321 10 3494 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/80a7d842bacdcc1f032feae0823e1145.pdf bfab0f0a50b940ad13986281b68f5ad3 PDF Text Text 1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Nuclear Model Calculations on the Excitation Functions of Some Radionuclides Produced by Proton Cyclotron Abdullah Kaplan Süleyman Demirel University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Physics Department,Isparta,TURKEY kaplan@fef.sdu.edu.tr Halim Büyükuslu Süleyman Demirel University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Physics Department,Isparta,TURKEY halimbuyukuslu@gmail.com Gülçin Sağlam Süleyman Demirel University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Physics Department,Isparta,TURKEY gulcin_saglam @hotmail.com Abstract: By using the intermediate energetic proton induced reactions, we can produce radionuclides and these radionuclides can be used in medicine and industry. In the last decade, a big success has been provided usage of radionuclides. Nuclear reaction calculations which are based on standard nuclear reaction models can be helpful for determining the accuracy of various parameters of nuclear models and experimental measurements. In this study, production routes of medical isotopes used for diagnostic or a therapeutic radionuclide such as 225Ac, 140Nd, 43Sc and 44Ti were investigated in a range of 10–50 MeV incident proton energy. The excitation functions for (p,2n) reactions were calculated by equilibrium and pre-equilibrium reaction mechanisms. The pre-equilibrium calculations were calculated by using hybrid, geometry dependent hybrid and cascade exciton model. The reaction equilibrium component was calculated with a traditional compound nucleus model developed by Weisskopf-Ewing. Calculation results have been also compared with the available measurements in literature. 1. Introduction Nuclear reactions induced by incident intermediate and high energetic protons are very important because of wide range technical applications. Especially,the radioisotopes obtained from using charged particles play an important role in medical applications (Aydın et al. 2008; Beyer 2006; Qaim 2002; Qaim 2001). A medical radioisotope can be classified as a diagnostic or a therapeutic radionuclide, depending on its decay properties. These radionuclides are used in diagnostic studies via emission tomography, i.e. Positron Emission Tomography (PET) and Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT), and in endoradiotheraphy (internaltherapy with radio nuclides) (Qaim 2001; Wolf & Jones 1983). Nowadays, by using cyclotrons and nuclear reactors can be produced a lot of radioisotopes (Beyer 2006). A cyclotron can accelerate alpha particles to 28-30 MeV and also it can principally accelerate proton particles to energies higher than 30 MeV. Consequently, higher reaction processes such as (p,4n) or generally (p,xn) or even (p,xn,yp) processes are possible (x = 1,2,3…. and y = 1,2,3,…). Such a multipurpose cyclotron with the option of high particle beam intensity and well developed tools for beam diagnosis and a certain variation of particle beam energy is an universal instrument supporting commercial isotope production and Research and Development (R&D) in the field of medical isotope application for diagnosis and therapy. Especially (R&D) needed for development of alternative technologies producing carrier-free radioisotope preparations fortherapy. Recently, many evaluated excitation functions of commonly used production reactions can be found in the literature (Broeders & Konobeyev 2007; Sohn & Mattes 1992; Broeders et al. 2006; Gul 2001). Nuclear reaction calculations which are based on standard nuclear reaction models can be helpful for determining the accuracy of various parameters of nuclear models and experimental measurements. In this study, the new calculations on the excitation functions of 226 Ra(p,2n)225 Ac,141 Pr(p,2n)140 Nd, 44 Ca(p,2n)43 Sc and 45 Sc(p,2n)44 Ti reactions have been carried out up to 50 MeV incident proton energy. In these calculations,the pre-equilibrium and equilibrium effects have been investigated. The pre-equilibrium calculationsinvolvethe geometry dependent 172 �1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo hybrid model, hybrid model and the cascade exciton model. Equilibrium effect has been calculated according to the Weisskopf–Ewing model.The calculated results have been compared with the experimental data taken from the literature. 2. Calculation Methods and Parameters Used in Nuclear Reaction Models The Cascade-Exciton Model (CE M) assumes that the nuclear reactions proceed through three stages: INC, pre-equilibrium and equilibrium (or compound nucleus). Generally,thesethree components may contribute to any experimentally measured quantity in particular, for the inclusive particle spectrum (Gudima et al. 1983; Barashenkov & Toneev 1972; Barashenkov et al. 1969), we have σ ( p ) dp = σ in  N cas ( p ) + N prq ( p ) + N eq ( p )  dp, cas prq (1) eq where p is a linear momentum, N , N and N are the cascade , the pre-equilibrium and the equilibrium components,respectively. The inelastic cross section σ in is nottaken from the experimental data orindependent optical model calculations, but it is calculated within the cascade model itself. Hence the CE M predicts the absolute values for calculated characteristics and does notrequire any additional data or special normalization of itsresults. The INC calculations results indicated that the exciton model gave only a prescription for calculating the shape of the pre-equilibrium spectrum and the exciton model deficiency resulted from a failure to properly reproduce enhanced emission from the nuclear surface (Harp & Miller 1971; Feshbach et al. 1980; Tamura et al. 1982).In orderto provide a first order correction forthis deficiency the hybrid model was reformulated by Blann (Blann 1971; Blann 1975; Blann & Bisplinghoff 1982; Blann et al. 1976). This model, known as geometry dependent hybrid model (GDH) has been developed considered as density distribution of nuclei by Blann and Vonach (Blann & Vonach 1983). Inthe density dependent version,the GDH takesinto accountthe density distribution ofthe nucleus (Blann et al. 1976; Blann & Vonach 1983). This means a longer mean free path atthe surface of the nucleus because of a lower density,and a limitto the depth ofthe holes below the Fermi energy. The differentialemission spectrum is given in the GDH as ∞ dσ υ (ε ) (2) = π D 2 ∑ ( 2 l + 1) Tl Pυ (l, ε ) , dε l =0 where D isthe reduced de Broglie wavelength ofthe projectile and Tl representsthe transmission coefficient forthe lth partial wave. Pυ (l, ε ) is number of particles ofthe type ν (neutrons and protons) emitted into the unbound continuum with channel energy between ε and ε + dε forthe lth partial wave. The GD H model is made according to incoming orbital angular momentum l in order to account for the effects of the nucleardensity distribution. This leads to increased emission from the surface region of the nucleus, and thus to increased emission of high-energetic particles.In this way the diffuse surface properties sampled by the higher impact parameters were crudelyincorporated into the pre-compound decay formalism in the GDH. 3. Results and discussion In the calculations ofthe hybrid and GDH model,the code as ALICE/ASH was used. The ALICE/ASH code is an advanced and modified version ofthe ALICE codes (Broeders et al.2006). The generalized superfluid (Ignatyuk et al. 1979) has been applied for nuclear level density calculations in the ALICE/ASH code. The ALICE-91 (Blann 1991) and ALICE/ASH codes use the initialexciton number as no =3. But inthese modelsthe different neutron (n) and proton (p) exciton numbers are used inthe pre-equilibrium GDH model calculations.In details, the other code model parameters can be found in Ref. (Broeders et al. 2006). In the present work, Cascade Exciton Model (CE M) calculations have been made by using CE M95 (Mashnik 1995) (extended version of the previous version named CE M92M (Gudima et al. 1983; Mashnik & Toneev 1974) computer code with the level density parameter by using the systematic of Iljinov et al.(Iljinov et al. 1992). In details,the other code model parameters can be found in Ref.(Mashnik 1995; Mashnik & Toneev 1974). Although there are some discrepancies between the calculations and the experimental data,in generally, hybrid and GDH model calculations (with ALICE/ASH) are in best agreement with the experimental data above 10 MeV incident proton energies in Figs. 1-3 except for Fig. 4. While the Weisskopf-Ewing model (equilibriumALICE/ASH) calculations are only in agreement with the measurements up to 15-30 MeV energy regions (in 173 �1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Figs.1,2),the cascade exciton model calculations and hybrid model calculations are in good harmony with the experimental data above 10 MeV incident proton energies except for Figs.1,3. As a result, the production of 225 Ac, 140 Nd, 43 Sc and 44 Ti radionuclides can be employed ata medium-sized cyclotron. 1000 Cross Section (mb) 100 10 1 226 Ra (p,2n) 225Ac C.Apostolidis et al, 2005 Equilibrium (ALICE/ASH) Hybrid Model (ALICE/ASH) GDH Model (ALICE/ASH) Cascade Exciton Model 0.1 5 10 15 20 Proton Energy (MeV) 25 30 Fig. 1. The comparison of calculated excitation function of 226 Ra(p,2n)225 Ac reaction with the values reported in Ref.(EXFOR/CSISRS 2007). 10000 Cross Section (mb) 1000 100 141 Pr (p,2n) 140Nd K.Hilgers et al., 2005 Equilibrium (ALICE/ASH) Hybrid Model (ALICE/ASH) GDH Model (ALICE/ASH) Cascade Exciton Model 10 1 0 10 20 30 Proton Energy (MeV) 141 40 140 50 Fig. 2. The comparison of calculated excitation function of Pr(p,2n) Nd reaction with the values reported in Ref.(EXFOR/CSISRS 2007). 174 �1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo 1000 Cross Section (mb) 100 44 Ca (p,2n) 43Sc V.N.Levkovskij, 1991 Equilibrium (ALICE/ASH) Hybrid Model (ALICE/ASH) GDH Model (ALICE/ASH) Cascade Exciton Model 10 1 12 16 20 24 Proton Energy (MeV) 28 32 Fig. 3. The comparison of calculated excitation function of 44 Ca(p,2n)43 Sc reaction with the values reported in Ref.(EXFOR/CSISRS 2007). 1000 Cross Section (mb) 100 45 Sc (p,2n) 44Ti V.N.Levkovskij, 1991 Equilibrium (ALICE/ASH) Hybrid Model (ALICE/ASH) GDH Model (ALICE/ASH) Cascade Exciton Model 10 1 12 16 20 24 Proton Energy (MeV) 28 32 Fig. 4. The comparison of calculated excitation function of 45 Sc(p,2n)44 Ti reaction with the values reported in Ref.(EXFOR/CSISRS 2007). 175 �1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo References Aydın, E.G., Tel, E., Kaplan, A., Aydın, A. (2008). New calculations of excitation functions of some positron emitting and single photon emitting radioisotopes. Kerntechnik, 73 (4), 184-189. Barashenkov, V.S., Gudima, K.K., & Toneev, V.D. (1969). JINR Report No. P2-4065, 1968; JINR Report No. P2-4066, 1968; Acta Physica Polonica, 36, p. 415. Barashenkov, V.S. & Toneev, V.D. (1972). Interaction of High Energy Particle and Nuclei with Atomic Nuclei, Atomizdat, Moscow. Beyer, G.J. (2006). The potential of accelerators, XXXV European Cyclotron Progress Meeting, Nice (France) November 1– 4, 2006. Blann, M. (1971). Hybrid Model for pre-equilibrium decay in nuclear reactions. Physics Review Letters 27, 337-340. Blann, M. (1975). Preequilibrium Decay. Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science 25, 123-166. Blann, M., Mignerey A., & Scobel, W. (1976). Nukleonika 21, 335. Blann, M., & Bisplinghoff, J. (1982). Livermore Lawrance Laboratory, UCID-19614. Blann, M., & Vonach, H.K. (1983). Global test of modified pre-compound decay models. Physical Review C 28, 1475-1492. Blann, M. (1991). Code ALICE-91, PSR-146, Statistical Model Code System with Fission Competition, OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORY, RSICC PERIPHERAL SHIELDING ROUTINE COLLECTION, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California and IAEA. Broeders, C.H.M., Konobeyev, A.Yu., Korovin,Yu.A., Lunev,V.P., & Blann, M. (2006). ALICE/ASH—pre-compound and evaporation model code system for calculation of excitation functions, energy and angular distributions of emitted particles in nuclear reactions at intermediate energies, FZK 7183, May 2006, http://bibliothek.fzk.de/zb/berichte/FZKA7183.pdf. Broeders, C.H.M., & Konobeyev, A.Yu. (2007). Systematics of (p,α) (p,nα), and (p,np) reaction cross-sections. Applied Radiation and Isotopes, 65 (11), 1249-1264. EXFOR/CSISRS (Experimental Nuclear Reaction Data File). (2007). Database Version of December 19, 2007, Brookhaven National Laboratory, National Nuclear Data Center, (http://www.nndc.bnl.gov/exfor/exfor00.htm) Feshbach, H., Kerman, A., & Koonin, S. (1980). The Statistical Theory of Multi-Step Compound and Direct Reactions. Annals of Physics (NY) 125(2), 429-476. Gudima, K.K., Mashnik, S.G., & Toneev, V.D. (1983). Cascade-exciton model of nuclear reactions. Nuclear Physics A, 401, 329-361. Gul, K. (2001). Calculations for the excitation functions of 3–26 MeV proton reactions on Radiation and Isotopes, 54, 311-318. 66 Zn, 67 Zn and 68 Zn. Applied Harp, G.D., & Miller, J.M. (1971). Precompound Decay from a Time-Dependent Point of View. Physical Review C 3, 18471855. Ignatyuk, A.V., Istekov, K.K., & Smirenkin, G.N. (1979) Yadernaya Fizika 29, 875-883 [(1979). Soviet Journal of Nuclear Physics. 29, 450-454]. Iljinov, A.S., Mebel, M.V., Bianchi, N. et al. (1992). Phenomenological statistical analysis of level densities, decay widths and lifetimes of excited nuclei. Nuclear Physics A, 543, 517-557. Mashnik, S.G., & Toneev, V.D. (1974). Modex-The Program for Calculation of the Energy Spectra of Particles Emitted in the Reactions of Pre-Equilibrium and Equilibrium Statistical Decays, Communications of the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, P4-8417, Dubna. Mashnik, S.G. (1995). User Manual for the Code CEM95, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna, Moskow Region. Qaim, S.M. (2001). Nuclear data relevant to the production and application of diagnostic radionuclides, Radiochimica Acta, 89, p. 223. 176 �1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Qaim, S.M. (2002). Nuclear data for production of new medical radionuclides. Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology (Japan), (Suppl. 2), 1272-1277. Sohn, A., & Mattes, M. (1992). Pre-equilibrium emission in differential cross-sections calculations. Kerntechnik, 57 (4), 237242. Tamura, T., Udagawa, T., & Lenske, H. (1982). Multistep direct reaction analysis of continuum spectra in reactions induced by light ions. Physical Review C 26, 379-404. Wolf, A.P., & Jones, W. B. (1983). Cyclotrons for biomedical radioisotope production. Radiochimica Acta, 34, 1-7. 177 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 503 Title A name given to the resource Nuclear Model Calculations on the Excitation Functions of Some Radionuclides Produced by Proton Cyclotron Author Author Kaplan, Abdullah Büyükuslu, Halim Sağlam, Gülçin Abstract A summary of the resource. By using the intermediate energetic proton induced reactions, we can produce radionuclides and these radionuclides can be used in medicine and industry. In the last decade, a big success has been provided usage of radionuclides. Nuclear reaction calculations which are based on standard nuclear reaction models can be helpful for determining the accuracy of various parameters of nuclear models and experimental measurements. In this study, production routes of medical isotopes used for diagnostic or a therapeutic radionuclide such as 225Ac, 140Nd, 43Sc and 44Ti were investigated in a range of 10–50 MeV incident proton energy. The excitation functions for (p,2n) reactions were calculated by equilibrium and pre-equilibrium reaction mechanisms. The pre-equilibrium calculations were calculated by using hybrid, geometry dependent hybrid and cascade exciton model. The reaction equilibrium component was calculated with a traditional compound nucleus model developed by Weisskopf-Ewing. Calculation results have been also compared with the available measurements in literature. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2009-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed Q Science (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/749f12a474708538ab790e388dc9dc18.pdf 6f39ccc386fdcb6bda3beffd26d4d842 PDF Text Text The Capacity of the Evaluation of Linguistic Abilities of FLE Examinations Applied in Turkey by OSYM Şeref Kara Uludag University, Bursa/Turkey serefk@uludag.edu.tr Melih Karakuzu Atatürk University, Erzurum/Turkey karakuzu@atauni.edu.tr Abstract : Since the ultimate object of the assessment and the evaluation in foreign language is the communication competence, it remains custom to determine the parameters and the performance criteria of the foreign language users. However, the multiple choice items used in Turkey generally do not allow us to measure different types of learners such as oral communication. It is limited only to the measurement of mental processes such as knowledge comprehension and application. En the contrary, the multiple choice items are still mostly preferred. Within the framework of this research, our aim is to analyze the multiple choice tests prepared and applied in Turkey by the OSYM in various examinations such as the OSS, the KPDS and the UDS. Key words: evaluation, competence, communication, test, validity. 1. Introduction The evaluation means certain number of various things in various contexts. Sometimes, as teachers, we evaluate our classes as spaces of study and as in teaching; other times, we evaluate the tests or written work that our learners produce. By many theories of language evaluation the institutional character of the evaluation means is taken into account rather than the learners needs. It is well known that evaluation is an extremely complex field where there are various human and teaching variables. The evaluation helps an educational system to provide the data which is needed to renew itself. So what to evaluate: knowledge or competence? Which type of evaluation use: formative/sommative, directe/indirecte? How to evaluate: questions/responses, free expression/expression, open questionnaire/questionnaire with multiple choices? It should be noted that it is very difficult to be able to find a real answer miracle, because each teaching method privileges such or such type of evaluation with a precise aim. However, it is not impossible to set up referents to recognize the learners acquisitions according to equivalences of levels. The convergent validity with existing tests should not be significant. According to Morrow (1979), it is significant to consider 1) the validity of the contents (items of which the test made up constitute a representative sample for a linguistic capacity?), 2) validity of the psycholinguistic concepts (does the test reflect with precision the principles of a valid theory of a foreign language learners?) and 3) predictive validity (can one determine by the result of the test foreseeable success in a given discipline). False objectivity will not be determining any more, even if, in certain situations it is advantageous to have formats of possible tests corrected by using a machine. Gary Buck (2001) is among the most known specialists for construction and the evaluation in tests in written comprehension. He quotes Bachman and Palmer (1996) by saying that the most significant characteristic of a test is its utility. According to their definition, this concept includes the following features: validity of psycholinguistic concepts, interactivity, authenticity, reliability, practice and impact. Buck adds the effectiveness to it. To build a test and to evaluate it, it is necessary to start firstly by defining the "pattern" or psycholinguistic concept: aptitudes and the capacities on which must carry the test and what it must measure. In the curricular area of the languages, particularly in programs of FLE, there are many proposals on the way of applying evaluations to the activities of class and the evaluation of program. The teachers and learners can objectively look at their work and their execution during the course. In the second place, they can understand the progression of the course and its relation with the goals of the program more thoroughly. Thirdly, the teachers and learners can benefit from the evaluation to modify their teaching or study 155 �strategies whilst improving their achievements. By taking part in the continuing programme of evaluation, teachers and learners become more implied in the program. In short, the project of evaluation can help to create a good relationship between the teachers and learners. Continual evaluation is a systematic and reflective process to measure the program. With the difference in other evaluations, this approach comprises only teachers it and learners. One can regard it as a process of auto evaluation. 2. Scales of levels In this study, we will present the principal tests, certifications and scales of levels used in foreign language (LT) in Turkey. There are three types of tests in FLT prepared and applied by the OSYM which is the OSS, the KPDS and the UDS. Intended to choose candidates and historically to place them in the sections of FLE of the universities according to the points obtained and the preferences, oldest of these test is that of the OSS which is more than 20 years old. The OSS is a test of French language, conceived and created to evaluate the people of an intermediate level. It validates about 250 hours of formation. One can qualify it like a diagnostic test which has a paramount objective to classify and to select the participants. The second, KPDS has existed for 12 years. The third, most recent, the UDS is addressed to those who want to make academic studies after the diploma of licence at the end of 5 years. The test of the KPDS follows the same format as the test of the OSS and measurement mainly knowledge in general language It covers subjects accessible to the candidates concerned. It should be noted that the idea of the creation of the KPDS comes from the request of the official institutions for the living languages. The KPDS and the OSS consist of multiple choice questions which last 3 hours, divided into six sections from 20 to 15 questions each one. The three hours of the test prove indeed often long and discouraging. It is presented in the form of a multiple-choice questionnaire, comprising 100 questions for which only one answer is possible among the 5 choices suggested. The questions are conceived according to a principle of progressive difficulty. But the test of the UDS is composed of 80 questions for which 3 hours also allocated Though reliable the KPDS is not a reference recognized on an international scale. The total objective is thus well targeted: linguistic abilities in writing. The certificate given to each candidate indicates a total score spreading out between 0 and 100. But the disadvantage is that none of these three tests provides detailed certificate of linguistic competences in grammar, vocabulary, or written comprehension in order to accompany progress and to personalize the teaching course. As we announced above the obligatory tests appear as a multiple-choice questionnaire of 100 questions, for a fine evaluation of linguistic competences. The first part of the tests treats the words of the lexicon: (comprehension of the words according to their usual or rare character); of morphosyntaxe: (the agreement of the adjectives, the substantives, the past participle, simplest); elements of the nominal group: (determinants, adjectives, possessive phrases), the pronouns in general, relate to the relative ones (differences who/which); the most current times; adverbs of time, place, the prepositions; of syntax: construction negative, interrogative, the simple sentence. In 2003, there were 100 questions with multiple choices as in the preceding tests. The tests, built by the commission of the OSS, were distributed to the schools with the optical cards of answers and then they were sent to the OSYM in Ankara for the final evaluation. The answers of the participants are corrected and recorded on computers and the results of all the participants are announced on the Internet. Then the test of the KPDS which aims to evaluate candidates the linguistic level in foreign language in an occupational context is intended to the civil servants, to professionals who would like to know their linguistic level, to companies who would like to determine French level of their current or future employees, it is also intended to organizations of formation for the installation of homogeneous groups or continuous or final evaluation. At the end of the test candidate obtains a certificate of level. The texts of questionnaire relate to the social sciences, economic and legal, mathematical sciences and sciences of the matter, life sciences. These tests are a measuring instrument of general knowledge in French. They make it possible to get a detailed vision of the learner or employees level in writing and operation of the language. But oral competence is not evaluated. As KPDS is the validation of knowledge, the certificate is valid only for 5 years, knowledge being able to undergo positive or negative changes. In fact tests give little information would enable us to comprehend the candidate’s difficulties. The opinions and interpretations must be changed, and their exchange and evaluation are an essential part of the interactive training, comprising the development of the language, the cultural conscience and the 156 �increase of learners in general terms of education. Because very often there is not only one correct answer to a question. While preparing this work we were relied on our experiments as well as well as on testimonies of the participants of various levels at the exit of the examination rooms. Although a large audience is concerned with these tests, unfortunately we did not find a serious study which relates to them. Normally a tool for evaluation in FLE must measure all the linguistic abilities. But unfortunately the tests of languages of the OSYM completely neglect the oral competence which is of primary importance for the linguistic communication. Within the framework of this work our objective is to highlight some axes which could help the decision makers and the inspectors to change their policy and their approach simply by taking account the communicative function of the language. Rather than to analyze and highlight the gaps or the weaknesses of these tests about which we spoke here, let us try to propose some ways for their future improvement. 3. Stages in the evaluation The teacher and learners should carry out continuous evaluations periodically. First continuous evaluation can be carried out in the first week. In a language program, there are many factors which must be considered and studied in order to obtain an objective sight of the process of teaching (Braskamp and others, 1984). These factors can be classified in four categories. 