335 10 3494 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/07b1f29d06468be3ab105c22812f5ea8.docx 4679302e34b40feb740e07cac9a7eb44 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/abc8811bdfd6741efcef204132a6cc3f.pdf 1e66593a51220aac1a56e62dd9701d54 PDF Text Text Utilization of Social Media in Business Advertising in Central Bosnia Canton Nafija Filipović International Burch University Bosnia and Herzegovina filipovic_nafija@hotmail.com Meliha Handžić International Burch University Bosnia and Herzegovina meliha.handzic@ibu.edu.ba Abstract: The purpose of this study is to investigate the utilization of social media in the context of business advertising in Central Bosnia Canton. Typically, companies in Bosnia and Herzegovina employ traditional advertising, but more recently these companies are starting to use social media for alternative advertising and consequently becoming more satisfied. Most of the companies are already developing efficient ways of promoting their goods and services through social media. The remaining ones are getting in touch with such technologies. This study used a survey method (online and via telephone) as the main research tool to examine 50 randomly chosen companies on their advertising strategies. The research model proposed for the study consisted of the following variables: perceptions, usage and effects of social media on business performance. The study found out that customer behavior, awareness of the potential of social media, positioning and building the brand of the company, all play an important role in the process of utilization of social media. On the basis of these study findings it can be concluded that social media has a substantial influence on people and businesses. It is taking a major role in advertising in Bosnia and Herzegovina. This developing trend provides a plenty of opportunities for future research. Keywords: Social media, advertising, perceptions, effects and usage of social media. 137 �137 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2598 Title A name given to the resource Utilization of Social Media in Business Advertising in Central Bosnia Canton Author Author FILIPOVIĆ, Nafija HANDŽIĆ, Meliha Abstract A summary of the resource. The purpose of this study is to investigate the utilization of social media in the context of business advertising in Central Bosnia Canton. Typically, companies in Bosnia and Herzegovina employ traditional advertising, but more recently these companies are starting to use social media for alternative advertising and consequently becoming more satisfied. Most of the companies are already developing efficient ways of promoting their goods and services through social media. The remaining ones are getting in touch with such technologies. This study used a survey method (online and via telephone) as the main research tool to examine 50 randomly chosen companies on their advertising strategies. The research model proposed for the study consisted of the following variables: perceptions, usage and effects of social media on business performance. The study found out that customer behavior, awareness of the potential of social media, positioning and building the brand of the company, all play an important role in the process of utilization of social media. On the basis of these study findings it can be concluded that social media has a substantial influence on people and businesses. It is taking a major role in advertising in Bosnia and Herzegovina. This developing trend provides a plenty of opportunities for future research. Keywords: Social media, advertising, perceptions, effects and usage of social media. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014-04 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-4564 H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/abe64c1576495e2c05427e6b3cbdcd70.pdf db0443009bffa567e421a3914fcb932c PDF Text Text Journal of Economic and Social Studies Utilizing Information Systems for Measuring Impact on Social Sustainability: Survey of Microcredit Organizations in Bosnia and Herzegovina Alica PANDZO Department of Information Systems Sarajevo School of Science and Technology Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina alica.pandzo@ssst.edu.ba Kemal TALJANOVIC Department of Information Systems Sarajevo School of Science and Technology Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina kemal.taljanovic@ssst.edu.ba Selma JAHIC Microcredit Foundation Partner Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina Abstract: Microfinance has been used selma@partner.ba as a tool for social sustainability and development since the 1970s. In microfinance, assessment of social sustainability is often conducted through client impact monitoring. This study explores the impact measurement practices of microcredit organizations in Bosnia and Herzegovina and their use of information systems in this process. We draw on the latest trends of using shared measurement systems for impact monitoring, to point out the potential of using such systems to achieve sustainable impact on wider social issues in Bosnia and Herzegovina. This paper outlines the roles and responsibilities that different stakeholders should play in the system development process. KEYWORDS: Microfinance, Microcredit, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Social Impact, Information Systems, ICT, Shared Measurement Systems. ARTICLE HISTORY Submitted: 4 July 2012 Resubmitted: 17 October 2012 Accepted: 5 November 2012 JEL codes: O32, G21 219 �Alica PANDZO, Kemal TALJANOVIĆ & Selma JAHIĆ Introduction Since its conception, microfinance has been promoted as an essential economic tool for social sustainability and poverty alleviation. Microfinance is based on a premise that providing financial services (most commonly in form of credit) to the most vulnerable populations, who would otherwise not have access to standard bank financing, would empower people to get out of poverty by capitalizing on their own skills and ideas. In developing and post-conflict countries, such as Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH), microfinance has been used as a tool to raise employment and revive economic activity by targeting micro-business by microcredit organizations (MCOs). This ‘bottom up’ approach has received popularity as an alternative to the traditional top-down approach used by international aid organizations to stimulate economic growth and development through various projects and funds delivered to governments of developing countries.1 Even though microfinance has been around since the 1970, there is still no agreement on the real impact of microfinance. While many studies have shown results of positive economic and social impact of microfinance (Dunn, 2005) the appropriateness of different tools and methods applied is often questionable and makes them impossible to compare. This has contributed to growing criticism of microfinance in recent years (Bateman 2007, 2010, 2011). A recent study assessing the use of microfinance in BiH (Welle-Strand et al., 2010) concludes that microfinance is a better tool for improving individual economic performance of micro finance institutions (MFI) and their individual clients, than for achieving broader social goals. What is clear is that amidst such hard times and controversy, having a clear social mission and the ability to track and measure organizations realization of that mission and goals, is of increasing importance for individual MCO and the microfinance sector as a whole. It is also clear that major social issues such as poverty or equality cannot be solved by any single institution or type of organization. Collaborative efforts and sharing of information and knowledge are needed. Journal of Economic and Social Studies 220 �Utilizing Information Systems for Measuring Impact on Social Sustainablity: Survey of Microcredit Organizations in Bosnia and Herzegovina The increasing capability and availability of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs), is allowing innovative solutions to be applied in this field supporting collaboration and resulting in resource and cost savings, while maximising outputs. The latest trends in impact measurement systems are the development of web-based systems which coordinate efforts of impact monitoring by many different organizations who share the same social goals. The goal of this study is to assess the current practices and potentials of using information systems to support realisation of social mission and goals of microfinance organizations in Bosnia and Herzegovina. In order to do this, we focus on answering the following research questions: 1. Do MCOs have a systematic approach to measuring their social performance and impact? 2. Do MCOs have the necessary ICT infrastructure and capabilities to support impact monitoring? 3. How can information systems be used to more accurately and efficiently measure social impact of microcredit at the level of BiH? We first provide an overview of microfinance as a tool of social sustainability and development and introduce the innovative ways in which ICTs are being used to facilitate/enhance the process of social performance and impact measurement. We then present the findings of an empirical study of social impact measurement practices among MCOs in BiH. Recommendations are given for strengthening social performance and impact monitoring practices of the microfinance sector in BiH by applying the most innovative ICT trends in the field. Overview of Microfinance Social sustainability and microfinance Social sustainability is an element of sustainable development which “occurs when the formal and informal processes, systems, structures and relationships actively support the capacity of current and future generations to create healthy and livable communities. Socially sustainable communities are equitable, diverse, connected and democratic and provide a good quality of life” (Barron and Gauntlett, 2002, pp.18). At a practical level, social sustainability assessment is often conducted through social impact assessment by focusing on principles such as income and employment, education, skills, consumption or participation (Oman and Spangerberg in Colantonio, 2009). 221 �Alica PANDZO, Kemal TALJANOVIĆ & Selma JAHIĆ Modern microfinance was pioneered in the late 1970’s by a Bangladeshi banker and economist, Muhammed Yunus, who used small credits as a way to provide self employment to people (primarily women) who had talent but no money. Such people could not access regular loan facilities through banks as they had no collateral, were unemployed or worked in the informal sector hence could not prove income generation. Hence, they would often fall prey to loan sharks charging huge interest rates (Kumar, 2010). The social objective most MCOs today is poverty alleviation, while many also focus on small business start-ups, employment generation, empowerment of women, increasing level of education among children and youth, etc. Poverty eradication is also the no.1 Millennium Development Goal (MDG) with a target of cutting extreme poverty in the world by half by the year 2015. To help achieve this goal, the UN designated 2005 as the International Year or Microcredit, with a goal of promoting access to finance to the poor. It is now estimated that 160 million people in developing countries are today served by microfinance through MFIs which range from small nonprofit organizations to large commercial banks. In addition to microcredit, some offer other services such as deposit, saving accounts, financial and business advice or marketing and technology services. The average interest rate charged by MFIs is 27%, which is significantly higher than what is charged by the banks (CGAP, 2006). High interest rates are justified by higher risk profile of this client category and high administrative costs of serving clients in remote areas Even though the terms 'social performance' and 'social impact' are often used interchangeably, it is important to stress the difference between the two. The Social Performance Taskforce defines social performance as “the effective translation of an institution’s mission into practice in line with accepted social values” so it is concerned with effectiveness of internal organisational processes in order to achieve the organisational mission. Social impact, is the improvement in the lives of people that can be directly linked to organizations activities (SPT, n.d.). Social impact is therefore just one element of social performance. Journal of Economic and Social Studies 222 �Utilizing Information Systems for Measuring Impact on Social Sustainablity: Survey of Microcredit Organizations in Bosnia and Herzegovina Microfinance in Bosnia and Herzegovina BiH has a population of 3.8 million (BiH Agency for Statistics, n.d.). Microfinance was first introduced to BiH in 1996, shortly after the war ended, through a Local Initiatives Microfinance Project (LIP I) financed by the World Bank and a number of donor countries. First MCOs issued loans to micro-businesses (both formal and informal), who were affected by the war and otherwise had no access to regular credit lines. Currently there are 23 MCOs registered in BiH, of which 19 are non-profit microcredit foundations (MCF) and 4 are profit microcredit companies (MCC). Both types of institutions are limited to providing credit services, while deposit taking is reserved only for banks. The Association of Microfinance Institutions (AMFI) was formally set up in 2003 as a network which promotes synergies and allows knowledge sharing and transparency between its members. Today, the 12 largest MCOs in BiH are members of AMFI and together they cover more than 98% of the market share in the country. After 10 years of flourishing growth, end of 2008 marked the start of a crisis for the microfinance sector in BiH. The downturn closely followed the 2008 economic crisis. The most quoted reason for it by industry experts is the over-indebtedness of clients. The over-indebtedness was caused by concentrated market competition and erosion of MFI lending discipline (Chen, Rasmussen, and Reille, 2010). At the end of 2011 the total portfolio of the microfinance sector in BiH was at EUR 308 million, which is drastically down from its peak of EUR 699 million at the end of 2008.The sector is now showing signs of improvement and recovery. Total MCO sector has recorded a profit in 2011 (EUR 6.9 million), after two years of significant sector losses (Banking Agency of FBiH and Banking Agency of RS, 2012). ICT Enabled Trends and Innovation There is quite a lot of guidance and information about tools and methods used for social performance monitoring (SIM Pilot project, 2008, pp.6), however there is very little about the use, effects and role of ICTs in supporting this process. As majority of MCOs operate in developing countries and remote areas they commonly have a problem with a lack of basic reliable ICT infrastructure and lack of local knowledge (Blantz, 2010). 223 �Alica PANDZO, Kemal TALJANOVIĆ & Selma JAHIĆ Another common problem of effective outcome measurement is that it is made up of isolated efforts, using non standardised methods and indicators, producing results which cannot be compared. Major social issues such as poverty or child education cannot be solved by efforts of any single program or type of organization. There is also a lot of duplication of effort, time and resources as organizations with the same objectives try to measure and evaluate their outcomes. Such issues, combined with the advancements in ICT have led many organizations to develop innovative webbased systems for coordinating efforts in measuring performance and outcomes of hundreds or thousands of social enterprises within a field (Kramer, Parkhurst, and Vaidyanathan, 2009). A report produced by FSG (Kramer et al, 2009) provides details of 20 such systems and groups them into three different categories, characteristics and benefits of which are summarised in the Table 1. Table 1. Characteristics and benefits of shared measurement systems Source: adapted from FSG report Journal of Economic and Social Studies 224 �Utilizing Information Systems for Measuring Impact on Social Sustainablity: Survey of Microcredit Organizations in Bosnia and Herzegovina Such systems can provide numerous advantages to all organizations with a social mission and a need to measure performance and outcomes, including MFIs. Setting up such systems requires strong leadership and engagement of different organizations in the design phase. It also requires substantial funding through a multi – layer development period (Kramer et al, 2009). Participating organizations often pay a fee to have access to data a report generation, while they also input their own data into the system. Research Methodology Current ICT capability and impact measurement practices of MCOs in BiH were studied using a survey questionnaire and follow-up interviews. The data was collected during March and April, 2012. The survey was sent to the person in charge of ICT (IT managers) in all 23 registered MCOs, however for most organizations marketing manager and IT managers both took part in completing the survey. The survey questions can be grouped in the following main areas: Organisational goals and services; ICT infrastructure, ICT use and management; Impact measurement process; Perceptions. Analysis of Results We received a total of 10 survey responses of which 6 were followed up with phone interviews. The survey response rate of 43% is considered satisfactory as the survey was sent to all existing BiH MCOs and the 10 institutions that have responded cover 75% percent of the microcredit market in BiH. One of the respondents is registered as a microcredit company, while the others are microcredit foundations. Figure 1 shows the distribution of surveyed MCOs. 225 �Alica PANDZO, Kemal TALJANOVIĆ & Selma JAHIĆ Figure 1. Size of MCOs according to portfolio size (left) and number of active loans (right) Organisational Goals The prime target market for 60% of respondents is the low income population and hence their primary development goals are poverty reduction and employment generation. Second highly ranked target market are women, followed by microbusinesses. On average, 68% of clients are from rural areas. Average loan amount issued is EUR 1,123. ICT Infrastructure and Spending Our results show that MCOs in BiH are overall well equipped with reliable ICT infrastructure. All credit officers and office staff have PCs and use PCs them in everyday tasks. 