337 10 3494 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 3579 Title A name given to the resource Vernacular Language Variety in B&H Author Author Salihovic, Dženan Akbarov, Azamat Abstract A summary of the resource. The aim of this paper is to provide the reader with better insight of the vernacular L variety of language in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The paper will try to give some key points on the diglossia and how the diglossic community functions in the different social situations in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Furthermore, paper will try to give some answers on pragmatics, language history, prestige and codification of vernacular variety in Bosnia and Herzegovina Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed PE English Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 3588 Title A name given to the resource Vernacular We Speak in Bosnia and Herzegovina Author Author Bujak, Samra Akbarov, Azamat Abstract A summary of the resource. Bosnian language has long been, and continues to be, a sensitive question to discuss about. This paper will present the language history of Bosnia and Herzegovina, introduce some linguistic features such as high and low variety of Bosnian language, codification, pragmatics, prestige etc. Issues that affected and are affected by the standardization of Bosnian as individual language. I will also discuss about how much politics affected language in Bosnia and Herzegovina. How much war in Bosnia affected the progress of language? All of these issues will be presented throughout this paper. Serbo-Croatian, less commonly Bosnian/Croatian/Montenegrin/Serbian (BCMS), is a South Slavic language and the primary language of Serbia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Montenegro. Because it has four standard variants, it is a pluricentric language. The language was standardized in the mid 19th century, decades before a Yugoslav state was established. From the very beginning, it has had pluricentric standardization. Croats and Serbs differ in religion and have historically lived under different empires, and have adopted slightly different literary forms as their respective standard variants. Since independence, Bosnian has likewise been established as an official standard in Bosnia and Herzegovina. All four standard variants are based on the same dialect (Štokavian). In the 20th century, Serbo-Croatian had served as the official language of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia (as "Yugoslavian"), and later as one of the official languages of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. The dissolution of Yugoslavia affected language attitudes, so that social conceptions of the language separated on ethnic and political lines. Bosnian is a standardized register of the Serbo-Croatian language, a South Slavic language, spoken by Bosnians. As a standardized form of the Shtokavian dialect, it is one of the three official languages of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The same subdialect of Shtokavian is also the basis of standard Croatian and Serbian, as well as Montenegrin, so all are mutually intelligible. Until the dissolution of SFR Yugoslavia, they were treated as a unitary Serbo-Croatian language, and that term is still used in English to subsume the common base (vocabulary, grammar and syntax) of what are today officially four national standards, although the term is no longer used by native speakers. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed PE English https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/34f20181250708316234e74d697d1df5.docx d1b3a7b725c13a44c492498ecbf2ce85 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/e46ef0f91e5ecec715a077683ab09442.pdf f8731e9b40a7a03ccf31c273845cde42 PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Vertical Integration on the Example of Agrokor Nađa Dreca International University of Sarajevo nadja_n88@hotmail.com Abstract This study will provide the explanation of the vertical integration, benefits and show the application of the vertical integration in the real business on the example of the Croatian company Agrokor. There are always important transactions between a multinational`s operations in different countries. The output of one subsidiary is often an input into the production of another. Or technology developed in one country may be used in others. Or management may usefully coordinate the activities of plants in several countries. Multinationals exist because it turns out to be more profitable to carry out these transactions within a firm rather than between firms. This means that multinationals engaged in internalization. If you want something done right, do it yourself. Many transactions are more profitably conducted within a firm rather than between firms. Also many activities in different countries may be usefully integrated in a single firm. One of example of vertical integrated firm in Balkan is Agrokor, Croatian company. In 1989 the joint-stock company Agrokor was registered. The Agrokor Group is the largest private company in Croatia and one of the leading regional companies Apart from the Croatian companies, the Agrokor Group today also comprises companies from all over the region acquired during the last few years: Ledo Čitluk, Sarajevski kiseljak, Velpro Sarajevo, Frikom, Dijamant, Idea, Ledo Hungary and Fonyodi. Keywords: Vertical Integration, Multinational Company, Production, Subsidiary, Profitability, Outside the firm price movements’ direct production, which is coordinated through a series of exchange transactions on the market? Within a firm, these market transactions are eliminated and in place of the complicated market structure with exchange transaction is substituted the entrepreneur-coordinator, who directs production. It is clear that these are alternative methods of coordinating production. Ronald Coase (1937) If you want something done right, do it yourself. He is a slave of the greatest slave, who serves nothing but himself. Introduction Today the uncertain business environment cause that many companies due to changes in the market are forced to introduce some changes its business and size of the company and corporation in order to gain higher profit, gain competitive advantage and establish stable operational environment within company. Those goals are mostly achieved throughout the process of vertical integration. In order to perform efficiently all production channels must 1 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo be integrated into single line, such as connection of purchase of inputs, production, business logistics, marketing and sale within own Retail Company. Vertical integration represents the growth of Retail Company which establishes connections with its supplier (upward) and consumers (downward) integration in order to improve