4. Gathering of the data Manners of gathering data are changed. In our own practice, we employed questionnaires of the tests of the OSYM. 5. Feedback and advantages The continuous evaluations should not ever be means of sanction for the teacher or learner. They should rather help the two parts in their practices. The teachers and learners them should adopt positive attitudes and concentrate on the achievement of the objectives of the texts, but they can also get information about the models of study and the strategies of learners. In addition, learners find out about teaching style of the teacher and can understand why certain methods are employed. By mutual observations and the exchange of the ideas learners and teachers help each other to improve the learning. Learners can also profit from different studying strategies and the teachers will be able to see learner models and can adjust their methods to satisfy learner needs. A continuous evaluation is a systematic examination of a language program. By changing the roles of teacher and learner in a program, teaching and the study can be improved. The process should include teachers and learners and various kinds of activities at the various stages of the evaluation. The evaluation also benefits the teacher who becomes a researcher. All the methods of evaluation have some disadvantages, and it is essential to determine which MCQ can play an essential role in the strategy of total evaluation by examining the results of the study envisaged by module. However it should be remembered that any form of valid evaluation is likely to require learner to show a certain form of the basic knowledge which is acquired by memorisation. The questions based on basic knowledge are also a formative evaluation tool to check if learner has comprehended it. The preparation of MCQ which tests the knowledge in depth of the learner is more difficult to realize than traditional questions. 6. Comprehension and the application It is necessary to formulate as clear and concise questions as possible, while avoiding the complex language and the composition of the axes which give more than one indication. It is better also to concentrate on common errors of learner like sectors for questions and/or options. One must accept both answers as correct if two of the choices are possible. But if necessary, if the question requires it, it should be specified that there is only one correct answer. How can one provide effective feedback for the MCQ? The assistance of feedback can be desirable in the sommative and essential evaluation in the formative evaluation. Contrary to the traditional evaluations where feedback depends on various answers, the closed range of response for MCQ means that the tutors know the possible 157 �errors which can be made before the test. Thus the proposal of a MCQ is an excellent chance for the tutor to get focused generic feedback. This can be in the form of oral test of the answers following a written test or feedback on the questions, where learners can identify their errors by themselves. The effective feedback does not indicate simply to learners where they were mistaken but also gives the reasons as to why. 7. Useful indicators for feedback: In the best of the cases, it is to better to write feedback while writing the questions. The principal strengths and the weaknesses of the multiple choice questions are as follows: they examine a wide range of subjects in little time. The evaluation is not affected by a capacity of writing or orthography of learner. They can be surely pointed while all the answers are predetermined. They can also quickly be marked by computer. The inscription on computer gives the easy access to an analysis of article of the questions in the specific problematic fields for learners. A large bank of the questions which reduces the future preparation time can be made up. They can be employed for the fast revision at the beginning or the end of a class and to be marked by learners. 8. Conclusion One of the advantages of MCQ is the documentation of the statistics on the tests which are easily accessible, especially if these tests are marked by a computer. Multiple choices questions can be employed to examine the comprehension of a reading passage. Inscription of the MCQ, as mentioned above, is often difficult. As for true/false items, they should not directly quote the words of the passage and they should reflect a certain possible ambiguity of the text. None of the possible answers should stand out for example in comparison, having one longer or shorter than the others. None of the possible answers should be the opposite of correct answers. (as that states that usually one of the opposites is the correct answers). The distracters should not have similar meaning, since they can not both be correct, they must both be false. On the other hand the items should equally examine the information which can be implied from reading passage and require the candidates to reassemble the information from more than one place in the passage. The pretests are always significant but in particular with MCQ because obtaining a fresh prospect about the test is significant. The effectiveness is a feature added by Buck, which stresses the importance to be able to draw from a test as mach information as possible on the capacities of written comprehension of the participants within the limited time. Thus it could be possible to avoid it by making easier tests. In MCG, it is very significant to write good correct and incorrect replacement choices. The correct choice in question should not come directly from the text. It should be reformulated, so that participant can understand the significance of the text and not simply to identify the repeated words. Incorrect replacement choices should be based on a possible misunderstanding of the text. They should be clearly incorrect, but not illogical. If they are illogical, tested will eliminate them, even if they do not understand the text. The problem in writing goods items is often that it is difficult to write three or four good replacement choices which are logical and clearly incorrect. By writing MCG, one should avoid giving indications for the correct response the multiple choice test preparers have a tendency to put the correct response to the medium, C-to-D., if there are four choices, they prefer B or C, or if there are five choices C is preferred. One must make sure that the correct answers are not prevalent matter in the medium of the solutions of replacement. As mentioned above, one must also avoid employing the opposites of the correct answers as incorrect alternative, and it is better to employ two incorrect replacement choices with very similar significances. While preparing the items, one must consider carefully which qualifications or knowledge are necessary to answer the question. If a competence other than that that we want to examine is necessary, this type of item is probably not a good item. By considering what we said about our test, we can conclude that the test functions relatively well in its context. Principal criticism comes owing to the fact that the written text does not represent the authentic spoken language clearly enough and that the texts could be varied with regard to the topic and the type of text. But one also needs radical changes so that these tests have conformity and an international validity Finally, there are two significant points that we want to draw from this discussion. First of all, considering the established concept in the specifications of the test, MCT can be useful at least as a part of written comprehension tests. It can show the validity even according to communicative approaches. What is significant and what constitutes a challenge for the specialists. From which our second point comes, is to be able to build a valid test which measures the targeted concept. The difficulty lies in other factors; finding a representative sample of texts and 158 �tasks, having as result a degree of interactivity and satisfactory effectiveness. Especially by building a big relatively significant test like the test of the OSS for about of 45000 participants, it is necessary to analyze and check the results before and after the test with people similar to the target group of the test and with the specialists of the discipline, considering the answers and the results obtained. Conceived and developed by the OSYM, the tree tests of evaluation of French language in Turkey allow to test only competences in written comprehension and completely neglect competences in oral and written expression in non specialized French language. This causes a great weakness with regard to the reliability and the validity of these tests. "How can I evaluate myself?", "I am not a teacher!″ The traditional school culture does not encourage the learners taking responsibility in the evaluation, the only person who really knows if you understood something is you! At school and university you can often pass from the examinations if you know only 50% of a subject. If you carry out your own test, you can discover what you really know. The evaluation is the responsibility of the teacher at the school and the university partly "yes". However, after the university you’ll have to learn from new things for your profession. You’ll have to be evaluated yourself to discover what you do not know, so that you can project what you have to learn. That is called "needs analysis”. For what is known as in the evaluation of oneself, one needs many supports and counselling from the teachers The examinations are not a goal but they are means. They measure simply the degree of what learners know. If education has ten essential objectives the examinations and their result constitute simply one of them. But in Turkish education system, the examinations became the only objective in itself. The other objectives lost all their importance. All the actors of education concentrated only on the examinations. The children grow up simply with examinations. They are completely isolated from everyday life and they lost their creativity because of the memorisation system. Everything is evaluated and relied on the result obtained from one examination. The state as well as the parents does not see anything beyond the examinations. The results are not questioned. On the other hand the results are worse for the participants as well as the educational establishments. We insist on something wrong just because of the increase in number of students at the university gates. Because of the examinations the life of the parents is upside down as that of the thousands of youngsters. Here is a debate for the awakening of the utility of the evaluation and the validity of the written comprehension test. It is clear that there is still a lot to do make in this field, to arrive at the interesting but complex process of written comprehension, and at its valid measurement. C’est pourquoi les tests devraient plutôt être conçus de manière à encourager le recours à des activités d’acquisition. Les tests en usage se doivent de mesurer avant tout la compétence de communication des learners. Pour cette raison ce sont surtout les habilités de compréhension et de communication des idées qui doivent être testées. This is why the tests should rather be conceived so as to encourage the recourse to activities of acquisition. The tests of use must measure before all the competence of communication of the learners. For this reason they are especially the abilities of comprehension and communication of the ideas which must be tested. This is why the tests should rather be conceived so as to encourage the recourse to activities of acquisition. The tests of use must measure before all the competence of communication of the learners. For this reason they are especially the abilities of comprehension and communication of the ideas which must be tested. Contest of selection and placement of the students. 1 Examination of competence of foreign language of the employees of state. 1 Examination of foreign language of the council interuniversitaire. References Bachman, L., Palmer, A. (1996). Language Testing in Practice. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Buck, G. (2001). Assessing Listening. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Bolton, S.(1991). Évaluation de la compétence communicative en langue étrangère. Paris: Les Éditions Didier. Cadre européen commun de référence pour les langues:apprendre, enseigner, évaluer (2001) Didier. Chapelle, C.A.(1998). Construct definition and validity inquiry in SLA research. In: Bachman L.F, A.D. Cohen: Interfaces Between Second Language Acquisition and Language. Cornaire, C. (1998). La compréhension écrite. CLE International. 159 �Galisson, R,D.Coste (1986). Dictionnaire de didactiques des langues Hachette Germain,C.(1993). Evolution de l’enseignement des langues: 5000 ans d’histoire Cle Int. Hilton,S C.Veltcheff (2003). L’évaluation en FLE Hachette. Hymes D., (1984). Vers la compétence de communication, CREDIF-Hatier. Hutchinson, J.A. et Pauline M. Rankin (1987). “Employement profiles and compensation for educational technologists:1983-86” Educational Media and technologie yearbook:1987. Littleton, Co: Librairies Unlimited. Landsheere, G. (1992). Dictionnaire de l’évaluation et de la recherche en éducation, PUF Lhote, E. (1995). Enseigner l’écrit en interaction. Paris: Hachette. Lussier, D.(1992). Évaluer les apprentissages dans une approche communicative. Paris ,Hachette. Nimier, J. (1996). La formation psychologique des enseignants: Collection Formation Permanente en Sciences Humaines. Edition: E.S.F Morrow, K. (1979). Communicative Language testing: revolution or evolution?, in: Brumfit. Porcher, L. (1995). Le français langue étrangère Hachette. 160 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 376 Title A name given to the resource The Capacity of the Evaluation of Linguistic Abilities of FLE Examinations Applied in Turkey by OSYM Author Author Kara, Şeref Karakuzu, Melih Abstract A summary of the resource. : Since the ultimate object of the assessment and the evaluation in foreign language is the communication competence, it remains custom to determine the parameters and the performance criteria of the foreign language users. However, the multiple choice items used in Turkey generally do not allow us to measure different types of learners such as oral communication. It is limited only to the measurement of mental processes such as knowledge comprehension and application. En the contrary, the multiple choice items are still mostly preferred. Within the framework of this research, our aim is to analyze the multiple choice tests prepared and applied in Turkey by the OSYM in various examinations such as the OSS, the KPDS and the UDS. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2009-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed L Education (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/a51913841ede913811b601270c97e677.pdf ba3043d28158b912dc0d0923ad4a041b PDF Text Text The Ratio of Elements Uptake From The Soil By Yellow Weed (Boreava Orientalis Jaub And Spach) Which Causes Problems For Barley Cultivated Under Arid Conditions M urat Karaca Selcuk University,Agricultural Faculty Plant Production Department Konya, Turkey mkaraca@selcuk.edu.tr Ayşen Akay Selcuk University,Agricultural Faculty Department of Soil Science Konya, Turkey Abstract: Study was conducted in order to determine the amount of elements uptake from the soil by different densities of yellow weed depending on its competition against barley in barley cultivated areas in Ardıçlı Village (arid) of Central Selcuklu Konya in 2007. At the harvesting time of barley, yellow weed samples in all the plots were extracted with their roots and analysed following the necessary pre-treatments. As a consequence, when the yellow weed numbers are 1, 3 and 6 number /m2, the amounts of N uptake from the soil by yellow weed were determined to be 32.09 – 146.67 – 311.07 g/da; P , 15.57 - 72.56 -144.28 g/da; K , 76.94 - 375.94 – 961.21 g/da, respectively. As the result of the analysis performed, depending on the numbers of yellow weed in the plots were observed statistically significant differences between the amounts of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Mn, Fe, Zn and Mo uptake from soil by yellow weed at P<0.05 level. Keywords: Barley, yellow weed (Boreava orientalis Jaub and Spach.), element uptake, competition. Introduction According to the data from 2007, barley production is 7.306.800 ton in Turkey and itis 606.630 ton in Konya,the land of cultivation is 34.280.165 da in Turkey and 3.579.806 da in Konya (Anonymous, 2008). As in many countries,the main vermin of cereal are weeds. Weeds getin competition with wheatin terms of nutrient,water,light and place and every yearitleads to about 25-35 % yield loss (Özer, 1993; Vencill ve ark., 1993; Rodosevich ve Holt, 1984). Because many kinds of weeds have a strong root system and very much branched out, they compete with plants which have been cultivated. Because of weed competition, the average cereal loss all over the world is about 20-40 % (Koch, 1970). The wheat yield loss because of weeds was researched in different regions of Turkey, and it was found out that the loss is 30 % in Aegean region (Bilgir, 1965; Tepe, 1998), 24 % in East Anatolia (Güncan, 1976), 22,5 % in Central Anatolia (Güncan, 2006 referring to FAO) and 20 % in Cukurova region (Uygur et al.,1986). Yellow weed (Boreava orientalis) is a weed of widespread occurrence in barley and wheat field in middle of Turkey, Konya and other locaties in which barley and wheat are cultivated as a winter crop.This weed is also distributed all overthe world. In a survey study carried out in Central Anatolia, 76 species were determined. It was reported that the most common types are Galium tricornutum Dandy (rough bedstraw) 3.75 number/m2, Boreava orientalis (yellow weed) 3.48 number/m2 , Centaurea depressa Bieb. (dark blue bottle) 3.48 number/m2 and B. radians Bieb. (bifora) 2.16 number/m2 , respectively(Taştan and Erciş, 1994). The level competition of weed have in grain cultivation fields and to what extent these weeds use nutrients in soil or nutrient elements applied to the soil for culture plants is not known for every type of weed. With this aim,this study was carried outin 2007 to determine different amounts of nutrient uptake by weeds as a result of barley-weed competition in different densities of yellow weed. 431 �Material and Method This study was carried out in Ardıçlı Village (arid) of Central Selcuklu-Konya-Turkey, which can represent Konya province. The trial was carried out on barley cultivated fields(arid) which exemplified the Province of Konya. The trial plots were 1 m² each , the experiments were conducted with four repetitions and security lines of atleast 25 cm were drawn between them. The plots setincluded weeds. The density of yellow weed varies between 1, 3 and 6 number/m². Allthe other wide and narrow leafed weed plantsin the plots were manually extracted atintervals often days atthe latest and plots of desired density were arranged. All weeds in the plots were harvested together with their roots in the time of harvest,the sample weeds whose roots were cleaned off soil in laboratories were burned in a microwave device(200 PSI) (CE M-Mars -5 model) after necessary pre-processes, and filtrates were obtained. The element analyses of these were carried out with ICPOES devices (Varian, Vista model). The statistical analyses ofthe results obtained were done with of MINITAB and Mstat packet programs. Conclusions Some physical and chemicalfeatures of barley field soil on which the trailis applied are given Table 1. The soil of the trailfield has a clay loam texture, and is slightly alkaline, unsalted, highly limy and low amount of organic substances. The potassium and copperlevels ofthe soil are sufficient, phosphorus and manganese are low (compared to values given for wheat cultivation in Central Anatolia (Yurtsever ,1975), zinc level is very low and iron contentis at medium level. Depending on the number of yellow weed, the weight of weed left on the plot(g/plot) and the N,P,K,Ca,Mg and S contentsuptake from soil by weeds are given in Table 2. Depending on the number of weeds in plot,the difference between amount of N, K, P, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn, Mo ve Cr contents uptake from soil by yellow weed are significant at P<0.05 level and the difference between S content uptake from soil by yellow weed is atsignificantlevel P<0.01. As the number of yellow weed inthe plotincrease,the amount of element uptake increases significantly. Itisinteresting to note thatthe increase in the number of weed in a plot and the increase inthe amount of nutrient uptake are not simply correlated. In other words, the increase in the amount of nutrient uptake is much more than the increase in number. For example,the amount of nitrogen uptake by 1 weed is 26.15 g/da and the amount of nitrogen uptake by 6 weeds is 262.57 g/da,the amount of phosphorus uptake by one weed is 13.03 g/da and the amount of nitrogen uptake by 6 weeds is 144.28 g/da. Whilethe amount of Ca for 1 weed/m2 is 90.05 g/da,itraised up to 1233.61 g/da in 6 weed/m2. Thisshows us thatthe increase in the number of weeds in plots increase the amount of element uptake 10-13 folds. In wheat cultivation fields in Tokat, the nitrogen uptake by Papaver rhoeas is 0.023 kg/ha, phosphorus is 0.0037 kg/ha and potassium is 0.0371 kg/ha (Sırma ve Güncan,1997).N, P, K uptake from soil by the common weed speciesin wheatfieldin Tokat-Turkey were found Nitrogen 17.81 kg /ha, Phosphorus 2.86 kg/ha and Potassium 21.51 kg /ha respectively (Sırma and Güncan, 1997). Parameters Values Clay (%) 38.80 Silt(%) 28.54 Sand (%) 32.66 Texture class Clay loam (CL) pH (1:2,5) 7.79 EC (1:5)(µS/cm) 158.5 CaCO3 (%) 41.45 Organic matter (%) 1.62 Available P2 O5 ( mg/kg ) 6.40 Soluble Ca ( mg/kg ) 7529 Soluble K2 O ( mg/kg ) 234.9 Soluble Mg (mg/kg) 275.95 Soluble Na ( mg/kg) 14.89 DTPA-extractable Cu ( mg/kg) 0.531 DTPA-extractable Fe ( mg/kg ) 3.3 DTPA-extractable Mn ( mg/kg ) 9.72 DTPA-extractable Zn ( mg/kg ) 0.145 Table 1. Some Physical and Chemical Features of Experiment Area Soil 432 �The weed element contents depending on the number of yellow weed left in trial plots are given in Table 3. As it can be seen from the table, K content ranges between 0.986-1.117 %, phosphorus content ranges between 0.193-0.208 %, Ca content ranges between 1.28-1.81 % and Mg content ranges between 0.113-0.168. In a study conducted by Güncan (1980) in Erzurum on 76 types of weed,the P contentin weeds ranged between 0.10-1.15 % and K content ranged between 0.66-4.56 %. In a study conducted by Tepe et al.(1997), when the amount of nutrients are considered interms proportion,itisseen thatthe plants sufferfrom N, P, Ca, Mg, Fe and Zn insufficiency, and the weeds are in a better situation. In our study,the Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn content of yellow weed ranges from 382.88-463.07 mg/kg, 25.2026.71 mg/kg, 0.00-0.005 mg/kg and 14.67-24.93 mg/kg, respectively. In a study conducted by Kadıoğlu et al. (2005) found Mn content of S.halepense 96.5 µg/g and C.regalis 95.0 µg/g. Mendil et al.(2004) found iron and manganese contents as 714-1206 µg/g in weed samples. Ajasa et al.(2004) reported iron and copper contents as 35-241 µg/g and 2.96-24.4 µg/g in some weeds. Calcium values of the weeds ranged from 27-800 mg/100 gr, Mg values 30.33-293.08 mg/100 gr, Fe values 0.17-4.88 mg/100 gr, Mn values 0.04-1.27 mg/100 gr, Zn values 0.10-2.29 mg/100 gr and Cu values 0.005-1.17 mg/100 gr obtained in weeds in Eastern Anatolia (Turan et al., 2003). The element concentrations in some weeds collected from Tokat in Turkey were found to be 122-695, 13.9-96.5, 4.3-17.3, 1.9-8.5, 13.1-30.3 and 1.0-5.5µ/g for Fe, Mn, Cu, Ni, Zn and Cr respectively (Kadıoğlu et al., 2005). In Table 3,the sufficient nutrient element contents of barley at beginning of earring stage are also given (Alpaslan et al., 2004). When these values are compared with nutrient elements of yellow weed, itis seen that especially Ca, Mn and Fe contents are highly above the sufficiency limit values for barley. As a result,itis found out that yellow weed which is one the outstanding weeds causing problems in wheat and barley cultivation uptakes significant amount of nutrient element from soil.It was designated that as the number of yellow weed -which competes with barley- per m2 increase, the amount of nutrient element it uptakes from soil increases at a higher speed. These results reveal the importance of combat against weeds in barley cultivation. 433 �Table 2.Depending on the Number of Yellow Weed in Plot, Weed Weight in Trial Plot (g/plot) and the Amount of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn, Mo, B and Na Uptakes From the Soil by Yellow Weed ( ± Se, N = 4) Yellow weed number in plot(number/m2) Weed weight in trial plot(g/m2) 1 The amount of element uptakes from soil by yellow weed (g/da) N P K Ca Mg S 6,97±3,44 26,15±13,68 13,03±5,82 76,94±55,7 90,05±48,7 8,58±5,68 3296,28±1622 3 37,06±21,14 146,67±80,64 72,56±43,38 486,64±225,5 675,97±422 61,88±34,41 17727,13±9992 6 Yellow weed number in plot(number/m2) 67,97±28,53 262,57±126,10 144,28±70,64 795,05±415,7 1233,61±828 105,86±60,14 32451,83±13257 Fe Cu Mn Zn B Mo(mg/da) Na 1 2,69±0,62 0±0 0,175±0,084 0,103±0,0764 0,0498±0,0341 0,25±0,5 5,16±1,43 3 18,06±14,24 0±0 0,996±0,576 0,873±0,5598 0,3193±0,2004 5±5,033 28,61±15,6 6 27,08±14,62 0,005±0,01 1,764±0,857 1,304±0,5894 0,449±0,4542 16,25±12,685 99,27±91,26 Table 2.Depending on the Number of Yellow Weed in Plot, Weed Weight in Trial Plot (g/plot) and the Amount of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn, Mo, B and Na Uptakes From the Soil by Yellow Weed ( ± Se, N = 4) 434 �Yellow weed number in plot(number/m2) % mg/kg N K P Ca Mg Fe Cu Mn Zn Cr Na Mo 1 0,37 0,986 0,193 1,28 0,113 463,07 0,00 25,26 14,67 1,95 884,58 0,03 3 0,40 1,359 0,194 1,81 0,168 456,55 0,00 26,71 24,93 2,12 791,78 0,12 6 Arpa(Hordeum vulgare) * The sufficient nutrient element contents of barley at beginning of earring stage 0,38 1,117 0,208 1,68 0,147 382,88 0,05 25,20 19,78 2,19 1356,56 0,20 N K P Ca Mg Fe Cu Mn Zn Cr Na Mo 1.75-3.0 1.5-3.0 0.20-0.50 0.30-1.20 0.15-0.50 25-100 5-25 0.11-0.18 15-70 Table 3. The Amount of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn, Mo, B and Na of Yellow Weed and Nutrient Element Contents of Barley at Beginning of Earring Stage *Alpaslan et al.,2004. 435 �References Ajasa, A.M.O., Bello, M.O., Đbrahim, A.O., Ogunwander, I.A. & Olawore, N.O. (2004). Foot Chem.; 85, 67 Alpaslan, M., Güneş, A. & Đnal A. (2004). Gübreleme Çalışmalarında Bitki Analizlerinin Yeri ve Farklı Bitkiler Đçin Bitki Besin Maddesi Kritik Düzeyleri. Türkiye 3. Ulusal gübre Kongresi, Tarım-Sanayi-Çevre, No: 12151312, Tokat. Anonymous, (2008). TUIK, Türkiye Đstatistik Kurumu Verileri Bilgir, S. (1965). Ege Bölgesi hububat tarlalarında görülen önemli yabancı otlar ve savaş imkanları üzerinde bazı incelemeler. Tarım Bakanlığı Yayınları Tek. Bül. No: 14. Güncan, A. (1976). Erzurum Çevresinde Bulunan Yabancı Otlar ve Önemlilerinden Bazılarının Yazlık Arpa ve Buğdayda Mücadele Đmkanları Üzerinde Araştırmalar. Atatürk Üniv. Yay. Araşt. Serisi No:135, 79 s. Weed Abst. 27 (8): 271. (Doktora Tezinden) Güncan A., (1980). Die unkrautdicthe in der umgebung von Erzurum im getreidanbau und der naehrstoffe durch eininge unkraeuter aus dem boden. Journal of Turkish Phytopathology Vol. 9, Num: 1,1-19. Kadıoğlu, Đ., Mendi, D., Sarı, H., & Hasdemir, E. (2005). Determination of heavy metal levels in some weeds collected from Tokat, Turkey. Asian Journal of Chemistry Vol. 17. No: 1, 564-568 Koch, W. (1970). Unkrautbekampfung. Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart. Mendil D., Tuzen M., Sari H. & Hasdemir E. (2004). Trace elements and elect rolytes (impress) Özer, Z. (1993). Niçin Yabancı Ot Bilimi (Herboloji). Türkiye I. Herboloji Kongresi. 3-5 Şubat 1993. Adana, s. 17. Radosevich, S.R., & Holt, J.S. (1984). Weed ecology implications self vegetation management. John Wiley and Sons. Newyork. Sırma, M., & Güncan, A. (1997). Tokat Yöresinde Buğday Ekim Alanlarında Sorun Oluşturan Yabancı Otlar ve Önemlilerinden Bazılarının Topraktan Kaldırdıkları N, P, K, Miktarı Üzerinde Araştırmalar. Türkiye II. Herboloji Kongresi. 1-4 Eylül 1997. Ayvalık/ Đzmir. Taştan, B., & Erciş, A. (1994). Orta Anadolu Bölgesi buğday ekim alanlarında gözlenen yabancı otların yayılış ve yoğunlukları üzerinde araştırmalar. Bitki Koruma Bülteni Cilt: 31, No: 1-4, 39-60. Mart-Aralık 1991. Tepe I., Tüfenkçi Ş., Kaya Đ., & Ceylan Ş. (1997). Van’da Bitki Besin Maddesi Alınımı Açısından BuğdayYabancı Ot Rekabeti. Türkiye 2. Herboloji Kongresi. No: 359-368. Bornova-Izmir Vencill, W.K., Girayda, L.J., & Langdole, G.W. (1993). Soil moisture relations and critical period of Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. (coastal bermudagrass) competition in conservation-tillage cotton (Gossypium hirsitum L.). Weed Research, Vol. 33, Number, 89-96. 436 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 523 Title A name given to the resource The Ratio of Elements Uptake From The Soil By Yellow Weed (Boreava Orientalis Jaub And Spach) Which Causes Problems For Barley Cultivated Under Arid Conditions Author Author Karaca, Murat Akay, Aysen Abstract A summary of the resource. Study was conducted in order to determine the amount of elements uptake from the soil by different densities of yellow weed depending on its competition against barley in barley cultivated areas in Ardıçlı Village (arid) of Central Selcuklu Konya in 2007. At the harvesting time of barley, yellow weed samples in all the plots were extracted with their roots and analysed following the necessary pre-treatments. As a consequence, when the yellow weed numbers are 1, 3 and 6 number /m2, the amounts of N uptake from the soil by yellow weed were determined to be 32.09 – 146.67 – 311.07 g/da; P , 15.57 - 72.56 -144.28 g/da; K , 76.94 - 375.94 – 961.21 g/da, respectively. As the result of the analysis performed, depending on the numbers of yellow weed in the plots were observed statistically significant differences between the amounts of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Mn, Fe, Zn and Mo uptake from soil by yellow weed at P<0.05 level. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2009-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed Q Science (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/7a02adb6afdd6d6fb710c726e46a5acd.pdf 5561f46c30eeabffd42febc87cef4827 PDF Text Text 1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo The Ratio of Elements Uptake from the Soil by Yellow Weed (Boreava Orientalis Jaub And Spach.) Which Causes Problems for Barley Cultivated Under Arid Conditions M urat Karaca Selcuk University,Agricultural Faculty, Plant Production Department Konya, -Turkey mkaraca@selcuk.edu.tr Ayşen Akay Selcuk University,Agricultural Faculty, Department of Soil Science Konya-Turkey Abstract: Study was conducted in order to determine the amount of elements uptake from the soil by different densities of yellow weed depending on its competition against barley in barley cultivated areas in Ardıçlı Village (arid) of Central Selcuklu Konya in 2007. At the harvesting time of barley, yellow weed samples in all the plots were extracted with their roots and analysed following the necessary pre-treatments. As a consequence, when the yellow weed numbers are 1, 3 and 6 number /m2, the amounts of N uptake from the soil by yellow weed were determined to be 32.09 – 146.67 – 311.07 g/da; P , 15.57 - 72.56 -144.28 g/da; K , 76.94 - 375.94 – 961.21 g/da, respectively. As the result of the analysis performed, depending on the numbers of yellow weed in the plots were observed statistically significant differences between the amounts of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Mn, Fe, Zn and Mo uptake from soil by yellow weed at P<0.05 level. Keywords: Barley, yellow weed (Boreava orientalis Jaub and Spach.), element uptake, competition. Introduction According to the data from 2007, barley production is 7.306.800 ton in Turkey and itis 606.630 ton in Konya,the land of cultivation is 34.280.165 da in Turkey and 3.579.806 da in Konya (Anonymous, 2008). As in many countries,the main vermin of cereal are weeds. Weeds getin competition with wheatin terms of nutrient,water,light and place and every yearitleads to about 25-35 % yield loss (Özer, 1993; Vencill ve ark., 1993; Rodosevich ve Holt, 1984). Because many kinds of weeds have a strong root system and very much branched out, they compete with plants which have been cultivated. Because of weed competition, the average cereal loss all over the world is about 20-40 % (Koch, 1970). The wheat yield loss because of weeds was researched in different regions of Turkey, and it was found out that the loss is 30 % in Aegean region (Bilgir, 1965; Tepe, 1998), 24 % in East Anatolia (Güncan, 1976), 22,5 % in Central Anatolia (Güncan, 2006 referring to FAO) and 20 % in Cukurova region (Uygur et al.,1986). Yellow weed (Boreava orientalis) is a weed of widespread occurrence in barley and wheat field in middle of Turkey, Konya and other locaties in which barley and wheat are cultivated as a winter crop.This weed is also distributed all overthe world. In a survey study carried out in Central Anatolia, 76 species were determined. It was reported that the most common types are Galium tricornutum Dandy (rough bedstraw) 3.75 number/m2, Boreava orientalis (yellow weed) 3.48 number/m2 , Centaurea depressa Bieb. (dark blue bottle) 3.48 number/m2 and B. radians Bieb. (bifora) 2.16 number/m2 , respectively(Taştan and Erciş, 1994). The level competition of weed have in grain cultivation fields and to what extent these weeds use nutrients in soil or nutrient elements applied to the soil for culture plants is not known for every type of weed. With this aim,this study was carried outin 2007 to determine different amounts of nutrient uptake by weeds as a result of barley-weed competition in different densities of yellow weed. 20 �1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Material and Method This study was carried out in Ardıçlı Village (arid) of Central Selcuklu-Konya-Turkey, which can represent Konya province. The trial was carried out on barley cultivated fields(arid) which exemplified the Province of Konya. The trial plots were 1 m² each , the experiments were conducted with four repetitions and security lines of atleast 25 cm were drawn between them. The plots setincluded weeds. The density of yellow weed varies between 1, 3 and 6 number/m². Allthe other wide and narrow leafed weed plantsin the plots were manually extracted atintervals often days atthe latest and plots of desired density were arranged. All weeds in the plots were harvested together with their roots in the time of harvest,the sample weeds whose roots were cleaned off soil in laboratories were burned in a microwave device(200 PSI) (CE M-Mars -5 model) after necessary pre-processes, and filtrates were obtained. The element analyses of these were carried out with ICPOES devices (Varian, Vista model). The statistical analyses ofthe results obtained were done with of MINITAB and Mstat packet programs. Conclusions Some physical and chemicalfeatures of barley field soil on which the trailis applied are given Table 1. The soil of the trailfield has a clay loam texture, and is slightly alkaline, unsalted, highly limy and low amount of organic substances. The potassium and copperlevels ofthe soil are sufficient, phosphorus and manganese are low (compared to values given for wheat cultivation in Central Anatolia (Yurtsever ,1975), zinc level is very low and iron contentis at medium level. Depending on the number of yellow weed, the weight of weed left on the plot(g/plot) and the N,P,K,Ca,Mg and S contentsuptake from soil by weeds are given in Table 2. Depending on the number of weeds in plot,the difference between amount of N, K, P, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn, Mo ve Cr contents uptake from soil by yellow weed are significant at P<0.05 level and the difference between S content uptake from soil by yellow weed is atsignificantlevel P<0.01. As the number of yellow weed inthe plotincrease,the amount of element uptake increases significantly. Itisinteresting to note thatthe increase in the number of weed in a plot and the increase inthe amount of nutrient uptake are not simply correlated. In other words, the increase in the amount of nutrient uptake is much more than the increase in number. For example,the amount of nitrogen uptake by 1 weed is 26.15 g/da and the amount of nitrogen uptake by 6 weeds is 262.57 g/da,the amount of phosphorus uptake by one weed is 13.03 g/da and the amount of nitrogen uptake by 6 weeds is 144.28 g/da. Whilethe amount of Ca for 1 weed/m2 is 90.05 g/da,itraised up to 1233.61 g/da in 6 weed/m2. Thisshows us thatthe increase in the number of weeds in plots increase the amount of element uptake 10-13 folds. In wheat cultivation fields in Tokat, the nitrogen uptake by Papaver rhoeas is 0.023 kg/ha, phosphorus is 0.0037 kg/ha and potassium is 0.0371 kg/ha (Sırma ve Güncan,1997).N, P, K uptake from soil by the common weed speciesin wheatfieldin Tokat-Turkey were found Nitrogen 17.81 kg /ha, Phosphorus 2.86 kg/ha and Potassium 21.51 kg /ha respectively (Sırma and Güncan, 1997). 21 �1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Parameters Clay (%) Silt(%) Sand (%) Texture class pH (1:2,5) EC (1:5)(µS/cm) CaCO3 (%) Organic matter (%) Available P2 O5 ( mg/kg ) Soluble Ca ( mg/kg ) Soluble K2 O ( mg/kg ) Soluble Mg (mg/kg) Soluble Na ( mg/kg) DTPA-extractable Cu ( mg/kg) DTPA-extractable Fe ( mg/kg ) DTPA-extractable Mn ( mg/kg ) DTPA-extractable Zn ( mg/kg ) Values 38.80 28.54 32.66 Clay loam (CL) 7.79 158.5 41.45 1.62 6.40 7529 234.9 275.95 14.89 0.531 3.3 9.72 0.145 Table 1. Some Physical and Chemical Features of Experiment Area Soil The weed element contents depending on the number of yellow weed left in trial plots are given in Table 3. As it can be seen from the table, K content ranges between 0.986-1.117 %, phosphorus content ranges between 0.193-0.208 %, Ca content ranges between 1.28-1.81 % and Mg content ranges between 0.113-0.168. In a study conducted by Güncan (1980) in Erzurum on 76 types of weed,the P contentin weeds ranged between 0.10-1.15 % and K content ranged between 0.66-4.56 %. In a study conducted by Tepe et al.(1997), when the amount of nutrients are considered interms proportion,itisseen thatthe plants sufferfrom N, P, Ca, Mg, Fe and Zn insufficiency, and the weeds are in a better situation. In our study,the Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn content of yellow weed ranges from 382.88-463.07 mg/kg, 25.2026.71 mg/kg, 0.00-0.005 mg/kg and 14.67-24.93 mg/kg, respectively. In a study conducted by Kadıoğlu et al. (2005) found Mn content of S.halepense 96.5 µg/g and C.regalis 95.0 µg/g. Mendil et al.(2004) found iron and manganese contents as 714-1206 µg/g in weed samples. Ajasa et al.(2004) reported iron and copper contents as 35-241 µg/g and 2.96-24.4 µg/g in some weeds. Calcium values of the weeds ranged from 27-800 mg/100 gr, Mg values 30.33-293.08 mg/100 gr, Fe values 0.17-4.88 mg/100 gr, Mn values 0.04-1.27 mg/100 gr, Zn values 0.10-2.29 mg/100 gr and Cu values 0.005-1.17 mg/100 gr obtained in weeds in Eastern Anatolia (Turan et al., 2003). The element concentrations in some weeds collected from Tokat in Turkey were found to be 122-695, 13.9-96.5, 4.3-17.3, 1.9-8.5, 13.1-30.3 and 1.0-5.5µ/g for Fe, Mn, Cu, Ni, Zn and Cr respectively (Kadıoğlu et al., 2005). In Table 3,the sufficient nutrient element contents of barley at beginning of earring stage are also given (Alpaslan et al., 2004). When these values are compared with nutrient elements of yellow weed, itis seen that especially Ca, Mn and Fe contents are highly above the sufficiency limit values for barley. As a result,itis found out that yellow weed which is one the outstanding weeds causing problems in wheat and barley cultivation uptakes significant amount of nutrient element from soil.It was designated that as the number of yellow weed -which competes with barley- per m2 increase, the amount of nutrient element it uptakes from soil increases at a higher speed. These results reveal the importance of combat against weeds in barley cultivation. 22 �1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Table 2.Depending on the Number of Yellow Weed in Plot, Weed Weight in Trial Plot (g/plot) and the Amount of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn, Mo, B and Na Uptakes From the Soil by Yellow Weed ( ± Se, N = 4) Yellow weed number in plot(number/m2) Weed weight in trial plot(g/m2) 1 The amount of element uptakes from soil by yellow weed (g/da) N P K Ca Mg S 6,97±3,44 26,15±13,68 13,03±5,82 76,94±55,7 90,05±48,7 8,58±5,68 3296,28±1622 3 37,06±21,14 146,67±80,64 72,56±43,38 486,64±225,5 675,97±422 61,88±34,41 17727,13±9992 6 Yellow weed number in plot(number/m2) 67,97±28,53 262,57±126,10 144,28±70,64 795,05±415,7 1233,61±828 105,86±60,14 32451,83±13257 Fe Cu Mn Zn B Mo(mg/da) Na 1 2,69±0,62 0±0 0,175±0,084 0,103±0,0764 0,0498±0,0341 0,25±0,5 5,16±1,43 3 18,06±14,24 0±0 0,996±0,576 0,873±0,5598 0,3193±0,2004 5±5,033 28,61±15,6 6 27,08±14,62 0,005±0,01 1,764±0,857 1,304±0,5894 0,449±0,4542 16,25±12,685 99,27±91,26 23 �1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Table 3. The Amount of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn, Mo, B and Na of Yellow Weed and Nutrient Element Contents of Barley at Beginning of Earring Stage Yellow weed number in plot(number/m2) % mg/kg N K P Ca Mg Fe Cu Mn Zn Cr Na Mo 1 0,37 0,986 0,193 1,28 0,113 463,07 0,00 25,26 14,67 1,95 884,58 0,03 3 0,40 1,359 0,194 1,81 0,168 456,55 0,00 26,71 24,93 2,12 791,78 0,12 6 Arpa(Hordeum vulgare) * The sufficient nutrient element contents of barley at beginning of earring stage 0,38 1,117 0,208 1,68 0,147 382,88 0,05 25,20 19,78 2,19 1356,56 0,20 N K P Ca Mg Fe Cu Mn Zn Cr Na Mo 1.75-3.0 1.5-3.0 0.20-0.50 0.30-1.20 0.15-0.50 25-100 5-25 0.11-0.18 15-70 *Alpaslan et al.,2004. 24 �1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo References Ajasa, A.M.O., Bello, M.O., Đbrahim, A.O., Ogunwander, I.A. & Olawore, N.O. (2004). Foot Chem.; 85, 67 Alpaslan, M., Güneş, A. & Đnal A. (2004). Gübreleme Çalışmalarında Bitki Analizlerinin Yeri ve Farklı Bitkiler Đçin Bitki Besin Maddesi Kritik Düzeyleri. Türkiye 3. Ulusal gübre Kongresi, Tarım-Sanayi-Çevre, No: 12151312, Tokat. Anonymous, (2008). TUIK, Türkiye Đstatistik Kurumu Verileri Bilgir, S. (1965). Ege Bölgesi hububat tarlalarında görülen önemli yabancı otlar ve savaş imkanları üzerinde bazı incelemeler. Tarım Bakanlığı Yayınları Tek. Bül. No: 14. Güncan, A. (1976). Erzurum Çevresinde Bulunan Yabancı Otlar ve Önemlilerinden Bazılarının Yazlık Arpa ve Buğdayda Mücadele Đmkanları Üzerinde Araştırmalar. Atatürk Üniv. Yay. Araşt. Serisi No:135, 79 s. Weed Abst. 27 (8): 271. (Doktora Tezinden) Güncan A., (1980). Die unkrautdicthe in der umgebung von Erzurum im getreidanbau und der naehrstoffe durch eininge unkraeuter aus dem boden. Journal of Turkish Phytopathology Vol. 9, Num: 1,1-19. Kadıoğlu, Đ., Mendi, D., Sarı, H., & Hasdemir, E. (2005). Determination of heavy metal levels in some weeds collected from Tokat, Turkey. Asian Journal of Chemistry Vol. 17. No: 1, 564-568 Koch, W. (1970). Unkrautbekampfung. Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart. Mendil D., Tuzen M., Sari H. & Hasdemir E. (2004). Trace elements and elect rolytes (impress) Özer, Z. (1993). Niçin Yabancı Ot Bilimi (Herboloji). Türkiye I. Herboloji Kongresi. 3-5 Şubat 1993. Adana, s. 17. Radosevich, S.R., & Holt, J.S. (1984). Weed ecology implications self vegetation management. John Wiley and Sons. Newyork. Sırma, M., & Güncan, A. (1997). Tokat Yöresinde Buğday Ekim Alanlarında Sorun Oluşturan Yabancı Otlar ve Önemlilerinden Bazılarının Topraktan Kaldırdıkları N, P, K, Miktarı Üzerinde Araştırmalar. Türkiye II. Herboloji Kongresi. 1-4 Eylül 1997. Ayvalık/ Đzmir. Taştan, B., & Erciş, A. (1994). Orta Anadolu Bölgesi buğday ekim alanlarında gözlenen yabancı otların yayılış ve yoğunlukları üzerinde araştırmalar. Bitki Koruma Bülteni Cilt: 31, No: 1-4, 39-60. Mart-Aralık 1991. Tepe I., Tüfenkçi Ş., Kaya Đ., & Ceylan Ş. (1997). Van’da Bitki Besin Maddesi Alınımı Açısından BuğdayYabancı Ot Rekabeti. Türkiye 2. Herboloji Kongresi. No: 359-368. Bornova-ĐZMĐR Vencill, W.K., Girayda, L.J., & Langdole, G.W. (1993). Soil moisture relations and critical period of Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. (coastal bermudagrass) competition in conservation-tillage cotton (Gossypium hirsitum L.). Weed Research, Vol. 33, Number, 89-96. 25 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 463 Title A name given to the resource The Ratio of Elements Uptake from the Soil by Yellow Weed (Boreava Orientalis Jaub And Spach.) Which Causes Problems for Barley Cultivated Under Arid Conditions Author Author Karaca, Murat Akay, Aysen Abstract A summary of the resource. Study was conducted in order to determine the amount of elements uptake from the soil by different densities of yellow weed depending on its competition against barley in barley cultivated areas in Ardıçlı Village (arid) of Central Selcuklu Konya in 2007. At the harvesting time of barley, yellow weed samples in all the plots were extracted with their roots and analysed following the necessary pre-treatments. As a consequence, when the yellow weed numbers are 1, 3 and 6 number /m2, the amounts of N uptake from the soil by yellow weed were determined to be 32.09 – 146.67 – 311.07 g/da; P , 15.57 - 72.56 -144.28 g/da; K , 76.94 - 375.94 – 961.21 g/da, respectively. As the result of the analysis performed, depending on the numbers of yellow weed in the plots were observed statistically significant differences between the amounts of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Mn, Fe, Zn and Mo uptake from soil by yellow weed at P<0.05 level. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2009-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed Q Science (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/890775d5575e92ab870d6deb837e2823.pdf 094567cf3c83d7e63d1f9473e485e73e PDF Text Text 1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Investigation of Treatment of Boron Industries Waste Waters by Nanofiltration Đbrahim Karakaş Department of Chemical Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey Recep Boncukçuoğlu Department of EnvironmentalEngineering, Engineering Faculty, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey M. Muhtar Kocakerim Department of Chemical Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey Alper E.Yilmaz Department of EnvironmentalEngineering, Engineering Faculty, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey Abstract: Turkey has the richest boron reserve in the world. Colemanite and Tincal, which are some of the ores produced in Turkey, are used in the production of Boric Acid and Sodium Perborates, respectively. As a result of this production process, the amount of solid waste and wastewater is quite high and in order for these wastes to not cause different environmental problems, they must either be disposed in some way or the boron they contain must be removed. In this study, the removal of boron from synthetic waters by nanofiltration was investigated. It was investigated operational parameters such as boron feed concentration, pH, pressure and flow rate at boron removal experiments. DMSO was used as complex agent and it was thought that DMSO forms a complex with water. Boron removal was not obtained at experiments, which was not used DMSO. The separation of the solid boron compound was studied in a wide range of conditions by nanofiltration (NF). The best result with DMSO was 290 ppm effluent boron concentration for 3000 ppm influent boron concentration with efficiency of 92%. In the final stage, cross-flow membrane filtration was used for the separation of solid-liquid. The result of this study showed that the boron recovery efficiency was as high as 95% from the wastewater. Keywords: Boron, boron removal, membrane, nanofiltration, DMSO 1. Introduction Boron is found in the form of borate in oceans, sedimentary rocks, coal,shale, and soils [1–3].In natural waters, boron is normally found at concentrations lower than 1mg B/L [4], although in seawater boron concentration is around 5mg B/L [5]. Boron concentrations over 3mg/L result in an accumulation in soil and increase toxicity to aquatic life [5,6]. Among the different anthropogenic sources of boron are agricultural products (micro-fertilizers), insecticides, glass manufacturing, domestic products (soaps, detergents, laundry powders), fire retardants, anti-freeze formulations, power generation using coal and oil, insulation and textilegrade fibers, and mild antiseptics [1–4,6]. Boron is one of the most important micro-nutrients for plants, and is essentialfor plant growth. However, boron is beneficialto plants only in small quantities,as excessive amounts are injurious and even lethal.Irrigation with more than 1mg B/L is harmfulto most plants[7]. The sensitivity of plantsto boron ranges from values lower than 0.5 mg/L up to 15 mg/L. Boron is a commonly known drinking water contaminant that affects the reproductability of living 273 �1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo organisms [8]. Due to itsinteraction with the environment,the boron concentration in both, drinking water and wastewaters discarded to the environment, is strongly limited according to the W H O and European Union regulations [9,10]. The maximum boron levelin drinking water was set at 0.5 mg/L and at 1 mg/L in the case of wastewaters discarded to the environment. Of particular interest is the removal of boron by RO and NF membranes which are nowbeing used increasingly in sea/brackish water desalination and wastewater reclamation. At pH above the pKa of boric acid (9.25 at25 ◦C),theionic borate species predominates and itsremoval by RO and NF membranes is relatively high [11,12]. However, at the pH of natural waters and wastewaters, boron occurs as boric acid and, consequently,the rejection ofthis uncharged species by RO and NF membranes isrelatively low [13,14]. Therefore, meeting the stringentlimits for boron in drinking water as set by the W H O and the EU (0.5 and 1mg/L, respectively) is a major challenge when using RO/NF membranes with natural waters and wastewaters [15,16]. Boron rejection by RO/NF membranes can be increased significantly by adjusting the pH of the feed watertolevels above the pKa of boric acid (i.e.,pH> 9.25).For example, at pH 10, boron rejection was reported to increase to 99 and 93% for seawater and brackish water RO membranes, respectively, whereas at pH 11 the corresponding boron rejection values increased to 99.5 and 99%, respectively [17]. A specially designed, high boron rejection membrane was evaluated by Taniguchi et al. and was shown to reject 94–96% boron at pH 8. With this high boron rejection seawater RO membrane, a single-pass RO operation resulted in low boron concentration in the product water. Other combinations of seawater RO membranes followed by a selective ion exchange resin can achieve higher boron removal, but the cost may be prohibitive due to regeneration of the resins [18]. 2. Experimental All experiments were performed with pure solutions of boron in distilled water. The pH of the solutions was adjusted using either 0.1 M NaOH stock solution or 0.2 M HCl. All chemicals used were of reagent grade quality. In order to assess the influence of different solution properties on the rejection of boron, membrane separation experiments were performed in a bench scale membrane filtration module unit operated at 15-25 bar pressure at room temperature. The unit was equipped with either a NF membrane sheet made of polyether sulphone of 14 cm2 netfiltration area. The solutions were recycled through the membrane from a 10 L feed reservoir and 10 ml permeate samples were collected for analysis as indicated. Solutions of 1500, 3000 and 4500 mg/l average boron concentration were used inthe NF experiments. The influence ofthe feed pH on the complexation and further on membrane rejection was examined in a pH range of 6,5-11,0. All experiments were repeated 2–3 times. Fig. 1 presents a schematic description of the cross-flow test unit. Boron rejection was calculated from the measured total boron concentration in the permeate (Cp) and in the feed solution (Cf) according to the following equation: Re jection = 1 − 274 Cp Cf �1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Fig. 1. Schematic description of the batch NF test unit. 1. Me mbrane cell, 2. Feed tank,3. Pomp, 4. Manometer, 5. By-Pass, 6. Flowmeter, 7. Manometer, 8. Control panel, 9. Valf, 10.Changer, 11.Analytic balance, 12. Beher, 13. Computer The parameters used experiments were shown at Table 1 and specifications ofthe membranes were given at Table 2. Parameter Range of parameter Pressure (atm) 15, 20, 25 Flow rate (L/dak) 2, 4, 8 Boron concentration 1500, 3000, 4500 (mg/L) Table 1. Parameters used in nanofiltration experiments Material pH Max. temperature Max. operation pressure(atm) M W C O (Dalton) Hydrophilic polyetersulphon 0-14 95 o C 40 1000 Table 2. Specifications ofthe membranes used in nanofiltration experiments 3. Results and Discussion In this study,it was investigated to removable of boron industrial wastewater by filtration. Nanofiltration was selected as filtration process. Borax solutions with different concentration were prepared. Initial boron concentration, pH, flow rate and pressure were selected as operational parameters. Obtained experimental data shown that boron was not removed by nanofiltration process. Borate molecules size was increased with a chemical substance in order to achieve boron removal by nanofiltration. In the lied this aim, Dimethyl sulphoxide (D MSO) was added to boron solutions. These experiments were replicated. 275 �1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo 3.1. The effect of D MS O amount on boron removal efficiency To evaluate this effect, a series of experiments were performed, using solution containing boron of 4500 mg/L. The effect of D MSO amount on the boron removal was examined at 2.5, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60mL. Initial pH of 9.35,temperature 293 K, stirring time 15 min and stirring speed of 300 rpm were kept constant in the experiments. Obtained experimentalresults were shown graphically in Figure 2. 