40% of organizations also supply their field credit officers with laptops and 30% with mobile or smart phones. All credit officers have e-mail accounts which they use daily and have access to internet at their offices. These are pleasing results considering that a survey of internet usage in BiH conducted by GFK in 2009, (UNDP, 2010, pp. 175) showed that only 30% of BiH companies have internet connections. 50% of MCOs have their offices linked via a VPN, while all offices have their PCs linked in a local network. MCOs employing over 50 staff, have IT/IS departments, whereas the smaller ones usually have one person in charge of all ICT in the organisation. Very little attention is paid to strategic use of information systems which is reflected by non existence of IT strategy in 70% of surveyed MCOs. Use of Journal of Economic and Social Studies 226 �Utilizing Information Systems for Measuring Impact on Social Sustainablity: Survey of Microcredit Organizations in Bosnia and Herzegovina cross functional information systems is also low. Enterprise Resource Planning system is implemented in one and Management Information Systems are used in 50% of the surveyed MCOs. None of the MCOs indicated use of CRM, GIS, DSS, KMS or Experts Systems. Impact Measurement Practices Only two of the survey participants, collect information which is used in social impact measurement. MCF EKI (EKI) was found to have a systematic approach to measuring impact of microcredit on poverty – their primary development goal. EKI’s strategic goal is to service 40% of poor clients, and at least 5% of these clients to achieve a significant improvement within 12 months of taking out a loan. In order to measure achievement of this end statement, EKI has developed its own poverty assessment method, which is used to categorise all clients at the time they first take out a loan. Indicators used in this categorization are: income, education, housing, formal employment, no. of children, place of residence and physical ability. A point scale is applied, and all client scoring over 6 points are categorized as poor. Twelve months later, a sample of 300 clients from the poor category are followed up in focus groups to assess whether there has been any significant improvement in their quality of life. To assess quality of life EKI uses a second set of indicators which include: monthly household income, possession of a car / PC / LCD, internet access, level of competed education, preventative healthcare, travel outside of place of residence, etc. EKI holds about 8 – 10 focus groups every year at different locations. The results are a combination of qualitative and quantitative data (MKF EKI, 2009). Field staff collects information from clients in paper form. Back at the office, the data is inputted into a web-based, in-house developed system for collecting and analyzing impact data. MCF Partner (Partner) was founded by Mercy Corps in late 2000. Partner is focused on creation of jobs, increased income and creating a more stable environment. Partner's target population is rural (84.91% of active clients) and women (42.62 % of active clients) (Partner, n.d). Partner has initiated the incorporation of social performance management (SPM) into all business processes, which include: strategic planning, client relationships (loyalty and adjusting our service and product offer to clients' needs), financial management, human resources, information systems and organisational culture. Poverty measurement tools used by Partner are per capita household expenditure and per capita household income. 227 �Alica PANDZO, Kemal TALJANOVIĆ & Selma JAHIĆ Another MCO, not included in our results, who has been actively managing its social performance and impact is MCF Prizma (Prizma). With 67,742 active borrowers, and employing over 250 staff, Prizma is also amongst the largest MCOs in BiH (Prizma MKF, n.d). Prizma explicitly targets poor entrepreneurs (primarily women). Like EKI, Prizma has developed its own poverty assessment scorecard which is used in poverty monitoring by assessing clients on entry and every time they take out a new loan. The following indicators are included as part of the poverty scorecard: education level of woman partner or household head, residence, employment status, family size, the frequency of the consumption of luxury foods (sweets and meat) and the ownership of a television, stereo and motor vehicle (IFAD, 2009, pp.35). Prizma also conducts exit monitoring twice a year, using semistructured interviews. The third component of Prizma’s social performance monitoring system are focus groups, used to obtain information on reaching, serving and impacting the target market (Crnkic, 2010). The Social Performance Management information system at Prizma is developed internally and consists of five core components: monitoring poverty outreach, monitoring the change of poverty status, exit monitoring, client satisfaction monitoring and focus group discussions. Perceptions The final section of the questionnaire looks at participants perceptions regarding the effectiveness of the outcome measurement process within their organisation, the use of ICT by staff in general and use of ICT to support the outcome measurement process. Table 2 show the average answers to those questions. Scale: 1- strongly disagree, 5 – strongly agree. Journal of Economic and Social Studies 228 �Utilizing Information Systems for Measuring Impact on Social Sustainablity: Survey of Microcredit Organizations in Bosnia and Herzegovina Table 2. Perceptions category averages Question a) The results of measuring the impact of microcredit are of great importance to strategic planning in our organisation b) The process of measuring impact is of crucial importance to our organisation c) My organisation has effective, systematic approach to measuring social impact on customers. d) My organisation is using ICT to support the process of social impact measurement in the best possible way e) Employees of my organisation are highly capable in conducting their everyday work tasks using a computer. f) Employees within my organisation are willing to accept new technologies and adjust to the new ways of carrying out their work. g) MIS in my organisation is highly effective for collecting, analysing and reporting on our social impact. h) The existing system for measuring impact of microcredit allows us for effective monitoring of the realisation of our strategic goals. i) The existing system for measuring impact of microcredit allows us to effectively evaluate our existing products and develop new products. j) Government of BiH should work more on setting up a system of social performance monitoring. k) Having access to a central database of social performance measures at the level of Bosnia and Herzegovina would be of great value to our organisation. l) We are willing to share the results of our measurements with other organizations for mutual benefits. Average 3.8 3.7 2.1 2 4 3.8 3.3 2.5 2.5 4.5 4.5 4.2 Some MCOs who in the previous section answered that they do not collect data that can be used for social impact measurement rated the effectiveness of their process and MIS in supporting the impact measurement process, fairly highly. We interpret this inconsistency as an indication of a lack of understanding of the social impact measurement process. A large majority of the MCOs agrees that a central database of social performance measures at the state level is needed (questions j. and k. in table 2). There is also a very high level of willingness to share the results of measurements with other organizations for mutual benefits (4.2). MCOs appear to have highly skilled IT staff and employees who are willing to embrace new technologies. Respondents were asked to rate which of the given issues pose the biggest obstacle to the optimisation of the social impact measurement process for their organisation. Table 3 shows the total points awarded to each issue. Scale: 1 – smallest issue, 5 – biggest issue. 229 �Alica PANDZO, Kemal TALJANOVIĆ & Selma JAHIĆ Table 3. Perceived obstacles for optimisation of the impact measurement process Stated issue Lack of coordination at the level of the sector Lack or inconsistency of legislation Lack of human resources for conducting field studies Lack of knowledge about impact measurement methods Lack of accurate information received from clients Lack of information about the benefits of impact studies for MCOs Lack of awareness about the need to measure impact Lack of financial resources Lack of skilled IT staff Lack of management support Total Points 44 42 38 36 34 32 30 30 26 20 Highest ranking issue was the lack of coordination at the level of the sector (44). This indicates that there is an agreement amongst MCOs about the need to pool efforts and minimise duplication. Lack of financial resources and field staff was rated as an issue by smaller MCOs. Lack of skilled IT staff and management support was consistently rated as a low issue across all MCOs. Discussion Our results show that MCOs in BiH are overall well equipped with reliable ICT infrastructure. MCOs also appear to have (based on their perceptions) highly skilled IT staff and employees capable of using ICT to perform their business tasks and willing to embrace new technologies. However, very little attention is paid to strategic use of information systems which is reflected by non existence of IT policy in 70% of surveyed MCOs. ICTs should be viewed as one of key organizational resources and not just as a support function or a cost. This means that ICT can play a crucial role in realisation of organizational goals. Organizational goals (social and financial) have to be aligned with IT goals and applications must be developed and implemented according to those plans in order to ensure that goals are achieved most efficiently. Overall, MCOs in BiH show a low commitment to systematically managing their social performance and measuring social impact. Majority do not have systems in place for assessing and tracking the realisation of their social mission. Reports and data presented on MCOs websites is focused on financial indicators, with social indicators being obviously neglected. MCOs need to put more effort into showing equal commitment to both elements of the double-bottom-line. This study found only three MCOs who have placed considerable Journal amountofofEconomic effort inand systematically Social Studies 230 �Utilizing Information Systems for Measuring Impact on Social Sustainablity: Survey of Microcredit Organizations in Bosnia and Herzegovina managing their social performance. All three are funded by international aid agencies for whom social performance is a key issue These MCOs have built notable internal expertise in managing social performance and two have developed their own measurement tools and methods such as the poverty assessment scorecard developed by MCF Prizma (IFAD, 2006 and Crnkic, 2010,) and MCF EKI (MKF EKI, 2009). During phone interviews 4 MCOs said that they had to put in a lot of time and effort into conducting assessment of market potential studies, as no statistical data was readily available. Availability of measure such as (household income, average pay, level of education, etc.) would have cut down on time and duplication of effort across MCOs. BiH has undergone many changes over the last 20 years, especially after the war in early 1990s .The last census was conducted just before the war broke out in 1992. Many people have migrated since then or have been displaced. Because of this lack of centrally managed data, there is a lot of duplication of effort and resources in the MCO and NGO sector in general. Centralised data is currently available through AMFI and the Central Bank of BiH. AMFI members quarterly report on financial data which is distributed to all members. The Central Credit Registry of Central Bank of BiH is a database off all individuals and legal entities in the country indebted with commercial banks, microcredit organizations, savings - credit organizations and Leasing. This registry is used for checking client credit history by the same institutions and the registry is updated daily since April 2012 (Public relations of CBBH, 2012). Conclusion and Recommendations The goal of this research was to assess the current practices of using information systems to support realisation of social mission and strategic goals of microfinance organizations in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Our findings show that the existing ICT infrastructure capabilities are at a pleasing level but they are not being effectively used by MCOs for monitoring and evaluating their social mission. We recommend that the best way to achieve better results in this field is by developing a shared measurement system for impact monitoring at the level of microcredit sector in BiH. Use of such system would enable the coordination of efforts within the microcredit 231 �Alica PANDZO, Kemal TALJANOVIĆ & Selma JAHIĆ sector which is necessary in order to achieve broader social goals. Further research is needed to investigate the most appropriate type of shared measurement system, impact measurement methodologies and measures that should be reported on. Implementation of such systems is not an easy task and relies on commitment from various stakeholders. We will try to briefly outline the possible responsibilities of those different stakeholders. Donors and creditors can play a big part by funding different phases of shared system development. They can also influence MCOs to pay more attention to achieving their social mission, by putting more weight on evidence of social performance management practices when providing future financing to MCOs. The association of microfinance institutions in BiH – AMFI has a big role to play in promoting, educating and raising awareness about social performance management practices among its members. They should further promote the achievements that some of their members have made in this field and encourage collaboration. AMFI could also be the central coordinator for the planning and development of the shared system of impact measurement at the sector level. Another possible coordinating body could be the Central Bank of BiH. Whoever decides to take on this complex task needs to show good leadership and coordination ability. A possible limitation could be the willingness of MCOs to provide social data on their clients and the regulatory limitations regarding privacy of information. Even though participants in our study indicated high level of willingness to share data, this should be further explored. Accuracy of data provided by clients may also be an issue, as indicated by participants of our study. Use of shared systems for impact measurement should be further explored by the microfinance sector in BiH as it has potential to play a key role in solving major social problems. Further research is needed to investigate the most appropriate type of shared measurement system, impact measurement methodologies and measures that should be reported on. Journal of Economic and Social Studies 232 �Utilizing Information Systems for Measuring Impact on Social Sustainablity: Survey of Microcredit Organizations in Bosnia and Herzegovina References Banking Agency of Federation of BiH. (2012). 