331 10 3494 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/aa328d12838aafb5a77b41a255af3a23.pdf de0bc673ef110e1312c5c22b9f63e365 PDF Text Text Urban Greenway Planning: The Example of Kayseri (Turkey) Urban Complex Banu Öztürk Kurtaslan Selcuk University Faculty of Agriculture Department of Landscape Architecture Konya-Turkey bkurtaslan@selcuk.edu.tr Abstract: After the “alle”s which were constituded in Medieval, greenways that took form with the “parkway” idea of Olmsted and Vaux in XIX. Century are the open space connectors which arrange parks, natural reserves, historical sites, and their cultural components. The greenways which have been constituted with ecological, cultural, recreational and aesthetic purposes are also important constituents of urban open and green area system. The planning approach of greenways and the open and green area systems that they connected with, have interesting examples in England and America. But in our country this planning approach hasn’t stil been settled. It’s also possible to observe this in Kayseri urban complex. However there are areas which surround the city and be considered as “greeenway”. Especially the narrow-deep valleys that surround the city from south-east are unplanned “greenways” which analyse the transition from urban to rural areas, and existing their rich cultural petterns. The city in which rapid urbanization continue with the impact of the industriy, combining with the tresholds on the south make possible of forming a greenbelt here. In this study it wil be investigated that the possibilities of forming greenways and activities in possible greenways. Introduction In order for the urban green areas to be able to form a system from spatial point of view, it needs planning them in connection to each other. Today, the entire world accepts this requirement. The open and green areas connected to each other are effective on emerging of a macro form of a city and directing the urban development (Özdilek 2004, s.27). In this issue, one mentions the systems such as green belt, green wedge, and green fabric. And greenways are especially important in terms of that they can make a connection between such planned green areas. The greenways are the connectors of open area, which connect to each other the parks, natural reserves, and other cultural components. (Flink & Searns, 1993) Greenway planning is an international approach developing along 19th and 20th (Fabos, 1995). The developing success of the concept “greenway” depends on encouraging to protect the landscape, protecting the natural and cultural heritage, and providing the possibilities for public recreations. The greenways are the courses of communication, which increase the quality of life of the environment and neighboring areas, which is developed through an integrated advertisement, allocated to the disintegrated voyages (such as pedestrians, bikes, and horses), not motorized. When these linear connectors particularly take place along the linear elements such as stream and ridgeline, they may emerge as the visual courses, which provides possibilities for the recreational activities such as jogging, walking, and cycling (Comine et al., 2004; p.271 -287). These courses can also be planned as integrated with the other recreational areas such as urban park, camping area, and sports area. In addition, these courses can serve for daily transportation, connecting to each other the area such as housing, business, and commerce. The greenways can be considered in three main categorizes; ecological, recreational, and the green areas having historical and cultural values (Fabos, 2004). The notion “park way” developed by F. Law, Olmsted, and Vaux in the late 1800s leaded to the formation of the concept “greenway” (Shuyler, 1986). In the other words, it made a leadership to the formation of the concept “greenway” like Olmsted and Vaux. Ebenezer Howard also made an important contribution to the development of the concept “greenway”. In spite of their commonly shared antecedents, the movement of greenway in Europe developed differently from its counterparts in USA. Additionally, one-fragmented approach without discontinuity was followed and this approach spread many countries (Toscolini & Fumagalli, 2006, pp 112 -133). 323 �Today, the concept green area highly developed. The greenways currently include their esthetic and leisure functions as well as a number of different aims. These aims are not only toward protecting the nature, but also towards the education, historical and cultural heritage, and protecting the public health (www.rivermed.com) The greenways can be in the local, urban, regional .national, and even continental scale. According to the scale, and thus transportation distances, these ways, converging on certain points, can be supported by motorized ways, railways, and auto parks (Flink and Searns, 1993; p.42 ). According to their properties and aims, some greenways may not include trails. One of the important ecological uses of greenways is that; when they located along the stream corridors, they can aid in buffering surface waters, from non-point source pollution. When it takes in the urban area, it makes it possible to be protected in the existing natural state of the areas threatened by the future development of the city (Conine et al.2004.p.271 -287). Besides such benefits, the greenways have several economic benefits. They increase the real properties values in their close neighborhoods and consider reaction based job possibilities. They also offer tourist attractions (Flink ve Searns, 1993; p.42). “Today, city planners and administrators are increasingly expecting connected landscape corridors to provide more than park and recreation functions. They are promoting especially metropolitan greenways networks that help shape urban growth.” (Erickson, 2003; p.199 -221) Greenway planning in Turkey is still in theoretical level. The academic studies carried out can not be not largely implemented. Planning practice of the city Kayseri did not form such a concept. In close neighborhood of the city, the valley shaped, unplanned greenways, which the topography gives a direction, are largely kept by law codes and regulations. In this work, on current plan of the city, the existing and potential green areas are investigated and the uses (recreation, protecting etc.) that these greenways will be able to make it possible are studied. Location of Kayseri City and Its Short History Kayseri is a Central Anatolian city (Figure 1). It is a city which is surrounded by hills and settled on a flat plain. The city is situated in the Central Kızılırmak Region in Central Anatolia. The old city whic is called “Mazaka” has settled down XI. Century B.C. (Baydur 1970). Kayseri possesses unique natural and cultural values especially in the near surroundings of the city and within city boundaries. Mount Erciyes which is the highest mountain in the Central Anatolian District (3917 m), is a magnificent volcanic mountain on the sout part of Kayseri. “Kayseri is on an important intersection point which a lot of civilization had chosen for settlement. The first name of the city was “Hilakku”. Apart from it, the city has named as “Mazaka”, Eusebia”, and it is called “Caesarea” in Roman and Byzantine times. Since antique times Kayseri has an important settlement as “Small Cilicia” region in Cappadocia. The “Kültepe Kaniş-Karum” was an important settlement at the time of Assyrian trade colonies. In Mazaka an its vicinity Hittite, Persian, Cappadocia State, Roman and Turkish sovereignities by turns. The city which is on the Silk Road was an important settlement in the periods of Greek, Roman, Byzatine and Seljuk in terms of politics and culture; this importance have been continued in the Ottoman period. It is not known exactly but, it is considered that the city settled on the plain approximately after XI. Century (Kurtaslan and Kocatürk 2005)”. 324 �Figure 1. Location of the city in its country. Materials and Methods In the study, as material, a literature such as article, thesis, book, declaration, plan report, and so on discussing the concept greenway, and on the city Kayseri were used. However, the satellite pictures, plans, maps, and original pictures on the study domain, were utilized as visual materials. In the study, the concept “greenway” based on literature review before all else was used. Later, characteristic properties (natural and cultural structure) of the existing and potential greenways taking place in the domain of study will be discussed from satellite images and pictures with the observation made in its place. In respect with the relationships of greenways with the urban microform, it will be discussed which decisions will be made on the greenways. Greenways In Kayseri Urban Complex As stated earlier, in planning approaches Kayseri city, especially in the city, the concept greenway takes place. In he city, there are no approaches such as park system, and greenway. Only several parks along the ways, which have a linear structure, can be attributed as greenway. In this scope, the areas, which take place in the close neighborhood of the city, and can be attributed as greenway, are partly protected by law codes and regulations. In the existing settlement order within the city, there is no possibility to create the greenways within the city, because there is not any suitable openness, and any structure on which the integrated decisions will be made. Linear parks in the urban areas and the afforested green sidewalks can be considered in the scope of greenway. For example, Đnönü Park taking place in the city is a highly long and continuous greenway (Figure 2). This greenway do not undertakes any connecting way. It has a buffering attribute to compensate the adverse affects, such as noise and pollution, of the traffic between busy vehicle traffic and dense housing area. Figure 2. Wiew of Đnönü Parkı on satellite photo (KASKĐ 2002). The narrow-deep valleys wich are located especially on the south-east of the city are important elements of the geomorphologicalstructure. The greenways defined by valleys which are located on the south-east and nort-west are in the semi-rural areas which are adjacent to the city. Especially the urban developments in Talas and Mimar Sinan settlements which are based on multi story dense development are threatening the contemporary settlements both in valley slopes and other semi-rural areas. The existence of these semi-rural settlements has been known from XV. Century and they have been householder for Christian and Moslem communities until XX. century. In the settlement pattern, there are natural, urban, archeological and mixed protected areas. These settlements with vineyards and orchards, architectural structures which exhibits local materials and Works (houses, bridges, stone walls, churches, stone carving houses etc.), underground crossings, contemporary street patterns presents very important contributions to the identity of the city (Figure 5). In these traditional settelments vineyards and orchards which are on the valley slopes have been important elements of the geogaphy until XX. Century which the Armenian, Greek and Turks have lived in as mixed (Imamoglu 2001). There aren’t traditional settelments in all valleys in the city. Some valleys exist with their natural situations there aren’t any housing in their vicinitiy 325 �The natural characteristics of valleys have been largely protected. Valleys which slit the plateaus presents interesting rock formations. These valleys are forming important habitats for birds and other wildlife. Erciyes Mountain and surrounding areas are poor in terms of permanent streams. Figure 3. Derevenk Valley and near dense housing areas (KASKĐ 2002). Figure 4. The multi-storey dense housing areas which threaten the traditional settlements in Talas (Original 2003). References Baydur, N. 1970., Kültepe (Kanes) ve Kayseri Tarihi Üzerine Araştırmalar (Eski Çağlardan Đ.S. 395 Yılına Kadar). Đstanbul. 88. Conine et al. 2004. Conine, A., Xiang, W., Young J. And Whitley, D. Planning for multi-purpose greenways in Concord, North Carolina. Landscape and Urban Planning. 68 (2-3). 271-287. Erickson, D.L., 2004. The Relationship of Historic City Form and Contemporary Greenway Implementation: A Comparison of Milwaukee, Wisconsin (USA) and Ottawa, Ontario (Canada). Landscape and Urban Planning. 68 (2-3), 2004. 199-221. Fabos, J.Gy., and Ahern, J., 1995. The Greenway Movement, Uses and Potentialities of Greenways. Greenways: The Beginning of an International Movement. pp. 1–13. Fabos, J.G., Greenway Planning in the United States: Its Origins and Recent Case Studies, Landscape Urban Planning. 68 (2004), pp. 321–342. Flink, C. A. ve Searns, R., M., 1993. Greenways. USA. p. 42, 63. Gobster, P.H., 2004. The Human Dimensions of Urban Greenways: Planning for Recreation and Related Experiences and Lynne M.Westphal. Volume 68, Issues 2-3 , 30 May 2004, Pages 147-165 326 �Imamoglu, V. 2001. Kayseri Bağ Evleri. Đş Bankası Kültür Yayınları. Đstanbul. 16, 31, 18, 29, 107, 119. Toccolini, A., Fumagalli, N. And Senes,G., 2006. Greenways Planning in Italy: the Lambro River Valley Greenways System. Landscape and Urban Planning. 76 (1-4). Pp.112-133 Karatepe, Ş. 1999. Kendini Kuran Şehir. Kayseri. p.52. KASKĐ 2002. Kayseri Uydu Görüntüleri. Kayseri Su ve Kanalizasyon Đdaresi. Kayseri. Kurtaslan Ö. B., Kocatürk, F. Investigating The Changing Process of Vineyards and Orchards In Kayserı City And Its Vicinity. 2nd International Conference on Landscape and Urban Horticulture University of Bologna. 9-13 June. Italy. Öztürk, B. 2004. Kentsel Açık ve Yeşil Alan Sistemi Oluşturulması: Kayseri Kent Bütünü Örneği. Ankara Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü-Peyzaj Mimarlığı Bölümü. Ankara. P.88, 128,135. Shuyler, D. 1986. The New Urban Landscape. The Johns Hopkins University Press. London. www.rivermed.com www.yuruyoruz.com 327 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 448 Title A name given to the resource Urban Greenway Planning: The Example of Kayseri (Turkey) Urban Complex Author Author Kurtaslan, Banu Öztürk Abstract A summary of the resource. After the “alle”s which were constituded in Medieval, greenways that took form with the “parkway” idea of Olmsted and Vaux in XIX. Century are the open space connectors which arrange parks, natural reserves, historical sites, and their cultural components. The greenways which have been constituted with ecological, cultural, recreational and aesthetic purposes are also important constituents of urban open and green area system. The planning approach of greenways and the open and green area systems that they connected with, have interesting examples in England and America. But in our country this planning approach hasn’t stil been settled. It’s also possible to observe this in Kayseri urban complex. However there are areas which surround the city and be considered as “greeenway”. Especially the narrow-deep valleys that surround the city from south-east are unplanned “greenways” which analyse the transition from urban to rural areas, and existing their rich cultural petterns. The city in which rapid urbanization continue with the impact of the industriy, combining with the tresholds on the south make possible of forming a greenbelt here. In this study it wil be investigated that the possibilities of forming greenways and activities in possible greenways. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed Q Science (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/6868a625cd1c7b894e485e88cb3bb603.pdf 177822121cd2e62cb64947bd9c526237 PDF Text Text 1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Urban Planning in Terms of Local Development and the Discussion on Erzurum Sample of its Relationship with the Ergonomics Elif Çolakoğlu Atatürk University Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences Department of Public Administration Turkey elifcolakoglu@yahoo.com Önder Barli Atatürk University Com munication Faculty Turkey barli@atauni.edu.tr Abstract: There is no suspect that qualified human capital has positive effects on sustainable development. In particular, on local and regional development, it comes to the fore. In this respect, when it is evaluated, the importance with regard to this will come out in terms of regional development issues. In this regard, it is believed that the urban settlements which has a large portion of the human population is a very effective element and it has been come forward. Ergonomics in the creation of sustainable cities, can be considered as an important tool. If this problems that arising from environment and human conditions is not minimized, the formation of conditions threatened to lives of individuals are likely to increase. Consequently, this study is expressed that along with current problem by developing a variety of solutions, providing more qualified urban life in Erzurum will make a great contribution to sustainable local development. Introduction Industrialisation and high urbanization, increasing population brought soil, water, air, noise, electromagnetic and radioactive pollution as serious environmental problems. As these problems increase, they affect urban life and ongoing local development negatively. When the subject matter is taken up to Erzurum, which is the biggest city of Eastern Anatolian Region as the changes made without taking the topographic structure of the city into consideration after immigrations from neighbor cities and town caused unplanned urbanization in recent years.Itis seen thatthe cityis unplanned areas are affected by especially air, water, noise, soil and electromagnetic pollution. And also the deeds of municipalities such as roads, pavements and lightning are not enough and effective. Those problems are the mostimportant things that cause special investments to escape from the city and region. Therefore is not seen that Erzurum reach an ongoing local development potential due tolosing specialinvestment and taking immigrations. As itcan be seen inthisresearch which some approaches and uses in the centre of ergonomics those problems can be both solved and the city and region’s ongoing developmentincreased. The Cities in the Centre of Ergonomics: The City Ergonomics and Environment It is seen that the process of urbanizations is under bad conditions in developing countries. In such countries,itis a factthatthe people who live in big urbanized and populated cities find out their own living are as which are out of health conditions economic,social and above and below structures. Whereas cities survive as they contain dynamic structures like living organisms. Thus, if it is wanted to changed the process and tendencies back in citiesitis possibleto make positive changes with serious plans. Engineers generally define ergonomics that the process of changing acts and needs of human being into physical forms of engineering or structural systems. (Wolf 2003) Of ergonomics, if one object, one system or one environment is planned for use of people. Itis a fact that this plan should depend on physical and mental characteristics of the people who use this object, this system or this environment. (Pheasant 2003) The approaches of ergonomics help the process of urbanization. The city ergonomics aims to adapt city areas and 337 �1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo under construction systems to people according to biological,sociological and psychological characteristics and theirlife health and security. In this study the concept of “The Green Ergonomic Cities” is suggested as a solution to wipe out local environmental pollution. As its concept and meaning is large the existence of below constructions and their performance and characteristics (Wolf,ibid.) arethe elements of City Ergonomics.Itincludes a large scale from height level of the pavements, lightning of the streets, bicycle roads and recreation areas. But, below constructions about environmental pollution of citiesin which urban people are affected physically,socially and mentally in great deal,is alimited area. On the other hand,this study is handled in thislimited area. Because ofthe citiesin which the population intense, showing complicated features the presence of the extremely planed systems are necessary for providing of services for each dwelling commercial entity and citizen. (Wolf, ibid.) Especially with these systems which will be made in the cities of countries passing fast unplanned process,the green ergonomic cities will be created. The presentation of green infrastructure services is crucial with this aspects. This process needs to save, plan and manage the naturel units and naturel quallification which includes the feature. (Wolf, ibid.) “Living (green) roofs” being are of the integrated managing systems, “living walls” filtrating the air particules and bettering the air quality “the usage of the grey waters” made of a simple pipe system or “gathering the rain drops” are forming some systems. (Arieff, 27.04.2009) Absolutely reviewing the plans of the cities and its being suitable to green infrastructure providing benefit in citizens disposing the unplanned urbanization, coming out with near enviromental pollution, and meeting the requestsinthis aspects can be considered. Precautions are being taken by inactivating the negative conditions of near enviromental pollutions which may threaten the safety and health of humans in habitats. In the green ergonomic cities in which the human activities are made suitable by the rules of nature and nature of human. As is known near enviromental pollutions like trafficjam, airpollution, water pollution and wastesin crowded urbans are affecting the physical or spiritual health of human in a direct or indirect way on this point of view, the green ergonomic cities approaches, mentioned with the aim of raising the quality of urban life and making the cities and city tissues suitable forthe public health must be activated. By a good planning or contructing healthy habitable cities, near enviromental pollution can be overcome, while making urban plans,it must paid attention to hand over the plans in the aspect of solving the enviromental problem in appropriate to urban mental and details. Urban infrastructure systems dumping and destroying fieldings must be reviewes. While considering the placed functional fields and the relation between them, the issues enviromental problems must be paid attention. A healthy enviromental which presents a possibility of reaction with a fresh air among the basic necessities of citizens, a drinking water, public gardens and green fieldings being multiple requirement can be called an important place on reducing the air pollution. To prevent air pollution oftraffic, more publicstransports must be need to be developed. The settlement mustn’t be established nearby water resources for the underground and overground not polluted; also for protecting the drinkable waterresources,theiraround must be wooded. The achivement ofthe noisethe human can be reduced by modern construction technologies plant screening systems, precautions like in sources and the managing the urban systems. The role of the local councils in the transformation of the cities is indisputably important with a condition must of cooperation of public institutions and particular institutions about services intended for protecting the environment and preventing the near environmental pollutions, the most important duties and responsibilities are the people’s who live in those habitats and the local counsils’. Thus, many valid rules about environmental issues like municipal and enviromental rules, regulations and precepts gives varius duties the local councils. Despite the exiting legal regulations, it is seen that the efficiency and effectiveness cannot be provided in practicein cities.In the councils of complex urbans, and on the analyses of physical structirizes, not getting enough support from landscape architects, architects, environmental engineers, city developers who are experts on those issues, is considered. Whereat, when creating the ergonomic cities consider of human and environment,itisimportantforthelocal councilsto getthe opinions of experts with a participatory management approach. Urban Pollution and Ergonomics in Erzurum Erzurum, which isin the east of Turkey an done of the mostimportant cities of Turkey has been affected by urban pollution. In that city with harsh winter conditions, air pollution is of primary importance. In the city, water pollution, garbages, unplanned urbanization, soil pollution, erosion, noise pollution, visual pollution, acid rains and degradation of pastures have been ordered as other environmental problems. (T.C. Çevre ve Orman Bakanlığı Çevresel Etki Değerlendirmesi Ve Planlama Genel Müdürlüğü Çevre Envanteri Dairesi Başkanlığı 2008) To make a healthy urban planning in Erzurum the urban ecosystem and environmental problems are to be 338 �1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo understood firstly. This, also,is going to enlighten the dynamics of sustainable development. 