100 14 12 80 60 8 40 6 pH % removal 10 4 removal efficiency 20 2 pH 0 3 5 10 20 30 0 40 50 60 DMSO amount, mL Figure 2. The effect of DMSO amount on boron removal efficiency As seen Figure 2, boron removal increased with increasing the D MSO amount. It was thought that increasing boron removal was resultfrom reaction between D MSO and aqueous media. Because ofthisreaction, a fraction of water was not used as solvent. D MSO attached to a fraction of water in solution as following reactions; DMSO.2 H 2 O DMSO → DMSO.H 2 O + H 2 O DMSO DMSO.H 2 O → DMSO.HOH .DMSO (1) (2) D MSO has a characteristic of compose of hydrogen band. W hen D MSO was added to aqueous media,it composed doughty hydrogen band. In this situation, water as used solvent decreased and borax precipitated. 3.2. The effect of boron concentration on boron removal efficiency The effect of initial boron concentration on the boron removal was examined with solutions including boron of 500, 1500, 3000, 4500 and 7500 mg/L. D MSO amount of 30 mL, optimum pH of 9.35, solution temperature 293 K, stirring time 15 min and stirring speed of 300 rpm were kept constant in the experiments. The results obtained were shown graphically in Figure 3. 276 �1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo 80 70 % removal 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 boron concentration, mg/L Figure 3. The effect of boron concentration on boron removal efficiency As seen Figure 3, increasing boron concentration increased boron removal efficiency. The reason of increasing boron removal efficiency was added to constant D MSO amount to solutions. Therefore, constant D MSO amount was decreased the same amount of water as used solvent. The solutions with high initial boron concentration were reached to saturation values. 3.3 Nanofiltration experiments Inthis section ofthe study, nanofiltration was investigated for removal of crystals obtained from reactions between boron and D MSO. Parameters at Table 1 were used in these experiments. The capable of filtration of solutions with boron and DM S O was investigated wit cross flow membrane filtration. The results obtained experiments shown that boron removal efficiency was highest at 15 atm pressure and 4 L/min flow rate. The results obtained from experiments investigating the effect of pressure and flow rate on boron removal were demonstrated in Figure 4 and Figure 5,respectively. 70 60 % removal 50 40 30 20 15 atm 20 atm 10 25 atm 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 time, min Figure 4. The effect of pressure change on boron removal (4500 mg/L boron concentration, 4 L/dak flow rate) The results obtained from experiment with different initial boron concentration and constant D MSO amount were demonstrated graphically in Figure 6. 15 atm pressure and 4 L/min flow rate were kept constantin 277 �1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo the experiments. 70 % giderim verimi 60 50 40 2 L/dak 4 L/dak 30 8 L/dak 20 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 zaman, dak Figure 5. The effect of flow rate on boron removal (4500 mg/L boron concentration, 15 atm pressure) As seen Figure 6, increasing initial boron concentration increased boron removal efficiency. Increasing boron concentration came near to saturation concentration of borate in solution. Therefore, increasing boron concentration increased removal efficiency with the assistance of constant DMSO amount. 80 70 % giderim verimi 60 50 40 30 1500 ppm 20 3000 ppm 10 4500 ppm 0 0 10 20 30 40 zaman, dak Figure 6. The effect ofinitialboron concentration on boron removal efficiency by nanofiltration References [1] Y. Magara, A. Tabata, M. Kohki, M. Kawasaki, M. Hirose, (1998) Development of boron reduction system for sea water desalination, Desalination 118 25–33. [2] S. Sahin, (2002) A mathematical relationship for the explanation of ion exchange for boron adsorption, Desalination 143 35–43. [3] C. Yazbeck, W. Kloppmann, R. Cottier, J. Sahuquillo, G. Debotte, G. Huel, (2005) Health impact evaluation of boron in drinking water: a geographical risk assessment in northern France, Environ. Geochem. Health 27 419–427. [4] D.L. Harp, (1997) Modifications to the azomethine-H method for determining boron in water, Anal. Chim. Acta 346 373–379. 278 �1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo [5] A.R. Dincer, (2004) Use of activated sludge in biological treatment of boron containing wastewater by fed-batch operation, Process Biochem. 39 723–730. [6] A.E. Yilmaz, R. Boncukcuoglu, M.M. Kocakerim, B. Keskinler, (2005) The investigation of parameters affecting boron removal by electrocoagulationmethod, J. Hazard. Mater. 125 160–165. [7] L. Melnyk, V. Goncharuk, I. Butnyk, E. Tsapiuk, (2005) Boron removal fromnatural and wastewaters using combined sorption/membrane process, Desalination 185 147–157. [8] R.E Linder, (1990), Effects of acute exposure to boric acid on the male reproductive system of the rat. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health, 31 133–146. [9] WHO, Guidelines for drinking water quality, 3rd ed., vol. 2, WHO, Geneva, 1998. [10] A.J. Wyness, R.H. Parkman and C. Neal, (2003) A summary of boron surface water quality data throughout the European Union. Sci. Total Environ., 314–316 255–269. [11] A. Sagiv, R. Semiat, (2004) Analysis of parameters affecting boron permeation through reverse osmosis membranes, J. Membr. Sci. 243 79–87. [12] M. Taniguchi, M. Kurihara, S. Kimura, (2001) Boron reduction performance of reverse osmosis seawater desalination process, J. Membr. Sci. 183 259–267. [13] D. Prats, M.F. Chillon-Arias, M. Rodriguez-Pastor, (2000) Analysis of the influence of pH and pressure on the elimination of boron in reverse osmosis, Desalination 128 269–273. [14] J. Redondo, M. Busch, J.-P. De Witte, (2003) Boron removal from seawater using FILMTEC high rejection SWRO membranes, Desalination 156 229–238. [15] Council of European Communities, Directive 98/83. (1998)On the quality of water intended for human consumption. EC Official J., L330–L341. [16] WHO. Guidelines for drinking-water quality, first addendum to third edition, vol. 1, 2006 Recommendations, 3rd ed., WHO, [17] C. Fritzmann, J. Lowenberg, T. Wintgens, T. Melin, (2007) State-of-the-art of reverse osmosis desalination, Desalination 216 1–76. [18] M. Taniguchi, Y. Fusaoka, T. Nishikawa, M. Kurihara, (2004) Boron removal in RO seawater desalination, Desalination 167 419–426. 279 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 481 Title A name given to the resource Investigation of Treatment of Boron Industries Waste Waters by Nanofiltration Author Author Karakas, İbrahim Boncukçuoğlu, Recep Kocakerim, M. Muhtar Yilmaz, Alper E. Abstract A summary of the resource. Turkey has the richest boron reserve in the world. Colemanite and Tincal, which are some of the ores produced in Turkey, are used in the production of Boric Acid and Sodium Perborates, respectively. As a result of this production process, the amount of solid waste and wastewater is quite high and in order for these wastes to not cause different environmental problems, they must either be disposed in some way or the boron they contain must be removed. In this study, the removal of boron from synthetic waters by nanofiltration was investigated. It was investigated operational parameters such as boron feed concentration, pH, pressure and flow rate at boron removal experiments. DMSO was used as complex agent and it was thought that DMSO forms a complex with water. Boron removal was not obtained at experiments, which was not used DMSO. The separation of the solid boron compound was studied in a wide range of conditions by nanofiltration (NF). The best result with DMSO was 290 ppm effluent boron concentration for 3000 ppm influent boron concentration with efficiency of 92%. In the final stage, cross-flow membrane filtration was used for the separation of solid-liquid. The result of this study showed that the boron recovery efficiency was as high as 95% from the wastewater. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2009-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed Q Science (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/3a28726211cf94cf4afb95e14c942ed7.pdf c8e4c3aa42a8b41917616cd77ad62e20 PDF Text Text 1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Effect of Blended Cements Produced with Natural Zeolite and Volcanic Tuffs on Sulfate Resistance of Concrete Cenk Karakurt Department of Construction Bilecik University Turkey cenk.karakurt@bilecik.edu.tr Đlker Bekir Topçu Department of Civil Engineering Eskisehir Osmangazi University Turkey ilkerbt@ogu.edu.tr Abstarct: In this study, influence of blended cements produced with different types of pozzolans on sulfate resistance of concrete was investigated. For this reason, Manisa Enli Mining crushing waste natural zeolite (clinoptilolite) and two different types of volcanic tuff supplied from Eskişehir and Nevşehir region were used in blended cement production According to mechanical performance of these blended cements, sulfate resistance experiments were carried out in accordance with ASTM C 1012 code. The mechanical properties of the blended cements were determined on 40x40x160 mm mortar specimens. The 25x25x285 mm mortar bar specimens were produced in order to determine the length changes of the specimens under sulfate attack. Mortar bar specimens were cured in 10% Na2SO4 solution for 6 months. The length changes and mechanical properties of the mortar specimens with different types of blended cements showed that, zeolite and volcanic tuffs reduces the ettringite formation when compared with ordinary CEM I 42.5 reference specimens. Introduction Concreteis one ofthe most widely used construction material, owing toits good durability to costratio. However, when subjected to severe environments its durability can significantly decline due to corrosion of embedded reinforcement and/or degradation ofthe concrete(Roy et al.,2001). The mostimportant parameter on concrete performance is the properties of cement used in concrete production. It is possible to achieve environmental and economical benefits with utilization of pozzolanic mineral additives in cement production. The durability problems in concrete and reinforced concrete structures exposing to aggressive environment effects,lead to the damages in structures before the expected service life. One of the significant concerns in the design of durable concreteis sulfate resistance. Deterioration of concrete by sulfate attack is commonly observed in structures exposed to soils or groundwater containing a high concentration of sulfate ions (Irassar et al., 2000). Sodium sulfate reacts with calcium hydroxide to form calcium sulfate (gypsum). This reaction proceeds to a greater or lesser extent, depending on the conditions (Neville, 2004). Ettringite formation is considered to be the cause of most of the expansion and disruption of concrete structures involved in the sulphate attack (ACI, 1994). The penetration of sulfateions into the concrete,the calcium monosulfoaluminate crystalsin the paste may convertinto gypsum or ettringite; this results in a change to a larger molar volume. These volumetric changes cause expansion and internal stresses, which ultimately weaken and destroy the paste bonds, deteriorating the concrete (Tikalsky et al., 2002, Topçu, 2006). To mitigatethis attack, concrete codes recommend a concrete mixture with low water/cement ratio and containing a sulfateresistant Portland cement. The lowered availability of C3 A can reduce the damage caused by sulfate attack due to a direct reduction in the quantity of ettringite that can form. Also, ettringite formation in chloride-rich environments is not associated with expansion and cracking (Santahanam et al., 2006).In addition to the C3 A content, C3 S/C2 S ratio of cement is also found to be an effective parameter in the sulfate resistance (Cao et al.,1997, Ramyar & Đnan, 2007). Cements containing higher C3 S content, upon hydration produce significantly higher quantity of calcium hydroxide which may directly react with sulfate ions of high concentration (>8000 ppm) to cause gypsum corrosion (Rasheeduzzafer et al.,1990). Gypsum corrosion reduces the cohesion stiffness and strength ofthe hydrated cement paste. 150 �1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Under the new specification, various materials can be used freely, but the material design methods of various cementitious materials must be established to satisfy the performance requirements of concrete (Sakai et al., 2005). Pozzolanic materials have been widely used as substitutes for Portland cement in many applications because of their advantageous properties which include cost decrease, reduction in heat evaluation, decreased permeability, alkali aggregate-expansion control, decreased chemical resistance, reduced concrete drying shrinkage and the improvementin the properties of fresh concrete (Shi & Day, 2001). Amorphous silica present in the pozzolanic materials combines with lime and forms cementitious materials. These materials improve the durability of concrete and the rate of gain in strength and can also reduce the rate of liberation of heat that is beneficial for mass concrete (Khandaker & Hossain, 2003). Nevertheless, the use of natural and artificial pozzolans as blend materials for cement has been constantly increasing in order to reduce energy consumption and CO2 emission without causing any degradation to cement properties. Zeolites are crystalline alumina silicates with uniform pores,channels and cavities. They posses special properties like ion exchange, molecular sieves, a large surface area and a catalytic activity which makes them a preferable material for tremendous industrial applications (Breck, 1971). About 40 natural zeolites have been identified during the past 200 years; the most commons are analcime, chabazite, clinoptilolite, mordenite and philipsite. Worldwide production of natural zeolite was estimated at about 3-4 M ton on the basis of recorded production and production estimates (Virta, 2001). Ratherthan the known application areas, higher quantities of research (de Gennaro et al.,2004, de Gennaro et al., 2005) concerning the using of natural zeolite, especially clinoptilolitein concrete applications as pozzolanic cement,light weight aggregates and dimension stone is being increased in recent years. Zeolitictuffs and amorphous silicatetuffs arethe main natural pozzolansinthe cement industry. The pozzolanic activity of zeolites depends on their chemical and mineralogical composition. The pozzolanic properties of zeolites are due totheirreactive SiO2 and Al2 O3, which react with the Ca(OH)2 liberated during the hydration of cementand convertitinto C–S–H gelsand aluminates. As a result,the micro-structure of hardened cement concrete isimproved and the concrete becomes more impervious (Gervais & Ouki, 2002). On the other hand, some waste materials such as fly ash (FA) and ground granulated blastfurnace slag (BFS) can be used as supplementary cementing material, or artificial pozzolan,in concrete industry. The reactivity of FA and BFS is supposed to be particularly influenced by the glass content and its composition. In this study, influence of blended cements produced with different types of pozzolans on sulfate resistance of concrete was investigated. For this reason, Manisa Enli Mining crushing waste natural zeolite (clinoptilolite) and two differenttypes of volcanictuffsupplied from Eskişehir and Nevşehirregion were used in blended cement production. The first group single composition cements are produced by grinding different pozzolans replacing clinker, provided from Çimsa Cement Factory, at the ratios of 10, 20, 30, 40 and 45% together with gypsum stone in a ball mill. The second group composite cements are produced with 20-30% replacement ratios in binary replacement compositions. According to mechanical performance of these blended cements, sulfate resistance experiments were carried out in accordance with AST M C 1012 code (AST M C 1012, 2002). The mechanical properties of the blended cements were determined on 40x40x160 mm mortar specimens. The 25x25x285 mm mortar bar specimens were produced in orderto determine thelength changes of the specimens under sulfate attack. Mortar bar specimens were cured in 10% Na2 SO4 solution for 6 months. The length changes and mechanical properties ofthe mortar specimens with differenttypes of blended cements were determined and analyzed in order to obtain a durable cement composition against sulfate attack. Experimental Study The raw materials of blended cement compositions were supplied from different sources. Cement clinker, gypsum limestone and Eskişehir trass were supplied from Çimsa Eskişehir cement factory. Natural zeolite in clinoptilolite form was provided from Manisa Gördes region and Nevşehir Tuff was supplied from Nevşehir-Đnli region. Chemical analyses of the materials were made by means of X-ray spectrophotometer (XRF) and the test results are given in Table 1. In this study, 24 different types of blended cement mixes with zeolite (Z), Eskişehir tuff (ET) and Nevşehir tuff (NT), replacement of 10, 20, 30, 40 and 45% by weight, 5% limestone for particle size arrangement and 3% gypsum were produced by intergrinding these materials in ball mill. These are defined as first group. According to compressive strength results of first group cements, the optimum replacement ratio of additives was found as 20 and 30% of clinker. Then the second group mixes were designed by means of 20 and 30% replacement ratio as binary composition. These blended cements were compared with reference to CE M I 42.5 ordinary Portland cement in experimental studies. 151 �1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Chemical Co mposition SiO2 Clinker, % 20.98 Clinoptilolite, % 62.78 Eskişehir Tuff, % 61.12 Nevşehir Tuff, % 59.37 Al2 O3 5.55 10.66 12.32 14.46 Fe2 O3 3.85 4.20 6.51 6.99 CaO 65.85 2.37 4.28 5.82 Mg O 1.12 1.10 5.88 4.99 K2 O 0.53 0.74 1.73 2.66 Na2 O 0.14 0.35 2.44 2.52 SO3 0.97 - 0.1 - Table 1: Chemical composition ofthe raw materials. The prepared cement mortars with the produced cements were castin 40x40x160 mm prismatic moulds according to TS EN 196-1. The mortar specimens were removed from the moulds after 1 day and were then cured inlime saturated water at 20±1°C untilthe age of considering strength test. Atthe end ofthe curing period (2, 7, 28 and 180 days), mortar specimens were subjected to compressive strength test(TS EN 196-1, 2002). Mortar bars were prepared according to AST M C 1012 in dimension with 25x25x285 m m and 40x40x160 mm in orderto determine the effects of sulfate on differenttypes of produced blended cements. After the initial curing period, specimens were demolded and cured in lime saturated water (23 ± 1.7 °C) until the mortar cube specimens gained a compressive strength of 20 MPa as described by ASTM C 1012 (Sahmaran et al., 2007). Upon reaching a compressive strength of 20 MPa, the performance of cements under sulfate-attack were determined weekly through expansion measurements of mortar bars with which are immersed in 10% Na2 SO4 solution for one year. During this curing cycle, compressive strength and ultrasound pulse velocitytests were carried outto determine the mechanical and physical properties of different blended cement mortars. Results and Discussion Co mpressive Strength The aim of this study is to determine the strength development and sulfate resistance of different pozzolan blended cements. The mechanical performance of produced blended cements was determined by compressive strength test. The considered testresults are given in Table 2. The compressive strength testresults showed different behaviors depending upon the replacement ratio of pozzolans and age of the mortar specimens. In the early stage of cement hydration, Ca(OH)2 from the hydrating paste was incorporated into the pozzolan structure and led to the formation of hydration producttype C-S-H and hydrated aluminate phases (Topçu et al., 2008). According to compressive strength resultsthe early age strengths of blended cements were reduced with increasing amounts of replacement ratio. At the age of 28 days, the compressive strength values of zeolite blended cements were higher than reference CE M I 42.5 cement up to 40% replacement ratios. Moreover at 180 days, the compressive strength of BFS, FA and zeolite blended cements reached approximately 57 MPa depending on the pozzolanic reaction of the considered mineral additive. This result was higher than the reference ordinary Portland cement mortars (50 MPa). According to mechanicaltesting results,it may be stated thatlong term strength performances of natural zeolite (clinoptilolite) and Eskişehirtuff blended cements were better than reference CE M I 42.5 type cement. A comparison based on strength development indicates that the replacement of zeolite and volcanic tuffisthe most effective method in blended cement production. Sulfate Resistance According to compressive strength test results, the optimum usage of mineral additive in blended cement mixtures was found as 30% replacement ratio. Forthis reason the sulfate resistance tests were carried on 30% blended cements. The volume expansion of mortar bars was measured with 0.001 mm sensitive comparator for 6 months in order with AST M C 1012 code. According to AST M C 1157 the expansion limits of hydraulic cements were 0.10% and 0.05% at 26 weeks as moderate sulfate resistant and high sulfate resistant,respectively (AST M C 1157, 2000). Also 0.10% expansion limit was suggested for high sulfate resistant cements. Volume 152 �1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo expansion of different cement mortars which immersed in 10% Na2 SO4 solution for 26 weeks are given in Fig. 1. Co mpressive Strength, MPa Ce ment Code 2 Days 7 Days 28 Days 180 Days 45.25 50.69 CE M I 42.5 22.00 30.43 12 .31 46 .90 57.15 ZBC-10 22.56 11.23 48.28 54.89 ZBC-20 20.38 10.97 45.37 53.06 ZBC-30 18.56 7 .25 39 .65 50.65 ZBC-40 17.25 6.95 38.13 48.38 ZBC-45 15.03 44 .65 51.06 ETC-10 11.60 28.80 42.31 50.93 ETC-20 9.68 26.81 40.47 48.78 ETC-30 10.31 24.18 36 .46 44.38 ETC-40 8.80 20.52 35.34 43.25 ETC-45 6.00 16.50 42 .96 47.65 NTC-10 11.93 21.25 42.71 45.13 NTC-20 11.18 16.87 36.59 43.74 NTC-30 8.12 15.6 32 .28 40.68 NTC-40 5.67 14.00 28.81 39.23 NTC-45 4.32 12.5 11.51 21.78 36.25 ZBETC-20 43.67 10.45 20.37 35.75 ZBVTC-20 44.43 10.56 20.13 34.56 ETVTÇ-10 41.43 8.24 18.25 33.16 ETVTÇ-20 40.20 12.87 26.12 43.81 ETZKÇ-10 54.65 10.12 23.21 43.46 ETZKÇ-20 52.32 9.07 18.09 32.52 VTETÇ-20 41.6 12.56 23.50 42.96 VTZKÇ-10 53.72 11.43 22.90 40.00 VTZKÇ-20 45.75 Table 2: Compressive strength testresults of produced blended cements. Length Change, % sdf As seen from Fig.1 reference mortar specimen produced with CE M I 42.5 reaches as 0.518% above the 0.10% expansion limit after 26 weeks sulfate exposure period. Also, mortar bar expansion of ETC-30 type cement produced with 30% Eskisehirtuffreplacement ratio was determined as 0.109% a little bit higherthan the reference line on Fig.1. 0.14 0.12 CEM I 42.5 ETC-30 ETZBC-20 ZBC-30 NTC-30 NTZBC-20 0.1 0.08 0.06 Expansion limit 0.04 0.02 0 Cement Types Figure 1: The length changes of mortar bar specimens. On the other hand, blended cements produced with clinoptilolite and Nevşehir tuff were varied around 0.02%. These results are lower than reference CE M I 42.5 ordinary Portland cement. It can be concluded that 153 �1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo performance of ZBC-30, NTC-30, ETZBC-20 and NTZCB-20 can be defined as high sulfate resistance cements. The physical deterioration of mortar specimens are given in Fig.2. At the end of 6 months curing regime ordinary Portland cement mortarlostits volume stability and stiffness. However, clinoptilolite and Nevsehirtuff blended cements did not change their shape. NT C-30 ZBC-30 CE M I 42.5 Figure 2: Physical deterioration of mortar bars at 6 months sulfate exposure. According to these results natural zeolite blended cements is more durable than ordinary Portland cement, under aggressive sulfate environments.It also seemsthat asthe proportion ofthe replacement of clinker by pozzolanic materialincreased,the sulfate resistance of the mixture also increased. This conclusion, which is in accordance with other research results indicates that the decrease of C3 A content of the mixture in combination with the reduction of large pores caused by the pozzolanic reaction, are more criticalthan the total porosity alone (which increases as the w/c ratio also increases) when sulfate resistance is of primary interest (Sideris et al., 2006). Mechanical behavior of different cement mortars during the sulfate test were investigated with compressive strength test results. As seen from Table 3 compressive strength of CEM I 42.5 cement was increased up to 59 MPa more rapidly than other cements at early ages. This increase should be attributed with the supplementary ettringite formation in the C-S-H structure of the composite. However,atthe end of 8 weeks this trend changed and strength reduction occurred with the expansion of ettringite salt in the composite structure. The same behavior was seen on ETC-30 specimens. On the other hand ZBC-30 and NTZBC-10 cement mortars were increased their compressive strength 61.00 MPa and 64.32 MPa respectively, atthe end of the experimental study. Compressive strength test results show a good agreement with volume expansion of cement mortars. ETC-30 NTC-30 ETZBC-20 NTZBC-10 1 2 3 4 8 13 15 20 26 ZBC-30 Curing Time, weeks CEM I 42.5 Co mpressive strength, MPa 20.43 34.13 40.23 48.54 59.28 55.06 54.30 52.55 38.32 21.03 28.30 34.30 44.54 52.31 54.19 58.45 60.14 61.00 20.40 26.44 35.86 42.93 47.29 50.95 52.87 51.37 50.55 21.50 29.35 36.57 43.56 45.91 47.58 48.01 49.26 49.27 20.50 27.84 37.50 41.25 51.82 52.13 53.05 55.50 59.05 20.74 32.65 40.14 47.05 58.17 61.95 63.23 64.11 64.32 Table 3: Compressive strength variation of blended cements under sulfate exposure for 26 weeks. 154 �1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Ultrasonic methods are generally used for analyzing the porous structure, mechanical strength of concrete and to detectinternal defects(voids,cracks, delaminations,etc.)(Lafhaj etal.,2006). Mortar specimens were subjected to UPV testto determine the crack formation of the composite material.As seen from Table 4, the UPV values of mortars were increased with the curing time. However,the ultrasound pulse velocity (UPV) value of CE M I 42.5 specimen was reduced after 8 weeks exposure time. This significantreduction showed that the increasing volume expansion of the composite structure was the cause of the initial crack formation. Higher C3 A content of ordinary Portland cement causes rapid ettringite formation in the composite structure compared with othertypes of cements. The same UPV reduction occurred for Eskisehirtrass used ETC-30 blended cement specimen. On the other hand, ZBC-30, ETZBC-20 and NTZBC-20 blended cements were increased the UPV values purposefully with the pozzolanic reaction between mineral additives and Ca(OH)2. ETC-30 NTC-30 ETZBC-20 NTZBC-10 1 2 3 4 8 13 15 20 26 ZBC-30 Curing Time, weeks CEM I 42.5 Ultrasound Pulse Velocity, km/sec. 3.554 4.074 4.244 4.374 4.594 4.327 4.247 4.201 3.770 3.433 3.751 4.055 4.288 4.134 4.144 4.165 4.232 4.255 3.421 3.612 4.123 4.156 4.166 4.266 4.371 4.312 4.213 3.496 3.720 4.138 4.213 4.301 4.347 4.350 4.432 4.432 3.473 3.671 3.878 4.033 4.155 4.177 4.180 4.188 4.210 3.562 4.000 4.265 2.310 4.419 4.481 4.520 4.597 4.637 Table 4: Ultrasound pulse velocity variation of blended cements under sulfate exposure for 26 weeks. Conclusions Improving the durability of concrete structure members is an important point to achieve a sustainable developmentin structure industry. Prolonging the service life of concretein aggressive environmentsis possible with increasing the durability of these members. The sulfate resistance of concrete is related with the ettringite, gypsum and thaumasite formation in the composite. The main cause of ettringiteis C3 A content of cement used in concrete. Ordinary sulfate resistance cements are low C3 A (less than 5%) cements. According to test results zeolite blended cements showed high sulfate resistance performance against reference Portland cement. Utilization of economic blended cementsin sulfate environments has beneficial effects on concrete durability. References Roy, D.M., Arjunan, P., & Silsbee, M.R. (2001) Effect of silica fume, metakaolin, and low-calcium fly ash on chemical resistance of concrete. Cement and Concrete Research, 31, 1809-1813. Irassar, E.F., González, M., & Rahhal, V. (2000) Sulfate resistance of type V cements with limestone filler and natural pozzolana. Cement and Concrete Composites, 22, 361-368. Neville, A. (2004) The confused world of sulfate attack on concrete. Cement and Concrete Research, 34, 1275-1296. Tikalsky, P.J., Roy, D., Scheetz, B., & Krize, T. 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Applied Clay Science, 25, 71-81. de Gennaro, R., Cappelletti, P., Cerri, G., de’ Gennaro, M., Dondi, M., & Langella, A. (2005) Neopolitan yellow tuff as raw material for lightweight aggregates in lightweight structural concrete production. Applied Clay Science,28, 309-319. Gervais, C., & Ouki, S.K. (2002) Performance study of cementitious systems containing zeolite and silica fume: effects of four metal nitrates on the setting time, strength and leaching characteristics. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 93, 187-200. ASTM C 1012. (2002) Standard test method for length change of hydraulic cement mortars exposed to a sulfate solution. ASTM International. TS EN 196-1. (2002) Methods of testing cements. Part 1. Determination of strength. Turkish Standards Institution. Sahmaran, M., Erdem, T.K., & Yaman, I.O. (2007) Sulfate resistance of plain and blended cements exposed to wettingdrying and heating-cooling environments. Construction and Building Materials, 21, 1771-1778. ASTM C 1157. (2000) Standard performance specification for hydraulic cement. ASTM International. Topçu, Đ.B., Karakurt, C., & Sarıdemir, M. (2008) Predicting the strength development of cements produced with different pozzolans by neural network and fuzzy logic. Journal of Materials Design, 29, 1986-1991. Sideris, K.K., Savva, A.E., & Papayianni, J. (2006) Sulfate resistance and carbonation of plain and blended cements. Cement and Concrete Composites, 28, 47-56. Lafhaj, Z., Goueygou, M., Djerbi, A., & Kaczmarek, M. (2006) Correlation between porosity, permeability and ultrasonic parameters of mortar with variable water/cement ratio and water content. Cement and Concrete Research, 36, 625–633. 156 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 497 Title A name given to the resource Effect of Blended Cements Produced with Natural Zeolite and Volcanic Tuffs on Sulfate Resistance of Concrete Author Author Karakurt, Cenk Topçu, ilker Bekir Abstract A summary of the resource. In this study, influence of blended cements produced with different types of pozzolans on sulfate resistance of concrete was investigated. For this reason, Manisa Enli Mining crushing waste natural zeolite (clinoptilolite) and two different types of volcanic tuff supplied from Eskisehir and Nevsehir region were used in blended cement production According to mechanical performance of these blended cements, sulfate resistance experiments were carried out in accordance with ASTM C 1012 code. The mechanical properties of the blended cements were determined on 40x40x160 mm mortar specimens. The 25x25x285 mm mortar bar specimens were produced in order to determine the length changes of the specimens under sulfate attack. Mortar bar specimens were cured in 10% Na2SO4 solution for 6 months. The length changes and mechanical properties of the mortar specimens with different types of blended cements showed that, zeolite and volcanic tuffs reduces the ettringite formation when compared with ordinary CEM I 42.5 reference specimens. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2009-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed Q Science (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/27c771e211bf79f89c64699848e7ab60.pdf 3692a898a672f237f67e699a0f277570 PDF Text Text 1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Comparative Analysis Of Ict Performances Of Turkey And Bosnia And Herzegovina By Custom Scorecard Model Selahattin Kaynak Ataturk University, Ispir Hamza Polat VocationalTraining School Erzurum Turkey skaynak @atauni.edu.tr Hüseyin Özer Ataturk University Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences Department of Economics, Erzurum Turkey hozer@atauni.edu.tr Abstract: Information and Com munication Technologies (ICT), being com monly used in allthe sectors of an economy and one of the most important driving forces for social development in the last 20 years,facilitated to product goods and service for producers. Besides that, ICT has been begun to substitute other production factors, by reason of being cheaper of communication tools such as computer or internet and the changes observed in these tools. As it is looked consumers' perspective, falls of the prices and the high performance in these technologies reasoned in being used ofthem in every moment of daily life. The main purpose of this study is to compare the ICT performances of Turkey and Bosnia Herzegovina, based on the data set of the World Bank. KA M'S Custom Scorecards model developed by the World Bank has been used in the study. As a result of the analyses, it has been found that Turkey has delivered a better performance in generalthan Bosnia Herzegovina has done, except for the variables of Internet Users and Price Basket for Internet. Keywords: ICT, Custom Scorecards, Turkey, Bosnia And Herzegovina 1. Introduction Nowadays, information stored or newly generated in any place in the world are transmitted to corporations located in another locations by means of ICTs. In economic concept that approach defined as externality creates opportunity for organizations which fails to generate information to provide welfare as operators. So it creates supportfor the productivity of organizations (Saygılı, 2003:100). Further to rapid fallin the prices of computer and similar technological communication devices applications and expansions of ICT earned acceleration. As the natural outcome of that circumstance, ICT devices regularly and in significantlevel have been substituted instead of classical production factors such as labor and capital (Dursun and Vardareri, 2007:76). Intense and fast sophisticationsin ICT deeply affected economic and sociallife. That occlusion presently keeps its influence in increasing amount dynamically. ICT emerging as the indispensable component of public life connecting producers,consumers and state on a network setting moved economic operations related to goods and services to electronic environment. That related process operating in a different situation compare to traditional economic activities, enabling markets to possess transparent structure availed cost advantages in the production of plenty of goods and services. Rapid expansionsin ICT resulted in consumer satisfaction. Technological innovations transforming socio-economic life styles and cultural forms are considered as the discoveries of paper, printing house, telegram, steam machine, computer and internet. Discovery of paper and printing house while leading to expansions of information accumulation owned by mankind, discovery of steam machine has been a corner stone for the domination of mankind to element and mankind commenced to apply those mechanical settings instead of living tissues as production and transportation purpose. Telegram, telephone,telex, computer and internet communication devices applied by humans created transformation in 266 �1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo time and location perceptions and by means of ICT devices data flow accelerating in an extraordinary way led to widespread of innovations in various field (Yücel, 2006:6).ICT facilitating education and business life, enabled fast and productive communication emerged newly arising professional fields, eliminating some of the monotonous occupations. Rapid advancements in the field of ICT developed a new dimension in competition. Competitive force based on cheap labor and natural resources has been substituted by technological manufacturing processes adequately strong to compete in international markets. Corporations are providing increasing gains from ICT in their competition (Nelson, 2006). Those organizations applying advanced technologies are also providing great utilities in competitive power. In line with those developments, globalization in competition motivates organizationstointensifytheirinvestmentsininformation,qualified staff and information technologies. Because most fundamentalfeaturesin competition are concentrated on information. Eventually, ICT devices transform the world into a great village. At the present time, none of the transformations remain in domestic and nationallimits. Development or a method in somewhere on earth easily affects firms established in some other pars. Corporations for avoiding negative impacts from the advancements and to foresee the sophistications earlier and to gain information about those developments obliged to make adaptations (Ekinci, 2006: 56). 2. Summary Of Literature Aboutthe overall performances ofICT studiesinliteratureinterrelations between production, value added and productivity performed by ICT after 1990 have been investigated. Even though there is no consensus,ICT is found creating great effectin economic growth enabling productivity rise (Jorgenson and Stiroh 2000; Scarpetta, et. Al. 2000; Oliner and Sichel,2000). Empirical analysis,for example,long term productivity rise afterthe second part of 1990s indicates that approximately half of the productivity rise experienced two folds was originated from ICT sectors (Oliner and Sichel, 2000: 11). At the corporate level in executed lots of studies, a statistically positive correlation was found between ICT and productivity. Because, investigation at corporate level allows to measure the ICT’s impact over the quality and diversification of manufacturing process. However, excessively combining the data may musk those effect (Dewan and Kraemer, 2000:549). In the content of studies evaluating the subject in terms of micro econometric way, ICT’s positive contribution to the productivity rise will be found much easily.In that respect, for 1987-1991 era at the end of the investigation held by Brynjolfsson and Hitt over 367 gigantic USA firms covering 5 years time length subject to outcomes ICT expenses were found creating significant gains at corporate productions and productivity (Dursun &Vardareri, 2007). In a comparative analysis executed in Greece and Switzerland on the firms competing in a big size sector was founded statistically significant positive effects for physical capital,ICT capital, human capital and ‘‘employee voice”-oriented organizational practices for both samples (Arvanitis and Loukis, 2009: 43). Technology was adopted earlierin USA compare to Europe. In some of the countries adopted technology earlier and established required economic supports and legal organizations ICT created greater gain for productivity growth. ICT’s lesser impact over the productivity in Eurpoean countries compare to USA proves that(Matteucci& O’Mahony & Robinson & Zwick, 2005: 359). On the other hand, in macro studies Yamak and Kolçak (2007) provided different outcomes subject to developed and developing nations. ICT’s impact over economic growth found positive in developed and newly industrialized nations but, in developing nations no support has been created (Lee, Gholami and Tong, 2005: 2009). By means of using plenty ofindustrial data from USA and England in a study executed by dynamic panel data method, ICT has been found creating significant and positive effect(O’Mahony and Vecchi, 2005:615). In Spain in orderto find outthe contribution of ICT over economic development positive impact over productivity levels was found (Martinez, et all, 2008: 1596). ICT is creating direct and indirect effects for labor market. Employment rise in ICT sector and productivity level is usually at higher levels compare to alternative sectors. Demand for labor force possessing skills to use ICT devices is rising up. In an application performed for Spanish firms a positive correlation between the ICT and skill development was found (Bayo-Moriones et all., 2008:122). Searching out ICT’s influence on labor productivity for Turkey forthe era ranging between 1980-2004 estimating ICT’s impact over labor productivity levels Cobb-Douglas applied productivity function. Findings provided that there is no significant statistical correlation between ICT investments per labor productivity and labor (Dursun and Vardareri, 2007:76). According to Pilat and Lee (2001) ICT’s gain over productivity increase isrestricted in their own sectors. In plenty of nations globally even productivity made by ICT devices is restrained in infinitesimal magnitude, by means of policies contributing the expansion of those technologies in economics and their efficient use very rapid factor productivity rise is provided all around the nation. Ramlan et. al.(2007) the contribution of ICT to 267 �1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Malaysian economic growth is the highest at an average of 13 percent for the period 1966 to 2005 against 4.7 percent for Total Factor Productivity (TFP), 9.7 percent for Gross Domestic Product (GDP), 9.6 percent for capital, and 3.0 percent for labor. In a research study completed in five Asian states (Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippine, Singapore and Thailand) (Ahmed, 2007:2254) ICTs has been found providing positive impact over the factor productivity. 3. Methodology 3.1. Purpose of the Research Purpose of that research is to investigate the performances of Turkey and Bosnia Herzegovina based on ICT variables and to find out the distance of those two states in the course of transforming into information societies. There are three reasons to selectthose states. 1. Based on the regional countrywide classification of World Bank under KA M conceptthey are located in Europe and Middle Asia region consisted of 27 states. First conditions of making comparison of different states countries have to be located in the same class according to regional income level and humanitarian development.(http://go.worldbank.org/CY9PINAVF0). 2. According to International Telecommunication Union (ITU), IDI (ICT Development Index) points states are divided into four sections (High, Upper, Medium, Low). Turkey and Bosnia Herzegovina are classified inthe same group (Upper) (ITU, 2009: 49). 3. Turkey from the year 1995 forreinforcing the economic relations of Bosnia Herzegovina signed up a series oflegallaws. At the beginning those laws were “Trade and Economic With Turkey Agreement”, “Mutual Reinforcements and Protections of Investments” and “Free Trade Act”. (http://www.dtm.gov.tr/dtmadmin/upload/ANL/AvrupaDb/Bosna_Hersek.pdf). 3.2. The Model In the study World bank’s “Custom Scorecards” model was applied. Custom Scorecards model is an elastic model enabling the comparison of at least three models. There is no classification to select a variable. Custom Scorecards model compares ICT performances of the nations and use 12 variables. Those variables are stated under another nexttitle (http://go.worldbank.org/JGA O5XE940). 3.3. Data and Variables In the present study variables applied in the measurement of ICT performances of nations or regions W orld Bank variables were used as reference. In ICT calculations 12 indicator were used. But, Bosnia Herzegovina’s ICT Expenditure as % of GDP and Daily Newspapers per 1,000 People and Turkey’s indicators Daily Newspapers per 1,000 People since there is no data found those indicators were excluded from the investigations. Custom Scorecards modelis an elastic model an does not have any restrain in variable selection. Variables going to be applied fortwo countries are depicted down: • Telephones Per 1,000 People • Telephone Mainlines Per 1,000 People • Mobile Phones Per 1,000 People • Computers Per 1,000 Persons • TV Households with Television • International Internet Bandwidth • Internet Users Per 1,000 people • Price Basket for Internet, US$ per month • Availability of e-Government Services • Extent of Business Internet Use 4. Empirical Analysis Date of Bosnia Herzegovina and Turkey covered inthe study forICT variables are converged into standard form inthe equation (1). 268 �1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Normalized (u) = 10*(1-Nh/Nc) (1) The normalization procedure used in the KA M is as follows1: 1. The actual data (u)is collected from World Bank datasets and internationalliterature for allthe variables and countries. 2. Ranks are allocated to countries based on the absolute values (actual data)that describe each and every one of 83 variables (rank u). Countries with the same performance are allocated the same rank. Therefore, the rank equals 1 for a countrythat performs the best among the countriesin our sample on a particular variable(thatis,it has the highest score),the rank equalsto 2 for a country that performs second best, and so on. 3. The number of countries with higher rank (Nh) is calculated for each country. 4. The following formula is used in orderto normalize the scores for every country on every variable according totheirranking and in relation tothe total number of countries in the sample (Nc) with available data. 5. The above formula allocates a normalized score from 0 to 10 for each country. 10 isthe top score for the top performers and 0 the worstfor the laggards. Variable Total Telephones per 1,000 People, 2006 Main Telephone Lines per 1000 People, 2006 Mobile Phones per 1,000 People, 2006 Computers per 1,000 People, 2005 Households with Television (%), 2005 International Internet Bandwidth (bits pp), 2005 Internet Users per 1000 People, 2006 Price Basket for Internet (US$ per month), 2005 Availability of e-Gov. Services (1-7), 2006 Extent of Business Internet Use (1-7), 2006 Bosnia and Herzegovina (Group: Europe and Central Asia) actual normalized Turkey (Group: Europe and Central Asia) actual normalized 730.00 3.70 980.00 4.81 250.00 4.81 260.00 5.56 480.00 2.96 720.00 5.19 50.00 3.85 60.00 4.62 87.20 1.54 92.20 4.62 39.67 3.60 405.19 6.00 240.00 5.93 170.00 4.07 7.78 8.52 11.61 5.93 2.78 3.75 3.78 7.92 3.80 5.60 3.80 5.60 Table 1: ICT Variable Values of Turkey and Bosnia Herzegovina As seen from Table 1 according to Custom Scorecards modelICT indicator value sof Bosnia Herzegovina is stayed in the range of 1.54 and 8.52 and Turkey’s value isstayed between 4.07 and 7.93. Strongest value of Bosnia Herzegovinais 8.52 value of Price BasketforInternet and lowest value isfound as 1.54 of Households with Television. According to those values, Bosnia Herzegovina’s Price Basket for Internet exhibits a good value but Households with Television indicatorremains very low performance.In terms of the extent of Business Internet Users per 1000 People indicator Bosnia Herzegovina shows a medium level performance and remaining indicators remain atlow performance levels. W hen Turkey’s situation is considered it has satisfactory performance in terms of Availability of eGovernment Services, butin terms of Main Telephone Lines per 1000 People, Mobile Phones per 1,000 People, International Internet Bandwidth, Price Basket for Internet and Extent of Business Internet Use usually it remains at medium level performance levels. In terms of Total Telephones per 1,000 People, Computers per 1,000 People, Households with Television and Internet Users per 1000 People Turkey generates a low-medium performance. W hen the ICT variable values of Turkey and Bosnia Herzegovina are compared Bosnia Herzegovina’s Internet Users per 1000 People and Price Basketfor Internetratios are found higherthan Turkey and in terms of remaining rates Turkey has a better position than Bosnia Herzegovina. As a result,ICT variableindicators when investigated by Custom Scorecards Model, Turkey isfound creating more effortsthan Bosnia Herzegovina in the way of providing a information society. 1 http://go.worldbank.org/98RUI W A510, 02.05.2009. 269 �1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Total Telephones per 1,000 People Extent of Business Internet Use Main Telephone Lines per 1000 People Availability of e1,000 People Mobile Phones per Price Basket for Internet (US$ month) Government Ser. Computers per 1,000 People Internet Users per 1000 People Households with Television (%) International Internet Bandwidth (bits per person Figure 1: Spider Charts Form of Bosnia Herzegovina’s ICT Performance Investigations performed by Custom Scorecards model may be revealed by interferences of Spider charts. Center of Spider charts converted into standard form indicates to minimum value of 0,its peripheral section indicates to maximum 10. Therefore,if Spider charts are too wide and greatthat refers to region and country is meant having a good place. W hen we look at Figure 1 Spider Chart belonging to Bosnia Herzegovinaisfound having an irregular and narrow distribution. Except Internet Users per 1000 People and Price Basket for Internet,all other variables are found to be closerto the center ofthe chart. Especially, Households with Television (%) indicatoris very closer to the center of the chart. W hen evaluated generally, in terms of ICT Bosnia Herzegovina found spending inadequate effort. Total Telephones per 1,000 People Extent of Business Internet Use Main Telephone Lines per 1000 People Availability of eGovernment Services Mobile Phones per 1,000 People Price Basket for Internet (US$ per month) Computers per 1,000 People Internet Users per 1000 People Households with Television (%) International Internet Bandwidth (bits per person Figure 2: Spider chart of Turkey’s ICT Performance W hen we look at Figure 2 Turkey’s Spider Charts shows a regular and well organized distribution but not in a very wide form. Usually,location ofindicator variables on the chart are massed around 5 indicating medium level performance. Location of indicator values of Availability of e-Government Services being closer to the peripheral side of the chart reveals that Turkey is in a good position in that indication. When the chart is investigated as a whole Turkey’s ICT performance isfound at medium levels. W hen two countries are compared allindicators of Turkey excluding Price Basket for Internet (US$ per month) and Internet Users per 1000 People on the chart are found covering the shape of Bosnia Herzegovina. That circumstance refers to the factthatin Bosnia Herzegovina internet monthly access pocket price is cheaper and as a result users have widerinternet connection ratio. Highest variation among the indicators of Turkey and Bosnia Herzegovina is Availability of e-Government Services indicators. That refersthat Turkey in e-state services has a much better situation than Bosnia Herzegovina. As a result ofinvestigations completed in overall meaning Turkey’s performance is betterthan Bosnia Herzegovina. 270 �1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Bosnia and Herzegovina Turkey Total Telephones per 1,000 People Extent of Business Internet Use Availability of ePer 1,000 People Price Basket for Int. (US$ per month) Internet Users per 1000 People Main Telephone Lines per 1000 People Mobile Phones Government Serv. Computers per 1,000 People Households with Television (%) International Internet Bandwidth (bits per person Figure 3: ICT Comparison of Turkey and Bosnia Herzegovina Spider Charts Conclusions In that study compiled to investigate the performances of Turkey and Bosnia Herzegovina according to ICT variables Custom Scorecards modelis applied and findings have been depicted down. According to Custom Scorecards model, value of ICT indicators of Bosnia Herzegovina are in the range of 1.54 and 8.52, Turkey’s values areinthe range of 4.07 and 7.93. Strongestindicator of Bosnia Herzegovina is found as Price Basket for Internet and its lowest ratio is found as Households with Television. When we investigate Turkey’s situation strongest indicator is found as Availability of e-Government Services and its weakestindicatorisfound as Internet Users per 1000 People. A mong the 10 indicator applied in the study in two indicator Bosnia Herzegovina (Price Basket for Internet (US$ per month and Internet Users per 1000 People) is found more successful with its performance Turkey in 7 indicator (Total Telephones per 1,000 People, Main Telephone Lines per 1000 People, Mobile Phones per 1,000 People, Computers per 1,000 People, Households with Television (%),International Internet Bandwidth and Availability of e-Government Services) found more successful than Bosnia Herzegovina. With regard to Extent of Business Internet Use indicator both countries areinthe same success level. In two indicators Bosnia Herzegovina showed more efficient performance that Turkey. First of them is Price Basket for Internet and the other is Internet Users per 1000 People indicator. From that point, monthly internet connection pocket price is lower in Bosnia Herzegovina and as a result of that, users in Bosnia use internet more frequently. Highest variation between Turkey and Bosnia Herzegovina is found at Availability of e-Government Servicesindicator. Thatreferstothe factthat Turkey has much better position that Bosnia Herzegovina in e-state services. As a result atthe end of the investigations held, Turkey in general meaning showed a better performance than Bosnia Herzegovina. But, both countries when evaluated independently their success level is not found satisfactory. Both countriesin orderto possess their desired location in the sophisticating global environment to promote their economic and social situations to more advanced levelsthey need to use ICT as a strategic device. References Ahmed, E. M. (2007). “ICT and Human Capital Intensities Impact on ASEAN5 Productivity” Uluslararası 6. Bilgi, Ekonomi ve Yönetim Kongresi Bildiriler Kitabı, Đstanbul, pp. 2254-2262. Arvanitis, S. and Loukis, E. N. (2009). “Information and Communication Technologies, Human Capital, Workplace Organization and Labour Productivity: A Comparative Study Based on Firm-Level Data for Greece and Switzerland”, Information Economics and Policy: 21, pp. 43–61. 