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Impact of microcredit on clients in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Final report, Sarajevo and Banja Luka: LIP II. Retrieved from http://www.europeanmicrofinance.org/data/file/benchmark/Impacts_of_microcredit_on_clients_in_BiH. pdf BiH Agency for statistics. (n.d). Retrieved from http://www.bhas.ba/ Blantz, E. (2010). Accelerating microfinance impact with ICT: Learning from Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and Sierra Leone. San Francisco, CA: Inveneo. Retrieved from http://www.inveneo.org/download/accelerating_microfinance_impact_with_ict_03_ 2010.pdf 233 �Alica PANDZO, Kemal TALJANOVIĆ & Selma JAHIĆ CGAP. (2006). Why do MFIs charge high interest rates? http://www.cgap.org/p/site/c/template.rc/1.26.1309/ Retrieved from Chen, G., Rasmussen, S., & Reille, X. (2010). Growth and Vulnerabilities of Microfinance. Washington,DC: CGAP. Retrieved from http://www.microfinancegateway.org/gm/document-1.9.42432/Growth and Vulnerabilities.pdf Colantonio, A. (2009). Social sustainability. Linking research to policy and practice. Paper presented at the conference “Sustainable development: A challenge for European research”, Brussels, 26- 26th May 2009. Crnkic, K. (2010). Managing social performance through integrated approach – Prizma case study. Collection of monographs No.13. Madrid, Spain: Foro nantik lum de microfinanzas. ISBN: 978-84-693-2691-6. IFAD, (2006). Assesing and managing social performance in microfinance. Rome, Italy: IFAD. Retrieved from http://www.ifad.org/ruralfinance/pub/performance.pdf Kramer, M., Parkhurst, M., & Vaidyanathan L. (2009). Breakthroughs in shared measurement and social impact. FSG Social Impact Advisors. Retrieved from www.fsg.org Kumar, V. (2010, April 15). Need to draw a line between microfinance and loan sharking: Prof Yunus. Microfinance focus. Retrieved from http://www.microfinancefocus.com/news/2010/04/15/need-to-draw-a-line-betweenmicrofinance-and-loan-sharking-prof-yunus/ MKF EKI. (2009). Changes in poverty lines. Retrieved from http://www.mixmarket.org/sites/default/files/EKI_Changes_in_poverty_lines_for_ MIX.doc Partner MKF, (n.d) http://www.partner.ba Partner Microcredit Foundation. Retrieved from Prizma MKF. (n.d). Welcome to the Microcredit Foundation Prizma. Retrieved from http://www.prizma.ba/index.php?lang=en Journal of Economic and Social Studies 234 �Utilizing Information Systems for Measuring Impact on Social Sustainablity: Survey of Microcredit Organizations in Bosnia and Herzegovina Public relations of CBBiH. (2012). Daily updating of the Central credits registry. Central Bank of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Sarajevo 26.04.2012. Retrieved from http://www.cbbh.ba/index.php?id=809&lang=en Social Performance Taskforce (SPT). (n.d) What is social performance? Retrieved from http://www.sptf.info/what-is-social-performance SIM pilot project. (2008). Social impact measurement: Project document. Results of a pilot project to develop a tool for measuring social impact of microfinance. Dakar Fann, Senegal: INAFI International Foundation. United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). (2010) eGovernanace and ICT Usage Report for South East Europe - 2nd Edition, Sarajevo: UNDP Welle-Strand, A., Kjollesdal, K. & Sitter, N. (2010). Assesing microfinance: The Bosnia and Herzegovina case. Journal Managing global transitions, 8 (2) 145 – 166. University of Primorska, Faculty of Management. Retrieved from http://www.bi.edu/OsloFiles/MICRO/2010/Assessing%20Microfinance.pdf (Endnotes) 1 The traditional top-down approach provides large sums of aid to governments of developing countries, with benefits expected to trickle down to citizens. However a large percentage of the aid is lost in costly logistics, political interference and corrupt practices. The bottom-up approach consists of issuing aid (in form or loans) directly to individual citizens. 235 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1395 Title A name given to the resource Utilizing Information Systems for Measuring Impact on Social Sustainability: Survey of Microcredit Organizations in Bosnia and Herzegovina Author Author Alica , Pandzo Kemal, TALJANOVIC Selma, JAHIC Abstract A summary of the resource. Microfinance has been used as a tool for social sustainability and development since the 1970s. In microfinance, assessment of social sustainability is often conducted through client impact monitoring. This study explores the impact measurement practices of microcredit organizations in Bosnia and Herzegovina and their use of information systems in this process. We draw on the latest trends of using shared measurement systems for impact monitoring, to point out the potential of using such systems to achieve sustainable impact on wider social issues in Bosnia and Herzegovina. This paper outlines the roles and responsibilities that different stakeholders should play in the system development process. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General),HB Economic Theory,HG Finance https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/705b053c30a082f4aed6ec420b57c38e.docx 23095cee8fa55a6e370e3a54ae1d0086 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/5a3886c4f2791156d286a26c1fc3f4be.pdf 208ee1eab4706964267ebaf627f28454 PDF Text Text Prof. dr. Kadrija Hodžić Ekonomski fakultet Univerziteta u Tuzli Doc. dr. Edin Osmanbegović Ekonomski fakultet Univerziteta u Tuzli UVOD U POLITIČKU EKONOMIJU KORUPCIJE U URUŠENIM TRANZICIJSKIM DRUŠTVIMA Sažetak Autori polaze od teze da je korupcija u urušenim tranzicijskim društvima, što dokazuju na primjerima Bosne i Hercegovine, Srbije i Crne Gore, pravilo sa kvalifikacijama "sistem(at)ske bolesti." Sistem(at)ski uzroci korupcije inicirani su i produbljeni obrisima tranzicione krize, koju karakteriziraju uslovi za pohranjivanje korupcije: institucionalna neizgrađenost društva, produbljeni nivo siromaštva i nepripremljena privatizacija. Povijesno-kulturološki okvir u kome su se ove zemlje razvijale dodatno komplicira percepciju korupcije. Dok u Bosni i Hercegovini ovi izvori leže u novom (temeljem Daytonskog ugovora) etnički razdjeljenom ustrojstvu državne zajednice i primjenjenom obrascu neoliberalnog razvoja, u kome političko nacionalne elite svoju korumpiranost pokrivaju divergentnim vizijama o Bosni i Hercegovini, u Srbiji se korupcija veže za jednonacionalnu „partijsku državu“ i državnu regulaciju, a u Crnoj Gori korupcija proizilazi iz tradicionalističkog, homogenog društva, karakterističnog po političkom uvezivanju obiteljskih klanova i posebne crnogorsko arhaične institucije kumstva. Ostatak regiona Zapadnog Balkana (Albanija, Kosovo), bez obzira na izvjesne napretke, ima još veću podložnost korupciji. U na ovaj način urušenim tranzicijskim društvima korupcija je postala uobičajeni «način života». Budući da je pitanje korupcije povezano i u sprezi je sa organizovanim kriminalom (uvezanog ili iniciranog sa nivoa političke i ekonomske moći) problem korupcije, po pravilu, ima i regionalnu dimenziju. Nijedno od tri pomenuta društva, kao ni većina ostalih u ambijentu Zapadnog Balkana ne mogu sama rješavati ovaj problem, pa autori upučuji na primjenu međunarodnih standarda i pomoć međunarodnih institucija, koji će pomoći izgradnju normativne infrastrukture u cilju suzbijanja korupcije, ali i doprinijeti poticaju ekonomskog rasta i održivoj demokratiji civilnog 43 �Kadrija Hodžić, Edin Osmanbegović: UVOD U POLITIČKU EKONOMIJU KORUPCIJE U URUŠENIM TRANZICIJSKIM DRUŠTVIMA društva. Autori skreću pažnju i na otvorene teorijsko-ideološke dileme o prirodi nastanka korupcije. Dilema je upravljena na izbor između dva pristupa: (1) da li se korupcija veže za nesposobnost vlada da kroz pravni sistem uspostave efikasne kontrole javnih tokova i onemogućavanja korišćenja javne službe za privatne ciljeve, ili se (2) korupcija veže za nepostojanje tržišta i otvaranje prostora za uspostavljanje monopola u odlučivanju. Od odgovora na ovu dilemu umnogome ovise konceptualiziranja strategija i mjera sprječavanja korupcije. U prvom slučaju, odgovor u pojednostavljenom iskazu podrazumjeva uspostavljanje jake države i vlade spremne da se uhvati u koštac sa korupcijom (dakle, povećane javne kontrole i razine regulacija), a u drugom, odsustvo monopola (dakle, širenje slobode tržišta). Ovu dilemu autori prevazilaze s tezom da je moguće prevazići korupciju ako ustanovimo da je "jaka država", zapravo, neophodna radi nesmetanog funkcioniranja tržišnog mehanizma i njegovih osnovnih institucija, prije svega zaštite svojine i ugovora, a ne radi uspostavljanja levijatanske birokracije. Ključne riječi: korupcija, tranzicija, urušena tranzicijska društva, „balkansko društvo“, Bosna i Hercegovina, Crna Gora, Srbija. 44 �ZBORNIK RADOVA - Međunarodna naučna konferencija „Javni i privatni aspekti nužnih pravnih reformi u BiH: Koliko daleko možemo ići?“ INTRODUCTION TO THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF CORRUPTION IN A WEAKENED TRANSITIONAL SOCIETES Abstract The authors thesis revolves around the issue of corruption in transitional countries and underlines the examples of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia and Montenegro. Moreover, they define corruption as a «systematic disease» in the above mentioned countries. Systematic causes of corruption are initiated and intensified by transitional crises, characterized by: lack of proper institutional development, deep rooted level of poverty and unprepared privatization. While in Bosnia and Herzegovina, these sources lie in the new (Agreement in Dayton) ethnically divided in the organization of the state union and implemented neoliberal model of development, in which the national political elite corruption cover their divergent term visions of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, corruption is bound to uninational "party state" and state regulation, and Montenegro corruption stems from the traditionalist, homogeneous society, characterized by its political linking family clans and special Montenegrin archaic institution godfather. The rest of the Western Balkans (Albania, Kosovo), regardless of some progress, there is an increased susceptibility to corruption. In this way corruption in weakened transitional societies has become «ordinary»way of life. Since the problem of corruption is closely related to organized crime (organized and/or initiated from the top level of political or economic power) corruption has also become a regional problem. The above mentioned societies of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Montenegro cannot solve the problem of corruption on their own, rather as authors suggest, international organizations shoud provide aid in the form of construction of normative infrastructure aimed at eradication of corruption. In addition, this type of aid should bring about the progress of economic development and sustainable democracy of civil society. The authors draw attention to the open theoretical and ideological dilemmas about the nature of the occurrence of corruption. The dilemma is directed to a choice between two approaches: (1) to the legal whether corruption is linked to the inability of the government system to establish effective control of public flows through the legal system and prevent the use 45 �Kadrija Hodžić, Edin Osmanbegović: UVOD U POLITIČKU EKONOMIJU KORUPCIJE U URUŠENIM TRANZICIJSKIM DRUŠTVIMA of public office for private goals, or (2) the corruption is linked to the lack of market and to the possibility of establishing a monopoly in decisionmaking. Forming strategies and measures for preventing corruption depends largely on the answers to this dilemma. In the first case, the answer in a simplified statement, implies the establishment of a strong state and government prepared to grapple with corruption (i.e., an increased level of public scrutiny and regulation), and second, the absence of monopoly (i.e., the expansion of the free market). Authors solved this dilemma with the thesis that it is possible to prevent corruption prevail if we establish that a "strong state", in fact, is necessary for the functioning of the market mechanism and its basic institutions, primarily to protect property rights and contracts, and not to establish a leviathan -bureaucracy. Key words: corruption, transitional, weakened transitional societies, "Balkan society," Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, and Serbia. 46 �ZBORNIK RADOVA - Međunarodna naučna konferencija „Javni i privatni aspekti nužnih pravnih reformi u BiH: Koliko daleko možemo ići?“ UVOD: KORUPCIJA – ODAKLE DOLAZI I KAMO IDE? Korupcija je teška društvena bolest od koje nije imuna, gotovo, ni jedna zemlja na svijetu, zbog čega je problem korupcije, s pravom, označen «problemom stoljeća»,1 iako je korupcija, kako u svom sažimanju opće povijesti korupcije pokazuje C.A. Brioschi2, povijesna konstanta od vremena prvih civilizacija do današnjih demokratskih oblika vladavine. Od prvog (1995) do posljednjeg izvještaja International Transparensy-a (2012) zadržana je konstatacija o korupciji kao „glavnoj prijetnji s kojim se suočava čovječanstvo“, koja „razara živote i zajednice, i potkopava zemlje i institucije“ i „prijeti da će dodatno destabilizirati društva i pogoršati nasilne sukobe.3 Ako se pođe od standardne ekonomske metodologije i zanemare pristupi moralisanja kao osnove analize i kritike korupcije, onda se prema Begovićevom pristupu analitičkog tretmana korupcije artikuliraju četiri uobičajena metodološka temelja ekonomske teorije:4 prvi se odnosi na mogućnost izbora od strane pojedinaca, tj. pitanje hoće li se upustiti u korupciju ili ne; drugi ukazuje na uvjerenje da je pojedinac prilikom izbora osjetljiv na podsticaje iz okruženja, tj. da u zavisnosti od njih uobličava svoju odluku; treći pokazuje da pojedinac prilikom donošenja odluke hoće li se uključiti u korupciju polazi od podsticaja tako što vrši kalkulaciju o potencijalnim koristima i troškovima te akcije, trudeći se da maksimira svoju funkciju korisnosti; i četvrti metodološki temelj se odnosi na analitičara na čijoj ravni korupcija nije uvijek „loša sama po sebi, već tek onda kada se pokaže da su njeni ukupni (neto) efekti negativni“. Tek takav vrijednosno neutralan, „hladan pristup“, kako ga Begović označava, omogućuje racionalnu analizu korupcije i njenih efekata, daleko bolju nego onaj sentimentalno-moralistički. Na pojavu korupcije utiču mnogi faktori društvene, ekonomske, političke, kulturne i obrazovne strukture, odnosno podstrukture. Međutim, 1 Korupcija i mito su označeni „problemom stoljeća“ na Međunarodnoj konferenciji o sprječavanju mita i korupcije, koja je održana u Istanbulu 16-17 aprila 2005. godine. 2 Brioschi, C.A. (2007), Kratka povijest korupcije, MATE, Zagreb. 3 Corruption Perceptions Index 2012. Full table and rankings. Transparency International. Retrieved: 4 February 2013., dostupno na www.transparency.org/research/cpi/overview. 4 Begović, B. (2007), Ekonomska analiza korupcije, CL DS, Beograd. 47 �Kadrija Hodžić, Edin Osmanbegović: UVOD U POLITIČKU EKONOMIJU KORUPCIJE U URUŠENIM TRANZICIJSKIM DRUŠTVIMA ostaje otvoreno teorijsko pitanje, koje zadire u ideološke vrijednosne sisteme, a koje otvara dilemu da li se, načelno, korupcija može vezati za (ne)sposobnost vlada da kroz pravni sistem uspostave efikasne kontrole javnih tokova i onemogućavanja korišćenja javne službe za privatne ciljeve, ili se korupcija veže za nepostojanje tržišta i otvaranje prostora za uspostavljanje monopola u odlučivanju. Od odgovora na ovu dilemu umnogome ovise konceptualiziranja strategija i mjera sprječavanja korupcije. U prvom slučaju, odgovor u pojednostavljenom smislu podrazumjeva uspostavljanje jake države i vlade spremne da se uhvati u koštac sa korupcijom (dakle, povećane javne kontrole i mreže regulacija), a u drugom, odsustvo monopola (dakle, širenje slobode tržišta). Ovu dilemu je, ipak, moguće prevazići ako ustanovimo da je "jaka država", zapravo, neophodna radi nesmetanog funkcionisanja tržišnog mehanizma i njegovih osnovnih institucija, prije svega zaštite svojine i ugovora, a ne radi uspostavljanja levijatanske birokracije. Ono što, u osnovi, korupcija ostavlja kao svoje ekonomske posljedice jesu ugrožavanje sigurnosti investicija (procjene u Italiji pokazuju da svaki stepen povećavanja razine korupcije smajuje priliv stranih ulaganja za 16 %), povećava transakcione troškove preduzeća, smanjeni ekonomski rast, povećava nezaposlenost, te u krajnjoj instanci, ugrožava kredibilitet funkcioniranja tržišta uopšte. Nivo korupcije je različit u svakom društvu. U razvijenim zemljama zapadne demokratije, naročito u zemljama sjeverne Evrope, sa razvijenim institucijama društva, uz prisutno socijalno povjerenje uključujući institucije za borbu protiv korupcije, takva negativna društvena pojava je ekcesno stanje, iako ni ovdje nisu rijetki slučajevi upletenosti „javnih“ dužnosnika u korupcijske afere.5 Najčešći razlozi manje izloženosti korumpiranosti ovih društava nalaze se u tzv. "skandinavskoj čestitosti", "protestantskoj etici“ ili pak povjerenju u državne institucije zbog kojih su građani ovih društava, npr., uvijek spremni plaćati poreze, čak iako se protive 5 U razvijenim zemaljama korupcija se najčešće veže za razne investicijske fondove, prikrivanje poreskih obaveza, bankarske korumptivne mahinacije i spregu politike i businessa. U razne korumptivne afere bili su upleteni i najviši političari, predsjednici stranaka ili premijeri u Španiji, Njemačkoj, Japanu, Francuskoj i Italiji, poput F. Gonzaleza, Kohla, Hosokawe, Shiraca i Jupuea, Berlusconija, pa do generalnog sekretara NATO-a Willy Claes-a i dr. Čak je i Majka Tereza bila optuživana za neprimjerene donacije. Vid. Brioschi, C.A. (2007), Kratka povijest korupcije, MATE, Zagreb. 48 �ZBORNIK RADOVA - Međunarodna naučna konferencija „Javni i privatni aspekti nužnih pravnih reformi u BiH: Koliko daleko možemo ići?