329 10 3494 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/d9acfa175f0120a910b166abd5a39e78.docx 90273417542431bebe79faf57b0476ed https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/a5b3c37eab6f1c0eeb37e5a1a827a86d.pdf 3efc5f7aea4edae3e034bc0975a7e71a PDF Text Text Mr. Merima Tanović, viši asistent Fakultet za javnu upravu - pridružena članica Univerziteta u Sarajevu UNAPRIJEDJENJE SISTEMA UPRAVLJANJA DRŽAVOM: ORGANIZACIJSKI I FUNKCIONALNI ASPEKTI REFORME JAVNE UPRAVE Sažetak Ustavni sistem države, zakonski i podzakonski koncepti politike najviših organa državne vlasti primarno odredjuju organizaciju organa javne uprave i temeljne principe rada u javnoj upravi. Organizacija državne vlasti, odnosno stepen centralizacije odnosno decentralizacije prvenstveno određuju nivoe vlasti, obim nadležnosti ali i temeljne principe organizacije organa javne uprave, što kombinirano s drugim organima državne vlasti na jednom ili više nivoa direktno utječe na efikasnost i ekonomičnost njihovog djelovanja. Kako organizacija javne uprave slijedi organizaciju državne vlasti, materijalna strana tj. stepen harmonizacije funkcioniranja organa javne uprave ovisi o vertikalnoj raspodjeli i obimu zakonodavne nadležnosti predviđenih ustavom.Višestruki organizacioni, funkcionalni, ekonomski, kadrovski, tehnički problemi javne uprave zahtijevaju sistemsku i korjenitu reformu koja bi proizvela kako unaprijedjenje principa javnog upravljanja, tako i kreiranje savremenog, demokratskog, evropeiziranog imidža upravljanja državom. Javna uprava ne predstavlja čisti tehnički organizam, već i mehanizam čije djelovanje ovisi o osnovnom faktoru radnog procesa ljudskom potencijalu, koji razvija ili opstruira proces dobrog javnog upravljanja. Dakle, razvoj i reforma državne službe predstavlja drugi aspekt ukupnog unaprijeđenja javne uprave i zahtijeva dugotrajan i kontinuiran pristup promjeni kulture i metoda u obavljanju javnih poslova. Ključne riječi: organizacioni pojam javne uprave, materijalni pojam javne uprave, principi javnog upravljanja, racionalizacija i reorganizacija, reforma državne službe, novi javni menadžment, princip “dobrog upravljanja” 421 �Merima Tanović: UNAPRIJEDJENJE SISTEMA UPRAVLJANJA DRŽAVOM: ORGANIZACIJSKI I FUNKCIONALNI ASPEKTI REFORME JAVNE UPRAVE IMPROVEMENT OF THE STATE GOVERNING SYSTEM: ORGANIZATIONAL AND FUNCTIONAL ASPECTS OF THE PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION REFORM Abstract Constitutional system of the state, legal and sublegal concepts of the politics primarily determine organization of the public administration and the basic functioning principles. Organization of the state, level of the centralization or the decentralization defines number of the subnational entities, their powers and organizational principles of the public administration, which directly influences efficiency and cost-efficiency of their work. The material, functioning part of the public administration must be influenced by law harmonization and distribution of the governmental powers defined in the constitution. Multiplicity of the organizational, functional, economic, technical and staff problems of the public administration demands systematic and complete reform that would improve the principles of the public governing and would create modern, democratic, european image in the public governing. Public administration is not “pure technical organism”, but the mechanism which functioning is determined by the main factor in the labour process - human potential, potential that produces development or obstruction to the public governing. Development and the reform of the civil service system is another aspect of the complete public administration improvement and demands long-term, continuous approach and considering the change of methods and culture in performing public responsibilities. Key words: organizational concept of public administration, substantive concept of public administration, principles of governance, rationalization and restructuring, civil service reform, new public management, good governance principle. 422 �ZBORNIK RADOVA - Međunarodna naučna konferencija „Javni i privatni aspekti nužnih pravnih reformi u BiH: Koliko daleko možemo ići?“ UVOD Redizajniranje organizacione strukture javne uprave s reformama u oblasti metoda rada organa javne uprave predstavlja sistemski korjenitu reformu koja podrazumijeva donošenje i izmjenu velikog broja zakona, a vjerovatno i ustavnu reformu. Racionalizacija javne uprave postiže se reformom organizacijskog aspekta javne uprave odnosno bitnim mijenjanjem načela konstituiranja organa javne uprave. Strukturalna kompleksnost organa javne uprave praktično je posljedica dva elementa: - složenog državnog uređenja, isključivo ili dominantno resornog principa organizovanja javne uprave. Složena državna organizacija (što su danas federacije kao jedini oblik složene države) podrazumijeva ustavno kompleksnu konstituciju države i diferencijaciju između federalnog nivoa vlasti, nivoa vlasti federalnih jedinica, te nivoa lokalne samouprave unutar federalnih jedinica. Ustavom federacije predviđa se i eventualna mogućnost regionalizacije federalne jedinice, koja se može uspostaviti ustavom federalne jedinice.Složena državna struktura konstitutivno i rerum natura simbolizira najviši stepen decentralizacije jer presumira postojanje najmanje tri nivoa vlasti u vertikalnoj podjeli legislativne nadležnosti i procesu odlučivanja. Uz primjenu demokratskog imperativa podjele vlasti, neminovno se uspostavljaju organi zakonodavne, izvršne i sudske vlasti na svim nivoima, što je organizacioni i funkcionalni aspekt djelovanja složene države. Organi javne uprave, koji pored političko-izvršnih organa čine izvršnu vlast konstituiraju se prema tome na svim nivoima vlasti u skladu s ustavnom raspodjelom nadležnosti. Dakle, državnu upravu u organizacionom smislu čini skup svih državnih organa uprave koji vrše upravne poslove u najužem smislu1 na svim nivoima vlasti u državi, kao takvi naznačeni u ustavu i zakonima. 1 P. Dimitrijević, Organizacija i metodi rada javne uprave, Savremena administracija, Beograd 1959, 29. 423 �Merima Tanović: UNAPRIJEDJENJE SISTEMA UPRAVLJANJA DRŽAVOM: ORGANIZACIJSKI I FUNKCIONALNI ASPEKTI REFORME JAVNE UPRAVE Racionalizaciju uprave u kontekstu složene države koja po svojoj prirodi poskupljuje svakako neekonomičnu organizaciju vlasti, moguće je postići promjenom principa konstituiranja i funkcionisanja organa javne uprave, odnosno: pravilnim kombiniranjem teritorijalnog i realnog principa; stvaranjem zajedničkih organa uprave; podizanjem nivoa profesionalizma javnih službenika u kombinaciji s principom koncentracije poslova. Dobra javna uprava ne postiže se isključivo putem racionalizacije, praksa ukazuje da se bolji rezultati u reformama postižu zajedno s funkcionalnim unaprijeđenjem javne uprave. Čisto organizacijska reforma javne uprave proizvod je upravne tehnike, koja zanemaruje ljudski faktor i svodi javnu upravu na tehnološki mehanizam. Javna uprava djeluje kao organizam, odnosno kao mehanizam gdje unutrašnji elementi pokreću vanjski organizacijski element i čine osnovni faktor funkcionalnosti javne uprave. 1. Principi (re)organizacije javne uprave 1.1. Organizacija kao nosilac vršenja upravne djelatnosti Po Fayolu, vjerovatno najbitnijem predstavniku upravne tehnike, organizirati znači izgrađivati dvostruku strukturu nekog poduhvata: materijalnu i ljudsku.2 Suštinu organizacije zapravo čini povezivanje, usklađivanje elemenata, dijelova cjeline i njihovo usmjeravanje u pravcu ostvarenja zajedničkog organizacijskog cilja, svrhe kojoj služe. Osnova svake organizacije su organizacijski elementi ali kohezioni faktor, faktor povezivanja organizacijskih elemenata je ključna determinanta uspješnosti svake, naročito upravne organizacije. Po Gausu, američkom teoretičaru, organizacija je raspored ljudi kojim se olakšava postizanje nekog prihvaćenog cilja putem određivanja funkcije i odgovornosti.3 Osnivanje, funkcioniranje i nadležnost organa državne uprave određuje se i definira primarno zakonom kao osnovnim izvorom upravnog prava. Nadležno predstavničko tijelo utvrđuje proceduru, način formiranja i principe konstituiranja organa državne uprave. U ovlaštenja predstavničkih tijela spada i odlučivanje o postavljanju i smjeni rukovodioca organa državne uprave; osnivanje, spajanje, ukidanje i finansijska sredstva za rad organa 2 H. Fayol, Administration industrielle et generale, London 1948, 5-10. J.M. Gaus et al., The frontiers of Public Administration, University of Chicago Press, Chicago 1936, 10. 3 424 �ZBORNIK RADOVA - Međunarodna naučna konferencija „Javni i privatni aspekti nužnih pravnih reformi u BiH: Koliko daleko možemo ići?“ uprave; utvrđuju osnovna načela unutrašnje organizacije i rada.Predstavničko tijelo je osnovni faktor svih promjena, subjekt i potencijalni nosilac ključnih reformskih procesa u oblasti javne uprave, državni organ vlasti o čijoj političkoj volji ovise svi organizacijski elementi državne uprave. Shema 1. Principi formiranja organa uprave4 1.Realni princip: a) resorni-priroda stvari/društvena materija (privreda, finansije, odbrana itd.) b) funkcionalni-način vršenja poslova- (inspekcije, porezi itd.) a) -podstiče specijalizaciju, stručnost, kvalitet rada - skup princip koji otežava jedinstvo uprave birokratizam, rutinerstvo, oportunizam b)funkcionalni princip podstiče specijalizaciju po načinu vršenja poslova - olakšava zamjenjivost kadrova - otežava rukovodjenje i slabi vertikalno jedinstvo unutar organizacije 2. Teritorijalni princip- teritorij kao - visok stepen jedinstva uprave princip povezivanja organizacijskih - slabi specijalizaciju i kvalitet rada elemenata - integracijsko dejstvo 3. Personalni princip- organizacijsko - podjela poslova iste sadržine na povezivanje kadrova u okviru više izvršilaca u okviru djelatnosti djelatnosti organa uprave organa uprave - skupa i komplikovana primjena Resorni pricip je praktično dominantan princip osnivanja organa uprave, koji uz prednost specijalizacije kadrova donosi neracionalno skupu organizaciju uprave, povećanje broja upravnih organizacija i efekat dezintegracije.5 Teritorijalni princip, princip formiranja jedinstvenih organa uprave za određeni teritorij, odnosno administrativno - teritorijalnu zajednicu 4 5 Z. Đelmo, Upravno pravo i evropsko upravno pravo, Sarajevo 2007, 122-132. N. Stjepanović, Upravno pravo SFRJ-Opšti deo-Knjiga 1, Beograd 1964, 76. 425 �Merima Tanović: UNAPRIJEDJENJE SISTEMA UPRAVLJANJA DRŽAVOM: ORGANIZACIJSKI I FUNKCIONALNI ASPEKTI REFORME JAVNE UPRAVE koji bi vršili različite upravne poslove se često koristi prilikom formiranja organa uprave na lokalnom nivou. Princip po kojem se organ uprave osniva prema teritoriju otežava specijalizaciju, ali osigurava jednostavniju organizaciju i jedinstvo uprave. Navedena dva principa se mogu kombinirati na način da se dio organa uprave uspostavlja po jednom, a dio po drugom principu, odnosno da se jedan od navedenih principa koristi unutar drugog (često realni unutar teritorijalnog, rijetko teritorijalni unutar resornog). Dalja racionalizacija organizacijskog faktora u vršenju upravne djelatnosti ostvaruje se pravilnim principima formiranja unutrašnjih jedinica. Funkcionalni princip, odnosno formiranje organa povezivanjem načina vršenja poslova je praktično više princip za profiliranje unutrašnjih organizacijskih jedinica, manje podoban da bude princip vanjskog strukturiranja. Odlučujući faktori prilikom utvrđivanja broja i vrste unutrašnjih jedinica su: - obim poslova, - broj ljudi potrebnih za obavljanje poslova, - srodnost, povezanost, funkcionalizacija poslova, - mogućnost rukovođenja. Adekvatno i stručno, posebnim pravnim aktom rukovodioca organa uprave uspostavljena unutrašnja organizacija i sistematizacija radnih mjesta je trajna tehnika, smišljena djelatnost za trenutne i buduće načine vršenja poslova i ispunjenje organizacijskih ciljeva.6 U procesima reforme javne uprave, po pitanju restrukturiranja organizacije, ne može se zanemariti mogućnost i značaj stvaranja zajedničkih organa uprave, kao izlazne strategije za povezivanje organa uprave različitih administrativnoteritorijalnih jedinica, što bi za efekat imalo značajnu harmonizaciju upravnog djelovanja, stvaranje zajedničkih politika upravljanja, pojednostavljenje organizacijske strukture i ekonomičnost uprave. U duhu izbjegavanja tzv. duplog kolosijeka odnosno dupliranja nadležnosti organa uprave na različitim nivoima vlasti potrebno je pored principa osnivanja organa uprave zakonom kao općim pravnim aktom uvesti i princip izuzetnog osnivanja uprava i upravnih organizacija. 6 Ibid., 70. 426 �ZBORNIK RADOVA - Međunarodna naučna konferencija „Javni i privatni aspekti nužnih pravnih reformi u BiH: Koliko daleko možemo ići?“ 1.2. Menadžment u organima javne uprave Problem rukovođenja i pitanje racionalnog upravljanja organizacijom ima veoma važnu ulogu u ostvarenju ciljeva upravne organizacije kao osnovnog faktora vršenja upravne djelatnosti. Metode i vještine rukovođenja kvalitativna su vrijednost rukovodioca organa javne uprave. Teorije o efikasnom upravljanju u savremenoj državi generalno kritikuju sve tradicionalne elemente organizacijske strukture uprave: hijerarhijski odnos, birokratiju, sistem karijere u kadrovskoj politici.7 Reforma procesa upravljanja degradira strogost kao princip za jačanje kapaciteta i stabilnosti državnih organa uprave, a uzdiže fleksibilne principe upravljanja javnim sektorom: prilagodljivost, inovativnost, produktivnost, napredovanje, sklonost promjenama. Menadžerska uloga rukovodiocu organa uprave stavlja na teret organizacijsku neučinkovitost u cjelini u slučaju neadekvatnog upravljanja ljudskim potencijalima, kao nosiocima radnog procesa. Važnost kvalitete elementa rukovođenja u organima uprave ističe i poznati stav američke teorije da “problem može biti samo sistem, ne ljudi”.8 Prilikom uspostavljanja unutrašnjih organizacijskih jedinica od strane rukovodioca organa uprave treba voditi računa da po stavu nauke o upravi rukovodilac ne može upravljati sa više od pet odnosno šest jedinica, bez štete za posao i upravnu organizaciju.9 Dakle, jednostavnost principa unutrašnje organizacije uprave garantira stvarnu mogućnost efikasnog rukovođenja. 1.3. Hijerarhijski princip i načelo koordinacije u organima javne uprave Hijerarhijski princip kao klasično načelo svake organizacije, kao sredstvo za ostvarenje discipline i jedinstva rada u procesu rukovođenja, naročito u organima javne uprave, prema shvatanjima savremenih teoretičara upravne tehnike, ne predstavlja najdjelotvorniji način za ostvarenje najboljih rezultata rada. Sociološko-psihološki pravac u proučavanju javne uprave doveo je u pitanje strogu hijerarhiju kao osnovni princip za primjenu u 7 C. Demmke, Evropske državne službe izmedju reforme i tradicije, Evropski institut za javnu upravu Maastriht 2004, 2. 8 Ibid., 4. 9 L. Geršković, Nauka o administraciji, Beograd 1951, 71-74. 427 �Merima Tanović: UNAPRIJEDJENJE SISTEMA UPRAVLJANJA DRŽAVOM: ORGANIZACIJSKI I FUNKCIONALNI ASPEKTI REFORME JAVNE UPRAVE radnim odnosima u javnoj upravi, te dao primat principima menadžmenta u upravljanju ljudskim potencijalima. Hijerarhija u organima državne uprave proizilazi iz obaveze rukovođenja i piramide organizacijskih funkcija, gdje horizontalno isti stepen primarno više počiva na koordinaciji, a vertikalno različit stepen na strožijoj hijerarhizaciji. Funkcionalnosti organizacije više odgovara hijerarhijska koordinacija koja počiva na: - autoritetu rukovodioca, ovlaštenju da izdaje naredbe i uputstva, sistematičnosti, povezanosti svih radnji rukovođenja prema ostvarenju zajedničkog, organizacijskog cilja, prilagodljivosti izmijenjenim, novonastalim situacijama u procesu rada, trajnosti, jer je rukovođenje unaprijed osmišljena djelatnost upravljanja i angažovanja svih organizacijskih elemenata na ostvarenju trenutnih i budućih organizacijskih ciljeva. 2. Materijalni aspekt unaprijeđenja javne uprave 2.1. Ljudski potencijal kao vrijednosni faktor - kadrovska politika i profesionalizam u javnoj upravi Ljudi u upravi, kao personifikacija cjelokupne organizacije rada u upravi, predstavljaju centralni vrijednosni faktor radnog procesa, a tehnička sredstva, zadržavaju samo pomoćnu funkciju, iako imaju dinamiku i stalnu tendenciju unapređivanja. Ljudski faktor kao nosilac ukupnog radnog procesa, predstavlja potencijalni razvojni kapacitet državne uprave, čiji će rezultati rada zavisiti od sljedećih elemenata: - stručnosti javnih službenika, internog razmještaja i podjele poslova, interne komunikacije tj. odnosa u procesu obavljanja poslova. Navedeni elementi su tri organizacijsko-funkcionalna segmenta o kojim je potrebno voditi računa prilikom postupka za prijem u državnu službu i donošenja pravilnika o unutrašnjoj organizaciji i sistematizaciji radnih mjesta. Pravilna podjela poslova osigurava efikasnost kroz: 428 �ZBORNIK RADOVA - Međunarodna naučna konferencija „Javni i privatni aspekti nužnih pravnih reformi u BiH: Koliko daleko možemo ići?“ - specijalizaciju (stalno i trajno ponavljanje obavljanja sličnih ili istih poslova), tipizaciju (stalno ponavljanje određene vrste poslova tipizira metodologiju rada i racionalizira radni proces), standardizaciju (ponavljanje sličnih radnji u vršenju radnih zadataka dovodi do uvođenja standardnih obrazaca postupanja i ponašanja).10 Stalnost obavljanja poslova istog ili sličnog opisa i radnji dovodi do iskustvene i praktične specijalizacije, unaprijeđenja metoda rada, bržeg i kvalitetnijeg vršenja poslova, te donosi niz prednosti kao što su: - potreba za manjim brojem zaposlenih, lakše osposobljavanje kadrova, kvalitet, racionalnost i produktivnost. Monotonija zbog permanentnosti sličnih ili istih radnih operacija, odnosno otežan proces preraspodjele poslova tj. obavljanja drugih poslova, ne prevazilaze kvalitet i funkcionalnost, efikasnost i ekonomičnost koji se postižu visokim stepenom profesionalizacije. 2.2. Teorija radnog učinka u javnoj upravi - stvaranje uvjeta rada, stimulacija, motivacija i plaćanje po učinku Dodatni, adhezioni element organizacijskog povezivanja poslova, a koji značajno utječe na ljudski faktor u javnoj upravi, čini socio-psihološki moment, po kojem se ljudskim potencijalima upravlja u skladu s teorijom radnog učinka. Stalnost zaposlenja i priroda radnog odnosa javnih službenika poznaju dva korektivna sredstva koja utječu na radnopravni status i kretanje u službi: - stimulativna (pohvale, nagrade, unaprijeđenja, odlikovanja itd.) i - degraditivna (disciplinska i materijalna odgovornost, koje ne isključuju i krivičnu). Evropski koncept reforme državne službe i primjeri zemalja pristupnica EU pokazuju dominantan trend u promjeni “sistema karijere” koji važi u službeničkom sistemu na način da: 10 Detaljnije N. Stjepanović, 69-71. 429 �Merima Tanović: UNAPRIJEDJENJE SISTEMA UPRAVLJANJA DRŽAVOM: ORGANIZACIJSKI I FUNKCIONALNI ASPEKTI REFORME JAVNE UPRAVE - unaprijeđenja budu zasnovana na ličnim evaluacijama i rezultatima rada, a ne po godinama staža, sistem plaća i platni razredi budu transparentni i fleksibilni u smislu da dozvoljavaju povećavanje/smanjenje plaće po radnom učinku, obuka javnih službenika bude obavezna, te da ne podliježe dodatnim birokratskim procedurama osim prijavljivanja, se normativno modifikuje princip stalnosti zaposlenja u državnoj službi i načelo tzv. “doživotnog zaposlenja”.11 2.3. Princip minimalističke države - smanjenje broja zaposlenih u javnoj upravi i preraspodjela poslova Birokratska tendencija porasta broja i nesagledive diferencijacije organa uprave stvorila je demokratski imperativ i potrebu za racionalizacijom, naročito u segmentu glomaznog službeničkog aparata. Broj zaposlenih u organima državne uprave treba biti sveden na minimum dovoljan da se ne šteti kvalitetu obavljanja poslova. Navedeni reformski zahtjev s aspekta funkcionalnog unaprijeđenja javne uprave zahtijevao bi revidiranje ustanovljenih sistematizacija radnih mjesta i prilagođavanje stvarno potrebnim, stručnim i osposobljenim kadrovima za obavljanje poslova iz nadležnosti organa uprave. Prema svojoj složenosti u odnosu na tipične nadležnosti organa javne uprave predviđene pozitivnopravnim propisima, definiraju se sljedeći upravni poslovi: - izvršni, - stručno-upravni, - pomoćno-tehnički poslovi. S organizacionog gledišta, poslovi se grupišu na: 11 poslove rukovođenja (koji odgovaraju izvršnim poslovima), studijsko-analitičke poslove (koji odgovaraju stručno-upravnim poslovima, poslovima za čije je obavljanje potrebna visoka i viša stručna sprema) administrativno-tehničke poslove (što su pomoćno-tehnički poslovi za čije je obavljanje potrebna srednja stručna sprema). C. Demmke, 57-59. 430 �ZBORNIK RADOVA - Međunarodna naučna konferencija „Javni i privatni aspekti nužnih pravnih reformi u BiH: Koliko daleko možemo ići?“ Prema društvenoj oblasti, materiji u kojoj se poslovi obavljaju razlikujemo: unutrašnje i vanjske poslove, poslove u privredi odnosno poljoprivredi, oblast finansija, rad i socijalnu politiku itd. Priroda upravne stvari odnosno društvena materija je kategorija koja primarno određuje stvarnu nadležnost organa javne uprave i predstavlja kriterij za formiranje organa javne uprave po resornom principu. Principi unutrašnje organizacije organa javne uprave i adekvatna podjela poslova čine najznačajniji segment za provođenje reforme javne uprave. Smanjenje broja zaposlenih u javnoj upravi kao radikalna mjera s aspekta funkcionalnog unaprijeđenja uprave zahtijeva detaljnu analizu poslova, analizu kategorija i broja javnih službenika, te objektivnu procjenu minimuma radne snage potrebnog za kvalitetno vršenje upravnih poslova. Pravilnim postavljanjem principa unutrašnje organizacije i sistematizacije radnih mjesta predupređuje se upotrebe tehnike rješavanja viška zaposlenih kao reduktivne i restriktivne mjere koju je moguće prevenirati. Cilj reforme u dijelu upravljanja ljudskim potencijalima sastoji se u konceptu “da se s manje ostvari više” 12. Prema statističkim podacima iz registara kadrova Agencija za državnu službu 2012. i 2013 god. broj zaposlenih u organima uprave na nivou BiH je 3.772, u FBIH 6.604, u RS 5.145.13 2.4. Reforma procedura zapošljavanja u državnu službu i statusa javnog službenika Regrutiranje u državnu službu, odnosno povjeravanje poslova i odgovornosti za obavljanje javnih poslova potrebno je da bude visoko profesionalizirana procedura koja u svim svojim elementima eliminira političke faktore i utjecaj na postavljanje javnih službenika, jer je upravo eliminacija ovog faktora garancija stručnosti, profesionalizma i kvalitete rada. Mehanizam javne uprave je po svojoj prirodi, za razliku od najviših političkih organa koji privremeno i po povjerenom mandatu obavljaju javne funkcije i rukovodioca organa javne, predstavlja apolitični mehanizam gdje se trajno zapošljavaju osobe s najboljim stručnim kvalifikacijama, profesionalnim sposobnostima i moralnim kvalitetima koji garantuju dostojnost vršenja javne službe i ostvarenje ciljeva uprave kao organizacije, pa i upravljanja državom u cjelini. Međutim, politizacija javne uprave i ogromni procenat stvarne vlasti koju javna uprava posjeduje, čini je 12 13 C. Demmke, 20. Podaci preuzeti s: www.adsfbih.gov.ba, www.ads.gov.ba , http://adu.vladars.net, 1.decembar 2013. 431 �Merima Tanović: UNAPRIJEDJENJE SISTEMA UPRAVLJANJA DRŽAVOM: ORGANIZACIJSKI I FUNKCIONALNI ASPEKTI REFORME JAVNE UPRAVE osnovnom i najačom karikom u upravljanju državom, podobnom da aktiviranjem političke lojalnosti u kadrovskoj politici ostvaruje političke ciljeve vladajuće klase. Politički moment i aspekt javne uprave sve više dolazi u prvi plan, te iako priroda zaposlenja i opis poslova javnih službenika nemaju politički karakter, prenošenje stranačkih sukoba s političkog polja na polje djelovanja organa uprave negativno se odražava na kvalitet rada i upravljanja14. Politički karakter javne uprave, odnosno problem politizacije javne uprave ne predstavlja stvarnu prijetnju djelotvornosti rada i upravljanja organizacijom i državom, već je to politički motiviran angažman javnih službenika po zaslugama i karakteristikama koje garantuju jedino isključivo lojalnost vladajućoj klasi a nikako kvalitet obavljanja stručnih i upravnih poslova. Politički motivirano davanje prioriteta u zapošljavanju naročito se štetno odražava na strukturu, odgoj i rad kadrova u javnoj upravi15, a time posredno i na cjelovitost javnog upravljanja. Osnova upravnog odlučivanja je autoritativno odlučivanje o pravima i obavezama građana, što je moment u kojem načelo jednakosti građana ima najveću praktičnu važnost i u kojem se ogleda karakter državnih organa uprave. Reformom procedura zapošljavanja u državnu službu trebaju se inkorporirati instrumenti koji: - osiguravaju neprikosnovenost, primat kvalitete stručnosti i radne osposobljenosti u izboru kandidata za funkciju u državnoj službi, ograničavaju diskreciju, slobodu subjektivnog odlučivanja ili vrednovanja kandidata uspostavljanjem potpuno objektiviziranih pravila, sprečavaju politička uplitanja i eliminišu značaj nacionalnog identiteta i pripadnosti političkim strankama za angažman u državnoj službi. 