1. The Air Pollution in Erzurum In Turkey, air pollution, which was not be ableto be defined until1970s, emerged especiallyin 1970s and affected all cities between 1970-1995 and was alarmed in more than 30 citiesin 1990s. (Okutan 1996) Itis seen thatthe case is not very differentin 2000 in Erzurum. As itreached to the threat dimensions about human health especially in the winter,itisin the agendum of Erzurum as primary concern which needs a solution. According to the report about The Assessment of Environment Problems and Priorities of Turkey,3 Erzurum is among 24 cities for which air pollution is the primary issue. We can say that the quick and unplanned urbanization, unqualified use of fuel, unconscious use of fuel, not to burn the boilers suitable for the techniques, use of unsuitable technology atindustry, wrong choice of the places ofindustry, structure of meteorology, not to make an environmentally friendly investment or projectin urban communication,traffic concentration and destruction of forests have the most important effects in it.(Gürel 2008) Because the industry systems are insufficent as it can be seen in Table 1. There has been a little effect ofthe emissions leftto the atmosphere from these systems on air pollution. But according tothe data ofthe year 2009,when the contaminators of airhave been ordered,the industry is in the first and the traffic and domestic warm up (T.C. Çevre ve Orman Bakanlığı Çevresel Etki Değerlendirmesi Ve Planlama Genel Müdürlüğü Çevre Envanteri Dairesi Başkanlığı, ibid.) is in the second place. As foritshows thatthe use of natural gas in city and the other precautions have been applied successfully. Derived from Housing and Service Sectors Derived from Industry Derived from Vehicles T OT AL SO2 (ton/year) (sulphur dioxide) 3600,7 %86,4 PM (ton/year) (particle material ) 3046,2 %88,11 442,6 %10,6 382,9 %11,07 121,8 4143,1 %2,9 28,0 3457,1 N Ox (ton/year) (oxides of nitrogen) 598,2 %28,0 47,3 484,2 Cm Hn (ton/year) (hydrocarbon) 7873,9 %80,2 %4,9 975,0 %9,9 %0,81 1491,0 %69,7 3638,5 %36,8 690,9 %9,7 2136,5 %2,2 CO (ton/year) (carbon monokside) 5743,9 %58,2 9866,7 9809,9 Source: Demircioğlu N. & Kılıç A. (2005), Erzurum Đli Çevre Sorunları, Atatürk Üniversitesi Çevre Mühendisliği Bölümü, Erzurum, p. 82. Table 1: Air Pollutants and Resource Allocation Be Seen in Erzurum as Connected to Emission Factors Used in Turkey In Erzurum placed on a broad plateu covered with Planadöken and Kargapazarı Mountains, due to the inversion layer placed on the city and called ‘’black cloud’’the density of air pollution incresased considerably in 12 days in winter in spite of all precautions because of the topographic structure of the urban prevents the contaminators of air from spreading and falling of speed of wind increases the air pollution. Concerning the cleaness of natural gas and decresing of pollution ,infrastructure works started atthe end of the year 2005 and the natural gas began to be used to worm up in 2006. Even afterthat application, although SO2 and PM values decreased in air pollution,(Eren, Turan 2007)itisseem thatthe air pollution isinthe highestlevel.In quick and unplanned process of urbanizationin Erzurum the scarcity of green areas has an importantrolein pollution. With theincreasing ofthe new settlement regions,the contaminators have increased inthe air and these contaminators worsen the quality of air by moving through the centre ofthe urban. [3]Erzurum’un yanı sıra, Adıyaman, Ağrı, Ankara, Burdur, Çorum, Denizli, Diyarbakır, Elazığ, Gaziantep, Hatay, Iğdır, Isparta, Kahramanmaraş, Karabük, Kars, Kayseri, Kırıkkale, Kütahya, Malatya, Mardin, Sivas, Yozgat ve Zonguldak’tır; T.C. Çevre ve Orman Bakanlığı (2008), Türkiye Çevre Sorunları ve Öncelikleri Envanteri Değerlendirme Raporu (2005-2006), Ankara, p. 9. 339 �1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo In Erzurum the population of which is nearly 400.000,itis emphasized thatthe air pollution has reached to be a threat dimentions for the people and the environment. It can easly be seen that the air pollution has a negative effect on lifeless beings in Erzurum. It produces negative effects on metal, stone, wooden parts of buildings and machines by turning into composition of acid.(Keleş, Hamamcı 2005) 2. The Water Pollution in Erzurum The need for the city of Erzurum’s drinking water largely provided by the ground water. Moreover; Palandöken Dam, although its having been completed, was builtto fullfillthe need of the city’s drinking water for 50 yearsinthe near future and hasn’t been functioned yet effectively.(Sarsanet al. 2004) Excessive usage of natural resources, uncontrolled and disorganized industrialization activities and urbanization as well as domestic, industrial and agricultural based activities have been pointed out among the primary reasons for he deterioration of the quality of water supply in Erzurum. The lack of sewerage system or itsits being inadequate, notincreasing domesticfutured waste water atthe settlement, big industries’ notrefining waste water, no mass refining in smallindustries, cesspool waste’s not being builteffectively, unloding cesspool wastes to randomly places after having been withdrawn by sewerage truck, uncontrolled usage of pesticites, usage of chemical manure, inadequate capacity and efficiency of purification facility and the crew’s being inadequate in purification facility, are the reasons for water resources’ pollution. (T.C. Çevre ve Orman Bakanlığı Çevresel Etki Değerlendirmesi Ve Planlama Genel Müdürlüğü Çevre Envanteri Dairesi Başkanlığı, ibid.) Reservoirs constantly have been disinfected by municipalityin orderto avoid negative consequences ofthe polluted water.(Sarsan et al. 2004) In spite ofthis; because of the pollution ofthe waterresourses and city water supply in Erzurum, water based diseases can emerge such as typoid, cholera, hepatit A, salmonella species, bacillery dysentery, amoebic dysentery, acute bloody diarrhea. 3. The Soil Pollution in Erzurum Erzurum city in which soil pollution is the fifth primary problem has been indicated among seven provinces in the country, although soil pollution comes right after the water pollution in the city.4 Although agricultural activities, urbanization, wild storage and industrialisation claimed to be responsiblethe soil pollution atthe period of 2007-2008, (T.C. Çevre ve Orman Bakanlığı Çevresel Etki Değerlendirmesi Ve Planlama Genel Müdürlüğü Çevre EnvanteriDairesi Başkanlığı,ibid.) concrete data haven’t been produced about soil pollution. Besides, due to the fact that the city lands are not used properly for their own futures,this emerges as another important problem concerning the city lands. For example,it has been pointed out that the place which have mainly the tourism and agricultural potential and which supposed to be used for the settlements were given reconstruction permit.(Sarsan et al.Đbid.) However;liquid, solid, gas contaminants of industrial establishments must be managed in accordance withlegislation ofthe Ministry Environment and Forestry,in orderto avoid soil pollution. There has been a remarable effordinterms of enhancing regularstorage places,providing urbanization in accordance with town planning and supplying fertilisation, disinfestation as well as irrigation in accordance with legislation ofthe Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs.(T.C. Çevre ve Orman Bakanlığı Çevresel Etki Değerlendirmesi Ve Planlama Genel Müdürlüğü Çevre Envanteri Dairesi Başkanlığı,ibid.) 4. The Noise (Acoustic) Pollution in Erzurum The noise pollution in Erzurum, especially in the lasttwenty years, has occurred as a problem regarding the increase in the number of vehicles connected with population growth and economic developmentin the city. The mostimportant noise sources for Erzurum isthe vehiculartrafficthatresultfrom transport withinthe city.In this regard, it has a huge impact (Yılmaz, Özer 2005) which the wrong behavior of the drivers, horn, roads disorder, sudden braking and technical problems, rapid departure and the influence of noise caused without muffler,ragged and old vehicles. If you take into consideration the noise measurement did in various residential areas within the city limitsin 2007 and 2008, as seen in Table 2,itis seemed thatthe high noise level on the streets shaping the basictransport network of the city. Accordingly,the noise levelinthis street was over 70 dB. [4] Erzurum’un dışında, Bolu, Iğdır, Isparta, Manisa, Tokat, Van bulunmaktadır; T.C. Çevre ve Orman Bakanlığı, Türkiye Çevre Sorunları..., p. 15. 340 �1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo The Location of Measuring and the Coordinates The Noise Measure Levelis ment Determine Period d (dBA) The Average Monthly Value in 2007 1- Havuzbaşı Vilayet Street 79 2- Havuzbaşı 77 3- Havuzbaşı Hastaneler Street 78 4- Eski Hük. Bin. Cumhuriyet Street 79 5- K.Karabekir Street 72 6- Gürcükapı Junction 78 7- Eğitim Fak. Junction 74 8- Çaykara Street 79 9- Aliravi Street 67 10- Terminal Street 66 11- 1.Marketler 58 12- Ebu Đshak Street 59 13- Kayak Yolu 50 14- 46. Street 59 15- Yenişehir Junction 56 16- 2.Marketler 58 17- Yıldızkent 52 18- Alparslan Street 56 19- Dadaşkent 54 20- Yenişehir Üst Yol 52 Source: T.C. Çevre ve Orman Bakanlığı Çevresel Etki Değerlendirmesi Ve Planlama Genel Müdürlüğü Çevre Envanteri Dairesi Başkanlığı (2009), Đl Çevre Sorunları Ve Öncelikleri Envanteri Araştırma Formu, Erzurum, p. 58. Table 2: The Noise Measurement didin Various Residential Areas within The City Limitsin 2007 and 2008 In a survey made to determine the sensitivity of public on noise pollution in the city of Erzurum, it has been identified within the city of 50% of the citizen, within the workplace of 20% of their and within housing of 30% of their disturbing due to the noise. (Yılmaz, Özer 2001) It has been controlthat small businesses such as industry associations, businesses, workshops, workplaces and indicate that in reconstruction plan’s works the measurestaken inthe direction ofindustry organizations, workplaces and workshops mustbe creation outside of settlement areas. (T.C. Çevre ve Orman Bakanlığı Çevresel Etki Değerlendirmesi Ve Planlama Genel Müdürlüğü Çevre Envanteri Dairesi Başkanlığı,ibid.) Conclusion Today, environmental problems in cities have come to the fore. This problems with this aspect is prevented the city and the region's sustainable development at local level. Because in cities have been concentration of air, water, soil and electromagnetic pollution and the heavy living conditions qualified human capitalis almostimpossible to keep. A region retain in the qualified human capitalthatthe most basic elements of sustainable development atlocallevel does not seem possibleto be on increase. In this study, in Erzurum province, with an ergonomics perspective, air, water, soil and noise pollution were included. The important deficiencies and problems in Erzurum in terms of these elements are there. The false in terms of administrative decision-making process, the errors in land use decisions, illegal housing and inadequacy of economic is to structural changes often adversely affect and create existing structures an inappropriate tissue of a settlement and unplanned urbanization. In this regard being a charm center in terms of qualified human capital of the city is impossible. For this, all parties such as municipalities, public institutions and civilsociety organizations,especially by accepting a milestone before of 2011 Universiad Winter Olympics, in the framework of an emergency action plan should meet at a common point. To be done should start and be applied with the requirements of the ergonomic city, namely focus on human and environment, functional, 341 �1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo planned and contemporary activities. References Arieff, A. (27.04.2009), Blue is the New Green, (http://arieff.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/11/20/blue-is-the-new green/). Demircioğlu, N. & Kılıç A. (2005), Erzurum Đli Çevre Sorunları, Atatürk Üniversitesi Çevre Mühendisliği Bölümü, Erzurum. Eren, Z. & Turan T. (2007), “Doğal Gaza Geçişle Birlikte Erzurum Đlinde Fosil Yakıtlardan Kaynaklanan Hava Kirliliğindeki Değişim”, 7. Ulusal Çevre Mühendisliği Kongresi Yaşam Çevre Teknoloji (24-27 Ekim 2007, Đzmir), TMMOB Çevre Mühendisleri Odası, Đzmir. Gürel, O. (2008) Erzurum Çevre Yönetim Planı (Taslak): Yerel ve Bölgesel Yönetimlerin Çevre Müktesebatını Uygulama Kapasitelerinin Güçlendirilmesi Projesi, Erzurum Đl Çevre ve Orman Müdürlüğü. Keleş, R. & Hamamcı C. (2005), Çevre Politikası, Đmge Kitabevi Yayınları, Ankara. Okutan, H. (1996), “Türkiye’de Hava Kirliliği ve Kömür Gerçeği”, Yeni Türkiye (Habitat Özel Sayısı). Pheasant, S. (2003), Bodyspace: Anthropometry, Ergonomics and the Design of Work, Taylor & Francis, London. Sarsan, Z. et al. (2004), Erzurum Đli Çevre Durum Raporu, T.C. Erzurum Valiliği Đl Çevre ve Orman Müdürlüğü, Erzurum. T.C. Çevre ve Orman Bakanlığı Çevresel Etki Değerlendirmesi Ve Planlama Genel Müdürlüğü Çevre Envanteri Dairesi Başkanlığı (2009), Đl Çevre Sorunları Ve Öncelikleri Envanteri Araştırma Formu, Erzurum. T.C. Çevre ve Orman Bakanlığı (2008), Türkiye Çevre Sorunları ve Öncelikleri Envanteri Değerlendirme Raporu (20052006), Ankara. T.C. Çevre ve Orman Bakanlığı (2008), “Türkiye Çevre Sorunları ve Öncelikleri Envanteri Değerlendirme Raporu (20052006)”, Çevre ve Đnsan, Sayı: 75, Yıl: 4. Wolf, K. L. (2003), “Ergonomics of the City: Green Infrastructure and Social Benefits”, Engineering Green: Proceedings of the 11th National Urban Forest Conference (Edit. C. Kolin), American Forests, Washington D.C.. Yılmaz, H. & Özer S. (2001), “Erzurum Kenti Gürültü Kirliliğine Karşı Halkın Duyarlılığı Üzerine Bir Çalışma”, Atatürk Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, Cilt: 32, Sayı: 3, p. 321-327. Yılmaz, H. & Özer S. (2005), “Evaluation and Analysis of Environmental Noise Pollution in the City of Erzurum, Turkey”, Environment and Pollution, Vol: 23, No: 4, p. 438-448. 342 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 500 Title A name given to the resource Urban Planning in Terms of Local Development and the Discussion on Erzurum Sample of its Relationship with the Ergonomics Author Author Çolakoğlu, Elif Barli, Önder Abstract A summary of the resource. There is no suspect that qualified human capital has positive effects on sustainable development. In particular, on local and regional development, it comes to the fore. In this respect, when it is evaluated, the importance with regard to this will come out in terms of regional development issues. In this regard, it is believed that the urban settlements which has a large portion of the human population is a very effective element and it has been come forward. Ergonomics in the creation of sustainable cities, can be considered as an important tool. If this problems that arising from environment and human conditions is not minimized, the formation of conditions threatened to lives of individuals are likely to increase. Consequently, this study is expressed that along with current problem by developing a variety of solutions, providing more qualified urban life in Erzurum will make a great contribution to sustainable local development. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2009-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed Q Science (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/8151572561663c3b4e31bad729786eb1.docx 489cea90cdb241139c8c210510add3a0 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/bf5c348a074b14c1048114768d38aa19.pdf 38555fc24c6c52497e1d0307da46c53d PDF Text Text Dr. sc. Anita Duraković, docent Pravni fakultet Univerziteta „Džemal Bijedić“ u Mostaru UREDBA BRISSEL IIa U SVJETLU PRAKSE SUDA EUROPSKE UNIJE U radu su predstavljene i analizirane odluke Suda EU u vezi sa tumačenjem Uredbe Brissel IIa u kojima se Sud EU rukovodio najboljim interesom djeteta. Sud EU vezan je načelom najboljeg interesa djeteta kao vrhovnim kriterijem u svim postupcima vezanim za djecu, što se i navodi u propisima primarnog i sekundarnog prava – čl. 24. Povelje EU o temeljnim pravima i preambula 33 Uredbe Brissel IIa. Osobito važnim smatra se stav Suda EU da se Uredba Brissel IIa treba tumačiti u svjetlu prava navedenih u Povelji EU o temeljnim pravima, posebno prava djeteta. Radi se o izuzetno dinamičnoj oblasti te je, za razvoj bosanskohercegovačkog međunarodnog privatnog prava, od posebne važnosti imati kontinuirani pregled ne samo zakonodavne već i sudske aktivnost unutar Europske unije koja je već sada izgradile neke opće pravce razvoja europskog međunarodnog porodičnog prava. Ključne riječi: Uredba Brissel IIa, Sud EU, Povelja EU o temeljnim pravima, najbolji interes djeteta. 1. Uvod Uredba 2201/2003 o nadležnosti i priznanju i izvršenju odluka u bračnim predmetima i predmetima roditeljske odgovornosti1 donesena je 27. 11. 2003. godine, a stupila je na snagu 1. 3. 2005. godine, derogiravši Uredbu 1347/2000 o nadležnosti i priznanju i izvršenju odluka u bračnoj materiji i materiji roditeljskog staranja o zajedničkoj djeci bračnih partnera od 20. 5. 2000. godine.2 Na snazi je u svim zemljama članicama Europske unije s izuzetkom Danske. Donošenje ove Uredbe predstavlja još jedan dokaz u prilog stajalištu da se porodičnopravna pitanja smatraju bitnim dijelom europskih integracija i da su države članice, unatoč značajnoj razlici koja postoji između materijalnopravnih, kolizionopravnih i jurisdikcionih rješenja nacionalnih pravnih poredaka, u stanju postići sporazum o jedinstvenim pravilima koja se odnose na neku od važnih porodičnopravnih situacija sa međunarodnim elementom. 3 U materiji u kojoj je donesena, bračnim predmetima i predmetima roditeljske odgovornosti, zamjenjuje unutarnja pravila država članica. Naime, Uredba kao najznačajniji izvor sekundarnog prava Europske unije, obavezujuća je u cijelosti i neposredno se primjenjuje u državama članicama u skladu sa 1 Tekst Uredbe 2201/2003 u Službeni list EU L 338, od 23. 12. 2003. Tekst Uredbe u Službeni list EU L 160, od 30. 6. 2000. 3 Jäntära-Jareborg, M., Marriage Dissolution in an Integrated Europe: The 1998 Europien Union Convention on Jurisdiction and Recognition and Enforcement of Judgments in Matrimonial Matters (Brussels II Convention ), Yearbook on Private International Law, 1999, str. 2. 2 83 �Ugovorom o funkcioniranju EU (čl. 72. Uredbe Brissel IIa).4 To za pravosudne i druge organe u državama članicama znači obavezu u primjeni pravila Uredbe Brissel IIa u odnosu na unutarnje propise međunarodnog privatnog prava.5 Tumačenje Uredbe Brissel IIa u nadležnosti je Suda pravde EU. Kako bi se postigla jedinstvena primjena komunitarnih propisa, jedna od značajnih nadležnosti Suda pravde EU je i vođenje postupka prethodnog odlučivanja ili tumačenja u smislu tumačenja prava Europske unije. 6 Svaki nacionalni sud može tražiti tumačenje uredbi u formi prethodnog odlučivanja pred sudom, što u konačnici vodi jedinstvenom tumačenju i primjeni uredbi kao najznačajnijeg izvora Europskog međunarodnog privatnog prava.7 Stupanjem na snagu Uredbe Brissel IIa, marta 2005. godine, Sud EU uvrstio se u red porodičnih sudova. Posebno intenzivno, Sud EU bavio se sa dijelom Uredbe Brissel IIa koja regulira oblast roditeljskog staranja. U radu ćemo predstaviti i analizirati one odluke u kojima se Sud EU obrazlažući ih, pozivao na najbolji interes djeteta kao vrhovni kriterij u svim postupcima vezanim za djecu. Vidjet ćemo da se radi o jednoj izuzetno dinamičnoj oblasti europskog međunarodnog porodičnog prava. Za razvoj bosanskohercegovačkog međunarodnog privatnog prava od posebne važnosti je pratiti ne samo zakonodavnu već i sudsku aktivnost unutar Europske unije koja je već sada izgradile neke opće pravce razvoja europskog međunarodnog procesnog prava u oblasti roditeljske odgovornosti. 2. Sudska praksa Suda EU u vezi sa tumačenjem Uredbe Brissel IIa Jedna od važnih nadležnosti Suda EU jeste tumačenje izvora europskog primarnog i sekundarnog prava u postupku prethodnog odlučivanja, a sve s ciljem sprječavanja različite interpretacije komunitarnih propisa, odnosno njihove jednoobrazne primjene. Sudovi država članica, kao redovni sudovi u primjeni propisa Europske unije, mogu tražiti od Suda EU da odluči o pitanju koje se tiče europskog prava, a koje se pojavilo u postupku koji vode, ako je odluka o pitanju nužna za donošenje presude (čl. 267. Ugovora o funkcioniranju EU). Odluka suda je obavezujuća, nije samo prosto mišljenje, ne samo za sud države članice koji je pokrenuo postupak prethodnog odlučivanja već i za druge sudove te države članice ali i svih ostalih država članica. S obzirom da je postupak prethodnog odlučivanja samo dio postupka koji se odvija pred nacionalnim sudom, možemo pretpostaviti da se radi o dugotrajnim postupcima. 4 Čl. 288. Ugovora o funkcioniranju EU (ex čl. 249. Ugovora o EZ). Prednost u primjeni postoji i odnosu na konvencije i međunarodne ugovore koji su prije stupanja na snagu Uredbe Brissel IIa zaključeni između dvije ili više država članica. Ovakva supremacijaUredbe kao komunitarnog akta sasvim je logična ako se uzme u obzir da međunarodni ugovori ratifikacijom postaju dio unutanjeg pravnog poretka svake države. Takvi ugovori proizvode pravne učinke samo u odnosu na pitanja na koja se uredba ne odnosi – čl. 59. – 62. Uredbe Brissel IIa. 6 Čl. 267. (ex čl. 234.) Ugovora o funkcioniranju EU. 7 Više o tome u Bouček, V., Europsko međunarodno privatno pravo u eurointegracijskom postupku, Zagreb, 2009., str. 91 – 100. Alihodžić, J., Razvoj Evropskog međunarodnog privatnog prava: pravci reforme zakonodavstva u Bosni i Hercegovini, Tuzla, 2012, str. 61 – 64, 72. 