“ njihovim povećanjima.6 U isto vrijeme, u zemljama u razvoju (gdje korupcija godišnje odnese izmedu 1-1,5 % nacionalnog dohotka) i tranzicijskim urušenim društvima korupcija je postala sastavni dio općeg društvenog stanja, redovna «sistemska bolest», proistekla iz manjkavosti institucionalnog uređenja, pri čemu ne treba smetnuti s uma ni kulturno-povijesni okvir društva u kome je moguća ova „sistemska greška“. Na razini opće pojavnosti najčešće se, ipak, govori o korupciji kao izrazu vladavine korumpirane politike. Uobičajeno, rasprave o korupciji polaze od aksiomatske štetnosti fenomena korupcije (ugrožavanje socijalnog i ekonomskog razvoja, lična korist na štetu javnog interesa, devalviranje vrijednosnih kriterija u društvu i sl.). Međutim, nasuprot čak i kvantificirane argumentacije da se korumpirana društva sporije razvijaju od nekorumpiranih7, postoje slučajevi korumpiranih zemalja sa visokim stopama ekonomskog rasta. Zemlje u tranziciji su posebno osjetljive na korupciju zbog toga što prolaze kroz fazu institucionalnog restrukturiranja, kada dolazi do bitnih izmjena u pravilima koja određuju ponašanje ekonomskih i političkih aktera. U pitanju je neminovni «inicijalni transformacioni šok» koji, po pravilu, nastaje u uslovima naglog napuštanja predhodnog društvenog sistema prije nego su izgrađene i prihvaćene instucije (socijalno-pravne, ekonomske) novog društvenog sistema. Poseban slučaj ove grupacije zemalja su zemlje Zapadnog Balkana, koje u kontekstu razmatranja korupcije svrstavamo u urušena tranzicijska društva. Kod slučaja ovih zemalja, mnogi autori ukazuju na „podložnost fenomenu korupcije“, što se očituju kroz nerazvijene institucionalne kapacitete za provođenje zakona i neizgrađenu demokratsku kulturu u društvu – odnosno prisutnu protodemokratiju, a što smo i podveli pod sintagmu sistem(at)ske korupcije.8 Ovakva situacija enormno podstiče i stvara široke mogućnosti za korupciju. Kada javne institucije ne funkcionišu prema jasnim i transparentnim pravilima i mehanizmima koji garantuju pozivanje na 6 Izvještaj o korupciji za 2010, Transparency International, prema: www.dw.de/koja-zemlja-jenajkorumpiranija-na-svijetu/a-6220568. 7 Mauro, P. (1995), Corruption and Growth, Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 110, August. 8 Vid.: Hodžić, K., Vukadinović, S. (2004), Korupcija kao sistem(at)ski projekat u urušenim tranzicijskim društvima (case study – Bosna i Hercegovina i Crna Gora), „Tranzicija“, Vol. VI, No 15. 49 �Kadrija Hodžić, Edin Osmanbegović: UVOD U POLITIČKU EKONOMIJU KORUPCIJE U URUŠENIM TRANZICIJSKIM DRUŠTVIMA odgovornost javnosti, lako mogu postati korumpirane i korištene za privatne potrebe. A jačanje institucija u tranzicijskim zemljama je osnovni preduslov suzbijanja korupcije. Budući da je korupcija u zemljama koje nastoje ostvariti društveni preobražaj veoma kompletan, opasan i raširen fenomen neophodno je formirati u državi, društvu i regionu široki antikorupcijski front. Koordinaranu aktivnost u antikorupcijskom frontu moraju ostvariti institucije države, kao i nevladinog i civilnog sektora. Za borbu protiv korupcije neophodno je, uz to, znati kako dolazi do nje i gdje se i u kojim sektorima društva ona dešava. Od pomenutih saznanja zavisi i uspješno postavljena dijagnoza u liječenju društva od korupcije. „Balkanskom društvu“ je, uz tranziciono sistem(at)sku imanentnost pojave korupcije, socijalnopovijesno „ugrađena“ još i sklonost grabežljivog mentaliteta, koja je u opusu jednog autora označena kao „sindrom kraljevića Marka“.9 U balkanskim, urušenim tranzicijskim društvima, kakva su bosansko-hercegovačko, srbijansko i crnogorsko društvo, pitanje korupcije je povezano i u sprezi je sa organizovanim kriminalom, koji prelazi granice država, pa problem ima i regionalnu dimenziju (N. Mappes-Niedik, npr. govori o «balkanskoj mafiji»)10. Nijedno od tri pomenuta društva, kao ni većina ostalih u ambijentu Zapadne Evrope (hrvatsko, makedonsko i albansko) ne mogu sama rješavati ovaj problem. Neophodna je pomoć međunarodnih institucija, prije svega, Savjeta Evrope koji će pomoći izgradnju normativne infrastrukture u cilju suzbijanja korupcije, odnosno, poslije toga, što je mnogo bitnije pratiti implementaciju zakona kroz pružanje podrške u jačanju kapaciteta organa policije i pravosuđa, kao i lokalnih organa i institucija u pravcu borbe protiv korupcije i organizovanog kriminala. Pojave korupcije je veoma teško ispitati, pa pravnici imaju teškoće u dokazivanju krivičnih djela korupcije. Na kraju ovog uvodnog dijela, kako je i najavljeno njegovim naslovom, uputno je postaviti i pitanje budućnosti korupcije („kuda ide korupcija?“). Utvrđivanje postojanja i određivanje razine korumpiranosti društva je ozbiljan problem, a objektivni alati ili mehanizmi nekog ranog upozaravanja ili etičkog spriječavanja gotovo da nisu mogući kao referentni kriterijumi. Ako je parlamentana demokracija nepobitno najviše civilizacijsko dostignuće političke vladavine, budućnost prilika za korupcija je sasvim izvjesno potpuno otvorena: prema Prezzolini-u 9 Rendić-Miočević, I. (1996), Zlo velike jetre, povijest i nepovijest Crnogoraca, Hrvata, Muslimana i Srba, Književni krug, Split. 10 Mappes-Niedik, N. (2003), Balkanska mafija, Durieux, Zagreb. 50 �ZBORNIK RADOVA - Međunarodna naučna konferencija „Javni i privatni aspekti nužnih pravnih reformi u BiH: Koliko daleko možemo ići?“ (1993) „demokracija je oblik vladanja koji se najlakše može korumptirati i pogotovo parlamentarna vrsta stvara priliku i napast za zastupnike da se okoriste javnim novcem, ili izravno za sebe i za svoje obitelji, ili posredno da bi kupili poneke odrede birača ili u svojem gradu ili u određenoj klasi.“11 Nemogućnost određivanja egzaktnih relevantnih kriterija otkrivanje korupcije premošćava se ispitivanjem percepcije i stavova građana o postojanju korupcije. Takvo ispitivanje daje rezultate koji se ne smiju uzeti kao potpuno pouzdano, ali mogu dosta realno ukazati na egzistiranje i postojanje korupcije. 1. Proces ekonomske tranzicije i korupcija Uspostavljanje demokratskog društva, vladavine prava i tržišne privrede u tranzicijskim zemljama otežava i usložnjava pojava koja je povezana sa kriminalom i koja je u suprotnosti sa temeljnim društvenim i civilizacijskim principima. Virus korupcije u ovim je zemljama naveliko zahvatio javni sektor tako da ova pojava ima sistem(at)ski karakter. U uslovima naglog napuštanja predhodnog društvenog sistema prije nego su izgrađene i prihvaćene instucije novog društvenog sistema, nastaje vakuum u kome s jedne strane, vlada zbrka moralnih vrijednosti, a s druge, biva uspostavljena «mješavina politike i zločina», u kome korupcija postaje «mirnodopski zločin»,12 a političari nova klasa finansijskih akumulatora. Moral i politika su u krajnjoj dihotomiji, a tkivo države i društvenih institucija značajno okrnjeni, na čemu i zasnivamo tezu o urušenim društvima. Ovako izraženi neuspjeh u sprovođenju tranzicije kod jednog broja postkomunističkih zemalja, na čijoj neizgrađenoj osnovi se i otvara prostor za sistemsku korupciju, kritičari pripisuju «nametnutoj» i «jednostarnoj i brzoj primjeni ekonomskog liberalizma». Forsiranjem stabilizacije i kratkoročnih razvojnih efekata, te gotovo isključivo forsiranom kvantitativnom stranom brze vlasničke transformacije, nastanak i razvoj kapitalizma u ovim zemljama i nije mogao a da ne bude «brz, nezreo... i problematičan.»13 On je rezultat 11 Nav. prema: Brioschi, C.A., op. cit., str. 182. Mappes-Niediek, op. isto. 13 IDS Bulletin (1998), str. 10. 12 51 �Kadrija Hodžić, Edin Osmanbegović: UVOD U POLITIČKU EKONOMIJU KORUPCIJE U URUŠENIM TRANZICIJSKIM DRUŠTVIMA primjene neoliberalnog modela održivog rasta, kakav je Vašingtonskim konsenzusom, instaliran u ekonomske politike postkomunističkih zemalja.14 Tržišna ekonomija, međutim, zahtijeva adekvatne institucionalne strukture, «adaptivnu efikasnost» ekonomskih subjekata i privatnu svojinu u konkurentnom miljeu, pa tranzicija može biti provedena jedino postupnos, budući da su to složeni i dugi procesi zasnovani na potpuno novoj organizaciji, novim zakonima, promjeni ponašanja raznih ekonomskih subjekata." To daje za pravo Stiglitzovim analizama po kojima neoliberalni model zapostavlja upute neoklasične teorije prema kojoj su za funkciniranje tržišne privrede (u smislu Pareto efikasnosti) jednako neophodni konkurencija i privatno vlasništvo. Shock-terapijski model privatizacije je lako izvodIjiv, ali takva privatizacija ne doprinosi stvaranju tržišne privrede. «Zbilja, ako se privatizacija provodi na manje-više nelegitimne načine i u okruženju koje ne raspolaže neophodnom institucionalnom infrastrukturom, to može da dovede u pitanje dugoročne izglede za izgradnju tržišne privrede. Što je još gore, tako stvoreni interesi privatnog vlasništva doprinose slabljenju države i podrivanju društvenog poretka kroz korupciju i zapetljavanje u regultivu.»15 Rasturanje postsocijalističke države bazirano je na pretpostavkama o komunističkim institucijama kao "zločastim" i "nepravljivo korumpiranim" u procesu tranzicije, zbog čega ih treba brzo zamjeniti sa tržišnim institucijama koje će same po sebi doći sa privatiziranom svojinom. Naime, iskustva drugih postkomunističkih zemalja pokazuju da početna uloga države u procesu prelaza na tržišnu privredu mora biti naglašena. Ovo je potvrđeno pravilo bez obzira o kom se konceptu ekonomske uloge države radi. U uvjetima slabe ili nefunkcionalne pravne države, „korupcija postaje – ono što je paradoks – jedan od regulatora društvenog i ekonomskog sistema.“16 Naime, i neoliberalni i aktivistički (državno-intervencionistički) koncept strategije tranzicije zahtjeva "jaku (demokratsku) državu". "Jaka država" je, prvo, neophodna radi nesmetanog funkcionisanja tržišnog mehanizma i njegovih osnovnih institucija, prije svega zaštite svojine i ugovora. 14 Hodžić, K. (2004), (Re)privatizacija i globalizacija, „Forum Bosnae“, Sarajevo, str. 469. Stiglitz, J. (1999), Reform? Ten Years of the Postsociakist Transition, The World Bank, Washington D.C. 16 Vuković, S. (2003), Korupcija i vladavina prava, Beograd: IDN – Draganić, str. 172. 15 52 �ZBORNIK RADOVA - Međunarodna naučna konferencija „Javni i privatni aspekti nužnih pravnih reformi u BiH: Koliko daleko možemo ići?“ Velikom zabludom su se pokazala očekivanja da će tržišne ustanove nastati same od sebe sa definisanim vlasničkim pravima. Liberalni reformatori su bili uvjereni da će institucije slijediti privatno vlasništvo, te da će prema Coaseovoj teoriji (1937) brzo doći do preraspodjele svojine, u kojoj će ona pripasti efikasnim preduzetnicima. Za kritičare neoklasičnih recepata (Stiglitz, 1999; Kolodko, 2000.) vrijedi obrnut proces: privatno vlasništvo slijedi institucijama, odnosno za stvaranje tržišta u tranzicijskim zemljama institucionalno uređenje je najvažniji faktor prema stalnom ekonomskom rastu. Neoklasični ekonomisti, tumače ovi kritičari, naprosto ne razumiju institucionalne zahtjeve validne za stvaranje tržišta, budući da ih "jednostavno uzimaju za gotovu činjenicu". Već nakon deset godina tranzicije pokazalo se da su kritičari u pravu: Coaseovi argumenti nisu validni zbog toga što, s jedne strane, nije postajalo stvamo primarno i sekundarno tržište - "tako da se imovina više pljačkala nego što se ponovo prodavala," a s druge, što za održivost nije bitno samo da prava vlasništva budu jasno definirana, već i na koji način su ona definirana. Početak i sprovođenje procesa tranzicije u Bosni i Hercegovini, Srbiji i Crnoj Gori odlikuje se najdubljom tranzicionom krizom u jugoistočnoj Evropi. Ovi procese su praćeni snažnom socijalnom diferencijacijom i naglim siromašenjem većeg dijela stanovništva. Uz to, Bosna i Hercegovina je, s jedne strane, doživjela i fizičku, biološku i supstancijalnu dekonstrukciju društva izazvanu strašnim ratnim razaranjima. Pratilac društvenih gibanja socijalnog diferenciranja, pauperizacije i dekonstrukcije je i enormno bogaćenje manjeg broja pojedinaca. Sticanje bogatstva «preko noći» najčešće je povezano sa korupcijom kao pratećom negativnom pojavom tranzicije. Ali, na korupciju, kao što je naglašeno, nije imuno ni jedno društvo, pa čak ni ona koja su davno i veoma uspješno izvela tranziciju. Samo s tom razlikom što se u urušenim tranzicijskim društvima korupcija razvija tolikom brzinom i intenzitetom da ozbiljno nagriza i napada društveno tkivo kao kakav kancerogeni supstrat, dok je ta pojava u razvijenim društvima stavljena pod kontrolu institucija. Pojava i razmjere korupcije prijete da postanu jedan od najozbiljnijih problema sa kojim se ova društva i države Zapadnog Balkana suočavaju. Proces tranzicije, dakle, čini onaj locus standi korupcije, čiji se izvori, 53 �Kadrija Hodžić, Edin Osmanbegović: UVOD U POLITIČKU EKONOMIJU KORUPCIJE U URUŠENIM TRANZICIJSKIM DRUŠTVIMA prema sistematiziranom pristupu strukturiraju na:17        Institucionalnu neizgrađenost u čijem vakumu vladajuće stranke „zarobljavaju državu“, što podstiče i razvija pometnju u pogledu moralnih vrijednosti i ponašanja, u kojima korupcija postaje uobičajeni «način života»; Državnu kontrolu ekonomskih tokova; Siromaštvo društvo, koje «pogoduje diskreditovanju profesionalne etike i podstiče nelegalno sticanje materijalne koristi radi poboljšanja materijalnog položaja učesnika u korupcionom odnosu»; Nepripremljenu privatizaciju (putem pranja novca, kršenja zakonske procedure u procesu privatizacije, korumpiranosti javnih službenika uključenih u sam čin privatizacije); Rasprostranju toleranciju na korupciju među građanima u smislu slogana «svaka je vlada korumpirana» i uobičajenim «zahvalnostima» pojedincima u specifičnim djelatnostima (npr, ljekarima, nastavnicima, šalterskim službenicima i sl.). Pojavu nove klase tajkuna regrutovani iz redova pripadnika bivšeg režima i ratnih profitera; Ratno razaranje društva, koje omogućava pljačku i ratno profiterstvo, te konsolidaciju organizovanog kriminala (redovna pojava dovođenja kriminalaca u državne službe). Dakle, brzi raspadi totalitarnih režima prema učešću države u privredi, stvorili su pravni i institucionalni vakuum, duže nego što se to očekivalo, pa je korupcija je prirodna posljedica kombinacije načina na koji se provodi tranzicija uopšte (više puta argumentovana teza J. Stiglitza, 1998, 1999, 2002). U institucionalno nesređenim društvima, korupcija se najviše vezuje za tzv. političku korupciju i, s njom povezane malverzacije i propuste u procesu privatizacije. Zloupotrebe tokom privatizacije (u literaturi označene kao privatizacija nomenklature ili tunelisanje) podsjećaju na najgore oblike prvobitne akumulacije kapitala. Štaviše, isprepletanost novih političkih elita i skorojevićke finansijske mafije je više nego vidna. Gotovo da nema 17 Zbornik radova Korupcija u odsustvu prava. Ogledi iz Bosne i Hercegovine, Hrvatske, Srbije i Crne Gore (2004), Fondacija Henrich Bell, Sarajevo (prilozi Z. Golubović, S Kukića, N. Mapes-Niedika). 54 �ZBORNIK RADOVA - Međunarodna naučna konferencija „Javni i privatni aspekti nužnih pravnih reformi u BiH: Koliko daleko možemo ići?“ tranzicijske zemlje u čijoj privatizaciji nije bilo pojava korupcije i raznih oblika malverzacija uopće. Proces privatizacije redovno je praćen većim ili manjim aferama na osnovu čega se često izvlačio zaključak kako je posrijedi pljačka državne/društvene imovine u korist jednog uskog broja ljudi koji su, bilo sumnjivim finansijskim transakcijama, bilo novom političkom podobnošću došli u posjed znatnog dijela dojučerašnje državne/društvene imovine. 2. Ekonomski izvori sistem(at)ske korupcije u Bosni i Hercegovini, Srbiji i Crnoj Gori Fokusiranje na stanje u Bosni i Hercegovina, Srbiji i Crnoj Gori pokazuje da je korupcija ne ekcesno stanje, nego pravilo sa kvalifikacijama "sistem(at)ske bolesti", čiji se uzroci mogu tražiti i u institucionalnim i povijesno-kulturološkim činjenicama. Dok u Bosni i Hercegovini ovi izvori leže u novom (dejtonskom) etnički razdjeljenom ustrojstvu državne zajednice i njenom ekonomski neoliberalnom funkcioniranju, u kome političko nacionalne elite svoju korumpiranost pokrivaju divergentnim vizijama o Bosni i Hercegovini, u Srbiji se korupcija veže za jednonacionalnu „partijsku državu“ i državnu regulaciju, a u Crnoj Gori korupcija proizilazi iz tradicionalističkog, homogenog društva, karakterističnog po političkom uvezivanju obiteljskih klanova i posebne crnogorsko arhaične institucije kumstva. Ostatak regiona Zapadnog Balkana (Albanija, Kosovo), bez obzira na izvjesne napretke, ima još veću podložnost korupciji: Kosovo je permanentno izloženo snažnoj korupcije, nepotizmu i kršenju ljudskih prava zbog slabosti vlasti (nedjelotvornog pravosuđa i uske povezanosti s vlasti s privatnim preduzećima)18, a u Albaniji kritičari govore o "kulturi bezakonja" u zemlji. Pokazatelji korupcije (u čitavoj zadnjoj deceniji), po mjerenju percepcije građana od strane Transparency International, za Kosovo i Albanija imaju i najniže vrijednosti (najviše razine korupcije) u regionu, mada je u jednom ranijem istraživanju (2000.) korupcije bila najviše raširena u Rumuniji.19 Iako derivaju iz različitih institucionalnih i povijesno¬-kulturoloških karakteristika svojih društava, obim i raširenost korupcije su slični, a faktori 18 Izvješće Američke privredne komore na Kosovu, dnevnik.hr/.../korupcija-na-kosovu-poprimazabrinjavajuce-razmjere.ht. 19 Vid. Corruption Index (2001), Colalition 2000, Sofia. 55 �Kadrija Hodžić, Edin Osmanbegović: UVOD U POLITIČKU EKONOMIJU KORUPCIJE U URUŠENIM TRANZICIJSKIM DRUŠTVIMA koji zaprečavaju razvoj i održivosti svih ovih zemalja ujedno su i faktori koji pogoduju pojavi i širenju korupcije. Postratna ekonomija Bosna i Hercegovina, programirana u obliku tranzicionog paketa, formirana je dvodimenzionalno: s jedne strane, po osnovu neoliberalne ideologije svjetskog tržišta, a s druge, odredbama Daytonskog sporazuma. Za Bosnu i Hercegovinu, zemlju "specifičnih specifičnosti", međutim, ovakav paket kombinovan sa generalnom makroekonomskom i političkom nestabilnošeu ne samo da teško može ostvariti ambijent za ekonomski razvoj, već se i samo njeno održavanje čini delikatnim i gotovo neriješivim problemom, naravno ako se prepusti "svojim" etnonacionalnim strategijama.20 Prenošenje fiskalnog suverenititeta na dva entiteta i DC Brčko pogoduje nedodirljivosti akterima korupcije, budući da se „korumpiranosti pojedinih visokih činovnika i političara još uvijek u velikoj mjeri tumači kao napad na „nacionalni integritet i identitet cijele etničke grupe“21 (bosanskohercegovački fenomen etničke korupcije). U takvim uslovima Bosna i Hercegovina je uvućena u svojevrsno ambivalentno stanje, u kome je bosansko-hercegovačko društvo izgubilo svoju unutrašnju sposobnosti za samo-održivost, a koje je svoju budućnost vezalo za isključivo za "vanjske poticaje." Ovim je stvorena slaba država, koja neizgrađenom političkom kulturom za transparentni servis građana i poduzetničko društvo naprosto podstiče formiranje i održavanje pararelnih struktura koje imaju stvarnu moć, i vrše organizovani kriminal i korupciju. Dayton je od Bosne i Hercegovine napravio labavu uniju, koja nema mogućnosti za makrockonomsko vođenje svoje privrede a realizuje etničke privatizacije. Kao kvazi državne institucije, entiteti su dovoljno jaki da dovode u pitanje funkcionisanje Bosne i Hercegovine kao cijeline, ali i toliko slabi da ne mogu obezbjediti niti fukcionisanje tržišnog mehanizma niti spriječiti korumpiranost svojih kvazidržavnih aparata. Sve to, zapravo, govori da je nastao pravi vakuum u pogledu političkih i ekonomskih funkcija države, a da, usto, nisu stvorene demokratske institucije i mehanizmi tržišnog sistema. Npr. novi krivični zakon Bosne i Hercegovije predviđa mogućnost konfiskovanja nelegalno stečene imovine a nedavno usvojeni zakon o krivičnom postupku daje veća ovlaštenja javnim tužiocima, a istražnim 20 Stojanov, D. (1999), The elements of alternative development stragies for transition economies, „Tranzicija“, Vol 1, No 2-3. 21 Vid. Korupcija u BiH – Analiza stanja, Opservatorij ljudskih prava u BiH, www.ljudskaprava.ba/korupcija-u-bih-analiza-stanja. 56 �ZBORNIK RADOVA - Međunarodna naučna konferencija „Javni i privatni aspekti nužnih pravnih reformi u BiH: Koliko daleko možemo ići?“ organima mogućnost snimanja i pretresa. No nije stvar u zakonima nego u tome što se oni ne primjenjuju, jer nema političke volje. U srbijanskom slučaju najčešće se ukazuje na „partijsku državu kao uzrok korupcije“ i „ulogu partija u zarobljavanju države“ u kojoj se korupcija razvijala i opstajala „kao sistemska pojava i oblik svakodnevnog života“, a koja je „metastazirala urezavši se u odlike mentaliteta.“ U ovakvim okolnostima čak je i „državna revizija postala predmet partijskih nagodbi.“22 Za razliku od bosanskohercegovačke otvorenosti za korupciju u uvjetima sveprisutnog ekonomskog neoliberalizma, srbijanska otvorenost za korupciju veže se za pretjerani ekonomski intervencionizam kojeg karakteriziraju relacije partijskog upravljanja javnim preduzećima, zatim za privatizacijske postupke, te za značajnu spregu državnih struktura sa medijima ili novinskim agencijama, bilo putem učešća u njihovom vlasništvu, bilo ogromnim državnim donacijama medijima (državne donacije medijima na republičkom i lokalnom nivou se procjenjuju na cca 40 miliona €).23 Prošlogodišnja percepcija korupcije upravo je fokusirala velike javne ali i privatne kompanije kao „važne karike u lancu korupcije“: preko 70% građana smatra da je u interesu velikih kompanija da imaju korumpiranu vladu, kako bi realizovali sopstvene interese, dok se mala i srednja preduzeća ne vide kao sektor na koji korupcija ima veoma negativan uticaj,24 iako neka druga istraživanja ukazuju i na „sitnu korupciju“, koja za mala preduzeća označava plaćanje mita za razne dozvole ili „ulazak u posao“ s javnim sektorom. Od faktora koji potpomažu korupciju u Srbiji najčešće se skreće pažnja na proces privatizacije u čim je „svim fazama korupcija evidentna“, i to od modeliranja privatizacionih postupaka, slabosti zakonskih postupaka i nekompetetnosti Trgovinskih sudova, nekompetentnih Ministarstva za finansije i privatizaciju, Agencije za privatizaciju, izbora nekompetetnih privatizacionih savjetnika, preko javnih tendera i samog čina prodaje, pa do prevladavanja nekoliko poznatih tajkuna u kupovinama javnih preduzeća.25 Vrijedan naučnog interesa je pregled tipova korupcije u Srbiji, u najvećoj mjeri svojstven i za ostala urušena tranzicijska društva na Zapadnom 22 Vid. Krstić, O. (2009), Neki uzroci korupcije u Republici Srbiji, Zbornik radova „Korupcija i pranje novca“, Internacionalna asocijacija kriminalista Banja Luka, Sarajevo, str. 205 i 207. 23 Vid. Gamser, G. (2012), Korupcija u Srbiji za 2012. godinu, Centar za evroatlanske studije, dostupno na: ceas-serbia.org/.../75-korupcija-u-srbiji-2012-godina. 24 Izveštaj pripremljen za UNDP Srbija, Percepcija korupcije na nivou domaćinstva. Peti talas, Jun 2012. , www.undp.org.rs/index.cfm?event=public 25 Skakavac, Z, Skakavac, T. (2013), Korupcija u vezi sa privatizacijom preduzeća – situacija u Republici Srbiji, Zbornik radova, Pravni fakultet Sveučilišta „Vitez“, Vitez, str. 244-245. 57 �Kadrija Hodžić, Edin Osmanbegović: UVOD U POLITIČKU EKONOMIJU KORUPCIJE U URUŠENIM TRANZICIJSKIM DRUŠTVIMA Balkanu, koji Vuković specificira na slijedeći način:26 prvi tip korupcije odnosi se na dodatno plaćanje javnom službeniku za ostvarivanje prava ili njegovo ubrzavanje (npr. dobijanje ugovora s vladom ili javnim sektorom – javne nabavke, lokacije za gradnju, dozvole za izvoz ili uvoz, zapošljavanje u javnom sektoru i sl,); drugi je podmićivanje uz kršenje prava, tj. sticanje prava koja koruptoru ne sljeduju po zakonu (vršilac vlasti ili javni skužbenik namješta tender, izdaje razne dozvole, namješta invladiske penzije ili koruptoru „gleda kroz prste“, i treći tip uključuje podmićivanje radi mjenjanja zakona, odn. njegovo prilagođavanje intresima koruptora. Crnogorski «slučaj» korupcije je znatno skriveniji, budući da se radi o jedinstvenom i svemoćnom sistemu jakih obitelji, plemenskih prijateljstava i kumova, koji stoje iznad pisanog zakona i autoriteta državnih institucija, što se najbolje manifestira u fenomenu „pretjeranog nipotizma“. U takvom «sistemu» su bliskost i pripadnost klanu mnogo važnije sredstvo podmićivanja nego novac27. Korupciji u Crnoj Gori, uz to, pogoduju mnogobrojna off-shore kompanije, karakteristične po pranju novca u svjetskim razmjerama, kao i državno potpomagani šverc cigaretama, te postojeći sistem javnih nabavki.28 Crnogorska kritička misao ukazuje na odsustvo „političke volje za istinsku borbu protiv korupcije“, što je principijelno rečeno opća karakteristika za sve tri ove zemlje, mada je u periodu 2009-2011. (vid. tabelu 1), percepcija građana na korupciju imala trend naglašenog poboljšanja. U slijedećem izlaganju prezentiramo ocjenu korupcije koju daje Transparency International (Indikator percepcije korupcije - CPI) u zemljama Zapadnog Balkana, dodajući i Sloveniju. Zahvaćen je period od 2002. do 2011, dok je ocjena za 2012. godinu, s obzirom na novu metodologiju izračuvanja CPI-a i neuporedivost novog indikatora sa ocjenama predhodnih godina, posebno prezentirana. 26 Vuković, S. (2003), op. isto, str. 169-176. Mappes-Nordiek, N., op. isto, str. 61. 28 Vukadinović, S., Medojević, N., Đeković, D. (2003), Korupcija i transparetnost na lokalnom nivou u Crnoj Gori, Agencija za lokalnu demokratiju, Nikšić. 27 58 �ZBORNIK RADOVA - Međunarodna naučna konferencija „Javni i privatni aspekti nužnih pravnih reformi u BiH: Koliko daleko možemo ići?“ Tabela 1. Indeks percepcije korupcije (CPI) u zemljama Regije 2007-2011 Zemlja Slovenija Hrvatska BJR Makedonija Crna Gora Srbija BiH Albanija Kosovo Indeks percepcije korupcije (CPI) 2002 2007 2008 2009 2010 6,7 4,4 3,6 6,6 4,1 3,3 6,7 4,4 3,6 6,6 4,1 3,8 6,4 4,1 4,1 1 5,9 4,0 3,9 3,4 3,4 3,2 3,4 - 3,3 3,4 2,9 2,9 - 3,4 3,4 3,3 3,4 - 3,9 3,5 3,0 3,2 - 3,7 3,5 3,2 3,3 2,8 4,0 3,3 3,2 3,1 2,9 Poredak 2011 (među zemlje) 201 u 182 35 66 69 65 86 91 95 112 Izvor: Transparency International (2011, 2010, 2009, 2008, 2007, 2002). "Corruption Perceptions Index". Napomena: Skala percepcije korupcije od 0 do 10 (0 = apsolutna korupcija, 10 = bez korupcije) Tabela 2. Globalni Indeks percepcije korupcije (CPI) za 2012. godinu Zemlja Poredak 2012. (među zemlje) u 176 CPI (Globalni indeks percepcije korupcije) CI Lower (Donji indeks percepcije korupcije) Zemlje koje se percipiraju kao najmanje korumpirane Danska 1 90 87 Finska 1 90 85 Novi Zeland 1 90 87 Zemlje JIE Slovenija 37 61 55 Hrvatska 62 46 41 BJR Makedonija 69 43 35 BiH 38 72 42 Crna Gora 34 75 41 Srbija 35 80 39 Kosovo 105 34 32 Albanija 113 33 30 Zemlje koje se percipiraju kao najviše korumpirane Avganistan 176 8 2 Sjeverna Koreja 176 8 2 Somalija 176 8 4 CP Upper (Gornji percepcije korupcije) indeks 93 95 94 67 51 51 46 49 44 37 36 13 13 12 Izvor: Transparency International (2012). "Corruption Perceptions Index 2012: In detail" Napomena: Skala percepcije korupcije od 0 do 100 (0 = apsolutna korupcija, 100 = bez korupcije) 59 �Kadrija Hodžić, Edin Osmanbegović: UVOD U POLITIČKU EKONOMIJU KORUPCIJE U URUŠENIM TRANZICIJSKIM DRUŠTVIMA Prema Izvještaju globalnog indeksa percepcije korupcije (CPI) za 2012. godinu najviša mjesta među zemljama Zapadnog Balkana zauzele su Hrvatska (62 mjesto od ukupno 176 zemalja) i Makedonija (69 mjesto). Slijede Bosna i Hercegovina (72 mjesto), Crna Gora (75 mjesto) i Srbija (80 mjesto), a na začelju su Kosovo (105 mjesto) i Albanija (113 mjesto). U odnosu na predhodnu godinu, korupcija u 2012. godini je blago umanjena u Hrvatskoj i Bosni i Hercegovini, u Makedoniji ostala ista, dok su Srbija, Crna Gora, Kosovo i Albanija nazadovale. Pri tumačenju CPI, ipak, treba imati izvjesnu rezervu s obzirom da se radi o subjektivnoj percepciji građana (koja se u izvjesnim situacijama kritički zaoštrava, poput onih u vrijeme intenzivnijih privatizacija ili naglih otkrića korupcijskih afera političara) pa i različitim (od 2012.) metodologijama. Tako je, npr. Bosna u Hercegovina u godinama prije 2012. nazadovala, a Albanija i Makedonija pokazivale pozitivan trend smanjenja razine korupcije, da bi se u 2012. situacija promjenila tako što je Bosna i Hercegovina uznapredovala čak za 19 mjesta, Makedonija stagnirala, a Albanija nazadovala. Dakle, nedvojbena je široka rasprostranjenost korupcije u svim zemljama Zapadnog Balkana. To potvrđuju i drugi izvori istraživanja29, fokusirani na percepciju menadžera o korupciji. Na razini regionalnog prosjeka, istraživanje pokazuje da 42,2% menadžera smatraju da je korupcija „ogromna ili važna prepreka poslovanju u regiji“ (unutar ovog prosjeka, mišljenja menadžera po zemljama značajno variraju, i to od 86,8% na Kosovu do 23,6% u BiH i 24% u Crnoj Gori). Rezultati ovog istraživanja, također, pokazuju da je korupcija manje prisutna u slučaju velikih (preko 250 zaposlenih)30 i mikro poduzeća (do 10 zaposlenih), te menadžera preko 40 godina starosti. Korupcijom su više opterečeni mlađi menadžeri i mala i srednja poduzeća (između 11 i 250 zaposlenika). Isto tako, korupcijom su najviše pogođene djelatnost građevinarstvo (52,6%) i prijevoz, skladištenje i veze (44,3%). Posmatrano kroz regionalni prosjek u posljednjoj deceniji, zajedničko obilježje zemalja Zapadnog Balkana je izvjesna stagnacija u borbi protiv korupcije, što s jedne strane, upućuje na zaostajanje razvoja 29 Podumljak, M. (2010), Percepcija i stavovi o korupciji na Zapadnom Balkanu – regionalni pregled, str. 18. www.integrityobservers.eu/default.aspx?id=10 30 Od ovakve percepcije odsupa stav građana u Srbiji da su velika preduzeća u visokoj korumptivnoj vezi sa državnim tijelima. 60 �ZBORNIK RADOVA - Međunarodna naučna konferencija „Javni i privatni aspekti nužnih pravnih reformi u BiH: Koliko daleko možemo ići?“ (korupcija je u negativnoj korelaciji sa ekonomskim rastom), ugrožavanje makroekonomske, političke i socijalne stabilnosti, te destimuliranje pristizanja investicija, a s druge, na izvjestan neuspjeh provođenje antikorupcijskih programa u ovim zemljama. 3. Oblasti u kojima je rasprostanjena korupcija u Bosni i Hercegovini U istraživanjima o korupciji posebno se naglašavaju oblasti društvenog angažmana koje pogoduju pojavana korupcije. Pogodan ambijent po oblastima za korupciju stvara mogućnost za njene uplive i proširivanje i u najmanje strukturne pore društvene strukture. Treba takođe imati u vidu da s obzirom na specifičnosti istraživanja korupcije ambijent lokalne zajednice jednog društva, kao i njegova cjclina imaju, ponekad, različite percepcije gradjana o oblastima pogodnim za korupciju po opštinama u odnosu na državne relatite Bosne i Hercegovine. Medutim, pomaci i mimoilaženja na hijerahiji oblasti koje su podložne korupciji nisu ispoljene u nekom značajnijem omjeru općeg trenda. Prije deceniju, Transparency International BiH (2002) je došao do zaključka da je „jedan od najizraženijih vidova korupcije u BiH izbjegavanje obaveza prema državi», što se ispoljava preko: izbjegavanja plaćanja carina, evaziju poreza i akciza i podmićivanje inspektora, čime su se javni prihodi BiH smanjivali za jednu trećinu.31 Deset godina kasnije (2011), prema podacima Otvorene Mreže BiH najviše korupcije je zabilježeno u državnom vrhu, policiji i carini, a slijede zdravstvo i obrazovanje. U Studiji percepcija korupcije u BiH, 2002., metodologija kvalificiranja odgovora građana uspostavila je ocjene od 1 do 5, koje podrazumjevaju: 1) veoma malo, 2) malo, 3) osrednje, 4) mnogo i 5) veoma mnogo korupcije. Tadašnja percepcija korupcije označila je slijedeće oblasti koje najviše pogoduju korupciji:32 a) u Federaciji BiH: političke stranke (3,97), Skupština FBiH (3,90), pravosuđe (3,85), carina (3,85), Vlada FBiH (3,85) i kantonalne 31 Transparency International BiH (2002), Studiji percepcija korupcije BiH, Banja Luka/Sarajevo, str. 71. 32 Transparency International BiH, op. isto, str. 35-37. 61 �Kadrija Hodžić, Edin Osmanbegović: UVOD U POLITIČKU EKONOMIJU KORUPCIJE U URUŠENIM TRANZICIJSKIM DRUŠTVIMA uprave (3,85). b) u Republici Srpskoj: carina (4,39), političke stranke (4,29), poreska uprava (4,11), državna preduzeća (4,08), općinska uprava (4,05), Vlada RS (4,03), Narodna skupština (4,01), policija (4,01) i pravosude (4,00). Iako je postojala izvjesna razlika u entitetima u percepciji nivoa korupcije po pojedinim oblastima (u RS je percepcija građana o korupciji bila veća i glasila je na prosječnu ocjenu 3,81, dok je u FBiH iznosila 3,55), ova ispitivanja u oba entiteta potvrduje pretpostavku da je korupcija u potpunosti sistemski projekat, iako nema oblasti koje nisu zahvaćene korupcijom (sve oblasti društvenog života imale su ocjenu iznad 2; npr. najamnje zahveći korupcijom u FBiH su: međunarodne organizacije (2,66), nevladine organizacije (2,69) i školstvo (2,82), a u RS: vojska (2,86), školstvo (2,93) i nevladine organizacije (3,13). Pregled trendova korupcije u predhodnoj deceniji (2002-2012) pokazuje da se oblasti u kojima građani najčešće percipiraju korupcija uglavnom zadržavaju na razini visokog intenziteta (u segmente društva koje građani smatraju najkorumpiranijim spadaju političke stranke, zakonodavna vlast, pravosuđe, poreske obaveze, a njima se u posljednjim godinama pridružuju obrazovanje i javne nabavke.33 U Izvještaju o istraživanju percepcije korupcije u BiH, 201134, potvrđeno je visokointenzivno prisustvo korupcije u državnom vrhu i političkim strankama, s tim što su oblastima visokog korumptivnog intenziteta pridruženi zdravstvo i obrazovanje (vidjeti grafikon 1). Radi se o do sada najobimnijem istraživanje percepcije korupcije u BiH, sa uzorkom od 3009 ispitanika. Uzorak osigurava kako geografsko-regionalnu reprezentativnost (zastupljene sve tri administrativne cjeline: FBiH, RS i DC Brčko), tako i reprezentativnost unutar ovih administrativnih cjelina. Ispitanici su imali mogućnost izabrati tri od ponuđenih 14 odgovora. 33 Uporediti rezultate istraživanja Transparency International u godinama 2002-2012. Izvještaj o istraživanju percepcije korupcije u Bosni i Hercegovini, Udruženje RADIO KAMELEON – Otvorena mreža ljudskih prava i demokratije, projekat za Centre civilnih inicijativa u okviru projekta ‘’ MitoLovac’’, 2011. 34 62 �ZBORNIK RADOVA - Međunarodna naučna konferencija „Javni i privatni aspekti nužnih pravnih reformi u BiH: Koliko daleko možemo ići?“ Grafikon 1: Prisutnost korupcije u BiH po oblastima Izvor: Izvještaj o istraživanju percepcije korupcije u BiH (2011), Udruženje Radio Kameleon Otvorena mreža ljudskih prava i demokratije, str. 20. Kao i prije deset godina, u percepciji građana najkorumpiraniji je državni vrh (41,5%). Redoslijed ostalih oblasti koje slijede, također manje više odgovara percepciji o korupciji koja je bila prisutna i prije deset godina: sudstvo (23,3%), općinske službe (22,6 %), političke stranke (18,4 %) i inspekcije (17,7 %). Najmanje korupcije je prisutno u dobrotvornim organizacijama, u oružanim snagam BiH, u nevladinim organizacijama i u medijima. Percepcija o manjem prisustvu korupcije u ove potonje tri oblasti odgovara stanju percepcije prije deset godina. Izuzetak je obrazovanje, koje je u odnosu na predhodno stanje podignuto na razinu znatno povećane korupcije. Od konkretiziranih životnih situacija koje građani percipiraju kao korumptivne (ispitanici su imali mogućnost odabira pet odgovora, uz dodavanje dvije situacije po svom nahođenju) pojavljuju se najviše zaposlenje (84,1 %) i upisi u škole ili fakultete (34,8 %). Slijede: izbjegavanje kazne za saobraćajne prekršaje, oslobađanje krivice na sudu, polaganje ispita na fakultetu, ulazak preko reda, kupovina glasova na političkim izborima, izbor ljekara na operaciji i izbjegavanje optužnice. 