3. Ključni faktori u procesu reforme javne uprave Različiti oblici reformi u državi provode se primarno usvajanjem i izmjenom postojećih pravnih propisa od strane predstavničkog organa, uz inicijativu ovlaštenog predlagača i saglasnost društvene zajednice u naročito bitnim pitanjima. Prva pretpostavka pokretanja i provođenja reforme je stvarna politička volja, dok drugi preduslov predstavljaju pravni instrumenti 14 15 E. Pusić, Upravljanje u suvremenoj državi, Zagreb 2002, 72. Vidjeti P. Dimitrijević, 47. 432 �ZBORNIK RADOVA - Međunarodna naučna konferencija „Javni i privatni aspekti nužnih pravnih reformi u BiH: Koliko daleko možemo ići?“ za njenu konkretnu realizaciju. Faktor postojanja odnosno nepostojanja političke volje u ukupnosti determinira upotrebu pravnih instrumenata odnosno proces donošenja odluka. Ekonomski faktor bitno utječe na karakter, obim i domašaj reforme javne uprave jer su finansijska sredstva ključna za provodjenje ozbiljnih reformskih projekata u državi, ali je ujedno i primarni poticajni faktor u smislu stvaranja nove finansijski održive, isplative i produktivne uprave. Faktor primjene stručnih znanja i iskustava u procesu reforme javne uprave predstavlja polaznu tačku u slučajevima postojanja političke volje i stvarne potrebe za pravnim i faktičkim promjenama. Međutim, opredjeljenje za reformu javne uprave je neupitno po pitanju održivosti i stabilnosti fiskalnog sistema kojeg opterećuje glomazna organizacija uprave i službenički aparat, a s gledišta građanina zbog prevelikog broja pravnih propisa, birokratije, sporih procedura, sužavanja administrativnog prostora za poslovne inicijative itd. 4. Vrijednosna kriza tranzicijskih društava – demokratija bez historijskog društvenog utemeljenja Države koje su naglo doživjele društveni, ekonomski i socijalni preobražaj nalaze se na razmeđu tradicionalnih, stečenih obrazaca ponašanja i potrebe za korjenitim preispitivanjem svih ideoloških pretpostavki na kojim je historijski počivao njihov rad, neminovno ulaze u vrijednosnu krizu percipiranja novih demokratskih načela. U tranzicijskoj krizi nacionalnog i traženju ekonomskog identiteta, postoji realno velika opasnost od rasta birokratizma odnosno službeničke pretenciozne monopolizacije procesa odlučivanja u javnoj upravi. Birokratizam kao retrogradna, degenerativna tendencija u javnoj upravi, može se suzbiti: - smanjenjem broja administrativnog osoblja do minimuma potrebnog za efikasno izvršavanje poslova, postavljanje najstručnijih i najkompetentnijih za obavljanje decidno podijeljenih poslova radnih mjesta u upravi, praćeno kontrolom rada i rezultata od viših ili najvišeg rukovodioca, slobodom pristupa informacijama i instrumentima kontrole rada zaposlenih u organima uprave, što su mjere i za suzbijanje korupcije, podizanjem nivoa obrazovanja i kontinuitet osposobljavanja u administrativnim vještinama, 433 �Merima Tanović: UNAPRIJEDJENJE SISTEMA UPRAVLJANJA DRŽAVOM: ORGANIZACIJSKI I FUNKCIONALNI ASPEKTI REFORME JAVNE UPRAVE - involviranjem građana16 u procese donošenja i implementacije odluka, praćenje procedura zapošljavanja službeničkog osoblja, konsultovanje građana, uključivanje u razne oblike volonterskog rada itd. Upravna djelatnost je, bez obzira na ustavom i zakonom normirani popis poslova koji se vrši u njenim okvirima, ipak stvaralačka djelatnost, koja zahtijeva stalni razvoj, inicijativnost, profesionalizam, efikasnost, kvalitet rada, naročito u dijelu pružanja javnih usluga koji zahtijeva neposredni odnos s građanima. Time upravna djelatnost ne smije biti stroga primjena propisa na konkretan slučaj17, što znači da je formalizam obrazac postupanja suprotan demokratskoj intenciji i suštini upravnog djelovanja koje podrazumijeva postojanje osjećaja da se rad obavlja ne za pojedinca, već za društvenu zajednicu. Kultura društvenog doprinosa koju ostvaruje javna uprava, karakteru upravnih poslova izdiže princip društvene odgovornosti, a s aspekta građanina nivo društvene svijesti o potrebi i svrsi djelovanja uprave. Element ličnosti u dijelu vršenja funkcionalne nadležnosti uprave je faktička organizacijska pojava, dakle ljudi u upravi čine realni element neophodan za obavljanje poslova organa javne uprave, ali poslova koji su po karakteru depersonalizirani i pripisuju se organu u čije ime su obavljeni. Cilj djelovanja organa javne uprave je općedruštveno dobro, a ne personifikacija snage autoriteta i prinude. Formalizam je strogo pridržavanje slova zakona, insistiranje na doslovnoj primjeni pravila a ne “duha” pravnog propisa i cilja zbog kojeg je donesen, a zapravo znači subjektivno tumačenje pravnog propisa. Tradicionalni nedemokratski obrasci ponašanja u upravi u tranzicijskim uslovima stvorile su teret ukorijenjene stečevine kao što su patološka birokratizacija, visok stepen korupcije, sindrom netransparentne tj. zatvorene uprave, te kadrovska i operativna politizacija uprave, teret karakteristika koje devalviraju državnu službu, potiču građansko nepovjerenje u institucije javne vlasti i guše razvojni potencijal države. 16 Riječ je zapravo o Lenjinovoj teoriji o uvodjenju mjera kojim se suzbija opasnost od birokratizma, detaljnije V.I. Lenin, State and Revolution, International Publishers, New York 1932, 44-84. 17 P. Dimitrijević, 20. 434 �ZBORNIK RADOVA - Međunarodna naučna konferencija „Javni i privatni aspekti nužnih pravnih reformi u BiH: Koliko daleko možemo ići?“ 5. Javna uprava u BiH: Reforma kao Evrointegracijski uvjet Reforma javne uprave u Bosni i Hercegovini kao jedan od šest ključnih prioriteta Evropskog partnerstva uspostavljenog marta 2004. godine između EU i BiH, evrointegracijski uvjet prema Sporazumu o stabilizaciji i pridruživanju(SSP-u), započela je osnivanjem Ureda koordinatora za reformu javne uprave pri Kabinetu Predsjedavajućeg Vijeća ministara BiH(u daljem tekstu: Ured koordinatora za reformu javne uprave).18 Kao nosilac reformskih aktivnosti u pravcu stvaranja efikasne i odgovorne javne uprave, Ured koordinatora za reformu javne uprave usvojio je sljedeće dokumente: - Strategiju reforme javne uprave u BiH, Akcioni plan 1 i Revidirani akcioni plan 1 za provodjenje Strategije reforme javne uprave. Strategija reforme javne uprave (u daljem tekstu: Strategija) i Akcioni plan predvidjeli su planove i aktivnosti na reformi javne uprave u šest oblasti: strateško planiranje, koordinacija i izrada politika, javne finansije, upravljanje ljudskim potencijalima, upravni postupak i upravne usluge, institucionalna komunikacija, e-uprava. Strateški dokumenti u procesu reforme javne uprave u BiH sadrže pretežno principe funkcionalnog unaprijeđenja organa uprave i uglavnom ne predlažu promjene organizacijske strukture iako je ključni prioritet iz Evropskog partnerstva zapravo stvaranje funkcionalnijih i održivih državnih struktura, koje će osigurati bolje poštivanje ljudskih prava i osnovnih sloboda, a koje uključuju ustavne promjene. Stopa provedbe reforme javne uprave u skladu sa Strategijom i Akcionim planom bila je 36% u 2009 god., 2010 god. zabilježen je mali napredak i kašnjenje u provedbi Strategije, dok se u 2011. i 2012 god. bilježi spor i ograničen napredak, te pominje ograničena nadležnost i mogućnost utjecaja Ureda koordinatora za reformu javne uprave, nedostatak političke podrške reformi, finansijska nestabilnost institucija i slaba koordinacija izmedju entiteta.19 18 Odluka o uspostavljanju Ureda koordinatora za reformu javne uprave pri Kabinetu Predsjedavajućeg Vijeća ministara Bosne i Hercegovine usvojena na 68. sjednici Vijeća ministara BiH održanoj 28. oktobra 2004 god. i Odluka o izmjeni Odluke o uspostavljanju Ureda koordinatora za reformu javne uprave pri Kabinetu Predsjedavajućeg Vijeća ministara Bosne i Hercegovine, usvojena na 7. sjednici Vijeća ministara BiH, http://parco.gov.ba/latn/, 1.decembar 2013. 19 Izvještaji Evropske komisije o napretku BiH, http://ec.europa.eu, 1.decembar 2013. 435 �Merima Tanović: UNAPRIJEDJENJE SISTEMA UPRAVLJANJA DRŽAVOM: ORGANIZACIJSKI I FUNKCIONALNI ASPEKTI REFORME JAVNE UPRAVE Postojeća složena državna organizacija, praćena kompleksnošću organizacijskih i materijalnih segmenata javne uprave u BiH na svim nivoima, te mnoštvom različitih pravnih propisa zahtijeva stručni pristup i analizu, kao jedini adekvatan i moguć pristup reformi javne uprave u BiH. Angažovanje stručnjaka iz oblasti nauke o upravi, te primjena znanja i iskustva na postojeći pravni okvir uz jasan pravac utjecaja na usklađivanje propisa i politika na svim nivoima predstavljaće značajan korak u situaciji nepostojanja stvarne političke volje za evropeizacijom državne službe u BiH. Shema 2. Organizacija državne uprave u BiH - Zakon o upravi BiH (“Službeni glasnik BiH” br. 32/02, 102/09) - Zakon o Vijeću ministara Bosne i Hercegovine („Službeni glasnik BiH“, br. 30/03, 42/03, 81/06, 76/07, 81/07, 94/07 i 24/08) Zakon o ministarstvima i drugim organima uprave Bosne i Hercegovine („Službeni glasnik BiH“, br. 5/03, 42/03, 26/04, 42/04, 45/06, 88/07, 35/09, 59/09 i 103/09) ENTITET(FBIH/RS) - Zakon o Vladi FBiH(“Službene novine Federacije BiH” br. 1/94, 8/95, 58/02, 19/03, 2/06, 8/06) - Zakon o federalnim ministarstvima i drugim tijelima uprave“Službene BIH 436 1)državna ministarstva(9) 2) upravne organizacije(samostalne i u sastavu ministarstvadirekcije, agencije, centri, instituti, uprave, uredi itd.) 3) druge institucije BiH osnovane posebnim zakonom ili kojim je zakonom povjereno vršenje upravnih poslova 1) Entitetska ministarstva(16) 2) uprave(samostalne i u sastavu ministarstva) 3) upravne organizacije(samostalne i u sastavu ministarstva) 4) područne jedinice ministarstva �ZBORNIK RADOVA - Međunarodna naučna konferencija „Javni i privatni aspekti nužnih pravnih reformi u BiH: Koliko daleko možemo ići?“ novine Federacije BiH” br. 19/03, 38/05, 2/06, 8/06, 61/06 - Zakon o organizaciji organa uprave u FBiH(“Službene novine Federacije BiH” br. 35/05) - Zakon o Vladi RS(“Službeni glasnik Republike Srpske” broj:118/08) - Zakon o republičkoj upravi RS(“Službeni glasnik Republike Srpske” br. 118/08, 11/09) Kantonalni, gradski - Zakon o organizaciji organa uprave u općinski nivo FBiH(“Službene novine Federacije BiH” br. 35/05) - Zakon o lokalnoj samoupravi(“Službeni glasnik Republike Srpske” br. 101/04, 42/05, 118/05) 1) kantonalna ministarstva 2) kantonalne uprave(samostalne, u sastavu ministarstva) 3) kantonalne upravne organizacije(samostalne, u sastavu ministarstva) 4) gradske službe za upravu 5) gradske upravne organizacije 6) općinske službe za upravu(FBiH)/opštinske administrativne službe(RS) 7) općinske upravne organizacije(izuzetno) 437 �Merima Tanović: UNAPRIJEDJENJE SISTEMA UPRAVLJANJA DRŽAVOM: ORGANIZACIJSKI I FUNKCIONALNI ASPEKTI REFORME JAVNE UPRAVE BRČKO DISTRIKT - Zakon o javnoj upravi Brčko Distrikta (“Službeni glasnik Brčko Distrikta” br. 19/07, 2/08, 43/08, 9/13 1) odjeljenja Vlade Brčko Distrikta 2) Ured gradonačelnika 3) Direkcija za finansije Distrikta 4) Ured za upravljanje javnom imovinom 5) Ured koordinatora za Distrikt pri Vijeću ministara Bosne i Hercegovine, 6) drugi organi uprave kada je to zakonom odredjeno. Shema 3. Osnovni izvori službeničkog prava u BiH 1) Zakon o državnoj službi u institucijama BiH(“Službeni glasnik BiH” br. 9/02, 35/03, 4/04, 17/04, 26/04, 37/04, 48/05, 2/06, 32/07, 43/09, 8/10 i 40/12) 2) Zakon o državnoj službi u Federaciji BiH(“Službene novine Federacije BiH” broj: 29/03, 23/04, 39/04, 54/04, 67/05, 08/06, 04/12) 3) Zakon o plaćama i naknadama u organima vlasti Federacije BiH "Službene novine Federacije BiH" br. 45/10 4) Zakon o državnim službenicima (“Službeni glasnik Republike Srpske” broj: 118/08,117/11) 5) Zakon o ministarskim, vladinim i drugim imenovanjima RS (“Službeni glasnik Republike Srpske” broj: 41/03) 6) Zakon o radnim odnosima u državnim organima(“Službeni glasnik Republike Srpske” broj: 11/94,6/97, 96/03) 7) Zakon o državnoj službi u organima uprave Brčko Distrikta(“Službeni glasnik Brčko Distrikta” br. 28/06 i 29/06, 19/07, 2/08, 9/08, 44/08, 25/09, 26/09, 04/13) 8) Zakon o namještenicima u organima državne službe u FBiH(“Službene 438 �ZBORNIK RADOVA - Međunarodna naučna konferencija „Javni i privatni aspekti nužnih pravnih reformi u BiH: Koliko daleko možemo ići?“ novine Federacije BiH" broj: 49/05) 9) Zakon o radu u institucijama BiH („Službeni glasnik BiH“, br. 26/04, 7/05, 48/05, 60/10 i 32/13) Sporost u preduzimanju planiranih aktivnosti u pravcu reforme javne uprave u BiH, otežano koordiniranje entitetskih politika u ovoj oblasti, a naročito rezultati reformskog procesa s aspekta građanina daje dovoljno osnova da se reforma javne uprave u BiH može okarakterisati kao nepotpuna, spora i neadekvatna u pogledu obima reforme, plana i mjera, institucija, stručnih kapaciteta i finansijskih sredstava. Koordinacijska uloga Ureda koordinatora za reformu javne uprave nije se pokazala efektivnom zbog nedostatka institucionalnog i instrumentalnih sredstava utjecaja na donošenje i provođenje entitetskih i politika na nivou Brčko Distrikta. Proces reforme javne uprave u BiH započet je donošenjem zakona o upravi, organizacijskih zakona te jedinstvenog reguliranja radnopravnih statusa državnih službenika donošenjem Zakona o državnoj službi (BiH, FBIH, Brčko Distriktu) / službenicima (RS), te dalje osnivanjem Agencija za državnu službu (BiH, FBiH) / za državnu upravu (RS) u cilju stvaranja jedinstvenih kriterija i procedura za zapošljavanje u organima državne uprave, kao i formiranjem Registra državnih službenika odnosno Centralnog registra kadrova za statističku analizu i upravljanje ljudskim potencijalima. U pravcu dalje reforme javne uprave u FBiH, u parlamentarnu proceduru su ušla dva bitna prijedloga zakona: 439 �Merima Tanović: UNAPRIJEDJENJE SISTEMA UPRAVLJANJA DRŽAVOM: ORGANIZACIJSKI I FUNKCIONALNI ASPEKTI REFORME JAVNE UPRAVE o nacrt Zakona o državnim službenicima i namještenicima u organima državne službe FBiH;  nacrt Zakona o zaposlenicima u jedinicama lokalne samouprave FBiH. Zakonom u Republici Srpskoj je radnopravni status kategorija zaposlenih u organima državne uprave jedinstveno reguliran od 2008 god., s tim da zbog faktičkog neprovođenja prava na lokalnu samoupravu ovim zakonom nije definiran radnopravni status zaposlenih na nivou općine. Terminološki u smislu jednakog definiranja i uvođenja genusnog pojma “javni službenik” kao tipske kategorije zaposlenih na poslovima iz djelatnosti organa uprave, zakoni u RS, važeći i nacrti zakona u FBiH, te zakon u Brčko Distriktu nisu harmonizirani, već stvaraju pojmovnu i faktičku diferencijaciju, te različit tretman angažovanih na istim ili sličnim poslovima samo zato što rade u drugoj teritorijalno-administrativnoj jedinici složenog državnog uređenja BiH. Normativna fragmentiranost i primjena različitih standarda u definiranju radnopravnog statusa prigovara se i posebnom tekstu koji će definirati status zaposlenih u jedinicama lokalne samouprave FBiH. Zbog toga je u narednim reformskim koracima potrebno osigurati: - terminološko ujednačavanje organizacijskih i funkcionalnih elemenata u zakonima donesenim na nivou BiH, entiteta i Brčko Distrikta, harmonizaciju planova i postupaka u procesu reforme javne uprave na svim nivoima vlasti. Na koncu, odluka Ustavnog suda FBiH iz aprila 2010 god., kojom je osporen ustavni osnov za donošenje Federalnog zakona o državnoj službi kojim se regulišu pitanja državne službe na nivou kantona, grada, općine otvorila je mogućnost dalje diferencijacije pravnih propisa u FBiH, a time i degradaciju ostvarenog u procesu reforme javne uprave. Oblast državne službe spada u oblast socijalne politike, što je zajednička nadležnost Federacije BiH i kantona, dok u federalnu nadležnost spada samo vršenje federalnih funkcija vlasti. Zasebno pravno normiranje kantonalnih organa državne službe, gradskih i općinskih službi za upravu dodatno komplikuje ionako pretjerano složen sistem upravljanja. 440 �ZBORNIK RADOVA - Međunarodna naučna konferencija „Javni i privatni aspekti nužnih pravnih reformi u BiH: Koliko daleko možemo ići?“ ZAKLJUČAK Potpuna, korjenita, adekvatna reforma javne uprave u BiH podrazumijevala bi ustavnu i niz zakonskih reformi kojim bi se složena javna uprava u BiH na svim nivoima mijenjala s dva osnovna aspekta: organizacijskog i materijalnog. Osnovni cilj reforme javne uprave nije politički, već pravno racionalan, cilj koji zahtijeva niz legislativnih koraka kojim se (re)formira postojeća odnosno uspostavlja nova ekonomski održiva i efikasna javna uprava na svim nivoima vlasti u BiH. Ustavna reforma na nivou BiH sastojala bi se iz preraspodjele, odnosno jasnog definiranja legislativnih nadležnosti na način da se posredno i načelno ograniči pravni osnov za daljnju diferencijaciju i povećanje broja upravnih organizacija. Ustavna reforma na nivou entiteta sastojala bi se iz preraspodjele nadležnosti u smislu da se definitivno ojača, oslabi ili reformira kantonalni kao srednji nivo vlasti u FBiH, na štetu ili korist entiteta. U tom pogledu organizacija organa državne uprave u Republici Srpskoj, zbog unitarnog unutrašnjeg uređenja i nepostojanja regionalnih organa uprave, je načelno ekonomski isplativija. Principu samostalnosti lokalnih zajednica odnosno pravu na lokalnu samoupravu potrebno je dodijeliti status nepovredive ustavne kategorije, što je u složenim državama najčešće federalna ustavna materija. Takodjer, principe Evropske povelje o lokalnoj samoupravi potrebno je u potpunosti aplicirati u postupku reforme lokalne samouprave u BiH, te otkloniti praktično prisutnu tendenciju centralizacije naročito u Republici Srpskoj. Regulisanje prava na lokalnu samoupravu kao državne ustavne kategorije predstavlja izvjesnu garanciju ovog ustavnog prava na najviši nivo samostalnosti u upravljanju lokalnim poslovima, a od eventualne povrede koju ovom neprikosnovenom evropskom principu mogu nanijeti entitetski ustavi, kretanjem u pravcu centralizacije. U suštini problematike reforme javne uprave stoje dva problema: - problem složene organizacije organa uprave, i veliki broj zaposlenih u organima uprave. Zakoni su temeljni reformski pravni akti, jer se zakonom: uspostavljaju organi državne uprave, definira način i pruža pravni osnov za formiranje drugih organa putem donošenja posebnih zakona, postavljaju principi konstituiranja organa državne uprave(fizionomija), uspostavlja službenički sistem u cjelini, determinira radnopravni status zaposlenih u 441 �Merima Tanović: UNAPRIJEDJENJE SISTEMA UPRAVLJANJA DRŽAVOM: ORGANIZACIJSKI I FUNKCIONALNI ASPEKTI REFORME JAVNE UPRAVE organima državne uprave, te na koncu usvajaju budžetska sredstva za rad državnih organa uprave. Kada se s aspekta organizacije organa državne uprave ne može ostvariti adekvatna reforma koja će dovesti do njene ekonomičnije fizionomije, mora se pribjeći alternativnim tehnikama funkcionalnog unaprijeđenja metoda rada putem: - akta o unutrašnjoj organizaciji i sistematizaciji radnih mjesta, menadžerskih sposobnosti u rukovođenju organima državne uprave, uvođenja principa “Good governance” i principa “New public menagement” u metode rada upravnog organa. Dakle, ukoliko proces ukupne reforme javne uprave doživi neuspjeh, uspješno upravljanje državom zavisiće i funkcionalno zavisi od rukovodioca organa državne uprave i njegovih sposobnosti da tehnikama u vlastitoj nadležnosti unaprijedi materijalni aspekt upravnog djelovanja, kao najvažniji s aspekta zaštite javnog interesa i prava gradjana. Organizacijski aspekt reforme javne uprave ne mora nužno podrazumijevati ustavnu reformu jer bi kao takav zahtijevao promjenu ukupnog državnog uređenja ili preraspodjelu legislativnih nadležnosti, odnosno uspostavljanje jednostavne države i uprave ili jačanja državnog ili entitetskog nivoa vlasti. Kako je za uspjeh i provođenje reforme bilo koje vrste potreban visok nivo saglasnosti volje političkih elita kao i određena finansijska sredstva, u bosanskohercegovačkoj realnosti stalnih političkih sukoba i ekonomske krize potrebno je tražiti najadekvatnija politički realna i finansijski dostupna sredstva i na tom pravcu definirati obim i domašaj reforme javne uprave na svim nivoima vlasti. Reforma javne uprave u BiH po karakteru mora biti organizacionofunkcionalna, parcijalizacija aspekata koji zapravo jedino čine reformu potpunom ostavila bi previše složenu, neracionalnu organizaciju uprave s jedne strane, odnosno neefikasne metode rada, nefunkcionalnost, s druge strane. Angažovanjem struke i upotrebom dostignuća nauke o upravi, moguće je u uvjetima ograničene političke volje i manjka finansijskih sredstava ishoditi izvjesno unaprijeđenje sistema upravljanja državom po pitanju oblasti javne uprave. Odgovor možda ne treba tražiti u velikim mogućnostima, kojih realno nema, već u sposobnosti da se prevaziđu problemi uskih okvira i političkih ograničenja u korist stvaranja efikasnije, ekonomičnije i odgovornije javne uprave u BiH. 442 �ZBORNIK RADOVA - Međunarodna naučna konferencija „Javni i privatni aspekti nužnih pravnih reformi u BiH: Koliko daleko možemo ići?“ LITERATURA Dedić, Sead, Gradaščević-Sijerčić, Jasminka, Radno pravo, Sarajevo, 2005. Demmke, Cristoph, Evropske državne službe izmedju tradicije i reforme, Evropski institut za javnu upravu, Maastriht, 2004. Dimitrijević, Pavle, Organizacija i metodi rada organa javne uprave, Savremena administracija, Beograd, 1959. Djelmo, Zenaid, Pravno uredjenje javne uprave, Fakultet za javnu upravu, Sarajevo, 2006. Djelmo, Zenaid, Upravno pravo i evropsko upravno pravo, Sarajevo, 2007. Djelmo, Zenaid, Upravno procesno pravo, Fakultet za javnu upravu, Sarajevo, 2008. Fayol, Henry, Administration industrielle et generale, London 1948. Festić, Ibrahim, Kamerić, Mustafa, Upravno pravo, Sarajevo, 2004. Gaus John et al., The frontiers of Public Administration, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1936. Lenin I.Vladimir, State and Revolution, International Publishers, New York, 1932. Pusić, Eugen, Nauka o upravi, Zagreb, 2002. Pusić,Eugen, Upravljanje u suvremenoj državi, Zagreb, 2002. Stjepanović, Nikola, Upravno pravo SFRJ-Opšti deo-Knjiga 1, Beograd, 1964. E- izvori 1. www.parco.gov.ba 443 �Merima Tanović: UNAPRIJEDJENJE SISTEMA UPRAVLJANJA DRŽAVOM: ORGANIZACIJSKI I FUNKCIONALNI ASPEKTI REFORME JAVNE UPRAVE 2. www.ads.gov.ba 3. http://www.adsfbih.gov.ba 4. http://adu.vladars.net 5. www.parlamentfbih.gov.ba 444 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 3075 Title A name given to the resource UNAPRIJEDJENJE SISTEMA UPRAVLJANJA DRŽAVOM: ORGANIZACIJSKI I FUNKCIONALNI ASPEKTI REFORME JAVNE UPRAVE Author Author TANOVIĆ, Merima Abstract A summary of the resource. Ustavni sistem države, zakonski i podzakonski koncepti politike najviših organa državne vlasti primarno odredjuju organizaciju organa javne uprave i temeljne principe rada u javnoj upravi. Organizacija državne vlasti, odnosno stepen centralizacije odnosno decentralizacije prvenstveno određuju nivoe vlasti, obim nadležnosti ali i temeljne principe organizacije organa javne uprave, što kombinirano s drugim organima državne vlasti na jednom ili više nivoa direktno utječe na efikasnost i ekonomičnost njihovog djelovanja. Kako organizacija javne uprave slijedi organizaciju državne vlasti, materijalna strana tj. stepen harmonizacije funkcioniranja organa javne uprave ovisi o vertikalnoj raspodjeli i obimu zakonodavne nadležnosti predviđenih ustavom.Višestruki organizacioni, funkcionalni, ekonomski, kadrovski, tehnički problemi javne uprave zahtijevaju sistemsku i korjenitu reformu koja bi proizvela kako unaprijedjenje principa javnog upravljanja, tako i kreiranje savremenog, demokratskog, evropeiziranog imidža upravljanja državom. Javna uprava ne predstavlja čisti tehnički organizam, već i mehanizam čije djelovanje ovisi o osnovnom faktoru radnog procesa - ljudskom potencijalu, koji razvija ili opstruira proces dobrog javnog upravljanja. Dakle, razvoj i reforma državne službe predstavlja drugi aspekt ukupnog unaprijeđenja javne uprave i zahtijeva dugotrajan i kontinuiran pristup promjeni kulture i metoda u obavljanju javnih poslova. Ključne riječi: organizacioni pojam javne uprave, materijalni pojam javne uprave, principi javnog upravljanja, racionalizacija i reorganizacija, reforma državne službe, novi javni menadžment, princip “dobrog upravljanja” Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Pravni fakultet Univerziteta u Tuzli i Centar za društvena istraživanja Internacionalnog Burč univerziteta Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed K Law (General) Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 986 Title A name given to the resource Unavailable “Gazel” Lyrics in Rizayi Dewan Author Author Yapici, Sefika Gonel, Huseyin Abstract A summary of the resource. Mehmed Ali Celebi who wrote by using the pesudonym “Rizayi” is one of the poets of 17th century. He has both works written in prose and one “müretteb dewan”. It is stated that first 15 couplets of 15. number qasida in that dewan was unread before. In a corpus (mecmua), recorded with R-6809 number and named “Mecmua-i Devavin” in Gazi Husrev Bey Library, in Bosnia, those unread 15 couplets is detected. Furthermore, there are 9 unavailable gazel lyrics in Rizayi Dewan in the same corpus. There are poems of Rizayi in Mecmua-i Devavin. The writer of that corpus wrote till “Kaf” letter among the poems of that poet. He chose poems among the poems of that poet. We will publish above mentioned unavailable 9 gazel lyrics in the dewan and first 15 couplets. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed P Philology. Linguistics Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2869 Title A name given to the resource UNCONVENTIONAL TEACHING METHODS: USE OF VIDEO AND GAMES IN THE ENGLISH AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE CLASSROOM Author Author Eminović, Lejla Abstract A summary of the resource. The use of video and games plays an important role in the language learning process. Not only are they favored methods of learning for students, rather this paper attempts to show that videos and games are a couple of the best language learning aids for teachers to include in their lessons. Ideas presented here are in there to help give guidelines on how to incorporate video and usage in into the lessons of English language as well as why it is important to include these methods in conventional curriculum. The use of video and games in the classroom can be used to motivate students, enhance their grammar and pronunciation, and teach culture. This paper provides the insight into different researches on the topics of video and games as language learning aids. It also provides some guidelines for future research. It is intended to provide teachers with some idea for using these tools in combination with course books, and it contains a variety of suggestions for activities to use in the EFL classroom in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014 Keywords Keywords. Thesis NonPeerReviewed L Education (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/9e5108e3a098b52ffc40ecee5599a778.pdf 14cbe164c65184f5bb98b320aacd9a33 PDF Text Text 1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo Undergraduate Level EFL Student‘s Beliefs About Language Learning Turgay HAN Kafkas University, Faculty of Letters and Science, Department of English Language and Literature, Kars, TURKEY turgayhan@yahoo.com.tr Hüseyin EFE Artvin Çoruh University, Faculty of Education, Department of English Language Education, Artvin, TURKEY hefe@atauni.edu.tr Muzaffer BARIN Atatùrk University, Faculty of Letters, Department of English Language and Literature, Erzurum, TURKEY mbarin@atauni.edu.tr Abstract:By providing quantitative data from the modified EFL version of Beliefs about Language Learning Inventory (BALLI) completed by the ELT undergraduate level students in one of the Turkish Universities, the survey was aimed to obtain generalizable conclusions about beliefs or notions about language learning of undergraduate level EFL students. The relationships among gender and years of education in the ELT department, as the impacting factors, and the participants‘ scores in the BALLI were statistically analyzed. The results were discussed in terms of the EFL students‘ the most important beliefs and the effect size of the gender and years of education as the variables on their beliefs about language learning. 1. Introduction Beliefs are "psychologically held understandings, premises, or propositions about the world that are felt to be true" (Richardson, 1996, p.102). More specifically, the term ‗beliefs‘ about language learning are formed based on language learners‘ past experiences, background, their own culture, learning context, and some other personal factors (Bernat & Gvozdenko, 2005). Furthermore, Puchta (1999; pp.68-69) advocates that people understand and comprehend new information meaningfully by depending on their experience and existing knowledge and claimed that beliefs ―are generalizations about cause and effect, and they influence our inner representation of the world around us. They help us to make sense of that world, and they determine how we think and how we act‖. This claim is confirmed with a specific aspect from Horwitz (1987) who states that almost every language learner has different beliefs or notions about learning a second language, in this respect, two foci points emerge: firstly, some of these varying beliefs and notions are the result of students‘ previous experience as learners learn a new language, and secondly, others are the result of their own cultural backgrounds. Recent research on Beliefs about language learning has focused on the interaction between second language learners‘ individual characteristics (affective and cognitive) and learners‘ success in learning a new language. In this respect, language learners differ in metacognitive knowledge and beliefs that have impacts on such domains as academic learning, thinking, problem solving and logic solving (Kardash & Scholes, 1996). Moreover, learners‘ affective characteristics are related to the language learning capability (Schumann, 1998). Language teachers are mostly concerned with affective factors which are the feelings toward target language culture, cognitive factors such as learners‘ language aptitude and how they process information, and finally metacognitive factors such as language learning strategies, study skills and beliefs about language learning (Horwitz, 2008; p.7). Flavell (1979, 1981 cited in Bernat & Gvozdenko, 2005) give importance to personal knowledge which is related to a person‘s metacognitive knowledge while learning a second language; in this context, cognitive and affective factors which have impact on learning are the components of personal knowledge. 1203 �1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo Delving into the learners‘ beliefs is a must as successful learners are able to develop insightful beliefs about language learning process and discover their learning abilities and learning strategies which act as facilitators in learning (Bernat & Lloyd, 2007; p.79). Therefore, research on beliefs about second language acquisition is helpful in order to investigate how languages are learned and how they should be taught (Horwitz, 2008; p14). Research literature on beliefs about language mostly depends on how variables such as gender, background knowledge, age and some other factors affect learners‘ beliefs about language learning and what sort of support should be given to learners to solve their learning problems. In this respect, Vibulphol(2004) attempted to investigate beliefs about language learning of pre-service EFL teachers in Thailand and any relationships between the pre-service teachers‘ beliefs about language learning and their choices of teaching assumptions. The most important results of this study indicate that pre-service EFL teachers in Thailand possessed similar beliefs to those of EFL learners; beliefs about language learning were influenced by learning experience as learners, beliefs relating to the use of English were influenced by practice teaching experience and instructional practices were influenced by beliefs about language learning. Another study comes from Bùyùkyazı (2010; p.169) who investigated the beliefs about language learning of 156 English as a foreign language (EFL) students and 19 EFL teachers working at one of the Turkish universities. It was aimed to find out the beliefs of prep-class students and the difference between students and their teachers in terms of beliefs about language learning. The study concludes that EFL learners have a broad range of conceptions both similar to and different from those reported by their teachers. A study from Bernat and Lloyd (2007; p.79) investigated the relationship between beliefs about language learning and gender. It was found that males and females held similar beliefs about language learning. On the other hand, Siebert (2003) investigated the beliefs of males and females, and reported several significant differences with a respect to language learning and strategies that they employ. Tercanlıoğlu (2005; p.146) also investigated the relation between gender and beliefs of pre-service EFL students studying at one of Turkish universities and reported that there was no significant difference among males and females. Again, Bacon and Finnemann (1992) investigated gender relation with self reported beliefs about foreign language learning and authentic oral and written input and it was concluded that females hold a higher level of motivation and strategy use in language learning; moreover, females are greater users of global strategies in dealing with authentic input and they have a higher level of social interaction with the target language group (cited in Bùyùkyazı, 2010; p.171). To our best knowledge, although there is some research which has investigated beliefs about language learning and other factors such as strategy use, contextual factors, and so on, there is not a certain consensus about the issue. This study is a replication of the former studies at a point however it diverse from others as EFL students‘ experiences in the ELLIT department is included in the study as a variance. The results will be discussed from a general language teacher education policy of Turkey. The main research questions that guide this study are: What beliefs about language learning do Turkish pre-service EFL teachers report? Are there any significant difference with regard to beliefs about language learning between males and females? and are there any significant differences among participants with regard to years of experience in the ELT department? 2. Methodology 2.1. Instrument Depending on the samples of EFL version of beliefs about language learning inventory (BALLI) used in former studies for EFL context, it was modified for Turkish EFL students. The BALLI includes 34 items that investigate language learners‘ beliefs and 5 domains such as language aptitude, language learning difficulties, nature of learning a language, strategies and motivation and expectations (Horwitz, 1987). The items in BALLI were not translated into Turkish and they were given to students in English as it was assumed that the inventory is clear enough for the participants and it is written in simple language. Moreover, Horwitz (2008) suggests that ―if you are teaching a different language, you can change English to any language, or you could replace it with the phrase, ‗the language I am trying to learn‘...‖ (p.232). Therefore, Cronbach alpha was not calculated for this study. The BALLI includes 34 items with 5-point likert-type scale. Participants indicated their opinions from strongly agree to strongly disagree with the statements. 1204 �1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo 2.2. Participants Four groups of participants of this study were selected through convenience sampling method from one of the Turkish universities. Each group of participants is consisted of undergraduate level students studying in different years of the Department of English Language and Literature (ELLIT). The department is a four-year program in which students are trained to gain English teacher qualifications and also in the subjects such as British and American literatures. Both female and male participants‘ ages range from 18 to 22. 2.3. Data Analysis The data obtained from the survey was statistically analyzed with the SPSS software. The results were illustrated with tables and figures at the result part. Descriptive analysis also includes demographic information about the participants, and correlation analysis includes the relations among the variables such as gender, the years of experience in the ELT department and responses to the items. 3. Results Descriptive results related to the demographic information about the participants are presented on the table 3.1., 3.2., and 3.3. Table 3.1. The distributions of the male and female pre-service teachers according to the years of education in the ELLIT department. Gender female male Total 1st year 26 9 35 Years of Education 2nd year 3rd year 18 24 6 5 24 29 Total 4th year 21 6 27 89 26 115 In this paper, one of the research questions is related to the effects of gender differences on the participants‘ beliefs in view of the fact that there is little consensus about the gender as a contributing variable to the beliefs about language learning. Only 26 out of 115 students are males. Although, in her study, Tercanlıoğlu (2005) supposed that gender would have some impact on Turkish pre-service teachers‘ beliefs about language learning, the researcher reported that females and males do not differ significantly in their beliefs about language learning. However, there are some other studies that concluded that male and females had different level of beliefs about language learning in different areas (Bacon & Finnemann, 1992; Siebert, 2003). Table 3.2. Females‘ and Males‘ previous teaching experiences No, I have never taught before Gender Total female 29 male 6 35 Teaching Experience Yes, I have Yes, I have Yes, I have taught both as been an taught in a an individual individual tutor center tutor and in a tutor tutor center 36 7 14 15 51 3 10 2 16 Others Total 3 89 0 3 26 115 Table 3.2. indicates the pre-service teachers‘ teaching experiences in any field which are thought to be potentially effective in forming their beliefs about language learning before being inservice teachers. About 23% of the males have reported that they had not had any teaching experience 1205 �1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo whereas nearly 33% of the females have no experience in teaching any subject. As these figures are similar, the teaching experience of the participants was not included in this study. Table 3.3. Participants‘ responses to the ―foreign language aptitude‖ items FOREIGN LANGUAGE APTITUDE item1. It is easier for children than adults to learn a foreign language. item 2. Some people have a special ability for learning foreign languages such as English. item 3. Turkish people are good at learning foreign languages. item 4. It is easier for someone who already speaks a foreign language to learn another one. item 5. People who are good at mathematics or science are not good at learning foreign languages. item 6.I have a special ability for learning foreign languages. item 7. Women are better than men at learning foreign languages. item 8. People who speak more than one language are intelligent. item 9. Everyone can learn to speak a foreign language. disagree 2,6 6,9 neutral 1,7 5,2 agree 95,7 87,8 26,0 6,0 53,9 9,6 19,1 84,4 53,0 20,0 27,0 5,2 27,8 25,2 20.9 18,3 19,1 28,7 20,9 76,5 53,0 46,0 58,3 The table 3.3. includes the first group of items questioning participants‘ aptitude toward foreign language learning. Turkish EFL pre-service students who have reported in this inventory believe that age has a determining factor for the ease of learning a foreign language [(item 1) (95,7%)]; moreover, they believe that some has special ability in learning a foreign language (87,8%) and knowing already a foreign language may contribute to learning another foreign language [(item4)(84,4%)]. Table 3.4. Participants‘ responses to the ―difficulty of language learning‖ items Difficulty of language learning item 10. Some languages are easier to learn than others. disagree ,9 neutral 8,7 agree 90,5 item 11. I believe that I will learn to speak English well. 1,8 6,1 92,2 item 12. In learning English, it is easier to speak than to understand what people say. item 13. In learning English, reading and writing are easier than speaking and listening. 26,1 24,3 49,6 13,9 15,7 70,05 Table 3.4.1. Learners‘ rating the ―Difficulty of language learning‖ I think English is.. A very difficult language A difficult language A language of medium difficulty An easy language A very easy language Total If someone spent one hour learning English everyday, how long would it take him or her to speak English well Less than a year 1-2 years 3-5 years Frequency Percent 2 14 59 33 7 115 1,7 12,2 51,3 28,7 6,1 100,0 Frequency Percent 30 46 19 26,1 40,0 16,5 1206 �1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo 5-10 years You can‘t learn a language in 1 hour a day Total 7 13 115 6,1 11,3 100,0 Table 3.4 shows that nearly all Turkish EFL pre-service teachers believe that learning difficulties depend on the type of the languages as some are easily learned [(item10)(90,5 %)]. They also believe that they will speak target language fluently in the future [(item11)(92,2%)]. It is interesting to note that item 12 is outscored as disagree and neutral than the other items. This may be an outcome of the curriculum of the primary and secondary level educational institutions in Turkey; what is more, students are selected to study EFL in Turkey through a state exam which includes only reading comprehension, grammar and sentence completion questions but not includes performance assessment questions. Therefore, students neglect speaking and writing skills till they are accepted to study at ELT departments in Turkey. Table 3.4.1. shows further information about the pre-service teachers beliefs about difficulty of learning a foreign language. Nearly half of the participants indicates that English is a moderate level difficult language to learn (51,3 %); that is, it is neither a very difficult language (1,7%) nor a very easy language (6,1 %). Moreover, the table puts forward the idea that EFL learners need at least one or two years (with a one hour study per day) to speak fluently (40%). They also reported that it is impossible to speak English fluently by studying one hour in a day (11,3 %). Table 3.5. Participants‘ responses to the ―nature of language learning‖ items Nature of language learning item 14. It is necessary to know the customs, the cultures, and the ways of life of English-speaking people (such as the British, Americans, or Australians) in order to speak English correctly and appropriately in a particular context. disagree 7 neutral 10,4 agree 82,6 item 15. It is best to learn English in an English-speaking country such as England, the United States, or Australia. 2,6 1,7 95,6 item 16. Learning vocabulary words is an important part of learning English. 1,7 5,2 93,0 item 17. Learning the grammar is an important part of learning English. 13,3 9,6 85,2 item 18. Learning how to translate from Turkish is an important part of learning English. 7,8 19,1 73,0 item 19. Learning English is different from learning other academic subjects. 7,0 27,0 66,0 Table 3.5. shows that participants moderately believe that learning English is different than learning other types of materials, and in this respect it contrast with attention theories that view second language learning as very similar to learning other types of subjects (Horwitz, 2008; p.29). Almost all participants support the idea that learning a new language naturally, that is learning targeted language in the second language context, will be more helpful [(item15)(95,6%)]. They also give importance to learning vocabulary [(item16)(93 %)] and grammar (85,2 %) respectively in learning English language(item17). 1207 �1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo Table 3.6. Participants‘ responses to the ―learning and communication strategies‖ items Learning and communication strategies disagree neutral item 20. It is important to speak English with a correct pronunciation. 1,7 7,8 agree 90,4 item 21. We shouldn‘t say anything in English until we can say it correctly. 59,1 16,5 24,3 item 22. I enjoy practicing English with the foreigners I meet. 5,2 7,8 87,0 item 23. It‘s O.K. to guess if we don‘t know a word in English. 9,6 27,8 62,6 item 24. In learning English, it is important to practice a lot. 4,3 0,9 94,8 item 25. I feel timid speaking English with other people. 33,9 21,7 44,3 item 26. If beginning students are permitted to make errors in English, it will be difficult for them to speak correctly later on. 33,0 21,7 45,2 item 27. In learning English, it is important to practice with cassettes or tapes. 2,6 9,6 87,8 The above table indicates that grammatical accuracy in speech may be neglected [(item21)(59,1%)] as practicing is considered to be the important factor in learning English [(item24) (94,8 %)]. Furthermore, they mostly agree with the importance of correct pronunciation in speech [(item20) (90,4 %)]. Using audio visual materials such as tapes and cassettes as practicing materials are very helpful in learning English. Turkish learners of English report that they feel moderately shy and hesitant while speaking in target language [(item25)(44,3 %)]. Nearly half of the pre-service teachers of English is strict on error correction and they believe that errors may interfere with mastering new language materials and they should be corrected [(item26)(45,2 %)]. Table 3.7. ANOVA for the effect of Gender on preservice teachers‘ language learning beliefs Sum of Mean Squares df Square F Sig. Foreign language aptitude Between ,227 1 ,227 1,188 ,278 Groups Within Groups 21,563 113 ,191 Total 21,790 114 Learning and communication strategy The nature of language learning The difficulty of language learning Motivasyon and expectation Between Groups Within Groups Total Between Groups Within Groups Total Between Groups Within Groups Total Between Groups Within Groups Total ,428 1 16,047 113 ,428 3,012 ,085 ,142 16,475 114 ,201 1 ,201 26,387 113 ,234 ,861 ,355 26,588 114 ,038 1 ,038 32,253 113 32,291 114 ,285 ,220 1 24,675 113 ,133 ,716 ,220 1,010 ,317 ,218 24,895 114 1208 �1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo p> ,05 Table 3.7. shows that the pre-service teachers‘ beliefs about language learning in any area of beliefs do not differ in terms of gender; put it different words, male and females have reported similar opinions; there is no significant difference between males and females in terms of foreign language aptitude, learning and communication strategy, the nature of language learning, the difficulty of language learning and motivation and expectation levels. Although some of the former studies have reported that males and females had different beliefs (Bacon and Finnemann, 1992; Siebert, 2003, Öz, 2007); this present study concludes that there is no significant difference between males and females in terms of beliefs (Tercanlıoğlu, 2005; Bernat &Lloyd, 2007). Table 3.8. ANOVA for the effect of years of education on preservice teachers‘ language learning beliefs Sum of df Mean Square F Sig. Squares Foreign Between Groups ,135 3 ,045 ,230 ,875 language Within Groups 21,655 111 ,195 aptitude Total 21,790 114 Learning Between Groups ,695 3 ,232 1,629 ,187 and Within Groups 15,780 111 ,142 communicat 16,475 114 ion strategy Total The nature Between Groups 1,238 3 ,413 1,806 ,150 of language Within Groups 25,351 111 ,228 learning Total 26,588 114 The difficulty of language learning Motivasyon and expectation Between Groups Within Groups Total Between Groups Within Groups Total 1,014 3 ,338 31,277 111 ,282 32,291 114 ,767 3 ,256 24,128 111 ,217 24,895 114 1,199 ,313 1,176 ,322 p> ,05 Table 3.8. shows that first, second, third and fourth year students do not vary in their beliefs about language learning. There is no significant difference among students from each class. Therefore, experience in the ELLIT department may have no effect on their beliefs about language learning. In this context, curriculum of the department may have no or little effect on forming beliefs. 4. Discussion and Conclusion The results of this study which give insight into the learners‘ beliefs about language learning have produced some interesting findings that confirm the result of some of the former studies that reported beliefs were not gender related (Tercanlıoğlu, 2005; Bernat &Lloyd, 2007) and while they rejected of some others that reported beliefs change based on gender (Bacon and Finnemann, 1992; Siebert, 2003, Öz, 2007). This paper has addressed the aims of identifying several studies on learner beliefs in the EFL and ESL contexts and discussing them based on the recent literature. Analyses of learner beliefs are worthy of note for the light they shed on learners‘ thinking, expectations, and actions in the foreign language learning context. Furthermore, the beliefs held by participants in the studies in EFL/ESL contexts have been assessed in terms of gender as a variable, and while they were found to be similar in all categories they were found to be different in some others. Hence, the null hypothesis that ‗the beliefs held by male and female students in the ELT departments in Turkish universities are different‘ was rejected. There were a small number of items with a discrepancy rate on agreement; two items in the area of ―learning and communication strategy‖ (Items 25 and 26), only one item in the area of ―difficulty of language learning‖ (item12), two items in the area of ―foreign language aptitude‖ (items 1209 �1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo 7 and 8) and none of the participants showed nearly no incongruity in the area of ―nature of language learning‖. Consequently, this study showed that there is no significant difference between males‘ beliefs and females beliefs about language learning in the context of EFL pre-service teachers. Moreover, it was concluded that students in different years of education in ELLIT department have nearly similar beliefs. It can be said that the curriculum implemented in the English language teacher programs in Turkey might have no effect on the pre-service teachers‘ of English as it was found that there was no gap in terms of beliefs among students from each year. Of course, there may be varying degrees of the impact of the curriculum of the teaching programs and syllabus of the courses and students and their teachers‘ needs on forming the beliefs about language learning or cultural norms may be effective on the beliefs-gender relations, so these are the limitations of the results of this study. Replication of this study with a wider population may help to generalize the results of this study. Moreover; for analyzing the pre-service teachers‘ beliefs about language learning in details is a very complex phenomenon, further studies may also focus on the internal and external factors by applying triangulated research designs. References Akçakaya, N. (2009). The Organization Of 8th Grade Learners‘ Beliefs Related To Learning English As A Foreign Language. Unpublished MA thesis, Social Sciences Institute, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep. AktaĢ, A. (2001). Beliefs on the Nature of Language Learning: A Comparative Study of Turkish EFL Learners‘ and Their Teachers‘ Beliefs at University Level. Master‘s of Art Thesis, EskiĢehir Anadolu University, EskiĢehir. Bacon, S. M. C.; Finnemann, M. D. (1992), Sex Differences in Self-reported Beliefs about Language Learning and Authentic Oral and Written Input, Language Learning, 42(4), pp. 471-495. Bernat, E., and Gvozdenko, I. (2005, June). Beliefs about language learning: Current knowledge, pedagogical implications and new research directions, TESL-EJ, 9(1), A1. Retrieved 29th September, 2005. http://tesl-ej.org/ej33/a1.html Bernat, E., & Lloyd, R. (2007). Exploring the gender effect on EFL learners‘ beliefs about language learning. Australian Journal of Educational & Developmental Psychology, 7, pp 79-91. Bùyùkyazı, M. (2010). The Beliefs of University Foreign Language Students and Their Teachers about Language Learning. Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 8 (1), 169-182. Horwitz, E.K. (1987). Surveying student beliefs about language teaming. In A.L.Wenden & J. Robin (Eds.), Learner strategies in language learning (pp. 119-132). London: Prentice Hall. Horwitz, E. K. (1988), The Beliefs about Language Learning of Beginning University Foreign Language Students, The Modern Language Journal, 72(3), pp. 283-294. Horwitz, E.K. (1999). Cultural and situational influences on foreign language learners' beliefs about language learning: a review of BALLI studies. System, 27. 557-576. Horwitz, E.K. (2008). Becoming a Language Teacher: A Practical Guide to Second Language Learning and Teaching. Boston: Pearson Education, Inc. Kardash, D. A., & Scholes, R. J. (1996). Effects of pre-existing beliefs, epistemological beliefs, and need for cognition on interpretation of controversial issues. Journal of Educational, Psychology, 88(2), 260-271 1210 �1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo Öz, H. (2007). Understanding metacognitive knowledge of Turkish EFL students in secondary education. Novitas-ROYAL, Vol (1)2, p.53-82. Puchta, H. (1999). Beyond materials, techniques and linguistic analyses: The role of motivation, beliefs and identity. Plenary session at the LATEFL: 33rd International Annual Conference, Edinburgh, 64-72. Richardson, V. (1996). The role of attitudes and beliefs in learning to teach. In J. Sikula, T. J. Buttery & E. Guyton (Eds.), Handbook of research on teacher education. New York: Macmillan. Riley, P. A. (2006). The Beliefs of First Year Japanese University Students Towards the Learning of English. Doctoral Dissertation, The University of Southern Queensland, Australia. Schumann, J. H. (1998). The Neurobiology of Affect in Language. MA: Blackwell Publishers Ltd. Siebert, L. L. (2003), Student and Teacher Beliefs about Language Learning, The ORTESOL Journal, 21, pp. 7-39. Tercanlıoğlu, L. (2005), Pre-service EFL Teachers‘ Beliefs about Foreign Language Learning and How They Relate to Gender, Electronic Journal of Research in Educational Psychology, 5-3(1), pp. 145162. Retrieved on 9th March, 2009 from http://www.investigacionpsicopedagogica.org/revista/articulos/5/english/Art_5_58.pdf Vibulphol, J. (2004). Beliefs about language learning and teaching approaches of Pre-servıce EFL teachers in Thailand. Doctoral Dissertation, Oklahoma State University Wang, N. (2005). Beliefs About Language Learning and Foreign Language Anxiety: A Study of University Students Learning English As a Foreign Language in Mainland China. Doctoral Dissertation, Northwest University. 1211 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 668 Title A name given to the resource Undergraduate Level EFL Student‘s Beliefs About Language Learning Author Author HAN, Turgay EFE, Hüseyin BARIN, Muzaffer Abstract A summary of the resource. By providing quantitative data from the modified EFL version of Beliefs about Language Learning Inventory (BALLI) completed by the ELT undergraduate level students in one of the Turkish Universities, the survey was aimed to obtain generalizable conclusions about beliefs or notions about language learning of undergraduate level EFL students. The relationships among gender and years of education in the ELT department, as the impacting factors, and the participants‘ scores in the BALLI were statistically analyzed. The results were discussed in terms of the EFL students‘ the most important beliefs and the effect size of the gender and years of education as the variables on their beliefs about language learning. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2011-05 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed P Philology. Linguistics Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 903 Title A name given to the resource Undergraduate Students Examining Multiple Intelligence Theory through Developing an English Language Curriculum. Author Author Mohamed, Maha Fathi Abstract A summary of the resource. Misr International University (MIU) is a private Egyptian university whose medium of instruction is English. It consists of 8 faculties, one of which is Faculty of Alsun (languages), English Department. During the 4 years of study at Alsun, students take literature, translation & applied linguistics courses that help them improve their linguistic competence and become professional literary critics, translators or English Language teachers. As a graduation requirement, students have to do a project incorporating skills and ideas they have learned. On the other hand, when joining MIU, students of all majors sit for an English exam in order to be placed in one of 5 English Language levels. The purpose is to improve students’ language skills to enable them to cope with studying in English and succeed in their various majors. The purpose of this study is to present an approach to the teaching – learning process in which theory is put to practice. As such, Alsun graduation project was to tailor a language curriculum for the first level of English at MIU. The aim is to base the curriculum on the needs of the university as well as give Alsun students the chance to implement what they have studied. Fourth year Alsun students underwent that experiment during the Fall semester of 2011. They were divided into groups of 4, where each group developed 3 English language lessons. Students’ work was based on the theoretical framework of Gardner’s (1983) “Multiple Intelligence Theory” & on Richards’ (2007) steps of curriculum development. The paper will describe the steps students followed, including establishing needs, planning learning outcomes, providing instructional material & effective teaching methods & providing evaluation means. It will also talk about problems they have met, methods of overcoming them and finally feedback from teachers and students in the English language classes. (299 words) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed P Philology. Linguistics https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/2cc4cff8a4ad47b11141517891586380.docx 96c216494041cc2d52f96b4ed06bf1e3 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/e21721aef5174ef9a6155d03f1c86c45.pdf 111a18f34c5519e2dbfc88d570f9981e PDF Text Text Understanding and Misunderstanding Elements of Communication Dalibor Kesic University of Banja Luka/ Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina Key words: meaning, understanding, misunderstanding, sign, communication ABSTRACT This paper ponders certain questions underlying any act of communication, such as: – how do we know that communication is successful? or - how do we know that a group of people really understands written or spoken signs of another group of people? Is it, perhaps, possible that we have gotten used to misunderstandings so much that we do not notice them any more (like the air that we breathe), and become cognizant of them only when they exceed a certain limit? Misunderstandings play an important, sometimes tragic, role in our lives. Among people belonging to the same social group or community, misunderstandings are contingent upon those subjective elements of meaning which vary from one person to another. When it comes to relations among different groups or entire communities, the causes of misunderstanding are specific, group related elements of meaning that differ from one group to another. And yet, despite all these hurdles, people do understand each other in most cases, and often work towards a common goal, sometimes involving a whole group, nation or the population of the globe. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1723 Title A name given to the resource Understanding and Misunderstanding Elements of Communication Author Author KEŠIĆ, Dalibor Abstract A summary of the resource. Key words: meaning, understanding, misunderstanding, sign, communication ABSTRACT This paper ponders certain questions underlying any act of communication, such as: – how do we know that communication is successful? or - how do we know that a group of people really understands written or spoken signs of another group of people? Is it, perhaps, possible that we have gotten used to misunderstandings so much that we do not notice them any more (like the air that we breathe), and become cognizant of them only when they exceed a certain limit? Misunderstandings play an important, sometimes tragic, role in our lives. Among people belonging to the same social group or community, misunderstandings are contingent upon those subjective elements of meaning which vary from one person to another. When it comes to relations among different groups or entire communities, the causes of misunderstanding are specific, group related elements of meaning that differ from one group to another. And yet, despite all these hurdles, people do understand each other in most cases, and often work towards a common goal, sometimes involving a whole group, nation or the population of the globe. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available IBU Publishing Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-03 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/173680acbb933aed28bb44102ca00405.pdf 0d0fc48c2c249e7e9811fba7c9bc6847 PDF Text Text Journal of Natural Sciences and Engineering, Vol. 2, No.2 (2020) DOI number: 10.14706/JONSAE2021311 Understanding Forms and Models of Cloud Computing Technologies Adopted in the Selected Institutions in Southwestern Nigeria Gbonjubola Oluwafunmilayo BINUYO1 1- African Institute for Science Policy and Innovation, Obafemi Awolowo University, Nigeria gobinuyo@gmail.com Abstract - The study examined the forms and models of cloud computing technology adopted in the selected institutions from four states in Southwestern Nigeria. The three purposively selected institutions were Federal, State and Private owned making twelve institutions. However, the administered questionnaire was filled in by the ten (10) IT personnel, ten (10) lecturers and five (5) students from each of the selected institutions making 300 respondents. The questionnaire elicited information on the forms and models of cloud computing technology adopted and the extent of use of the adopted cloud computing technologies in the selected institutions. Secondary data were obtained from relevant literature. Data collected were analysed with descriptive and inferential statistics. The study concludes that the forms of cloud computing technology adopted by the selected institutions in Southwestern Nigeria are infrastructure-as-a-service (IaaS), software-as-a-service (SaaS) and platform-as-a-service (PaaS) while software-as-a-service (SaaS) is often used by the institutions. Also, the models of adopted cloud computing technology are private, public, hybrid and community cloud computing by the selected institutions in Southwestern Nigeria. The adopted forms and models of cloud computing technology are used for different business functions such as payroll, procurement, human resources, accounting and finance, CRM, application development, and project management. Keywords-Cloud computing, Institutions and Nigeria 1. Introduction The aim of this study is to explicate the forms and model of cloud computing technology adopted in the selected institutions and determine the extent of use of forms of cloud computing technology and the business function deployed on cloud computing technology adopted by the selected institutions in Southwestern Nigeria. Scholars have defined cloud computing from their perspectives. Cloud computing depends on subscription service to accessing networked storage space and computer resources [1]. By implication, it is a paid service(s) to securing online information and communications technologies’ services. As cited in [1] that not all establishment are leapfrogging to adopting cloud computing technologies especially established institutions in developing countries like Nigeria [2]. Globally, higher institutions are encountering with the challenges of needed level of information and communications technology (ICT) required to enhancing good quality education and R&D activities especially in developing countries [3]. Giving yearly educational report of Republic of Yemen, it indicates that the educational sectors are challenged with hindrances to carrying out required quality education to the populace in the country. Among the hindrances to delivering good quality education at Republic of Yemen are due to inadequate needed infrastructure resources, under budget allocation to ICT, absence of ICT technical and teaching personnel [4]. At present, majority of activities are been conducted online. Among the activities are online document editing and writing, email checking, online interaction, collaboration, among others. Therefore, it is imperative globally for educational system to meet up with the advancement in ICT technology for rendering quality education [3]. Also, given the high cost attached to providing and maintaining the needed hardware and software, it is highly needed for educational system to adopt low cost advanced technology such as cloud computing. This cloud �Journal of Natural Sciences and Engineering, Vol. 2, No.2 (2020) DOI number: 10.14706/JONSAE2021311 computing addresses the challenge of high cost attached to both computer software and hardware needed to rendering quality education to the populace by providing ICT resources on a pay per use basis [3]. There have been diverse empirical studies on cloud computing technologies adopted in institutions [5-11]. Although, there are some theoretical review studies on the same phenomenon [4, 12-15] . However, scholars have noted that there is dearth of empirical studies on cloud computing technology in institutions especially Nigerian institutions [13,15,16]. Also, there is dearth of information on the forms and model of computing technology adopted in Universities in Nigeria, this is because cloud computing research is nascent in Nigeria [16], hence the need for this study. The remaining part of this paper is ordered as follows such as review of related literatures, method of research deployed, the study results and discussion, conclusion and recommendations. 2. Literature Review There is an increasing empirical research interest in cloud computing from both developing and developed economies. This cloud computing research interest have engineered vast intellectual and financial investment in cloud R&D [16]. Given that, it is highly imperative to know that cloud computing can be inform of service model and deployment model [16-18]. (a) cloud computing as a service model: It is service model when it entails Software, Platform and Infrastructure [17]. The discussion of cloud computing as a service is stated below: (i) Software as service (SaaS) was defined as distribution model that allows users to access applications run on their servers over the Internet and charged customers per usage [18]. In other words, it is a remote online application accessed by users/customers via the network using a simple web navigator [18]. In general, SaaS refers to any online services (cloud services) that users can access remotely or subscribed to and pay per usage basis. These types of cloud services entail accounting, invoicing, performance monitoring, communications, tracking sales and planning among others. Furthermore, using SaaS is like renting rather than purchasing it [18]. Unlike mainstream traditional software with limited license and the number of devices that can use it. SaaS offers the users the opportunity of subscribing to the software instead of purchasing it. (ii) Platform as a service (PaaS) allows for clients or customers to hire software, hardware, repository and network capacity through Internet. PaaS is of great interest to application developers because it provides for easy changes and upgrades to the features of the operating system in use and also allows for an application to be developed by developers distributed over different geographical locations across international boundaries. Costs can be reduced by the use of infrastructure services from a single cloud computing service provider rather than have and maintain several hardware facilities that often do identical functions. Examples of PaaS include Salesforce, IBM Bluemix, Cloudbees and Microsoft Azure among others. (iii) Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS): This service delivery model enables clients to rent the equipment used in service operations and control the deployed applications and operating systems among others. Given that, �Journal of Natural Sciences and Engineering, Vol. 2, No.2 (2020) DOI number: 10.14706/JONSAE2021311 however, updating and patching of operating system at IaaS level are the responsibility of the users within the contractual period [19]. (b) Cloud computing as deployment model entails public, private, community and hybrid cloud [17, 20]. These models are discussed below: (i) Public Cloud: The most common type of cloud computing services skewed towards the public cloud deployment model because as the name implies, are publicly and openly available. Even though they can exist in private clouds, SaaS provisions like cloud storage, online office applications and IaaS and PaaS contributions like cloud-based web application development environments and hosting is in related to public cloud model. Public clouds are also deployed when organisations or individuals do not require the level of infrastructure and security present in private cloud model [21]. Intuitively, large organisations or enterprises may still deploy public clouds in situations where privacy is not required, such as online document collaboration, webmail or storage of non-sensitive documents. (ii) Private Cloud: It does not allow cloud resources to be shared with unknown third parties. It is otherwise known as internal cloud that is strictly for internal use of an establishment [22]. Private cloud loud resources perhaps located either onsite or offsite premises of the organization, hence, this model does not come with the benefit of reduced investment or expenditure in IT infrastructure or equipment. (iii) Community cloud: This type of model is solely for a group or collection of users within an organisation having a shared or common goal [23]. Here, IT resources are provided as a service to group of users in order to enable an elastic collaborative use of computing resource. It is often limited to selected or limited set of employees within an organisation such as security department, head of departments, a team or sub-unit in an organisation. (iv) Hybrid cloud: This model integrates two different deployment models such as public, private and community models. Organisations often combine two differing models to form a hybrid cloud in a bid to maximise efficiencies. In hybrid cloud, the combined clouds retain their identities but are bound together by standardized or proprietary technology [24]. Given cloud computing as service and deployment models, however, measuring the contribution of Nigerian scholars to the number and impact of cloud computing study was needed [16]. Content analysis and bibliometric was deployed in papers extracted from Scopus database within the specified time and country (2016 and Nigeria). The analysis of the extracted papers shows that majority of cloud computing study in Nigeria tend towards Education and Saas model of cloud computing [16]. In support of that assertion, [11] studied the effect and challenges of adopting cloud computing technology in government owned universities in the Southwestern Nigeria. In the study, one hundred (100) IT (information technology) personnel, fifty (50) para-IT personnel and fifty (50) students making two hundred (200) respondents in total were selected in each of the selected ten (10) universities using stratified sampling techniques with the aid of questionnaire. Out of the two thousand (2,000) questionnaire administered, one thousand, seven hundred and forty-two (1742) were retrieved which represents a respondent rate of 87.1%. Microsoft excel was used to analyse the data descriptively. The outcome of the study implies that the adoption of cloud computing has an important effect on enhanced availability, cost effectiveness, low environmental impact, reduced and reduced investment in physical asset among others. �Journal of Natural Sciences and Engineering, Vol. 2, No.2 (2020) DOI number: 10.14706/JONSAE2021311 Hence, the main issues challenging the use of cloud were data insecurity, regulatory compliance concerns, lock-in and privacy concerns. Cloud computing is an avenue to experience efficient and optimize IT (information and technology) services at least cost which is induced by pay as you use (PAYU) to cloud service providers [3]. There are other benefits attached to the use of cloud computing, among the benefits is high return on investment [25]. Given the benefits attached to the adoption and use of cloud computing, however, many sectors especially the higher education are skeptical in adopting cloud computing technology [3, 25]. On a contrary, cloud computing technology is highly being adopted by higher institutions mainly because of financial reasons [4]. Thinking beyond financial reason for adopting cloud computing, among the technical reasons for adopting cloud computing by IT manager or decision maker can be attributed to organizational, environment, technological and individual factors [4]. Cloud computing is a feasible in meeting the technological needs of an ogranisation efficiently, effectively and at reduced investment on physical asset with least environmental impact and IT complexity [1, 11]. [1] examined the behavioural intent to adopting cloud computing technology in large and small organization using an Enhanced Technology Acceptance Model (ETAM). [1] concluded that attitude and adopters’ ability to use cloud computing (self-efficacy) were better predictor of intention to adopt cloud computing technology. Perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use of cloud computing were better predictor of attitude to adopt cloud computing technology and perceived ease of use and the relevant of cloud computing to adopters’ work (job relevance) were the predictor of perceived usefulness. Recently, [15] systematically reviewed empirical studies on cloud computing technologies. The study showed from the reviewed studies that empirical studies on cloud computing technology are dearth of cloud computing usage/utilization. The study also identified challenges and benefits attributed to cloud computing adoption. The study empirically showed that universities in the selected area are willing to adopting cloud computing technologies. Meanwhile, [14] had earlier concluded from the reviewed literature on cloud computing technology adoption in organisations that the factors that determines the adoption of cloud computing technologies varies. [14] further noted that most of the reviewed studies operationalised the intention to adopt cloud computing in a binary form rather than the actual use of the technology. Meanwhile,[13] showed from the systematic literature review on empirical studies carried out on cloud computing technology adoption in universities that several universities have utilized different types of cloud computing service models. [25] examined the perception of IT and non-IT personnel on factors associated to the poor adoption of cloud computing technologies in African enterprises with Nigeria as a case study. The study concluded that the fear of unknown such as job loss, cyber threat, privacy issue and data theft were the hindrances to the adoption of cloud computing technology. In addition to that, [26] showed that top management support, competitive pressure, and compatibility are the factors attributed to cloud computing technologies. Based on the aforementioned studies, this paper adopts theory of Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) as a focusing device for the analysis of this study. Technology Acceptance Model explains the perceive usefulness of technology, perceive ease of use of technology and attitude toward using technology [27]. The three constructs are key determinants of technology adoption model. First, perceived usefulness (PU) explains thus that people �Journal of Natural Sciences and Engineering, Vol. 2, No.2 (2020) DOI number: 10.14706/JONSAE2021311 tend to use or not use a technology based on the usefulness perception of the technology. Second, perceived ease of use (PEOU) explains that potential users of technology are of the opinion that a given technology is useful and requires less effort to use it. Third, attitude of a user toward a technology was a major determinant of whether the user will actually use or reject the innovation [27]. Based on that, the applicable research method is adopted for this study. 3. Research Method This study deployed multi-stage sampling technique in data collection. Four states were randomly selected from six in Southwestern Nigeria. Three institutions otherwise called universities were purposively selected from each of the selected states. The justification for the purposive selection is to comprise one federal, one state and one private owned university from each of the selected four states making twelve universities in total. Furthermore, questionnaire was administered and filled in by the personnel in the purposive selected institutions: ten (10) IT personnel, ten (10) lecturers and five (5) students were considered from each of the selected institutions making three hundred (300) respondents. The yardstick for selecting the institutions is based on those institutions that are using cloud computing technologies while the purposive selection of the respondents in the institutions were based on referrer of expertise personnel on the subject matter. The questionnaire elicited information on the forms and models of cloud computing technology adopted. The respondents were asked to tick the forms and models of cloud computing adopted in their institutions. The forms of cloud computing adopted for this study include Software-as-a-Service (SaaS), Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS) and Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS) while the models of cloud computing include private, public, hybrid and community cloud computing. Furthermore, respondents were to rank in five scales (5) the extent of use of the adopted cloud computing technologies in the selected institutions such as: no use (A), little use (B), moderate use (C), highly use (D) and lastly, often use (E); where Alphabet A is the lowest and Alphabet E is the highest. The respondents were further asked to indicate appropriately (multiple response is allowed) the type of cloud computing technologies deployed in the institutions such as Gmail-Based Institution Email Service, Dropbox, Docusign, Skydrive, Netsuite, Cisco-WebEx, Amazon Elastic or Web Services, Learning Management Systems (LMS), Microsoft Azure Cloud, Integrated Development Environments (IDEs), Cloud based APIs, and Cloud based .NET Platforms. In addition to that, the respondents were asked to rank the extent of use of the adopted cloud computing technologies for business function in five scales such as not applicable (A), little use (B), moderate use (C), highly use (D) and often use (E) where Alphabet A is the lowest and Alphabet E is the highest. The variables for business functions include payroll, application development, project management, accounting and financing, CRM/sales management, procurements, human resources and messaging and collaboration. Data collected were analysed with descriptive statistics such as frequencies and crosstabulation. 4. Results and Discussion The Table 1 in this study explains the three intuitions selected for this study such as Federal owned institutions, State owned institutions and Private owned institutions. Not only that, the table further shows the number of questionnaires administered to the selected institutions and the number of questionnaire retrieved. �Journal of Natural Sciences and Engineering, Vol. 2, No.2 (2020) DOI number: 10.14706/JONSAE2021311 The table shows that out of three hundred (300) questionnaires administered, 56.3% (169) were retrieved and used for the analysis of this study. Meanwhile, from the perspective of [16] majority of cloud computing study in Nigeria tend towards Education and SaaS model of cloud computing, hence, this further contributes to those studies. Categories of the institutions Questionnaire Administered Questionnaire Retrieved Frequency Percentage Frequency Percentage Federal owned institution 100 33.3 57 19 State owned institution 100 33.3 63 21 Private owned institution 100 33.3 49 16.3 Total 300 100 169 56.3 Table 1 Number of Institutions Selected Table 2 explains the forms and models of cloud computing technology adopted in the selected institutions. The table shows that majority (78.3%) of the institutions adopts software-as-a-service, while 65.1% and 54.3% of the institutions also adopts platform-as-a-service and infrastructure-as-a-service respectively. The adoption of forms of cloud computing corroborates the reports of previous scholars on the forms of cloud computing technology adopted in institutions [17] [28] [29] and [30]. Hence, the adoption of these technologies will reduce the cost of operations of the selected institutions from keeping hardware, storage facilities, maintenance cost among others. Concerning models of cloud computing technology adopted by the selected institutions in the study area. Table 2 further shows that the selected institutions adopts private cloud computing (53.5%), public cloud computing (54.3%), hybrid cloud computing (51.9%) and community cloud computing (51.2%). This is line with posits of previous scholars on the models of cloud computing technologies adopted by institutions [20-23, 31]. In addition to that, this study corroborated [13] that several universities have utilized different types of cloud computing service models. By implication, universities in the study area adopted different forms and models of cloud computing based on their discretion, cost reduction, needful, necessity, and industrial revolution, technology push and demand among others. In support of the adopted theory for this study, the selected universities inductively adopted cloud computing technology based on perceive usefulness, perceive ease of use and attitude of user toward a technology as indicated as element of technology acceptance model by [27]. Table 2: Forms and Models of Cloud Computing Technology Adopted Characteristics Frequency Percent (%) Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) 101 78.3 Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS) 84 65.1 Forms of Cloud Computing �Journal of Natural Sciences and Engineering, Vol. 2, No.2 (2020) DOI number: 10.14706/JONSAE2021311 Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS) 70 54.3 Private Cloud 69 53.5 Public Cloud 70 54.3 Hybrid Cloud 67 51.9 Community Cloud 66 51.2 Models of Cloud Computing *Multiple response is applicable Table 3 explains the level of institutional use of the forms of cloud computing technology adopted by the selected institutions. Table 3 shows that majority (38.8%) the selected institutions that adopted infrastructure-as-a-service moderately use the technology follow by 24.8% of the institutions that highly use the infrastructure-as-a-service. Concerning the use of software-as-a-service by the selected institutions, Table 3 further shows that majority (34.9% and 32.6%) of the selected institutions moderately and highly use software-as-a-service respectively. Concerning the use of platform-as-a-service by the selected institutions, Table 3 shows that majority (26.4% and 41.1%) of the selected institutions little use and moderately use platform-as-a-service respectively. By implication, Table 3 shows that software-as-a-service (SaaS) is mostly used by the selected institutions in Southwestern Nigeria. This might be as a result of idiosyncratic of SaaS that connotes any cloud services that users can access remotely or subscribed to and pay per usage basis [18]. Among the SaaS cloud services that can be subscribed to or use remotely are accounting, invoicing, performance monitoring, communications, tracking sales and planning [18]. In addition to that, this study corroborates [16] that, majority of cloud computing study in Nigeria tend towards Saas model of cloud computing. Table 3: Level of Institutional Use of Cloud Computing Technology Characteristics Level of cloud computing usage (%) Forms of cloud computing A B C D E IaaS 14 7 38.8 24.8 0.8 SaaS 1.6 14 34.9 32.6 3.9 PaaS 10.9 26.4 41.1 3.9 1.6 *Multiple response is applicable Key: A = No use; B = Little use; C = Moderate use; D = Highly use; E = Often use Table 4 shows the cloud computing technology adopted by the selected institutions in the study area. The table shows that most of the cloud computing technologies adopted in the selected institutions are cloud based APIs �Journal of Natural Sciences and Engineering, Vol. 2, No.2 (2020) DOI number: 10.14706/JONSAE2021311 (55.8%), cloud based.NET Platforms (51.9%), Cisco-WebEx (48.8%), integrated development environment (IDEs) (43.4%), Amazon Elastic or Web Services (31.8%). More also, other cloud computing technologies adopted by the institutions includes Gmail-Based Institution Email Service (26.4%), Microsoft Azure Cloud (18.6%), Learning Management Systems (LMS) (16.3%), Skydrive (12.4%), Netsuite (8.5%), Dropbox (7.8%), and Docusign (0.8%). This shows that the selected institutions exhibited some level of cloud computing technologies. Perhaps, the necessity to adopt low cost advanced technology such as cloud computing warrant the selected institutions to adopting the cloud technologies. Meanwhile, [3] had postulated earlier that cloud computing technologies addresses the challenge of high cost attached to both computer software and hardware needed to rendering quality education to the populace by providing ICT resources on a pay per use basis. By implication, the selected institutions adopted cloud computing technologies so as to providing high quality that is affordable, accessible at least cost for the stakeholders in the institutions. Table 4: Cloud Computing Technology Adopted by the Selected Institutions Characteristics Frequency Percent (N=111) Gmail-Based Institution Email Service 34 26.4 Dropbox 10 7.8 Docusign 1 0.8 Skydrive 16 12.4 Netsuite 11 8.5 Cisco-WebEx 63 48.8 Amazon Elastic or Web Services 41 31.8 Learning Management Systems (LMS) 21 16.3 Microsoft Azure Cloud 24 18.6 Integrated Development Environments (IDEs) 56 43.4 Cloud based APIs 72 55.8 Cloud based .NET Platforms 67 51.9 *Multiple response is applicable The Table 5 in this study shows the extent of cloud computing technology in business function in the selected institutions in the study area. The selected institutions highly use (30.2%) and often use cloud computing technology in their payroll function. In addition to that, the table shows that the selected institutions highly (34.1%) and often use (25.6%) cloud computing technology in their application development function. Furthermore, Table 5 shows that the selected institutions moderately use (25.6%) and highly use (22.5%) cloud computing technology in their project management functions. The table shows that the selected institutions �Journal of Natural Sciences and Engineering, Vol. 2, No.2 (2020) DOI number: 10.14706/JONSAE2021311 moderately use (33.3%) cloud computing technology in their accounting and financing functions. Also, the institutions little use (27.9%) and moderately use (31.8%) cloud computing technology in their CRM/sales management function. This table shows that the selected institutions moderately use (39.5%) cloud computing technology in their procurements function. In addition, the selected institutions moderately use (37.2%) cloud computing technology in their human resources. Lastly, the selected institutions little use (34.9%) and moderately use (32.6%) cloud computing technology in managing and collaboration function. By implication, the payroll functions of the selected institutions have been digitised and can be done anywhere in the world (telecommuting). Not only that, the selected institutions have deployed cloud computing technologies in their project management, accounting and financing, CRM/sales management, procurements, human resources, managing and collaboration functions. Table 5: Extent of Use of Cloud Computing Technology in Business Function Characteristics Extent of use of cloud computing technology Business Function A B C D E Payroll 17.8 9.3 18.6 30.2 11.6 Application Development 10.1 7 8.5 34.1 25.6 Project Management 16.3 15.5 25.6 22.5 3.9 Accounting and Financing 17.1 24 33.3 7 0.8 CRM/Sales Management 21.7 27.9 31.8 3.1 - Procurements 22.5 21.7 39.5 2.3 - Human Resources 20.2 23.3 37.2 3.9 1.6 Messaging and Collaboration 11.6 34.9 32.6 7 3.1 *Multiple response is applicable Key:A = Not applicable; B = Little use; C = Moderate use; D = Highly use; E = Often use 5. Conclusion The study concludes that the forms of cloud computing technology adopted by the selected institutions in Southwestern Nigeria are infrastructure-as-a-service (IaaS), software-as-a-service (SaaS) and platform-as-a-service (PaaS) while software-as-a-service (SaaS) is often used by the institutions. Also, the models of adopted cloud computing technology are private, public, hybrid and community cloud computing by the selected institutions in Southwestern Nigeria. The adopted forms and models of cloud computing technology are used for different business functions such as payroll, procurement, human resources, accounting and finance, CRM, application development, and project management. �Journal of Natural Sciences and Engineering, Vol. 2, No.2 (2020) DOI number: 10.14706/JONSAE2021311 6. Limitations and future work This study is limited to universities in Southwestern Nigeria, further studies perhaps consider the whole universities in Nigeria. The study did not consider factors influencing the adoption of cloud computing technologies, further studies may consider that. The study only use quantitative method in data collection and descriptive analysis, further studies may consider mixed method in data collection and analysis. 7. Acknowledgement The author appreciates the contributions of indispensable scholars who in one way or the other contributes to the scholastics of this paper. REFERENCES [1] O. T., Arogundade, et al., “Investigation of Factors Affecting Cloud Computing Adoption inn Nigeria”. Journal of Natural Science, Engineering and Technology, 2016, 15(2), 73-94. [2] A. Ume, A. Bassey, H. Ibrahim, “Impediments facing the introduction of cloud computing among organizations in developing countries: Finding the answer”. Asian Transactions on Computers, 2012, 2, 12-20 [3] S. Okai, M. Uddin, A. Arshad, R. Alsaqour, and A. Shah, “Cloud Computing Adoption Model for Universities to Increase ICT Proficiency”, SAGE, 2014, 1-10. DOI: 10.1177/2158244014546461 [4] S. Abdulnoor, M. D. Sulfeeza, and M. S. Siti, “Empirical Studies on Cloud Computing Adoption: A Systematic Literature Review”. Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology, 2017, 6809-6832. [5] N. Sultan, “Cloud Computing for Education: A New Dawn?” International Journal of Information Management, 2010, 30, 109– 116. [6] T. Ercan, “Effective Use of Cloud Computing in Educational Institutions,” Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2010, 2, 938–942 [7] M. Mircea and A. Adreescu, “Using Cloud Computing in Higher Education: A Strategy to Improve Agility in the Current Financial Crisis”. IBIMA, 2011, 1-15. DOI:10.5171/2011.875547 [8] F. E. Mehmet and B. K. Serhat, B. K. Cloud Computing for Distributed University Campus”, International Conference on the Future of Education, Pixel Publishing International, 2011 [9] Y. G. Abdulsalam and U. Z. Fatima "Cloud Computing: Solution to ICT in Higher Education in Nigeria", Advances in Applied Science Research, 2011, 2 (6):364-369, Pelagia Research Library. [10] J. Anjali, and U. S. Pandey “Role of Cloud Computing in Higher Education", International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science and Software Engineering, 2013, 3(7), 966-972. �Journal of Natural Sciences and Engineering, Vol. 2, No.2 (2020) DOI number: 10.14706/JONSAE2021311 [11] C. A. Oyeleye, T. M. Fagbola, and C. Y. Daramola, “The Impact and Challenges of Cloud Computing Adoption on Public Universities in Southwestern Nigeria. (IJACSA)” International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications, 2014, 5(8), 13-19. [12] S. O. Olabiyisi, T. M. Fagbola, R. S. Babatunde “An Exploratory Study of Cloud and Ubiquitous Computing Systems”. World Journal of Engineering and Pure and Applied Sciences, 2012, 2(5):148-155. [13] M. S. Ibrahim, N. Salleh, and S. Misra, “Empirical Studies of Cloud Computing in Education: A Systematic Literature Review”. Springer International Publishing Switzerland, 2015, 725-737. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-21410-8_55 [14] H. Hassan, M. H. Mohd-Nasir, and N. Khairudin, “Cloud Computing Adoption in Organisations: Review of Empirical Literature”. SHS Web Conferences. 2017, 34. 1-6. DOI: 10.1051/shsconf/20173402001. [15] M. B. Ali, T. Wood-Harper, M.R.A. Mohamad, “Benefits and Challenges of Cloud Computing Adoption and Usage in Higher Education. Stanford University”, 2018, 1-22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/IJEIS.2018100105. [16] A. A. Ezenwoke, and E. Igbekele, “Cloud Computing Research in Nigeria: A Bibliometric and Content Analysis”. Asian Journal of Scientific Research. 2019, 12(1), 41-53 [17] M. Ahronovitz, D. Amrhein, P. Anderson, A. Andrade "Cloud Computing Use Cases White Paper", 4th ed. 2010. Accessed from http://www.cloud-council.org/Cloud_Computing_Use_Cases_Whitepaper-4_0.pdf accessed 4th November, 2020. [18] K. Hashizume, "An Analysis of Security Issues for Cloud Computing", Journal of Internet Services and Applications. 2012, 4(5): 3-13. [19] M. Murphy, L. Abraham, M. Fenn, and S. Goasguen, (2009), "Autonomic Clouds on the Grid", Journal of Grid Computing, pp. 1-18. [20] D. Catteddu, and G. Hogben, "Cloud Computing: Benefits, risks and recommendations for information security". 2009, 3-11. [21] A. Mansour, "The Adoption of Cloud Computing Technology in Higher Education Institutions: Concerns and Challenges (Case Study of Islamic University of Gaza)" 2013. [22] Q. Zhang, L. Cheng, and R. Boutaba, “Cloud Computing: State-of-the-art and Research Challenges", Journal of Internet Services and Applications, 2010, 1(1): 7-18. [23] K. Sharma, S. Thakur, A. Kalia, J. Thakur, and S. Kumar, "Emerging Cloud Computing Paradigm: Vision, Research Challenges and Development Trends", International Journal of Research and Engineering and Technology, 2014, 3(5): 11-34. EISSN:2319- 1163, ISSN: 2321-7308, [24] Cloud Security Alliance (CSA) "Security Guidance for Critical Areas of Focus in Cloud Computing V2.1". 2009, 2-7. �Journal of Natural Sciences and Engineering, Vol. 2, No.2 (2020) DOI number: 10.14706/JONSAE2021311 [25] G. A. Oguntala, R.A. Abd-Alhameed, and J. O. Odeyemi, “Systematic Analysis of Enterprise Perception Towards Cloud Adoption in the African States: The Nigerian Perspective”. African Journal of Information Systems, 2017, 9(4), 213-231. [26] S-K. Yoo, and B-Y. Kim, “A decision-making model for adopting a cloud computing system”. Sustainability, 2018, 1-15. Doi:10.3390/su10082952 [27] F. D. Davis, “A technology acceptance model for empirically testing new enduser information systems: Theory and results”. Doctoral dissertation. Cambridge, MA: MIT Sloan School of Management, 1985 [28] P. Buxmann, L. Sonja, and H. Thomas "Software as a Service", WIRTSCHAFTSINFORMATIK, 2008, 50 (6):500-503. [29] M. Anandarajan, and B. Arinze, (2010), "Factors that Determine the Adoption of Cloud Computing: A Global Perspective", International Journal of Enterprise Information Systems, IJEIS, 6(4): 55-68. [30] R. Miller, (2011), “Understanding the Different Levels http://www.businessservicemanagementhub.com/2011/03/16/understanding-the- of Cloud Computing", different-levels of- Cloud-computing/ accessed 7th October, 2020. [31] F. Shimba, "Cloud Computing: Strategies for Cloud Computing Adoption". Masters Dissertation at the school of computing Dublin. Dublin Institute of Technology, 2010. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Journal of Natural Sciences and Engineering Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 2637-2835 DOI Digital object identifier 10.14706 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Description An account of the resource Journal of Natural Sciences and Engineering (JONSAE) is a peer-reviewed, biannually published international journal focusing on empirical and theoretical research in all branches of Engineering and Natural Sciences. It is published on the behalf of Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences of International Burch University and aims to provide the best content regarding by publishing original research papers, review articles, special issues, feature articles, and book reviews. All manuscript submissions are subject to initial appraisal by the Editor, and, if found suitable for further consideration, to peer review by independent, anonymous referees. All peer review is double-blind and submission is online. The journal welcomes theoretical, applied, interdisciplinary and methodological work, with preference on empirical research, critical approach and problem-solving methods in manuscripts. Language A language of the resource English Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Understanding Forms and Models of Cloud Computing Technologies Adopted in the Selected Institutions in Southwestern Nigeria Author Author Gbonjubola Oluwafunmilayo Binuyo Abstract A summary of the resource. The study examined the forms and models of cloud computing technology adopted in the selected institutions from four states in Southwestern Nigeria. The three purposively selected institutions were Federal, State and Private owned making twelve institutions. However, the administered questionnaire was filled in by the ten (10) IT personnel, ten (10) lecturers and five (5) students from each of the selected institutions making 300 respondents. The questionnaire elicited information on the forms and models of cloud computing technology adopted and the extent of use of the adopted cloud computing technologies in the selected institutions. Secondary data were obtained from relevant literature. Data collected were analysed with descriptive and inferential statistics. The study concludes that the forms of cloud computing technology adopted by the selected institutions in Southwestern Nigeria are infrastructure-as-a-service (IaaS), software-as-a-service (SaaS) and platform-as-a-service (PaaS) while software-as-a-service (SaaS) is often used by the institutions. Also, the models of adopted cloud computing technology are private, public, hybrid and community cloud computing by the selected institutions in Southwestern Nigeria. The adopted forms and models of cloud computing technology are used for different business functions such as payroll, procurement, human resources, accounting and finance, CRM, application development, and project management. Keywords Keywords. Cloud computing, Institutions and Nigeria Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 2637-2835 DOI Digital object identifier 10.14706/JONSAE2021318 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/3e29a24de2aad35cf65a64d999ddabeb.docx 2a5dcefd8a320d928406bdf7d94cefa0 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/e035ddb9f8cc5f8737c7163fffbb76a7.pdf 26c25e5833ae62468153462a5132f094 PDF Text Text Understanding Integrated Marketing Communication: Theory and Application Adnan Murad International Burch University Bosnia And Herzegovina adnan.murad@live.com Abstract: Integrated marketing communication (IMC) emerged as a concept in the late twentieth century and its significance has been mounting ever since. Nowadays, companies are necessitated by the intensity of competition to use integrated marketing communication components in order to be effective. The primary purpose of this study is to understand the modern dynamics of integrated marketing communication and craft a marketing communication strategy for a small-sized beverage producing company Sokd.o.o. in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The study focuses on defining what kind of communication activities the company in the case requires in order to nurture its interaction with customers and increase brand awareness. The application will be based on Schultz and Kitchen Model of integrated marketing communication. The first part of research is primarily based on a qualitative study of relevant marketing literature that delineates a comparison amid traditional and modern marketing techniques. Subsequently, analyses of the company in case, product, segment and marketing environment were carried out in order to augment the understanding of marketing communication activities that could be used for Sokd.o.o. Customer feedback is also gathered in order to illustrate the basic needs and requirements of consumers. The second part of the research focuses on developing an integrated marketing communication plan based on literature review, consumer feedback, interview with company personnel, and promotional objectives. The findings of this study will help Sokd.o.o. to scrutinize current consumer needs, potential consumer expectations, and present product position. This research will also provide Sokd.o.o. with highly valuable tips and techniques to put into practice integrated marketing communication campaign. On the whole, this research will open doors for future research in the segment of integrated marketing communications in Bosnia and Herzegovina with respect to small-sized firms. Keywords:Integrated marketing communication, segment analysis, customer feedback, consumer needs. 197 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2587 Title A name given to the resource Understanding Integrated Marketing Communication: Theory and Application Author Author Adnan, MURAD Abstract A summary of the resource. Integrated marketing communication (IMC) emerged as a concept in the late twentieth century and its significance has been mounting ever since. Nowadays, companies are necessitated by the intensity of competition to use integrated marketing communication components in order to be effective. The primary purpose of this study is to understand the modern dynamics of integrated marketing communication and craft a marketing communication strategy for a small-sized beverage producing company Sokd.o.o. in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The study focuses on defining what kind of communication activities the company in the case requires in order to nurture its interaction with customers and increase brand awareness. The application will be based on Schultz and Kitchen Model of integrated marketing communication. The first part of research is primarily based on a qualitative study of relevant marketing literature that delineates a comparison amid traditional and modern marketing techniques. Subsequently, analyses of the company in case, product, segment and marketing environment were carried out in order to augment the understanding of marketing communication activities that could be used for Sokd.o.o. Customer feedback is also gathered in order to illustrate the basic needs and requirements of consumers. The second part of the research focuses on developing an integrated marketing communication plan based on literature review, consumer feedback, interview with company personnel, and promotional objectives. The findings of this study will help Sokd.o.o. to scrutinize current consumer needs, potential consumer expectations, and present product position. This research will also provide Sokd.o.o. with highly valuable tips and techniques to put into practice integrated marketing communication campaign. On the whole, this research will open doors for future research in the segment of integrated marketing communications in Bosnia and Herzegovina with respect to small-sized firms. Keywords:Integrated marketing communication, segment analysis, customer feedback, consumer needs. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014-04-24 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-4564 H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/deb53ac802d31974eefdb0c7d32f9313.pdf 893f25ea0fd0cd621a5e531393e0cbaf PDF Text Text Aygul ANAVATAN / Murat KARAOZ Karaöz, M., & Albeni, M., (2011), İş Kuluçkalarında Yeni Kurulan Girişimlerin Hayatta Kalma ve üyüme Performansını Etkileyen Faktörler: KO GE İş Geliştirme Merkezleri (İŞGEM) Üzerine ir Araştırma. The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TÜBİTAK). (Issue Brief No. 109K139). Kleinbaum, D.G., & Klein, M. (2005). urvival Analysis: A elf- earning ext (2nd Ed.). New York: Springer. Journal of Economic and Social Studies Unit Root Properties of Energy Consumption and Production in Turkey Scheike, T. H. (2004). Time-Varying Effects in Survival Analysis. In: N. Balakrishnan & C.R. Rao. (Ed.), Advances in urvival Analysis, 61-85. Amsterdam: Elsevier North-Holland. Özgür Polat Department of Economics Dicle University, Diyarbakır, Turkey opolat@dicle.edu.tr Sertkaya, D., Ata, N., & özer, M. T. (2005). Yaşam çözümlemesinde zamana bağlı açıklayıcı değişkenli Cox regresyon modeli. Ankara Üniversitesi ıp akültesi Mecmuası, 58, 153-58. Tabatabai, M. A., Bursac, Z., Williams, D. K., & Singh, K. P. (2007). Hypertabastic survival model. Theoretical Biology and Medical Modelling, 4:40. Enes E. Uslu Department of Econometrics Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey ertad10@hotmail.com Yay, M., Çoker, E., & Uysal, Ö. (2007). Yaşam Analizinde Cox Regresyon Modeli ve Artıkların İncelenmesi, errahpaşa ıp ergisi, 38, 139-45. Hüseyin Kalyoncu Department of International Trade Meliksah University, Kayseri, Turkey hkalyoncu@meliksah.edu.tr Abstr ct This study analyzes unit root properties of total and sectorial energy production and consumption series of urkey. This study is the first to analyze unit root properties of urkish energy production and consumption in detail. The unit root analysis of energy production and consumption are tested by using unit root tests based on M considering without structural break and with one and two structural breaks. According to unit root test without structural break, the unit root hypothesis is rejected only for consumption of natural gas. The unit root hypothesis is rejected for 15 out of the 33 series by the test with one structural break. When unit root test with two structural breaks are conducted, 25 out of the 33 series are found to be stationary around a deterministic trend. The production of hydraulic and the consumption of lignite, electricity, petroleum, coal and electricity, total energy and petroleum consumption in ransportation sector are found to be nonstationary, which indicates that the impacts of innovations on these variables will be permanent. The policy implication of the results suggests that the impacts of shocks on energy consumption and production will be temporary and not have a long memory for most of variables. KEYWO D nergy onsumption, nergy Production, nit oot Analysis, urkey A I LE HI O Y ubmitted: 04 ctober 2012 esubmitted: 24 ecember 2012 Accepted: 25 March 2013 JEL ode: Q43, Q48 Volume 3 Number 2 Fall 2013 69 �Özgür Polat / Enes E. Uslu / Hüseyin Kalyoncu Unit Root Properties of Energy Consumption and Production in Turkey Introduction Y = F ( L, K , E ) (1) The impact of unit root properties of energy variables for the formulation and consequences of economic policies are crucial in several aspects, especially on structural transitions from shocks in energy markets towards key macroeconomic variables (Mishra, Sharma, & Smyth, 2009; Narayan & Smyth, 2007). Impact of shocks on energy variable can be permanent or transitory according to its unit root properties. If the energy variable is stationary, impact of shocks will be transitory and long short term. On the other hand, if the energy variable is not stationary, the impacts of shocks will be permanent and have a long memory. Hendry and Juselius (2000) indicate that economic variables can inherit unit root properties from related economic variables and can in turn transmit this property to other related variables. They argued that relationship between economic variables can spread unit root properties throughout the economy. In this context, knowledge of unit root properties of an energy variable is of importance, since this property can be inherited by related macroeconomic variables. The impact of energy demand on economic activity can be serious. The literature has shown that energy price shocks, via their substantial impact on energy consumption, have significant impacts on output (Chang & Wong, 2003; Du, Yanan, & Wei, 2010; Hamilton, 1996, 2007; Huang, Hwang, & Peng, 2005; Jayaraman & Choong, 2009; Jiménez-Rodríguez, 2008; Lardic & Mignon, 2008; B. R. Lee, Lee, & Ratti, 2001; Lorde, Jackman, & Thomas, 2009; Zhang, 2011), inflation (Chang & Wong, 2003; Cologni & Manera, 2008; Cuñado & Pérez de Gracia, 2003; Ewing & Thompson, 2007), unemployment (Carruth, Hooker, & Oswald, 1998; Chang & Wong, 2003; Rafiq, Salim, & Bloch, 2009), employment (Papapetrou, 2001), stock market (Arouri, Lahiani, & Nguyen, 2011; Basher, Haug, & Sadorsky, 2012; Evangelia, 2001; Filis, Degiannakis, & Floros, 2011; Park & Ratti, 2008; Sadorsky, 1999), investment (Rafiq et al., 2009), the budget deficit (Rafiq et al., 2009), exchange rate (Ayadi, 2005; Basher et al., 2012; S. S. Chen & Chen, 2007; Narayan, Narayan, & Prasad, 2008; Özturk, Feridun, & Kalyoncu, 2008), interest rate (Lowinger, Wihlborg, & Willman, 1985; Park & Ratti, 2008), exports (Chiou Wei & Zhu, 2002; Faria, Mollick, Albuquerque, & León-Ledesma, 2009; Zhang, 2011), fluctuations in business cycle (Kim & Loungani, 1992) and money supply (Zhang, 2011). where output (Y) is production, (L) is labour, (K) is capital and (E) is energy use of a firm. The profits (π) of a firm can be estimated as: (2) where P is the price of output per unit, W is the nominal wage paid for labour, Q is the nominal cost of energy used in the production process and r is the nominal rate of rented capital. The equilibrium energy price for rational firm will be at a level where marginal product of energy is equal to unit price of energy: FE ( L, K , E ) = Q / P (3) where FE(L,K,E) is the partial derivative of F(.) regarding E. The following equation will be obtained in case both sides of the equation (3) are multiplied by E and divided by Y: (4) Eq (4) indicates that the elasticity of output regarding change in energy consumption used in the production process can be derived from the cost of the energy used to produce the total output. Disruptions in energy production will affect energy prices and a change in energy prices used in production process will also have a significant impact on output of an economy as shown in Eq (4). Therefore, shocks on non-stationary energy production series will be permanent and affect economic activity perpetually , while shocks on stationary energy production series will be transitory and affect economic activity temporarily, via transmission mechanism (Narayan, Narayan, & Smyth, 2008). The unit root properties of energy variables are of importance for forecasting these variables. Accurate forecasts are crucial for energy planning and policy formulation. Future values of a stationary energy variable can be forecasted based on its past behavior (P. F. Chen & Lee, 2007), while past data about a nonstationary energy variable are useless in forecasting (Mishra et al., 2009). Besides shocks on energy demand, Hamilton (2007) showed that disruptions on energy supply can also have significant impact on economic activity by presenting a model based on Cobb-Douglas production function as below: Stationarity of energy consumption can be due to a multitude of factors. Hsu, Lee, and Lee (2008) suggested that abundance of energy resources, less energy consumption, new environmental regulations and laws introduced by governments and middle income level may lead to stationarity of energy consumption. 70 Volume 3 Journal of Economic and Social Studies Number 2 Fall 2013 71 �Özgür Polat / Enes E. Uslu / Hüseyin Kalyoncu Unit Root Properties of Energy Consumption and Production in Turkey The goal of this study is to analyze the unit root properties of energy consumption and production in Turkey by employing a Lagrange Multiplier based unit root test without structural break proposed by Schmidt and Phillips (1992) (SP) and a unit root test considering one structural break proposed by J. Lee and Strazicich (2004) (LS) and two structural breaks developed by J. Lee and Strazicich (2003) (LS). If the time series of the variable to be tested for the unit root properties has structural breaks, the unit root hypothesis cannot be rejected by conventional unit root tests (Perron, 1989). Monte Carlo simulations point that statistical performance of LS is better than other alternatives (Narayan, Narayan, & Popp, 2010). This study is the first to investigate unit root properties of Turkish energy production and consumption in detail. The next section briefly summarizes the literature on studies analyzing the unit root properties of energy consumption and production. Section 3 describes data used in the analysis. Section 4 summarizes the unit root tests used in this study. Section 5 presents results of the unit root test. Section 6 discusses main findings and implications of the results for policy formulation and implementation. countries between January 1973 and December 2007. The results of their study show the presence of threshold effects on the crude oil production and unit root for 11 of the countries in both regimes and a partial unit root for the others. In contrast to the dearth of studies investigating unit root properties of energy production series, there are numerous studies on unit root properties of energy consumption. Narayan and Smyth (2007) analyze the stationarity properties of per capita energy consumption of 182 countries for the period of 1979 to 2000 by using annual data. The results of univariate unit root test indicate that the series of 56 countries are nonstationary at the 10% level or better. The panel data unit root test indicate that there is overwhelming evidence about stationary of energy consumption. P. F. Chen and Lee (2007) investigate energy consumption per capita series of 7 regional panel sets for the period of 1971 to 2002 by employing panel unit root testing procedure, and find stationary structure in all series. A substantial literature review about the unit root properties of energy consumption can be found in P. F. Chen and Lee (2007), Hsu et al. (2008) and Aslan and Kum (2011). Brief Overview of the Literature Although there have been numerous studies analyzing the unit root properties of energy consumption series, only a handful of studies have investigated energy production. Barros, Gil-Alana, and Payne (2011) examine the time series behavior of oil production for 13 OPEC member countries for the period of January 1973 and October 2008. They found that oil production series have mean reverting persistence with breaks identified in 10 out of the 13 countries. The results of the study indicate that the impact of shocks on oil production in these countries will be persistent in the long run for all countries. Narayan, Narayan, and Smyth (2008) analyze the unit root properties of crude oil production for 60 countries by conducting panel data unit root tests with and without structural breaks between 1971 and 2003. The results of tests without a structural break are inconclusive, while the results of test with a structural break are conclusive and indicate the stationary structure of production series of crude oil and natural gas liquids. Data The unit root properties of primary total production, total and sectorial consumption of various energy variables of Turkey covering different periods are explored in this study as shown in Table 1. The data are obtained from Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources (MENR) of Turkey. The periods of analysis are determined by data availability. All data used in this study are transformed to natural logarithmic form prior to unit root tests. Descriptive statistics of the variables subject to analysis are presented in Table 1. Maslyuk and Smyth (2009) test for non-linarities and unit roots in crude oil production. They used monthly crude oil production for 17 OPEC and non-OPEC 72 Journal of Economic and Social Studies Volume 3 Number 2 Fall 2013 73 �Özgür Polat / Enes E. Uslu / Hüseyin Kalyoncu Unit Root Properties of Energy Consumption and Production in Turkey 1000 Production - Natural Gas 400 600 800 200 0 1953 1963 1973 Years 1983 1993 2003 1986 Petroleum 1950 Years 1996 2006 Hydraulic 1960 1970 1980 Years 1990 2000 2010 1950 1960 1970 Coal 1980 Years 1990 2000 2010 Lignite 0 1950 Note: TEP indicates Ton Equivalent Petroleum 1976 2013 4000 8461 1810 1773 2680 3826 3976 22 4926 2428 2079 1208 1058 149 6117 1670 2227 1152 1943 Production - Hydraulic 1000 2000 3000 15218 4699 2630 2508 8869 8637 36 16368 3346 2252 2083 1927 129 18450 4700 2381 1471 1933 0 TEP TEP TEP TEP TEP TEP TEP TEP TEP TEP TEP TEP TEP TEP TEP TEP TEP 1923 15000 3942 4061 7786 10980 1215 296 615 43089 Natural Gas Production - Lignite 5000 10000 6411 8084 23066 9089 1971 354 4776 28122 Electricity 200000 TEP TEP TEP TEP TEP TEP TEP 106 kWh Figure 1. Energy Production (Source: MENR) Production - Electricity 100000 150000 50000 623 4569 1325 284 1329 309 764 53778 0 2097 5498 2325 293 1322 318 4405 34695 5000 TEP TEP TEP TEP TEP TEP TEP 106 kWh Production - Petroleum 2000 3000 4000 Std. Dev. 1000 Mean 1000 IND IND_PET IND_ECT IND_NGS TPT TPT_PET TPT_ECT RES RES_PET RES_ECT ACL ACL_PET ACL_ECT OSC OSC_PET OSC_ECT NEY Unit 0 CCL CLT CPM CNG CHC CGL CWD CEY Period Production Coal 1950 - 2008 Lignite 1950 - 2008 Petroleum 1950 - 2008 Natural Gas 1976 - 2008 Hydraulic 1950 - 2008 Geothermal 1963 - 2008 Wood 1950 - 2008 Electricity 1923 - 2009 Consumption Coal 1970 - 2009 Lignite 1970 - 2009 Petroleum 1970 - 2009 Natural Gas 1976 - 2009 Hydraulic 1970 - 2009 Geothermal 1970 - 2009 Wood 1970 - 2009 Electricity 1923 - 2009 Sectorial Consumption Industrial 1970 - 2009 Industrial (Petroleum) 1970 - 2009 Industrial (Electricity) 1970 - 2009 Industrial (Natural gas) 1976 - 2009 Transportation 1970 - 2009 Transportation (Petroleum) 1970 - 2009 Transportation (Electricity) 1970 - 2009 Residential 1970 - 2009 Residential (Petroleum) 1970 - 2009 Residential (Electricity) 1970 - 2009 Agricultural 1970 - 2009 Agricultural (Petroleum) 1970 - 2009 Agricultural (Electricity) 1970 - 2009 Other sectors 1970 - 2009 Other sectors (Petroleum) 1970 - 2009 Other sectors (Electricity) 1970 - 2009 Non-energy 1970 - 2009 3000 PCL PLT PPM PNG PHC PGL PWD PEY Series Name Production - Coal 2500 2000 Series Code parison to other series in recent years. The decrease in wood production for energy usage indicates substitution for this resource with other energy resources such as natural gas. Trends for other series increase with some fluctuations over the periods analyzed and display steep increase thereafter. However, electricity and geothermal production series have no serious fluctuation indicating successful production policies on these energy variables and these production process variables’ structural strength towards disruptive shocks. 1500 Table 1. Descriptive Statistics 1960 1970 1980 Years 1990 2000 2010 1950 1960 1970 1980 Years 1990 2000 2010 Time series plot for the production of energy variables of Turkey are shown in Figure 1. Decrease in petroleum, coal and wood production series are remarkable in com- 74 Journal of Economic and Social Studies Volume 3 Number 2 Fall 2013 75 �Özgür Polat / Enes E. Uslu / Hüseyin Kalyoncu Unit Root Properties of Energy Consumption and Production in Turkey Petroleum Geothermal Hydraulic 4000 Consumption - Hydraulic 1000 2000 3000 0 1000 Production - Geothermal 400 600 800 Consumption - Petroleum 15000 20000 25000 30000 1970 1980 1990 Years 2000 1970 2010 1980 1950 1960 1970 1980 Years 1990 2000 2010 1963 1973 1983 Years 1993 2000 2010 2000 2010 2000 2010 2003 15000 Consumption - Coal 5000 10000 Consumption - Lignite 5000 10000 0 0 1970 1980 1990 Years 2000 2010 5500 Consumption - Wood 4000 4500 5000 0 1970 1980 1990 Years 2000 2010 1970 1980 1990 Years 0 0 Consumption - Electricity 50000 100000 Consumption - Natural Gas 10000 20000 30000 150000 1990 Years 3500 200 Natural Gas 40000 Electricity 1980 Wood Consumption - Geothermal 400 600 800 Figure 2. Energy Consumption (Source: MENR) 1970 Geothermal 1000 Time series plot for consumption of energy variables of Turkey are shown in Figure 2. Only consumption of geothermal and wood series for energy usage significantly decrease among all energy variables. The decrease in wood consumption is consistent with its decrease in production, owing to alternative energy resources such as natural gas production. The increase in consumption of electricity, natural gas and petroleum are remarkable compared to other variables, and indicate the importance of these energy resources for economy in Turkey. Although the price of natural gas in Turkey is the highest in the world (Altunsoy, 2008), the remarkable increase in its consumption indicates it is still cheaper than other energy resources in Turkey. Coal 15000 Lignite 1923 76 1990 Years 0 3000 200 10000 5500 3500 Production - Wood 4000 4500 5000 35000 Wood 1933 1943 1953 1963 1973 Years 1983 1993 2003 2013 1975 1985 1995 Years 2005 Journal of Economic and Social Studies Time series plot for sectorial consumption of energy variables of Turkey are shown in Figure 3. The increase in energy consumption in industry indicates how the importance of industry has increased in the economy. At the end of 1990s, use of petroleum decrease significantly in industry. When compared to other energy resources, the significant increase in natural gas consumption in industry indicates a substitution between energy resources because of increasing oil prices and energy Volume 3 Number 2 Fall 2013 77 �Özgür Polat / Enes E. Uslu / Hüseyin Kalyoncu Unit Root Properties of Energy Consumption and Production in Turkey 80 30000 Total Residental Consumption - Residential 15000 20000 25000 10000 0 Figure 3. Sectorial Energy Consumption (Source: MENR) Transportation Electricity Consumption - Transportation (Electricity) 20 40 60 policies promoting natural gas consumption. Total energy consumption in every sector increased with a positive trend indicating the rapid growth in the Turkish economy in the last decade. Structural breaks are clear in 1994, 1999, 2001 and 2008 when economic crises occurred. Industrial Petroleum 1970 2000 1980 1990 Years 2000 2010 1980 1990 Years 2000 2010 Residental Electricity 8000 10000 1970 2010 1970 2010 Consumption - Residential (Electricity) 2000 4000 6000 1990 Years 2000 0 1980 1990 Years Consumption - Residential (Petroleum) 2000 4000 6000 8000 2000 Consumption - Industrial 10000 20000 0 1970 1980 Residental Petroleum Consumption - Industrial (Petroleum) 4000 6000 8000 30000 10000 Total Industrial Industrial Natural Gas 1970 2000 1985 1995 Years 2005 2000 2010 2000 2010 1970 1980 1990 Years 2000 1970 2010 Journal of Economic and Social Studies 1980 1990 Years 2000 2010 2000 2010 35000 10000 Consumption - Other sectors 15000 20000 25000 30000 Consumption - Agricultural (Electricity) 100 200 300 400 0 1990 Years 2010 Total Other Sectors 0 78 1980 2000 5000 1990 Years 500 Consumption - Transportation (Petroleum) 5000 10000 15000 20000 20000 Consumption - Transportation 5000 10000 15000 1980 Agriculture Electricity Transportation Petroleum 0 1970 1990 Years 0 1970 Total Transportation 1980 Agriculture Petroleum 5000 1975 2010 1970 2010 Consumption - Agricultural (Petroleum) 1000 2000 3000 4000 1990 Years 2000 0 1980 1990 Years Consumption - Agricultural 1000 2000 3000 4000 0 0 1970 1980 Total Agriculture Consumption - Industrial (Natural gas) 2000 4000 6000 Consumption - Industrial (Electricity) 2000 4000 6000 8000 Industrial Electricity 1970 Volume 3 1980 Number 2 1990 Years 2000 Fall 2013 2010 1970 1980 1990 Years 79 �Özgür Polat / Enes E. Uslu / Hüseyin Kalyoncu Unit Root Properties of Energy Consumption and Production in Turkey λ (= λ1 TB1 / T , λ= TB 2 / T ) ) LS To determine the location of the breaks (= 2 procedure utilizes a grid search as follows: Other Sectors Petroleum 1970 1980 1990 Years 2000 2010 LMτ = inf τλ ( λ ) (8) Break points are where the corresponding test statistic is minimal. 2000 0 Consumption - Other sectors (Electricity) 2000 4000 6000 8000 Consumption - Other sectors (Petroleum) 4000 6000 8000 10000 Other Sectors Electricity 1970 1980 1990 Years 2000 2010 Results Econometric Methodology The LS unit root test is based on Lagrangian Multiplier (LM) for trending data. J. Lee and Strazicich (2003, 2004) extended Schmidt and Phillips (1992) methodology by considering structural breaks. The form of the test allows endogenous determination of two structural breaks under both the null and alternative hypotheses for a change in both the level and trend. DYt =δ ′DZt + ϕ St −1 + ε t , (5) where Z t = [1, t , D1t , D2t , DT1t , DT2t ] is a vector of exogenous variables, δ = [ µ , γ , d1 , d 2 , d3 , d 4 ] is a parameter vector of Zt and the subsequent dummies, which allow two time changes in the level and trend, are as follows: 1 t ≥ TBj + 1 = D jt  = and DT jt 0 t < T + 1  Bj (6)  t − TBj t ≥ TBj + 1 , j 1, 2. = t < TBj + 1  0 ψ x= Y1 − Z1δ and St =Yt −ψ x − Ztδ where δ are coefficients in the regression of DYt on DZ t . The null and alternative hypotheses are: H 0 : β − 1 = ϕ = 0 vs H1 : β − 1 = ϕ < 0 The results of the unit root tests with one and two structural breaks and without structural break are presented in Table 2. Three distinct unit root tests are used in this study to distinguish the impacts of structural break(s) on the energy series. We considered breaks at level and trend of the series. The number of lags is determined according to the general to specific method up to specific number of maximum lag1 running by t-statistics significance at the 10% significance level. The unit root hypothesis is rejected only for consumption of natural gas by conventional unit root tests without structural break. The LS unit root test with one structural break rejected the unit root hypothesis for 15 out of the 33 series. When two structural breaks are taken into account, 25 out of the 33 series are found stationary. This series is stationary around deterministic trend with breaks. The production of hydraulic and the consumption of lignite, electricity, petroleum, and coal, total energy consumption in the transportation sector and consumption of petroleum in the transportation sector are found to be non-stationary. According to the results, structural breaks in energy variables of Turkey should be taken into consideration when the unit root properties are examined. If the time series of the variable with structural breaks are tested by conventional unit root tests, the unit root hypothesis may be not cannot rejected (Perron, 1989). Our results verify the theory that the number of rejection of unit root null hypothesis declines when the number of structural breaks is increased. (7) 1 80 Journal of Economic and Social Studies The number of maximum lag depends on number of observation of the series. Volume 3 Number 2 Fall 2013 81 �Özgür Polat / Enes E. Uslu / Hüseyin Kalyoncu Unit Root Properties of Energy Consumption and Production in Turkey Table 2. Results of unit root tests Series PHC PGL PLT PWD PPM PCL PNG PEY CHC CGL CLT CWD CPM CCL CNG CEY IND IND_PET IND_ECT IND_NGS TPT TPT_PET TPT_ECT OSC OSC_PET OSC_ECT RES RES_PET RES_ECT ACL ACL_PET ACL_ECT NEY SP k 0 0 2 8 8 0 8 9 0 3 9 2 6 9 8 11 0 5 6 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 8 1 t statistics -1.52 -2.12 -1.45 -0.73 1.83 -1.99 -2.16 -0.45 0.14 -1.94 -1.93 -0.53 -0.93 -1.80 -3.13c -0.08 -2.22 -1.72 1.45 -1.53 -1.68 -2.56 -2.07 -1.40 -1.15 -0.98 -1.46 -1.07 -1.11 -1.64 -2.73 -1.94 -3.74a LS - one break k t statistics 6 -3.87 3 -3.58 2 -3.44 9 -4.20c 7 -3.37 9 -4.73b 8 -6.65a 9 -3.68 0 -2.33 2 -5.74a 9 -3.87 5 -4.26c 10 -4.30c 10 -2.94 5 -5.76a 11 -4.68b 5 -5.03b 9 -4.14 0 -3.98 4 -3.19 0 -4.11 3 -4.25c 9 -3.95 0 -2.53 1 -4.78b 9 -3.94 0 -2.42 9 -4.97b 9 -3.95 4 -3.61 7 -4.48c 8 -4.95b 2 -5.01b Conclusion TB 1999 2006 1991 1990 1988 1994 1994 1987 1966 1989 1998 1989 1991 1989 1987 1981 2000 2003 1985 1993 1997 1997 2002 2001 2000 1985 2001 1993 1985 1995 1994 1992 2003 LS - two breaks k t statistics 6 -5.04 9 -8.71a 3 -6.35a 6 -5.79b 7 -5.40c 8 -6.46a 2 -16.39a 9 -4.51 7 -5.39b 2 -6.88a 9 -4.62 10 -6.18b 6 -4.65 5 -5.06 2 -9.17a 11 -4.87 5 -5.69b 9 -6.41a 5 -5.97b 6 -8.61a 8 -4.68 8 -5.15 6 -6.99a 6 -8.54a 2 -7.47a 9 -6.40a 6 -8.44a 9 -11.48a 9 -7.02a 7 -6.82a 7 -5.39c 9 -5.64b 3 -6.60a TB1 1983 1987 1987 1984 1988 1988 1988 1944 1968 1975 1979 1972 1965 1975 1988 1981 1991 1989 1984 1994 1987 1987 1986 1982 1996 1982 1982 1987 1982 1993 1993 1994 1997 TB2 1993 2006 2001 1996 1994 1994 2003 1973 1993 1987 1999 1990 2002 1993 1990 1989 2000 1994 2000 1999 1991 1991 2002 1999 2000 1995 1999 1993 1995 2006 1999 2006 2003 Specification of unit root properties of energy consumption and production is crucial for energy policy formulations and implementations. The impact of shocks on energy variables with a stationary process will be temporary and long short term, while impact of shocks on energy variables with a nonstationary process will be permanent and have a long memory. In this study, the unit root properties of total and sectorial energy production and consumption series of Turkey are investigated. This study is the first to investigate unit root properties of Turkish energy production and consumption in detail. The unit root structure for energy variables are tested by using the unit root tests based on LM without structural break and with one and two structural breaks. The results of unit root test without structural break show that the unit root hypothesis is rejected only for consumption of natural gas. In the case of one structural break, the unit root hypothesis is rejected for 15 out of the 33 series by LS test. When two structural breaks are taken into account, 25 out of the 33 series are found to be stationary around a deterministic trend with breaks. The production of hydraulic, the consumption of lignite, electricity, petroleum, coal, electricity, total energy consumption and petroleum consumption in the transportation sector are found to be non-stationary, which indicates that the impact of innovations on these variables will be permanent. The policy implication of these results suggests that the impacts of shocks on energy consumption and production will be temporary and not have a long memory for most of the variables. Therefore, the economic impact of energy stabilization and conservation policies will be temporary in Turkey. The results of this study, which found that most of the variables are stationary, are consistent the consensus about stationarity of energy variables found in numerous other studies (Narayan et al., 2010). In addition, the historical data on these stationary variables can be taken into account to forecast the future values of these variables. Notes: k indicates the number of lags. a, b and c denote significance at the 1% 5% and 10% level, respectively. TB denotes time breaks. 82 Journal of Economic and Social Studies Volume 3 Number 2 Fall 2013 83 �Özgür Polat / Enes E. Uslu / Hüseyin Kalyoncu Unit Root Properties of Energy Consumption and Production in Turkey References Altunsoy, İ. (2008, 1 May 2008). Turkey consumes most expensive gas in the world, TodaysZaman. Retrieved from http://www.todayszaman.com/newsDetail_getNewsById. action?load=detay&link=140592 Ewing, B. T., & Thompson, M. A. (2007). Dynamic cyclical comovements of oil prices with industrial production, consumer prices, unemployment, and stock prices. Energy Policy, 35(11), 5535-5540. doi: 10.1016/j.enpol.2007.05.018 Faria, J. R., Mollick, A. V., Albuquerque, P. H., & León-Ledesma, M. A. (2009). The effect of oil price on China’s exports. China Economic Review, 20(4), 793-805. doi: 10.1016/j.chieco.2009.04.003 Arouri, M. E. H., Lahiani, A., & Nguyen, D. K. (2011). Return and volatility transmission between world oil prices and stock markets of the GCC countries. Economic Modelling, 28(4), 1815-1825. doi: 10.1016/j.econmod.2011.03.012 Filis, G., Degiannakis, S., & Floros, C. (2011). Dynamic correlation between stock market and oil prices: The case of oil-importing and oil-exporting countries. International Review of Financial Analysis, 20(3), 152-164. doi: 10.1016/j.irfa.2011.02.014 Aslan, A., & Kum, H. (2011). The stationary of energy consumption for Turkish disaggregate data by employing linear and nonlinear unit root tests. Energy, 36(7), 4256-4258. doi: 10.1016/j.energy.2011.04.018 Hamilton, J. D. (1996). This is what happened to the oil price-macroeconomy relationship. Journal of Monetary Economics, 38(2), 215-220. doi: 10.1016/s0304-3932(96)01282-2 Ayadi, O. F. (2005). Oil price fluctuations and the Nigerian economy. OPEC Review, 29(3), 199-217. doi: 10.1111/j.0277-0180.2005.00151.x Barros, C. P., Gil-Alana, L. A., & Payne, J. E. (2011). An analysis of oil production by OPEC countries: Persistence, breaks, and outliers. Energy Policy, 39(1), 442-453. doi: 10.1016/j.enpol.2010.10.024 Hamilton, J. D. (2007). Oil and the Macroeconomy. In S. N. Durlauf & L. E. Blume (Eds.), New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics. Hendry, D. F., & Juselius, K. (2000). Explaining cointegration analysis, part1. Energy Journal, 21, 1–42. Basher, S. A., Haug, A. A., & Sadorsky, P. (2012). Oil prices, exchange rates and emerging stock markets. Energy Economics, 34(1), 227-240. doi: 10.1016/j.eneco.2011.10.005 Hsu, Y. C., Lee, C. C., & Lee, C. C. (2008). Revisited: Are shocks to energy consumption permanent or temporary? New evidence from a panel SURADF approach. Energy Economics, 30(5), 23142330. doi: 10.1016/j.eneco.2007.09.007 Carruth, A. A., Hooker, M. A., & Oswald, A. J. (1998). Unemployment Equilibria and Input Prices: Theory and Evidence from the United States. Review of Economics and Statistics, 80(4), 621-628. doi: 10.1162/003465398557708 Huang, B. N., Hwang, M. J., & Peng, H. P. (2005). The asymmetry of the impact of oil price shocks on economic activities: An application of the multivariate threshold model. Energy Economics, 27(3), 455-476. doi: 10.1016/j.eneco.2005.03.001 Chang, Y., & Wong, J. F. (2003). Oil price fluctuations and Singapore economy. Energy Policy, 31(11), 1151-1165. doi: 10.1016/s0301-4215(02)00212-4 Jayaraman, T. K., & Choong, C. K. (2009). Growth and oil price: A study of causal relationships in small Pacific Island countries. Energy Policy, 37(6), 2182-2189. doi: 10.1016/j.enpol.2009.01.025 Chen, P. F., & Lee, C. C. (2007). Is energy consumption per capita broken stationary? New evidence from regional-based panels. Energy Policy, 35(6), 3526-3540. doi: 10.1016/j.enpol.2006.12.027 Jiménez-Rodríguez, R. (2008). The impact of oil price shocks: Evidence from the industries of six OECD countries. Energy Economics, 30(6), 3095-3108. doi: 10.1016/j.eneco.2008.06.002 Chen, S. S., & Chen, H. C. (2007). Oil prices and real exchange rates. Energy Economics, 29(3), 390404. doi: 10.1016/j.eneco.2006.08.003 Kim, I. M., & Loungani, P. (1992). The role of energy in real business cycle models. Journal of Monetary Economics, 29(2), 173-189. doi: 10.1016/0304-3932(92)90011-p Chiou Wei, S. Z., & Zhu, Z. (2002). Sources of export fluctuations: empirical evidence from Taiwan and South Korea, 1981–2000. Journal of Asian Economics, 13(1), 105-118. doi: 10.1016/s10490078(01)00114-2 Lardic, S., & Mignon, V. (2008). Oil prices and economic activity: An asymmetric cointegration approach. Energy Economics, 30(3), 847-855. doi: 10.1016/j.eneco.2006.10.010 Cologni, A., & Manera, M. (2008). Oil prices, inflation and interest rates in a structural cointegrated VAR model for the G-7 countries. Energy Economics, 30(3), 856-888. doi: 10.1016/j.eneco.2006.11.001 Cuñado, J., & Pérez de Gracia, F. (2003). Do oil price shocks matter? Evidence for some European countries. Energy Economics, 25(2), 137-154. doi: 10.1016/s0140-9883(02)00099-3 Du, L., Yanan, H., & Wei, C. (2010). The relationship between oil price shocks and China’s macroeconomy: An empirical analysis. Energy Policy, 38(8), 4142-4151. doi: 10.1016/j.enpol.2010.03.042 Lee, B. R., Lee, K., & Ratti, R. A. (2001). Monetary policy, oil price shocks, and the Japanese economy. Japan and the World Economy, 13(3), 321-349. doi: 10.1016/s0922-1425(01)00065-2 Lee, J., & Strazicich, M. C. (2003). Minimum Lagrange Multiplier Unit Root Test with Two Structural Breaks. Review of Economics and Statistics, 85(4), 1082-1089. doi: 10.1162/003465303772815961 Lee, J., & Strazicich, M. C. (2004). Minimum LM Unit Root Test with One Structural Break. Department of Economics, Appalachian State University. Retrieved from http://econ.appstate.edu/ RePEc/pdf/wp0417.pdf Evangelia, P. (2001). Oil price shocks, stock market, economic activity and employment in Greece. Energy Economics, 23(5), 511-532. doi: 10.1016/s0140-9883(01)00078-0 Lorde, T., Jackman, M., & Thomas, C. (2009). The macroeconomic effects of oil price fluctuations on a small open oil-producing country: The case of Trinidad and Tobago. Energy Policy, 37(7), 27082716. doi: 10.1016/j.enpol.2009.03.004 84 Volume 3 Journal of Economic and Social Studies Number 2 Fall 2013 85 �Journal of Economic and Social Studies Özgür Polat / Enes E. Uslu / Hüseyin Kalyoncu Measuring and Reporting Cost of Quality in a Turkish Manufacturing Company: A Case Study in Electric Industry Lowinger, T. C., Wihlborg, C., & Willman, E. S. (1985). OPEC in world financial markets: Oil prices and interest rates. Journal of International Money and inance, 4(2), 253-266. doi: 10.1016/02615606(85)90047-6 Maslyuk, S., & Smyth, R. (2009). Non-linear unit root properties of crude oil production. nergy conomics, 31(1), 109-118. doi: 10.1016/j.eneco.2008.09.004 Mishra, V., Sharma, S., & Smyth, R. (2009). Are fluctuations in energy consumption per capita transitory? Evidence from a panel of Pacific Island countries. nergy Policy, 37(6), 2318-2326. doi: 10.1016/j.enpol.2009.02.022 Narayan, P. K., Narayan, S., & Popp, S. (2010). Energy consumption at the state level: The unit root null hypothesis from Australia. Applied nergy, 87(6), 1953-1962. doi: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2009.10.022 Narayan, P. K., Narayan, S., & Prasad, A. (2008). Understanding the oil price-exchange rate nexus for the Fiji islands. nergy conomics, 30(5), 2686-2696. doi: 10.1016/j.eneco.2008.03.003 Narayan, P. K., Narayan, S., & Smyth, R. (2008). Are oil shocks permanent or temporary? Panel data evidence from crude oil and NGL production in 60 countries. nergy conomics, 30(3), 919-936. doi: 10.1016/j.eneco.2007.07.005 Hilmi KIRLIOĞLU, Sakarya University, Faculty of Business Administration, Department of Accounting and Finance, / 54187 Esentepe/Sakarya, Turkey. hilmik@sakarya.edu.tr Narayan, P. K., & Smyth, R. (2007). Are shocks to energy consumption permanent or temporary? Evidence from 182 countries. nergy Policy, 35(1), 333-341. doi: 10.1016/j.enpol.2005.11.027 Özturk, İ., Feridun, M., & Kalyoncu, H. (2008). Do Oil Prices Effect the USD/YTL Exchange Rate: Evidence from Turkey. 18(115), 48-61. Papapetrou, E. (2001). Oil price shocks, stock market, economic activity and employment in Greece. nergy conomics, 23(5), 511-532. doi: 10.1016/s0140-9883(01)00078-0 Park, J., & Ratti, R. A. (2008). Oil price shocks and stock markets in the U.S. and 13 European countries. nergy conomics, 30(5), 2587-2608. doi: 10.1016/j.eneco.2008.04.003 Perron, P. (1989). The Great Crash, the Oil Shock and the unit root hypothesis. conometrica, 57(6), 1361–1402. Rafiq, S., Salim, R., & Bloch, H. (2009). Impact of crude oil price volatility on economic activities: An empirical investigation in the Thai economy. esources Policy, 34(3), 121-132. doi: 10.1016/j. resourpol.2008.09.001 Sadorsky, P. (1999). Oil price shocks and stock market activity. nergy conomics, 21(5), 449-469. doi: 10.1016/s0140-9883(99)00020-1 Schmidt, P., & Phillips, P. C. B. (1992). LM Tests for a Unit Root in the Presence of Deterministic Trends. xford Bulletin of conomics and tatistics, 54(3), 257-287. doi: 10.1111/j.14680084.1992.tb00002.x Zhang, Q. (2011). The Impact of International Oil Price Fluctuation on China’s Economy. nergy Procedia, 5(0), 1360-1364. doi: 10.1016/j.egypro.2011.03.235 86 Journal of Economic and Social Studies Zülküf ÇEVİK, Sakarya University, Faculty of Business Administration, Department of Accounting and Finance, / 54187 Esentepe/Sakarya, Turkey. zcevik@sakarya.edu.tr A A ontemporarily, the competition in the markets has thoroughly heated up. Many companies try to decrease their costs in order to survive in this cruel market. In this respects, the quality costs gain importance in all over the world and in urkey, too.In this study, the implementation of quality costs measuring and reporting system has been performed in a company. Accordingly, the data has been collected from a urkish manufacturing company. The data gathered from this company’s accounting department has been used for studying on quality costs measuring and reporting system. onsequently, it is found out that the company cannot measure its quality costs adequately, for this reason quality reporting system in the company is not efficient. The company needs to give more significance to the quality costs measuring and reporting. JEL odes: 15, M41, M49, Volume 3 Number 2 Fall 2013 KEYWO D otal Quality Management, Quality osts, Managerial Accounting. A I LE HI O Y ubmitted:23 eptember 2012 esubmitted:16 ovember 2012 Accepted:25 ecember 2012 87 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2387 Title A name given to the resource Unit Root Properties of Energy Consumption and Production in Turkey Author Author Polat, Özgür Uslu, Enes E. KALYONCU, Hüseyin Abstract A summary of the resource. This study analyzes unit root properties of total and sectorial energy production and consumption series of urkey. This study is the first to analyze unit root properties of urkish energy production and consumption in detail. The unit root analysis of energy production and consumption are tested by using unit root tests based on M considering without structural break and with one and two structural breaks. According to unit root test without structural break, the unit root hypothesis is rejected only for consumption of natural gas. The unit root hypothesis is rejected for 15 out of the 33 series by the test with one structural break. When unit root test with two structural breaks are conducted, 25 out of the 33 series are found to be stationary around a deterministic trend. The production of hydraulic and the consumption of lignite, electricity, petroleum, coal and electricity, total energy and petroleum consumption in ransportation sector are found to be nonstationary, which indicates that the impacts of innovations on these variables will be permanent. The policy implication of the results suggests that the impacts of shocks on energy consumption and production will be temporary and not have a long memory for most of variables. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-12-19 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/8f11ac607ee7928cbc9fa617ed4aeac6.pdf 33e58fdbbd4c94711e94595e8f1b4fd7 PDF Text Text China India The UAE Notes: In the U.S., CT was the only sector that received more VC in 2009 compared to 2008, which experienced a 52% increase to $2.7 billion (Zaborowski2009). 5ii While the CT market has been growing since the 1970s (solar panels and wind energy have had a small but loyal consumer), investment in this sector is taking off in recent years (Gangemi2007). iii The well-known Moore's Law states that the number of transistors on a chip doubles every 18 to 24 months, driving exponential growth rate of computing power. Over the past 40 years, Moore's Law has been found to be remarkably accurate. For instance, the number of transistors on a single chip increased from 2,300 on the 4004 chip developed in 1971 to 42 million on the Pentium IV processor developed in 2000 (Hamilton, 2001). Moore (2001) was confident that his law 'will be true for another 20 years'. A corollary of Moore's Law is that the cost of computing declines by about 35% every year (Palem 2001). iv This framework draws upon Ahmad and Hoffmann (2008). Unit Root Properties Of Energy Consumption And Production In Turkey Özgür Polata1,Enes E. Uslub2, Hüseyin Kalyoncuc3 1Department of Economics, Dicle University, Diyarbakır/Turkey. 2Turkstat Expert, Turkish Statistical Institute, Ankara, Turkey Necatibey c. Yucetepe m. No:114 Ankara, Turkey 3 Department of International Trade, Meliksah University, Kayseri/Turkey E-mails: opolat@dicle.edu.tr , enesuslu@tuik.gov.tr, hkalyoncu@meliksah.edu.tr Abstract In this study, unit root properties of total and sectorial energy production and consumption series of Turkey are investigated. This study is the first to investigate unit root properties of Turkish energy production. The unit root null hypothesis for energy variables are tested by using unit root tests based on LM considering without structural break and with one and two structural breaks. The results of the unit root test without structural break show that the unit root hypothesis is rejected only for consumption of natural gas. The unit root hypothesis is 5 Süleyman Demirel University, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Department of Public Finance 233 �rejected for 15 out of the 33 series by the LS test with one structural break. When two structural breaks are taken into account, 25 out of the 33 series are found to be stationary around a deterministic trend. The production of hydraulic and the consumption of lignite, electricity, petroleum, coal and electricity, total energy and petroleum consumption in Transportation sector are found to be non-stationary, which indicates that the impacts of innovations on these variables will be permanent. The policy implication of the results suggests that the impacts of shocks on energy consumption and production will be temporary and not have a long memory for most of variables. Keywords: unit root, energy production, energy consumption, structural break, Turkey 1.INTRODUCTION The unit root properties of energy variables for the formulation and implications of economic policies are crucial in several aspects, especially on structural transitions from shocks in energy markets towards key macroeconomic variables (Mishra et al., 2009; Narayan and Smyth, 2007). Impact of shocks on energy variable can be permanent or transitory according to its unit root properties. If the energy variable is stationary, impact of shocks will be transitory and long short term. On the other hand, if the energy variable is not stationary, the impacts of shocks will be permanent and have a long memory. Hendry and Juselius (2000) indicate that economic variables can inherit unit root properties from related economic variables and can in turn transmit this property to other related variables. They argued that relationship between economic variables can spread unit root properties throughout the economy. In this context, knowledge of unit root properties of an energy variable is of importance, since this property can be inherited by related macroeconomic variables. The impact of energy demand on economic activity can be serious. The literature has shown that energy price shocks, via their substantial impact on energy consumption, have significant impacts on output (Chang and Wong, 2003; Du et al., 2010; Hamilton, 1996, 2007; Huang et al., 2005; Jayaraman and Choong, 2009; Jiménez-Rodríguez, 2008; Lardic and Mignon, 2008; Lee et al., 2001; Lorde et al., 2009; Zhang, 2011), inflation (Berument and Taşçı, 2002; Chang and Wong, 2003; Cologni and Manera, 2008; Cuñado and Pérez de Gracia, 2003; Du et al., 2010; Ewing and Thompson, 2007), unemployment (Carruth et al., 1998; Chang and Wong, 2003; Doğrul and Soytas, 2010; Rafiq et al., 2009), employment (Papapetrou, 2001), stock market (Arouri et al., 2011; Basher et al.; Filis et al., 2011; Huang et al., 2005; Papapetrou, 2001; Park and Ratti, 2008; Sadorsky, 1999), investment (Rafiq et al., 2009), the budget deficit (Rafiq et al., 2009), exchange rate (Ayadi, 2005; Basher et al.; Chen and Chen, 2007; Narayan et al., 2008a; Özturk et al., 2008), interest rate (Lowinger et al., 1985; Park and Ratti, 2008), exports (Chiou-Wei and Zhu; Faria et al., 2009; Zhang, 2011), fluctuations in business cycle (Kim and Loungani, 1992) and money supply (Zhang, 2011). Besides shocks on energy demand, Hamilton (2007) showed that disruptions on energy supply can also have significant impact on economic activity by presenting a model based on CobbDouglas production function relating output (Y) produced by a firm to inputs of labour (L), capital (K) and energy use (E) as below: Y  F ( L, K , E ) (1) The profits (π) of the firm can be calculated as follows:   PY  WL  rK  QE (2) 234 �Where P is the price of output per unit, W is the nominal wage paid for labour, Q is the nominal cost of energy used in the production process and r is the nominal rate of rented capital. The maximum energy price for a price-taking and profit-maximizing firm will be at a level where marginal product of energy is equal to its relative price: FE ( L, K , E)  Q / P (3) Where FE(L,K,E) is the partial derivative of F(.) regarding E. The following equation will be obtained in case both sides of the equation (3) are multiplied by E and divided by Y:  ln F /  ln E  QE / PY (4) Eq (4) indicates that the elasticity of output regarding change in energy consumption used in the production process can be derived from the cost of the energy expenditure in total output. Disruptions in energy production will affect energy prices and a change in energy prices used in production process will also have a significant impact on output of an economy as shown in Eq (4). Therefore, shocks on non-stationary energy production series will be permanent and affect economic activity perpetually , while shocks on stationary energy production series will be transitory and affect economic activity temporarily, via transmission mechanism (Narayan et al., 2008b). The unit root properties of energy variables are of importance for forecasting these variables. Accurate forecasts are crucial for energy planning and policy formulation. Future values of a stationary energy variable can be forecasted based on its past behavior (Chen and Lee, 2007), while past data about a nonstationary energy variable are useless in forecasting (Mishra et al., 2009). Stationarity of energy consumption can be due to a multitude of factors. Hsu et al. (2008) suggested that abundance of energy resources, less energy consumption, introduction of new environmental laws by governments and middle income level may lead to stationarity of energy consumption. The goal of this study is to analyze the unit root properties of energy consumption and production in Turkey by employing a Lagrange Multiplier based unit root test without structural break proposed by Schmidt and Phillips (1992) (SP) and a unit root test considering one structural break proposed by Lee and Strazicich (2004) (LS) and two structural breaks proposed by Lee and Strazicich (2003) (LS). If the time series of the variable to be tested for the unit root properties has structural breaks, conventional unit root tests cannot reject the unit root hypothesis reducing the power of the test (Perron, 1989). Monte Carlo simulations point that statistical performance of LS is better than other alternatives (Narayan et al., 2010). This study is the first to investigate the unit root properties of energy production and sectorial energy consumption in Turkey. The next section briefly summarizes the literature on studies investigating the unit root properties of energy consumption and production. Section 3 describes data used in the analysis. Section 4 summarizes the unit root tests used in this study. Section 5 presents results of the unit root test. Section 6 discusses main findings and implications of the results for policy formulation and implication. 2. Brief Overview of the Literature Although there have been numerous studies analyzing the unit root properties of energy consumption series, only a handful of studies have investigated energy production. Barros et al. (2011) examine the time series behavior of oil production for 13 OPEC member countries and find that oil production series have mean reverting persistence with breaks identified in 235 �10 out of the 13 countries examined. The results of the study indicate that the impact of shocks on oil production in these countries will be persistent in the long run for all countries. Narayan et al. (2008b) analyze the unit root properties of crude oil production for 60 countries by conducting panel data unit root tests with and without structural breaks between 1971 and 2003. The results of tests without a structural break are inconclusive, while the results of test with one structural break are conclusive and indicate the stationary structure of crude oil and natural gas liquids production series. Maslyuk and Smyth (2009) test for non-linearity and unit root in crude oil production by using a threshold autoregressive model with an autoregressive unit root. They used monthly crude oil production for 17 OPEC and non-OPEC countries between January 1973 and December 2007. The results of their study show the presence of threshold effects on the crude oil production and unit root for 11 of the countries in both regimes and a partial unit root for the others. In contrast to the dearth of studies investigating unit root properties of energy production series, there are numerous studies on unit root properties of energy consumption. Narayan and Smyth (2007) employ univariate and panel data unit root tests to analyze the stationarity properties of per capita energy consumption of 182 countries for the period of 1979 to 2000 by using annual data. The results of univariate unit root test indicate that the series of 56 countries are nonstationary at the 10% level or better. The panel data unit root test indicate that there is overwhelming evidence about stationary of energy consumption. Chen and Lee (2007) investigate the stationarity of energy consumption per capita for 7 regional panel sets for the period of 1971 to 2002 by employing panel unit root testing procedure, and find that all regional-based panels of energy consumption per capita are stationary. A substantial literature review about the unit root properties of energy consumption can be found in Chen and Lee (2007), Hsu et al. (2008) and Aslan and Kum (2011). 3. Data and Econometric Methodology Energy production data are obtained from TURKSTAT (Turkish Statistical Institution) and energy consumption data are obtained from Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources (MENR) of Turkey. The periods of analysis are determined by data availability. All data used in this study are transformed to natural logarithmic form prior to unit root tests. The LS unit root test is based on Lagrangian Multiplier (LM) for trending data. Lee and Strazicich (2003, 2004) extended Schmidt and Phillips (1992) methodology by considering structural breaks. The form of the test allows endogenous determination of two structural breaks under both the null and alternative hypotheses for a change in both the level and trend. Yt   Zt   St 1   t , Z  1, t , D , D , DT , DT (1)    ,  , d , d , d , d  1t 2t 1t 2t is a vector of exogenous variables, 1 2 3 4 where t is a parameter vector of Zt and the subsequent dummies, which allow two time changes in the level and trend, are as follows: 1 t  TBj  1 t  TBj   D jt   and DT jt   0 t  TBj  1    0 t  TBj  1 t  TBj  1 236 , j  1, 2. (2) � x  Y1  Z1 and St  Yt  x  Zt where  are coefficients in the regression of Yt on Zt . The null and alternative hypotheses are: H0 :   1    0 vs H1 :  1    0 (3) To determine the location of the breaks ( a grid search as follows:   (1  TB1 / T , 2  TB 2 / T ) ) LS procedure utilizes LM  inf      (4) Break points are where the corresponding test statistic is minimal. Results The results for the unit root tests without structural break and with one and two structural breaks are presented in Table 1. Three distinct unit root tests are used in this study to distinguish the impacts of structural break(s) on the energy series. We considered breaks at level and trend of the series. The number of lags is determined according to the general to specific method up to specific number of maximum lag6 running by t-statistics significance at the 10% significance level. According to the results of unit root tests without structural break, the unit root hypothesis is rejected only for consumption of natural gas. In case of one structural break, the unit root hypothesis is rejected for 15 out of the 33 series by LS test. When two structural breaks are taken into account, 25 out of the 33 series are found stationary. This series is stationary around deterministic trend with breaks. The production of hydraulic and the consumption of lignite, electricity, petroleum, and coal, total energy consumption in the transportation sector and consumption of petroleum in the transportation sector are found to be non-stationary. According to the results, structural breaks in energy variables of Turkey should be taken into consideration when the unit root properties are examined. If the time series of the variable to be tested have structural breaks, conventional unit root tests cannot reject the unit root hypothesis due to weak power (Perron, 1989). Our results verify the theory that the number of rejection of unit root null hypothesis declines when the number of structural breaks is increased. Table 1: Results of unit root tests Series PHC PGL PLT PWD PPM PCL PNG PEY k 0 0 2 8 8 0 8 9 SP t statistics -1.52 -2.12 -1.45 -0.73 1.83 -1.99 -2.16 -0.45 k 6 3 2 9 7 9 8 9 LS - one break t statistics TB -3.87 1999 -3.58 2006 -3.44 1991 c -4.20 1990 -3.37 1988 b -4.73 1994 a -6.65 1994 -3.68 1987 k 6 9 3 6 7 8 2 9 LS - two breaks t statistics TB1 -5.04 1983 a -8.71 1987 a -6.35 1987 b -5.79 1984 c -5.40 1988 a -6.46 1988 a -16.39 1988 -4.51 1944 6 Source of the selected data’s: State Statistical Office of Macedonia, www.stat.gov.mk and the Ministry of Finance of RM, www.finance.gov.mk 237 TB2 1993 2006 2001 1996 1994 1994 2003 1973 �CHC CGL CLT CWD CPM CCL CNG CEY IND IND_PET IND_ECT IND_NGS TPT TPT_PET TPT_ECT OSC OSC_PET OSC_ECT RES RES_PET RES_ECT ACL ACL_PET ACL_ECT NEY 0 3 9 2 6 9 8 11 0 5 6 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 8 1 0.14 -1.94 -1.93 -0.53 -0.93 -1.80 c -3.13 -0.08 -2.22 -1.72 1.45 -1.53 -1.68 -2.56 -2.07 -1.40 -1.15 -0.98 -1.46 -1.07 -1.11 -1.64 -2.73 -1.94 a -3.74 0 2 9 5 10 10 5 11 5 9 0 4 0 3 9 0 1 9 0 9 9 4 7 8 2 -2.33 a -5.74 -3.87 c -4.26 c -4.30 -2.94 a -5.76 b -4.68 b -5.03 -4.14 -3.98 -3.19 -4.11 c -4.25 -3.95 -2.53 b -4.78 -3.94 -2.42 b -4.97 -3.95 -3.61 c -4.48 b -4.95 b -5.01 1966 1989 1998 1989 1991 1989 1987 1981 2000 2003 1985 1993 1997 1997 2002 2001 2000 1985 2001 1993 1985 1995 1994 1992 2003 7 2 9 10 6 5 2 11 5 9 5 6 8 8 6 6 2 9 6 9 9 7 7 9 3 b -5.39 a -6.88 -4.62 b -6.18 -4.65 -5.06 a -9.17 -4.87 b -5.69 a -6.41 b -5.97 a -8.61 -4.68 -5.15 a -6.99 a -8.54 a -7.47 a -6.40 a -8.44 a -11.48 a -7.02 a -6.82 c -5.39 b -5.64 a -6.60 1968 1975 1979 1972 1965 1975 1988 1981 1991 1989 1984 1994 1987 1987 1986 1982 1996 1982 1982 1987 1982 1993 1993 1994 1997 1993 1987 1999 1990 2002 1993 1990 1989 2000 1994 2000 1999 1991 1991 2002 1999 2000 1995 1999 1993 1995 2006 1999 2006 2003 Notes: k indicates the number of lags. a, b and c denote significance at the 1% 5% and 10% level, respectively. TB denotes time breaks. 6. CONCLUSION Specification of unit root properties of energy consumption and production is crucial for energy policy formulations and implications. The impact of shocks on energy variables with a stationary process will be temporary and long short term, while impact of shocks on energy variables with a nonstationary process will be permanent and have a long memory. In this study, the unit root properties of total and sectorial energy production and consumption series of Turkey are investigated. This study is the first to investigate the unit root properties of energy production and sectorial energy consumption in Turkey. The unit root null hypothesis for energy variables are tested by using the unit root tests based on LM without structural break and with one and two structural breaks. The results of unit root test without structural break show that the unit root hypothesis is rejected only for consumption of natural gas. In the case of one structural break, the unit root hypothesis is rejected for 15 out of the 33 series by LS test. When two structural breaks are taken into account, 25 out of the 33 series are found to be stationary around a deterministic trend with breaks. The production of hydraulic, the consumption of lignite, electricity, petroleum, coal, electricity, total energy consumption and petroleum consumption in the transportation sector are found to be nonstationary, which indicates that the impact of innovations on these variables will be permanent. The policy implication of these results suggests that the impacts of shocks on energy consumption and production will be temporary and not have a long memory for most of the variables. Therefore, the economic impact of energy stabilization and conservation policies will be temporary in Turkey. The results of this study, which found that most of the variables are stationary, are consistent the consensus about stationarity of energy variables found in 238 �numerous other studies (Narayan et al., 2010). In addition, the historical data on these stationary variables can be taken into account to forecast the future values of these variables. REFERENCES Arouri, M.E.H., Lahiani, A., Nguyen, D.K., 2011. Return and volatility transmission between world oil prices and stock markets of the GCC countries. Economic Modelling 28, 18151825. Aslan, A., Kum, H., 2011. The stationary of energy consumption for Turkish disaggregate data by employing linear and nonlinear unit root tests. Energy 36, 4256-4258. Ayadi, O.F., 2005. Oil price fluctuations and the Nigerian economy. OPEC Review 29, 199217. Barros, C.P., Gil-Alana, L.A., Payne, J.E., 2011. An analysis of oil production by OPEC countries: Persistence, breaks, and outliers. Energy Policy 39, 442-453. Basher, S.A., Haug, A.A., Sadorsky, P., Oil prices, exchange rates and emerging stock markets. Energy Economics. Berument, H., Taşçı, H., 2002. Inflationary effect of crude oil prices in Turkey. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications 316, 568-580. Carruth, A.A., Hooker, M.A., Oswald, A.J., 1998. Unemployment Equilibria and Input Prices: Theory and Evidence from the United States. Review of Economics and Statistics 80, 621628. Chang, Y., Wong, J.F., 2003. Oil price fluctuations and Singapore economy. Energy Policy 31, 1151-1165. Chen, P.-F., Lee, C.-C., 2007. Is energy consumption per capita broken stationary? New evidence from regional-based panels. Energy Policy 35, 3526-3540. Chen, S.-S., Chen, H.-C., 2007. Oil prices and real exchange rates. Energy Economics 29, 390-404. Chiou-Wei, S.-Z., Zhu, Z., Sources of export fluctuations: empirical evidence from Taiwan and South Korea, 1981–2000. Journal of Asian Economics 13, 105-118. Cologni, A., Manera, M., 2008. Oil prices, inflation and interest rates in a structural cointegrated VAR model for the G-7 countries. Energy Economics 30, 856-888. Cuñado, J., Pérez de Gracia, F., 2003. Do oil price shocks matter? Evidence for some European countries. Energy Economics 25, 137-154. Doğrul, H.G., Soytas, U., 2010. Relationship between oil prices, interest rate, and unemployment: Evidence from an emerging market. Energy Economics 32, 1523-1528. Du, L., Yanan, H., Wei, C., 2010. The relationship between oil price shocks and China‘s macro-economy: An empirical analysis. Energy Policy 38, 4142-4151. Ewing, B.T., Thompson, M.A., 2007. Dynamic cyclical comovements of oil prices with industrial production, consumer prices, unemployment, and stock prices. Energy Policy 35, 5535-5540. Faria, J.R., Mollick, A.V., Albuquerque, P.H., León-Ledesma, M.A., 2009. The effect of oil price on China's exports. China Economic Review 20, 793-805. 239 �Filis, G., Degiannakis, S., Floros, C., 2011. Dynamic correlation between stock market and oil prices: The case of oil-importing and oil-exporting countries. International Review of Financial Analysis 20, 152-164. Hamilton, J.D., 1996. This is what happened to the oil price-macroeconomy relationship. Journal of Monetary Economics 38, 215-220. Hamilton, J.D., 2007. Oil and the Macroeconomy, in: Durlauf, S.N., Blume, L.E. (Eds.), New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics. Hendry, D.F., Juselius, K., 2000. Explaining cointegration analysis, part1. Energy Journal 21, 1–42. Hsu, Y.-C., Lee, C.-C., Lee, C.-C., 2008. Revisited: Are shocks to energy consumption permanent or temporary? New evidence from a panel SURADF approach. Energy Economics 30, 2314-2330. Huang, B.-N., Hwang, M.J., Peng, H.-P., 2005. The asymmetry of the impact of oil price shocks on economic activities: An application of the multivariate threshold model. Energy Economics 27, 455-476. Jayaraman, T.K., Choong, C.-K., 2009. Growth and oil price: A study of causal relationships in small Pacific Island countries. Energy Policy 37, 2182-2189. Jiménez-Rodríguez, R., 2008. The impact of oil price shocks: Evidence from the industries of six OECD countries. Energy Economics 30, 3095-3108. Kim, I.-M., Loungani, P., 1992. The role of energy in real business cycle models. Journal of Monetary Economics 29, 173-189. Lardic, S., Mignon, V., 2008. Oil prices and economic activity: An asymmetric cointegration approach. Energy Economics 30, 847-855. Lee, B.R., Lee, K., Ratti, R.A., 2001. Monetary policy, oil price shocks, and the Japanese economy. Japan and the World Economy 13, 321-349. Lee, J., Strazicich, M.C., 2003. Minimum Lagrange Multiplier Unit Root Test with Two Structural Breaks. Review of Economics and Statistics 85, 1082-1089. Lee, J., Strazicich, M.C., 2004. Minimum LM Unit Root Test with One Structural Break. Department of Economics, Appalachian State University. Lorde, T., Jackman, M., Thomas, C., 2009. The macroeconomic effects of oil price fluctuations on a small open oil-producing country: The case of Trinidad and Tobago. Energy Policy 37, 2708-2716. Lowinger, T.C., Wihlborg, C., Willman, E.S., 1985. OPEC in world financial markets: Oil prices and interest rates. Journal of International Money and Finance 4, 253-266. Maslyuk, S., Smyth, R., 2009. Non-linear unit root properties of crude oil production. Energy Economics 31, 109-118. Mishra, V., Sharma, S., Smyth, R., 2009. Are fluctuations in energy consumption per capita transitory? Evidence from a panel of Pacific Island countries. Energy Policy 37, 2318-2326. Narayan, P.K., Narayan, S., Popp, S., 2010. Energy consumption at the state level: The unit root null hypothesis from Australia. Applied Energy 87, 1953-1962. Narayan, P.K., Narayan, S., Prasad, A., 2008a. Understanding the oil price-exchange rate nexus for the Fiji islands. Energy Economics 30, 2686-2696. 240 �Narayan, P.K., Narayan, S., Smyth, R., 2008b. Are oil shocks permanent or temporary? Panel data evidence from crude oil and NGL production in 60 countries. Energy Economics 30, 919-936. Narayan, P.K., Smyth, R., 2007. Are shocks to energy consumption permanent or temporary? Evidence from 182 countries. Energy Policy 35, 333-341. Özturk, İ., Feridun, M., Kalyoncu, H., 2008. Do Oil Prices Effect the USD/YTL Exchange Rate: Evidence from Turkey. 18, 48-61. Papapetrou, E., 2001. Oil price shocks, stock market, economic activity and employment in Greece. Energy Economics 23, 511-532. Park, J., Ratti, R.A., 2008. Oil price shocks and stock markets in the U.S. and 13 European countries. Energy Economics 30, 2587-2608. Perron, P., 1989. The Great Crash, the Oil Shock and the unit root hypothesis. Econometrica 57, 1361–1402. Rafiq, S., Salim, R., Bloch, H., 2009. Impact of crude oil price volatility on economic activities: An empirical investigation in the Thai economy. Resources Policy 34, 121-132. Sadorsky, P., 1999. Oil price shocks and stock market activity. Energy Economics 21, 449469. Schmidt, P., Phillips, P.C.B., 1992. LM Tests for a Unit Root in the Presence of Deterministic Trends. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics 54, 257-287. Zhang, Q., 2011. The Impact of International Oil Price Fluctuation on China's Economy. Energy Procedia 5, 1360-1364. New Approaches To Marine Aquarium Systems Mustafa Alparslan, Hasan Barış Ozalp Izmir Katip Çelebi University, Fishery Faculty, Department of Hydrobiology, Izmir/Turkey Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Fishery Faculty, Department of Hydrobiology, Çanakkale/Turkey E-mails: m_alparslan@hotmail.com, jacenzo@yahoo.com Abstract Marine aquarium systems are limited environments that include many marine plants and animals. This habitat also has very interesting marine species, living rocks, wrecks and the other objects. The chemical indicators of water quality such as salinity, specific gravity, Ph, ammonia, Nitrite, Nitrate, Phosphate, Alkalinity, Copper, Calcium, and Magnesium are vital for the marine organisms. Further, the essential components are an aquarium made from acrylic, special heating systems , the consideration of overall lighting, metal halide, higher output fluorescent, standard fluorescent, incandescent, natural sunlight, filtration and live rocks. 241 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1250 Title A name given to the resource Unit Root Properties Of Energy Consumption And Production In Turkey Author Author Özgür , Polata Abstract A summary of the resource. In this study, unit root properties of total and sectorial energy production and consumption series of Turkey are investigated. This study is the first to investigate unit root properties of Turkish energy production. The unit root null hypothesis for energy variables are tested by using unit root tests based on LM considering without structural break and with one and two structural breaks. The results of the unit root test without structural break show that the unit root hypothesis is rejected only for consumption of natural gas. The unit root hypothesis is rejected for 15 out of the 33 series by the LS test with one structural break. When two structural breaks are taken into account, 25 out of the 33 series are found to be stationary around a deterministic trend. The production of hydraulic and the consumption of lignite, electricity, petroleum, coal and electricity, total energy and petroleum consumption in Transportation sector are found to be non-stationary, which indicates that the impacts of innovations on these variables will be permanent. The policy implication of the results suggests that the impacts of shocks on energy consumption and production will be temporary and not have a long memory for most of variables. Keywords: unit root, energy production, energy consumption, structural break, Turkey Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General),Q Science (General)