender roles, hazards (floods, drought), dam building, and management (privatization of public water supplies). Water has systemic dimensions, which include the international finance and the water economy, global governance, global systems of technical knowledge, and global water action. Other important elements of the Global Water Crisis are shown in Figure 1. Place attributes include but are not limited to the role of water in culture, history, religion, politics, ideology, law, and management. Water paradigms are ways in which water is conceived and allocated. Global actors and actions include international, national, non-governmental organizations, and individuals. Geographic scale is also an important dimension, including issues of water sharing across intra-national and international boundaries and interbasin transfers. Water Paradigms Of all these dimensions and linkages creating a global water crisis, perhaps the paradigms with which water is viewed and acted upon is most important. Figure 2 differentiates among social, biological and economic perspectives on water. These somewhat complementary but more often competing paradigms recognize water as a biological need that is imbued with multiple social dimensions versus a fundamental question of water’s economic value and the role of water’s economic value in water allocation and use. Who owns water? Should water be allocated solely by market means? Is there an obligation of society (government) to provide for basic water needs as a human right? If water is, in fact, most costly for the poor, shouldn’t even the poor pay for formal water supply (public or corporate), which could be cheaper than the existing situation? What is the appropriate role of profit-making corporations vs. government? Is water planning excessively driven by technological mind-sets that view big dams, centralized piped supply systems and centralized control as obligatory? Are sewerage systems the only means to achieve sanitation? These are basic questions raised in consideration of how water is conceived or framed and how solutions to addressing water needs are sought. 350 �1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Figure 1: The Global Water Crisis. Copyright (c) 2009 by the World Water Team, used by permission. Figure 2: Paradigms in the Global Water Crisis. Copyright (c) 2009 by the World Water Team, used by permission. 351 �1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Global Challenges Global challenges of fresh water supply relate both to the Millennium Development Goals and to the concepts of sustainable development (Figure 3). The United Nations Millennium Development Goals (2008) include “Target 3:�Halve, by 2015, the proportion of the population without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation.” We believe that issues of safe water and sanitation threaten the ways in which society can adapt to the long-term threat of climate change, and thence to achieving fresh water sustainability. The fourth report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2007) shows that the Mediterranean Basin may be one of the world regions most threatened by climate-change-induced aridity, so these issues are particularly salient for countries represented in this conference on sustainability being held in the Balkan Region. In its Technical Paper on climate change and water, the IPCC notes that “Observational records and climate projections provide abundant evidence that freshwater resources are vulnerable and have the potential to be strongly impacted by climate change, with wide-ranging consequences for human societies and ecosystems” (Bates et al. 2008). Figure 3: Global Challenges in the Global Water Crisis. Copyright (c) 2009 by the World Water Team, used by permission. Global Water Governance and Sustainability How the challenges of climate change and sustainability are met may be largely determined by the system of global water governance (Figure 4). The loci of decisions about water policy and allocation will be focal in society’s ability to adapt to climate change and to achieve a sustainable system for fresh water utilization. Will corporate interests increasingly dominate water governance, as seems evident in organizations like the World Water Council and its World Water Forums, such as the 2009 gathering in Istanbul? In that conference, participants in writing the “Istanbul Ministerial Statement” could not agree that water is a human right, only concurring that water is a human need (Fifth World Water Forum 2009; Freshwater Action Network 2009). Does it take water ministers to endorse a reality that is known in every elementary classroom? Or will public interests dominate discourse about water futures, with emphasis on making good a promise of water and sanitation as a fundamental human right? Such issues are at the core of sustainable development. 