63 �Kadrija Hodžić, Edin Osmanbegović: UVOD U POLITIČKU EKONOMIJU KORUPCIJE U URUŠENIM TRANZICIJSKIM DRUŠTVIMA Grafikon 2: Životne situacije u kojima je prisutna korupcija Izvor: Izvještaj o istraživanju percepcije korupcije u BiH, op. isto, str. 21. 4. Parametri borbe protiv korupcije U stereotipnim pristupima uspješnost borbe i budućnost korupcije zavise u velikoj mjeri, što se i vidi iz stavova ispitanika u predhodno prikazanim istraživanjima, ovisi od uspostavljanja valjanog zakonodavstva, zatim razvoja institucija sistema, civilnog društva i edukacije. U slučaju Bosne i Hercegovine, obično se upućuje na neophodne izmjene Izbornog zakona i Zakona o finansiranju političkih partija, te poboljšavanje Zakona o javnim nabavkama. Obično se ovom setu mjera dodaje i uloga medija budući da mediji mogu imati moćnu ulogu u prokazivanju korumptivnih radnji, pa je neophodno usklađivanje entitetskih zakona o slobodi pristupa informacijama s državnim zakonom, sa uvođenjem kazni za nepoštivanje zakona. U situaciji kada je činjenično i na pravosudnim organima teško dokazati postojanje korupcije jedna medijska kampanja na razotkrivanju i imenovanju nosilaca korupcije može dati značajne rezultate. Slobodni mediji imaju podsticajnu ulogu u ekonomskom razvoju, a posebno u borbi protiv siromaštva. Samim 64 �ZBORNIK RADOVA - Međunarodna naučna konferencija „Javni i privatni aspekti nužnih pravnih reformi u BiH: Koliko daleko možemo ići?“ tim takva aktivnost znači i manje korupcije budući da, ponekad, ocjena medija ima veću težinu neko osuda nekog političkog, državnog ili pravosudnog organa. Naravno, objašnjenje da se korupcija može suzbijati odgovarajućom institucionalnom strukturom i zakonima, razvojem civilnog društva, unapređenjem edukacije i većom usredsređenosti medija na javno žigosanje pojava i aktera korupcije jeste globalni teorijski fokus na suzbijanje pojava korupcije, ali ne i potpuni okvir za iskorjenjivanje kako normativnog javnog prostora tako i korupcijskog mentaliteta u kojima nastaju i proširuju se korupcijske pojave. Pogotovo što korupcija u nekim situacijama ne proizvodi uvijek negativne efekte, što je slučaj onda kada loša ili kleptokratska državna uprava nameće štetnu regulaciju i time postavlja prepreke normalnim poslovnim transakcijama, pa je najbolji put za uklanjanje ne samo korupcije, već i njenih štetnih efekata ukidanje loše i štetne regulacije.35 Elaboriranje paramatara borbe protiv korupcije se smješta u dva suprostavljena teorijsko-ideološka okvira: Prvi je intervencionistički, odnosi se na izraženu političku volju političke i zakonodavne vlasti i odlučnost vlasti da se sistemski uhvati u koštac sa izazovima korupcije, što u principu pretpostavlja „snažnu državu“. Odsustvo „snažne države“ u ovom pristupu, koji je rasprostranjen među analitičarima korupcije na Zapadnom Balkanu, uvijek podrazumijeva kršenje zakona i nepostojanje procedura, a krajnjem ima za posljedicu korupcionaško ponašanje državnih službenika. Drugi je libertarijanistički, na Zapadnom Balkanu samo kroz opus rijetkih pojedinaca prisutan pristup. Po svemu sudeći, vodeći libertarijanstički ekonomist na ovom prostoru je Boris Begović,36 po kome se korupcija analitički pozicionira na umanjivanje koristi od korupcije i uvećavanje troškova za učesnike korupcionog posla. Korist od korupcije postoji u uslovima kontraproduktivne državne intervencije odnosno nedostatka konkurencije, u uslovima u kojima se stvara velika renta. U ovom pristiupu, deregulacijom i liberalizacijom uklanja se korist od korupcije za koruptore. 35 Mijatović, B. (2007), Prikaz knjige: Boris Begović: Ekonomska analiza korupcije, CL DS (dostupno na: www.clds.rs/newsite/aktivnosti_mediji_prikaz-korupcija.html ). 36 Begović, B., op. cit., str. 359 i dalje. 65 �Kadrija Hodžić, Edin Osmanbegović: UVOD U POLITIČKU EKONOMIJU KORUPCIJE U URUŠENIM TRANZICIJSKIM DRUŠTVIMA Povećanje troškova za učesnike korupcionih poslova znači povećanje transakcionih troškova takvih poslova, kao i očekivane kazne za krivično delo korupcije. Riješenost, to jest politička volja i dobri elementi strategije otjelotvoreni u zdravim, liberalnim ekonomskim politikama, preduslovi su djelotvorne borbe protiv korupcije. Ukoliko je to postignuto, konkretna institucionalna odnosno organizaciona rješenja nisu od presudnog interesa – različita riješenja mogu dobro da funkcionišu ukoliko su ispunjeni navedeni preduslovi. Dosadašnja pozitivna iskustva zemalja u borbe protiv korupcije pokazuju da je strategija suzbijanja korupcije počivala na tri komplementarna antikorupcijska nivoa:37 1) Dobro razvijene „situaciona preventiva“, odnosno ograničenja mogućnosti za korupciju, 2) Povećanje represije protiv prestupnika, 3) Posvećenost naporu za promjenu kulturnih obrazaca u društvu. ZAKLJUČAK Korupcija duboko nagriza većinu životnih i radnih segmenata urušenih tranzicijskih društva. Autoritativni režimi pod firmom parlamentarne demokratije od početka tranzicionih procesa utiču na stvaranje formalnih i neformalnih mreža pojavnosti fenomena korupcije na svim nivoima organizovanja. Ovakve mreže su okrenute korupciji, odnosno sticanju protivpravne koristi u najuže strukture državnog rukovođenja i upravljanja na svim nivoima. Nedvojben je zaključak da su vladajući politički establišmenti ovih zemalja obilježeni proto demokratijom, koja podrazumjeva demokratiju kao nadmoć zakona, ali u uslovima normativne krize bez demokratske ili političke strukture koja je može podržati (međuovisni triangl: demokratija-ekonomski rast-korupcija). U urušenim tranzicijskim društvima korupcija je pravilo sa kvalifikacijama "sistem(at)ske bolesti", čiji se uzroci mogu tražiti i u institucionalnim i povijesno-kulturološkim činjenicama. Dok u Bosni i 37 Prema: Roljić, L., Digitalna forenzika u dokaznom postupku i u funkciji ublažavanja posljedica korupcije, Zbornik radova, Pravni fakultet Sveučilišta „Vitez“, Vitez, str. 93 66 �ZBORNIK RADOVA - Međunarodna naučna konferencija „Javni i privatni aspekti nužnih pravnih reformi u BiH: Koliko daleko možemo ići?“ Hercegovini ovi uzroci leže u divergentnim političkim vizijama proizašlim iz etnički podjeljenog ustrojstva državne zajednice i nametnutog neoliberalnog modelom ekonomskog razvoja, izvorište korupcije u Srbiji počiva na jednonacionalnoj „partijskoj državi“ i pretjeranim regulacijama, a u Crnoj Gori korupcija proizilazi iz tradicionalističkog, homogenog društva, karakterističnog po političkom uvezivanju obiteljskih klanova i posebne crnogorsko arhaične institucije kumstva. Sadašnja ocjena o stanju korupcije u zemljama Zapadnog Balkana govori da je prisutna izvjesna stagnacija u borbi protiv korupcije, što s jedne strane, upućuje na zaostajanje razvoja (korupcija je u negativnoj korelaciji sa ekonomskim rastom), ugrožavanje makroekonomske, političke i socijalne stabilnosti, te destimuliranje pristizanja investicija, a s druge, na izvjestan neuspjeh provođenje antikorupcijskih programa. Državne institucije simuliraju napore u borbi protiv korupcije, a zapravo nemaju nikakav interes da projekat borbe protiv korupcije i jačanja kapaciteta policije i lokalnih organa uspije. Osnovni problem implementacije antikorupcijskih programa je nedostatak političke volje, bez obzira na postojanje zakona iz ove oblasti koji su normativno, u većini zemalja zapadnog balkana, izuzetno dobri. Monitoring procesa borbe protiv korupcije zahtijeva, pored učešća državnih organa i medunarodne zajednice, i aktivno učešće medija i civilnog sektora. Zbog različitih mreža korupcije i njihove povezanosti, bilo kakva izolovana akcija na njenom suzbijanju ne može dati rezultate na duži rok. S obzirom na to da je korupcija u sistem(at)ski projekat vlasti-, privremeni efekti koji u određenom trenutku pritiska od strane međunarodne zajednice postaju transparentni neće biti ljekoviti za ovu «društvenu bolest». Mjera koja bi bila sprovodiva i koja bi dala rezultate na duži rok odnosi se na uspostavljanje i razvoj pravne države i podizanje životnog standarda gradjana i ekonomskog nivoa društva uopšte. To bi postepeno dovelo do isključenja izvora korupcije. Uspješnost borbe i budućnost korupcije zavise u velikoj mjeri, što se i vidi iz stavova ispitanika u istraživanjima, od uspostavljanja valjanog zakonodavstva, zatim razvoja institucija sistema, civilnog društva i edukacije. Neophodne su izmjene zakonskih odredbi, poput Izbornog zakona i Zakona o finansiranju političkih partija, te poboljšavanje Zakona o javnim nabavkama. Pri tome ne treba zanemariti ulogu koju mediji mogu imati u prokazivanju korumptivnih radnji, pa je neophodno usklađivanje entitetskih zakona o slobodi pristupa informacijama s državnim 67 �Kadrija Hodžić, Edin Osmanbegović: UVOD U POLITIČKU EKONOMIJU KORUPCIJE U URUŠENIM TRANZICIJSKIM DRUŠTVIMA zakonom, sa uvođenjem kazni za nepoštivanje zakona, U situaciji kada je činjenično i na pravosudnim organima teško dokazati postojanje korupcije jedna medijska kampanja na razotkrivanju i imenovanju nosilaca korupcije može dati značajne rezultate. Slobodni mediji imaju podsticajnu ulogu u ekonomskom razvoju, a posebno u borbi protiv siromaštva. Samim tim takva aktivnost znači i manje korupcije budući da, ponekad, ocjena medija ima veću težinu neko osuda nekog političkog, državnog ili pravosudnog organa. Teorijski okvir za elaboriranje borbe protiv korupcije u rascjepu je dva suprostavljena teorijsko-ideološka prisupa. Prvi je intervencionistički i podrazumijeva izraženu političku volju političke i zakonodavne vlasti i odlučnost vlasti da se sistemski uhvati u koštac sa izazovima korupcije, a drugi je libertarijanistički u kome se deregulacijom i liberalizacijom uklanja korist od korupcije za koruptore, a mehanizam spriječavanja uzroka korupcije su ementi strategije otjelotvoreni otvara se zdravim, liberalnim ekonomskim politikama. Korupcija u urušenim tranzijskim društvima je pravilo sa kvalifikacijama sistem(at)ske bolesti. Odgovornom političaru i nosiocu državne i političke funkcije je i percepcija dovoljan znak za uzbunu i pokretanje inicijative i radnji za njeno suzbijanje. LITERATURA Begović, Boris (2007), Ekonomska analiza korupcije, Centar za liberalnodemokratske studije, Beograd. Brioschi, C.A. (2007), Kratka povijest korupcije, MATE, Zagreb. Corruption Perceptions Index 2012. Full table and rankings. Transparency International. Retrieved: 4 February 2013., dostupno na www.transparency.org/research/cpi/overview. Corruption Index (2001), Colalition 2000, Sofia. Gamser, D. (2012), Korupcija u Srbiji za 2012. godinu, Centar za evroatlanske studije, dostupno na: ceas-serbia.org/.../75-korupcija-u-srbiji2012-godinu 68 �ZBORNIK RADOVA - Međunarodna naučna konferencija „Javni i privatni aspekti nužnih pravnih reformi u BiH: Koliko daleko možemo ići?“ Hodžić, K. (2004), (Re)privatizacija i globalizacija, „Forum Bosnae“, Sarajevo. Hodžić, K., Vukadinović, S. (2004), Korupcija kao sistem(at)ski projekat u urušenim tranzicijskim društvima (case study – Bosna i Hercegovina i Crna Gora), „Tranzicija“, Vol. VI, No 15. IDS Bulletin (1998). Izvještaj o istraživanju percepcije korupcije u Bosni i Hercegovini, Udruženje RADIO KAMELEON – Otvorena mreža ljudskih prava i demokratije, projekat za Centre civilnih inicijativa u okviru projekta ‘’ MitoLovac’’, 2011. Izvještaj o istraživanju percepcije korupcije u Bosni i Hercegovini, Udruženje RADIO KAMELEON – Otvorena mreža ljudskih prava i demokratije, projekat za Centre civilnih inicijativa u okviru projekta ‘’ MitoLovac’’, 2011. Izveštaj pripremljen za UNDP Srbija, Percepcija korupcije na nivou domaćinstva. Peti talas, Jun 2012. www.undp.org.rs/index.cfm?event=public Izvješće Američke privredne komore na Kosovu, dnevnik.hr/.../korupcija-nakosovu-poprima-zabrinjavajuce-razmjere.ht. Korupcija u BiH – Analiza stanja, Opservatorij ljudskih prava u BiH, www.ljudskaprava.ba/korupcija-u-bih-analiza-stanja. Kolodko, G.Z. (2000). From Recession to Growth in Transition Economies, IMF Working Paper. Kolodko, G.W. (2000), Economic Neolibealism Became Almost Irrelevant, „Transition“, World Bank, Washington, Vol. 9, No. 3. Krstić, O. (2009), Neki uzroci korupcije u Republici Srbiji, Zbornik radova „Korupcija i pranje novca“, Internacionalna asocijacija kriminalista Banja Luka, Sarajevo. 69 �Kadrija Hodžić, Edin Osmanbegović: UVOD U POLITIČKU EKONOMIJU KORUPCIJE U URUŠENIM TRANZICIJSKIM DRUŠTVIMA Mijatović, B. (2007), Prikaz knjige: Boris Begović: Ekonomska analiza korupcije, CL DS (dostupno na: www.clds.rs/newsite/aktivnosti_mediji_prikaz-korupcija.html ). Mauro, P. (1995), Corruption and Growth, Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 110, August. Mappes-Niedik, N. (2003), Balkanska mafija, Durieux, Zagreb. Podumljak, M. (2010), Percepcija i stavovi o korupciji na Zapadnom Balkanu – regionalni pregled, www.integrityobservers.eu/default.aspx?id=10. Rendić-Miočević, I. (1996), Zlo velike jetre, povijest i nepovijest Crnogoraca, Hrvata, Muslimana i Srba, Književni krug, Split. Roljić, L. (2013), Digitalna forenzika u dokaznom postupku i u funkciji ublažavanja posljedica korupcije Zbornik radova, Pravni fakultet Sveučilišta „Vitez“, Vitez. Stiglitz, J. (1999), Reform? Ten Years of the Postsocialist Transition, The World Bank, Washington D.C. Skakavac, Z, Skakavac, T. (2013), Korupcija u vezi sa privatizacijom preduzeća – situacija u Republici Srbiji, Zbornik radova, Pravni fakultet Sveučilišta „Vitez“, Vitez. Stojanov, D. (1999), The elements of alternative development stragies for transition economies, „Tranzicija“, Vol 1, No 2-3. Stiglitz, J. (2004), Globalization nad its Discontens, W.W. Norton and Company, New York. Transparency International BiH, Studiji percepcija korupcije BiH, Banja Luka/Sarajevo, 2002. Transparency International (2012). "Corruption Perceptions Index 2012: In detail". 70 �ZBORNIK RADOVA - Međunarodna naučna konferencija „Javni i privatni aspekti nužnih pravnih reformi u BiH: Koliko daleko možemo ići?“ Transparency International (2011, 2010, 2009, 2008, 2007). "Corruption Perceptions Index". Transparency International, Izvještaj o korupciji za 2010, www.dw.de/koja-zemlja-je-najkorumpiranija-na-svijetu/a-6220568. prema: Vukadinović, S., Medojević, N., Đeković, D. (2003), Korupcija i transparetnost na lokalnom nivou u Crnoj Gori, Agencija za lokalnu demokratiju, Nikšić. Vuković, S. (2003), Korupcija i vladavina prava, Beograd: IDN – Draganić. Zbornik radova Korupcija u odsustvu prava. Ogledi iz Bosne i Hercegovine, Hrvatske, Srbije i Crne Gore (2004), Fondacija Henrich Bell, Sarajevo (prilozi Z. Golubović, S Kukića, N. Mapes-Niedika). 71 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 3055 Title A name given to the resource UVOD U POLITIČKU EKONOMIJU KORUPCIJE U URUŠENIM TRANZICIJSKIM DRUŠTVIMA Author Author HODŽIĆ, Kadrija OSMANBEGOVIĆ, Edin Abstract A summary of the resource. Autori polaze od teze da je korupcija u urušenim tranzicijskim društvima, što dokazuju na primjerima Bosne i Hercegovine, Srbije i Crne Gore, pravilo sa kvalifikacijama "sistem(at)ske bolesti." Sistem(at)ski uzroci korupcije inicirani su i produbljeni obrisima tranzicione krize, koju karakteriziraju uslovi za pohranjivanje korupcije: institucionalna neizgrađenost društva, produbljeni nivo siromaštva i nepripremljena privatizacija. Povijesno-kulturološki okvir u kome su se ove zemlje razvijale dodatno komplicira percepciju korupcije. Dok u Bosni i Hercegovini ovi izvori leže u novom (temeljem Daytonskog ugovora) etnički razdjeljenom ustrojstvu državne zajednice i primjenjenom obrascu neoliberalnog razvoja, u kome političko nacionalne elite svoju korumpiranost pokrivaju divergentnim vizijama o Bosni i Hercegovini, u Srbiji se korupcija veže za jednonacionalnu „partijsku državu“ i državnu regulaciju, a u Crnoj Gori korupcija proizilazi iz tradicionalističkog, homogenog društva, karakterističnog po političkom uvezivanju obiteljskih klanova i posebne crnogorsko arhaične institucije kumstva. Ostatak regiona Zapadnog Balkana (Albanija, Kosovo), bez obzira na izvjesne napretke, ima još veću podložnost korupciji. U na ovaj način urušenim tranzicijskim društvima korupcija je postala uobičajeni «način života». Budući da je pitanje korupcije povezano i u sprezi je sa organizovanim kriminalom (uvezanog ili iniciranog sa nivoa političke i ekonomske moći) problem korupcije, po pravilu, ima i regionalnu dimenziju. Nijedno od tri pomenuta društva, kao ni većina ostalih u ambijentu Zapadnog Balkana ne mogu sama rješavati ovaj problem, pa autori upučuji na primjenu međunarodnih standarda i pomoć međunarodnih institucija, koji će pomoći izgradnju normativne infrastrukture u cilju suzbijanja korupcije, ali i doprinijeti poticaju ekonomskog rasta i održivoj demokratiji civilnog društva. Autori skreću pažnju i na otvorene teorijsko-ideološke dileme o prirodi nastanka korupcije. Dilema je upravljena na izbor između dva pristupa: (1) da li se korupcija veže za nesposobnost vlada da kroz pravni sistem uspostave efikasne kontrole javnih tokova i onemogućavanja korišćenja javne službe za privatne ciljeve, ili se (2) korupcija veže za nepostojanje tržišta i otvaranje prostora za uspostavljanje monopola u odlučivanju. Od odgovora na ovu dilemu umnogome ovise konceptualiziranja strategija i mjera sprječavanja korupcije. U prvom slučaju, odgovor u pojednostavljenom iskazu podrazumjeva uspostavljanje jake države i vlade spremne da se uhvati u koštac sa korupcijom (dakle, povećane javne kontrole i razine regulacija), a u drugom, odsustvo monopola (dakle, širenje slobode tržišta). Ovu dilemu autori prevazilaze s tezom da je moguće prevazići korupciju ako ustanovimo da je "jaka država", zapravo, neophodna radi nesmetanog funkcioniranja tržišnog mehanizma i njegovih osnovnih institucija, prije svega zaštite svojine i ugovora, a ne radi uspostavljanja levijatanske birokracije. Ključne riječi: korupcija, tranzicija, urušena tranzicijska društva, „balkansko društvo“, Bosna i Hercegovina, Crna Gora, Srbija. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Pravni fakultet Univerziteta u Tuzli i Centar za društvena istraživanja Internacionalnog Burč univerziteta Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed K Law (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/0940d1fd483b416dbb31218d3eab49a4.pdf 7747866089f580183730b9b9e26e3869 PDF Text Text �� https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/2b76573b00c1b32ef205331393e25d2f.docx 7f253f0f0f42b5a7aad2d575a991c03e Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 3125 Title A name given to the resource UVODNA RIJEČ DEKANA Author Author VELADŽIĆ, Nevzet Abstract A summary of the resource. Uvažavajući značaj osnovnog strateškog interesa Bosne i Hercegovine i njenih građana, a koji se zasniva na potrebi ostvarivanja svih bitnih preduvjeta za što brži pristup Bosne i Hercegovine u Evropsku uniju i NATO savez, Pravni fakultet Univerziteta u Bihaću i Centar za društvena istraživanja Internacionalnog Burč univerziteta organiziraju II Međunarodnu naučnu konferenciju ''Bosna i Hercegovina i euroatlantske integracije – trenutni izazovi i perspektive''. Konferencijom se nastoji unaprijediti daljnji proces interdisciplinarnog i multidisciplinarnog istraživanja koja se tiču tekućih, kompleksnih i međusobno povezanih pravnih, političkih, kulturoloških i socio¬ekonomskih procesa euroatlantskih integracija, da se analizirajući postojeće stanje ponude potencijalna rješenja i prijedlozi u vezi sa pristupanjem Bosne i Hercegovine euroatlantskim integracijama. Ova činjenica je utoliko značajnija ukoliko se posmatra u historijskoj perspektivi postratne obnove, tranzicije i pronalaženja evropskog puta u razvoju bosanskohercegovačkih odnosa. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Pravni fakultet Univerziteta u Bihaću i Centar za društvena istraživanja Internacionalnog Burč univerziteta Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed K Law (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/03d85478f6c35a2996a934d4d8819868.pdf 57706d85b1b93bd104635491e398517a PDF Text Text UVODNA RIJEČ GLAVNOG UREDNIKA Poštovani čitaoci, Čast i zadovoljstvo mi je da u ulozi glavnog urednika predstavim prvi broj časopisa „Društveni ogledi“. Osnivanjem Centra za društvena istraživanja Internacionalnog Burč univerziteta, javila se ideja za pokretanjem naučnog časopisa koji bi predstavljao rezultat potrebe za ukazivanjem na bitna pitanja iz oblasti društvenih nauka, prevashodno prava, u teoriji i praksi. Časopis ima za cilj unapređenje naučno-istraživačkog rada u oblasti pravnih i drugih srodnih društvenih nauka, a namijenjen je svima koji se bave istraživačkim radom, nudeći im mjesto susreta, zbližavanja, premoštavanja različitih stavova i mišljenja, ostavljajući prostor zajedničkom djelovanju. Uzimajući u obzir specifično pravno uređenje Bosne i Hercegovine, naročito u smislu približavanja evroatlanskim integracijama, časopis ima za cilj savladavanje poteškoća sa kojima se naša država susreće na tom putu, te iznalaženje mogućih rješenja kako u vidu teorijskog poimanja, tako i u praktičnom smislu. Također, značaj časopisa se ogleda u tome što pruža mogućnost dijaloga na nivou cijele Bosne i Hercegovine i šire, te teži uspostavljanju jedinstvenog naučnoistraživačkog prostora internacionalnog karaktera. To je opredijelilo uređivački odbor da buduće brojeve časopisa selektira po tematskim cjelinama, odnosno aktuelnim pravnim pitanjima s kojima se Bosna i Hercegovina susreće u procesu pridruživanja Evropskoj uniji. Zasluge za ovaj veliki projekt pripadaju kolegama sa Pravnog fakulteta Univerziteta u Sarajevu, Pravnog fakulteta Univerziteta u Tuzli, Pravnog fakulteta Univerziteta u Zenici, Pravnog fakulteta Univerziteta u Bihaću i Pravnog fakulteta Univerziteta u Mostaru, a naročitu zahvalnost iskazujemo Internacionalnom Burč univerzitetu, pokrovitelju cjelokupnog projekta. Glavni urednik Prof. dr. Abedin Bikić Centar za društvena istraživanja | Godina 1 | Broj1 7 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2362 Title A name given to the resource UVODNA RIJEČ GLAVNOG UREDNIKA Author Author BIKIĆ, Abedin Abstract A summary of the resource. Poštovani čitaoci, Čast i zadovoljstvo mi je da u ulozi glavnog urednika predstavim prvi broj časopisa „Društveni ogledi“. Osnivanjem Centra za društvena istraživanja Internacionalnog Burč univerziteta, javila se ideja za pokretanjem naučnog časopisa koji bi predstavljao rezultat potrebe za ukazivanjem na bitna pitanja iz oblasti društvenih nauka, prevashodno prava, u teoriji i praksi. Časopis ima za cilj unapređenje naučno-istraživačkog rada u oblasti pravnih i drugih srodnih društvenih nauka, a namijenjen je svima koji se bave istraživačkim radom, nudeći im mjesto susreta, zbližavanja, premoštavanja različitih stavova i mišljenja, ostavljajući prostor zajedničkom djelovanju. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Social Sciences Research Center of International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014-04 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-5706 H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/7d4f32915e9fc78eaadeded95bba3db2.pdf 49eee5e8c43aa9f8c429cb6663ad13b2 PDF Text Text �� Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2422 Title A name given to the resource Uvodna riječ glavnog urednika - Broj 2/2014 Author Author BIKIĆ, Abedin Abstract A summary of the resource. “Social Perspectives - Journal for Legal Theory and Practice“ is available in full text at the Central and Eastern European Online Library - CEEOL (www.ceeol.com) and on the web page www.ssrc.ibu.edu.ba Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Social Sciences Research Center of International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014-06 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed DOI Digital object identifier DOI: 10.14706/DO14111 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-5706 H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/5acdd5b0e7ebd0f240a8112fd3308fdf.pdf 49eee5e8c43aa9f8c429cb6663ad13b2 PDF Text Text �� Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2981 Title A name given to the resource Uvodna riječ glavnog urednika 2/2014 Author Author BIKIĆ, Abedin Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Centar za društvena istraživanja Internacionalnog Burc univerziteta Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-5706 H Social Sciences (General),K Law (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/856d0c9e6b2db90fd548ea87579588e8.pdf 5a083a4bfbb9b3fb8bea4dbde52f7ec9 PDF Text Text UVODNA RIJEČ GLAVNOG UREDNIKA Poštovani čitaoci, Pred Vama se nalazi treći broj časopisa „Društveni ogledi“. Sa osnovnom namjerom unaprjeđenja naučno-istraživačkog rada u oblasti pravnih i drugih srodnih društvenih nauka, časopis je za kratko vrijeme postao respektabilan i privlačan širokom krugu istraživača i naučnika u BiH i inozemstvu. U skladu sa željom da časopis „Društveni ogledi“ postane jedan od vodećih naučnih publikacija u BiH, uredništvo časopisa je od samog početka konstantno poduzimalo korake ka njegovom unaprjeđenju i međunarodnom indeksiranju. Posljedica tog rada se ogleda u indeksiranju časopisa u nekoliko međunarodno priznatih baza podataka. Treći broj časopisa nam predstavlja naučne radove istaknutih akademskih i stručnih radnika na različitim poljima pravne nauke. Također, pružen je prikaz međunarodne naučno-stručne konferencije „Izgradnja modernog pravnog sistema“, a čiji su istaknuti učesnici objavili svoje radove u ovom izdanju. Na kraju, želim se toplo zahvaliti kolegama sa pravnih fakulteta iz Bosne i Hercegovine, a posebnu zahvalnost izražavam mladim kolegama Centra za društvena istraživanja, organizatoru cjelokupnog projekta. Glavni urednik Prof. dr. Abedin Bikić Centar za društvena istraživanja | Godina 2 | Broj 1 7 �FOREWORD BY CHIEF EDITOR Respected Readers, It is great pleasure to introduce the third issue of the journal „Social Perspectives“. With the main idea of scientific research advancing in the field of legal and other related social sciences, the journal has quickly become respectable and attractive to a wide circle of researchers and scientists in Bosnia and Herzegovina as well as abroad. In accordance with the desire for „Social Perspectives“ to become one of the leading scientific publications in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Editorial board of the journal was, from the very beginning, constantly taking steps towards its development and international indexing. Consequently, the journal has found itself in many internationally recognized legal databases. In this Issue, you will find scientific works of distinguished professors and practitioners from a different fields of legal science. Also, review of the Scientific International Conference: „Establishment of a Modern Legal System“ is presented in the end. Participants at the Conference also published their works in this issue. Ultimately, I want to express my gratitude to colleagues from law schools in Bosnia and Herzegovina, and special thanks to colleagues from Social Sciences Research Center, organizers of the whole project. Editor-in-chief Prof. dr. Abedin Bikić 8 Društveni ogledi - Časopis za pravnu teoriju i praksu � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2984 Title A name given to the resource UVODNA RIJEČ GLAVNOG UREDNIKA br.3 Author Author BIKIĆ, Abedin Abstract A summary of the resource. Poštovani čitaoci, Pred Vama se nalazi treći broj časopisa „Društveni ogledi“. Sa osnovnom namjerom unaprjeđenja naučno-istraživačkog rada u oblasti pravnih i drugih srodnih društvenih nauka, časopis je za kratko vrijeme postao respektabilan i privlačan širokom krugu istraživača i naučnika u BiH i inozemstvu. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Centar za društvena istraživanja Internacionalnog Burc univerziteta Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2015 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-6281 H Social Sciences (General),K Law (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/5bfebf00a23457a14d08da7a9c6ec02a.pdf b9f3e1f2d22602f5379d5b3409b44f33 PDF Text Text FOREWORD EDITOR OF SPECIAL ISSUE Intellectual property represents a field of law that has its finger on the pulse of time and current developments in science, technology, art, politics and economy in almost an unprecedented manner. As a consequence, the legislation and practice in this area find themselves in a constant endeavor of offering adequate response and adapting to these changing circumstances and challenges. The complexity and sensitivity of the nature of this field, also from a legal and political point of view, makes this task even more demanding. The legislation and practice in the field of intellectual property in the selected countries of the region South-Eastern Europe (Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Montenegro, Macedonia and Albania) are certainly not immune to the mention developments. Nevertheless, while they face certain global challenges (e.g. the effects of digital technologies on the use, management and enforcement on subject matter protected by these rights), they are also confronted with particular, rather specific issues that are determined by their legal history, cultural environment, political developments or their position in the process of European integration. In the initial phase of the planning of this conference, a presumption was established that due to the geographic proximity, surmountable language barriers, common or similar history and comparable economic situation some of these particular challenges may not only be strictly national, but represent cross-border, or regional issues. If that should be the case, then also the solutions to these challenges need to be proposed and implemented on the regional and not on the isolated national level. In order to examine the validity of that presumption and establish the foundation for this conference, the contributors from the selected countries of the region were asked to critically examine their national legislation and practice in three selected fields: collective management of copyright and related rights, patents and trade marks. Hence, the topics dealt within the framework of this conference are not exhaustive and reflect only particular central elements of the discussion on challenges in the field of intellectual property in the selected countries of South-Eastern Europe, but also the EU. Hence the objective of this conference in the regional context was to search for challenges and offer solutions in particular areas of intellectual property that are relevant and valid beyond the national laws of countries of the region. The preparatory stage of the conference with regard to challenges in the region SouthEastern Europe (“Regional challenges”) was comprised of four phases: Phase I/Detecting the Challenges: Country reports on challenges in the field of collective management of copyright and related rights, patents and trademarks. In this initial phase, the contributors were asked the prepare reports providing overview over the national systems (of collective management, patents and trade mark) and foremost underlining major issues/challenges in the practice and in the legislative field on the basis of provided questionnaires. Phase II/Facing the Challenges: Summaries of challenges in each field. In this phase three summaries of challenges (for each area separately) were prepared on the basis of provided country reports on challenges, where similar challenges in the region were underlined and combined, but also specific national issues were emphasized. �Phase III/Dealing with the Challenges: Conventional solutions and „outside the box“ solutions for challenges in each field. For the preparation of this phase the contributors submitted their proposals for dealing with the challenges detected in the national reports and summarized in Phase II that are however not only valid for their own country, but represent cross -border solutions of a particular issue for the region. The proposed solutions represented both conventional and non-conventional/„outside the box“ suggestions aiming for the elimination of a particular challenge, irrespective of potential political or systematic obstacles. Phase IV/Eliminating the Challenges: Consolidated conventional and „outside the box“ solutions. Finally in the last phase, the conventional and “outside the box” solutions submitted by the contributors were summarized in form of an outline of guidelines for dealing with the detected challenges. Similar to the region South-Eastern Europe also the European union is facing with a set of specific issues in the field of intellectual property such as cross-border licensing of rights in musical works, the long-lasting process of introducing a unitary patent protection, or the deficiencies of the unitary trademark system (“EU-challenges”). Despite the fact that not all of selected countries of the region are members of the EU, some of the latter challenges already have or will have an impact on each of them. Thereby a paradox is created, as the countries of the region striving toward a EU-membership are partially under the obligation to adopt the “imperfect” EU systems of protection of intellectual property. On the other hand, the countries of the region that are EU-member states potentially face twofold challenges. The ones they are confronted with in the unitary context and the others that are rooted in their own national systems of collective copyright management, patents or trademarks and that are more “regionally-oriented”. Finally, during the preparation of the conference it was also presumed that some of the regional and EU-challenges coincide and that the already established solutions on the EU-level and/or the proposed solutions on the regional level might initiate a discussion that could eventually lead to the elimination of the latter. Consequently, also the contributors from the EU used a similar approach as the ones from the region and identified the mayor challenges in the field of collective management of copyright and related rights, patents and trademarks in the EU and offered conventional and “out of the box” solutions. It needs to be emphasized that the opinions and propositions expressed by the contributors represent their personal views and should not be attributed to their respective institutions and organizations. We would like to use this opportunity to thank all the contributors who participated in the preparation of this conference for the effort they invested in shaping this, as we consider, comprehensive and unique mutual research project. Dr. Iza Razija Mešević Conference Chairman �THE CONTRIBUTORS Aleš Oražem / Intellectual Property Office of Republic of