5 84 �Upravo zbog toga uveden je hitni prethodni postupak (PPU, od francuskog procédure préliminaire dʼurgence)8. Hitni prethodni postupak primjenjuje su u predmetima od stvarne hitnosti, npr. sporovi o roditeljskom staranju nad djetetom, a daje mogućnost Sudu pravde EU da znatno brže odlučuje.9 Međutim, bez obzira da li se radi o hitnom postupku ili ne, Sud EU vezan je načelom najboljeg interesa što se i navodi u propisima primarnog i sekundarnog prava. Naime, Poveljom EU o temeljnim pravima 10 određuju se temeljna prava koja Europska unija i države članice moraju poštovati pri provedbi prava Europske unije. Riječ je o pravno obvezujućem instrumentu koji je donesen kako bi se izričito priznala i osigurala transparentnost uloge koju temeljna prava imaju u pravnom poretku Europske unije. U čl. 24. koji nosi naslov Prava djeteta Povelja navodi da: „Djeca imaju pravo na zaštitu i brigu koja je potrebna za njihovu dobrobit. Djeca mogu slobodno izražavati svoje mišljenje. Njihovo mišljenje uzima se u obzir u pitanjima koja se na njih odnose, u skladu s njihovom dobi i zrelosti. U svakom djelovanju koje se odnosi na djecu, bez obzira na to provodi li ga tijelo vlasti ili privatna ustanova, primarni cilj mora biti zaštita interesa djeteta. svako dijete ima pravo na održavanje redovnog osobnog odnosa i neposredni kontakt s oba roditelja, osim kada je to u suprotnosti sa zaštitom njegovih interesa“. Uredba Brissel IIa priznaje temeljna prava i poštuje načela Povelje EU o temeljnim pravima, a osobito nastoji osigurati poštivanje temeljnih prava djeteta, opisanih u već spomenutom čl. 24. (preambula 33.). Predstavit ćemo i analizirati odluke Suda EU u vezi sa tumačenjem Uredbe Brissel IIa u kojima se Sud EU rukovodio najboljim interesom djeteta. Radi se o sljedećim odlukama: Odluka od 23. 12. 2009. – Rs. C-403/09 PPU – Detiček/Sgueglio11, Odluka od 1. 7. 2010. – Rs. C211/10 PPU – Doris Povse/Mario Alpago12, odluka od 5. 10. 2010. – Rs. C-400/10 PPU – J. McB/L.E.13, Odluka od 22. 12. 2010. – Rs. C-497/10 PPU - Barbara 8 Hitni prethodni postupak, uveden Odlukom Vijeća EU od 20. 12. 2007. – OJ L-24/42, uređen je čl. 23a. Statuta Suda pravde EU i čl. 104b. Pravila postupka Suda. 9 Prvi slučaj o kojem je odlučivano u hitnom postupku jeste C-195/08 Inga Rinao, u kojem je odlučivao o primjeni čl. 11. Uredbe Brissel IIa, a u povodu odluke o nepovratku djeteta. Medić Musa, I., Komentar Uredbe Bruxelles II bis u području roditeljske skrbi, Osijek, 2012, str. 37. 10 Službeni list EU 2010, C 83/389; http://www.mvep.hr/custompages/static/hrv/files/pregovori/111221-lisabonski-prociscena.pdf. (7. 1. 2014) 11 FamRZ 2010, str. 525; Janzen, U., Gärtner, V., Kindschaftsrechtliche Spannungsverhältnisse im Rahmen der EuEheVO – die Entscheidung des EuGH in Sachen Detiček, IPRax 2/2011, str. 158 – 166; http://curia.europa.eu/juris/document/document.jsf?docid=72557&doclang=DE. 12 Službeni list EU 2010, C 234/16; FamRZ 2010, str. 1229; Mansel, H.P., Thorn, K., Wagner, R., Verstärkte Zusammenarbeit als Motor der Vereinheitlichung?, IPRax 1/2011, str. 23. 13 Službeni list EU 2010, C 260/13. Mansel, H.P., Thorn, K., Wagner, op. cit., str. 26. (FN 12) 85 �Mercedi/Richard Chaffe14 i Odluka od 3. 5. 2012. – Rs. C-92/12 PPU – Health Service Execuative/S.C., A.C.15. 2.1. Odluka u predmetu Detiček v. Sgueglio od 23. 12. 2009. Sud EU je 23. 12. 2009. godine donio odluku u predmetu Detiček v. Sgueglio postupajući po Zahtjevu za prethodno tumačenje čl. 20. Uredbe Brissel IIa Višeg suda u Mariboru. Činjenice u ovom predmetu su sljedeće: Gospođa Detiček, slovenska državljanka, i gospodin Sgueglio, talijanski državljanin, živjeli su u Italiji sa svojom zajedničkom kćerkom. Godine 2007. podnijeli su nadležnom talijanskom sudu zahtjev za razvod braka. Sud je, postupajući u ovom predmetu, dana 25. 7. 2007. godine donio odluku kojom privremeno dodjeljuje roditeljsko staranje nad kćeri ocu, te naredio privremeni smještaj djeteta u doma za djecu. Istog dana, majka sa kćerkom napušta Italiju i nastanjuje se u Sloveniji. Nakon što je 22. 11. 2007. godine Okružni sud u Mariboru, a zatim 2. 10. 2008. godine i Vrhovni sud Slovenije, proglasio odluku izvršnom, Općinski sud u Slovenskoj Bistrici započeo je izvršni postupak radi vraćanja djeteta ocu i smještaja u dom za djecu. Međutim, ovaj sud je odlukom od 2. 2. 2009. godine obustavio izvršenje do konačne odluke talijanskog suda. U međuvremenu, 28. 11. 2008. godine gospođa Detiček podnijela je Okružnom sud u Mariboru zahtjev za povjeravanje roditeljskog staranja u okviru privremenih mjera (mjera osiguranja). Sud je odlukom od 9. 12. 2008. godine odobrio zahtjev gospođe Detiček i dodijelio joj privremeno roditeljsko staranje nad kćerkom. Svoju oduku Sud je zasnovao na čl. 20. Uredbe Brissel IIa i čl. 13. Haške konvencije o građanskopravnim aspektima međunarodne otmice djece iz 1980. godine navodeći kao obrazloženje promijenjene okolnosti slučaja i najbolji interes djeteta. Sud je utvrdio da se Antonella socijalno integrirala u slovensko društvo te da bi povratak u Italiju i prisilni smještaj u dom za djecu bio u suprotnosti sa najboljim interesom djeteta i da bi kod djevojčice izazvao ireverzibilnu fizičku i psihičku traumu. Inače, Antonella je u toku sudskog postupka pred slovenskim sudom izrazila želju da ostane živjeti s majkom. Gospodin Sgueglia je uložio žalbu na ovu odluku, a Sud ju je 29. 6. 2009. godine odbio. Protiv ove odluke gospodin Sgueglia je pokrenuo postupak pred Višim sudom u Mariboru koji se obratio Sudu EU sa pitanjem: da li je sud u Republici Sloveniji shodno čl. 20. Uredbe Brissel IIa nadležan za donošenje privremenih mjera, uključujući mjere osiguranja, ako je sud druge države članice, nadležan za odlučivanje u glavnoj stvari, već donio odluku o ovim mjerama, koja je u Republici Sloveniji proglašena izvršnom? Ako je odgovor na prethodno pitanje potvrdan, može li slovenski sud primjenjujući nacionalno pravo (što je shodno čl. 20. Uredbe Brissel IIa dopušteno) i donoseći odluku o 14 Službeni list EU 2011, C 55/17; FamRZ 2011, str. 617. Siehr, K., Kindesentführung und EuEheVO, IPRax 4/2012, str. 316 – 320. 15 Službeni list EU 2012, C 194/5; FamRZ 2012, str. 1466; Mansel, H.P., Thorn, K., Wagner, R., Europäisches Kollisionrecht 2012: Voreinschreiten des Kodifikationsprozesses – Flickenteppich des Einheitsrechts, IPRax 1/2013, str. 25; IPRax 5/2013, str. 431 – 441. 86 �privremenim mjerama, uključujući mjere osiguranja sukladno čl. 20. Uredbe Brissel IIa promijeniti ili poništiti pravosnažnu i izvršnu odluku o ovim mjerama koju je donio sud druge države članice (koji je nadležan za odlučivanje u glavnoj stvari). Sud EU je na oba pitanja odrično odgovorio pozivajući se na dosadašnju sudsku praksu (C-523/07 Podnositelj A16). Donošenje privremenih mjera, uključujući mjere osiguranja može se temeljiti na čl. 20. Uredbe Brissel IIa samo ako su kumulativno ispunjenja tri uvjeta: mjere moraju biti hitne, trebaju se odnositi na osobe i imovinu koja se nalazi u državi foruma i imati privremeni karakter. U pogledu prvog uvjeta, hitnosti, Sud EU utvrdio je da u ovom slučaju nije ispunjen. Naime, slovenski sud prve instance je svoju odluku o dodjeli privremenog roditeljskog staranja majci temeljio na promijenjenim okolnostima, dobroj integraciji djeteta u novo okruženje, što je u stvari posljedica nezakonitog odvođenja djeteta od strane majke u Sloveniju (čl. 2. st. 11. Uredbe Brissel IIa) i shodno tome ne može biti temelj za zasnivanje nadležnosti slovenskog suda. Također, ni drugi uvjet nije zadovoljen, s obzirom da gospodin Sgueglia nema redovno boravište u Sloveniji. Zaštita najboljeg interesa djeteta ne podliježe različitim tumačenjima, odnosno ne smije se zanemariti temeljno pravo djeteta na održavanje osobnih odnosa i neposrednih kontakata sa oba roditelja (čl. 24. st. 3. Povelje o temeljnim pravima), a koje je nezakonitim odvođenjem direktno ugroženo. U predmetu Detiček v. Sgueglio Suda EU je kao argument naveo pravo djeteta na ostvarivanje osobnih kontakata s oba roditelja što je navedeno u Povelji EU o temeljnim pravima i u preambuli 33. Uredbe Brissel IIa. Međutim, nije uzeo u obzir okolnosti konkretnog slučaja: uputu talijanskog suda o privremenom smještaju djeteta u dom za nezbrinutu djecu (tako da dijete uopće neće živjeti sa svojim ocem), želju jedanaestogodišnjeg djeteta da živi s majkom, kao i činjenicu da se dijete integriralo u slovensko društvo.17 Čini se da je namjera Suda EU bila „ne nagraditi“ odvođenje djeteta, što je i ispravno. Pa ipak, šteta je što je Sud EU zanemario, možda i zbog činjenice da se radilo o hitnom postupku, neke od spomenutih okolnosti. 2.2. Odluka u predmetu Povse v. Alpago od 1. 7. 2010. Sud pravde EU je 1. 7. 2010. godine donio odluku u premetu Povse v. Alpago postupajući po Zahtjevu za prethodnim tumačenjem čl. 10. sl. b. cif. iv. (nadležnost u slučajevima otmice djeteta), čl. 11. st. 8. (povratak djeteta) i čl. 47. st. 2. (postupak izvršenja) Uredbe Brissel IIa Vrhovnog suda Austrije. Činjenice u ovom predmetu su sljedeće: gospođa Povse i gospodin Alpago, koji nisu vjenčani, žive do kraja januara 2008. godine zajedno sa svojom kćerkom u Italiji. Oni ostvaruju zajedničko roditeljsko staranje shodno čl. 317. talijanskog Građanskog zakona. Nakon prekida vanbračne zajednice, majka s kćerkom napušta zajednički stan. Iako je talijanski sud postupajući u hitnom postupku po 16 17 Službeni list EU 2009, C 141/14. Janzen, U., Gärtner, op. cit., str. 166. 87 �očevom zahtjevu donio odluku 8. 2. 2008. godine kojom zabranjuje majci da s djetetom napusti Italiju, u februaru 2008. godine njih dvije odlazi u Austriju. Otac se 16. 4. 2008. godine obraća austrijskom općinskom sudu tražeći povratak djeteta u Italiju na temelju čl. 12. Haške konvencije o građanskopravnim aspektima međunarodne otmice djeteta. Talijanski sud 23. 5. 2008. godine donosi novu odluku kojom ukida zabranu napuštanja Italije, privremeno roditeljsko staranje dodjeljuje zajednički ocu i majci, s tim da dijete do konačne odluke smije ostati s majkom u Austriji. Istom odlukom utvrđuju se modaliteti ostvarivanja prava na posjetu, odnosno održavanja osobnih odnosa i neposrednih kontakata oca sa djetetom te se zahtijeva od nadležnog socijalnog radnika izvještaj o tome. Iako je talijanski sud ovu odluku donio vodeći računa o najboljem interesu djeteta, samo njeno provođenje, prema izvještaju socijalnog radnika, a zbog majčinog opstruiranja, nije bilo u skladu sa najboljim interesom djeteta. Austrijski općinski sud 3. 6. 2008. godine odbija očev zahtjev za povratkom djeteta, međutim viši sud 1. 9. 2008. godine ukida ovu odluku jer gospodin Alpago nije bio saslušan shodno čl. 11. st. 5. Uredbe Brissel IIa, te predmet vraća na ponovno odlučivanje prvostepenom sudu. Ovaj sud 21. 11. 2008. godine ponovo odbija zahtjev za povratak djeteta pozivajući se na odluku talijanskog suda da dijete privremeno živi s majkom. Drugostepeni sud 7. 1. 2009. godine potvrđuje ovu odluku navodeći u obrazloženju da postoji ozbiljna opasnost da bi povratak mogao izazvati psihološke traume za dijete u vezi sa čl. 13. tač. b. Haške konvencije o građanskopravnim aspektima međunarodne otmice djeteta. Do konflikta nadležnosti dolazi kada se austrijski općinski sud 26. 5. 2009. godine na zahtjev majke, da joj se dodijeli pojedinačno roditeljsko staranje, bez saslušanja oca (čl. 15. st. 5. Uredbe Brissel IIa) oglasi nadležnim i istovremeno zatraži od talijanskog suda da se oglasi nenadležnim. Međutim, otac je već 9. 4. 2009. godine pokrenuo pred talijanskim sudom postupak o povratku djeteta na temelju čl. 11. St. 8. Uredbe Brissel IIa. U tom postupku učestvovala je i majka izjašnjavajući se za provođenje programa posjete između oca i kćerke, bez spominjanja postupka koji je pokrenula u Austriji. Suprotno postignutom dogovoru, program posjete se ne sprovodi te talijanski sud 10. 7. 2009. godine nalaže trenutni povratak djeteta u Italiji te izdaje i potvrdu o izvršnom nalogu prema čl. 42. Uredbe Brissel IIa. Također, potvrđuje svoju nadležnost jer uvjeti za ustupanje nadležnosti austrijskom sudu prema čl. 10. Uredbe Brissel IIa nisu ispunjeni. U ovom periodu, tačnije 25. 8. 2009. godine, austrijski općinski sud donosi privremenu mjeru kojom privremeno roditeljsko staranje dodjeljuje majci. Kopija odluke, koja prema austrijskom pravu postaje 23. 9. 2009. godine pravosnažna, šalje se poštom ocu bez pouke o žalbi i prijevoda. Otac 22. 9. 2009. godine traži od austrijskog suda izvršenje odluke kojom se nalaže povratak djeteta. Dok općinski sud, pozivajući se na najbolji interes djeteta odbija ovu odluku, okružni sud nalaže povratak djeteta. Majka se žali Vrhovnom sudu Austrije koji Sudu EU upućuje Zahtjev za prethodno odlučivanje. U ovom Zahtjevu radi se o, s jedne strane, kvalifikaciji odluke 88 �talijanskog suda od 23. 5. 2008. godine odnosno 10. 7. 2009. godine u svjetlu činjenica čl. 10. i čl. 11. st. 8. Uredbe Brissel IIa, a s druge strane o mogućnosti odbijanja izvršenja odluke popraćene potvrdom o izvršnom nalogu, a s tim u vezi i mogućnost austrijskog pravosuđa da odbije povratak djeteta. Sud EU ovaj postupak prethodnog odlučivanja iskoristio je za potvrdu i dodatno pojašnjenja stavova zauzetih u predmetu Rinau18 iz 2008. godine, a koji se tiču izvršenja odluke o povratku djeteta. Vrhovni sud Austrije je, prije svega, izrazi sumnju u postojanje nadležnost talijanskog suda prema čl. 11. st. 8. Uredbe Brissel IIa. Naime, odluku o povratku djeteta može donijeti samo suda nadležan prema odredbama Uredbe, a talijanski sud, s obzirom da su se ispunile činjenice navedene u čl. 10. sl. b. cif. iv. Uredbe Brissel IIa – donio odluku o roditeljskom staranje bez naloga za povratak djeteta – nije više bio nadležan. Sud EU je otklonio sumnje austrijskog suda navodeći je talijanski sud donio samo privremenu odluku o roditeljskom staranju i ostanku djeteta sa majkom u Austriji i to do donošenja konačne odluke. Međutim, konačnu odluku nije bilo moguće donijeti jer dijete nije vraćeno u Italiju. Izuzetak od perpetuiranju nadležnosti nakon odvođenja djeteta naveden u čl. 10. sl. b. cif. iv. Uredbe Brissel IIa, prema stavu Suda EU moguć je samo nakon donošenja konačne odluke o roditeljskom staranju bez naloga za povratak djeteta.19 Stoga odluka talijanskog suda kojom se nalaže trenutni povratak djeteta u Italiju treba biti izvršena, i to bez obzira na ranije odluke austrijskih sudova koje odbijaju priznanje ove odluke pozivajući se na čl. 13. Haške konvencije o građanskopravnim aspektima međunarodne otmice djeteta. Suda pravde EU je na pitanje prekludira li kasnije donesena odluka suda države priznanja koja je postala pravosnažna i izvršna, a kojom se majci dodjeljuje privremeno staranje djeteta, izvršenje ranije donesene odluke nadležnog suda u državi porijekla odluke kojom se nalaže povratak djeteta i koja je popraćena potvrdom o izvršnom nalogu, odgovorio negativno. Svoj stav zasnovao je na Preambuli 24 i čl. 42. st. 1. i 43. st. 2. Uredbe Brissel IIa iz kojih jasno proizlazi da izdavanje potvrde o izvršnom nalogu nije podložno pravnim lijekovima te da je odluka popraćena takvom potvrdom automatski izvršna, bez mogućnosti odbijanja priznanja. Protivljenje priznanju predstavlja zaobilaženja režima izvršenja ustanovljenog kroz čl. 40. – čl. 50. Uredbe Brissel IIa. Stoga se izvršenje odluke o povratku djeteta talijanskog suda od 10. 7. 2009. godine ne 18 Sud pravde EU, presuda od 11. 7. 2008. – Rs. C-195/08 PPU. http://eurlex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:62008CJ0195:DE:HTML. (7. 1.1 2014.). 19 Ova odluka Suda pravde EU, prema mišljenju pojedinih autora, iritntna je. Zašto je Sud pravde EU uopće odgovarao na pitanje Vrhovnog suda Austrije kada se zna da sud države priznanja i izvršenja odluke ne smije provjeravati nadležnost suda donošenja odluke. Provjera nadležnosti isključena je prema čl. 24. Uredbe Brissel Iia. Sud pravde Eu je ovo pitanje trebao odbaciti kao nedopustivo, mada objašnjenje za postupa u ovom predmetu vjerojatno leži u činjnici da Sud koristi svaku priliku da razjasni pitanja tumačenja odredaba Uredbe Brissel IIa. Dutta, A., Schulz, A., Erste Meilensteine im europäischen Kindschaftsverfahrensrecht: Die Rechtsprechung des Europäischen Gerichtshofs zur Brüssel IIa Verordnung von C bis Mercedi. ZEuP 3/2012, str 537. 89 �može odbiti pozivajući se na postojanje pravosnažne odluke austrijskog suda od 25. 8. 2009. godine. I na kraju, zahtjev za izvršenje odluke popraćene potvrdom o izvršnom nalogu ne može biti odbijen zbog toga što su se od njenog donošenja okolnosti toliko promijenile da bi izvršenje odluke predstavljalo opasnost za ostvarivanje najboljeg interesa djeteta. O najboljem interesu djeteta odlučuje sud države porijekla odluke, što je i u skladu sa sistematikom Uredbe Brissel IIa. Također, isti sud nadležan je i za odlučivanje o zahtjevu za prekidom postupka izvršenja odluke koju je donio. U predmetu Povse v. Alpago Sud EU je naglasio da se odluka o povratku djeteta snabdjevena potvrdom u smislu čl. 42. ima se priznati i izvršiti u drugoj državi članici bez bilo kakve mogućnosti protivljenja njezinom priznanju. Drugačije postupanje nacionalnih sudova predstavljalo bi zaobilaženja režima priznanja i izvršenja ustanovljenog Uredbom Brissel IIa Također, podvukao je, i to s pravom, da odgovornost za ocjenu najboljeg interesa djeteta leži, u prvom redu, na sudu nadležnom prema odredbama Uredbe Brissel IIa. Ostaje otvoreno da li makar u izuzetnim situacija dodijeliti ograničenu odgovornost i organima države u kojoj se dijete nalazi. 2.3. Odluka u predmetu J. McB. v. L.E. od 5. 10. 2010. Sud EU je 5. 10. 2010. godine donio odluku u premetu J. McB. v. L.E. postupajući po Zahtjevu za prethodno tumačenje čl. 2. st. 11. (nezakonito odvođenje) a u vezi s čl. 2. st. 9. (pravo na roditeljsko staranje) Uredbe Brissel IIa i tumačenje čl. 7. Povelje o temeljnim pravima EU20 Vrhovnog suda Irske. Činjenice u ovom predmetu su sljedeće: Irac g. McB. i Engleskima g. E., koji su više od deset godina živjeli u vanbračnoj zajednici u različitim državama, a od novembra 2008. godine su sa prebivalištem u Irskoj, imaju troje djece. Krajem 2008. godine i početkom 2009. godine odnosi između vanbračnih partnera su do te mjere pogoršani da je gospođa E. sa djecom u više navrata boravila u „sigurnoj kući“. Usprkos pomirenju i utvrđivanju termina vjenčanja, početkom jula 2009. godine majka sa djecom konačno napušta oca, koji 15. jula 2009. godine podnosi zahtjev pred irskim sudom za pokretanje postupak za dobivanje staranja za svo troje djece. Do 25. jula 2009. godine, kada majka sa djecom odlazi u Englesku, podnesak kojim je postupak pred irskim sudom pokrenut nije dostavljen majci te ni sam postupak nije mogao biti pokrenut. Otac djece, gospodin McB je 2. novembra 2009. godine pokrenuo postupak pred Visokom sudom pravde Engleske i Walesa zahtijevajući povratak djece u Irsku u skladu sa odredbama Haške konvencije o građanskopravnim aspektima međunarodne otmice djece iz 1980. godine i Uredbe Brissel IIa. Engleski sud je odlukom od 20. novembra 2009. godine pozivajući se na čl. 15. Haške konvencije, zatražio od oca da predoči odluku irskog nadležnog organa kojom je 20 Čl. 7. Povelje EU o temeljnim pravima: „ Svako ima pravo na poštivanje svog privatnog i porodičnog života, doma i komuniciranja.“ 90 �utvrđeno da je odvođenje djece bilo nezakonito. Shodno tome, gospodin McB je 22. novembra 2009. godine pokrenuo postupak pred Visokim sudom Irske tražeći odluku da je odvođenje djece bilo nezakoniti te dodjelu roditeljskog staranja. Odlukom od 28. aprila 2010. godine prvi zahtjev je odbačen jer otac u tom periodu nije imao pravo na roditeljsko staranje. Povodom žalbe koju je otac uložio, Vrhovni sud Irske je u okviru Zahtjeva za prethodno tumačenje postavio Sudu pravde EU pitanje da li je državi članici zabranjeno, shodno Uredbi Brissel IIa i čl. 7. Povelje o temeljnim pravima EU, predvidjeti prema svom nacionalnom pravu da vanbračni otac djeteta ima pravo na roditeljsko staranje samo onda kada mu je ono dodijeljeno odlukom nadležnog suda, pa da shodno tome odvođenje djece iz države njihovog uobičajenog boravišta bude smatrano nezakonitim prema čl. 2. st. 11. Uredbe Brissel IIa. Sud EU je zanijekao ovo pitanje sa sljedećim obrazloženjem: Iako se pojam „pravo na roditeljsko staranje“ prema čl. 2. st. 9. Uredbe Brissel IIa autonomno tumači, treba ga razlikovati od pitanje kome pripada to pravo. Uredba ne normira uvjete za stjecanje prava na roditeljsko staranje, već je za to pitanje mjerodavno pravo države u kojoj je dijete imalo redovno boravište neposredno prije odvođenja (tač. 42. i 43.). Prema ovome pravu određuju se i uvjeti za sjecanje prava na roditeljsko staranje vanbračnog oca. Sud EU osvrnuo se na čl. 7. Povelje o temeljnim pravima EU, ali i na čl. 8. Konvencije o ljudskim pravima i relevantnu praksu Europskog suda za ljudska prava. S jedne strane, Sud EU može „provjeravati“, u svjetlu odredaba Povelje, samo komunitarno pravo, dakle Uredbu Brissel IIa, a ne i nacionalno pravo država članica. S druge strane, Europski sud za ljudska prava je u vezi sa čl. 8. Konvencije o ljudskim pravima zauzeo stav da nacionalna pravila prema kojima biološkom ocu djeteta ne pripada automatski pravo na roditeljsko staranje nisu protivna odredbama Konvencije, ako je ocu djeteta omogućeno sudskim putem zahtijevati dodjelu prava na roditeljsko staranje.21 Spomenuti čl. 7. Povelje potrebno je promatrati i u kontekstu najboljeg interesa djeteta navedenog u čl. 24. st. 2. Povelje: „U svakom djelovanju koje se odnosi na djecu,…., primarni cilj mora biti zaštita interesa djeteta.“ To proizlazi i iz Preambule 33. Uredbe Brissel IIa u kojoj stoji da Uredba priznaje temeljna prava i poštuje načela Povelje, a posebno nastoji osigurati poštivanje temeljnih prava djeteta opisanih u čl. 24. Povelje. Prema stajalištu Suda pravde EU, najbolji interes djeteta prema čl. 24. st. 2. Povelje zaštićen je s obzirom da zahtjev prema kome biološkom ocu djeteta pripada pravo na roditeljsko staranje samo temeljem odluke suda, omogućava nadležnom sudu da odluku o roditeljskom staranju i ostvarivanju osobnih kontakata donese uzimaju ću u obzir sve relevantne činjenice, posebice vrstu odnosa između roditelja, vezu djeteta sa ocem i majkom kao i njihovu sposobnost da preuzmu staranje (tač. 62.). Sud pravde EU je u svojoj odluci zauzeo stav da se Brissel IIa mora tumačiti na način da njene odredbe ne sprječavaju državu članicu čije pravo traži 21 Odluka Europskog suda za ljudska prava od 2. 9. 2003. - Guichard/Frankreich, Reports of Judgments and Decisions 2003-X; s tim u vezi Odluka od 14. 9. 1999.