its competiveness. There are always important transactions between a multinational`s operations in different countries. The output of one subsidiary is often an input into the production of another. Or technology developed in one country may be used in others. Or management may usefully coordinate the activities of plants in several countries. Multinationals exist because it turns out to be more profitable to carry out these transactions within a firm rather than between firms. This means that multinationals engaged in internalization. (Krugman and Obstfeld, 2009) Vertical Integration Characteristics Many transactions are more profitably conducted within a firm rather than between firms. Also many activities in different countries may be usefully integrated in a single firm. Vertical integration – is when a firm participates in more than one successive stage of value chain (supply/production/distribution chain).Only if a firm can perform most of the necessary production steps less expensively than if it relied on other firms does it vertically integrated. (Carlton and Perloff, 2005) First advantage of internalization is technology transfer. Transfer of knowledge or another form of technology may be easier within a single organization than through a market transaction between separate organizations. Second advantage of internalization is vertical integration. If one firm (the `upstream` firm) produces a good that is used as an input for another firm (the `downstream` firm) , many problems can result. They can engage in conflict regarding many things, weak cooperation, competition etc. These problems may be avoided or at least reduced if these firms are combined into a single `vertical integrated` firm. There are at least three possible costs of vertical integration. First, the cost of supplying its own factors of production or distributing its own product may be higher for a firm that vertically integrates than for one that depends on competitive markets, which serve these needs efficiently. Second, as a firm gets larger, the difficulty and cost of managing it increase. The advantage of dealing with a competitive market is that someone else supervises production. Third, the firm may face substantial legal fees to arrange to merge with another firm. Advantages of vertical integration 1. Internalization  To lower transactions costs – avoid opportunistic behavior  To control quality of products supplied  To enhance coordination – e.g. JIT delivery  To reduce uncertainty regarding prices, availability, etc. 2. Steady supply of key inputs 3. Correct market failure due to externalities by internalizing those externalities 4. Avoidance of government restrictions, regulations, taxes  Combining regulated utilities and unregulated service companies  Using transfer pricing for allocation of profits 5. Gain market power 2 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo  better exploit or to create market power 6. Eliminate market power  A victim of another firm`s market power may vertically integrate to eliminate that power. (Krugman and Obstfeld, 2009) Agrokor Example One of example of vertical integrated firm in Balkan is Agrokor, Croatian company. In 1989 the joint-stock company Agrokor was registered. By using vertical integration from agriculture to manufacture of end products, Agrokor provides the customers with a wide range of fresh, healthy domestic products. Furthermore, the proposed concentration will lead to a vertical integration of production, retail sale and wholesale, which will undoubtedly produce horizontal effects within the retail sale and wholesale. The Agrokor Group is the largest private company in Croatia and one of the leading regional companies with consolidated total revenues greater than HRK 29bn in 2011 and employing almost 40,000 people. (Agrokor) The Agrokor Group's core businesses are the production and distribution of food and drinks on the one hand and retail on the other, comprising among others Croatia's largest producers of mineral water - Jamnica d.d.; ice-cream - Ledo d.d.; oil, margarines and mayonnaise - Zvijezda d.d.; the largest Croatian meat industry - PIK Vrbovec d.d.; Belje, the largest agricultural and industrial capacity in Croatia and the leading retail chain Konzum d.d. Since it was established 30 years ago, due to a clear business vision, a consistently applied strategy and well-considered investments Agrokor has grown from a small family-owned company for the production and sale of flowers to become the leading food industry and retail group in the region today (Figure 1). Figure 1: Agrokor Business Production and storage of beans, soya and feed Chicken Meet production, meat and milk products Salt Production Production of Edible oil, Margarine and mayonnaise Ice Cream and Frozen Food Products Production of Water, Juices and Soft Drinks Wine Growing and Production Wholesale and Distribution Retail Other Business Source: Agrokor 3 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Apart from the Croatian companies, the Agrokor Group today also comprises companies from all over the region acquired during the last few years: Ledo Čitluk, Sarajevski kiseljak, Velpro Sarajevo, Frikom, Dijamant, Idea, Ledo Hungary and Fonyodi (Figure 2 and Figure 3). Figure 2: Agrokor Group Business Structure Source: Agrokor Agrofructus d.o.o. is the leading company in the area of South East Europe, specialized in production, purchase and sale of fruits and vegetables. Annually, they supply 200,000 tons of products, grown in Croatia, Macedonia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Serbia to countries of western and Eastern Europe. With an annual turnover of over € 100 million it represents a vital part of the Agrokor concern. Agrokor trgovina d.d. has been operating as an independent company since 1996. The company's core business activity is trading in agricultural/food products. As part of the Agrokor Group, Agrokor trgovina participates in cooperation with other members of Agrokor, namely Belje d.d., PIK Vinkovci d.d., Vupik d.d. and Zvijezda d.d., in the production and processing of agricultural products. Agrolaguna d.d. has been part of Agrokor since the end of 2004. It belongs to the business segment engaged in the production of domestic high-quality products. Agrolaguna's business operations are divided in several production segments: vine-growing, olivegrowing, and stock-breeding and, to a lesser extent, vegetable-farming. All the company's products are regionally known for their quality and production tradition 4 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Agroprerada is engaged in desiccation and storing of cereals and oil crops, production of fodder, production, storing and packing of table apples. Since Agroprerada joined Agrokor its total turnover has linearly been increasing from year to year. The production of fodder is a dominating business