271 �1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Bayo-Moriones, A. Billon, M. and Lera-Lopez, F. (2008). “Skills, Technology and Organisational Innovation in Spanish Firms”, International Journal of Manpower Volume: 29 Issue: 2 pp. 122-145. Dewan, S. and Kenneth L. K. (2000), “Information Technology and Productivity: Evidence from Country-Level Data”, Management Science, Vol. 46, No. 4, Information Technology Industry. (Apr.), pp. 548-562. Dursun, G. V. and Vardareri, A. D. (2007). “Bilgi ve Đletişim Teknolojilerinin Đşgücü Verimliliği Üzerindeki Etkisi: Türkiye Analizi (1980-2004)”, Uluslararası 6. Bilgi, Ekonomi ve Yönetim Kongresi Bildiriler Kitabı, Đstanbul, pp. 76-95. Ekinci, H. (2006). “Bilgi Teknolojilerinin Rekabet Açısından Önemi ve Değişim Yönetimindeki Etkilerine Đlişkin Yöneticilerin Algılarını Ölçmeye Yönelik Bir Araştırma”, Kocaeli Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi (11) / 1, pp. 54-70. http://go.worldbank.org/CY9PINAVF0, 20.04.2009 http://www.dtm.gov.tr/dtmadmin/upload/ANL/AvrupaDb/Bosna_Hersek.pdf, 28.04.2009. ITU (2009). Measuring the Information Society, the ICT Development Index, CH-1211 Geneva Switzerland. Jorgenson, D. W. and Stiroh, K. J. (2000). “Raising the Speed Limit: US Economic Growth in the Information Age”, OECD Economics Department Working Papers, No: 261, OECD, Paris. Lee, S. Y. T., Gholami, R. and Tong,T. Y. (2005). “Time Series Analysis in the Assessment of ICT Impact at the Aggregate Level-Lessons and Implications for the New Economy”, Information & Management, 42, pp. 1009–1022. Martinez, D., Rodriguez, J. and Torres, J. L. (2008). “The Productivity Paradox nd The New Economy: The Spanish Case”, Journal of Macroeconomıcs, Volume: 30, Issue: 4, pp. 1569-1586. Matteucci, N., O’Mahoney, M., Robinson, C., and Zwick, T. (2005). “Productivity,Workplace Performance and ICT: Evidence for Europe and the US”, The Scottish Journal of Political Economy, 52(3), pp. 359-86. Nelson, M. R. (2006). “Let the Internet Be the Internet”, Issues in Science and Technology, Spring, pp. 36-40. O’Mahony, M. and Vecchi, M. (2005), “Quantifying the Impact of ICT Capital on Output Growth: A Heterogeneous Dynamic Panel Approach”, Economica, 72, pp.615–633. Oliner, S. D. and Sichel, D. E. (2000), “The Resurgence of Growth in the Late 1990s: Is Information Technology the Story”, Journal of Economic Perspectives, 14, pp. 3-22. Ozcivelek, R. and Zontul, H. (2004). “Insights into the ICT Industry in Turkey”, European Commission Joint Research Centre (DG JRC), Techncial Report EUR 21392 EN, Spain. Pilat, D. and F. C. Lee (2001), “Productivity Growth in ICT-Producing and ICT-Using Industries: A Source of Growth Differentials in the OECD?”, OECD STI Working Papers, Sayı:4, OECD, Paris. Ramlan, J., Ahmed, E. M. and Leo Pointon (2007), “ICT, Human Capital and TFP in Malaysia: A Statistical Approach”, The Journal of Knowledge Economy & Knowledge Management, Volume II Fall, pp.1-17. Saygılı, Ş. Bilgi Ekonomisine Geçiş Sürecinde Türkiye Ekonomisinin Dünyadaki Konumu, Ankara, DPT Yayınları, Temmuz 2003. Scarpetta, S., Bassanini, A., Pilat, D. and Schreyer, P. (2000), “Economic Growth in the OECD Area: Recent Trends at the Aggregate and Sectoral Level”, OECD Economics Department Working Papers, No: 248, OECD, Paris. Türkoğlu, Y. (2009). ICT Sector in Turkey, IGEME, Export Promotion Center of Turkey. Verme, P. and Toksoy, B. (2005). “Report on Forecasting the Demand for Skills and Occupations in the ICT Sector in Turkey of Project, Contract TR /0205.01/001” The European Union’s Pre-accession Financial Assistance Programme for Turkey, Hifab International. Yamak, R. & Kolçak, N. A. (2007). “Bilgi Teknolojisi Harcamalarının Ekonomik Büyüme Üzerine Etkileri: 1993–2005”, Journal of Knowledge Economy & Knowledge Management, Volume: II, Spring, pp. 1-10. Yücel, Đ. H. (2006). Türkiye’de Bilim Teknoloji Politikaları ve Đktisadi Gelişmenin Yönü, DPT: Yayın No. 2690, Ankara. 272 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 479 Title A name given to the resource Comparative Analysis Of Ict Performances Of Turkey And Bosnia And Herzegovina By Custom Scorecard Model Author Author Kaynak, Selahattin Özer, Hüseyin Abstract A summary of the resource. Information and Communication Technologies (ICT), being commonly used in all the sectors of an economy and one of the most important driving forces for social development in the last 20 years, facilitated to product goods and service for producers. Besides that, ICT has been begun to substitute other production factors, by reason of being cheaper of communication tools such as computer or internet and the changes observed in these tools. As it is looked consumers' perspective, falls of the prices and the high performance in these technologies reasoned in being used of them in every moment of daily life. The main purpose of this study is to compare the ICT performances of Turkey and Bosnia Herzegovina, based on the data set of the World Bank. KA M'S Custom Scorecards model developed by the World Bank has been used in the study. As a result of the analyses, it has been found that Turkey has delivered a better performance in general than Bosnia Herzegovina has done, except for the variables of Internet Users and Price Basket for Internet. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2009-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed Q Science (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/ad677eb8a8217ef99dabe6e501565d34.pdf 51e2ee92c10ae3993aea413459ec0fa2 PDF Text Text 1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Dissolution Kinetics of Ulexite in Borax Pentahydrate Solutions Saturated with Carbon Dioxide Soner Kuşlu Atatürk University, Faculty of Engineering, Chemical Engineering Dept. Erzurum, Turkey skuslu@atauni.edu.tr Feyza Çavuş Atatürk University, Faculty of Engineering, Chemical Engineering Dept. Erzurum, Turkey fcavus@yahoo.com Sabri Çolak Atatürk University, Faculty of Engineering, Chemical Engineering Dept. Erzurum, Turkey scolak@atauni.edu.tr Abstract: The aim of the study was to investigate the dissolution kinetics of ulexite in borax pentahydrate solutions saturated with carbon dioxide in a mechanical agitation system. The effects of reaction temperature, stirring speed, CO2 flow rate, solid/liquid ratio and particle size on the rate of dissolution of ulexite were examined. It was observed that increase in the reaction temperature and decrease in the solid/liquid ratio causes an increase the dissolution rate of ulexite. The dissolution extent is not affected by the stirring speed rate in experimental conditions. The activation energy was found to be 58.7 kJ/mol. This value indicates the dissolution rate of ulexite is a chemically controlled reaction. The rate expression associated with the dissolution rate of ulexite depending on the parameters chosen may be summarized as: 1-(1-X) 1/3 = 7.4x105. D-0.8. (S/L)-0.6. W0.1. e (-58700 /R T).t Keywords: Ulexite, Borax Pentahydrate, Dissolution Kinetics, Heterogeneous reaction Introduction Boron is one of the most important mineral resources of Turkey (Davies et al., 1991). Turkey possesses 72% of the world’s boron reserves. Boron has both strategic and industrial importance. It is oxophilic, and occurs as borates (oxides) in nature (Kemp, 1956). The main boron minerals of different percentages of (B2 O3) contents are Colemanite (Ca2 B6 O11.5H2 O), Tincal (Na2 B4 O7.10H2 O), Kernite (Na2 B4 O7.4H2 O) Ulexite (Na2 O.2CaO.5B2 O3.16H2 O), Datolite (Ca2 B2 O5.Si2 O5.H2 O) and Hydroboracid (CaMgB6 O1 1.6H2 O) (Çetin et al., 2001). Although boron mineralscan be employed as raw materialsin some industries,the refined boron products and converted leading edge products are widely used in various industries (Garret, 1998; Özmetin et al., 1996). Borax is a natural mineral compound found in playa lakes. The basic structure of borax comprises chains of interlocking BO2 (OH) triangles and BO3 (OH) tetrahedrons bonded to chains of sodium- and water octahedrons. Borax can be mixed with other cleaning agents including chlorine bleach (Küçük et al.,2002). One of the most important minerals and derivatives of boron is ulexite,a hydrated calcium-sodium borate.Itis atype of hydrated calcium borate with a monoclinic crystal structure and contains many clay minerals.Itis used to produce boric acid (Küçük et al., 2002). Boric acid is the most commonly used boron compound, and is used as starting material in the preparation of many boron chemicals such as boron phosphate, boron tri halides, boron esters, boron carbide, organic boron salts and fluoroborates (Özmetin et al., 1996; Küçük et al., 2002; Temur et al., 2000).Itis used as a source of B2 O3 in many fused products(Kemp, 1956). There are many studies in the literature connected with the dissolution kinetics of ulexite in various solutions. A summary of these studies is as follows: Alkan and Kocakerim (1987), studied itin water saturated by sulfur-dioxide and the activation energy was calculated as 58 kJ/mol. Kocakerim et al.(1993),investigated it in water saturated with CO2 in low temperatures (17-35 oC) and the activation energy was found to be 51.7 kJ/mol. Künkül et al.(1997),studied itin ammonia solution saturated with CO2 and described the dissolution rate 142 �1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo by a first-order pseudo-homogeneous reaction model and found the activation energy to be 55 kJ/mol. Tekin et al.(1998), carried out experiments with itin ammonium chloride solution and found the activation energy to be 80 kJ/mol. Tunç et al. (1999), investigated it in H2 SO4 solution. They found that increasing H3 O+ acid concentration increased the dissolution rate, but increasing SO4 2- concentration reduced the dissolution rate due to the precipitation of a solid film of CaSO4 and /or CaSO4.2H2 O. Alkan et al. (2000), reported it in aqueous EDTA solutions and its dissolution was expressed according to the un-reacted shrinking core model with changing fluid phase concentration and calculated the activation energy to be 35.95 kJ/mol. Künkül et al.(2003), studied itin ammonium sulfate solutions. They described dissolution process by heterogeneous diffusion control through the ash layer or product layer model and found the activation energy was 83,5 kJ/mol. Alkan et al. (2004),investigated itin oxalic acid solutions. The reaction rate was controlled by product-layer diffusion and calculated the activation energy as 59,8 kJ/mol. Demirkıran and Künkül (2007), studied it in perchloric acid solutions and found that the process was described by the Avrami model and found the activation energy was 19.2 kJ/mol. Ekmekyapar et al.(2008),studied itin acetic acid solutions. They found thatthe dissolution kinetics obeys a shrinking core model with the surface chemical reaction as the rate-controlling step. The activation energy was found to be 55.8 kJ/mol. Demirkıran (2008) investigated itin the ammonium acetate solutions. The dissolution rate fitthe chemical reaction control model and the activation energy was found to be 55.7 kJ/mol. The aim of our study was to investigate the dissolution kinetics of ulexite in borax pentahydrate solutions saturated with CO2 in a mechanical agitation system. There is no study reported in the literatüre about such a procedure. In our study, we choose reaction temperature, stirring speed, CO2 flow rate, solid/liquid ratio and particle size of ulexite as parameters. Materials and Methods Ulexite samples used in the experiments were obtained from Bandırma Borax Corporation, TURKEY. The ulexite mineral samples were crushed, dried under vacuum and sieved with AST M standard sieves to give fractions of average sizes 1840, 725, 275, 165 and 107.5 µm for dissolution experiments. The chemical analyses of original ulexite samples and the B2 O3 content in the particle sizes used in the experiments are shown in Tables 1 and 2,respectively. Further, SEM photography ofthe original ulexite mineralsisshown in Fig.1. Leaching experiments were conducted under atmospheric pressure conditions. All reagents used in the experiments were prepared from analytical grade chemicals (Merck) and distilled water.A constanttemperature water circulator was used in combination with the reactor to maintain the mixture in the reactor at a constant temperature. The experiments were carried out in a 500 mL spherical glass reactor. The reactor was equipped with a reflux condenserto prevent evaporation during heating and a mechanical stirrerto obtain a homogeneous suspension inthe reactor. The mechanical agitation experimentalsystem isfairly common,so no illustration ofit appearsinthis paper. A typicalexperiment conducted was as follows: 400 mL of distilled water was poured into the flask. The solution was heated to the desired temperature, at which it was kept constant;to retain the ratio at [borax pentahydrate mol number / uleksitt mol number] as ¼ in all experiments, a large quantity of borax pentahydrate was added to the distilled water. Fig.1- SE M photograph of ulexite minerals 143 �1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Component CaO % 14.69 B2 O3 Na2 O Mg O Al2 O3 SiO2 Fe2 O3 41.12 7.48 1.78 p 0.01 4.13 p 0.01 Table 1. Chemical analyses of ulexite minerals 1840 725 275 165 Part.size (µ m) B2 O3 (%) 41.79 41.21 41.71 40.25 Table 2. Particle sizes of B2 O3 utilized SrO H2 O 1.43 29.35 107.5 40.85 All experiments were carried out using 725 µ m size fractions, except in experiments where the effect of particle size on the reaction rate was investigated. The CO 2 gas (97 %) was supplied to the reactor from a CO2 cylinder tank. CO2 gas was continuously fed to the reactor during leaching studies to maintain saturation conditions. The flow rates of CO2 were maintained at 514 mL/min.in allexperiments. The gas was bubbled from the bottom of the reactor by means of a disk-type gas dispenser. CO2 feed to the reactor for 20-25 min. was to obtain a saturated borax pentahydrate solution. After this,large qualities of solid ulexite and borax pentahdrate [depending on both the solid/liquid ratioin the reactor and the ratio between mol number of borax penta-hydrate and mol number of ulexite] were added to the solutions. Stirring of the solution was started immediately thereafter. The duration of the treatment depended on the experimental conditions. At definite time intervals, 1 mL samples of the reacted solution were taken for the assay of B2 O3 and analyzed by potentiometric and titrimetric methods (Nemodruk et al., 1965; Sookg et al., 1996). Based on the B2 O3 estimated, the degree of dissolution of ulexite was determined as a function oftime. Result and Discussion The following reactions occured during the dissolution process: Na2 B4 O7.5H2 O (s) + 2H2 O (l) 10CO2 (gas) 10CO2 (aq) + 10H2 O (l) 10H2 CO3 (aq) + 10H2 O (l) 2H3 O+ (aq) + 2OH- (aq) ---------====== ====== ====== ---------- 2Na+(aq) + 2OH- (aq) + 4H3 BO3 (aq) 10CO2 (aq) 10H2 CO3 10H3 O+(aq) + 10HCO3 - (aq) 4H2 O (l) (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) 2Na+(aq) + 10HCO3 -(aq) + 4H3 BO3 (aq) + 8H3 O+ (aq) (6) Hence,the overallreaction isfollows: Na2 B4 O7.5H2 O (s) + 18H2 O (l) + 10CO2 (g) --------- W hen ulexite is added to the borax pentahydrate solutions, the reaction taking place in the solution can be written as follows: ------------------------- 4Na+ (aq) + 4Ca+2 (aq) + 12OH- (aq) + 20H3 BO3 (aq) 16H2 O(l) 4CO3 -2(aq) + 4H2 O (l) 4CaCO3 (s) (7) (8) (9) (10) Na2 B4 O7.5H2 O(s) + 10CO2 (g) + --------2(Na2 O.2CaO.5B2 O3.16 H2 O)(s) + 2H2 O(l) 6Na+(aq) + 6HCO3 -(aq) + 24 H3 BO3 (aq) + 4CaCO3 (s) (11) 2(Na2 O.2CaO.5B2 O3.16H2 O)(s) + 4H2 O(l) 8H3 O+ (aq) + 8OH- (aq) 4HCO3 - (aq) + 4OH- (aq) 4Ca+2 (aq) + 4CO3 -2 (aq) --------- The overall netreaction is: Reaction temperature, stirring speed, CO2 flow rate, solid/liquid ratio and particle size of ulexite is selected as process variables to investigate their effects on the dissolution level of ulexite. In the experiments, while the effect of one parameter was studied, the values of other parameters shown with asterisks in Table 3 were kept constant. The solubility of CO2 in water under reaction conditions is shown in Table 4. 144 �1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo parameter values stirring speed (rpm) 0, 100, 150, 300, 600*, 700, 900 flow rate of CO2 (mL/min) 514*, 1594, 2696, 3804, 4978, 6101 reaction temperature (K) 313, 323*, 333, 343, 353, 358 solid/liquid ratio (g/mL) 1/50*, 1/25, 1/12, 1/6, 1/3 1840, 725*, 275, 165, 107.5 particle size (µ m) Table 3: Parameters chosen and theirranges (* Whilethe effect of one parameter was studied, the values ofthe other parameters were kept constant.) Reaction Temperature (K) 313 323 333 343 353 358 Solubility of CO2 (g CO2/100 cm3 water) 0.0930 0.0761 0.0576 0.0553 0.0538 0.0529 Table 4: Solubility of CO2 in water under reaction conditions A quantity of 400 mL of borax pentahydrate solution saturated with CO2 was used [borax pentahydrate mole number / ulexite mol number ratio was 1/4] and was kept constant in all experiments. Homogeneity of suspension in the reactor was obtained with a stirring speed of 600 rpm, kept constant in all experiments. The data obtained were plotted in the form of time versus fractional conversion as appearing in Fig. 2-10. In these figures,the fractional conversion X(%) is defined: X (%) = (amount of dissolved B 2 O 3 in the solution ) x100 (amount of B 2 O 3 in the original sample) The effect of reaction temperature was examined at 313, 323, 333, 343, 353 and 358 K. The dissolution curves obtained are shown in Fig. 2. Fig.2 also shows that the quantity of ulexite dissolved increases with increasing reaction temperature. The reaction rate constant is exponentially dependent on reaction temperature. The effect ofthe stirring speed on the dissolution rate of ulexite was investigated at 100, 150, 300, 600, 700 and 900 rpm. The dissolution curves are given in Fig. 3.Itcan be seen from the Fig. 3thatthe dissolution level ofthe process increases with increase in the stirring speed rate until about 300 rpm. Although the stirring rate was increased from 400 rpm to higher speeds such as 600, 700 and 900 rpm, the dissolution level remained nearly steady. Homogeneity of the suspension was obtained at a stirring speed of 600 rpm. The stirring speed rate of 600 rpm was as constant value in all experiments. Although the stirring speed was increased from 300 to 600, 700 and 900 rpm, the increase of in dissolution rate was very small. It can, therefore, be assumed to have remained constant. Therefore, as all experiments were carried out at stirring speed of 600 rpm, it can be assumed that the dissolution level remained unaffected by the stirring speed in experimental conditions. In order to investigate the effect of flow rate of CO2, experiments were carried out with varying CO2 flow rates of 514, 1594, 2696, 3804, 4978 and 6101 mL/minute. It was observed that the flow rate of the gas has no significant effect on dissolution rate. Thisis probably because concentration of CO2 is not dependent on its flow rate, and because its solubility in water at a given temperature is constant and excess gas leaves the solution. 100 100 80 80 X (%) 60 X (%) 60 40 40 20 1/50 g/mL 1/25 g/mL 1/12 g/mL 1/6 g/mL 1/3 g/mL 20 0 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 Stirring Speed (rpm) 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 t (min.) Fig. 3: Effect of stirring speed on dissolution rate of Fig. 4: Effect of solid/liquid ratio on dissolution rate of ulexite ulexite The effect of solid/liquid ratio on the dissolution rate of ulexite was investigated by varying ratio to 1/50, 145 �1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo 1/25, 1/12, 1/6 and 1/3 g/mL. The dissolution curves are given Fig. 4. It can be seen from the Fig.4 that, the dissolution rate decreases withincreasing solid/liquid ratio.This situation can be explained by the decrease in the number of ulexite particles per amount of solutions. The effect of particle size was studied by treating five sizes of fractions of this mineral, namely 1840, 725, 275, 165 and 107.5 µ m. The dissolution curves are presented in Fig. 5. As can be seen from Fig. 5, as the particle size decreases the dissolution rates increased because of increasing surface area. 100 0,7 0,6 80 0,5 60 X (%) 1-(1-X)1/ 3 0,4 40 1840 µ m 725 µ m 0,3 313 K r2= 323 K r2= 2 333 K r = 343 K r2= 353 K r2= 2 358 K r = 0,2 275 µ m 20 165 µ m 107.5 µ m 0,1 0,9898 0,9880 0,9224 0,9828 0,9773 0,9666 0,0 0 0 20 40 60 80 0 100 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 t (min.) t (min.) Fig. 5: Effect of particle size on dissolution rate Fig.6: Variation of 1-(1-X)1/3 with time for various temperatures The solid-fluid reaction rate can be obtained from the heterogeneous reaction model. To evaluate the ratecontrolling step; the experimental data were analyzed based on the the un-reacted shrinking core model (Levenspiel, 1972; Mazet, 1992). As ulexite particles are non-porous, the most appropriate reaction model appears to be that of shrinking non-porous particles. The rate of a reaction between a solid and a fluid can be expressed as heterogeneous and homogeneous reaction models. The heterogeneous reaction model gives rate equations for each control mechanisms. The kinetic data is analyzed based on the un-reacted shrinking core modelto determine the rate-controlling step. The step with the highestresistance isthe rate-controlling step. The model has been used forliquid-solid systems in both analytical and numerical methods.Integrated rate equations for the un-reacted shrinking-core model are shown in Table 5. According to the model,the kinetic data were treated by equations in Table 5. rate-controlling step rate equation surface chemical reaction t / t* = [1 − (1 − the film diffusion control t / t* = X B X B )1 / 3 ] t * = ρ B R / bksC Ag (12) t * = ρ B R / 3bkgC Ag (13) diffusion controlthrough t / t* = [1 − 3(1 − X B ) 2 / 3 + 2(1 − X B )] t * = ρ R 2 / 6bDeC B Ag the ash or productlayer Table 5:Integrated rate equations forthe un-reacted shrinking core model (14) The application of the above models to the experimental data will help in to determining the dissolution kinetics of the process. Experimental data that fits the rate determining step is the surface reaction chemical control. The evidence for this proposal is as follows: regression analysis has shown that experimental data correlate well with Equation 12, which means that the dissolution is chemically controlled surface reaction. During the reaction, calcium carbonate, CaCO3, precipitates. Therefore,it may appear thatthe reaction may be controlled by the ash film or a combination of ash film and chemically controlled surface reaction. The regression coefficients for ash film and chemically controlled surface reaction were found to be 0.9669 and 0.9993, respectively. The higher linearity between the two models obtained was 0.9993 for chemically controlled surface reaction. The variation of 1-(1-X)1/3 with time is plotted for reaction temperature, stirring speed, solid/liquid ratio and particle size in Figs. 6, 7, 8 and 9,respectively. Using the surface chemicalreaction control model,the t* values were plotted versus R. The high linearity between t* and R is seen in Fig. 10. Fig. 10, also shows the regression coefficient (r2)to be was found as 0.9993. Arrhenius plots of ln ks versus 1/T are shown in Fig. 11. From the slopes of the straightlines,the activation energy of the reaction is found to be 58.7 kJ/mol. Further,this value indicates the dissolution rate of ulexiteis a chemically controlled surface reaction. It 146 �1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo has been reported that, the activation energy of the chemically controlled surface reaction is in excess of 40 kJ/mol (Jackson, 1986). Similar results were found in the literature (Yartasi et al., 1987; Alkan and Doğan, 2004). Because all experiments was performed at a stirring speed of 600 rpm, it can be assumed that the dissolution level remained un affected by this parameterin experimental conditions. The factthatthe dissolution rate of ulexite is independent of the stirring speed is shown by the fact that the control mechanism is the chemically controlled surface reactions. The values were found by non-linear regression analyses (Statistica 6.0, non linear estimation model, user-specified regression-leastsquares,security value of %95, comparison value of 1xExp(-6), and maximum iteration values of 500) and the analyses gave the mathematically model as follows: 1-(1-X) 1/3 = 7.4x105. D-0.8.(S/L)-0.6. W 0.1.e (-58700 /RT).t 0,7 0,7 0 rpm r2= 0,9967 100 rpm r2= 0,9614 2 150 rpm r = 0,9444 300 rpm r2= 0,9709 600 rpm r2= 0,9895 2 700 rpm r = 0,9867 2 900 rpm r = 0,9692 0,6 2 1/25 g/mL r = 0,9891 2 2 1/6 g/mL r = 0,9641 1/ 3 0,4 2 1/3 g/mL r = 0,9386 0,4 1-(1-X) 1-(1-X) 1/12 g/mL r = 0,9637 0,5 1/3 0,5 2 1/50 g/mL r = 0,9880 0,6 0,3 0,3 0,2 0,2 0,1 0,1 0,0 0 20 40 60 80 0,0 0 10 20 30 40 50 100 120 140 160 180 t (min.) 60 t ( min.) Fig. 7: Variation of 1-(1-X)1/3 with time for stirring speeds Fig. 8: Variation of 1-(1-X)1/3 with time for solid /liquid ratio 260 0,7 240 0,6 220 200 0,5 180 160 1-(1-X) 1/ 3 t* (min.) 0,4 0,3 140 120 100 1840 µ m 725 µ m 0,2 2 r =0,9931 r2= 0,9880 80 r2= 0,9901 60 165 µ m r = 0,9641 2 107.5 µ m r = 0,9976 40 275 µ m 2 0,1 r2 = 0,9993 20 0,0 0 20 40 60 80 100 t (min.) Fig. 9: Variation of 1-(1-X)1/3 with time for particle size of ulexite 0 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 R (mm) Fig. 10: Linearity between t* and R 147 �1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo -2,5 -3,0 -3,5 ln ks -4,0 -4,5 -5,0 -5,5 -6,0 -6,5 0,00275 0,00285 0,00280 0,00295 0,00290 0,00305 0,00300 0,00315 0,00310 0,00325 0,00320 1/T (1/K) Fig. 11: Arrhenius plot ofthe dissolution process Conclusion The aim of the study was to investigatethe dissolution kinetics of ulexitein borax pentahydrate solutions saturated with carbon dioxide in a mechanical agitation system. The solubility of ulexite can be increased by addition of CO2. It was determined that the dissolution rate of ulexite increased with increase in reaction temperature and decrease in the solid/liquid ratio. The dissolution extentis not affected by the stirring speed rate in experimental conditions. The dissolution process was described by chemical control of the heterogeneous surface reaction. The activation energy was found to be 58.7 kJ/mol. The mathematical form of the model depended on the parameters chosen is as follows: 1-(1-X) 1/3 = 7.4x105.D -0.8.(S/L) -0.6.W 0.1 .e (-58700 /R T) .t Acknowledgement The Atatürk University Research Council financially supported this study (Project No. 2007/149). The authors highly appreciatethe Council’s support ofthis project. No menclature b C CA g D De EA kd ks ko L n r R R S T t t* X W B 148 stoichiometric coefficient(in eq. 7-9) concentration of borax decahydrate solution (mol/m3) concentration of A in the bulk solution (mol/m3) mean particle size (m) diffusion coefficient (m2/min) activation energy (kJ/kmol) mass transfer coefficient (m/min) reaction rate constantfor surface reaction (mol/min) frequency or pre-exponentialfactor, min.