352 �1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Figure 4: Global Water Governance. Copyright (c) 2009 by the World Water Team, used by permission. Conclusion This brief paper and presentation can only begin to include all the nuances that concept mapping of global water issues includes. For example, we have not explored complex interrelationships among individuals, institutions and issues. We hope, nevertheless, to have established that the Global Water Crisis is a critical challenge to achieving the Millennium Development Goals and of achieving a vital component of Sustainable Development. At present there may be adequate fresh water supplies to meet basic human needs, but this is by no means guaranteed for the future, nor are socially and economically available water resources necessarily consonant in distribution with human populations. Water governance, an increasingly global issue, is at the core of fresh water availability and management and deserves increasing scrutiny and critical analysis. One simply cannot conceive of sustainable development without water being a core issue in its achievement. References Bates, B.C., Kundzewicz, Z.W., Wu, S. and Palutikof, J.P., Ed. (2008). Climate change and water. Technical paper of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Geneva: IPCC Secretariat, Geneva. Fifth World Water Forum (2009). Istanbul ministerial statement. Istanbul: Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Turkey and World Water Council. Freshwater Action Network (2009). 5th World Water Forum. http://www.freshwateraction.net/web/w/www_171_en.aspx , accessed 15 May 2009. Change just one word. Institute for Human and Machine Cognition (2009). IHMC Cmap Tools. Pensacola, Florida: University of Florida System. http://cmap.ihmc.us/conceptmap.html , accessed 15 May 2009. 353 �1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2007). Working Group 1 Report, The physical science basis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Turner II, B.L. et al. (1990). Two types of global environmental change: Definitional and spatial scale issues in their human dimensions. Global environmental change 1: 14-22. United Nations. (2008). United Nations Millennium Development Goals. U. N. Department of Public Information, http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/ , accessed 15 May 2009. Acknowledgements The World Water Team, an informal collaboration initiated at the Pennsylvania State University (USA) appreciates the opportunity provided by the organizers of the International Symposium on Sustainable Development, 9-10 June 2009, at International Burch University, Sarajevo, Bosnia-Herzegovina, to present preliminary results of its examination of the global water system. Our graphics are a work in progress; permission is given to the ISSD to include them in its symposium publication and CD with the understanding that they may not be further copied nor published without written permission of the World Water Team (contact C. G. Knight, cgk@psu.edu, on behalf of the Team). The Team welcomes comments. Views expressed are not necessarily those of the Pennsylvania State University. 354 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 251 Title A name given to the resource Water Governance and Sustainable Development Author Author KNIGHT, C. Gregory Abstract A summary of the resource. Is fresh water a truly renewable resource? This paper argues that freshwater for human use is threatened by climate change, fossil water extraction and globalization processes that will exacerbate problems of access to potable water as a human right and challenge water governance on local, regional, national and global scales. Using concept maps to examine the structure of the world water system, we argue that an emerging global water crisis can only be addressed by understanding the multiple linkages that tie individuals, institutions and issues to paradigms of water management that threaten the sustainability of fresh water use. By deconstructing the global water crisis into interlocking systems of issues and influence, we identify core questions in maintaining water as a sustainable resource. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2009-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed HB Economic Theory https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/f6fe6d25e9d14b4b9c8a38bdbe102feb.pdf dddb0f30a834463078bca51acf52c835 PDF Text Text Water Management and Sustainable Development H. Đbrahim HALĐLOĞLU Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Atatürk, Erzurum/Turkey; hhaliloglu@hotmail.com Abdulkadir BAYIR Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Atatürk, Erzurum/Turkey; abayir@atauni.edu.tr A. Necdet SĐRKECĐOĞLU Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Atatürk, Erzurum/Turkey; nsirkecioglu@hotmail.com Mehtap BAYIR Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Atatürk, Erzurum/Turkey; mehtapcengiz@hotmail.com N. Mevlüt ARAS Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Atatürk, Erzurum/Turkey; mevlutaras@hotmail.com Abstract: Water is the basis of life on earth; it is the main component of the environment and an essential element for human life. Water is also fundamental for sustaining a high quality of life and for economic and social development. Human health greatly has been affected by water. But water resources has been threaten by pollution, miss using, and industrialization. In this paper loads on water resources and water availability depending on