activity of Agroprerada. PIK Vinkovci d.d. produces and sells agricultural products of plant and animal origin and owns the biggest silo capacities in the eastern part of Croatia, which is where the main part of Croatia's agricultural production is based. PIK Vrbovec is one of the largest Croatian meat processing industries with the 70 years old tradition in the production and processing of meat products. It has been a part of the Agrokor Corporation, its majority owner, since 2005. Sojara Zadar as the only producer in the region with processing units able to process soybean into soybean meal, raw soybean oil and lecithin has no significant competitors in either Central or Eastern Europe. The processing capacity is 1,000 tons of soybeans a day or 300,000 tons a year. Belje d.d., once the largest domestic agro-industrial conglomerate with the 300 years old tradition of food production, has been a part of the Agrokor Group since the beginning of 2005, which is the largest food producer in this part of Europe. Belje d.d. has been engaged in food production for over three centuries now, and it has been part of the Agrokor Concern, the largest food producer in this part of Europe, since 2005Food processing and agricultural production are the parts of Belje, divided into profit centres: production of smoked sausages and bacon, production of flour, vine production and bottling, production of dairy products, agriculture, seed growing, fodder factory, pig breeding, bullocks breeding and dairy cattle-raising. Jamnica d.d. is the largest mineral water producer in Croatia with a tradition of more than 175 years. Since 1999, apart from mineral waters Jamnica is also producing fruit juices under the Juicy brand, and in 2002 it launched Jana natural spring water and Juicy Fruits refreshing soft drinks. Jamnica d.d. comprises the Jamnica natural mineral water bottling plant in Pisarovina, the Jana spring water and non-alcoholic beverage bottling plant in Sveta Jana, the Juicy natural fruit juices bottling plant, the Sarajevski kiseljak natural mineral water and non-alcoholic beverage bottling plant in Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Fonyódi mineral water bottling plant in Hungary, and distribution companies in Slovenia, Serbia and the USA. In 2000 the first major step towards other regional markets was made - in Bosnia Herzegovina Jamnica became the majority shareholder of the natural mineral waters and soft drinks bottling plant Sarajevski Kiseljak, and in 2004 the Hungarian natural mineral water bottler Fonyodi was acquired. Since 1958 when Ledo produced the first industrial ice cream Snjeguljica in Croatia, the company has been synonym for top quality frozen products such as ice cream, deserts, pastry, fruits and vegetables, fish, and ready-to-serve meals. Except in Croatia Ledo is with a 79% share the market leader in Bosnia and Hercegowina, where it purchased the ice cream factory in Čitluk and established the company Čitluk d.o.o. at the beginning of 2000. Zvijezda is the largest producer of edible oils and a sole producer of margarines, vegetable fat and mayonnaise in Croatia, being the market leader in all its product groups. The level 5 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo of recognition of Zvijezda's brands Zvijezda and Margo is 95% according to the conducted surveys. The retail sales chain of Konzum is the leader on the Croatian market and the only one with more than 570 stores in all the counties of Croatia. Konzum d.d. is the leading retail chain in Croatia with over 700 stores in which more than 650,000 customers do their everyday shopping. Apart from its retail business, Konzum intensively develops its wholesale business as well. The company has 19 VELPRO wholesale centers. Besides being market leaders in Croatia, Konzum and Idea, Agrokor’s retail companies with total consolidated income from sales amounting to EUR 2.67 billion, make also the largest retail group in the Adria Region, according to a regional analysis of the retail sectors in Croatia, Serbia and Bosnia and Herzegovina carried out by Deloitte. Konzum has successfully developed the K plus brand program, enjoying the greatest popularity among the Croatian customers. Konzum’s brand offer is segmented into several subcategories, namely Standard, K plus and Volim najbolje, in order to respond to the wishes and needs of the customers best. Tisak, joint stock Company, is the largest newsstand retail chain with more than 1200 sales points. It is the leading Croatian distributor of press, tobacco products, prepaid vouchers and other merchandise that are delivered to more than 4600 sales points. mStart d.o.o. is a member of the Agrokor Group active since July 1, 2010 when the IT business was set up as a limited-liability company aimed at optimizing IT investments and upgrading the Agrokor Group’s IT functions (Agrokor). Figure 3: Agrokor Companies Source: Agrokor 6 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Some important dates for Agrokor 1995 - Opening of the first Super Konzum The Agrokor Group is registered 1999 - Introduction of the new brand Ledo riba (Ledo fish) 2000 - A new company was founded for the production of ice cream in Citluk, Bosnia and Herzegovina by the name of Ledo Citluk Agrokor owns a 97,4% share of Sarajevski kiseljak 2003 - Agrokor acquires 51% capital share of TP DC Sarajevo 2004 - The ice cream industry makes significant investments in newproduction and distribution capacities (Čitluk, Sarajevo, Belgrade, Zagreb, Maribor) First store in Bosnia and Hercegovina opened - VelPro Rajlovac 2005 - Konzum retail chain opened its first stores in Herzegovina 2007- Agrokor Group signed a Takeover Agreement for the retail and wholesale business of VF comerce and thus, besides Croatia, became food retail leader in Bosnia & Herzegovina Agrokor in Balkans Agrokor also owns some firms in other Balkan`s countries like: It is in Serbia Dijamant (Oil and oil products) and Frikom(ice- cream industry). Idea d.o.o. Beograd becomes member of Agrokor Group. Dijamant AD is the largest producer of edible oils and the leading producer of margarine, vegetable fat and delicacy products based on mayonnaise in Serbia. Beside mass consumption products, Dijamant also produces raw materials for other food industries, primarily the confectionery and bakery industries. Dijamant became part of Agrokor in mid-2005. Since then, significant improvements across all business segments have been made. Frikom AD, the leading and largest ice-cream manufacturer in Serbia, joined the Agrokor Group in 2003. This acquisition is of key strategic importance for Agrokor, because it added exceptional new value to the total Agrokor production of ice cream and frozen food, which will enable Agrokor positioning as the leading producer of this commodity group in the region. The full impact of changes that Agrokor strongly launched acquiring Frikom in 2003 was manifested in 2004, when already in the first seven months market share grew, consequently making Frikom the leading player in the ice cream market of Serbia The acquisition of Idea d.o.o. conducted in 2005 is a strategically important move for Agrokor since Idea has become the foundation for further development of Agrokor's retail business in the region. Today, Idea has more than 150 retail stores across Serbia and 7 wholesale centers in Belgrade, Niš, Leskovac, Čačak, Novi Sad and Subotica with more than 4,000 employees. In 2011, the company continued making new investments, mainly aimed at expanding the retail sales network in order to make Idea stores of various formats available to customers across Serbia. The process of optimizing the existing business processes and increasing productivity and quality of service in retail sales continued in 2011 as well. In Hungary Agrokor becomes owner of two Hungarian companies, the water filling plant Fonyodi and the ice-cream factory Baldauf (today Ledo kft. Hungary) 7 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Except in Croatia Ledo is the market leader in Bosnia and Hercegowina, where it purchased the ice cream factory in Čitluk and established the company Čitluk d.o.o. at the beginning of 2000. In 2004 Ledo additionally strengthened its regional leadership spreading its ice cream production into Hungary especially by acquisition of the Baldauf Company, Ledo Lft. Hungary today, which is the third largest ice cream producer in Hungary. Similar to other Agrokor companies Ledo plans to spread on the regional markets but also on the markets of the European Union. Sarajevski kiseljak d.d. is the leading company engaged in the production and sale of mineral water in Bosnia and Herzegovina with a 120-year-old tradition. New era for Sarajevski kiseljak d.d. symbolically started with 2000 when, through Jamnica, the Agrokor Group became the majority owner of the company and started making investments in its development. The company affirms its longtime leading position primarily thanks to the high and recognizable quality of its mineral water, continuous modernization and improvement of production and business processes as well as adjustment of the company's business policy to market demands and customer needs. Conclusion Today the uncertain business environment cause that many companies due to changes in the market are forced to introduce some changes its business and size of the company and corporation in order to gain higher profit, gain competitive advantage and establish stable operational environment within company. Those goals are mostly achieved throughout the process of vertical integration. In order to perform efficiently all production channels must be integrated into single line, such as connection of purchase of inputs, production, business logistics, marketing and sale within own Retail Company. Vertical integration represents the growth of Retail Company which establishes connections with its supplier (upward) and consumers (downward) integration in order to improve its competiveness. The advantages of integration include:     Higher level of product and services controlling in order to better satisfy the needs of targeted groups and market segments Elimination of risks in uncertain supply Better market differentiation Optimization and decrease of business costs The Agrokor Group is the largest private company in Croatia and one of the leading regional companies Apart from the Croatian companies, the Agrokor Group today also comprises companies from all over the region acquired during the last few years: Ledo Čitluk, Sarajevski kiseljak, Velpro Sarajevo, Frikom, Dijamant, Idea, Ledo Hungary and Fonyodi. Agrokor offers a superior service and pleasant shopping at reasonable prices through own network of modern and functionally equipped retail facilities. Why Agrokor does this?  To expand market (B&H, Serbia, Montenegro, Slovenia, Hungary etc.)  Specialized equipment or services may be needed for the industry, but are only supplied by other firms if the industry is large and concentrated.  Labor pooling: a large and concentrated industry may attract a pool of workers, reducing employee search and hiring costs for each firm.  Knowledge spillovers: workers from different firms may more easily share ideas that benefit each firm when a large and concentrated industry exists 8 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo References Agrokor http://www.agrokor.hr/en-GB/Naslovnica.html Carlton, D.W.& Perloff,J.M.(2005).Modern Industrial Organisation.Pearson 4th Edition Krugman,P.R. &Obstfeld,M.(2009).International Economics:Theory & Policy.Pearson 8th Edition 9 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1678 Title A name given to the resource Vertical Integration on the Example of Agrokor Author Author DRECA, Nađa Abstract A summary of the resource. This study will provide the explanation of the vertical integration, benefits and show the application of the vertical integration in the real business on the example of the Croatian company Agrokor. There are always important transactions between a multinational`s operations in different countries. The output of one subsidiary is often an input into the production of another. Or technology developed in one country may be used in others. Or management may usefully coordinate the activities of plants in several countries. Multinationals exist because it turns out to be more profitable to carry out these transactions within a firm rather than between firms. This means that multinationals engaged in internalization. If you want something done right, do it yourself. Many transactions are more profitably conducted within a firm rather than between firms. Also many activities in different countries may be usefully integrated in a single firm. One of example of vertical integrated firm in Balkan is Agrokor, Croatian company. In 1989 the joint-stock company Agrokor was registered. The Agrokor Group is the largest private company in Croatia and one of the leading regional companies Apart from the Croatian companies, the Agrokor Group today also comprises companies from all over the region acquired during the last few years: Ledo Čitluk, Sarajevski kiseljak, Velpro Sarajevo, Frikom, Dijamant, Idea, Ledo Hungary and Fonyodi. From this example it is seen that vertical integrated firms benefits to all participants in the process of production and performing business. Keywords: Vertical Integration, Multinational Company, Production, Subsidiary, Profitability. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-10 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 978-9958-834-23-3 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/e4eee159b31eefed0b7575072581f99f.docx 1c657eaeb3d20d2faf106a9de94390fe https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/bc59c82f929e706f2640a71375ce4331.pdf d4d1947ac59256ceb8ae47a0daf606b1 PDF Text Text ‘Vicarious’ Interaction in Efl Online Discussions: A Classroom Research Elena Onchevska Ager Ss Cyril and Methodius University/ Skopje, Republic of Macedonia Key words: e-learning, vicarious participation, student identities ABSTRACT In this talk, I will summarise my main learning moments from a classroom research into the quality of my undergraduate students‟ (n=50) participation in online platform discussions. I set up a Google Group as a noncompulsory e-component to my EFL course. This platform was envisaged as an opportunity for my students to alternatively contribute to the course by starting threads on topics of their interest or by commenting on existing threads. What caught my attention after observing their e-exchanges for a full academic year (2011/12) was that some students--albeit active in class--mostly stayed away from online activity. Others mysteriously disappeared from this online forum half way through the course. I was curious to explore the reasons for this, at times, strange (e-) behaviour among my students. I engaged in both first- and second-order research (Marton in Freeman, 1998), as I was keen on investigating both the quality of my students‟ exchanges and their perceptions of, and speculations about, their own behaviours. This classroom research shed local light on a global phenomenon: „vicarious interaction‟, i.e. observing the interaction between other participants without taking active part in it (Sutton, 2000). Some of my students‟ feedback supported Sutton‟s claim that “direct interaction is not necessary for all students” (p. 3) and that some might learn best via long periods of observation before actually joining the group at a visible level (if they join the group at all). Sutton strongly argues that participants should be given control over how they interact with other participants, to what extent and whether they interact at all. This realisation has changed the way I perceive face-to-face interaction in class, too (not only online interaction), and has the potential to carry implications for any teaching context, teacher training contexts included. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1742 Title A name given to the resource Vicarious’ Interaction in Efl Online Discussions: A Classroom Research Author Author AGER, Elena Onchevska Abstract A summary of the resource. Key words: e-learning, vicarious participation, student identities ABSTRACT In this talk, I will summarise my main learning moments from a classroom research into the quality of my undergraduate students‟ (n=50) participation in online platform discussions. I set up a Google Group as a non-compulsory e-component to my EFL course. This platform was envisaged as an opportunity for my students to alternatively contribute to the course by starting threads on topics of their interest or by commenting on existing threads. What caught my attention after observing their e-exchanges for a full academic year (2011/12) was that some students--albeit active in class--mostly stayed away from online activity. Others mysteriously disappeared from this online forum half way through the course. I was curious to explore the reasons for this, at times, strange (e-) behaviour among my students. I engaged in both first- and second-order research (Marton in Freeman, 1998), as I was keen on investigating both the quality of my students‟ exchanges and their perceptions of, and speculations about, their own behaviours. This classroom research shed local light on a global phenomenon: „vicarious interaction‟, i.e. observing the interaction between other participants without taking active part in it (Sutton, 2000). Some of my students‟ feedback supported Sutton‟s claim that “direct interaction is not necessary for all students” (p. 3) and that some might learn best via long periods of observation before actually joining the group at a visible level (if they join the group at all). Sutton strongly argues that participants should be given control over how they interact with other participants, to what extent and whether they interact at all. This realisation has changed the way I perceive face-to-face interaction in class, too (not only online interaction), and has the potential to carry implications for any teaching context, teacher training contexts included Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available IBU Publishing Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-03 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/404fdafbf5c23af9de9a543f691f33f7.docx 20b08bdf9418ad7c62b3e882a23369ca https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/70d59c127c5cb029f5bff514594d16b1.pdf e418dfd0a1fdedf53c770c91c47a186d PDF Text Text Views of Teachers on the Courses of Turkish as a First Language in Western Germany Cemal Yildiz Marmara University/ Istanbul, Turkey Key Words: Turkish as a First Language in Germany, Mother Tongue, Foreign Language, Teaching of Turkish. ABSTRACT The aim of this research is to investigate the views of the teachers of Turkish immigrant students in Germany towards the course of Turkish Language. The research has been carried out in accordance with the relational screening model during the summer of 2011. The population of the research was composed of teachers of immigrant students of Turkish origin between the ages of 11 and 18, who receive education at the 5th to 12th grades in various states of Germany (Baden-Württemberg, Lower Saxony, Bremen, Hamburg and Berlin). The sample included 92 teachers. In the study, two questionnaires prepared by the researcher were used in order to identify certain demographic features of the teachers concerned, as well as their views towards the course of Turkish Language. The first dimension of the questionnaire consisting of two dimensions includes items investigating personal background regarding the independent variables of the research. Apart from items investigating information related to teachers, in the questionnaires there is another dimension with open-ended items under 3 sub-dimensions entitled as Aims of Teaching Turkish to Students, Teaching and Using Turkish Activities, and Problems Encountered in Turkish Teaching and Suggestions. The analysis of the data was conducted through SPSS for Windows 15.0 package software. The statements found interesting were selected and interpreted by categorizing the responses to the questionnaire under the titles mentioned above. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1726 Title A name given to the resource Views of Teachers on the Courses of Turkish as a First Language in Western Germany Author Author YILDIZ, Cemal Abstract A summary of the resource. Key Words: Turkish as a First Language in Germany, Mother Tongue, Foreign Language, Teaching of Turkish. ABSTRACT The aim of this research is to investigate the views of the teachers of Turkish immigrant students in Germany towards the course of Turkish Language. The research has been carried out in accordance with the relational screening model during the summer of 2011. The population of the research was composed of teachers of immigrant students of Turkish origin between the ages of 11 and 18, who receive education at the 5th to 12th grades in various states of Germany (Baden-Württemberg, Lower Saxony, Bremen, Hamburg and Berlin). The sample included 92 teachers. In the study, two questionnaires prepared by the researcher were used in order to identify certain demographic features of the teachers concerned, as well as their views towards the course of Turkish Language. The first dimension of the questionnaire consisting of two dimensions includes items investigating personal background regarding the independent variables of the research. Apart from items investigating information related to teachers, in the questionnaires there is another dimension with open-ended items under 3 sub-dimensions entitled as Aims of Teaching Turkish to Students, Teaching and Using Turkish Activities, and Problems Encountered in Turkish Teaching and Suggestions. The analysis of the data was conducted through SPSS for Windows 15.0 package software. The statements found interesting were selected and interpreted by categorizing the responses to the questionnaire under the titles mentioned above. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available IBU Publishing Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-03 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 860 Title A name given to the resource Violation of the Gender Stereotypes and the Readers' Bewilderment in Shelley's the Cenci Author Author Rahmani , Hussein Ghiasian , Maryam Abstract A summary of the resource. The Cenci is the embodiment of Cenci and Beatrice's struggle for power and dominance. From the outset, the reader is informed about Cenci’s making abuse of power to perform whatever he wishes; he exonerated himself from charges by using his money and gold. Cenci's daughter, Beatrice, revolts against his absolute power and invites her mother, to disregard the expectations of society with which they should comply. Her speech in the play is at odd with the stereotypical assumptions about the language of women and thus not appropriate for her gender; her behaviour like that of Antigone destabilized gender roles, and her tragic doom might be because her "gender-bending" behaviour; she was not a womanly woman rather she transgressed to the domain of power, which is "always and only patriarchal." Her punishment takes place off-stage, in the Cenci's palace but what the punishment is, is never uttered, yet it can be inferred from the Beatrice’s behaviour that it was sexual violence. Accordingly she decides to venture on parricide. After murdering her father, the authority at home, she has to encounter the authority in society, the church and its administrator, the Pope. So much like her father Beatrice rejects that she employed Marzio; but in her forcing Marzio with her persuasive speeches, which “according to Payne “is a source of power, she becomes equal to her father. Now through her "resenting eyes" and her persuasive speech she mesmerizes Marzio. It is as if power entails domination and silencing the subordinates. The reader is afflicted with a kind of indecisiveness and bewilderment for he has already broke with Cenci and comes close to Beatrice but soon understands he has to keep away from her as well for revenge is a blind aimless deed. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed P Philology. Linguistics Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 764 Title A name given to the resource Violence and hatred in Emily Brontë’s Wuthering Heights Author Author Kurspahić, Ajla BASTUG, Harun Abstract A summary of the resource. It is very difficult to make decisions, especially when one's future depends on it. The focus of this research is on elaborating the elements of violence and hatred in Emily Brontë’s only novel, Wuthering Heights. Catherine, the heroine of the story, has to make a choice. She makes a mistake marrying Edgar Linton, leaving her true love, Heathcliff. The consequences of her mistake are tragical and cause suffering to all characters in the novel. Strong and passionate love leads to extreme hatred and eventually violence that destroy the lives of everyone in the story. These elements are an essential part of not only the storyline, but also its characters' personalities. The statements are followed by clear examples from the unabridged version of the book. For the sake of better understanding, the research is divided into three main parts; the elements of violence and hatred in the early years of the main characters, their adulthood, and the lives of their children. The violence and harshness of the weather and landscape, and the symbolism of the word Wuthering in terms of the main topic are included. Love and hatred run side by side, and the borderline between them is so thin that under bad circumstances, even the strongest love turns into selfishness and hatred. Still, the underlying reasons for these emotions to interweave are emphasized in this research paper. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed P Philology. Linguistics https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/01e2f3b74c7e0e9257877c5944effe88.pdf 4f5e793db594dcd03ab53848a1547031 PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Virtual banking: An Overview Muhammet Özcan Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey Murat Serçemeli Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey Ensar Ağırman Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey Reşat Karcıoğlu Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey rkarci@atauni.edu.tr M. Dursun Kaya Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey dursun@atauni.edu.tr Virtual banking can be defined as a bank without branch which offers its services by means of individual computers or electronic tools, ATM and telephone. As virtual banks can’t put up with the cost of branch opening, they offer the savings obtained from the costing to their customers as high saving interest. In the study, it will be mentioned from the definition of virtual banking to its advantages and disadvantages, and samples of virtual banks in the world, the superiority in costing per operation in comparison with traditional banking. In conclusion, thanks to virtual banking, situation of earn and earn will occur, and costing in banking system will reduce, and this will reflect to the customers positively. Keywords: Virtual Banking, Internet Banking, Traditional Banking. 210 � https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/57e73fd1d6d1fe5311242d829373cd2e.docx eeb567702bd78538fe4611ffbdc58f22 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/25e3371f426c01616dcaebdeff685026.pdf c80912da97ed2ff4bd83264e01cef2bb PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Virtual Banking: An Overview Muhammet Özcan Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey Murat Serçemeli Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey Ensar Ağırman Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey Reşat Karcıoğlu Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey rkarci@atauni.edu.tr M. Dursun Kaya Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey dursun@atauni.edu.tr Abstract Virtual banking can be defined as a bank without branch which offers its services by means of individual computers or electronic tools, ATM and telephone. As virtual banks can’t put up with the cost of branch opening, they offer the savings obtained from the costing to their customers as high saving interest. In the study, it will be mentioned from the definition of virtual banking to its advantages and disadvantages, and samples of virtual banks in the world, the superiority in costing per operation in comparison with traditional banking. In conclusion, thanks to virtual banking, situation of earn and earn will occur, and costing in banking system will reduce, and this will reflect to the customers positively. Keywords: Virtual banking, internet banking, traditional banking Introduction Today is called “Technology Time.” The developments in technology offer many different possibilities to business world. Banking sector as one of the world’s largest sectors is one of the sectors using technology more. The majority today’s banking operations are made through the Internet rather than branches. Internet banking have emerged at the last 12 years, but a research about consumer’s payments shows that there is an increase of 50% in using internet banking of internet surfers. Dream a bank that can be reached easily from your house, office or anywhere you have a smartphone. Virtual bank which offer their banking services by the electronically appliance as ATM, phone, PC or Internet can be defined as a bank without branch. Virtual banks remedy to customer’s problems about security, learning and using easily, functionality, credibility. Virtual banking becomes a focus that makes an effort in order to gain traction of customers and make them glad. This is clear that virtual banking has an important place in future of banking sectors. 1 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Traditional banks reflect to their customer’s cost of opening branches as cost and interest rate. However Virtual Bank’s costs are lower than traditional banks, because Virtual Bank doesn’t need to branch network. It provides operational cost effectiveness, so that we higher lend to interest for your deposits. Just because of this banks are fort his, aren’t they? Advantages of Virtual Banking 1) Provide a useful way for banking operation: Virtual banks provide to their customers lower cost than traditional banks, useful and flexible scope. 2) Flexible virtual banking system: Customer can check his bank account entering username and password in bank’s web site. 3) Security: These banks have got state guarantee so far as a certain amount as in our country. 4) Time factor: One of the reasons of customers prefer to virtual banking is saving time. 5) Access to information on time: Virtual banking provides information as interest rate, checking account, calculating of credit eligibility on time. 6) Saving operation cost: Virtual banking is in terms of the most appropriate than banking system. 7) Digital sign for security: Digital sign is a precaution for preventing bribery and being theft of information. 8) Faster transfer: Basic advantage of virtual banking is being able to reach all operation about money every time and everywhere. 9) Easy occupation and user-friendliness: One of the reasons that customers prefer virtual banking is being useful at his research; Cooper (1997) determined that being useful is one of the three important factors according to customers for evaluating product and service. 10) Cheaper charge of operation: There are two costs at virtual banking. The first one is charge of connection to the Internet; the latter is charge of banking. Customer’s ideas are determined by these two costs. 11) Being able to check data about operations at current and retrospective: It is possible that at current and retrospective information of credit card and customers account can be reached easily. 12) Sensitivity to environment: Virtual banking is also sensitive to environment. There isn’t waste of paper in electronic operations. Vehicle traffic is reduced, as 2 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo a result of this environment pollution is reduced requirement of building and office requisites are also reduced. Disadvantage of Virtual Banking 1) Access cost: Internet banking is an investment that access cost is high. 2) Difficulty of learning: Firstly surfing on the banking web sites can be difficult. 3) Mobility of banking web sites: The biggest banks also have to update their online programs by adding some features them. So customers have to update their information about this again. 4) The bank relations: Traditional banking provides possibility to establish one to one relationship with bank to customers when customer’s financial situation changes, a manager of bank can restructure customer’s payment with his/her discretional power. In virtual banking, there isn’t one to one relationship with customers, so it’s impossible. 5) Possibility about the operations: Traditional banks can solve problems with special meeting for special situations by experts. What is the Difference between the Virtual Banking with the Internet Banking? In fact, service of Internet banking is the same logic as service of virtual banking. In virtual banking, there isn’t branch as physical. Traditional banks offer service of Internet banking. Because there aren’t branches as physical, there isn’t outlay as rent, electric, paper, tea, staff etc. Virtual banks offer them as high deposit interest to their customers. Table 1:Changing the number of operations and active customers in Turkey Internet banking Year Number of Active Customers 2006 2834223 2012 12075545 Changing (%) Number of Operations Changing (%) 38033000 426,06 104871000 Source: Banking Operation Costs (June, 2012) 3 275,73 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Table 2: Comparing with traditional banking’s and virtual banking’s interest rate The Deposit Size Less than 10000$ 10000$ - 24999$ 25000$ - 49999$ 50000$ - 99999$ More than 100000$ Bank of America (%) 0,10 0,15 0,18 0,20 0,20 Virtual Bank.com 0,70 0,70 0,73 0,78 0,83 System being done operation Branch Costing per number of operation 1,07$ The total amount 112211970 Phone ATM The Internet 0,52$ 0,27$ 0,01$ 54532920 28315170 1048710 Results In the world becoming global, using virtual banking become unavoidable to be different and permanent as a result of technological developments. Number of Internet users in Turkey is about 35 millions. Turkey is the 12th country in the world and the 4th country in Europe with this number. The institutions and people trade on the Internet during 7/24 and they want to do their banking operations too. At a last research about Internet users in our country, although there is an increase of 50% in rate of using Internet banking, there isn’t a business as a virtual bank. There is an increase of 426% in number of customers doing online operation between the years of 2006-2012. This shows us the potential of virtual banking in our country. Neither customer nor banking system can benefit from advantage of virtual banking for online banking in our country offering with traditional banking to customers. With using virtual banking in our country, situation of earn and earn will occur. And cost will be reduced in banking system and this will be positive for bank customers, too. Developing and growing in banking sector will affect the entire finance sector. Virtual banking will accelerate the growth of Turkish banking sector. In conclusion, thanks to virtual banking, decline of banking operation cost will affect all real sector positively. References The Adoption Of Virtual Banking: An Empirical Study Shaoyi Liao! Yuan Pu Shao!, Huaiqing Wang!, Ada Chen" Safya 1,2 1999 The Pros And Cons Of Internet Bankıng: A Short Revıew Ioannis Koskosas 54.55.56 2011 https://www.virtualbank.com/Banking/MoneyMarket.html 4 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo http://www.tbb.org.tr/tr/Banka_ve_Sektor_Bilgileri/Tum_Raporlar.aspx https://www.bankofinternet.com/bofi/about/why_bank_of_internet.aspx 5 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1679 Title A name given to the resource Virtual banking: An Overview Author Author OZCAN, Muhammet SERCEMELI, Murat AGIRMAN, Ensar KARCIOĞLU, Reşat M. DURSUN, Kaya Abstract A summary of the resource. Virtual banking can be defined as a bank without branch which offers its services by means of individual computers or electronic tools, ATM and telephone. As virtual banks can’t put up with the cost of branch opening, they offer the savings obtained from the costing to their customers as high saving interest. In the study, it will be mentioned from the definition of virtual banking to its advantages and disadvantages, and samples of virtual banks in the world, the superiority in costing per operation in comparison with traditional banking. In conclusion, thanks to virtual banking, situation of earn and earn will occur, and costing in banking system will reduce, and this will reflect to the customers positively. Keywords: Virtual Banking, Internet Banking, Traditional Banking. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-10 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 978-9958-834-23-3 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/a62df26b55a5a908bbee38a37065a47a.docx 1d39aaa9fc56b4a2c296a07047c198c4 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/5d6a04f27417c0bb9fa74b2c64b748a1.pdf e7a54a6c1c8af5a96e3d03beff725ba3 PDF Text Text �    ������1. 2. �3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. �� Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 3143 Title A name given to the resource Visoko obrazovanje: Izazovi i perspektive u moderno doba Author Author NANIĆ, Husein Abstract A summary of the resource. Visoko obrazovanje u Bosni i Hercegovini, kao i u Europi suočava se sa brojnim izazovima kao što su: poboljšanje kvaliteta i usklađivanje poučavanja i učenja sa širim društvenim potrebama te potrebama tržišta rada, prilagođavanje globalizaciji i povećanju broja studenata i institucija visokog obrazovanja u cijelom svijetu, povećanje i širenje pružanja visokog obrazovanja upotrebom novih tehnologija kao što su mrežni kursevi te virtuelno ili mješovito učenje. Autor daje osvrt na trenutno stanje visokog obrazovanja u Bosni i Hercegovini, poteškoćama kroz koje prolaze željene reforme, koje mijenjaju ustaljenje načine rada i mogu obezbjediti visokom obrazovanju u Bosni i Hercegovini napredak i preduslov su za što brži pristup Evropskoj uniji. Najviše pažnje u radu će biti posvećeno promovisanju europskih principa visokog obrazovanja, te o potrebnoj podršci, koju treba pružiti visokoškolskim ustanovama da budu kreativnije, inovativnije, da razviju kritičko razmišljanje i da stvaraju odgovorne diplomante. Evropska budućnost visokog obrazovanja u BiH nije samo cilj, to je i obaveza koja uključuje zajedničko djelovanje i sinergiski nastup visokoškolskih ustanova, akademske zajednice, resornih ministrstava i Agencije za razvoj visokog obrazovanja i osiguranje kvalieta. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Pravni fakultet Univerziteta u Bihaću i Centar za društvena istraživanja Internacionalnog Burč univerziteta Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed K Law (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/9c78813c8b7f13ef93fbc3fb27a61058.docx 7a3261dac4851f433ca50a0827d9765c https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/6b5e17434dd383f3f01f48a529ae6fdc.pdf b7c1db2381f0e5e6a5795be710eb0208 PDF Text Text �������  ����� Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 3144 Title A name given to the resource Visoko obrazovanje: izazovi i perspektive u moderno doba Author Author TRGIĆ, Bojan KAZIMIROVIĆ, Ranka Abstract A summary of the resource. Obrazovanje je nešto što je svojstveno samo ljudskom rodu. Životinje uče nagonski, a ljudi uče uz pomoć uma, kao manifestacije ljudskog roda, opet samo njemu svojstvenom. Ovim tekstom ćemo pokazati da obrazovanje nije samo učenje i puko posjećivanje škole dok se taj ciklus ne završi. Vidjećemo koje je sve segmente obrazovanje prošlo od svog nastanka pa sve do danas. Kakvo je to savremeno obrazovanje i kako to rade zemlje kao što su Finska i druge skandinavske zemlje, kako to rade Japanci. Iz ovih sistema obrazovanja i školovanja u savremenom društvu, zapravo, ostale zemlje formulišu i svoje obrazovanje i školovanje. U tom kontekstu se i Bosna i Hercegovina može prepoznati, jer je zemlja u tranziciji koja se još traži-da budemo plastični. Naš bosanskohercegovački sistem obrazovanja prošao je nekoliko velikih reformi, koje su dovele do toga da neki profesori ne mogu to da prate, pa svako pravi svoj sistem, u kome najviše ispaštaju mladi, koji se nalaze u potrazi za znanjem. Na tom raskoraku dolazimo na Univerzitetsko obrazovanje, koje je priča za sebe. Dvije priče (javni i privatni fakulteti), a ni jedna srećna, savršena, produktivna. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Pravni fakultet Univerziteta u Bihaću i Centar za društvena istraživanja Internacionalnog Burč univerziteta Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed K Law (General)