-1 amount ofliquid (mL) mol number (mol) correlation coefficient universal gas constant (kJ/kmol) initialradius of a solid particle (m) amount of solid (g) reaction temperature (K) reaction time (min.) reaction time for complete conversion (min.) fractional conversion of B2 O3 stirring speed (rpm) molar density of solid reactant (mol/cm3) �1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo References Alkan, M. ; Kocakerim, M.M. (1987). Dissolution kinetics of ulexite in water saturated by sulphur dioxide. J.Chem. Tech. Biotechnol., 40,215-222. Alkan, M., Çifçi C., Ayaz, F., Doğan, F. (2000). Dissolution kinetics of ulexite in aqueous EDTA solutions, Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly, 39, 433-439. Alkan, M. and Doğan, M. (2004). Dissolution kinetics of colemanite in oxalic acid solutions. Chemical Engineering and Processing, 43: 867-872. Alkan, M., Doğan, M., Namlı, H. (2004). Dissolution kinetics and mechanism of ulexite in oxalic acid solutions. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 43: 1591-1598. Davies, T.W., Colak, S., Hooper, R.M. (1991). Boric acid production by the calcinations and leaching of powdered colemanite. Powder Technology, 65: 433-440. Demirkıran, N., Künkül, A. (2007). Dissolution kinetics of ulexite in perchloric acid solutions. Int.J.Miner. Process, 83: 7680. Demirkıran, N. (2008), A study on dissolution of ulexite in ammonium acetate solutions. Chemical Engineering Journal, 141: 180-186. Ekmekyapar, A., Demirkıran, N., Künkül, A. (2008). Dissolution kinetics of ulexite in acetic acid solutions. Chemical Engineering Research and Design, 86: 1011-1016. Jackson, E. (1986). Hydrometallurgical extraction and reclamation. Ellis Harwood Ltd. 400 Chichester. Garret, D.E. (1998). Borates, Academic Press Ltd: New York. Kemp, H.P. (1956). The Chemistry of Borates: Part I. Borax Consolidated Ltd: London. Kücük, O., Kocakerim, M.M., Yartası, A., Copur, M. (2002). Dissolution of Kestelek’s colemanite containing clay minerals in water saturated with sulphur dioxide. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 41: 2853-2857. Kocakerim, M.M., Çolak, S., Davies, T., Alkan, M. (1993). Dissolution kinetics of ulexite in CO2-saturated water. Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly, 32: 393-396. Künkül, A., Yapıcı, S., Kocakerim, M.M., Copur, M. (1997). Dissolution kinetics of ulexite in ammonia solution saturated with CO2. Hydrometallurgy, 44: 135-145. Künkül, A., Demirkıran, N., Baysar, A. (2003). Dissolution kinetics of ulexite in ammonium sulfate Eng.Chem. Res., 42: 982-986. solutions, Ind. Levenspiel, O. (1972). Chemical Reaction Engineering. Wiley, 2nd edition: NewYork. Mazet, N. (1992). Modeling of gas-solid reactions. 1. Nonporous solids, Int. Chem. Eng., 32: 271-275. Nemodruk, A.A., Karalova Z.K. (1965). in: R. Kondor (Transl.). Analytical Chemistry of Boron. vol. 1, section 2, Israel Program for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem,33. Ozmetin, C., Kocakerim, M.M., Yapıcı, S., Yartası, A. (1996). A-semi empirical kinetic model for dissolution of colemanite in aqueous CH3COOH solution. Ind. Eng.Chem. Res., 35: 2355-2359. Sookg, D.A., West, D.W., Holler, F.J. (1996). Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry, Seventh Edition, Saunders College Publishing. Temur, H., Yartası, A., Copur, M., Kocakerim, M.M. (2000). The kinetics of dissolution of Colemanite in H3BO3 solution. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 39: 4114-4119. Tekin, G., Onganer, Y., Alkan, M. (1998). Dissolution kinetics of ulexite in ammonium chloride solution. Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly, 37: 91-97. Tunç, M., Kocakerim, M.M., Yapıcı, S., Bayrakçeken, S. (1999). Dissolution mechanism of ulexite in H2SO4 solution. Hydrometallurgy, 51: 359-370. Yartası, A., Ozmetin, C., Kocakerim, M.M., Demirhan, M.H. (1987). Kinetics and mechanism of leaching colemanite in boric acid solution. Chim. Acta Turc., 26: 7-11. 149 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 495 Title A name given to the resource Dissolution Kinetics of Ulexite in Borax Pentahydrate Solutions Saturated with Carbon Dioxide Author Author Kuslu, Soner Çavus, Feyza Çolak, Sabri Abstract A summary of the resource. The aim of the study was to investigate the dissolution kinetics of ulexite in borax pentahydrate solutions saturated with carbon dioxide in a mechanical agitation system. The effects of reaction temperature, stirring speed, CO2 flow rate, solid/liquid ratio and particle size on the rate of dissolution of ulexite were examined. It was observed that increase in the reaction temperature and decrease in the solid/liquid ratio causes an increase the dissolution rate of ulexite. The dissolution extent is not affected by the stirring speed rate in experimental conditions. The activation energy was found to be 58.7 kJ/mol. This value indicates the dissolution rate of ulexite is a chemically controlled reaction. The rate expression associated with the dissolution rate of ulexite depending on the parameters chosen may be summarized as: 1-(1-X) 1/3 = 7.4x105. D-0.8. (S/L)-0.6. W0.1. e (-58700 /R T).t Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2009-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed Q Science (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/7d323ca845aac907781937922ef720b2.pdf 63efa77a8a8da5a2176c3781ca7d38fc PDF Text Text 1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo The Effects of the Air Pollution Observed in Winter with Regard to Water and Soil Resources in Erzurum Site Yasemin Kuşlu Atatürk Uni. Faculty of Agriculture, Agricultural Structures and Irrigation Dept. Erzurum, Turkey ykuslu@atauni.edu.tr Üstün Şahin Atatürk Uni. Faculty of Agriculture, Agricultural Structures and Irrigation Dept. Erzurum, Turkey ussahin@atauni.edu.tr Fatih Mehmet Kızıloğlu Atatürk Uni. Faculty of Agriculture, Agricultural Structures and Irrigation Dept. Erzurum, Turkey kizilogluf@yahoo.com M ustafa Okuroğlu Atatürk Uni. Faculty of Agriculture, Agricultural Structures and Irrigation Dept. Erzurum, Turkey okuroglu@atauni.edu.tr Abstract: On Erzurum site, usage of fossil fuels for artificial heating causes atmospheric pollution and especially by means of precipitation it plays an important role on pollution of soil and water sources. This study has planned to indicate the dimension of precipitation transmissions. In this study, the concentration values of SO2 and PM before and after precipitation through 2003-2008 winter seasons were analysed. It appoints a negative relationship between SO2 and PM concentrations with winter precipitation; and their correlation coefficients are -0.138 and -0.150 respectively. In order to examine the effects of precipitation on reducing of SO2 and PM concentrations, t-paired tests were performed. It adjusts that, precipitation affect reducement of SO2 and PM concentrations with p<0.01 significance level. As a consequence, it indicates that the polluted air can affect the east side of Erzurum plain and Sakalıkesik plain negatively in Erzurum where winters are long and tough. Keywords: air pollution, water, soil, Erzurum Introduction Air pollution means exceeding the normallimit offoreign substancesinthe air by means of density and abundance which can cause material damages and also affect health of livings negatively. (Güler and Vaizoğlu 2006). World Health Organisation (WH O) defines air pollution as existing of sand, dust,ash, fume, fog, smoke, steam, gas, scent, which can damage humans, plants and animals and also affect lifestyles excessively, around surrounding atmosphere in quantity, characteristics and in time (WH O 2000). As being most common possible contaminating elements, NOx and SO2 complete their enchaining reactions by constitution of nitric acid (HNO3) and sulphuric acid (H2 SO4), as a result of gas cycle after oscillation to atmosphere and finally,they fall down to soilsurface as acid rains (Al-Khashman 2009). The detrimental effect of PM changes due to physical and chemical contents. Also merging with humidity in the atmosphere, P M converts into acid and it composes acid damage. By including heavy metals such as Ni and Cd, PM makes toxic effect on livings by meddling into soil and water (Başar et al. 2005; Cole et al. 2005; Turalıoğlu 2005; Dietz et al. 2007; Beyhun et al. 2008; Der Duh et al. 2008;). The contaminating elements in the air can move quickly and horizontally via airflows along cities, countries and even continents (Kurita et al. 1985; Jaffe et al.1999; Givati and Rosenfeld 2004). After carried in the atmosphere, the contaminators fall on soil, water, buildings etc by a range of process like decantation, dilution and chemical reactions. 231 �1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Atmospheric deposition velocity values can be different according to depositsurfaces or meteorological parameters. Wet deposition occurs by any hydrometeor effect and dry deposition occurs withoutthis effect, only the effect of gravity is efficient. In wet deposition, a mechanism which on the one hand with contraction by water drops (rainout) and on the other hand sweeping with drops (washout) which are on the ground cause alienation of PM and other gasesfrom atmosphere. Thus, plant, water and earth surfaces become polluted.Inthis way it causes,livings, microorganisms on or in the polluted surfaces and the insects like birds, bees and snails which are fed with pollens,todie in masses from time to time. The polluted water which fallon earth combine with surface water by the help offloodwater or combine with groundwater with the substances in the soil (Güler ve Çobanoğlu 1994). During the way to ground, according to the kind of geologic formation and deepness, itis exposed to filtration process and it feeds wells, lakes, rivers and seas which are located in the region where geological formation is saturated. To sum up, like other contaminators,the final place of air contaminatorsis water so wateris exposed to pollution more than any others easily and quickly. As a result offalling of acid and other substances which constitute acid with rains,remains H+ ion in the soil. Being replaced by theseions,theionslike Ca++, Mg++,Na+, K+ and NH+ leave their place on the soilsurface and move to soilsolution (Güler ve Çobanoğlu 1997). Although there is notintensive industrialisation in Erzurum,the increasing number of vehicles, cement and sugar factories form some part of air pollution source. The main reason for air pollution in Erzurum is the usage of fossil fuels for heating (Turalıoğlu et al. 2005; Beyhun et al. 2008). Despite the usage of natural gas since 2004 partially, using of poor quality coalis still a big problem. As a result ofthe wind which blows south and west directions, carriesthe polluted airtothe eastside of Erzurum and Sakalıkesik plains. This study took place in order to indicate the important effects of the convection of air pollution parametres SO2 and PM and their negative effects on soil and water sources during the years between 2003 and 2008 in Erzurum. Material and Method Erzurum, located in the Eastern Anatoliais situated on a plateau surrounded by high mountains at north (Gavur-Dumlu mountains, 3200m), south (Dumanlı-Plandöken mountains, 3125m) and east(Eğerlidağ, 2974m). The height ofthis plateau is 1950m above the sea level and the city population is about 450000 (Fig. 1). The risky places which are located in the is a north and east of city centre in terms of exposure to air pollution, Erzurum and Sakalıkesik plains have altitude 1850m and 1750m respectively,it means thatlower than city centre. Erzurum is located in the terrestrial climatic zone as a result mean daily temperature is 5.9o C, coldest month is January with -8.7oC and the hottest month is August with 19.5o C. Average annual precipitation is 447m m; at mostin May with 73.1mm, atleastin August with 18.7mm. 43.78% of average annual precipitation takes place in October-March period. The highest relative humidity values take place in December and January with 76% and lowest values accrue in August with 47% and average annual relative humidity is 64%. In the research area wind speed is 2.6 m/s. Some meteorological parameters of study area are given in Table 1. In this study SO2 and PM values, which are the factors of air pollution take place between 2003-2004 and 2007-2008 winter seasons, have been analysed with wet days and precipitation amounts together. The data were obtained from General Directorate of Meteorology. SO2 and PM values were evaluated in 12 different regions (Fig. 1) twice a day, in the morning (08.00-09.00) and in the evening (16.00-17.00) and in this way average daily values were obtained. SO2 and PM values were observed in October-January winter season between 2003-2004 and for the other years, values were observed in October-March winter season because of legislative changes. Jan. Feb. M arch April Ave. Temp. (o C) Min. Temp. (o C) Relative Hu m. (%) Precipitation (m m) 232 -8.7 -7.2 -2.6 -36.0 -37.0 -32.2 76 24.7 M ay June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. 5.2 10.7 14.4 19.3 19.5 14.9 8.3 -5.1 -18.5 -7.0 -3.2 -1.8 -1.1 -6.8 56 50 47 50 61 72 76 18.7 25.0 47.5 36.8 22.6 75 74 65 61 28.9 35.2 53.3 73.1 52.0 29.2 1.4 -12.0 -28.0 -35.0 �1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Average wet day Days with snow cover Ave. wind speed (m/s) Prevailing wind direction 11.5 11.1 12.3 13.3 15.8 11.1 6.6 4.8 5.0 9.2 9.5 10.6 29.4 26.5 21.5 4.0 0.2 - - - 0 0.9 6.4 23.2 2.4 2.5 2.5 3.1 3.2 3.2 3.6 3.3 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.0 ENE ENE SS W WS W ENE ENE ENE ENE WS W WS W ENE E Table 1. Some meteorological parameters of study area Figure 1. Map ofthe study area In order to determine the relationship between SO2 and PM concentrations with precipitation amounts, regression tests and Pearson correlation tests were performed by using the program SPSS 15.0. Also in order to indicatethe effects of precipitation on daily SO2 and PM concentrations,t-paired methods were applied. Results and Discussion In Erzurum between the years 2003-2008 winter seasons, monthly average of SO2 and P M concentrations are shown in Figure 2. 233 �1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo (a) (b) Figure 2. The change of SO2 (a) and PM (b) concentrations in winter periods of 2003-2008. As shown in the figure,the peak time for SO2 and PM concentration values is 2004-2005 winter season and the values are minimum in 2007-2008 winter season. Generally,the highestlevels take place in December and secondly in January. This study shows parallelism with the studiestook place in 1995-2002 by Turalıoğlu et al.(2005) and in 2003-2006 by Beyhun et al.(2008). Because of artificial heating needs continue till mid-May, the SO2 and PM concentration values are lower in October than March. As shown in the Figure, air pollution shows roll- off rate from the year 2003 to 2008. The main reason of this decline isthe increase of using natural gas for heating. Beyhun et al.(2008) claims thatthelowestpollution took place in 2006 between the years 20032006 because natural gas usage began that year. Average annual precipitation is 2.38mm, maximum precipitation levelis 38.3mm and minimum levelis 0.1 mm during the observed years. Pearson correlation analysis shows a negative relationship between precipitation amounts and SO2 and PM concentrations. It designates coefficients between precipitation amounts and SO2 concentration as ρ=-0.138 and between precipitation amounts and PM concentration as ρ=-0.150 under p<0.01 significance level. Turalıoğlu et al.(2005) defines thisrelationship as ρ=-0.137 for SO2 and ρ=0.075 for P M. Regression analysis shows equations dependently to precipitation (P) as; SO2 =109.996-1.863P and P M=59.901-1.602P. In orderto examine the effects of precipitation on SO2 and P M concentrations,the concentration values of before and after precipitation were analysed by paired-ttest. Results of evaluation are shown at Table 2. There has not been any study on the chemical content of winter precipitation in Erzurum. On the other hand,itis determined by Turalıoğlu et al.(2008) during a study around Erzurum, that measured PM includes Si, Ca, Al, Fe, S, K elements with high levels. The other studies throughout the world indicates that for places having combustion sourced air pollution, by wet deposition Mg and Na anions and cations fallto the rural and urban areas (Lee et al. 2000, Flues et al. 2002; Der Duh etal. 2008). Forthe period between March 13 and June 234 �1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo 29 2002, maximum 299.1 µeq/l and 67.4 µeq/l SO4 and NO 3 anions respectively were measured in precipitation (Bayraktar et al. 2004). ni SO2 344 +18.1824 PM 349 +10.3953 3333.818 2376.443 3.113 2.609 5.841 3.984 2.568 2.568 p<0.01, null hypothesis (H0); µb-µa =0 and alternative hypothesis (H1 ); µb-µa >0 * *Since the expectation of precipitation willreduce the SO2 and PM concentrations, one-tailed alternative hypothesis was set up. ; Therefore,it was rejected the null hypothesis of no difference. Table 2. The results of paired t-test The east of Erzurum plain and Sakalıkesik plain are located near settlement premises, so because of winds, air pollutants were carried and with winter rains considerable amount of air pollutants blend in with soil and water sources. As a result of this fact, earth can be directly affected chemically and physically or underground and surface water sources can be polluted by runoff or drain away from soil. Conclusion Around Erzurum area, a fuel for artificial heating is used till mid-May. The air pollutants are carried eastern Erzurum plain during April, October and September and to Sakalıkesik plain during December, January, February and March. The entrained pollutants which fall on soil by deposition are an important subject statistically. The researches for air pollution effects directly and indirectly on agriculture should concentrate on production costs, market values and social effects apartfrom the environmentalimpact analysis. In Erzurum, the firstreason of air pollution isthe usage of fossilfuels for heating. That’s why in order to decrease the air pollution level, “Turkish Air Quality Protection Regulation” should be implemented effectively and for artificial heating natural gas or other sources which are not harmfulto environment should be used widespread. References Al-Khashman, O. A. (2009). Chemical characteristics of rainwater collected at a western site of Jordan. Atmospheric Research 91,53–61. Başar P., Okyay, P., Ergin, F., Coşan, S. & Yıldız, A. (2005). Aydın ili kent merkezinde hava kirliliği/19972004. ADÜ Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi, 6(3),11-15. Bayraktar H., Turalıoğlu F. S. & Nuhoğlu, A. (2004). Atmospheric Deposition of Sulphate and Nitrate on Soil. International Soil Congress 2004, Erzurum, Turkey. 14-20. Beyhun, N.E., Vançelik, S., Acemoğlu, H., Koşan, Z. & Güraksın, A.(2008). Erzurum ilikent merkezinde 20032006 yılları arasında hava kirliliği.TAF Preventive Medicine Bulletin, 7(3),237-242. 235 �1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Cole, M. A., Elliott, R.J.R. & Shimamoto, K.(2005).Industrialcharacteristics,environmentalregulations and air pollution: an analysis of the U K manufacturing sector. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 50,121–143. Der Duh, J., Shandas, V., Chang, H. & George, L. A. (2008). Rates of urbanisation and the resiliency of air and water quality. Science ofthe Total Environment, 400,238-256. Dietz, T., Rosa, E. A. & York, R. (2007). Driving the human ecological footprint. Front Ecol Environ, 5(1),1318. Flues, M., Hama, P., Lemes,M.J.L., Dantas, E.S.K. & Fornaro, A. (2002). Evaluation of the rainwater acidity of a ruralregion due to a coal-fired power plantin Brazil. Atmospheric Environment 36,2397–2404. Givati, A. & Rosenfeld, D.(2004). Quantifying precipitation suppression due to air pollution. Journal of Applied Meteorology, 43,1038-1056. Güler, Ç. & Çobanoğlu, Z. (1994). Su kirliliği. Çevre Sağlığı Temel Kaynak Dizisi:12, Temel Sağlık Hizmetleri Genel Müdürlüğü, Ankara. Güler, Ç. & Çobanoğlu, Z. (1997). Toprak kirliliği. Çevre Sağlığı Temel Kaynak Dizisi:40, Temel Sağlık Hizmetleri Genel Müdürlüğü,Ankara. Güler, Ç. & Vaizoğlu, S.A.(2006). Hava kirliliği. Halk Sağlığı Temel Bilgiler. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Yayınları, Ankara. Jaffe, D., Anderson, T., Covert, D., Kotchenruther, R., Trost, B., Danielson, J., Simpson,W. et al. 1999. Transport of Asian air pollution to North America. Geophysical Research Letters, 26(6),711-714. Kurita, H., Sasaki, K. & Muroga, H.(1985). Long-range transport of air pollution under light gradient wind conditions. Journal of Climate and Applied Meteorology, 24,425-434. Lee, B.K., Hong, S.H. & Lee,D.S. (2000). Chemical composition of precipitation and wet deposition of major ions on the Korean peninsula.Atmospheric Environment 34,563-575 Turalıoğlu, F. S.(2005). An assessment on variation of sulphur dioxide and particulate matterin Erzurum (Turkey). Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 104,119-130. Turalıoğlu, F.S., Nuhoğlu A. & Bayraktar, H. (2005).Impacts of some meteorological parameters on SO2 and TSP concentrations in Erzurum, Turkey. Chemosphere 59,1633–1642. Turalıoğlu F.S., Tuncel G. & Bayraktar, H. (2008). Kentselatmosferde partikül madde bileşimlerinin belirlenmesi. Tübitak 104Y176 Proje Sonuç Raporu. W H O, (2000). Air quality guidelines for Europe. 2nd Edition, WH O regional publications, European series, No. 91, Copenhagen. 236 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 465 Title A name given to the resource The Effects of the Air Pollution Observed in Winter with Regard to Water and Soil Resources in Erzurum Site Author Author Kuslu, Yasemin Sahin, Üstün Kızıloğlu, Fatih Mehmet Okuroğlu, Mustafa Abstract A summary of the resource. On Erzurum site, usage of fossil fuels for artificial heating causes atmospheric pollution and especially by means of precipitation it plays an important role on pollution of soil and water sources. This study has planned to indicate the dimension of precipitation transmissions. In this study, the concentration values of SO2 and PM before and after precipitation through 2003-2008 winter seasons were analysed. It appoints a negative relationship between SO2 and PM concentrations with winter precipitation; and their correlation coefficients are -0.138 and -0.150 respectively. In order to examine the effects of precipitation on reducing of SO2 and PM concentrations, t-paired tests were performed. It adjusts that, precipitation affect reducement of SO2 and PM concentrations with p<0.01 significance level. As a consequence, it indicates that the polluted air can affect the east side of Erzurum plain and Sakalıkesik plain negatively in Erzurum where winters are long and tough. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2009-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed Q Science (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/264f8a235b851856b57ef8ad196a6084.pdf 1af4862064588d1ca701c5a634b35174 PDF Text Text The Problems of Education of Technology and the Relations with the Field of Industry in Professional and Technical Education Rıdvan KÜÇÜKALİ Atatürk Üniversity e-posta: kucukali1960@hotmail.com Abstract:İt has become one of the fundamental obligations of today’s communities to obtain the quality of having knowledge and technology. For that reason, today’s communities and people should endeavour to constantly improve themselves and acquire the habit of learning all through the life. At the present time, these developments occurring in a dizzying speed are forcing the communities and people to obtain more information and keep up with the technological advancements. This situation has brought about the problem of the acquisition of information, the transmission of knowledge and the problem of having mature/ grown people. Nowadays, the education and teaching that are carried out with the traditional methods and equipments in the educational institutions giving their places to the multiple learning environments formed by making use of the information technologies. Because of this will be possible when the administrators re-establish the teaching environment employing the technology in the educational institutions presents the students a flexible, collaborative and prosperous environment, it will also provide the administrators of education and teachers with so significant conveniences and facilities. However, the questions ‘’how can such an environment be more efficient in learning of a student, how can a teacher organize the teaching setting in a favourable way that wiil make the students possible to learn on their own, how often and how efficient can he use the technology’’ should definitely be answered in advance. Key Words: Education, Technology, Technology Education. Introduction In education, social changes have a great role on the limelight that supports learning in teaching and learning process. An increase in alternative educational programmes and variations of schools caused individualism to excel in learning process. And these changes resulted in a change in content of teaching programmes (Ozden: 2002,s.16-19).So, this situation excelled the importance of learning more than teaching. It is needed to teach”to learn” to the new generations. Moreover, environments are to be constructed to help students practice to keep the information they learnt for a long time in addition to theoric knowledge. Doubtlessly, education systems of our day have to invent organisations, methods and new systems, which are not bound to traditions, in order to respond the increasing demands effectively with their limited oppurtunities. This, however, will conclude new problems and directions in education. We aimed to find answers for; professional and technical education and their relationship with industry which we assume as their practicing area; their features of working together; their skills of co-operation in project preparing; the harmonial features between professional and technical colleges and tools that are used in the industrial sector; physical conditions and educating and teaching environments of professional and technical colleges; the sufficiency of acquiring skills and teaching based on practition made by faculty members of professional and technical colleges in their employment areas; professional and technical colleges’ sufficiency of their financial sources to renew themselves; and which skills of future planning are co-operated by professional and technical colleges and students’ parents. 