- Balbontin/UK, žalba Br. 39067/97. Mansel, H.P., Thorn, K., Wagner, op. cit. str. 26. (FN 12) 91 �da vanbračni otac djeteta svoje pravo na roditeljsko staranje dokaže odlukom suda, da od njega traži takvu odluku, te se jedino na temelju takve odluke odvođenje ili zadržavanje djeteta prema čl. 2. st. 11. Uredbe Brissel IIa može smatrati nezakonitim. Roditeljsko staranje bilo je predmetom razmatranja Suda EU u predmetu J. McB. v. L.E. Naime, Uredba Brissel IIa definira u čl. 2. st. 9. pojam „pravo na roditeljsko staranje“ kao pravo i obavezu koja se odnosi na roditeljsko staranje nad djetetom, a posebno na pravo određivanja djetetova uobičajenog boravišta. Dakle, ovaj pojam se autonomno tumači, a ne prema shvaćanjima nacionalnog prava.22 Potreba za autonomnim tumačenjem pravila europskog prava s ciljem uspostavljanja harmonije u pravosudnom prostoru Europske unije (koja bi inače bila ugrožena različitom interpretacijom pravila od strane nacionalnih sudova država članica), sasvim je opravdana i razumljiva. Međutim, u ovom slučaju teško je moguće pojam roditeljsko staranje tumačiti potpuno autonomno bez osvrtanja na nacionalno pravo. Navode se četiri razloga 23, s kojima se moramo složiti. Kao prvi razloga navodi se da je pojam roditeljsko staranje znatno složeniji od pojma redovno boravište koji se može tumačiti bez osvrtanja na nacionalno materijalno i koliziono pravo. Roditeljsko staranje označava pravni odnos između djeteta i odrasle osobe ili ustanove kojoj je dodijeljeno pravo na roditeljsko staranje, što i sama Uredba Brissel IIa potvrđuje u čl. 61. kojim precizira odnos Uredbe Brissel IIa prema Haškoj konvenciji o nadležnosti, mjerodavnom pravu, priznanju, izvršenju i suradnji u području roditeljske odgovornosti i mjerama za zaštitu djece iz 1996. godine. Drugi razlog vezan je upravo za spomenuti čl. 61. Uredba Brissel IIa ne sadrži pravilo o mjerodavnom pravu za određivanje roditeljskog staranja već dolazi do primjene čl. 15. - 22. Haške konvencije iz 1996. godine koja kao tačku vezivanja uzima redovno boravište djeteta. Prema, u ovom slučaju, mjerodavnom irskom pravu vanbračni otac nije imao pravo na roditeljsko staranje. Međutim, bez obzira da li ga imao ili ne, i time dolazimo do trećeg razloga, irski sud bio bi nadležan za utvrđivanje da je odvođenje i zadržavanje djeteta u smislu čl. 3. Haške konvencije iz 1980. godine bilo nezakonito. Spomenuti čl. 3. identičan je čl. 2. st. 11. Uredbe Brissel IIa. Za određivanje nezakonitog odvođenja oba člana upućuju na pravo države članice u kojoj je dijete imalo uobičajeno boravište prije njegovog odvođenja ili zadržavanja. Kao četvrti razlog navodi se namjera europskog zakonodavca da unificira međunarodno privatno i procesno međunarodno privatno pravo unutar Europske unije. U konkretnom slučaju radi se o Uredbi Brissel IIa koja je ujednačila pravila procesnog međunarodnog privatnog prava u oblasti bračnog prava i prava roditeljskog staranja. S obzirom da Uredba svojim pravilima upućuje na jedan institut materijalnog prava (ovdje roditeljsko staranje), koji nije 22 Ono što predstavlja problem jeste da se veliki broj djece rađa u vanbračnim zajednicama i da otac, za razliku od majke ne dobiva automatski pravo na roditeljsko staranje, već mu je potrebna suglasnost majke ili odluka nadležnog organa. Za očikaviti je promjene nacionalnih zakonodavstava tako da i vanbračnom ocu zajedno sa majkom automatski pripadne pravo na roditeljsko staranje ukoliko je upisan ili registriran kao jedan od roditelja. Određeni koraci već su poduzeti u irskom pravo. Ibidem, str. 318. 23 Ibidem. 92 �u svim instrumentima (ovdje Haškoj konvenciji iz 1996. godine) unificiran, sporno je njegovo tumačenje bez osvrtanja na nacionalno ili ujednačeno koliziono pravo.24 Ukoliko se to ipak čini dolazi do cijepanja instituta materijalnog prava: za nadležnost se primjenjuje autonomno shvaćen institut, a za mjerodavno pravo pravni pojam međunarodnog privatnog prava (čl. 15. Haške konvencije iz 1996. godine). Sasvim je jasno da je ovako cijepanje nepoželjno. Čini se da je slično mišljenje imao i Sud EU kada je ukazao na razliku između „pravo na roditeljsko staranje“ koje prema čl. 2. st. 9. Uredbe Brissel IIa autonomno tumači i pitanje kome, prema nacionalno pravu, pripada to pravo. 2.4. Odluka u predmetu Barbara Mercedi/Richard Chaffe od 22. 12. 2010. Sud EU je 22. 12. 2010. godine donio odluku u predmetu Barbara Mercedi/Richard Chaffe postupajući po Zahtjevu za prethodno tumačenje pojma redovnog boravišta djeteta, u smislu čl. 8. i čl. 10. Uredbe Brissel IIa. Činjenice u ovom predmetu su sljedeće: gospođa Mercedi, francuska državljanka i gospodin Chaffe, engleski državljanin, živjeli su u Engleskoj u vanbračnoj zajednici. Neposredno nakon rođenja djeteta par se rastao. Dana 7. 10. 2009. godine majka zajedno sa dvomjesečnom kćerkom napušta Englesku i odlazi na otok La Réunion (Francuska). Otac, koji nije bio informiran o njihovom odlasku, dobiva 10. 10. 2009. godine pismo u kojem ona navodi razloge odlaska. Dvije činjenice u nesporne: da je dijete prije odlaska imalo redovno boravište u Engleskoj i da je njegovo odvođenje u Francusku bilo zakonito jer je majka u smislu čl. 2. st. 9. Uredbe Brissel IIa imala pravo na roditeljsko staranje. Otac 9. 10. 2009. godine telefonski pokreće postupak u Engleskoj, nakon što je, ušavši u prazan stan, ustanovio da je majka sa djetetom otputovala, i na ročištu održanom 12. 9. 2009. godine podnosi zahtjev za roditeljsko staranje, zajedničko prebivalište i pravo na ostvarivanje osobnih kontakata s kćeri. Sud istog dana, bez da je gospođi Mercedes znala o zahtjevu gospodin Chaffe i bez da je bila prisutna ili pravno zastupana, donosi odluku kojom nalaže gospođi Mercedes da vrati kćerku u Englesku. Majka 28. 10. 2009. godine podnosi Sudu u SaintDenis (Francuska) zahtjev da joj se dodijeli isključivo roditeljsko staranje i da se utvrdi da je prebivalište djeteta na njenoj adresi u Francuskoj, dok otac 18. 12. 2009. godine kod istog suda podnosi zahtjev radi povratka kćeri u Englesku pozivajući se na Hašku konvenciju iz 1980. godine. Zahtjev oca je odlukom suda 15. 3. 2010. godine odbijen uz obrazloženje da u trenutku kada je dijete napustilo Englesku on nije imao pravo na roditeljsko staranje u odnosu na nju, a majčinom zahtjevu je odlukom suda 23. 6. 2010. godine udovoljeno. Paralelno sa ovim postupcima tekao je i postupak pred engleskim sudom. Sporno je bilo pitanje međunarodne nadležnosti engleskog pravosuđa da odlučuje o pravu na roditeljsko staranje. Gospodin Chaffe i gospođa Mercedi su po ovom pitanju 24 Digler, J., u: Geimer, R., Schütze, R. A., (Hrsg.), Internationales Rechtsverkehr in Zivil- und Handelsachen II, 2011, Rn. 545, Art. 2. EuEheVO, Rn. 13. 93 �imali različito stajalište. Prema mišljenju oca nadležan je bio engleski sud jer u trenutku pokretanja postupka kćerka nije izgubila redovno boravište u Engleskoj. Majka smatra da engleski sud nije bio nadležan za donošenje odluke u vezi s djetetom jer od trenutka odlaska (majka kaže povratka) u Francusku dijete ima redovno boravište u Francuskoj, a ne Engleskoj. Engleski sud je odlučio da je postupak pokrenut u trenutku kada je otac telefonirao sudu te da je djetetovo redovno boravište u tom trenutku kao i kada je sud donio odluku u korist oca bilo u Engleskoj, pa je taj sud i nadležan za odlučivanje u meritumu. Gospođa Mercedi je protiv ove odluke podnijela žalu Apelacionom sudu Engleske i Welsa, koji se potom obratio Sudu EU tražeći da se odrede kriteriji za određivanje redovnog boravišta djeteta u smislu čl. 8. i 10. Uredbe Brissel IIa. U svojoj odluci Sud EU je zauzeo stajalište da se pod koncept „redovno boravište“ za potrebe. 8. st. 1. i čl. 10. Uredbe Brissel IIa podrazumijeva mjesto koje odražava određeni stupanj integracije djeteta u socijalnu i porodičnu sredinu. Pri određivanju redovnog boravišta nacionalnu sudovi moraju, rukovodeći se najboljim interesom djeteta, razmotriti sve činjenice konkretnog slučaja. Kriteriji koji se moraju uzeti u obzir su okolnosti i razlozi boravka djeteta kao i njegovo državljanstvo. Iz tih kriterija mora proizići da se ne radi samo o prolaznom i trenutnom prisustvu u određenoj državi. Kao mjerodavne indicije uzimaju su volja roditelja da žive u nekoj drugoj državi članici što se manifestira uzimanjem ili iznajmljivanjem stana u toj državi. Također, potrebno je voditi računa o dužini trajanja redovnog boravišta jer to ukazuje na određenu stalnost boravka. Posebno se mora voditi računa o djetetovoj dobi. Socijalno i porodično okruženje djeteta predškolske dobi ili dojenčeta u velikoj mjeri određeno je porodicom, odnosno osobom s kojom dijete živi i koja se brine o njemu. Dojenče nužno dijeli socijalno i porodično okruženje sa tom osobom. Ako se o dojenčetu, kao što je to ovdje slučaj, isključivo brine majka, onda je potrebno procijeniti stupanj njene integracije u novo okruženje. Pri tome treba uzeti u obzir razloge majčinog preseljenja u tu državu, njeno poznavanje jezika te geografsko i porodično porijeklo kao i porodične i socijalne veze koje majka i dijete imaju s tom državom. Sud EU smatrao je da je francuski sud trebao zaustaviti postupak shodno čl. 19. st. 2. Uredbe Brissel IIa dok engleski sud koji je prvi započeo postupak ne riješi pitanje svoje međunarodne nadležnosti. Engleski sud bi došao do zaključka da majka i dijete, uzimajući u obzir sve okolnosti slučaja, imaju redovno boravište u Francuskoj te nije nadležan za pitanje roditeljskog staranja. Time bi bio uklonjen i posljednja smetnja priznanju odluke o roditeljskom staranju francuskog suda prema čl. 23. tač. f. Uredbe Brissel IIa. U predmetu Barbara Mercedi/Richard Chaffe. radilo se o pojmu „redovno ili uobičajeno boravište“ u smislu Uredbe Brissel IIa. 25 Sud EU naveo je, izričito ili prešutno, četiri principa koja se moraju uzeti u obzir pri 25 Iako redovno boravište predstvalja osnovni kriterij i za međunarodnu nadležnost i za mjerodavno pravo u većini uredbi (Uredba Brissel Iia, Uredbe Rim I, II i III, Uredba o izdržavanju, ono nije svjesno definirano. Zbog toga sudovi, europski ili nacionalni, moraju pobliže odrediti šta se podrazumjeva pod redovnim boravištem. 94 �određivanju pojma redovno boravište: tumačenje mora biti autonomno, pojam je činjenične, a ne pravne prirode, dojenče rođenjem dobiva redovno boravište, dužina boravka nije opredjeljujuća, osim u iznimnim situacijama, za određivanje redovnog boravišta. Boravište je redovno ili uobičajeno ukoliko osoba duže vrijeme boravi u određenom mjestu. Pri tome boravak ne mora biti vremenski ograničen ili permanentan. Uz to se trebaju uvažiti sljedeće činjenične okolnosti konkretnog slučaja: razlozi boravka, starost osobe, stupanj integracije, ali i dužina boravka.26 Nakon odluke Suda EU, engleski sud se proglasio nenadležnim. Naime, dojenče je u vremenu relevantnom za procjenu nadležnosti već imala redovno boravište u Francuskoj; majka se vratila u svoju domovinu, prekinula sve veze sa Engleskom, a dojenče, s obzirom na uzrast, nužno dijeli socijalno i porodično okruženje sa tom osobom koja se o njemu brine – u ovom slučaju majkom. Sud EU još je dodao da se u ovom slučaju vjerojatno nije ni radilo o slučaju međunarodne otmice djeteta jer vanbračni otac, prema engleskom pravu, uopće nije ni imao roditeljsko staranje. 2.5. Odluka u predmetu Health Service Execuative/S.C., A.C. od 3. 5. 2012. Sud EU je 3. 5. 2012. godine donio odluku u predmetu Health Service Execuative/S.C., A.C. postupajući po Zahtjevu za prethodno tumačenje polja primjene Uredbe Brissel IIa ratione materia i njenog čl. 56. irskog Vrhovnog suda. Činjenice u ovome predmetu su sljedeće: S.C., irska državljanka, maloljetna je i ima redovno boravište u Irskoj. Njena majka A.C. živi u Londonu. Tokom 2000. godine dijete je na dobrovoljnoj bazi stavljeno pod starateljstvo Health Service Executive, tijelo koje je u Irskoj zaduženo za brigu o djeci stavljenoj pod starateljstvo države. Sud je Odlukom o smještaju od 20. 7. 2000. godine prenio staranje o S.C. na HSE do njenog punoljetnosti (čl. 18. Child Care Act 1991.). Međutim, stanje S.C. je veoma teško, postoji velika opasnost od počinjenja samoubojstva te doktori smatraju da se dijete treba hitno smjestiti u odgovarajuću ustanovu zatvorenog tipa koji može provesti dodatna klinička pretraga i ponuditi potrebnu terapiju. S obzirom da takve ustanove nema u Irskoj, HSE poduzima sve što je potrebno kako bi dijete smjestilo u sanatorij u Engleskoj. Podnosi zahtjev Vrhovnom sudu da u postupku prethodne pravne zaštite odredi smještaj S.C. u izabrani dom zatvorenog tipa u Engleskoj i o tome obavještava, 29. 9. 2011. godine, irsko Centralno tijelo shodno čl. 56. Uredbe Brissel IIa. Također, traži suglasnost Centralnog tijela za Englesku i Wels u skladu sa čl. 56. Uredbe Brissel IIa. U oktobru 2011. godine irskom Centralnom tijelu je u ime Centralnog tijela za Englesku i Wels dostavljeno pismo, u čijem zaglavlju su navedeni menadžment doma kao i gradsko vijeće grada u kojem se dom nalazi (dakle lokalni organi), u kojem dom potvrđuje da je u stanju osigurati smještaj djeteta shodno čl. 56. Uredbe Brissel IIa. Dana 2. 12. 2011. godine Vrhovni sud odlučuje da dobrobit S.C. zahtijeva njen hitni smještaj u dom zatvorenog tipa u Englesku i određuje privremeni smještaj. Također, navodi 26 Siehr, op. cit., str. 317. 95 �da shodno čl. 56. st. 2. Uredbe Brissel IIa postoji potrebna suglasnost nadležnog tijela – Centralno tijelo za Englesku i Wels i da, s obzirom na potrebu hitnog postupanja, ostaje otvoreno pitanje postupak priznanja i izvršenja odluke o smještaju u Engleskoj i Welsu shodno odredbama Uredbe Brissel IIa. Na temelju ove odluke S.C. je premještena iz HSE u Englesku. Vrhovni sud Irsko izrazi je, međutim, zabrinutost u vezi sa nizom pitanja te, kako bi mogao procijeniti da je zaštićen najbolji interes djeteta i da li je bio opravdan smještaj u ustanovu zatvorenog tipa u Engleskoj, obraća se Sudu EU sa više pitanja. Prvo pitanje odnosilo se polje primjene ratione materia, odnosno da li odluka jedne države članice o smještaju djeteta radi njegove vlastite zaštite u ustanovu zatvorenog tipa koja se nalazi u drugoj državi članici spada u polje primjene Uredbe Brissel IIa. Sud EU odgovorio je potvrdno na ovo pitanje s obrazloženjem da to proizlazi iz preambule 5 i čl. 1. i 2. Uredbe Brissel IIa. Odluka o smještaju djeteta u ustanovu zatvorenog tipa u drugu državu nije izričito navedena u čl. 1. st. 2. tač. d. i čl. 56., ali to ne znači da ovo pitanje ne spada u polje primijene Uredbe Brissel IIa. Upravo je Sud EU svojom odlukom u predmetu C od 27. 11. 2007. godine27 iznio stav da nabrajanje u čl. 1. st. 2. Uredbe Brissel IIa nije konačno, jer se koristi riječi „posebice“ što znači da su, kao primjer, navedena samo neka pitanja. Drugo pitanje odnosilo se na potrebu postojanja suglasnosti nadležnog tijela države u koju će se smjestiti dijete (zamoljenu državu) i potrebu savjetovanja sa središnjim tijelom ili drugim tijelom nadležnim u toj državi shodno čl. 56. Uredbe Brissel IIa. Sud EU iznio je stav da, kako bi se zaštito najbolji interes djeteta, suglasnost prema čl. 56. st. 2. koja je potreban preduvjet da bi sud u državi moliteljici donio odluku o smještaju djeteta, mora poticati od nadležnog tijela zamoljene države, te da nije dovoljno da ustanova u koje će dijete biti smješteno da to odobrenje. Naime, ustanova koja profitira od smještaja djeteta nije u stanju da donese neovisnu odluku. Nadalje, naglašeno je da bi, iz razloga najboljeg interesa djeteta, bilo poželjno dozvoliti naknado osnaženje odluke u situaciji kada sud koji je donio odluku o smještaju nije u potpunosti siguran u nadležnost tijela koje je dalo suglasnost, a dijete je već smješteno u ustanovu. Sud EU je utvrdio da ustanova u koju je dijete smješteno nije privatna nego je pod upravljanjem nadležnih tijela javne vlasti, tako se shodno čl. 56. Uredbe Brissel IIa radi o pravovaljanoj suglasnosti. S trećim i četvrtim pitanjem irski Vrhovni sud želi je znati da li odluka o prisilnom smještaju u ustanovu u drugoj državi članici, koju je donio sud jedne države članice treba prije izvršenja u toj drugoj (zamoljenoj) državi biti u njoj priznata i proglašena izvršnom i da li u njoj može proizvoditi pravo dejstvo i prije nego što je postala izvršna. Sud EU zauzeo je stav da ove vrste odluka moraju biti proglašene izvršnim u zamoljenoj državi prije njihovog izvršenja u toj državi. To proizlazi iz činjenice da su odluke kojima se određuje prisilni smještaj djeteta u ustanovu zatvorenog tima usko povezane sa čl. 6. Povelje EU 27 Odluka Suda EU od 27. 11. 2007 – Rs. C-435/06 Podnositelj C; http://www.juraforum.de/urteile/eugh/eugh-urteil-vom-27-11-2007-az-c-43506. (7. 1. 2014.) 96 �o temeljnim pravima koji priznaje svakom čovjeku pa prema tome i maloljetniku pravo na slobodu. Pored toga, stajalište roditelja, koji su podržali smještaj, može se u međuvremenu promijeniti. Kako Uredba Brissel IIa ne bi izgubila na svojoj praktičnosti, odluka suda zamoljene države o zahtjevu za izdavanje odluke o izvršenju mora se donijeti bez odlaganja, a što je i u najboljem interesu djeteta, i protive ove odluke uloženi pravni lijekovi ne mogu imati suspenzivni učinak. Posljednje pitanje ticalo se mogućeg produženja smještaja, odnosno da li je u slučaju produženja smještaja djeteta potrebno svaki put tražiti suglasnost nadležnog tijela shodno čl. 56. st. 2. Uredbe Brissel IIa kao i podnositi zahtjeva za izdavanje odluke o izvršenju shodno čl. 28. Uredbe Brissel IIa. Sud EU zauzeo je stav da svaka nova odluka o produženju smještaja djeteta zahtjeva novu suglasnost nadležnih tijela zamoljene države. Odluka o smještaju djeteta donesena u jednoj državi članici i proglašena izvršnom u drugoj državi članici vrijedi samo za period naveden u odluci, tako da svaka nova odluka o (produženju) smještaja zahtjeva i novi postupak proglašenja izvršnom. Najbolji interes djeteta kao osnovni kriterij o kojem se mora voditi računa u svim postupcima vezanim za djecu bio je razlog obraćanja Vrhovnog suda Irske u okviru postupka prethodnog odlučivanja u predmetu Health Service Execuative/S.C., A.C. 3. Umjesto zaključka Prva četiri prezentirana slučaja zorno prikazuju teško savladiv problem koji se javlja u mnogim tzv. slučajevima međunarodne otmice djece: Dilemu između obaveze provođenja odluke suda i neophodnosti uvažavanja kriterija najboljeg interesa djeteta u svim postupcima koji se odnose na djecu. Ova dilema javlja se posebno u situacijama kada se donesene odluke ne sprovedu odmah već protokom vremena nastupe promijenjene okolnosti koje izazivaju sumnju u to da li provedba odluke još uvijek odgovara najboljem interesu djeteta ili ga ugrožava. U ovim situacijama upitno je da li je priznanje odluke jedne države članice, temeljeno na načelo uzajamnog priznanja stranih sudskih odluka u državama članicama, još uvijek u skladu sa najboljim interesom djeteta. Također, ne smijemo zaboraviti da se Uredba Brissel IIa primjenjuje usporedo sa Haškom konvencijom o građanskopravnim aspektima međunarodne otmice djece iz 1980. godine. Uredba Brissel IIa regulira međunarodnu nadležnost i priznanje i izvršenje odluka u predmetima roditeljske odgovornosti, a u čl. 11. sadrži posebno pravilo koje predviđa primjenu Haške konvencije iz 1980. godine i usmjereno je na što je moguće brže razjašnjenje ne samo faktičke (povratak djeteta), već i pravne situacije (reguliranje roditeljske odgovornosti). Promatramo li ove odluke Suda EU koje se odnose na dio Uredbe Brissel IIa koja regulira pitanje roditeljske odgovornosti, možemo izvući prva opća učenja vezana za buduća tumačenja odredaba Uredbe. Kao prvo sud je naglasio zahtjev za autonomnim tumačenjem Uredbe Brissel IIa i pri tome ponovo potvrdio da se tumačenje Uredbe ali i nacionalnog prava koje je u 97 �pitanju, vrši u skladu sa komunitarnim pravom i njegovim načelima. 28 Pri tome, potrebno je napomenuti da autonomno tumačenje ne znači i unificirano tumačenje svih akata Europske unije, već tumačenje u skladu sa ciljem i svrhom akta na koji se odnosi.29 Nadalje, navodi se načelo uzajamnog povjerenje30 koje se ističe i u ostalim aktima Europske unije. Kada se radi o situaciji nastaloj nezakonitim odvođenjem i zadržavanjem djeteta u inostranstvo, stav je Suda EU da se ona ne bi smjela perpetuirati31, bilo da se radi o privremenim mjerama uključujući i mjere osiguranja (čl. 20.) bilo o povratku djeteta (čl. 11. st. 8.). Osobito važnim smatra se stav Suda EU da se Uredba Brissel IIa tumači u svjetlu prava navedenih u Povelji EU o temeljnim pravima, posebno prava djeteta,32 a što je i europski zakonodavac naglasio u preambuli 33: Uredba treba biti sukladna Povelji EU o temeljnim pravima. Bit će interesantno pratiti kako će Sud EU ove opće smjernice europskog međunarodnog procesnog prava u oblasti roditeljske odgovornosti dalje razjasniti i precizirati, odnosno izgraditi nove. 28 Odluka u predmetu Detiček v. Sgueglio, tač. 34. (FN 11). Odluka u predmetu Barbara Mercedi/Richard Chaffe, tač. 46. (FN 14). 30 Odluka u predmetu Detiček v. Sgueglio, tač. 49. (FN 11) i Odluka u predmetu Povse v. Alpago, tač. 43 (FN 12), kao i Preambula 21 Uredbe Brissel IIa 31 Odluka u predmetu Detiček v. Sgueglio, tač. 45. (FN 11) i Odluka u predmetu Povse v. Alpago, tač. 40 i 59 (FN 12), 32 Odluka u predmetu Detiček v. Sgueglio, tač. 53. (FN 11), Odluka u predmetu J. McB. v. L.E. tač. 60 (FN 13) i Odluka u predmetu Health Service Execuative/S.C., A.C. tač. 68. (FN 15). 29 98 �Dr. sc. Anita Duraković, Assistent professor Law faculty of University Džemal Bijedić Mostar BRUSELS II A REGULATION IN THE LIGHT OF COURT OF EUROPEAN UNION PRACTICE Summary: This paper presents and analyzes the Court of the EU decisions regarding the interpretation of Regulation Brussels IIa in which the EU Court was governed by the best interest of the child. EU Court is bound by the principle of the best interest of the child as the supreme criterion in all proceedings relating to children, as stated in primary and secondary law regulation - Art. 24 of the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights and the preamble 33 to the Regulation Brussels IIa. The stand of the EU Court that the Brussels IIa Regulation should be interpreted in light of the rights listed in the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the EU, in particular the rights of the child, is considered particularly important. As this is a very dynamic field, it is essential for the development of Bosnian international private law to have a continuous overview of both legislative and judicial activity within the European Union, which have already created some general directions for the development of European international family law. Key words: Brusels IIa Regulation, Court of European union, EU Charter of Fundamental Rights, best interest of the child. 99 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 3037 Title A name given to the resource UREDBA BRISSEL IIa U SVJETLU PRAKSE SUDA EUROPSKE UNIJE Author Author DURAKOVIĆ, Anita Abstract A summary of the resource. U radu su predstavljene i analizirane odluke Suda EU u vezi sa tumačenjem Uredbe Brissel IIa u kojima se Sud EU rukovodio najboljim interesom djeteta. Sud EU vezan je načelom najboljeg interesa djeteta kao vrhovnim kriterijem u svim postupcima vezanim za djecu, što se i navodi u propisima primarnog i sekundarnog prava – čl. 24. Povelje EU o temeljnim pravima i preambula 33 Uredbe Brissel IIa. Osobito važnim smatra se stav Suda EU da se Uredba Brissel IIa treba tumačiti u svjetlu prava navedenih u Povelji EU o temeljnim pravima, posebno prava djeteta. Radi se o izuzetno dinamičnoj oblasti te je, za razvoj bosanskohercegovačkog međunarodnog privatnog prava, od posebne važnosti imati kontinuirani pregled ne samo zakonodavne već i sudske aktivnost unutar Europske unije koja je već sada izgradile neke opće pravce razvoja europskog međunarodnog porodičnog prava. Ključne riječi: Uredba Brissel IIa, Sud EU, Povelja EU o temeljnim pravima, najbolji interes djeteta. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Law faculty of University Džemal Bijedić Mostar Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed K Law (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/5e3eb4798d80b512d810b8592ab8bf02.pdf 6e2d663a48d9f4da3a967b63d084b976 PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Usability of the Concept of Local Democracy in Achieving Democratic Process at Local Level Fatih Kırışık Dumlupınar University, Kütahya, Turkey fatihkirisik@gmail.com Democracy is advocated by the majority of societies and countries today. The dictators of the past were an important factor in adoption of democracy. Such administration types in which certain individuals, groups or classes make the decisions and seize the power in their hands shifted to dictatorship. Democracy has been adopted instead of these administration types. In democratic administration, certain rules and principles are actualised some of which are achieving public participation into administration activities, assuring fundamental rights and freedoms for everyone, adoption of principles of the state of law by the state, not destroying the rights of the minority for the sake of the majority and vice versa. Achieving the public participation that is required in democracy is discussed at local level. There is a close relation between local administrations and democracy. However, there are controversies in defining this close relation conceptually which centre around such concepts as democratisation of local administrations, democratic local administration and local democracy. In the literature, whether these concepts can be used interchangeably has been discussed and it has been decided that one can be used for another. However, preference of one gives the understanding of democracy a different dimension at local level. Therefore, a conceptual preference is a factor in achieving democracy at a local level. Local democracy can be understood as validation of democratic values in local administrations. In this sense, concepts of local democracy, democratic local administration and democratisation of local administrators are considered to be very close, but at the same time, they also appear to have different meanings. In order to determine which of these concepts will be used, these concepts should be defined clearly first. After that, the main elements of these concepts should be put forward analytically. Afterwards, the differences between these concepts should be revealed. Subsequently, different approaches to the problem of applying local democracy at local level should be put across. Also, what kind of a 113 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo local administration does applying each concept at local level stipulate? What role do these concepts play in achieving democratic participation at local level? Answers to such questions will not only enable sorting out the problem of conceptual expression but also give an idea about which concept is more appropriate to use. Keywords: Local Administration, Democracy, Democratisation of Local Administrations, Administration. 114 Local Democracy, Democratic Local � https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/ebdd85fe45ef907ce8acb2b2cf13b704.docx 2e07ffa8802f5d3db3878bca9b0b996b https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/9431b487eed8950ad5ced9c27a3b05c8.pdf a9803b87050d48ca437d1085464af44b PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Usability of the Concept of Local Democracy in Achieving Democratic Process at Local Level Fatih Kırışık Dumlupinar University, Kutahya, Turkey fatihkirisik@gmail.com Abstract Democracy is advocated by the majority of societies and countries today. The dictators of the past were an important factor in adoption of democracy. Such administration types in which certain individuals, groups or classes make the decisions and seize the power in their hands shifted to dictatorship. Democracy has been adopted instead of these administration types. In democratic administration, certain rules and principles are actualised some of which are achieving public participation into administration activities, assuring fundamental rights and freedoms for everyone, adoption of principles of the state of law by the state, not destroying the rights of the minority for the sake of the majority and vice versa. Achieving the public participation that is required in democracy is discussed at local level. There is a close relation between local administrations and democracy. However, there are controversies in defining this close relation conceptually which centre around such concepts as democratisation of local administrations, democratic local administration and local democracy. In the literature, whether these concepts can be used interchangeably has been discussed and it has been decided that one can be used for another. However, preference of one gives the understanding of democracy a different dimension at local level. Therefore, a conceptual preference is a factor in achieving democracy at a local level. Local democracy can be understood as validation of democratic values in local administrations. In this sense, concepts of local democracy, democratic local administration and democratisation of local administrators are considered to be very close, but at the same time, they also appear to have different meanings. In order to determine which of these concepts will be used, these concepts should be defined clearly first. After that, the main elements of these concepts should be put forward analytically. Afterwards, the differences between these concepts should be revealed. Subsequently, different approaches to the problem of applying local democracy at local level should be put across. Also, what kind of a local administration does applying each concept at local level stipulate? What role do these concepts play in achieving democratic participation at local level? Answers to such questions will not only enable sorting out the problem of conceptual expression but also give an idea about which concept is more appropriate to use. Keywords: Local Administration, Democracy, Local democracy, Democratisation of local administrations, Democratic local administration. Introduction Oppressive and centralist administration models have lost their functions today, having been replaced by an administration model based on strong local administration and 1 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo democracy. A perception consensus has occurred about strengthening local administration and democracy on national and global level. Therefore, the relation between democracy and local administration, its foundation stone, has gained importance each day(Yıldırım, 1993). Principle of separation of powers is sought in limiting the government, in which judicial body limits executive body. A state of law is achieved through preventing the intervention of the state to basic rights and freedoms and separating judicial body, which is in charge of saying what law is, from executive body. However, adoption of principle of separation of powers hasn’t been found to be adequate in limiting executive power completely and forming a democratic life. In order for democracy to take root and to diffuse in the society, administration, rather than being concentrated in one person, is considered to have to involve multiple people in administrative activities, in which people can influence the administrative decisions and join in decision making processes. Local administrations, therefore, have appeared as the most crucial democracy tool in achieving people’s participation in administration and spreading democracy amongst people. The role local administrations have taken on in achieving democracy and spreading it amongst people has increased their importance in terms of democracy. The indispensable role local administrations have taken on in achieving the functionality of democracy has caused local administrations to be called local democracy. Particularly those local administrations in countries with strong local administrations and local autonomy where democratic culture has taken root have been named local democracy thanks to their strong democratic structure and culture(Görmez, 1997). The Relation between Local Administration and Democracy Today, in almost all the countries, local administrations are regarded among the prominent democratic institutions. This is because local administrations enable the public to rule themselves and to participate in administration. The people determine the head of local administration organs through elections. However, this is not enough for these institutions to be called democratic local administrations because, in order to democratise local administrations, the people have to be made sure to participate in administration (Keleş, 1992). There are three different opinions that explain the relation between local administrations and democracy(Hill, 1974). One of them, Toulmain Smith, Moulin, e.g., argues that local administration, conflicting with democracy, is a sacred institution that has its power only from traditions. The second is Langrod’s opinion. Langrod states that there isn’t a cause and effect relation between democracy and local administration and that when and where one does not exist, the other can(Langrod, 1953). The third opinion advocates the fact that there is an imperative relation between democracy and local administration. For instance, according to John Stuart Mill, tax liabilities should by all means have a say in administration; they should always be consulted in administration and these people should be informed about the proceedings(Keleş, 1992). Like Mill, Tocqueville also regards local administrations as the main units of democracy and political education tools. Tocqueville states that local administration institutions form the actual power of free nations and that local councils have a crucial contribution to freedom(Yıldırım, 1993). 2 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Usability of the Concept of Local Democracy For decades, democracy crisis, mostly known as liberal democracy crisis or representative democracy crisis, has caused a new democracy pursuit during which local democracy concept has been put forward as a model suggestion(Üskül, 1993). There are other scientific opinions that look into local administration concept from a different perspective one of which mentions about a pursuit of a new democracy definition. It is believed that today’s classic liberal democracy perception is insufficient in solving social problems and the suggestion of electronic democracy as a solution to sort out this insufficiency cannot solve these problems. In this context, it is stated that democracy is being redefined and the main action point of this redefinition effort has to be reversal of political and administrative decision making mechanisms on top-base plane. Accordingly, the core of a new democracy perception is thought to be the fact that sovereignty should not be based on nation but on the people and that the one higher authority should take action when the people do not decide at local level(Üskül, 1993). In another study on the concept of local administration, a different emphasis stands out. Accordingly, local democracy exists before the state appears as a sovereign order which is a self-governance form per se and takes its shape through the needs of the society and contributions. Local power is meant by local democracy; however, in the concept of democratic local administration, democracy of local administration system is emphasized. In the concept of local democracy, democratic culture- defined as local democratic valuesare emphasized whereas, in democratic local administration concept, democracy of administration processes and administration function is emphasized(Pustu, 2005). In the literature, the use of local democracy concept is controversial because in the literature, there are opinions that the concept of local democracy is wrong and that the concept of democratic local administration can be used instead(Görmez, 1997). Hill states that it sounds artificial when democracy is separated as national and local(Hill, 1974) and uses the concept of democratic local administration instead of local democracy. Using the concept of democratic local administration instead of local democracy arises from the idea that local administrations cannot be named as local democracy. However, in local autonomy, local people are supposed to govern themselves within the borders laid by a central authority, in which case local power isn’t meant by the concept of local democracy. Local democracy means that democratic values are valid in local administrations(Görmez, 1997). The idea that local administrations can be used as a suitable tool to develop the quality of representative democracy(Ertan, 2004) also refers to the relation between local administration and representative democracy. The importance of the function of local administrations in the development of democracy is addressed here. While evaluating the quality of the relation between local administration and democracy, we see that the difference between local administration and democracy isn’t put forward and that a conceptual definition as local democracy isn’t made. Local democracy is nothing more than validating democratic values in local administrations(Görmez, 1997). When defined as such, the concepts of local democracy, democratic local administration and democratisation of local administrations appear to have very close meanings to one another but in fact have different meanings. Democratisation of local administrations denotes the process of making democratic 3 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo principles dominant in local administrations. This process will end by applying all the democratic principles in local administrations. By ending the process of democratisation of local administrations, that is applying all the democratic principles in local administrations, democratic local government will be achieved. Local democracy, on the other hand, will appear when democratic principles are applied at local level. The institutions that will make sure that democratic principles are applied at local level are local administrations. If a distinction between democracy and local democracy is to be made, it can be said that local democracy will appear by applying the principles of democracy, which are adopted and applied at national level, at local level. In this perspective, democracy and local democracy match up with each other and belong to the same root, but settling of democratic institutions and rules at local level and at national level will show different characteristics. Therefore, it can be argued that these two concepts rely on the same principles but these principles appear in different appearances in local and national areas. Another idea in defining local democracy emphasizes that local democracy occurs when democracy principles are applied local level(Çelik et al., 2008). In this definition, it is stated that there is no differentiation between local democracy and democracy and local democracy doesn’t have a different conceptual dimension from democracy. The concept of local democracy is used as much for the local administrations of certain federal states as those of the unitary states. In this context, it is seen that the concept of local democracy is used for the local administrations in such federal states as the USA, Germany and Sweden and for those in such states with strong local administration tradition as England and Holland(Görmez, 1997). This shows that the concept of local democracy doesn’t have any relation with federal-unitary state structure. The basic principles of local democracy can be exemplified as formation of decision bodies through elections, decision making processes and public participation, sharing of responsibility and income between central and local administrations and the relation between local and central administrations(Görmez, 1997). Conclusion Although there are cases determined as the crisis of representative democracy, no local democracy model involving a political and administrative structure that can solve this crisis of representative democracy has been put forward. In this context, it is seen that the concept of local democracy neither has a meaning itself and different from democracy nor provides a new democracy model. There is a close relation between local administrations and democracy that has led to such debates as democratisation of local administrations, democratic local administration and local democracy. In the literature, whether these concepts can be used interchangeably has been discussed and become a matter of preference. In my opinion, democratisation of local administrations takes us to a process in this context, while democratic local administration takes us to the result in this process and achieving democracy principles at local level and in local administration perspective, on the other hand, takes us to local democracy. In this perspective, these three concepts can be regarded as various expressions of achieving democracy at local level. 4 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo References Çelik, V., Çelik, F., Usta, S., (2004). “Yerel Demokrasi ve Yerel Özerklik İlişkisi”, Niğde Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, Cilt: 1, Sayı: 2, Aralık 2008. Ertan, B. (2004). “Demokrasi ve Yerel Yönetimler” Review of Social, Economic & Business Studies, Vol.2. Görmez, K. (1997). Yerel Demokrasi ve Türkiye, Vadi Yay., 2.b. Hill, D. M. (1974). Democratic Theory and Local Government, London. Keleş, R. (1992). Yerinden Yönetim ve Siyaset, Cem Yayınevi, İstanbul. Langrod¸ G. (1953). “Local Government&Democracy”, Public Administration, Vol.31, Spring. Pustu, Y. (2005). “Yerel Yönetimler ve Demokrasi”, Sayıştay Dergisi, S.57, NisanHaziran. Üskül, Z. (1993). “Yeni Bir Demokrasi Arayışı: Yerel Demokrasi”, Anayasa Yargısı Dergisi, C.10. Yıldırım, S. (1993). Yerel Yönetim ve Demokrasi: Kavramlar, Yaklaşımlar, TC Başbakanlık Toplu Konut İdaresi Başkanlığı ve IULA-EMME, İstanbul. 5 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1575 Title A name given to the resource Usability of the Concept of Local Democracy in Achieving Democratic Process at Local Level Author Author KARISIK, Fatih Abstract A summary of the resource. Democracy is advocated by the majority of societies and countries today. The dictators of the past were an important factor in adoption of democracy. Such administration types in which certain individuals, groups or classes make the decisions and seize the power in their hands shifted to dictatorship. Democracy has been adopted instead of these administration types. In democratic administration, certain rules and principles are actualised some of which are achieving public participation into administration activities, assuring fundamental rights and freedoms for everyone, adoption of principles of the state of law by the state, not destroying the rights of the minority for the sake of the majority and vice versa. Achieving the public participation that is required in democracy is discussed at local level. There is a close relation between local administrations and democracy. However, there are controversies in defining this close relation conceptually which centre around such concepts as democratisation of local administrations, democratic local administration and local democracy. In the literature, whether these concepts can be used interchangeably has been discussed and it has been decided that one can be used for another. However, preference of one gives the understanding of democracy a different dimension at local level. Therefore, a conceptual preference is a factor in achieving democracy at a local level. Local democracy can be understood as validation of democratic values in local administrations. In this sense, concepts of local democracy, democratic local administration and democratisation of local administrators are considered to be very close, but at the same time, they also appear to have different meanings. In order to determine which of these concepts will be used, these concepts should be defined clearly first. After that, the main elements of these concepts should be put forward analytically. Afterwards, the differences between these concepts should be revealed. Subsequently, different approaches to the problem of applying local democracy at local level should be put across. Also, what kind of a local administration does applying each concept at local level stipulate? What role do these concepts play in achieving democratic participation at local level? Answers to such questions will not only enable sorting out the problem of conceptual expression but also give an idea about which concept is more appropriate to use. Keywords: Local Administration, Democracy, Local Democracy, Democratisation of Local Administrations, Democratic Local Administration. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-10 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 978-9958-834-23-3 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/8f436918e5f684d4ef34478554587319.docx ae204be6379135a68297bb0a8d0a1f54 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/a068f201bb78aeff34b5aad51b3eeeac.pdf e1d8340b809b7d5af8410ad3e940fa15 PDF Text Text Usage and the Problems of E-Banking System - A Case Study: Bosnia and Herzegovina Mirza Dedić International Burch University Bosnia and Herzegovina mirza_dedic_1989@yahoo.com Uğur Ergun International Burch University Bosnia and Herzegovina uergun@ibu.edu.ba Abstract: Financial institutions in Bosnia and Herzegovina are increasingly finding themselves facing rapid increases in turbulence and complexity, leading to increased competition. As the wind of change started blowing, most banks (if not all) adopted the use of electronic banking (ebanking) for transaction, which is becoming the rule rather than exception. One of the reasons for this dynamic change in banking environment is the reliability and accuracy of this information if accurate data are inputted. Another reason is inherent benefit of e-banking to save time and magnificent efficiency in the speed in the transaction of banking activities and consequently enhancing the performance of banks. This paper is designed to find out the usage and problems of electronic banking on banks. The structure of the study is mainly exploratory and partly casual since it is also testing some hypothesis. Data collection method employed in this study is secondary, which comprises of electronic banking guidelines, financial summary of the bank over the years, journals and magazines of e-banking, computer data base accessed through the internet. The analysis tool used to test the hypotheses is simple linear regression and the student’s t-test. Theoretical contributions and practical implications of the findings are discussed and suggestions for future research are presented. Keywords: E-banking, Secondary Data, Linear Regression, Student’s T-Test. 139 �139 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2600 Title A name given to the resource Usage and the Problems of E-Banking System - A Case Study: Bosnia and Herzegovina Author Author DEDIĆ, Mirza ERGUN, Ugur Abstract A summary of the resource. Financial institutions in Bosnia and Herzegovina are increasingly finding themselves facing rapid increases in turbulence and complexity, leading to increased competition. As the wind of change started blowing, most banks (if not all) adopted the use of electronic banking (e-banking) for transaction, which is becoming the rule rather than exception. One of the reasons for this dynamic change in banking environment is the reliability and accuracy of this information if accurate data are inputted. Another reason is inherent benefit of e-banking to save time and magnificent efficiency in the speed in the transaction of banking activities and consequently enhancing the performance of banks. This paper is designed to find out the usage and problems of electronic banking on banks. The structure of the study is mainly exploratory and partly casual since it is also testing some hypothesis. Data collection method employed in this study is secondary, which comprises of electronic banking guidelines, financial summary of the bank over the years, journals and magazines of e-banking, computer data base accessed through the internet. The analysis tool used to test the hypotheses is simple linear regression and the student’s t-test. Theoretical contributions and practical implications of the findings are discussed and suggestions for future research are presented. Keywords: E-banking, Secondary Data, Linear Regression, Student’s T-Test. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014-04 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-4564 H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/3fe4f39264082195cfc49b41e0eca0c2.pdf d4040953bd6f49af03e9ff94881ca872 PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo concentration of anesthesia increases, the time of transition to induction stage shortens (Ross et al, 2008). Induction times of the fish vary depending on the dose of clove oil and, normally, as the dose increases, recovery time increases. REFERENCES Çetinkaya, O., Şahin A.( 2005) Balık Biyolojisi Araştırma Yöntemleri. (Ed) Mehmet Karataş, Balıklarda Anestezi Uygulamaları ve Başlıca Anestesikler, 237-270. ISBN.975-591-757-8. Cookea, S. J., Suskib, C. D. Ostranda , K. G, Tuftsb, B. L., Wahl, D. H.(2004) Behavioral and physiological assessment of low concentrations of clove oil anaesthetic for handling and transporting largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides), Aquaculture 239, 509–529. Padilla, D. K., Williams, S. L.(2004) Beyond ballast water: aquarium and ornamental trades as sources of invasive species in aquatic ecosystems. Front Ecol Environ 2004, 2(3): 131–138. Ross, L., Ross, B.(2008) Anaesthetic and Sedative Techniques for Aquatic animals, 240. Seol, D., Lee J., Im, S., Park, I. (2007) Clove oil as an anaesthetic for common octopus (Octopus minor, Sasaki). Aquaculture Research, 38, 45-49. Tolon, T., Hekimoğlu, M.A.( 2011) Türkiye´de Süs Balığının Pazar Durumu. XVI. Ulusal Su Ürünleri Sempozyumu 25-27 Ekim 2011 Akdeniz Üniversitesi, Antalya. Ucar, A., Atamanalp, M. (2010) The Effects of Natural (Clove Oil) and Synthetical (2phenoxyethanol) Anesthesia Substances on Hematology Parameters of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and Brown Trout (Salmo trutta fario), Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances 9(14): 1925-1933. Whittington, M., Pereira, M. A. M., Gonçalves, M., and Costa, A.(2000) An Investigation of the Ornamental Fish Trade in Mozambique. URL http://www.oceandocs.org/bitstream/1834/889/1/2000.11en.pdf Yıldırım, Y.B., Genc, E., Turan, F., Cek, S., Yanar, M.(2010) The Anaesthetic Effects of Quinaldine Sulphate, Muscle Relaxant Diazepam and Their Combination on Convict Cichlid, Cichlasoma nigrofasciatum (Günther, 1867) Juvenies, Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances,9(3), 547-550. Sustainable Development in Aviation Industry and the case of Turkish Airlines Mustafa Kavacık1, Saadet Zafer2, Ali Yıldız3, Davut Karaman 1Akdeniz University Alanya Faculty of Business, Alanya, Antalya, Turkey, 2Muğla University Dalaman Vocational School, Dalaman, Muğla, Turkey, 3Akdeniz University Alanya Chamber of Commerce and Industry Vocational School, Alanya, Antalya, Turkey E-mails: mkavacik@akdeniz.edu.tr, saadetzafer@akdeniz.edu.tr, aliyildiz@mu.edu.tr,davutkaraman@akdeniz.edu.tr 157 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Abstract Within changing world, sustainable development globally has become an important strategic goal for all sectors. Sustainable development seeks to protect, develop and balance social, economic and environmental goals and resources in order to secure comfort and welfare of present and future generations. The significance level of these related goals and sources is very high. Threats and hazards such as limited resources around the globe, overly population increase, global warming, damaging of ozone layer, decreasing of live species and environmental pollution dramatically reveal the importance of sustainable development. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and Kyoto Protocol which was signed in 1997 came into force in 2005. In this context, aviation industry is a good sample for sustainability. Fuels used in consist of non-renewable resources so contribute to climate change negatively. But, at the same time, that industry makes very valuable and unique contributions to the sustainable development aimed by global society. These contributions are realized social, economical and environmental dimensions. Aviation industry is the safest and most efficient type in public transportation. Over long distances and beyond geographical barriers, no alternative one exist so. It offers affordable transportation services to the nations, regions and individuals with wide transportation network. Furthermore, by promoting cultural and social ties, it facilitates exchange of educational experiences. Economically, aviation industry encourages economic development by facilitating access of regional and global markets, involving with these markets and increasing market share. At the same time, aviation industry leading to the development of trade, travel and tourism sector provides improving of income distribution by creating employment around the globe. This industry pioneers to the electronic transportation. Highly savings got at ticketing and other documentation transactions by adopting to the electronic system. Decrease in the level of aircraft noise-footprint at a 20 db in recent years, an increase in fuel efficiency of 70 percent in last 40 years – today’s newest aircraft technology often matchs the energy consumption of modern cars and in some cases (depending on speed and distance)-, coming down Carbon emission ratios dramatically, alternative fuel systems as biofuels and less service required space area compared to other transportation types can be taken as outstanding environmental effects of this industry. Turkish Airlines (THY) showed an outstanding performance both economically and socially for the last years. Now, being a member of Star Alliance Group, it has a wide flight network around the globe with generated fleet. Furthermore, the company works to make contributions to the sustainable future. Keywords: Sustainable Development in Aviation İndustry; Sustainable Aviation; Carbon Emission; Turkish Airlines Case; 1. INTRODUCTION 158 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Today, world deals with not only the countries’ GDP values or other economic data’s but environmental issues and social benefits also. Climatic changes threat the future at a significant degree higher than ever. Nowadays, world consumes its resources rashly, but could future generations reach these resources easily is a problem the world faced. Similar issues appear to be problem the world faces in this century. Aviation industry plays essential role both in economic, social and environmental respect. As air transportation developed, trade volume will increase, good transportation volume will continue to be positive, cultures will socialize as a result of increased tourism traffic and time will be used more efficiently. By performing all of them, using resources less and effectively, being environmentally sensitive creates the critic points of this industry. To survive in this industry depends on “Sustainability” and companies should change and design strategies towards to the “green coloured” strategies. At this stage, instutions as IACO, IATA, UN, EU help companies by creating and regulating rules, standards and systems as KYOTO or European Union Emission Trading Scheme ETS. In this sense, this paper examines the importance of sustainable development for aviation industry. However, we examine Turkish Airlines as a case study in the context of how it has become an international effective player in recent years, strategic alliances that have made and contributions to the sustainability efforts. 2. Environmental Issues Associated with Aviation Civil aviation, like most other economic activities, gives rise to environmental problems of various kinds. In 1999, the ICAO (Interational Civil Aviation Organization) Secretariat compiled an inventory of environmental problems what may be associated with civil aviation, to assist the ICAO Council in identifying future priorities in the environmental. It was assumed that "the environment" means all those natural and man-made surroundings which may be adversely affected by the presence of civil aviation, but which are not directly involved in the aviation itself10. Issues include: 2.1. Aircraft noise Historically, noise has been the external impact of aviation with the highest profile. There have been substantial reductions in the noise generated by new aircraft and in the overall noise at many airports. However, at most airports, the frequency and total number of movements is expected to increase in the future. For some people near airports, aircraft noise is a significant nuisance affecting their quality of life. There is considerable variation in individual reactions. Aircraft noise can also have impacts on sleep.11 Significant progress has been achieved in reducing the noise impact around many airports, arising from reductions in both engine and airframe noise as well as improvements in 10 http://www.un.org/esa/sustdev/csd/csd9_bp9.pdf 11 http://www.desd.org.uk/UserFiles/File/new_articles/pro_body_participation/sustainable_aviation/S ustainable-Aviation-full-document.pdf 159 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo operational procedures. Today's aircraft are typically 75% quieter than jets in the 1960.12 Research initiatives target a further 50% reduction by 2020. The number of people exposed to aircraft noise worldwide has gone down – by about 35% between 1998 and 2004. IATA (The Air Transportation Association) has developed a policy on night flights. According to this policy, Night time operational restrictions are increasing, especially in Europe. At some airports, night flights are completely banned. These restrictions can have a serious impact on the economy, next-day delivery services, home-based charters, freight services and intercontinental flights. They can also increase daytime congestion.13 According to Air Transport Action Group (ATAG) data, The South African horn made infamous at 2010 World Cup, the vuvuzela, at blast is rated at 127 decibels. An A380 on the other hand takes off with a relative whisper at 82 db.14 This shows us the latest improvements in aircraft engine technologies. 2.2. Carbon Emissions & Fresh Air Air pollution arising from airline and airport operations has a variety of sources, including aircraft engines, apron vehicles, ground transportation, refueling and power generation equipment. These can pose a problem at a local scale, where increasingly stringent environmental quality standards are being imposed, and at a global level, where increasing concern is being expressed about the significance of the contribution of aircraft engine emissions to the problem of global warming.15 With regard to climate change, IPCC Report16 estimates that aircraft contribute about 3.5 per cent of the total radiative forcing by all human activities and that this proportion is likely to increase. The emissions from aircraft of relevance for climate change include carbon dioxide (CO2), water vapour nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulphur oxides and soot. In the context of environment, technological advancements, operational measures, and air traffic management can all improve emissions and fuel efficiency. Acc. to IATA data, new aircrafts are 70% more fuel efficient than 40 years ago and 20% better than 10 years ago. Airlines are aiming for a further 25% fuel efficiency improvement by 2020. By 2050, net aviation carbon emission is aimed to be half of what it was in 2005. Modern aircraft achieve fuel efficiencies of 3.5 liters per 100 passenger km. The A380 and B787 are aiming for 3 liters per 100 passenger km – better than a compact car! Aircraft engine emissions are directly related to fuel burn. Each kilogram of fuel saved reduces carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions by 3.16 kg. So the key for airlines to minimize their environmental impact is to use fuel more efficiently. IATA airlines improved their fuel efficiency by 3.1% in 2006 and 2007. IATA 12 http://www.desd.org.uk/UserFiles/File/new_articles/pro_body_participation/sustainable_aviation/S ustainable-Aviation-full-document.pdf 13 http://www.iata.org/whatwedo/environment/Pages/aircraft_noise.aspx 14 http://www.atag.org/facts-and-figures.html 15 Upham P. Maughan J. Raper D. And Thomas C. (2003) Towards Sustainable Development , Earthscan Publications, 115 16 http://www.ipcc.ch/ipccreports/sres/aviation/index.php?idp=22 160 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo airlines have adopted a voluntary fuel efficiency goal. This is to reduce fuel consumption and CO2 emissions (per revenue tonne kilometer) by at least 25% by 2020, compared to 2005 levels.17 ICAO projections states that the commercial aircraft fleet is expected to increase to about 47,500 by 2036, of which more than 44,000 (94 %) aircraft will be new generation technology.18 Acc. to ATAG, today, global aviation industry produces around 2 % of all human-induced carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Aviation is responsible for 12 % of CO2 emissions from all transport sources, compared to 74 % from road transport. And around 80 % of aviation CO2 emissions are emitted from flights over 1,500 kilometers, for which there is no practical alternative mode of transport19. The Figure below indicates passenger air traffic fuel consumption per 100 km. It shows that fuel consumption will decrease in subsequent years due to increasing technology and new generated engines and aircrafts. Figure 1: Air Traffic fuel efficiency trend and today’s aircraft (source: ICCAIA)20 2.3. Alternative Fuels Because of both economic and environmental issues, aviation industry should seek ways for diversification of current fuels and should produce alternative fuels. The International Air Transportation Association (IATA) is dedicated to support its members and the industry to reduce the emission of CO2. Alternative fuels, particularly sustainable biofuels, have been identified as one of the key elements in helping achieve this goal. Biofuels derived from sustainable oil crops such as jatropha, camelina and algae or from wood and waste biomass can reduce the overall carbon footprint by around 80% over their full lifecycle. Biofuels test flights carried out by seven airlines have proven biofuels work and can be mixed with existing jet fuel. The industry is now working on finalizing technical certification so biofuels can be 17 http://www.iata.org/whatwedo/environment/pages/fuel_efficiency.aspx 18 http://legacy.icao.int/icao/en/env2010/Pubs/EnvReport2010/ICAO_EnvReport10-Ch2_en.pdf 19 http://www.atag.org/facts-and-figures.html 20 http://legacy.icao.int/icao/en/env2010/Pubs/EnvReport2010/ICAO_EnvReport10-Ch2_en.pdf 161 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo used for passenger flights.21 If the industry were to get 6 % of its fuel supply from alternative fuels by 2020, this would reduce current carbon footprint by 5 %.22 Objectives are as follows: building a long-term sustainable, environmentally friendly and cost competitive aviation industry. 3. Social and Economic Factors Aviation industry is the safest and most efficient type in public transportation. Over long distances and beyond geographical barriers, no alternative one exist so. It offers affordable transportation services to the nations, regions and individuals with wide transportation network. Furthermore, by promoting cultural and social ties, it facilitates exchange of educational experiences. However, developments at aircraft Technologies and at fuels affect the social life directly. People lives near airports expose high noise than to other people, so night sleep can be a torture for them. But recent developments decreased the noise problem at a significant level about 35 % between 1998 to 2004.23 And also, low carbon emission will affect social life in a positive manner too. There is a general acceptance that there is a positive, mutually supportive relationship between aviation and economy.24 Aviation supports some 56.6 million jobs around the world or it carries 35% of the world’s cargo by value. According to ATAG report 201025; Airlines transport over 2.6 billion passengers annually with revenue passenger kilometers (RPK) totaling nearly 5 trillion in 2010. The USA followed by China and then the UK were the top three countries in terms of RPK. Aviation is indispensable for tourism, which is a major engine of economic growth, particularly in developing economies. Globally, 51% of international tourists travel by air. Connectivity contributes to improved productivity by encouraging investment and innovation; improving business operations and efficiency; and allowing companies to attract high quality employees. Aviation’s global economic impact (direct, indirect, induced and tourism catalytic) is estimated at $2.2 trillion, equivalent to 3.5% of world gross domestic product (GDP). It provides 8.4 million direct jobs: airlines, air navigation service providers and airports directly employ 7.6 million people and the civil aerospace industry (manufacture of aircraft systems, frames and engines) employs 0.8 million people. There are 9.3 million indirect jobs generated through purchases of goods and services from companies in its supply chain. Industry employees support 4.4 million induced jobs through spending. Aviation-enabled tourism generates around 34.5 million jobs globally. The world’s airlines carry over 2.6 billion passengers a year and 48 million tonnes of freight in 2010. Providing these services generates 8.4 million direct jobs within the air transport 21 http://www.iata.org/whatwedo/environment/Pages/alternative-fuels.aspx 22 http://www.atag.org/facts-and-figures.html 23 http://www.iata.org/whatwedo/environment/pages/aircraft_noise.aspx 24 Upham P. Maughan J. Raper D. And Thomas C. (2003) Towards Sustainable Development , Earthscan Publications, 39 25 http://www.aviationbenefitsbeyondborders.org/download-abbb-report 162 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo industry and contributes $539 billion to global GDP. Compared with the GDP contribution of other sectors, the global air transport industry is larger than the pharmaceuticals ($445 billion), the textiles ($236 billion) or the automotive industries ($484 billion) and around half as big as the global chemicals ($977 billion) and food and beverage ($1,162 billion) sectors. In fact, if air transport were a country, its GDP would rank it 19th in the world, roughly equal to that of Switzerland or Poland. In 2030, forecasts suggest that there will be nearly 6 billion passengers and aviation will support nearly 82 million jobs and $6.9 trillion in economic activity. 4. Turkish Airlines Turkish Airlines Incorporation that was established in 1933 and named shortly THY was called The State Airlines Administration when first established. It has taken action as incorporation that it is called today. At first it started to fly by using 5 aircrafts. The first international voyage Atina was flown in 1947. Turkish Airlines offered about 50% of shares to the public in 2006 and they were traded at Istanbul Stock Exchange. In addition, it had 50% of partnership in Sun Express centered in Antalya by making an agreement with German airline Lufthansa in 1989 and invested in Sarajevo airline Bosnia and Herzegovina Airlines by purchasing 49% of shares. Company established AnadoluJet centered in Ankara to serve all people in Turkey in 2008. It joined oldest airlines alliance of world, Star Alliance, by making an agreement in Istanbul in 2008. On the other hand, Turkish Airlines was named Turkish Airlines Cargo has taken action its cargo service in 1936 and changed its name to TURKISH CARGO in 2000. Turkish Airlines that owned 6 cargo aircrafts had totally 179 aircrafts. Company grows by purchasing new aircrafts continuously and also develops its cargo services. At the end of 2011 it reached of totally 189 cities including 40 cities for domestic and 149 cities for international. Simultaneously it has 2 technical maintenance centers in Istanbul. Turkish Airlines Technical Incorporation that is one of these centers was established in Atatürk Airport in 2006 and has become an important technical maintenance point in air transportation. Other center, Aviation Maintenance Repair and Modification Center Incorporation (HABOM), was founded in Sabiha Gökçen Airport in 201126. After World War II with global economy, aviation industry also developed rapidly. With increasing population and income level, there were changes in travel expenditures and behaviours. As a results of these developments, new infrastructure, routes, airfares and offers was served up in aviation industry. The importance of social, economical and environmental purposes and preservation, improvement and balancement of resources were understood. For these purposes, Turkish Airlines shows improvements in terms of sustainable development that global community aims. When mentioned about sustainable development, firstly, development without effecting environment adversely might be mentioned. World is under threat of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane and ozone. In this sense, Turkish Airlines tries to decrease the amount of carbon dioxide caused by aircrafts and other activities. Because of Fuel-Saving Project implemented in 2008, Turkish Airlines saved jet fuels about 78.371.439 $ and decreased carbon dioxide emission about 201.700 tons. 26 http://turkishairlines.com/tr-tr/kurumsal/tarihce 163 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Aviation industry was joined to the Carbon Emission Trading System that was valid from 1 January 2012. In this context, Turkish Airlines has to comply with regulations of European Emission Trading Scheme (EU-ETS) as other airlines operating flights to Europe27. Temel Kotil, General Manager of Turkish Airlines, said that they were working with International Air Transport Association about fuel-saving. So, less fuel usage at flights, 30 million $ fuel-saving per year and significantly decreasing amount of carbon dioxide emission was aimed28. Activities about decreasing of damages to the environment and human health that derives from airport facilities were initiated by Directorate General of Civil Aviation. In 2010, for luggage transportation, vehicles with electricity started to be used instead of vehicles with fuel at airports with heavy traffic. If airport facilities met certain conditions in the context of this project, airports are taken to the category of “Green Airport” and facilities that met conditions provide discounts in the service recipe29. Aviation industry in Turkey has grown substantially for last decade. There were liberalization steps in the industry that was closed to the open competition and under the monopoly of Turkish Airlines until 200230. Between 2002-2010, average annual growth was 16% for air traffic and 25,5% for passenger traffic31. In 2009, while the aviation industry in the world downsized, Turkish Airlines continued to develop and increased by 11%. Turkish Airlines carried 10,4 million passengers in 2003, raised the number of passengers to 22,5 million in 2008, 25,1 million in 2009, 29,1 million in 2010 and 32,6 million in 201132. In 2011, among the member airlines of Association of European Airlines, it ranged fourth with 8,7% market share in terms of number of passengers and fifth with 7,3% market share in terms of seat kilometers offered. While total number of passengers of member airlines increased by 4,2%, Turkish Airlines raised by 15,6%. In addition, Turkish Airlines is market leader in air cargo transportation in Turkey. It increased its market share by 64% in 201133. Turkish Airlines implements efficiency-oriented employment program. Its total number of personnel was 10.239 people in 2003 and raised by 15.491 people in 2011. To become the best airline in the world, the best cabin crew is required as a return of differentiation in the service concept. From this point, Turkish Airlines applied “Service Quality and Increasing Passenger Satisfaction Programme” since August, 201034. 