Slovenia/Head of TM Division; Croatia; Dr. Christopher Heath / European Patent Office / Member of Board of Appeal Legal Board of Appeal; Dr. Draginja Vuksanović / Law Faculty of University of Podgorica / Assistant Professor; Dr. Dušan Popović / Law Faculty of University of Belgrade / Associate Professor; Dr. Egon Engin-Deniz / CMS RRH Vienna / Partner / Head of IP; Dr. Igor Gliha / Law Faculty of University of Zagreb / Professor; Dr. Ivana Kunda / Law Faculty of University of Rijeka / Assistant Professor; Dr. Iza Razija Mešević / Law Faculty of University of Sarajevo / Assistant Professor; Dr. Jadranka Dabovik - Anstasovska / Law Faculty Iustinian I / University Ss. Cyril and Methodius Skopje; Dr. Martina Repas / Law Faculty of University of Maribor / Associate Professor; Dr. Neda Zdraveva / Law Faculty Iustinian I / University Ss. Cyril and Methodius Skopje / Assistant Professor; Dr. Romana Matanovac Vučković / Law Faculty of University of Zagreb / Assistant Professor; Dr. Silke von Lewinski / MPI for Innovation and Competition) / Senior Research Fellow; Franklin Pierce / Center for IP / Uni of NH / Adj Professor; Dr. Siniša Varga / Law Faculty of University of Kragujevac / Associate Professor; Dr. Slobodan Marković / Law Faculty of University of Belgrade / Professor; PD Dr. Thomas Jaeger, LL.M. (K.U. Leuven) / Max Planck Institute for Innovation and Competition / Senior Research Fellow; Leibniz University Hanover / Substitute Chair in Labor, Company and Civil Law; Dr. Zhaklina Peto / Law Faculty of University of Tirana / Associate Professor; Oltion Spiro / Loloci and Associates Tirana; Robert Kordić / CMS RRH Sarajevo / Senior Legal Adviser; �THE CONTRIBUTORS BY FIELD AND REGIONS Contributors (EU Challenges): Trademarks (Dr. Egon Engin-Deniz / CMS RRH Vienna / Partner / Head of IP), Patents (Dr. Thomas Jaeger / MPI for Innovation and Competition and Dr. Christopher Heath / European Patent Office / Member of Board of Appeal Legal Board of Appeal) and Collective copyright management (Dr. Silke von Lewinski / MPI for Innovation and Competition) Contributors (Regional Challenges): Collective copyright management (Slovenia: Dr. Martina Repas / Law Faculty of University of Maribor, Associate Professor; Croatia: Dr. Igor Gliha / Law Faculty of University of Zagreb/Professor; Bosnia and Herzegovina: Dr. Iza Razija Mešević / Law Faculty of University of Sarajevo/ Assistant Professor; Serbia: Dr. Dušan Popović / Law Faculty of University of Belgrade/Associate Professor; Macedonia: Dr. Jadranka Dabovik- Anstasovska (Professor) and Dr. Neda Zdraveva (Assistant Professor)/Law Faculty Iustinian I/University Ss. Cyril and Methodius Skopje: Montenegro: Dr. Draginja Vuksanović / Law Faculty of University of Podgorica/Assistant Professor and Albania: Dr. Zhaklina Peto / Law Faculty of University of Tirana/Associate Professor and Oltion Spiro / Loloci and Associates Tirana). Trademarks (Slovenia: Aleš Oražem / Intellectual Property Office of Republic of Slovenia/Head of TM Division; Croatia: Dr. Romana Matanovac / Law Faculty of University of Zagreb/Assistant Professor; Bosnia and Herzegovina: Dr. Iza Razija Mešević / Law Faculty of University of Sarajevo/ Assistant Professor; Serbia: Dr. Siniša Varga / Law Faculty of University of Kragujevac/Associate Professor; Macedonia: Dr. Jadranka Dabovik - Anstasovska (Professor) and Dr. Neda Zdraveva (Assistant Professor)/Law Faculty Iustinian I/University Ss. Cyril and Methodius Skopje: Montenegro: Dr. Draginja Vuksanović / Law Faculty of University of Podgorica/Assistant Professor and Albania: Dr. Zhaklina Peto / Law Faculty of University of Tirana/Associate Professor and Oltion Spiro / Loloci and Associates Tirana). Patents (Slovenia: Robert Kordić / CMS RRH Sarajevo/Senior Legal Adviser; Croatia: Dr. Ivana Kunda / Law Faculty of University of Rijeka/Assistant Professor; Bosnia and Herzegovina: Robert Kordić / CMS RRH Sarajevo/Senior Legal Adviser Serbia: Dr. Slobodan Marković / Law Faculty of University of Belgrade/Professor; Macedonia: Dr. Jadranka Dabovik- Anstasovska (Professor) and Dr. Neda Zdraveva (Assistant Professor)/Law Faculty Iustinian I/University Ss. Cyril and Methodius Skopje: Montenegro: Dr. Draginja Vuksanović / Law Faculty of University of Podgorica/Assistant Professor and Albania: Dr. Zhaklina Peto / Law Faculty of University of Tirana/Associate Professor and Oltion Spiro / Loloci and Associates Tirana. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2423 Title A name given to the resource Uvodna riječ urednika specijalnog izdanja - Broj 2/2014 Author Author MEŠEVIĆ, Iza Razija Abstract A summary of the resource. “Social Perspectives - Journal for Legal Theory and Practice“ is available in full text at the Central and Eastern European Online Library - CEEOL (www.ceeol.com) and on the web page www.ssrc.ibu.edu.ba Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Social Sciences Research Center of International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014-06 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed DOI Digital object identifier DOI: 10.14706/DO14111 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-5706 H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/eaa110178e14269ef35450606f42af01.pdf b9f3e1f2d22602f5379d5b3409b44f33 PDF Text Text FOREWORD EDITOR OF SPECIAL ISSUE Intellectual property represents a field of law that has its finger on the pulse of time and current developments in science, technology, art, politics and economy in almost an unprecedented manner. As a consequence, the legislation and practice in this area find themselves in a constant endeavor of offering adequate response and adapting to these changing circumstances and challenges. The complexity and sensitivity of the nature of this field, also from a legal and political point of view, makes this task even more demanding. The legislation and practice in the field of intellectual property in the selected countries of the region South-Eastern Europe (Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Montenegro, Macedonia and Albania) are certainly not immune to the mention developments. Nevertheless, while they face certain global challenges (e.g. the effects of digital technologies on the use, management and enforcement on subject matter protected by these rights), they are also confronted with particular, rather specific issues that are determined by their legal history, cultural environment, political developments or their position in the process of European integration. In the initial phase of the planning of this conference, a presumption was established that due to the geographic proximity, surmountable language barriers, common or similar history and comparable economic situation some of these particular challenges may not only be strictly national, but represent cross-border, or regional issues. If that should be the case, then also the solutions to these challenges need to be proposed and implemented on the regional and not on the isolated national level. In order to examine the validity of that presumption and establish the foundation for this conference, the contributors from the selected countries of the region were asked to critically examine their national legislation and practice in three selected fields: collective management of copyright and related rights, patents and trade marks. Hence, the topics dealt within the framework of this conference are not exhaustive and reflect only particular central elements of the discussion on challenges in the field of intellectual property in the selected countries of South-Eastern Europe, but also the EU. Hence the objective of this conference in the regional context was to search for challenges and offer solutions in particular areas of intellectual property that are relevant and valid beyond the national laws of countries of the region. The preparatory stage of the conference with regard to challenges in the region SouthEastern Europe (“Regional challenges”) was comprised of four phases: Phase I/Detecting the Challenges: Country reports on challenges in the field of collective management of copyright and related rights, patents and trademarks. In this initial phase, the contributors were asked the prepare reports providing overview over the national systems (of collective management, patents and trade mark) and foremost underlining major issues/challenges in the practice and in the legislative field on the basis of provided questionnaires. Phase II/Facing the Challenges: Summaries of challenges in each field. In this phase three summaries of challenges (for each area separately) were prepared on the basis of provided country reports on challenges, where similar challenges in the region were underlined and combined, but also specific national issues were emphasized. �Phase III/Dealing with the Challenges: Conventional solutions and „outside the box“ solutions for challenges in each field. For the preparation of this phase the contributors submitted their proposals for dealing with the challenges detected in the national reports and summarized in Phase II that are however not only valid for their own country, but represent cross -border solutions of a particular issue for the region. The proposed solutions represented both conventional and non-conventional/„outside the box“ suggestions aiming for the elimination of a particular challenge, irrespective of potential political or systematic obstacles. Phase IV/Eliminating the Challenges: Consolidated conventional and „outside the box“ solutions. Finally in the last phase, the conventional and “outside the box” solutions submitted by the contributors were summarized in form of an outline of guidelines for dealing with the detected challenges. Similar to the region South-Eastern Europe also the European union is facing with a set of specific issues in the field of intellectual property such as cross-border licensing of rights in musical works, the long-lasting process of introducing a unitary patent protection, or the deficiencies of the unitary trademark system (“EU-challenges”). Despite the fact that not all of selected countries of the region are members of the EU, some of the latter challenges already have or will have an impact on each of them. Thereby a paradox is created, as the countries of the region striving toward a EU-membership are partially under the obligation to adopt the “imperfect” EU systems of protection of intellectual property. On the other hand, the countries of the region that are EU-member states potentially face twofold challenges. The ones they are confronted with in the unitary context and the others that are rooted in their own national systems of collective copyright management, patents or trademarks and that are more “regionally-oriented”. Finally, during the preparation of the conference it was also presumed that some of the regional and EU-challenges coincide and that the already established solutions on the EU-level and/or the proposed solutions on the regional level might initiate a discussion that could eventually lead to the elimination of the latter. Consequently, also the contributors from the EU used a similar approach as the ones from the region and identified the mayor challenges in the field of collective management of copyright and related rights, patents and trademarks in the EU and offered conventional and “out of the box” solutions. It needs to be emphasized that the opinions and propositions expressed by the contributors represent their personal views and should not be attributed to their respective institutions and organizations. We would like to use this opportunity to thank all the contributors who participated in the preparation of this conference for the effort they invested in shaping this, as we consider, comprehensive and unique mutual research project. Dr. Iza Razija Mešević Conference Chairman �THE CONTRIBUTORS Aleš Oražem / Intellectual Property Office of Republic of Slovenia/Head of TM Division; Croatia; Dr. Christopher Heath / European Patent Office / Member of Board of Appeal Legal Board of Appeal; Dr. Draginja Vuksanović / Law Faculty of University of Podgorica / Assistant Professor; Dr. Dušan Popović / Law Faculty of University of Belgrade / Associate Professor; Dr. Egon Engin-Deniz / CMS RRH Vienna / Partner / Head of IP; Dr. Igor Gliha / Law Faculty of University of Zagreb / Professor; Dr. Ivana Kunda / Law Faculty of University of Rijeka / Assistant Professor; Dr. Iza Razija Mešević / Law Faculty of University of Sarajevo / Assistant Professor; Dr. Jadranka Dabovik - Anstasovska / Law Faculty Iustinian I / University Ss. Cyril and Methodius Skopje; Dr. Martina Repas / Law Faculty of University of Maribor / Associate Professor; Dr. Neda Zdraveva / Law Faculty Iustinian I / University Ss. Cyril and Methodius Skopje / Assistant Professor; Dr. Romana Matanovac Vučković / Law Faculty of University of Zagreb / Assistant Professor; Dr. Silke von Lewinski / MPI for Innovation and Competition) / Senior Research Fellow; Franklin Pierce / Center for IP / Uni of NH / Adj Professor; Dr. Siniša Varga / Law Faculty of University of Kragujevac / Associate Professor; Dr. Slobodan Marković / Law Faculty of University of Belgrade / Professor; PD Dr. Thomas Jaeger, LL.M. (K.U. Leuven) / Max Planck Institute for Innovation and Competition / Senior Research Fellow; Leibniz University Hanover / Substitute Chair in Labor, Company and Civil Law; Dr. Zhaklina Peto / Law Faculty of University of Tirana / Associate Professor; Oltion Spiro / Loloci and Associates Tirana; Robert Kordić / CMS RRH Sarajevo / Senior Legal Adviser; �THE CONTRIBUTORS BY FIELD AND REGIONS Contributors (EU Challenges): Trademarks (Dr. Egon Engin-Deniz / CMS RRH Vienna / Partner / Head of IP), Patents (Dr. Thomas Jaeger / MPI for Innovation and Competition and Dr. Christopher Heath / European Patent Office / Member of Board of Appeal Legal Board of Appeal) and Collective copyright management (Dr. Silke von Lewinski / MPI for Innovation and Competition) Contributors (Regional Challenges): Collective copyright management (Slovenia: Dr. Martina Repas / Law Faculty of University of Maribor, Associate Professor; Croatia: Dr. Igor Gliha / Law Faculty of University of Zagreb/Professor; Bosnia and Herzegovina: Dr. Iza Razija Mešević / Law Faculty of University of Sarajevo/ Assistant Professor; Serbia: Dr. Dušan Popović / Law Faculty of University of Belgrade/Associate Professor; Macedonia: Dr. Jadranka Dabovik- Anstasovska (Professor) and Dr. Neda Zdraveva (Assistant Professor)/Law Faculty Iustinian I/University Ss. Cyril and Methodius Skopje: Montenegro: Dr. Draginja Vuksanović / Law Faculty of University of Podgorica/Assistant Professor and Albania: Dr. Zhaklina Peto / Law Faculty of University of Tirana/Associate Professor and Oltion Spiro / Loloci and Associates Tirana). Trademarks (Slovenia: Aleš Oražem / Intellectual Property Office of Republic of Slovenia/Head of TM Division; Croatia: Dr. Romana Matanovac / Law Faculty of University of Zagreb/Assistant Professor; Bosnia and Herzegovina: Dr. Iza Razija Mešević / Law Faculty of University of Sarajevo/ Assistant Professor; Serbia: Dr. Siniša Varga / Law Faculty of University of Kragujevac/Associate Professor; Macedonia: Dr. Jadranka Dabovik - Anstasovska (Professor) and Dr. Neda Zdraveva (Assistant Professor)/Law Faculty Iustinian I/University Ss. Cyril and Methodius Skopje: Montenegro: Dr. Draginja Vuksanović / Law Faculty of University of Podgorica/Assistant Professor and Albania: Dr. Zhaklina Peto / Law Faculty of University of Tirana/Associate Professor and Oltion Spiro / Loloci and Associates Tirana). Patents (Slovenia: Robert Kordić / CMS RRH Sarajevo/Senior Legal Adviser; Croatia: Dr. Ivana Kunda / Law Faculty of University of Rijeka/Assistant Professor; Bosnia and Herzegovina: Robert Kordić / CMS RRH Sarajevo/Senior Legal Adviser Serbia: Dr. Slobodan Marković / Law Faculty of University of Belgrade/Professor; Macedonia: Dr. Jadranka Dabovik- Anstasovska (Professor) and Dr. Neda Zdraveva (Assistant Professor)/Law Faculty Iustinian I/University Ss. Cyril and Methodius Skopje: Montenegro: Dr. Draginja Vuksanović / Law Faculty of University of Podgorica/Assistant Professor and Albania: Dr. Zhaklina Peto / Law Faculty of University of Tirana/Associate Professor and Oltion Spiro / Loloci and Associates Tirana. � https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/f10eb6997244ccece7efbcd9a99a61e5.docx 23063960c2915ad7def4927718f7bdc9 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2982 Title A name given to the resource Uvodna riječ urednika specijalnog izdanja 2/2014 Author Author MEŠEVIĆ, Iza Razija Abstract A summary of the resource. Intellectual property represents a �eld of law that has its �nger on the pulse of time and current developments in science, technology, art, politics and economy in almost an unprecedented manner. As a consequence, the legislation and practice in this area �nd themselves in a constant endeavor of o�ering adequate response and adapting to these changing circumstances and challenges. �e complexity and sensitivity of the nature of this �eld, also from a legal and political point of view, makes this task even more demanding. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Centar za društvena istraživanja Internacionalnog Burc univerziteta Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-5706 H Social Sciences (General),K Law (General)