195 �Professional and technical education in Turkey is of minor importance in comparison to basic education and do not receive the expected interest. Today, even members of professional and technical education have not been able to reveal the theoretical aspect of professional and technical teaching. Furthermore, in our country professional education is neglected, meaning that the researches for an individual to improve his/her sufficiency in business-life are not enoughly undertaken (Alkan, Dogan, Sezgin: 1993,s.393). Similar to every sector, innovations in professional education world, the variations and inventions in technologic areas have a considerable effect on professional education. It is a common fact that business world needs qualified staff and always has room for such people. That’s why people who accomplish their education withing suitable contend and atmosphere are thought to become more succesful in their career. This success shows itself up as a re-evaluation with a high competing power which is international in various sectors of business world. Hence, such a progress is very important for a country to improve. Recently, there occur considerable efforts on the phases of preparation for profession and getting to work in Turkey. However, technological education has not been able to reach the expected level. The main reason for that is the lack of teachers both in numbers and quality. In order to level up the technological education, a system should be constructed to train teachers for high schools and colleges. If universities do not pay enough attention to the matter, new generations will keep being unaware of technology in the computer age (Alkan, Dogan, Sezgin: 1996, s.405406). The main purpose in professional education should be the forming of a training staff which is both international and able to invent value that has high competing power. This purpose should include various areas. In Turkey, similar in developed countries, professional educating programmes are to be constructed for every group of people with taking notice of human sources, age, information and skill. This way, the accordance of people to the value-invention programme throughout the country and to the business world will be obtained. This accordance programme should be enriched-not only in professional but also in individual and social aspects, to construct environments in which people can renew and improve themselves at any time in their lives. Hence, a great step will be taken in reaching a public constitution that has high inner performance and not only consuming but also inventing high value potentials. So,the social constitution will grasp a dynamic environment that improves its inner performance continually and the expectations from human sources such as quarantying the future of the country will be achieved.(hamlin.cc.boun.edu.tr/oud/panel.html) Despite from Turkey’s having many kinds of professional and technical colleges, only %10 of the population is made to these colleges (secondary education schools). The total amount of the students from every kind of secondary education schools is %25 of the population including professional and technical college students (Basaran: 1996,s.93). Besides, there are a number of faculties which train teachers to the various areas of professional and technical education. But the needed amount of teachers has not been trained yet which results in a deficiancy of qualified staff both in number and qualifications. In EU countries with the same profession standarts, the member countries must already have trained the expected number of staff with similar qualifications from now on. According to this situation, a profession capability licence is valid in all countries that are members of the EU. This licence, given with the notice of common standarts, will enable the workers’ and technicians’ work and travel among the EU countries. Rapid technologic advencements bring about some professions to set apart, some to vanquish and some new professions to occur. According to a belief, today’s children will have to prepare themselves for non-heard professions of future. Researches in business life is getting mechanised day by day and they encounter some advencements called “automation”. Automation is the main purpose to be dealt with carefully when training staff for business-life. Professions, industry and works of industry in industry are changing with a great speed as they have never been. Under these circumstances the criticisms towards the professional education programmes can be summed up as: “There occur considerable changes in professions before the professional education college attendants graduate from the department they were trained.”(Alkan, Dogan, Sezgin: 1996,s.399-400) Also, the regional requirements, which are effective on development of professional and technical education, should be paid attention. 196 �The professional and technical education in Turkey is financied by the government. It is witnessed that the government is preparing some editions to create financial support for professional and technical education in addition to general and supplementary budget. (Milli Egitim Bakanligi,2001).We see that the budget for the professional and technical education is insufficiently small even though this education is very expensive. It should be remembered that the financial cuts made in professional and technical education will occur as deficiencies in the quality of the products produced by the staff of these schools. This is because; in the professional and technical education tools and equipments are of ultimate importance. Most of the professionals and technical colleges use outdated tools and equipments because of insufficient budget. But, the rapid advencements in technology demands an updating of the tools in workshops all the time. The decrease of the quality in professional and technical education, especially since 1985, has directed the Ministry of Education to find outer financial sources. According to the technical cooperation made with the governments of Germany, France and Japan, the loaning agreements done between Turkey and the World Bank aimed that the ateliers and the labarotories in the industrial technical education schools would be equipped according to the modern Technologies, the technical teachers would be taken to the education of foreign languages and to the education of profession both in the land and abroad and the edutaion programmes would be improved. In this sense, since 1985, six projects originated from outer financial source have been put into practice and with these projects about 170, 7 million USA dolar have been provided as income of outer source to the industrial technical education. The “Fund to Widen and Improve the Technical and Professional Education, Apprenticeship” that is found with the law numbered 3308 has an important place in financing of Professional and technical education. Another important element in financing of the Professional and technical education are the incomes provided from the revolving funds of the schools and the institutions. In the Professional and technical schools, with the aim of helping students gain enough real work experiments, provide schools to be equipped with technological developments, introduce school and new Technologies to environment and the environment developed by this way, revolving fund is found in the Professional and technological schools with the law numbered 3423. The business institutions in Turkey need the work power that adopt and comprehend the rapid technological developments in order to be able to complete in the bazaars both in national and international. The workers are the key factors to adopt quickly the new Technologies. Their quailifiedness on adopting is depending on their technological acknowledgement. New work power with high performance is an obligation for Turkey and Turkey’s future. In this sense, the need of quilified workpower in the Turkish industry and serving sector is an important problem from the point of the view of Turkish economy that is in the stuggle of gaining international power competence especially in the processes of EU and Customs Union and that tries to go beyond the borders of it. Method This work is designed according to the technic of qualitative research. The most important side of the qualitative researches is to try to understand what person does in the existing environment. In this kind of researches the opinions and the experiments of the individuals that are in the sample have great importance. Qualitative researches are closely related to many disciplines. Conditional research, interpretational research, action researrch and descriptive researches can be accepted as examples in this sense. (Yıldırım, şimşek: 2000, s.14-18) We selected qualitative research technic because of this reason Universe The universe of research is constituted from Erzurum city. Professional and Technical high schools, the tradesman and industrialists from the industry cite of Erzurum depending on Erzurum Chamber of Commerce, and the guardians of students. Sample Erzurum city is constituted from the central district; Teknik Lise ve Anadolu Teknik Lisesi, Ticaret Lisesi, Erzurum Kız Meslek Lisesi, Kazım Karabekir Meslek Lisesi, the thirty tradesmen and industrialists that are in the industry cite 197 �depending on Chamber of Commerce and Industry, fifty two guardians who have students in Professional high schools. Gathering And Evaluating The Data By having interview with; 52 guardians who have students in Professional high schools, 30 tradesman and industrialists that are in the industry cite depending on Chamber of Commerce and Industry, Kazım Karabekir Meslek Lisesi, Ticaret Lisesi, Teknik Lise ve Anadolu Teknik Lisesi,Erzurum Kız Meslek Lisesi from the central district, we try to determine the relations between these schools and the areas of industry and to determine the general situation of our Professional and technical high schools by asking open questions in this research. The general number of the samples from these schools comprises of 140 students, 45 teachers and 10 administrators. Upon determining these sample events we have fixed what the related institutions and people do and should do in the schools. The Findings And Comment The technology education problems in Professional and technical education taken from thirty tradesmen and industrialists from industry cite depending on Chamber of Commerce and Industry: ‰ We do not have characteristics enough to do work with the Professional and technical schools that are in our city. ‰ ‰ ‰ ‰ ‰ ‰ ‰ ‰ ‰ ‰ ‰ ‰ ‰ 198 The contribution cannot be provided to the students studying in the Professional and technical schools and institutions about having the experiences in worklife by studyin on work. There are almost no projects produced with the purpose of providing extra income to the personell of Professional and technical education. The sources from general budget for developing the existing situation to support the institutions and foundations are not at the level of those are in developed countries. The women do not get help reinforce their knowledge and capabilities about their professions and there are not any area to improve themselves in worklife or they are not preffered because of the possibility that these could be some problems. The physical opportunities of professionalş and technical schools are not sufficient and the people who have got wanted characteristics cannot be trained in these schools. The guardians of students are not made conscious of being afraid of their responsibilities. There are not flexible programmes designed according to the information that are concluded from close colloborations between Ministries of Industry and Technology and Ministry of Education. Informing both the industrialists, tradesmen and the teacher and the students periodically about the industrial development in foreign countries and to enable them to reach the magazines and other similar works published with this aim. Planning seminars, short, middle and long time courses that develop both (industrialists, tradesmen etc.) and the students and putting them into the Professional education programmes. Providing a mental education that cause students gain some capabilities like the desire of working together, deciding quickly, comprehending industrial processes and the characteristics of automation and putting them into the education programmes. Providing opportunitiy to gain industrial experience to teachers with the way of relation between school and industry. The regional and national characteristics always should be taken into consideration in yhe studies and plans. It is certain that there will be serious changes in the structures of professions because of the increase of relations with European Union in the following years. The analysis and classifications of profession structures should be made permanently and all the related people should be informed about the conclusions upon these studies. These datum above show us that; our schools are stil not interesting for our children, they do not have the structure enough harmonious to work with industrial areas, the related people who are the main elements of the education out of our children do not work enough to provide this harmony and especially the guardians leave these officials alone by not interesting in schools. �The problems of technology education in Professional and technical education taken from Teknik Lise and Anadolu Teknik Lise, Ticaret Lisesi, Erzurum Kız Meslek Lisesi, Kazım Karabekir Meslek Lisesi ( 10 administrators, 45 teachers and 140 students) ‰ ‰ ‰ ‰ ‰ ‰ ‰ ‰ ‰ ‰ We do not have the capabilities to work with industrialists end tradesmen. There is almost no shared Project made with industrialists and tradesmen. The equipments used in these schools are not similar to the ones used in industry. There is almost no Project made with the purpose of prividing extra income to Professional and technical education. The sources from general budget for developing the existing situation to support the institutions and foundations are not at the level of those are in developed countries. There are not enough opprtunities to provide industrial experience to our teachers working in our schools.there are not enough scientific publications and magazines published with the purpose of informing teachers and students about the developments that are out of country. There are not enough needed education equipments. Physical structure do not support the existing developments. There are not enough institutions and foundations that support the activities in our schools and try to make them do work and in addition to this there are not enough volunteer foundations . The foundations of industry and trade do not want to accept trainee with the worry of causing extra outcome. The problems of technology education in Professional and technical education taken from 52 guardians who have got students in Professional and technical high schools in the central district of Erzurum: ‰ ‰ ‰ ‰ ‰ ‰ ‰ ‰ ‰ ‰ There are not enough institutions and foundations that support the activities in our schools and try to make them do work and in addition to this there are not enough volunteer foundations. There are not enough education equipments needed. The sources from general budget for developing the existing situation to support the institutions and foundations are not at the level of those are in developed countries. That student’s; redirections to the programs convenient for the needs of the working life, with their interest and skills, are not being made in desired format. That irofessional and Thecnical High Schools do not have enough skill to make plans for the feature with data. That the women do not take the essential precautions eith the aim of making easy to find a jop, strenghten their economic situation. Making the sutudents acquire a wide technical knowledge and skill in a certain group of profession, in a way to fit in various Works. That the convenient programs cannot be prepared sufficiently in order to make the physically and mentally disabled ones to have a profession. That the students do not have the industrial practice done in a certain group of profession, containing various works. Contrary to the technological changes or the conditions of the profession education in establishments,it is the continuance of the consitance problems of the education establishments. Acording to the statistics,the problems of technological education in professional and technological education,taken from the 44 curators from Teknik Lise and Anadolu Teknik Lisesi,Ticaret Lisesi,Erzurum Kız Meslek Lisesi,Kazım Karabekir Meslek Lisesi in the center town of Erzurum province,are determined in that way.As it is understood here,it is necessary that we should create the environment in which we can give the technical and Professional education which is very important in terms of catching the era and make the schools and related establishments attractive that will affect our children and our schools positively. Results Problems of Technological Education in Technological and Professional Education and Exuces of These Aplications: 199 �The studies made in this part are dealt with as the professional and thecnical high schools and the relations in the manifacture and industrial area,the education environment of Professional and technical high schools,physical opportunities,the sufficiencies of the teaching staff in professional and technical high schools in gaining teaching and skill aimed at the pratices in employment locations,the sufficiencies of the professional and technical high schools in the financial resources aimed at refreshing themselves,the abilities of Professional and technical high schools in making prodential plans with the curators and practices outside schools. 1.The Professional and Technical High Schools and The Relations in The Manifacture and İndustrial Area: Manifacture and İndustrial areas need experienced qualified personnels.What is going to provide this,is the schools giving Professional and technical education.The schools also need these fields.Because,this place will provide the working areas of the personnels to be cultivated in these areas.Besides,students will gain various proficiencies as comprehending the features of automation,understanding the industrial progressions,deciding properly and quickly,and the wish to work together in these areas,by undergoing training.Schools,too will make an affort in order to cause the students gain vide technical knowledge and skills in the way that it can suit various works in a certain profession group,by considering the activities of these fields.The school must provide,by the way of industrial relations,the possibility of gainingindustrial experience for the teachers,as well.The relation of these two establishments,in terms of refreshing and cultivating one another,will provide the teacher and the students to be aware of the industrial developments outside the country. 2. The Educational Environment of The Professional and Technical High Schools: The role of the physical environment of the school,teachers and the eqıipment that the school have,is great in the education and cultivation of the students.İn the school and the classroom,it is needed to create every kind of media providing the cultivation of the children.Furthermore,the teachers should provide their redirections according to the children’s will and skills.Economical support is needed to create these medias.While the physical construction of the school is formed,the environmental factors should be considered,and multi-purpose classrooms should be created.These medias to be created,while having the feture to be able to satisfy the current needs,also should be open to the innovations.Therefore the medias to be arranged,acording to the information taht will be obtained at the end of the firm cooperation of the employers and the Ministry of Education,Ministries of Labour,İndustry and Technology,should be created and the activities should be sustained acording to the joint programs to be arranged.Nevertheless,the environments in which the activities will be hold should be arranged in the way that it will not give harm to the children’s health and these environments should be made attractive to the children and should be endeared. 3.The Sufficiencies of The Teaching Staff in Professional and Technical High Schools in GainingTeaching and Skills Aimed at the Practices in Employment Locations: İn Education,it is inevitable that the new teaching and the technics providing the productivity and the efficiency will be developed.(Yalın,2003,Si 82-90.)The technology at the present day and the one to come is needed to be gone through carefully so that the education,that must be given in this,can be given by the best method.(Usun:2000,S.43.)İn the field of education,as a result of the quick increase of the student’s number,the lack of teachers accured in the proportioning of the teacher/students,the quick increase of the quantity of the knowledge that must be taught to the individuals,some problems have emerged.Besides,that the teacher cannot refresh himself and follow the innovations sufficiently,on the other hand the steady increase of the will for education,the will of the individuals to make much more increase of the facilities of education,has become a problem.(Usuni:2004,S.35.)İt has been observed that many teachers and training managersare not sufficient in using the technologicalequipment.(Turan,2002,S.279-280)İn order to dipsel these problems,the facility should be provided to the teachers and the managers taking place in the Professional and technological education so that they can refresh themselves and whatever needed for this should be done. 4.The sufficiencies of The Professional and Technical High Schools in The Financial Resources Aimed at Refreshing Themselves: As the resources parted for the Professional and technical high schools’ education is not sufficient,it is needed that the resources parted from the budget should be increased in such a proportion that it can reach the level of the developed countries,the domestic resources(trade associations,civil governments,special provincial administrations cooperatives,public contributions)should be triggered.Besides,it is needed that the facilities of free boarding and the government given scholarship whose number is scarse,should be increased,the establishments and Professional 200 �unions should give scholarship for the professional and technical education,the number of the voluntary establishments supporting the Professional and technical education should be activated.(yayim.meb.gov.tr/yayimlara7155-156/scetin.htm) 5.The Abilities of Professional and Technical High Schools in Making Prudential Plans With the Curators: The curators have the responsibilities for the works in schools.These responsibilities involves being able to make use of the sophisticated curators.İn this context,the curators available in industry and doing a profession as a tradesman,doing instructiveness in the works of students,taking part in the works of students by doing instructiveness,by joining the organisations in the school and outside the school,they would be supporting the children’s education both physically and intangibly as a participant. Suggestions ‰ ‰ ‰ ‰ ‰ ‰ ‰ ‰ The students should be directed to the programs convenient for the business life in accordance with their interest and skills. He should make long, middle and short predictions about professional and technical developments and reflect these in professional education programs.Opinions of industrialists, tradesmen, employers and trainers should be taken, in accordance with the wills of the sides, these programs should be created. To trigger the domestic resources (trade associations, civil governments, special provincial administration unions, various industry establishments, and public and curators contributions) should be provided, and the resources parted from the budget should be increased in such a proportion that it can reach the level of the developed countries. Precautions, aimed at to dipsel the consistence problems emerged between the education institutions and the establishments, should be taken. The studies made other countries should be followed closely, and the innovations made about the technology and labour force qualifications should be taken instantly. The education programs should be restructured in the light of aim, scope and the other qualifications, considering the Professional standards. The school should not be left alone about the education of our children; curators, industrialists, tradesmen and the civil governmens should support them and take place somehow in the activities to be arranged. Symposiums and activities, aimed at to give wide information about the environment in which the school is present, for the teachers and the school managers, should be arranged. References ALKAN, Cevat., Doğan, Hıfzı., Sezgin, İlhan., Mesleki Ve Teknik Eğitimin Esasları, Gazi Büro Kitapevi, Özkan Yayınevi, Ankara,1996. BAŞARAN. Ethem. İbrahim, Türkiye Eğitim Sistemi, Yargıcı Yayınevi, Ocak 1996. Özden Yüksel, Eğitimde Yeni Değerler Eğitimde Dönüşüm, PegemA Yayıncılık, Ankara, 2002. TURAN Selahattin, ‘Teknolojinin Okul Yönetiminde Etkin Kullanımında Eğitim Yöneticisinin Rolü’, Eğitim Yönetimi, sayı:30 Ankara, 2002. USUN Salih, Dünyada ve Türkiye’de Bilgisayar Destekli Öğretim, Pegem Yayın, Ankara, 2000. USUN Salih, Bilgisayar Destekli Öğretimin Temelleri, Nobel Yayın, Ankara, 2004. YALIN Halil İbrahim, Öğretim Teknolojileri Ve Materyal Geliştirme, Nobel Yayın Dağıtım, Ankara, 2003. YILDIRIM Ali, ŞİMŞEK Hasan, Sosyal Bilimlerde Nitel Araştırma Yöntemleri, Seçkin Yayıncılık, Ankara, 2000. M.E. B. Eğitim ve Teknolojileri ile İlgili Yönetmenlik Maddesi, 2001. hamlin.cc.boun.edu.tr/oud/panel.html. Erişim Tarihi:30-03-2008. yayim.meb.gov.tr/yayimlar/155-156/scetin.htm. Erişim Tarihi:30-03-2008. 201 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 397 Title A name given to the resource The Problems of Education of Technology and the Relations with the Field of Industry in Professional and Technical Education Author Author KÜÇÜKALİ, Rıdvan Abstract A summary of the resource. İt has become one of the fundamental obligations of today’s communities to obtain the quality of having knowledge and technology. For that reason, today’s communities and people should endeavour to constantly improve themselves and acquire the habit of learning all through the life. At the present time, these developments occurring in a dizzying speed are forcing the communities and people to obtain more information and keep up with the technological advancements. This situation has brought about the problem of the acquisition of information, the transmission of knowledge and the problem of having mature/ grown people. Nowadays, the education and teaching that are carried out with the traditional methods and equipments in the educational institutions giving their places to the multiple learning environments formed by making use of the information technologies. Because of this will be possible when the administrators re-establish the teaching environment employing the technology in the educational institutions presents the students a flexible, collaborative and prosperous environment, it will also provide the administrators of education and teachers with so significant conveniences and facilities. However, the questions ‘’how can such an environment be more efficient in learning of a student, how can a teacher organize the teaching setting in a favourable way that wiil make the students possible to learn on their own, how often and how efficient can he use the technology’’ should definitely be answered in advance. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2009-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed L Education (General)