27 http://turkishairlines.com/tr-TR/faaliyet-raporu/2010/pdf/tr-thy2010.pdf 28 http://hurriyet.com.tr/ekonomi/15229951.asp 29 http://shgm.gov.tr/greenairport.pdf 30 http://invest.gov.tr/tr-TR/infocenter/publications/Documents/TURIZM.SEKTORU.pdf 31 http://shgm.gov.tr/doc4/2010fr.pdf 32 http://turkishairlines.com/tr-tr/kurumsal/basin-odasi/THY/yolcu-sayisi 33 http://thy.com/download/investor_relations/annual_reports/faaliyet_raporu_aralik_2011.pdf 34 http://turkishairlines.com/tr-tr/kurumsal/basin-odasi/THY/is-gucu 164 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Company also gives promotion tickets, companion tickets and opportunity to upgrade to the members with Miles&Smiles Programme. At the same time, call center which is one of the most important marketing and sales channel were included in the service as of 200935. Turkish Airlines achieved significant successes in context of brand invesments. Sponsorship of Euroleague, FC Barcelona and Manchester United has provided a great advantage in the European market. There were other sports sponsorships. On the other hand, Kevin Costner, Caroline Wozniacki, Kobe Bryant and Novak Djokovic were brand face of Turkish Airlines with the slogan of “Globally Yours” and company has increased brand awareness. In the sense of financial discipline, one of the most important keys of sustainable development, Turkish Airlines applies long-term value-based growth programme and effective cost management. Aviation Week Magazine, leading broadcasting organizations of aviation industry, identified Turkish Airlines as the best airline from the point of financial situation in 2010. It has given “The Best Airline of Europe”, “The Best Airline of South Europe” and “The Best Premium Economy Seat” by “Skytrax World Airline Awards” organization, known as the Oscars of aviation industry. Turkish Do&Co catering company, joint of Turkish Airlines, was awarded as the best of world with the catering service in economy class. Furthermore, it achieves “The Best Market Leader” of 2010 in the context of Air Transport World Airline Industry Achievement Awards, accepted one of the most prestigious awards of aviation industry36. Turkish Airlines also sustains activities about culture, art and social responsibility. It has supported Istanbul, 2010 European Capital of Culture, as “Capital Sponsorship”. According to the contract with Turkish Red Crescent, company contributes victims of natural catastrophes. Moreover, by planting 5.000 saplings it made up “THY Technical Commemorative Forest” in Kurtköy and Kemerburgaz37. 5.CONCLUSION This paper has attempted to show how sustainable development in aviation industry is important for global world. Sustainable development seeks to protect, develop and balance social, economic and environmental goals and resources in order to secure comfort and welfare of present and future generations. Aviation industry is the safest and most efficient transport type. Industry meets the society’s air transport needs by establishing relationship with employees, local communities, customers and industry partners. A competitive and commercial viable aviation industry makes a positive contribution to the world economy. Aviation industry generates $2.2 trillion in 2010 and it equals to 3.5% per cent of global GDP. Around the world industry supports 56.6 million jobs. Emission is a huge problem standing that the future generations will face tragically. New aircrafts are 70 % more fuel efficient than 40 years ago and 20 % better than 10 years ago. In 2050, industry aims to decrease carbon emission to be half of what it was 2005. The importance of social, economical and environmental purposes and preservation, improvement and balancement of resources were understood. For these purposes, Turkish 35 http://turkishairlines.com/tr-TR/faaliyet-raporu/2010/pdf/tr-thy2010.pdf 36 http://thy.com/download/investor_relations/annual_reports/faaliyet_raporu_aralik_2011.pdf 37 http://turkishairlines.com/tr-TR/faaliyet-raporu/2010/pdf/tr-thy2010.pdf 165 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Airlines shows improvements in terms of sustainable development that global community aims. With its new generation aircrafts, Turkish Airlines tries to decrease the amount of carbon dioxide caused by aircrafts and other activities and fuel consumption. 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Turkey, Last Accessed on http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/ekonomi/15229951.asp Turkey, Last Accessed tr/kurumsal/tarihce on 4 20, 2012, 4 from 29, 2012, http://www.turkishairlines.com/tr- Turkish Airlines, Carbon Emission, Last Accessed on 4 27, 2012, http://www.turkishairlines.com/tr-tr/kurumsal/duyurular/2967/karbon-emisyonu.aspx. 166 from from �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Turkish Airlines, Labor, Last Accessed on 4 30, http://www.turkishairlines.com/tr-tr/kurumsal/basin-odasi/THY/is-gucu. 2012, from Turkish Airlines, Turkish Airlines’ 2010 Annual Report, Last Accessed on 4 27, 2012, from www.turkishairlines.com/tr-TR/faaliyet-raporu/2010/pdf/tr-thy2010.pdf Turkish Airlines, The Activity Report of The Board of Directors For the Period 1 January to 31 December 2011, Last Accessed on 4 28, 2012, from http://wwwdownload.thy.com/download/investor_relations/annual_reports/faaliyet_raporu_ar alik_2011.pdf. Turkish Airlines, The Number of Passengers, Last Accessed on 4 28, 2012, from http://www.turkishairlines.com/tr-tr/kurumsal/basin-odasi/THY/yolcu-sayisi. UN Decade of Education for Sustainable Development, Sustainable Aviation, Last Accessed on 04 20, 2012, from http://www.desd.org.uk/UserFiles/File/new_articles/pro_body_participation/sustainable_aviat ion/Sustainable-Aviation-full-document.pdf UN Development of Economic and Social Affairs, Aviation and Sustainable Development, Last Accessed on 04 25, 2012, from http://www.un.org/esa/sustdev/csd/csd9_bp9.pdf Upham, P., Maughan, J., Raper, D. And Thomas, C., (2003). Towards Sustainable Development, Earthscan Publications, 39, 115. Forecasting Carbon Emission For Turkey: Time Series Analysis Mehmet Mercan1, Etem Karakaya2 1Hakkari University, Faculty of Economic and Administrative Science 2Adnan Menderes University, Faculty of Economic and Administrative Science E-mail: mmercan48@gmail.com; mehmetmercan@hakkari.edu.tr, ekarakaya@gmail.com Abstract Within the context of sustainable development objectives, reducing greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) that cause climate change was first discussed and officially negotiated at the 1992 Rio Conference, which particularly emphasised developed countries to take serious measures. Then, it was followed by the Kyoto Protocol, which specified national ghg emission reduction targets for developed countries. With Kyoto Protocol, it was decided for these countries to reduce global emissions by 5% below 1990 levels compared to 2008-2012 emission levels. Turkey became a party to the Kyoto Protocol in 2009, yet due to their special circumstances they did not take any emission reduction commitments.. Negotiations on Post-2012 emission reduction obligations are still in progress under the UNFCCC umbrella and it is expected to have emission reduction targets not only by developed countries but also by developing ones. In this regard, it is important for Turkey to estimate its future ghg emissions, if they have to take a Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMA) for their strategy. There are various ghg emission estimations for 2020 and the results indicate different emission levels. 167 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1240 Title A name given to the resource Usage Of Clove Oil In Aquarium Fish (Pangasius Pangasius Hamilton, 1822) Author Author Müge , Aliye Hekimoğlu Abstract A summary of the resource. The aquarium fish occupies an important place in hobby industry. When to increase the profit margin in trading, despite of filling a small amount of oxygen and water into plastic packages, they put into a large number of aquarium fish were identified from wholesalers. This leads to stress on the fish. The quality of water inside the package deteriorates for reasons such as rapid breathing and metabolic intensity. During transport or after, this situation can lead a portion of fish to death. This is resulted being pecuniary and interest loss from this hobby. Anesthetic agent is added to prevent this situation from carrying packages. Most of these chemicals are not organic. Clove oil, containing the active ingredient eugenol, has been determined to be an inexpensive and effective fish anaesthetic. It is known to be used safely in aquaculture. In Aquaculture practical studies have been used such as tags, transportation, shipping, vaccine etc. It is known that Clove oil is not harm to the environment. For the users it is in a safe substance. This study is determining the lowest dose of clove oil of transport or handling of some aquarium fishes for reduces their stress. Keywords: clove oil, eugenol, anaesthesia, sedative, aquarium fish, ornamental fish Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed S Agriculture (General) Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 914 Title A name given to the resource Use of Collins WorldBanks Online Corpus in Teaching English as a Second Language Author Author Okicic, Melisa Abstract A summary of the resource. This paper discusses the use of corpus linguistics sources, in particular, the Collins Worldbanks Online Corpus in terms of its characteristics and possibilities for linguistic analyses, which may significantly improve the process of teaching English as a second language at the university level. This Corpus contains 57 million words of written and spoken English, from both American and British sources. It is worth mentioning that, according to our knowledge, the corpus linguistics databases such as the British National Corpus, the Brown Corpus or the Collins Worldbanks Online Corpus, etc. are not available at the faculties in Bosnia-Herzegovina. Therefore, the main goal of this paper is to give a detailed overview of the structure and the basic terminology of the Collins Worldbanks Online Corpus such as query, concordance, sketch-diff etc. with special reference to a practical use of this corpus in a teaching process in terms of studying vocabulary and collocations (e.g. a proper word usage of the nouns man vs. male, or the verbs request vs. require), thus drawing attention to the importance of this significant linguistic tool which, hopefully, will be recognized as such and will be available all across the faculties in Bosnia-Herzegovina in near future. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed P Philology. Linguistics https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/d8044c5c2dc92dbce73d3267282202cc.pdf 61d23e6ab005cc01916a1a3989ec46d5 PDF Text Text Use of Computer Simulation Technology in Engineering Education Ramazan Kayıkcı Faculty of Technology, Sakarya University, 54187 Sakarya, Turkey rkayikci@sakarya.edu.tr Abstract: The function of the engineering profession is to manipulate materials, energy, and information, in that way creating benefit for humankind. To perform this effectively, engineers must have knowledge of nature that goes beyond plain theory that is traditionally gained in educational laboratories. In recent years, however, the environment of these laboratories has changed. This paper describes the use of simulation technology in engineering education. In particular, the paper considers materials and metallurgical engineering field which involves many high temperature materials processing such as castings and solidification. In this study, an example of use of simulation technique to demonstrate the effects of casting geometry on solidification times of three different geometries in sand casting process been presented. Introduction The overall goal of engineering education is to prepare students to practice engineering and, in particular, to deal with the forces and materials of nature. Thus, from the earliest days of engineering education, instructional laboratories have been an essential part of undergraduate and, in some cases, graduate programs. Indeed, prior to the emphasis on engineering science, it could be said that most engineering instruction took place in the laboratory. As an example, in surveys of the articles published in the Journal of Engineering Education from 1993 to 1997, it was found that only 6.5 percent of the papers used laboratory as a keyword. From 1998 to 2002, the fraction was even lower at 5.2 percent (Wankat 2004). Laboratory instruction has been complicated by the introduction of two phenomena in the past two decades: the digital computer and systems of distance learning, particularly over the Internet. The digital computer has opened new possibilities in the laboratory, including simulation, automated data acquisition, remote control of instruments, and rapid data analysis and presentation. Today, simulation software programs are available that accurately emulate many technical and physical processes. These software programs play an important role in engineering education (Quinn 1993). Simulation is an important feature in engineering systems or any system that involves many processes. For example in electrical engineering, delay lines may be used to simulate propagation delay and phase shift caused by an actual transmission line (Kadlowec et al. 2002). Most engineering simulations entail mathematical modeling and computer assisted investigation. There are many cases, however, where mathematical modeling is not reliable. Simulation of such phenomena as fluid dynamics problems and materials processing often requires both mathematical and physical simulations (Kadlowec et al. 2002). In education, simulation has been used to provide illustrations of phenomena that are not easily visualized, such as electromagnetic fields, laminar flow in pipes, heat transfer through materials, and electron flow in semiconductors or solidification of liquid metal in a mold (Kadlowec et al. 2002). Since simulators essentially execute mathematical equations and since we are able to develop reasonably accurate mathematical models of the physical phenomena we study in engineering laboratories, it is natural that simulators have been used as an adjunct to or even as a substitute for actual laboratory experiments. Simulations can be used as a pre-lab experience to give students some idea of what they will encounter in an actual experiment (Hodge et al. 2001). This can improve laboratory safety by familiarizing students with the equipment before actually using it. It also can result in significant financial savings by reducing the time a student or team needs on real—and expensive— laboratory equipment, thereby reducing the number of laboratory stations required. Simulations are useful for experimental studies of systems that are too large, too expensive, or too dangerous for physical measurement by undergraduate students (Baher 1999, Lee et al. 2001, Svajger and Valencic 2003). 361 �In this study, an example of use of simulation technique to demonstrate the effects of casting geometry on solidification times of three different geometries in sand casting process been presented. The Study The objective of this study is to demonstrate how a simulation technique can be used instead of a real casting laboratory (or a foundry) for technology students in engineering education. The objective is to deliver to the students the effects casting geometries on the cooling and solidification time of liquid steel which allow solidifying in sand molds. The Theoretical Aspect of the Study The theoretical aspects of this study were taken from an engineering textbook (Kalpakjian 1995) which deals with determining the solidification time of sand castings. During the early stage of solidification, a thin solidified skin begins to form at the cool mold walls and, as time passes, the skin thickens. With flat mold walls, this thickness is proportional to the square root of time. Thus doubling the time will make the skin √2=1.41 times, or 41 times thicker. The solidification time is a function of the volume (V) of a casting and its surface area (A), which is defined by Chvorinov’s rule as;  V o lu m e   Solidification time = C   S u rfaceA rea  2 Eqn [1] where C is a constant that reflects mold material, material properties (including latent heat) and temperature. Thus a large sphere solidify and cools to ambient temperature at much slower rate than does a smaller sphere. The reason is that the volume of a sphere is proportional to the cube of its diameter. Similarly, we can show that the molten metal in a cube-shaped mold will solidify faster than in a spherical mold of the same volume. Example: Three pieces being cast have the same volume (1dm3) but different shapes. One is a sphere, one a cube, and the other a cylinder with a height equal to its diameter. We can determine which piece will solidify the fastest and which one the slowest. Solution: The volume is unity, so we have from Eqn 1; 1 Solidificatio time ∞ SurfaceAera ( ) The respective surface areas are; 1 Sphere: 4 V =   π r 3 , r=  3  3 ,   3  4π  Cube: V=a3, 2  3 3 and A = 4 π r = 4 π   = 4 .8 4  4π  2 a = 1, and A = 6a2 = 6 1 2  1  3 and A=2 πr 2 + 2 πr h = 6 πr 2 =  1  3 =5.54 Cylinder: V= πr h = 2 πr , r=  6π     2π   2π  2 3 Thus the respective solidification times t are; Tsphere=0.043C, tcube=0.028C and tcylinder = 0.033 C. Hence the cube-shaped casting will solidify the fastest and the sphere-shaped casting will solidify slowest. Simulation: The above simple example of the effect of casting geometry on the solidification time of three different shapes was computer simulated as follows. The given casting geometries were drawn as 3D solid geometries using a CAD program. Each geometry was dimensioned to poses the required volume of 1 dm3 liquid 362 �metal. The solid geometries were then imported into a 3D casting simulation software. The simulation software used in this study was able to create all the physical environment of a casting laboratuary or a foundry required to solidify liquid alloy in sand mold of three different shapes. A steel alloy (ST1020) was chosen as the casting alloy. Finally to solve required finite difference heat transfer equations the casting geometries were meshed with a 40 mm thick sand mold for each into 1000 000 cubic element. The meshed casting geometries were cut into two pieces from their common symmetrical planes to reduce the computation time as shown in Figure 1. Figure 1: Isometric view of the meshed casting geometries used as models in simulation (as cut into half from symmetrical planes) a-sphere, b-cylinder and c-cube. Findings Simulations were performed in computer environment. For the sake of simplicity and to model exactly the same phenomena given in above example no running and feeding system was used in the casting model. Figure 2 shows a scene of cooling and progress of solidification for each casting. As seen from Figure 1 advance of solidification is fastest in cube-shaped casting and slowest in the sphere-shaped casting. This is in agreement with the above given results from solution of the example. That is, the engineering students attending this class will virtually see the solidification progress according to the theoretical rule and calculation without any real experimental work in casting laboratory. After the simulation have been completed post simulation evaluations were performed. Solidification time of each casting is plotted to its quarter section of and shown in Figure 3. As seen from the figure the solidification has lasted 14.66 minutes in sphere, which is the longest time as calculated in above example. This is followed by cylinder and cube in exactly the same sequence as calculation. The smallest volume/surface area value was calculated for the cube-shaped casting leading to a smallest solidification time. Results from the simulation have also confirmed that the solidification has completed in 12.04 minutes in cube-shaped casting. It is also in agreement with the results from mathematical calculation. This example illustrate that the casting simulation technology can be useful to illustrate number of things which is difficult to or impossible when done in a real laboratory environment. Thus, in such areas as castings where molten metals and high temperature are often involved to experiment which might be dangerous, difficult and expensive to implement, laboratory can be substituted by simulation. 363 �Figure 2: Cross-sectional view of progress of solidification in the cast parts a-sphere, b-cylinder and c-cube. Figure 3: Plot of solidification times of the castings (qurter sections) a-sphere, b-cylinder and c-cube. Conclusions In this study, an example of use of simulation technique to demonstrate the effects of casting geometry on solidification times of three different geometries in sand casting process been presented. Theoretical background and an example were given to calculate the solidification times of three different geometries as sphere, cube and a cylinder. Result from calculation showed that cube-shaped casting will solidify the fastest and the sphere-shaped the slowest. Computer simulation of the solidification process with 3D CAD data of the geometries was also performed. Results from simulation were in excellent agreement with the result from calculations. This confirmed that casting simulation technology might substitute the casting laboratory in engineering education. This can be even more useful for such experiments where high temperature and expensive experimental set-up involves. Acknowledgement Author thanks to Sakarya University -Turkey for financial support through BAPK. (Project No: 2007-05-06-004). 364 �References Baher, J., “Articulate Virtual Labs in Thermodynamics Education: A Multiple Case Study,” Journal of Engineering Education, Vol. 88, No. 4, 1999, pp. 429–434. Hodge, H., Hinton, H.S., and Lightner, M., “Virtual Circuit Laboratory,” Journal of Engineering Education, Vol. 90, No. 4, 2001, pp. 507–511. Kadlowec,J., Lockette, P.V., Constans, E., Sukumaran, B., and Cleary, D., “Visual Beams: Tools for Statics and Solid Mechanics,” 32nd ASEE/IEEE Forntiers in Education Conference, Boston Mass., November 6–9, 2002, pp. T4D-7-T4D-10, 2002. Lee, W-J., Gu, J-C., Li, R-J., and Ditasayabutra, P., “A Physical Laboratory for Protective Relay Education,” IEEE Transactions on Education, Vol. 45, No. 2, 2002, pp. 182–186. Quinn, R. "The E' Introductory Engineering Test, Design and Simulation Laboratory" Journal of Engineering Education, Vol. 82, No. 4, October 1993. S.Kalpakjian, Manufacturing Engineering and Technology, 3rd Edtn.,Addison-Wesley N.York, 1995. Svajger, J., and Valencic, V., “Discovering Electricity by Computer- Based Experiments,” IEEE Transactions on Education, Vol. 46, No. 4, 2003, pp. 502–507. Wankat, P.C., “Analysis of the First Ten Years of the Journal of Engineering Education,” Journal of Engineering Education, Vol. 93, No. 1, 2004, pp. 13–21. 