factors are analyzed; regions of water scarcity and water resources deficit are discussed. Possible ways of water supply improvement and elimination of water resources deficit in different conditions were argued. Keywords: Water management; Freshwater; Sustainable development Introduction Water is very important resources for sustainable development in human life. Uses of water include agricultural, industrial, household, recreational and environmental activities. The demand of water amount increased six times in 20th century when comparing with 19th century, but during this time the population of word increased only three fold. To know reliable assessment of water storage on the earth is essential but there is complicated problem because water is very dynamic. It is in permanent motion, converting among liquid, solid, and gaseous phases. In addition to the quantitative estimation of water storage, it is necessary to determine the form salt or freshwater and the other formation on our planet. It is estimated that the earths hydrosphere contains of water, 1,386 million cubic kilometers (km3). However 97.5 percent of this amount is salt water and only 2.5 percent is fresh water. Most of the fresh water 588 �(68.7 percent) is in the form of ice and permanent snow cover in the Antarctic, the Arctic, and mountainous regions. Fresh groundwater comprises 29.9 percent of fresh water resources. Only 0.26 percent of the total amount of fresh water on the earth is concentrated in lakes, reservoirs, and river systems (Korzoun 1978). Water storage in the hydrosphere permanently exchange among the ocean, land, and the atmosphere. This exchange is usually called the turnover of water on the earth, or the global hydrological cycle. This cycle is fully replenished according to hydrospheric water, for example 2500 year for oceanic water, 10000 years permafrost and polar ice, 1500 years deep groundwater and mountainous glaciers. On the other hand, water storage in lakes is fully replenished 17 years and in rivers only 17 days. So, river water is of great importance in the global hydrological cycle and in supplying humankind with freshwater. In hydrology and water management, two concepts are very important that are used freshwater storage and renewable water resources. Renewable water resources include the water yearly replenished in the process of water turnover on the earth. In the process of turnover, both the quantity of river runoff is replenished and its quality is restored. If we could stop the contamination of rivers, then, with time, water could return to its natural purity. It is the river runoff that is most widely distributed over the land and provides a major part of water use in the world. A discovery of the anthropogenic factors that effect change of the quantitative and qualitative parameters of river water, are very important aspects of the water resources appraisal and assessment. Reliable assessment and appraisal of water resources is very important for each country or region and serves as an important prerequisite for all other aspects of the utilization and operation of water resources, and development of measures to protect against depletion and pollution. So each country is responsible water use and assessment their water sources. There are many research and document about renewable freshwater resources published since the turn of the past century in the different countries of the world. During the last years, the results of global estimations have been published with varying degrees of comprehensiveness (Baumgartner & Reichel 1975; Berner & Berner 1987, World Resources Institute 1996; Gleick 1993 and 1998). For assess renewable water resources at the global scale it must be; 5. The availability of the long-term observation series; 6. Location of sites on large and medium rivers, uniformly spread across the region, 7. Observations should reflect the river runoff regime, natural, or close to natural. Also using water was primarily estimated for the countries of the world. Then the values obtained were generalized for large natural-economic regions and continents. Household Water The amount of public water use in their home depends on climatic conditions. In many well-equipped cities of the world, water withdrawals equal 300-600 liters per day per person (lcd). By the end of the 20th century, in industrially developed countries of Europe and North America, the per capita urban water withdrawal was expected to increase up to 500-800 l/day. On the other hand, in developing agricultural countries of Asia, Africa, and Latin America, public water withdrawal is 50 to 100 lcd; in individual regions with insufficient water resources, it is not more than 10 to 40 lcd of freshwater per person (Shiklomanov & Markova 1987; Gleick 1993 and 1998). When calculated the specific water withdrawal is 400 to 600 lcd, and consumption does not usually exceed 5 to 10 percent of total water intake. Water use by populations in cities and rural areas was estimated using population dynamics data (urban and rural) and per capita water withdrawal. Industrial Water Uses Generally water in industry is used for cooling, transportation, as a solvent, and as an ingredient of finished products. Mostly water user is thermal and nuclear power generation. They use water mostly for cooling system. Used water in industry withdrawal is quite different not only for individual branches of industry, but also within each kind of production, depending on the technology of manufacturing process. As a rule, in the northern regions, industrial water withdrawals seem to be considerably less than in southern regions with higher air temperatures. Some water is use in recirculation system after used. But new freshwater add to system. The amount of new freshwater intake water supply is insignificant. Extra water intake in most industries it is 5 to 20 589 �percent, reaching 30 to 40 percent in some industries (Shiklomanov & Markova 1987; Margat 1994; Shiklomanov 1997 In the future, most countries will need to continuously increase the transition to circulating water supply systems. Many industries will convert to water-free, or dry, technologies. In some countries and regions of the world, there is a tendency to increase the use of marine waters for industrial purposes. Agricultural Water Uses For all the countries and regions in the world, irrigation is the principal water user. At the beginning of the 20 th almost all developed and developing countries initiated intensive irrigation development. This intensive irrigation could provide for the growth of irrigated areas and increased crop production. But this increase in irrigated areas slowed considerably (Postel 1992; Shiklomanov 1997). The reason of this situation was the very high cost of irrigation system construction, soil salinization, the depletion of irrigation water-supplying sources, and the problems of environmental protection. Also some developed countries, the amount of irrigated lands has stabilized or even decreased. At the present time, about 15 percent of all cultivated lands are being irrigated. However, the food produced in irrigated areas amounts to almost half the total crop production. Irrigated areas would expand mainly in countries with an extremely rapid population growth and sufficient water and land resources. Water required for irrigation is determined water intake in cubic meters per hectare per year (m3/ha/year), and returnable waters in percentage of water intake. They depend on general physiographic conditions, serviceable condition of irrigation systems, watering techniques and crop composition. In the irrigation area the returnable water amount is change according to the area and climatic condition. This amount changes between 20-60% percent of total water intake. Therefore, the values of annual water withdrawal vary greatly, from 5,000-6,000 m3/ha to 1500017000 m3/ha, and in individual regions of Africa to 20000 or 25000 m3/ha. (Shiklomanov & Markova 1987; Shiklomanov 1997; FAO 1995 and 1999). A considerable water economy can be attained through use of the most efficient modern engineering methods and means of watering (sprinkling, drip irrigation, etc.) that increase crop productivity and decrease irrigation water volume. The largest water use in agriculture is irrigation. However, quantitatively, the total water contribution to other agricultural uses is insignificant when compared to those for irrigation (approximately, 5 to 8 percent). In estimating future water withdrawals for irrigation, the trend of irrigation to decrease due to improving technological procedures and engineering efficiency was considered. Solutions to the Water Crisis * Develop more water sources, while ensuring that environmental and community concerns are addressed; * Improve water infrastructure, including the installation of low-flow toilets and efficient drip-irrigation systems; * Improve water-use efficiency * Update the Clean Water Act and the Safe Drinking Water Act to include new contaminants, and actively enforce the standards already in place * Price water more accurately, with the understanding that water is a human right and should be subsidized for basic human needs * Improve and expand public participation in environmental decision-making; and Strengthen water institutions and improve communication between them. 590 �References Baumgartner A. & Reichel E. (1975). The world water balance. Vienna and Munich: R. Oldenboury Verlag. Berner E.K. & Berner R.A. (1987). The global water cycle: Biochemistry and environment. Reprint. Adapted by permission of Prentice Hall. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, USA. FAO (1995). Irrigation in Africa in Figures. Extract from Water Report 7, FAO, Rome, Italy. FAO (1999). Irrigation in Asia in Figures. Extract from Water Report 18, FAO, Rome, Italy. Gleick P.H. (1993). Water in crisis. Oxford University Press. Gleick P.H. (1998). The world’s water. Island Pres, Washington, DC, USA. Korzoun, V.I. (1978). World water balance and water resources of the earth. UNESCO. Margat J. (1994). Water use in the world: Present and Future. Paris, UNESCO. Postel S. (1992). Last oasis. The worldwatch environment alert series. New York & London: W.W. Norton and Company. Shiklomanov I.A. & Markova O.L. (1987). Problems of water availability and water transfers in the world. Leningrad: Hydrometeoizdat. (In Russian). Shiklomanov I.A. (1997). Assessment of water resources and water availability in the world. Geneva, Switzerland: SEI and WMO. World Resources Institute (1996). A guide to the global environment. Oxford University Press. 591 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 605 Title A name given to the resource Water Management and Sustainable Development Author Author HALİLOĞLU, H. İbrahim BAYIR, Abdulkadir SİRKECİOĞLU, A. Necdet BAYIR, Mehtap ARAS, N. Mevlüt Abstract A summary of the resource. Water is the basis of life on earth; it is the main component of the environment and an essential element for human life. Water is also fundamental for sustaining a high quality of life and for economic and social development. Human health greatly has been affected by water. But water resources has been threaten by pollution, miss using, and industrialization. In this paper loads on water resources and water availability depending on factors are analyzed; regions of water scarcity and water resources deficit are discussed. Possible ways of water supply improvement and elimination of water resources deficit in different conditions were argued. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed Q Science (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/34a5cfd8dea51952a268a8f5a3b4cf66.pdf e3e36e895b39bee7eb1829150efa995b PDF Text Text Carrillo_Morales G., Davila-Jimenez M.M., Elizalde-Gonzalez M.P., Pelaez-Cid A.A, Removal of Metal Ions From Aqueous Solution by Adsorption on the Natural Adsorbent CACMM2, Jaurnal of Chromatography A, 938, 237-242, 2001. Townshend, A; Encylopedia of Analitical science, Academic Pres, Londan, 1995. Water Pollution Control Regulation Official Gazette: 31 December 2004, Issue: 25687. Özdemir C. et al., ―Examination of purification of leather industry wastewaters with the use of the marl soils of Basyayla(Karaman) region‖, D.E.U Science and Engineering Journal, Issue: 3 5.57-64, October 2004. Toprak R.Girgin I., ―Removal of chromium from leather industry wastewaters with activated clinoptilolite‖, Turk J Engin Enviran Sci 24(2000), 343-351 TUBITAK. Water Resources Conservation for Sustainable Agricultural Development F. Ozge Uysal, Onder Uysal Faculty of Agriculture, SuleymanDemirel University, Isparta, Turkey E-mail: onderuysal@sdu.edu.tr 1.INTRODUCTION 1.1.Water resources consumption Increase of population and insufficient water resources has led to environmental pollution has reached substantial levels with use of synthetic and chemical inputs as a result of the increase in production. Decreasing available water resources brings on a serious water shortage problem. Allliving things are negative affected by theenvironmentalpollution. The loss of speciesin nature, instead of use of biological control use chemical control, thehormonesto increasefood production have a verynegativeforecology. The main reason for environmental pollution and degradation of the natural balance in ecosystem, consumption increased rapidly due to increasing population and increased use of fossil proliferation of products. 1.2.Water resources conservation One of themostimportantaim of sustainableagricultureandruraldevelopment is toprotectandconservethecapacity of thenaturalresourcebasetocontinuetoprovideproduction, environmentalandculturalservices. 333 �Turkey Land and Water Resources LAND RESOURCES Mha ( millionhectares) Arable Irrigable RainfedAgriculture EconomicallyIrrigable PresentlyIrrigated Land : Land : : : : 4.90 28.05 25.75 17.25 8.50 Land Resources Turkey‘s total landarea is 78 Mha. Almostonethird of this, 28 Mha, can be classified as cultivableland. Recentstudiesindicatethat an area of about8.5million ha is economicallyirrigableundertheavailabletechnology. Untilnow, an area of about2.8million ha has beenequippedwithirrigationinfrastructuresby DSİ. WaterResources MeanPrecipitation 643 mm/m2 Turkey‘sSurfaceArea 780,000 km 2 AnnualWaterResourcesPotentialBm ³ (billion m ³ ) A Precipitation Volume 501 B Evaporation 274 C LeakageintoGroundwater 69 D Springs FeedingSurfaceWater 28 E SurfaceWaterfromNeighboringCountries 7 F=A-B-C+D+E F Total SurfaceRunoff (gross) 193 G ExploitableSurfaceRunoff 98 H GroundwaterSafeYield 14 I=G+H I Total Potential (net) 112 The total watervolume in theworldamountsto1.4billion km3, 97.5% of which is salinewater in theoceansandseas, 2.5% of which is freshwater in theriversandlakes. Duetofactthat 90% of 334 �freshwaterexists in the South Poleand humanbeingshaveverylimitedreadilyexploitablefreshwaterresources. North Pole, Annualmeanprecipitation in Turkey is 643 mm, whichcorrespondsto 501 Bm3 (billion m3) of annualwatervolume in thecountry. A volume of 274 Bm3waterevaporatesfromwaterbodiesandsoilstoatmosphere. 69 Bm 3 of volume of waterleaksintogroundwater, whereas 28 Bm3 is retrievedbyspringsfromgroundwatercontributingtosurfacewater. Also, thereare 7 billion m3volume of watercomingfromneighboringcountries. Thus, total annualsurfacerunoffamountsto a volume of 193 Bm3 of water. Turkey is not a richcountry in terms of existingwaterpotential. Turkey is a waterstresscountryaccordingtoannualvolume of wateravailablepercapita. Theannualexploitableamount of water has recentlybeenapproximately 1,500 m3percapita. Development of Irrigation, Hydropower, andWaterSupplySectors in Turkey IN ULTIMATE OPERATION GOALS AS OF 2005 DEVELOPMENT IRRIGATION OF BY 2030 4.9 million ha 8.5 million ha DEVELOPMENT OF 45.3 HYDROELECTRIC billionkWh ENERGY 127.3 billionkWh DEVELOPMENT OF WATER SUPPLY FOR 10.5 billion m 38.5 billion m 3 DOMESTIC AND 3 INDUSTRIAL USE EACH SECTOR‘S DEVELOPMENT RATES 58% 36% 27% 1.3.Orientationtoecotourism Peopleturned toecotourismareas because of environmental pollution, increase in population, global warming. Ecotourism increased because of peoplemove away fromcity life, increasedconsumption of products ofagriculturalorigin and increase of environmental pollution.Because of reduction of water resources, production activities also reduced. Difficulties which are encountered in production activities because of water resources are deficit in our country. Decreasing available water resources brings a serious water shortage problem. In order to deal with this problem, the studies for the efficient use of irrigation water by providing water saving gain importance. Irrigationtechniques have been developed for efficient use of water resources. Withthe effective useof water resources, boththewater resourceswill be protected and high yieldwill be obtained per unit area. So, peoplecan cometo workforecotourismactivities. Thus, environment, social life, cultural environment and public health develop positive because of ecotourism. Everykind of tourismmade in virginnature is withinthescope of ecotourism. Theprinciple of ―sustainability of naturalenvironment‖, which is one of thetwoimportantcriteria of ecotourism in thesenaturetrips, has to be obeyedclosely.Thesecondimportantcriterion of ecotourismis ―thesustainability of 335 �localculturesandthatthepeopleshouldbenefitfromthistourismactivity‖. When eco-tourists make tourism activities, they can do agricultural activities. Such water resources, environmental pollution and global warming factors can provide with conservation ofwater quality. This also provides that effectivefertilizerin agricultural areas, efficient use ofpesticides and efficient useof water resources. 2.RESULT Therichgeographyandnaturalpotential of ourcountry is a bigchanceforthetypes of naturetourisms. However, if it is behavedunconsciously, theruin of environmentalvalueswillrapidly be inevitable.Sustainableagriculturemay be defined as consisting of environmentally-friendlymethodsof farmingthatallowtheproduction of cropsorlivestockwithoutdamagetohumanornaturalsystems.Recently, orientationtoecotourismstudyingshouldincreaseandthus, agriculturalenviromentalandglobalwarmingproblemsshould be solved.Theuse of agriculturalproducts ratherthan theuse of syntheticproductsshouldbe increase. Not onlyenvironmentalandtourismpurposesanndeclining waterresources, increase of population and in ordertomeet growing consumer needsshould be provided in thedevelopment of ecotourism. REFERENCES http://www.ekoturizmdernegi.org http://www.dsi.gov.tr Sustainable Development- Environmental Ethics Relationship Within Eu Environmental Policies Özcan Sezer, Şenay Işin 1.INTRODUCTION Environmental problems and approaches to environment have an important place within EU policies. There are major impacts of economic development on the inclusion of environmental issues to the Union‘s area of interest, which aims to integrate European Countries through economic, political and cultural areas and which foresees the free flow of capital, goods, services, labor. It is crucial to form environmental values and provide the member countries to internalize them in order to sustain development without giving harm to environment. In this context, environmental ethics reveals a conflict from the perspective of sustainable development. There emerges an area of conflict between attaining economic, social and cultural development on the one hand and taking into consideration of environmental values and environmental ethics during this process on the other hand. The desire to improve the living conditions at the member countries through providing economic, social and cultural development and to upgrade quality of life to a common level 336 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1264 Title A name given to the resource Water Resources Conservation for Sustainable Agricultural Development Author Author F. Ozge Uysal, Ozge Uysal Abstract A summary of the resource. Increase of population and insufficient water resources has led to environmental pollution has reached substantial levels with use of synthetic and chemical inputs as a result of the increase in production. Decreasing available water resources brings on a serious water shortage problem. Allliving things are negative affected by theenvironmentalpollution. The loss of speciesin nature, instead of use of biological control use chemical control, thehormonesto increasefood production have a verynegativeforecology. The main reason for environmental pollution and degradation of the natural balance in ecosystem, consumption increased rapidly due to increasing population and increased use of fossil proliferation of products. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General),Q Science (General)