365 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 529 Title A name given to the resource Use of Computer Simulation Technology in Engineering Education Author Author Kayıkcı, Ramazan Abstract A summary of the resource. The function of the engineering profession is to manipulate materials, energy, and information, in that way creating benefit for humankind. To perform this effectively, engineers must have knowledge of nature that goes beyond plain theory that is traditionally gained in educational laboratories. In recent years, however, the environment of these laboratories has changed. This paper describes the use of simulation technology in engineering education. In particular, the paper considers materials and metallurgical engineering field which involves many high temperature materials processing such as castings and solidification. In this study, an example of use of simulation technique to demonstrate the effects of casting geometry on solidification times of three different geometries in sand casting process been presented. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed Q Science (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/20897547874a1a59ee87e5cc1b37c6cc.pdf 4bd435449ab6e09b1ddcb0b1c17fb3ad PDF Text Text 1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Use of Hydroelectric Power in Sustainable Development of Turkey Ramazan SEVER Atatürk University, Turkey rsever@atauni.edu.tr Ünal ÖZDEMĐR Atatürk University, Turkey uozdemir@atauni.edu.tr Serhat ZAMAN Atatürk University, Turkey serhatz@atauni.edu.tr Mete ALIM Atatürk University, Turkey metealim@atauni.edu.tr Ogün COŞKUN Atatürk University, Turkey oguncoskun@atauni.edu.tr Abstract: Energy is a vital element of development. Clear, reliable, environmental friendly and sustainable energy is a prerequisite for the sustainable development. In recent years, it is known that fossil fuel resources are getting towards to finish and also they cause several environmental problems. Therefore, use of renewable energy sources are becoming a necessity. The hydroelectric power, also called green energy, is among the renewable energy sources although it has some disadvantages. Turkey, which is estimated that has 1% of the world and 16% of Europe total hydroelectric power, has initiated projects in order to benefit from these resources and some of them are completed and started to produce electricity. However, as it is the case for several countries nowadays, Turkey is having problems in producing required electricity. This energy necessity is partly overcome by importing petrol and natural gas. However, being dependent on outside energy resources carries important risks for economic and political development. Therefore, it appears that the best solution to the energy shortage is to maximize the use of renewable energy sources in sustainable ways. Currently, Turkey uses 34% (43 billion kwh) of the economic hydroelectric potential (125 billion kwh). Increasing this to 100% in the near future is quite important in terms of reaching planned development objectives. Keywords: Sustainable development, economic, energy, hydroelectric power. Introduction Increasing demand for energy which simultaneously rises with industrialization, population growth and urbanization gains significance each day. To meet energy demand, fossil fuels are commonly used. As of year 2007, the demand for global energy was obtained from 40,6% coal, 35,6% petroleum and 23,8% natural gas (www.enerji.gov.tr/2007). However, global reserves of the mentioned fossil resources are rather limited. Besides, greenhouse effect that emerges after their burning threatens ecosystems. Contrary to them, renewable energy sources such as sun, geothermal, hydroelectric, biogas, waves and wind are very economical in addition to their sustainable renew ability. Due to these reasons, it is necessary to gain attraction and universalize the use of new and renewable energy sources. Amongst the mentioned renewable energy sources, hydroelectric power-also known as green energy, takes the first place. Although there are 150 hydroelectric power plants in the country, it is noteworthy that this ratio represents merely 40% of global operable potential. As known, there is a detailed technology and experience field concerning dams and HPP (Hydroelectric Power Plant). Water, which is the raw material used in energy generation, has serious advantages for ecology since it is renewable and it continuously takes role in hydrological cycle rotation. Furthermore, it 185 �1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo has low operation cost and high economical life (Frey and Linke 2002, Yüksek and Kangal 2008:37-38). Therefore despite its minor disadvantages, it would be beneficial to actualize HPP projects in advance for the economical, ecological and strategic benefits of Turkey (Sever 2008:230). Since sustainable development is defined as meeting the demand for economical development needed by modern societies in a way not to hinder the needs of future groups (UNDP), renewable energy takes a step closer in that aspect because as known, conventional energy sources will not only be extinct in the future but their generation and consumption will seriously harm the environment (Altuntaşoğlu 2003:345). As is known, energy is a critical starting point in achieving the objectives related to social balance, economic growth and environmental protection which constitute three basic components of sustainable development. Accordingly, we need to reduce economical and ecological damages of energy consumption forced by sustainable development of society (Altuntaşoğlu 2003:346). Sustainable energy approach should cover in itself the strategy, technology and application that will enable continuous procurement of energy in a cheap environmental and social cost which can only be assured by considering renewable energy sources. Regardless of its high cost compared to other renewable energy sources (sun, wind, wave etc.) hydraulic power is an energy type with high applicability considering modern energy technology. Yet, while making use of this energy type the environmentalist approach envisaged in Renewable Energy Report presented in Global Sustainable Development Summit (2002) in Johannesburg should be strictly followed. Turkey’s Hydroelectric Potential and Utilization Status Turkey which is situated in the closest meeting point of continents Asia, Europe and Africa is amongst developing countries (Figure 1). Similar to most developed and developing countries, Turkey meets significant portion of its energy from expensive fossil fuels imported. In year 2006 in Turkey electrical energy need was procured from 43% natural gas, 28% coal, 25% hydraulic sources. These ratios will remain the same unless new and renewable potential sources are benefited. In that case our dependency to foreign energy sources will continue and besides the budget we desperately need to make use in other investments (industry, service, education) will be shrunk enormously. Benefiting from most of Turkey’s hydroelectric energy potential in advance would allow great economic profits because it is envisaged that merely 30% of the energy need of Turkey in 2030 will be met by hydroelectric. It would be very appropriate to benefit from hydroelectric prior to year 2030. Above all else, cheap electricity that will be attained by this green energy will have a driving role in development. Since the money used for import fuels will lessen, currency loss will also be decreased. Contribution of cheap energy to industrial development will give way to an increase in national income thus the effect of import energy on country economy will decrease. Moreover as pressure of political tensions on energy will be removed, the probability of actualizing investment projects will be greater. Figure 1: Geographical position of Turkey. 186 �1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Electrical energy, more than others, has been one of the leading problems of Turkey for a long time. It is obvious that energy trouble we suffer now will be present in future as well. It is urgent that Turkey which probably will have a double energy consumption about 20 years later (2030) should immediately operate all of its water power potential. Turkey (Table 1) which is estimated to possess approximately 1% of global hydroelectric potential and 16% of Europe has planned major energy projects to benefit from this potential and even started some of these projects’ operation. Table 1: World and Turkey’s hydroelectric power potential (www.dsi.gov.tr/hizmet/enerji.htm, 2005). World Europe Asia Turkey Gross HPP Potential (GWh/year) 41 390 000 3 125 000 19 902 000 433 000 Technical HPP Potential (GWh/year) 11 754 000 760 326 4 225 000 216 000 Economic HPP Potential (GWh/year) 7 305 000 758 705 2 626 000 123 400 According to approximate number presented by State Water Works (SWW), annual hydroelectric potential of Turkey which currently has rich water resources is about 128 billion kwh (Figure 2). However some studies envisage that this number can be increased by especially making use of river-type plants. Although there are various development and consumption scenarios about estimating long-term energy need from different parties and organizations, it is not hard to assume that in future Turkey’s energy consumption will rise and unless some measurements are taken presently, a bunch of political and economic problems will emerge in future. Finally, under the light of new projects prepared according to planning objectives of State Planning Organization (SPO), it is estimated that Turkey’s electrical energy need in 2030 will approximately be around 450-500 billion kwh It is envisaged that in 2020 about 25-30% of Turkey’s electrical energy need will be procured from hydroelectric power plants that will have been operated till then. Accordingly in year 2020 about 85% of Turkey’s total hydraulic energy potential will have been used. Figure 2: Turkey’s Streams and Dams. In Turkey, following the 1950s, occurring rapid population growth and urbanization accelerated the demand for electrical energy. In the face of this demand particularly in the 1960s and 1970s dam investments followed one another. Finally in the 1980s hydroelectric generation met roughly 50% of our annual energy need. Moreover as indicated in Table 2, in 1988 60% of our energy need was procured from hydroelectric power plants however energy generation ratio from water power has been falling lately (Table 2). 187 �1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Table 2: Development of electricity generation in Turkey with respect to energy sources, 1980-2007 ( TEĐAŞ, SHW-2007). ∗ Fueloil, diesel, naphta, renewable waste, geotermal, wind. Years 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Coal (Gwh) 5961 6136 6441 8577 10119 15028 19438 17654 12487 20270 20182 21561 24571 23760 28235 28047 30414 33860 35688 37031 38186 38417 32149 32253 34447 43192 47900 % 26 25 24 31 33 44 49 39 26 39 35 36 37 32 36 33 32 33 32 32 31 31 25 23 23 26 28 Natural gas (Gwh) 0 0 0 0 0 58 1341 2528 3240 9524 10192 12589 10814 10788 13822 16579 17174 22086 24838 36346 46217 49549 52496 63536 62242 73445 74368 % 0 0 0 0 0 0,2 3 6 7 18 18 21 16 15 18 19 18 21 22 31 37 40 41 45 41 45 43 Hydraulic (Gwh) 11348 12616 14167 11343 13426 12045 11873 18618 28950 17640 23148 22683 26568 33951 30586 35541 40475 39816 42229 34678 30879 24010 33864 35329 46084 39561 43544 % 49 51 53 41 44 35 30 42 60 34 40 38 39 46 39 41 43 39 38 30 25 20 26 25 31 24 25 Others (Gwh)∗ ∗ 5967 5967 5944 7427 7069 7088 7045 5554 3308 4311 4022 3412 5390 5238 5679 6080 6799 7534 8269 8386 9640 10749 11071 9462 7925 5758 7171 % Total (Gwh) 25 24 23 28 23 21 18 13 7 9 7 5 8 7 7 7 7 7 8 3 7 9 8 7 5 5 4 23276 24719 26552 27347 30614 34161 38356 44354 47985 52045 57544 60245 67343 73737 78322 86241 94862 103296 111024 116441 124922 122725 129400 140580 150698 161956 172983 The low ratio despite the significant developments in the number of HPP is attached to the highness of total energy generation. Indeed total energy generation which was 23 billion kwh in 1980 rose to 172 billion kwh in 2006. Although hydroelectric generation which was 11 billion kwh in 1980 rose to 46 billion kwh in 2004, still its share in total piece decreased. It is true that today, from 142 facilities of which installed capacity is 12 788 MW average annual 45 billion kWh energy is generated. Besides by completing 41 projects in construction, 13 projects in final stage and 13 projects in feasibility and master stages, hydroelectric energy will once again achieve a significant ratio (Table 3, Photo 1). Table 3:Distribution of Turkey’s hydroelectric energy potential by project levels (Gürbüz, 2007). Status of projects 188 Project (Number of facilities) Installed Capacity (MW) Annual Average Energy Generation Capacity (GWh) In-operation 142 12788 45930 In-construction 41 4397 14351 Projects in final stage 13 2356 6019 Projects with feasibility 176 7269 26415 Projects with master plan 93 5260 18280 Projects of which first investigation is complete Total 301 4474 17559 772 36544 129454 �1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Figure 1: Deriner will become highest (247 m) dam in Turkey, it completed (Çoruh River-Artvin). Despite the increase in energy consumption per person in our country, it is still lower than general expectations. In Turkey while electricity consumption was 7 kwh per person during the early years of Republic this number rose to 456 in 1980; in 1990 to 819; in 2000 to 1 449 and in 2004 to 1 687. Some sources indicate that this number reached to even 2 150 kWh as of 2005. Despite this huge increase in electricity generation, still the amount per person is low. Indeed consumption ratio which is behind global average (2 500 kwh ), compared to developed countries mostly European with 8 900 kwh and US average value 12 322 kwh, it becomes obvious that in energy use we are far behind the general objectives. Therefore while increasing the consumption of energy which is an indication of development, we should at the same time achieve major investments to procure required energy and prevent a possible energy crisis in future. Today many countries with different social and economic backgrounds have directed themselves to sustainable energy sources and developed major projects to increase the share of these sources in total energy generation. Currently amongst these sources, the most commonly profited one is hydroelectric potential. Actually in countries such as Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, Ghana, Zambia, Congo, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Norway, Albania and Iceland the rate of hydroelectric in total energy generation reached to 90-100%. In addition to them Austria, Sweden, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Canada, Peru, Columbia, Georgia and New Zealand can be named as countries where hydroelectric energy generation share is more than half of total energy (Table 3). In Turkey in order to make hydroelectric potential profitable new dam and HPP technologies should be followed, and required arrangements should be accelerated for new investments. These sources should be utilized in coping with energy troubles in Turkey to lessen our foreign-source dependency and currency loss. Table 3: Hydroelectric shares of various countries in total energy generation, 2000 (U.N., 200: Statistical Yearbook. Geneva, United Nations., Öziş et al., 2008, Atılgan, 2000). Countries Paraguay Zaire/Konngo Mozambique Norway Albania Zambia Tajikistan Uruguay Kyrgyztan Iceland Ghana Brazil Costa Rica Peru Ecuador The Share of Total (%) 100 100 100 99 99 99 98 93 92 90 88 87 81 81 80 Countries Georgia Venezuela Colombia North Korea Australia New Zealand Canada Croatia Vietnam Sweden Bosnia-Herzegovina Chile Switzerland Nigeria Turkey The Share of Total (%) 79 74 73 65 63 63 61 55 55 50 50 46 40 37 32 189 �1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Conclusion Currently of approximately 125-130 billion kWh hydroelectric potential of Turkey, merely 35-40 billion kWh which amounts to 30-32%, although subject to change each year, is profited. In order to minimize foreign source dependency in energy and prevent possible energy crisis in future, it is essential that we make use of our renewable energy sources in the most profitable way. If we desire a better world to leave for the next generations, only after making use of sustainable energy sources can we achieve sustainable economical development model. Environment protection measurements and its sanctions go beyond national borders and achieve an international identity. Because of that reason, active participation to international solutions should be provided; renewable and environment friendly sources should be supported and developed. References Altuntaş, T. Z. (2003). Sürdürülebilir kalkınma yenilenebilir enerji ve yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarını kanun tasarısı taslağı. TMMOB IV. Enerji Sempozyumu, 2003, VA:345-355. Atılgan, I. (2000). Türkiye’nin enerji potansiyeline bakış. Gazi Üniversitesi Mühendislik Mimarlık. Fakültesi Dergisi, 15 (1), 31-47. Doğanay, H. (1998). Enerji Kaynakları. Şafak yayınevi, Ankara. Frey, G.W. & Linke D.J. (2002). Hydropower as a renewable and sustainable energy resource meeting global energy challenges in a reasonable way. Energy Policy, 30, 1261-1265. Gürbüz, A. (2007). Sürdürülebilir enerji temini kapsamında hidrolik kaynaklı enerjinin önemi. IV. Yeni ve Yenilenebilir Enerji Kaynakları Sempozyumu, 2007 . Türkiye Makine Müh. Odası, VA:289-298. Öziş, U., Baran T., & Dalkiliç, Y. (2008). Hidroelektrik Enerjiyi Geliştirme Hızları. Su ve Enerji Konferansı, 2008. VA:229-241. Sever, R. (2005). Çoruh nehri enerji yatırım projeleri ve çevresel etkileri. Çizgi Kitabevi, Konya. Sever, R. (2008) Türkiye hidroelektrik üretiminde Çoruh havzası enerji yatırım projelerinin yeri ve önemi. Su ve Enerji Konferansı, 2008), VA:229-241. U.N. (2001). Statistical yearbook. Geneva, United Nations. UNDP, Energy for sustainable development, a policy agenda. In T. B. Johansson & J. Goldenberg (Ed.) Yüksek, Ö. & Kangal, M. (2008). Türkiye’nin hidroelektrik potansiyel ve ihtiyacının değerlendirilmesi. Su ve Enerji Konferansı, 2008), VA:36-46. http://www.dsi.gov.tr (27 April 2009) http://www.dsi.gov.tr/basin/muratli.htm (27 April 2009) http://www.enerji.gov.tr/2009 (28 April 2009) http://www.tikdek.it (28 April 2009) http://www.tikdek.itu.edu.tr/bildiriler/ibrahim_gurer.pdf (28 April 2009) http://www.tuik.gov.tr/ (27 April 2009) ıea electricity ınformation 1999 (29 April 2009) http://www.teias.gov.tr/istatistik2005/index.htm (28 April 2009) 190 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 171 Title A name given to the resource Use of Hydroelectric Power in Sustainable Development of Turkey Author Author SEVER, Ramazan ÖZDEMİR, Ünal ZAMAN, Serhat ALIM, Mete COSKUN, Ogün Abstract A summary of the resource. Energy is a vital element of development. Clear, reliable, environmental friendly and sustainable energy is a prerequisite for the sustainable development. In recent years, it is known that fossil fuel resources are getting towards to finish and also they cause several environmental problems. Therefore, use of renewable energy sources are becoming a necessity. The hydroelectric power, also called green energy, is among the renewable energy sources although it has some disadvantages. Turkey, which is estimated that has 1% of the world and 16% of Europe total hydroelectric power, has initiated projects in order to benefit from these resources and some of them are completed and started to produce electricity. However, as it is the case for several countries nowadays, Turkey is having problems in producing required electricity. This energy necessity is partly overcome by importing petrol and natural gas. However, being dependent on outside energy resources carries important risks for economic and political development. Therefore, it appears that the best solution to the energy shortage is to maximize the use of renewable energy sources in sustainable ways. Currently, Turkey uses 34% (43 billion kwh) of the economic hydroelectric potential (125 billion kwh). Increasing this to 100% in the near future is quite important in terms of reaching planned development objectives Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2009-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed HB Economic Theory https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/2cd2b5c866193d7e2e7c7b6c9f95f264.docx f5514165d8c98305c76af2a64b53fb80 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/a004eb83d5996e5778afb742cd99956e.pdf a72c2a307173bde8e2d698c15d10163f PDF Text Text Use of Intercultural Education Strategies in Improving Student Access and Learning Outcomes Victor Shaw California State University/ Northridge, USA Key words: Intercultural education, cultural sensitivity, student access, student learning outcomes ABSTRACT This paper generalizes from years of teaching experiences with first-generation college students from multicultural and multi-ethnic backgrounds. Included in discussion are ten major approaches or strategies: Multicultural orientation, international perspectives, comparative methods, interdisciplinary approach, focus on fundamental skills, inspiration from the real world, application to everyday life, service learning in the community, outcome assessment, and cooperative learning. Cooperative learning, for example, suits students well from low-income families who oftentimes feel intimidated by the establishment of the knowledge enterprise and need external support to access the higher education system. In implementation, students are treated as partners. They are encouraged and motivated to involve in class discussion and to express themselves in front of an audience. Most important, a cooperative learning atmosphere is fostered by which students feel they have made to the point of understanding something important on their own. This comment by a student is illustrative: “Even if your verbal answer is incorrect, the professor does not make you feel inferior, he wants you to expand and think about the answer you just gave.” � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1992 Title A name given to the resource Use of Intercultural Education Strategies in Improving Student Access and Learning Outcomes Author Author SHAW, Victor Abstract A summary of the resource. Key words: Intercultural education, cultural sensitivity, student access, student learning outcomes ABSTRACT This paper generalizes from years of teaching experiences with first-generation college students from multicultural and multi-ethnic backgrounds. Included in discussion are ten major approaches or strategies: Multicultural orientation, international perspectives, comparative methods, interdisciplinary approach, focus on fundamental skills, inspiration from the real world, application to everyday life, service learning in the community, outcome assessment, and cooperative learning. Cooperative learning, for example, suits students well from low-income families who oftentimes feel intimidated by the establishment of the knowledge enterprise and need external support to access the higher education system. In implementation, students are treated as partners. They are encouraged and motivated to involve in class discussion and to express themselves in front of an audience. Most important, a cooperative learning atmosphere is fostered by which students feel they have made to the point of understanding something important on their own. This comment by a student is illustrative: “Even if your verbal answer is incorrect, the professor does not make you feel inferior, he wants you to expand and think about the answer you just gave.” Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available IBU Publishing Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-03 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed