32 10 3494 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/c5eea38b85c37772d648a9040c92886a.pdf 2a3dde35969030d53e940778cf6b94d2 PDF Text Text 2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo Analysis Of The Factors Affecting The Women’s Cosmetics Consumption In Terms Of Sustainability Ercan BALDEMĠR Muğla University Faculty of Economics and Administrative Science Turkey ebaldemir@hotmail.com Funda KAYA Muğla University Faculty of Economics and Administrative Science Turkey fundaky@yahoo.com Abstract: Women‘s effort to seem more beautiful may as older as the beginning of the history. Though ―beauty‖ concept varies from culture to culture, the use of cosmetics became almost a global consumption behavior. The reason is that ―beauty‖ products fulfill the inner desires, fantasies and dreams of women. In addition to the widespread use of the cosmetics by women, some of that kind of products causes various debates concerning sustainability because of the factors as non-natural, non-recyclable or tested on animals etc. Moreover a growing number of companies are looking to recognize the role of sustainability as an integral part of their marketing strategy. Therefore, the study aims at examining the factors, including alcohol, hypoallergenic and UV protection, which are expected to stimulate women‘s cosmetics consumption and the level of customer knowledge of women for cosmetics on the basis of logit regression model. Key Words: Consumer Behavior, Sustainability, Women Cosmetics, Logit Regression Model Introduction Diversification of consumption customs increasingly is one of the most explicit outcomes of economic development and industrialization. As disposable income increases, the budget which individuals devote to their consumption increases; moreover, satisfaction and happiness come by consumption becomes dramatically significant in their lives (Hayta, 2009:145). Besides, nowadays the relation between consumption and sustainability is often discussed. According to Schaefer (2005) sustainable development is perhaps the most significant and the most difficult problem currently facing marketing. Moreover, cosmetic industry is one of the most arguable fields in terms of sustainability. For example, during the nineteenth century, chemicals were used to replace more expensive natural ingredients making the cosmetics more widely used, but nowadays the health aspect of consumers is changing this trend involving an increased interest related to some factors as natural ingredients, skin protection, hypoallergenic and not tested on animals so on (Dimitrova et al., 2009:1155 ). Several companies, which pay attention to this trend, have developed advertising campaigns to project environmentally conscious corporate images and promote cosmetic products. Despite the fact the common assumption that marketing and sustainability are set for a head on collusion because marketing is about selling more while sustainability is about consuming less, these two concepts have something offer to each other (Chartered Institute of Marketing, 2007). Sustainable marketing which has been defined by Charter et al. (2006) as ―creating, producing and delivering sustainable solutions with higher net sustainable value while continuously satisfying customers and other stakeholders‖ explains the offer between marketing and sustainability. As such marketing can be seen to recognize the key role of consumers as decision makers in moving towards sustainability, studying the current behavior of women consumers of cosmetics can provide important clues. To increase sustainable patterns of consumption it is important to understand more about how consumers arrive at their purchasing decision (Jones et al., 2008:127). Therefore, this study aims at exploring the relation 429 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo between the demographic attributes of women respondents and the levels of their sustainable cosmetics consumption. With the data acquired from women consumers, some solutions are recommended for companies in order to make more sustainable marketing decisions. Literature Review Sustainable consumption has appeared in literature with the 21st agenda item, which is about sustainable development action plan, of World Summit carried out in Rio in 1992. As a result of Rio Summit, ―to alter the consumption customs of individuals for ensuring the sustainable development and minimizing the damaging effects of human on ecology is a great struggle of human being‖ was concluded. To understand the factors affecting consumer behavior is a right starting point for ensuring sustainable development and consumption (Hayta, 2009:144145). In this manner, the sustainable consumption substantially focuses on conscious consumer behavior. McDonald and Oates (2006) argue that it is easier to encourage sustainable buying behavior in fast moving consumer goods, such as cosmetics. Cosmetics industry is one of the most discussed fields regarding ecology and sustainability (Prothero, 1995; Prothero, 1996; Johri and Sahasakmontri, 1998; Dimitrova et al., 2009). During the last years, the cosmetic industry has dramatically diversified its managerial and marketing orientation towards customer requirements due to the growth in response to the customer trends towards healthier lifestyle and requirements for natural cosmetics (Dimitrova et al., 2009:1156). Johri and Sahasakmontri (1998) found that many companies, foreign and national, have adopted programs to deploy technologies and market products that minimize the extent of environmental damage of cosmetics. For example, The Body Shop and Oriental Princess have adopted a wide range of policies and practices as part of sustainable marketing of cosmetics in Thailand (Johri and Sahasakmontri, 1998:278). Customer knowledge level of the cosmetic consumers is one of the key factors affecting the sustainable consumption. Dimitrova et al. (2009) assumes customer knowledge management as an innovative approach, which studies both marketing tools and managerial practices, in order to achieve coordination between knowledge of the customers and the learning of the companies about a product, especially for cosmetics. The authors found natural aroma, high quality, hydration, skin protection, medical advice, long lasting, good promotion, hypoallergenic and not tested on animals are the most important motivating factors for the customers in Bulgaria, Montenegro and Italy in choosing cosmetics products (Dimitrova et al., 2009:1158). Furthermore, they agree that the customers are motivated to make use of successful united promotional mix for the ecological and sustainable cosmetics created by TV, internet and journals related to grooming products (Dimitrova et al., 2009:1164). According to Guthrie et al. (2008), a well-developed and established brand name is also a good motivator in the cosmetics industry. The cosmetic products are criticized frequently regarding tests on animals. Although these kinds of tests are applied more on plant tissues, testing cosmetics on animals have not ended (Altug, 2009:61). Some cosmetic companies position themselves on this issue both to show how they act ecologically and to contribute for sustainable consumption. For example, Body Shop have declared that they have campaigned for years to bring about a ban on testing cosmetics on animals and declared that they are among the few companies to comply with the stringent requirements of the internationally recognized Humane Cosmetics Standard (http://www.thebodyshopusa.com/beauty/against-animal-testing). At the present time, many of the materials used in production are non returnable, but in recent years recycling economy have begun to take disposable economy‘s place and this substantially provides the minimization of pollution and energy utilization of society. Moreover, recyclable products will provide a base for the sustainable economy of future (Brown et al., 1998:47-50). To use recyclable materials and recyclable packages in the production process point to the green marketing. It is also possible to mention the green marketing of cosmetics. According to Johri and Sahasakmontri (1998), the Body Shop follows green marketing approach in its business policies and practices. All packaging is made of recycled materials, such as paper and plastic, demonstrates how the company is going green (Johri and Sahasakmontri, 1998:269). As it is mentioned above, the cosmetic industry is so vulnerable to criticism regarding sustainability. Although marketing is often seen as the antithesis of the concept of sustainability in many ways, it is obvious that they can work for each other. The way of it is marketing sustainable cosmetics. To pursue sustainable marketing actions, the behavior of cosmetic consumers need to be analyzed. Research Method In the study, the proposed investigation of the cosmetic consumers‘ behavior and their sustainable consumption is based on the logit regression model, which modules different customer variables Xj (the set of 430 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo questions) with some principal data. The reason to use the logit model is that it is useful to sift out those important factors for the women consumers, which influence their sustainable consumption behavior and stimulate the increase of cosmetics purchasing. According to Koseva and Kaneva (2000), because of the specification of the variables with index (j), weak scales are needed to be used, of the so-called ―significant numbering difference‖. This method is using literally based results or distinction, such as ―yes‖ or ―no‖. In this study, women respondents are kindly asked to distinct the factors affecting their cosmetics consumption as ―I care‖ or ―I do not care‖. Such a statistical methodology presents a part of a general evaluation of the factorial influence of different, and independent statistical scales, over their definitions. The main question of the study is: RQ: How the demographic attributes (independent variables) of women cosmetic consumers are related to the factors (dependent variables) affecting sustainable consumption of them? The universe of the study is the women consumers aged from 21 to 65 who are living in Mugla Province Center, totally 29.880 women (http://report.tuik.gov.tr/reports/rwservlet?adnksdb2=&report=turkiye_il_ilce_yasgr.RDF&p_il1=48&p_ilce1=1532 &p_kod=3&p_yil=2009&p_dil=1&desformat=html&ENVID=adnksdb2Env). The sample size of 21-65 aged women is determined by the formula below (Miran, 2003:142-143): n Np(1  p) ( N  1) 2  p(1  p) The sample size calculated: 29.880 * 0.5 * 0.5  393 (29.880  1) * (0.02551) 2  0.5 * (1  0.5)   To conduct logit regression model, 392 women respondents aged from 21 to 65 years are kindly requested to fill in the questionnaire provided which includes some items adopted from Dimitrova et al. (2009). The rest of the items were acquired from a focus group discussion carried out with women consumers of cosmetics. The reason for choosing 21-65 aged women consumers is that the assumption of this range falls into the majority period; moreover, there is no compromise among social scientists about the sub-periods related to age of human (http://www.epsikoloji.com/forum/showthread.php?270-Yeti%FEkinlik-d%F6nemi). Findings and Discussion Table I identifies the demographics (age, occupation, educational level, marital status, income, living quarter) of the 392 women respondents. 431 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo Age Freq. Percent Cum. 21-29 176 44.90 44.90 30-39 104 26.53 71.43 40-49 71 18.11 89.54 50-59 32 8.16 97.70 60-65 9 2.30 100.00 Occupation Freq. Percent Cum. Retired 26 6.63 6.63 Worker 24 6.12 12.76 Officer 132 33.67 46.43 Housewife 55 14.03 60.46 Self-employed 51 13.01 73.47 Student 68 17.35 90.82 Private Sector 36 9.18 100.00 Educational Level Freq. Percent Cum. Primary School 42 10.71 10.71 High School 110 28.06 38.78 Bachelor 200 51.02 89.80 Postgraduate 40 10.20 100.00 Marital Status Freq. Percent Cum. Married 226 57.65 57.65 Single 166 42.35 100.00 Income Freq. Percent Cum. 0-1000 TL 166 42.35 42.35 1000-2000 TL 163 41.58 83.93 2000-over TL 63 16.07 100.00 Living Quarter Freq. Percent Cum. Urban 222 56.63 56.63 Rural 170 43.37 100.00 Table I: The demographic attributes of women respondents As it is shown in Table I; 21-29 aged, officer, bachelor degree, married, 1000-2000 TL income and city dweller women constitute the majority of respondents in the study. The demographics of women respondents are analyzed based on logit regression in terms of cosmetics including alcohol as the dependent variable in the equation, Table II is reached. According to logit model likelihood statistics, R-squared, which shows the explanatory power of the model, is found 0.0332. Ozer (2004) states that Rsquared statistics ranges between 0-1, and R-squared in this range has enough power to explain the factor (at Table II. cosmetics including alcohol). 432 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo Factor I Coef. Std.Err. z P>|z| (95% Conf. Interval) Bachelor .3630314 .2761627 1.31 0.189 .9043003 .1782374 Postgraduate .66131 .4128811 1.60 0.109 1.470542 .147922 30-39 .6948538 .3098879 2.24 0.025 .0874847 1.302223 40-49 .645027 .3667354 1.76 0.079 -.0737613 1.363815 Private Sector .9483088 .6348338 1.49 0.135 -.2959426 2.19256 Constant 1.215664 .2449706 4.96 0.000 .7355305 1.695798 Table II: The relation between demographics of respondents between cosmetics including alcohol By examining the data obtained, the model that clarifies the observations best is chosen as a final logit model in terms of cosmetics including alcohol. Table II shows that bachelor and postgraduate degree, 30-49 aged, working in private sector women form the best logit model regarding cosmetics including alcohol. The probability of bachelor and postgraduate women‘s notice about alcohol-include cosmetics respectively 0.36 and 0.66 more compared to others (primary and high school degree women). It is possible to say that mid-age women (30-49) notice alcohol-include cosmetics respectively 0.69 and 0.64 more than the young and old cosmetic consumers. The women working in private sector cares cosmetics whether to include alcohol possibly 0.94 more than the other groups as retirees, officers, workers, and students so on. Factor II Coef. Std.Err. z P>|z| (95% Conf. Interval) Bachelor 1.138652 .5843049 1.95 0.051 -.0065646 2.283868 Urban .8702247 .5594443 1.56 0.120 -.226266 1.966715 Student .6261938 1.30 0.192 -2.043421 .4112137 Single .8161036 .8161036 -1.619258 .7563434 -2.14 1.30 0.032 -3.101663 -.1368516 Constant 3.571052 .6234572 5.73 0.000 2.349098 4.793006 Table III: The relation between demographics of respondents between hypoallergenic cosmetics As it is shown at Table III, bachelor degree, single students whose living quarter is urban is found significant regarding hypoallergenic cosmetics. Having bachelor degree is significant at 0.05 levels and 1.13 more probable to notice hypoallergenic cosmetics than other educational levels. The students with a significance level of 0.19 are 0.81 more probable to notice while consuming hypoallergenic cosmetics. In this point, this can be concluded that the students are more concerned about their facial image because as Craik (1993) argues cosmetics assist one in completing an overall look. Moreover, marital status shows a negative relation between notice of hypoallergenic cosmetics even if it is significant at 0.03 level. 433 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo Factor III Coef. Std.Err. z (95% Conf. Interval) 1.88 P>|z | 0.176 Postgraduate .950704 1.074508 -1.155293 3.056701 Urban .7638016 .4801071 1.59 0.112 -.177191 1.704794 Student 1.1595 .7028292 1.65 0.099 -.2180197 2.53702 Housewife -1.005884 .7311068 -1.38 0.169 -2.438827 .4270594 2000-over 1.286201 1.052996 1.22 0.122 -.7776329 3.350035 Constant 3.166364 .5431155 5.83 0.000 2.101877 4.230851 Table IV. The relation between demographics of respondents between UV protection cosmetics Table IV indicates the demographics as educational level, living quarter, occupation and income constitutes a significant logit model regarding UV protection cosmetics. Postgraduate women consumers notice cosmetics to have UV protection 0.95 more probably than other educational degrees with 0.17 significance level. This is an expected result because the customer knowledge of cosmetics consumers should increase as educational level increases. Furthermore, the probability of city-dweller women to consume UV protection cosmetics at 0.11 significance level is 0.76 more than women who live in rural. As in the logit model of Factor II, students are 1.15 more probable than others to consume cosmetics with UV protection. In contrast to the student respondents, the probability of housewives is 1 less than the other groups with significance level of 0.16. As the price of UV protection cosmetics tend to be more than those are not, women consumers whose income is 2000 and above are 1.28 more probable the other income groups where the significance level is calculated 0.122. In addition to the cosmetics including alcohol, hypoallergenic cosmetics and UV protection, data obtained from women respondents regarding the cosmetics tested on animals and recyclable cosmetics, but significant logit models cannot be reached. This result may indicate that respondents with different demographics do not notice these sustainable attributes of cosmetics while making decisions. Conclusion Cosmetic industry is a growing market not only for women consumers but also men. Besides the huge growing rates of the industry year to year, the debates about sustainable consumption, which deals with the damages of human on ecology and the health of their own, and marketing of cosmetic products continue. In the study, three sustainable factors (including alcohol, hypoallergenic and UV protection) are examined based on logit regression model. The relations between these factors and demographics of women respondents are calculated to show how different groups behave sustainable in consumption of cosmetics. To learn to what extent cosmetic consumers behave sustainable gives important clues for developing better sustainable marketing strategies for companies. The limitation of the study arises from generalizing the cosmetic products in one category. Normally, the cosmetics mostly refers to make-up segment, but cosmetic products includes some sub-segments like baby care, bath and shower products, deodorants, hair care, oral hygiene, fragrances so on. Therefore, analysis of factors affecting the sustainable consumption for each cosmetic segment separately is needed. Despite the cosmetics mainly refer to women consumers; there is a growing market of men‘s cosmetics. For this reason, the future studies are needed to examine men consumers of cosmetics regarding sustainable consumption. References Altug, T. (2009). Hayvan Deneyleri Etiği, Türk Tıp Dizini, Sağlık Bilimlerinde Süreli Yayıncılık. 434 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo Brown, L.R.; Flavin, C. and Postel, S. (1998). Gezegenimizi Kurtarmak, Tübitak-Tema Vakfı Yayınları, Çeviren Sinem Gül, Ankara. Charter, M., Peattie, K., Ottman, J. and Polonsky, M.J. (2006). Marketing and Sustainability, available at: www.cfsd.org.uk/smart-know-net/links/smart-know-net.pdf Chartered Institute of Marketing, (2007). Ethics and Sustainability, available at: www.cim.co. uk/cim/ser/html/knoFactFile.cfm?KCTopicID=F64FBC16-620E-4E20-9A8E37B29C5 E8A62&objectID=EBB9A439-2D4941D4-BFCC958FC2779216 Craik, J. (1993). The Face of Fashion: Cultural Studies in Fashion, Routledge, London. Dimitrova, V., Kaneva, M. and Gallucci, T. (2009). Customer Knowledge Management in the Natural Cosmetics Industry, Industrial Management& Data, Vol.109, No.9, pp.1155-1165. Guthrie, M., Kim, H. and Jung, J. (2008). The Effects of Facial Image and Cosmetic Usage on Perceptions of Brand Personality, Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management, Vol.12, No.2, pp.1361-2026. Hayta, B.A. (2009). Sürdürülebilir Tüketim DavranıĢının Kazanılmasında Tüketici Eğitiminin Rolü, Ahi Erivan Üniversitesi, Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, Cilt.10, Sayı.3, Aralık, 143-151. Johri, L.M. and Sahasakmontri, K. (1998). Green Marketing of Cosmetics and Toiletries in Thailand, Journal of Consumer Marketing, Vol.15, No.3, pp.265-281. Jones, P., Hill, C., Comfort, D. and Hillier, D. (2008). Marketing and Sustainability, Marketing Intelligence and Planning, Vol.26, No.2, pp.123-130. Koseva, D. and Kaneva, M. (2000). Enterprise Statistics, Steno, Varna. McDonald, S. and Oates, C. (2006). Choosing to be sustainable: tracing complex decisions, available at: www.sustainabletechnologies.ac.uk/final%20pdf/Project%20Innovation% 20Briefs/Innovation%20Brief%207.pdf Miran, B. (2003).Temel Ġstatistik, Ege Üniversitesi Basımevi, Ġzmir. Ozer, H. (2004). Nitel DeğiĢkenli Ekonometrik Modeller, Nobel Yayın Dağıtım, Ankara. Prothero, A. (1995). Methodology Decision Making for Environmental Research in the Cosmetics and Toiletries Industry, Proceedings, 24th European Marketing Academy Conference, Paris, pp.939-952. Prothero, A. (1996). Environmetal Decision Making: Research Issues in the Cosmetics and Toiletries Industry, Marketing Intelligence and Planning, 14/2, pp.19-25. Schaefer, A. (2005). Some Considerations Regarding the Ecological Sustainability of Marketing Systems, Electronic Journal of Radical Organization Theory, Vol.9, pp.1-12. http://www.thebodyshop-usa.com/beauty/against-animal-testing http://report.tuik.gov.tr/reports/rwservlet?adnksdb2=&report=turkiye_il_ilce_yasgr.RDF&p_il1=48&p_ilce1=1532&p_kod=3&p _yil=2009&p_dil=1&desformat=html&ENVID=adnksdb2Env http://www.e-psikoloji.com/forum/showthread.php?270-Yeti%FEkinlik-d%F6nemi 435 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 231 Title A name given to the resource Analysis Of The Factors Affecting The Women’s Cosmetics Consumption In Terms Of Sustainability Author Author BALDEMİR, Ercan KAYA, Funda Abstract A summary of the resource. Women‘s effort to seem more beautiful may as older as the beginning of the history. Though ―beauty‖ concept varies from culture to culture, the use of cosmetics became almost a global consumption behavior. The reason is that ―beauty‖ products fulfill the inner desires, fantasies and dreams of women. In addition to the widespread use of the cosmetics by women, some of that kind of products causes various debates concerning sustainability because of the factors as non-natural, non-recyclable or tested on animals etc. Moreover a growing number of companies are looking to recognize the role of sustainability as an integral part of their marketing strategy. Therefore, the study aims at examining the factors, including alcohol, hypoallergenic and UV protection, which are expected to stimulate women‘s cosmetics consumption and the level of customer knowledge of women for cosmetics on the basis of logit regression model. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed HB Economic Theory Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 3614 Title A name given to the resource ANALYSIS OF THE GROWTH ACCELERATION PHENOMENA WITHINH BOSNIAN AND HERZEGOVINIANS BORN BETWEEN 1991-1995 Author Author Mrehic, Elma Abstract A summary of the resource. Study was conducted from October 2014 till March 2015. Youth born in 1991-1995 during the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina were an object of this analysis. Prerequisite was that they were born in Bosnia and Herzegovina and that they spent the rest of the war in the country. A total sample size was 1012 young people from which 596 females and 416 males, 20-24 years old. They were subjected to self reported measurements of body weight and body height to identify and analyze the main indicators of growth and development considering that the population spent part of their life in the extremely adverse conditions of the four year aggression on Bosnia and Herzegovina. The average body height in females was 167,37±6,00 cm and in males 182,77±6,57 cm. We performed our male data comparison with first measurements of the 20-24 years old Bosnian soldiers from 1895. Average body height of Bosnian soldiers in Austro-Hungarian army was 172, 35 ± 5,54 cm. Difference between these two groups was t=31,17 and statistical significance is p<0,01. The average body weight of males born from 1992-1995 was 82,02±11,69 kg, and average body weight of females 59,28±7,35 kg. Regardless of the war conditions in which young people are born and grown up, we can conclude that Bosnia and Herzegovina follows the trend of growth acceleration. Improving the life conditions in the period of 100 years has led to the fact that there has been an increase in body height. In comparing with an average body height of other European countries, we can conclude that the studied population belongs to a very high nation. Keywords: anthropometry, growth acceleration, Bosnian and Herzegovinian population Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2016 Keywords Keywords. Thesis NonPeerReviewed Q Science (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/b001a4ea87f1c5fc315e4cc5c5e400e9.pdf 1d64eb3079e26547874c006d825b7a15 PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Analysis Of The Hotel Personnel’s Conceptions Of Organizational Justice, Organizational Silence, Mobbing, Organizational Commitment In Terms Of Demographic Variables Şevket Yirik, Yusuf Yilmaz, Osman Nuri Demirel,Yıldırım Yilmaz, Abdullah Akgün, Hasan Kinay Akdeniz University, Turkey Abstract This study analyses the conceptions of organizational justice, organizational silence, mobbing, organizational commitment in terms of demographic variables in hotel management. Field work is carried out in the 5-star hotels that are active during 12 months in the Manavgat region of Antalya (Turkey). The study is supported by 229 hotel personnel and all responded. The study reveals that factors such as gender, age, educational level, professional rank and position have considerable effects on the conceptions of institutional devotion, mobbing, institutional repose and institutional justice. Keywords: Organizational Justice, Organizational Silence, Mobbing, Organizational Commitment 1.THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 1.1.Organizational Justice Originally, the conception of organizational justice is based on “Equity Theory” of Adams in 1965 (Baş and Şentürk, 2011: 33). Organizational justice is whether there is equity or not comparing what the employees bring in the company according to the contributions the employees made to the company (time, work, earnings). Organizational Justice is examined under three headings; distributive justice, procedural justice and personal interaction justice. (Cohen-Charash and Spector, 2001: 279; St‐Pierre and Holmes, 2010: 1171). 1.2. Organizational Silence Organizational Silence was proposed by Hirschman in 1970; however, it was first used as a definition by Morrison and Milliken in 2000 (Erenler, 2010). Organizational silence can be seen when the employees do not express their views and concerns about the company (Morrison and Milliken, 2000). The employee silence, on the other hand, can be defined as not revealing one’s feelings, not sharing with others and concealing the problems by remaining silent and keeping on working as if nothing happened. There may be many reasons why the employee prefers to remain silent. These can be stated as the behavioural habits, consciousness and decision mechanisms (Blackman and Sadler-Smith, 2009: 571-572). The institutional reasons of the organizational silence are as follows:  82 Organizational Reasons �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo                   Injustice Culture Silence Climate Organizational Culture Managerial Reasons Negative Feedback Fears of Managers Prejudices towards Work and Worker Character of the Manager Homogeneity of the Management Team Individual Reasons Lack of Confidence Considering Talking Risky Fear of Isolation Past Experiences Fear for Damaging the Relations Character and Personality National and Cultural reasons Cultural Structure and Norms Power Distance 1.3. Mobbing Latin origin word, mobbing means “psychological violence, disturbance and harassment”. The term mobbing was first suggested by Lorenz in 1960, a scientist who was observing animal behaviours (Davenport et. al., 2003: 3). In the beginning of 1980s, Leymann determined that these kind of outrageous and negative behaviours were taking place in workplaces. Although Leyman met this behaviour style in 1980s, the studies indicate that this behaviour goes far beyond (Leymann, 1996: 166). In 1983, in Norway, the mobbing that 3 teenagers were subject to ended with the suicides of these three teenagers. Hereupon, a broadened investigation was carried out by the Ministry of Education and violence and situations of the victims were revealed. Programs in the USA, England and Germany, in the 1990s, started to be applied for protecting the kids and the youth (Olweus, 1993). However, the first study in Turkey about mobbing was conducted in 2003 (Yavuz, 2007: 7). World Health Organization (WHO) defines mobbing as, attitudes and behaviours that damage physical, psychological and moral development of the individuals or groups by using power against them (Akgeyik vd., 2009: 98). The disturbing behaviours of mobbing that even ends in the resignation of the employees have risen a lot recently. 1.4. Organizational Commitment Organizational Commitment can be said to exist when the employees are willing to stay in the organization and adopt the beliefs of the company as their own and dedicate their work in accordance with company’s interests (Becker, 1960: 32). 83 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo The factors effecting the organizational commitment are studied under four subtitles; factors concerning work and duty, working place and working conditions, organizational structure and demographic factors (Topaloğlu et. al., 2008: 953). Approaches of organizational commitment can be gathered under three titles; attitudinal commitment, behavioural commitment and normative commitment (Kitapçı, 2006:75). 2. METHODOLOGY 2.1. The Aim of the Study This study aims to introduce whether the perceptions of organizational justice, organizational silence, mobbing and organizational commitment of the hotel employees differ in terms of demographic variables or not. In this respect, the differences in the perceptions of organizational justice, organizational silence, mobbing and organizational commitment of the hotel employees were examined regarding their age, gender, educational background and work experience. 2.2. Sampling The universe of the study is the 5 star hotel employees in the city of Antalya. Due to the time and financial difficulties experienced in reaching the universe, random sampling was used. In this context, the sampling of this study is 229 employees of a 5 star hotel in Antalya. The questionnaire was distributed to 229 people and all was responded. No invalid questionnaire was determined while analyzing the data. 2.3. Data Collection Questionnaires were used as a means of data collection. Questionnaire was composed of 5 main parts. In the first part, Personal Information Form; in the second part, Organizational Commitment Scale; in the third part Mobbing Scale; in the fourth part Organizational Silence Scale; in the fifth part Organizational Justice Scale was used. 2.3.1. Personal Information Form Questions like gender, age, educational background, work experience, salary, position and weekly working hours were in the form in order to determine the demographics of the hotel employees. 2.3.2. Organizational Commitment Scale The Organizational Commitment Scale developed by Meyer and Allen (1991) was used. The scale had 19 items and prepared in accordance with 5 points Likert Scale ( 1= Absolutely disagree, 5= Absolutely agree). Since the 3rd, 4th, 6th and 13 the items of the scale include negative statements, they were coded with reverse coding method. Thus, it was stated that the higher the score from the scale is, the more the commitment of the employee has. The 84 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo reliability of the scale was high in many studies in which it was used. For this study, the reliability of the scale was determined as 0, 744 and was highly reliable. 2.3.3. Mobbing (Psychological Violence) Scale The appropriate questions for this study about mobbing were chosen from the LIPT (Leymann Inventory of Psychological Terror) , the questionnaire version of which was developed by Klaus Niedl and were selected from the Negative Action Questionnaire (NAQ) , the questions of which were developed by Stale Einarsen, Björn Inge Raknes, Stig Berge Matthiesen and Odd (Mercan, 2007: 120). The Mobbing Scale including 14 items was examined in accordance with 5 points Likert Scale (1= Absolutely disagree, 5= Absolutely agree). With a minimum score of 5 and maximum score of 70, the mobbing (being subject to psychological violence) was said to be increasing when the total score rises. In these studies, the reliability of the scale (α ) was observed to be considerably high and the reliability and validity were proved. For this study, the reliability of the scale was observed as 0, 959 and was found to be highly reliable. 2.3.4. Organizational Silence Scale The question form designed by Çakıcı ve Çakıcı (2007) was used for preparing the questions about organizational silence. The scale consisted of 28 questions and was examined in accordance with 5 points Likert type. ( 1= Absolutely disagree, 5=Absolutely agree). The most appropriate 13 out of 28 questions were chosen for the study. The minimum score was 5 and the maximum score was 65 and it was stated that the higher the total point was, the more the organizational silence becomes. Many studies that this scale was used indicated that this scale was a considerably reliable one. As for this study, the reliability of the scale was determined as 0,951 and was rather high. 2.3.5. Organizational Justice Scale While preparing the questions about Organizational Justice, 20 item- Organizational Justice Scale of Niehoff and Moorman (1993) was used (Yıldırım, 2002). The scale was evaluated in accordance with 5 points Likert type. ( 1= Absolutely disagree, 5=Absolutely agree). With the evaluation of each response for each statement, the score of organizational justice was found. The minimum score was 5 and the maximum score was 100 and it was stated that the higher the total point was, the more effective the organizational justice applications are. Many studies in which this scale was used indicated that this scale was a considerably reliable one. As for this study, the reliability of the scale was determined as 0,956 and was indicated to be considerably high. 3. Data Analysis In this study, Independent Samples T Test and ANOVA were used in accordance with the aim of the study. Data analysis was made using SPSS 17.0 package program. .05 and .01 significance levels are used in the study. 85 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 4. Findings 4.1. Demographics Demographic profiles of the respondents can be seen in Table 1. Table 1. Demographics Variables Gender Age n % Female 117 51,1 Male 112 48,9 Total 229 100,0 25-30 32 14,0 31-36 95 41,5 37-42 38 16,6 43 and over 64 27,9 Total 229 100,0 Primary School 31 13,5 High School 51 22,3 Vocational School 26 11,4 Undergraduate 75 32,8 Graduate 46 20,0 Total 229 100,0 2-6 years 41 17,9 7-11 years 117 51,1 12-16 years 71 31,0 Total 229 100,0 1500 TL and less 67 29,2 1501-2000 TL 21 9,2 2001-2500 TL 29 12,7 Education Work Experience Salary 86 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Position Weekly Working Hour 2501-3000 TL 20 8,7 3001-3500 TL 47 20,5 3501 and more 45 19,7 Total 229 100,0 Worker 68 29,7 Assistant 22 9,6 Expert 14 6,1 Middle Level Manager 47 20,5 Senior Manager 78 34,1 Total 229 100,0 41-60 hour 80 34,9 61-80 hour 145 63,3 81 hour and more 4 1,8 Total 229 100,0 As it is seen in Table 1 the ratio of female and male is nearly the same. The dominant age group is between 31 and 36 (41.5 %). Above half of the respondents are graduated from the university (52.8%). Most of them have been working for less than 12 years (69%). Majority of them are in the group of 7 and 11 years as working experience (51%). Workers (29.7%) and senior managers (34.1%) are two dominant groups and the salaries are less than 1.500 TL. (29.2%) and more than 3.000 TL.(40.2%). People are working mostly between 61-80 hours in a week (63.3%). 4.2. Reliability Analysis Reliability is determined with Cronbach’s Alpha. The reliability results can be seen at Table 2. Table 2. Reliability Analysis Results N 87 Cronbach’s Alpha �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Organisational Commitment Mobbing Organisational Silence Organisational Justice 18 14 13 10 0,744 0,959 0,951 0,956 It seems that reliability of all the scales is high. 4.3. Normality Tests The normality tests are done in this part of the study. To test the normality, KolmogorovSmirnov Z test was applied using the total points of the scales. This normality tests were done to determine which tests were appropriate to examine the hypotheses tests. Table 3. Results of Normality Tests KolmogorovSmirnov Z 3,610 4,116 2,405 4,000 Organisational Commitment Mobbing Organisational Silence Organisational Justice p 0,000 0,000 0,000 0,000 According to the Table 3, total scores of the scales do not seem to fit the normal distribution (p<0,05). This result leads the researchers to use non-parametric methods to test the hypotheses. 4.4. Findings According to Gender Differences Table 4 shows the Mann Whitney U test results of gender differences in organisational commitment, mobbing, organisational silence, and organisational justice. Table 4. Findings According to Gender Differences- Mann Whitney U Test Results Scale Group N Mean Rank U P Organisational Commitment Mobbing Organisational Silence Organisational Justice 88 Female 117 135,53 Male 112 93,55 Female 117 84,35 Male 112 147,02 Female 117 92,71 Male 112 138,29 Female 117 135,71 4150,000 0,000** 2966,000 0,000** 3944,000 0,000** 4129,000 0,000** �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Male 112 93,37 ** p<0,01 It is seen from the Table 4 that hotel employees’ perception on organisational commitment, mobbing, organisational silence, and organisational justice differs at 0.01 significant level between females and males. According to the mean ranks, perception of female employees on organisational commitment and organisational justice are higher than male employees whereas for the mobbing and organizational silence, perception of male employees is higher than females. 4.5. Findings According to Age Differences To test the differences occur for organisational commitment, mobbing, organisational silence and organisational justice according to the age, Kruskal Wallis H test was applied. The results are indicated at Table 5. Table 5. Findings According to Age Differences- Kruskal Wallis H Test Results 2 Scale Group N Mean Rank P  Organisational Commitment Mobbing Organisational Silence Organisational Justice 89 25–30 32 106,03 31–36 95 129,22 37–42 38 111,03 43 years and over 64 100,73 25–30 32 142,66 31–36 95 102,95 37–42 38 58,12 43 years and over 64 152,83 25–30 32 133,47 31–36 95 96,41 37–42 38 77,16 43 years and over 64 155,83 25–30 32 90,00 31–36 95 138,93 37–42 38 154,11 8,177 0,042* 58,456 0,000** 47,078 0,000** 62,641 0,000** �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 43 years and over 64 68,77 ** * p<0,01 p<0,05 According to the age of the hotel employees there are significant differences for all scales. The significance level is 0.05 for the organisational commitment whereas 0.001 for other scales. 4.6. Findings According to Differences in Education Level Table 6 shows the Kruskal Wallis H test results of education differences in organisational commitment, mobbing, organisational silence, and organisational justice. Table 6. Findings According to Education Differences- Kruskal Wallis H Test Results 2 Scale Group N Mean Rank P  Organisational Commitment Mobbing Organisational Silence Organisational Justice 90 Primary School 31 16,00 High School 51 101,88 Vocational School 26 161,88 Undergraduate 75 146,81 Graduate 46 117,89 Primary School 31 183,03 High School 51 154,55 Vocational School 26 125,58 Undergraduate 75 76,84 Graduate 46 81,54 Primary School 31 198,52 High School 51 140,59 Vocational School 26 123,04 Undergraduate 75 78,84 Graduate 46 84,76 Primary School 31 46,16 High School 51 92,43 103,004 0,000** 89,458 0,000** 89,958 0,000** 80,135 0,000** �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Vocational School 26 83,27 Undergraduate 75 143,52 Graduate 46 157,85 ** p<0,01 According to the education level of the hotel employees there are differences for all scales at 0.01 significance level. It seems that perception of mobbing and organisational silence increase as the level of education decreases. On the other hand, the organisational justice perception increases as the level of education increases. 4.7. Findings According to Differences in Work Experience Table 7 shows the Kruskal Wallis H test results of differences of work experience of employees for organisational commitment, mobbing, organisational silence, and organisational justice Table 7. Findings According to Work Experience- Kruskal Wallis H Test Results N Mean Rank 2 P Organizational 2–6 years 41 55,29 42,881 0,000** Commitment 7–11 years 117 123,05 12–16 years 71 136,21 2–6 years 41 151,68 31,221 0,000** 7–11 years 117 92,21 12–16 years 71 131,38 Organizational 2–6 years 41 165,59 36,444 0,000** Silence 7–11 years 117 94,00 12–16 years 71 120,39 Organizational 2–6 years 41 88,29 27,834 0,000** Justice 7–11 years 117 137,29 12–16 years 71 93,68 Scale Mobbing ** p<0,01 91 Group �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo According to the work experience of the hotel employees the difference at the significance level is 0.01 for the organisational commitment, mobbing, organizational silence and organizational justice. 4.8. Findings According to Differences in Positions Table 8 shows the Kruskal Wallis H test results of differences in position for organisational commitment, mobbing, organisational silence, and organisational justice. Table 8. Findings According to Position- Kruskal Wallis H Test Results Scale Group N Mean 2 P 159,880 0,000** 152,276 0,000** 170,593 0,000** 142,661 0,000** Rank Organizational Assistant 22 109,68 Commitment Middle Level Manager 47 179,47 Senior Manager 78 125,58 Expert 14 206,50 Worker 68 41,19 Assistant 22 160,32 Middle Level Manager 47 67,55 Senior Manager 78 77,91 Expert 14 58,50 Worker 68 187,31 Organizational Assistant 22 131,86 Silence Middle Level Manager 47 81,72 Senior Manager 78 80,37 Expert 14 7,50 Worker 68 194,40 Organizational Assistant 22 84,50 Justice Middle Level Manager 47 114,40 Senior Manager 78 166,08 Expert 14 198,50 Worker 68 49,50 Mobbing 92 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo ** p<0,01 According to the work positions of the hotel employees, the difference at the significance level is 0.01 for the organisational commitment, mobbing, organizational silence and organizational justice. 5. DISCUSSION In this study, it was determined that the woman employees’ perception of organizational commitment and organizational justice is higher than that of the men whereas the men employees’ perception of organizational silence is higher than that of the women. As for the age, while the organizational commitment of 31-36 age groups is the highest, the employees’ commitment at the age of 43 and over is the lowest. The age group 43 and over was subject to mobbing at the highest level and 25-30 ages followed that and 37-42 age group were subject to the mobbing the least. Moreover, while organizational silence of the 43 and over age group is the highest, the organizational silence of 37-42 is the lowest. The organizational justice perception of the age group 37-42 was determined to be the highest. The organizational commitment of the employees who are graduates of primary school is the lowest and vocational school graduates’ perception is the highest. The primary school graduates were observed to be subject to mobbing more often than the others. Generally, it can be stated that the higher the graduate degree is, the lower the employees are subject to mobbing. It was also observed that the organizational silence of primary school graduates is higher than that of the others. As the education level increases, the perception of organizational silence decreases. Besides, as the education level increases, the perception of organizational justice increases in parallel. In general, it was determined that as the working year increases, the organizational commitment increases, too. While the mobbing rate is the highest among the employees having a work experience of 2-6 years; it is the lowest among 7-11 years. The organizational silence of the employees who worked for 2-6 years is the highest and 7-11 years is the lowest. The organizational justice perception of the employees with 2-6 years of working experience is the lowest and 7-11 years of working experience is the highest. As for the positions, the workers organizational commitment is the lowest and that of the experts is the highest. The mobbing rate among the workers is the highest whereas it the lowest among the experts. The organizational silence of the workers is the highest and that of the experts is the lowest. The perception of organizational justice of the experts is the highest while that of the workers is the lowest. REFERENCES Akgeyik, T., Güngör, M., Usen, Ş. & Omay U. (2009). İşyerinde Psikolojik Taciz Olgusu: Niteliği, Yaygınlığı ve Mücadele Stratejisi. İstanbul Üniversitesi Sosyal Siyaset Konferansları Dergisi, 56, 91-150. 93 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Baş, G. & Şentürk, C. (2011). İlköğretim Okulu Öğretmenlerinin Örgütsel Adalet, Örgütsel Vatandaşlık ve Örgütsel Güven Algıları. Educational Administration: Theory and Practice, 17(1), 29-62. Becker, H.S. (1960). Notes on the Consept of Commitment. American Journal of Sociology, 66(1), 32-40. Blackman, D. & Sadler-Smith, E. (2009). The Silent and the Silenced in Organizational Knowing and Learning. Management Learning, 40(5), 569-585. Cohen-Charash, Y. & Spector, P. E. (2001). The Role of Justice in Organizations: A Meta Analysis. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 86(2), 278-321. Çakıcı, A. & Çakıcı, C. (2007). İş gören Sessizliği: Konuşmak Mı Zor, Sessiz Kalmak Mı Zor?, 15. Ulusal Yönetim ve Organizasyon Kongresi, Sakarya, 389-400. Davenport, N., Swartz, R.D. & Eliot, G.P. (2003). Mobbing: İşyerinde Duygusal Taciz, (Çev.: Osman Cem Önertoy), Sistem Yayıncılık, İstanbul. Erenler, E. (2010). Çalışanlarda Sessizlik Davranışının Bazı Kişisel Ve Örgütsel Özelliklerle İlişkisi: Turizm Sektöründe Bir Alan Araştırması. Yayınlanmış Doktora Tezi, Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü İşletme Anabilim Dalı, Ankara. Kitapçı, H. (2006). “TKY’de Karar Almaya Katılımın ve Örgütsel Bağlılığın Kişisel Performansa Etkisi”, Bilig, 39, 73-86. Leymann, H. (1996). The Content and Development of Mobbing at Work. Europen Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 5, 165-184. Mercan, N. (2007). Örgütlerde Mobbing’in Örgüt İklimiyle İlişkisine Yönelik Bir Araştırma. Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Kütahya. Meyer, J. P. & Allen, N. J. (1991). A Three-Component Conceptualization of Organizational Commitment. Human Resources Management Review, 1, 61-89. Morrison, E. W. & Milliken, F.J. (2000). Organizational Silence: A Barrier to Change and Development in a Pluralistic World. The Academy Of Management Review, 25(4), 706-725. Niehoff, B.P.I. & Moorman, R.H. (1993). Justiee as a Mediator of the Relationship Between Methods of Monitoring and Organizational Citizenship Behavior. Academy of Management Journal, 36(3), 527-556. Olweus, D. (1993). Bullying at School What We Know and What We Can Do, Oxfort, Blackwell. St‐Pierre, I. & Holmes, D. (2010). The Relationship between Organizational Justice and Workplace Aggression. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 66(5), 1169‐1182. Topaloğlu, M., Koç, H. & Yavuz, E. (2008). Öğretmenlerin Örgütsel Bağlılığının Bazı Temel Faktörler Açısından Analizi, Kamu-İş, 9(4), 949-967. Yavuz, H. (2007). Çalışanlarda Mobbing (Psikolojik Şiddet) Algısını Etkileyen Faktörler: SDÜ Tıp Fakültesi Üzerine Bir Araştırma. Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Isparta. Yıldırım, F. (2002). Çalışma Yaşamında Örgüte Bağlılık ve Örgütsel Adalet İlişkisi. Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara. 94 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1155 Title A name given to the resource Analysis Of The Hotel Personnel’s Conceptions Of Organizational Justice, Organizational Silence, Mobbing, Organizational Commitment In Terms Of Demographic Variables Author Author Şevket , Yirik Abstract A summary of the resource. This study analyses the conceptions of organizational justice, organizational silence, mobbing, organizational commitment in terms of demographic variables in hotel management. Field work is carried out in the 5-star hotels that are active during 12 months in the Manavgat region of Antalya (Turkey). The study is supported by 229 hotel personnel and all responded. The study reveals that factors such as gender, age, educational level, professional rank and position have considerable effects on the conceptions of institutional devotion, mobbing, institutional repose and institutional justice. Keywords: Organizational Justice, Organizational Silence, Mobbing, Organizational Commitment Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/097f70db222c171be9a1b8c5a393af84.pdf b3ead4db3fc460f477e7d5dce620b6e5 PDF Text Text Journal of Natural Sciences and Engineering, Vol. 2, (2020) DOI number: 10.14706/JONSAE2020217 Analysis of Transient and Voltage Stability of an 11-Busbar Testing System Alma Halilović1, Mirza Šarić1 1 International Burch University, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina alma.halilovic@stu.ibu.edu.ba mirza.saric@ibu.edu.ba Abstract – A comprehensive treatment from the physical and mathematical perspective supply modelling, analysis, control and covers a range of topics including modelling, computation of load flow in the transmission grid, stability analysis of the transient state. It is widely accepted that transient stability is an important aspect in designing and upgrading electric power system. In utility planning, transient stability is studied by numerical simulation. It involves the study of the power system following a major disturbance. In order to study Electric Power System transient stability, the models to describe their components should be defined. The components are defined using the classical model, which is valid to time periods up to 2 seconds. This project contains 11 busbars, 1 synchronous generator, 3 loads and 8 transformers. This research is done in DIgSILENT PowerFactory software for network modeling and simulation by using Stability Analysis Functions (RMS) advanced feature. In this paper we are analyses the maximum rated power of distributed generation (DG) considering only the terms of voltage limit constraints, the N-1 operational criterion analysis and three-phase symmetrical fault analysis for N-1 criterion is examined. Keywords - high load, n-1 criterion, synchronous generator, transient stability analysis 1. Introduction Stability in Power Systems is one of the importances of a system that had increased. It is the most widely used from power blackouts. Today, usage of power systems interconnection had increased using of new technologies and controls, and the increased its usage in highly demanding situations. In order to maximize the system stability research on power system stability should be carried out. In order to design the perfect system to solve this problem a detailed study of the design should be performed. In the last years [1], due to the spread of electric generation facilities and economic factors, Electric Power Systems operate more closely to their limits. Thus, more than before, it is of crucial importance the existence of methods to assess the system stability. In [2] there are two kinds of stability problems: voltage stability and transient stability. This paper addresses the transient stability. Transient stability analysis of a power system is concerned with the system’s ability to remain in synchronism following a disturbance. Following a large disturbance, the synchronous alternator the machine power (load) angle changes due to sudden acceleration of the rotor shaft. The objective of the transient stability study is to ascertain whether the load angle returns to a steady value following the clearance of the �Journal of Natural Sciences and Engineering, Vol. 2, (2020) DOI number: 10.14706/JONSAE2020217 disturbance. The loss of synchronism develops in a very few seconds after the disturbance inception, among the phenomena transient stability is the fastest to develop. These challenging aspects motivate our choice to mainly concentrate on transient stability. The conventional transient stability measure of the system robustness to withstand a large disturbance is its corresponding critical clearing time (CCT). This is the maximum time duration that the disturbance may act without the system losing its capability to recover a steady-state operation. Another transient stability measure of great practical importance is the power (generation or transfer) limit. It is defined as the largest power sustainable without loss of synchronism, given the occurrence of a large disturbance and it’s clearing scenario. In [4], note that the measures imply consideration of three distinct phases: the pre-fault, the during-fault, and the post-fault one. In [5] faults need to be cleared within critical clearing time and after that system need to be able to regain stability. Some of the most important parameters influencing stability are fault clearance time, fault location, and type of the fault. 2. Literature Review Mania Pavella [3] identified three classes of approaches – Decision Tree, KNN and neural network - to transient stability and analyzed which can meet most stringent requirements of transient stability. It is found that stability could be achieved with the appropriate combinations of numerical, direct, and automatic learning techniques. Mirza Saric and Irfan Penava [5] in their research discussed theoretical background of induction generator, its simulation model, as well as dynamic response analysis procedure for a wind farm connected to real network. Thought their research they showed the importance of transient stability in case of integration of large renewable sources to the network. In terms of rotor angle, frequency and voltage stability issues the observed case of wind farm integration was not appropriate to connect to the network with induction generator as the rotor speed was too large, with sharp reduction of reactive power as voltage and active power equal to zero for period that are too long for system to operate in stable state. Innocent Davidson and Immanuel Mbangula [6] examined and analyzed the fault that appeared on the 330kV transmission line between Omburu sub-station and Ruacana power station where the blackout happened for 6 hours. The goal of this research was to investigate what fault occurred, what is the cause and solutions to prevent such fault occur again. The results from DIgSILENT PowerFactory are compared with data obtained from NamPower records and it is found that it was the single phase to ground fault. Ioanna Xyngi, Anton Ishchenko, Marjan Popov, and Lou van der Sluis [7] in their research described the transient stability analysis of a 10-kV distribution network with wind generators, microturbines, and CHP plants modeled in Matlab/Simulink and investigated faults that are simulated on various locations. They showed that in the network with distributed generators (DGs) the protection settings must be adjusted accordingly in order to have stable system as the undervoltage protection should be different for different DGs. �Journal of Natural Sciences and Engineering, Vol. 2, (2020) DOI number: 10.14706/JONSAE2020217 Diaz-Alzate, Candelo-Becerra and Villa Sierra [8] investigated and found a new way of managing and controlling transient stability based on relative angles. They showed how predefined thresholds of relative angles which they attained by offline simulations and the relative angles attained during the online operation with PMUs are useful in the process of monitoring as well as predicting transient stability under real-time operation. They performed analysis on New England with 39 busbars and IEEE with 118 busbars networks with different contingencies and control actions that are applied at predicted time. The relative angle and the predefined thresholds of the relative angle helped in monitoring and predicting of the systems instability with enough time to respond to oscillations that appeared in the system. 3. Methodology In this part we will show 3 different steps of methodology. In first step we will search and show what is the maximum power that satisfies standards of synchronous generator while checking the voltage profile. In the second step we will do N-1 operational criterion analysis for 6 different cases in this grid and found the new maximum power that satisfies the network. In the last step we will do three phase symmetrical fault analysis for N-1 criterion, with 4 different cases in it. (a) In the first part of the project the maximum rated power of a generator at BB13 (DG), considering only the voltage limit constraints is found, and then the three-phase symmetrical fault analysis is performed for the value of maximum power. We investigate fault duration period of 0.02 seconds. After the RMS simulation is done, voltage development, rotor angle, active and reactive powers are plotted for the further analysis. b) In the second step the n-1 criterion in terms of voltage profile development, as well as line and transformer loading, for 6 different cases for high load scenario, with maximum DG power was investigated. An operational criterion N-1 can be applied to the existing network, if there may be planned or unplanned congestion that may exist at a certain moment. If the criterion is satisfied, that means the system will be able to support a predefined contingency, operating after that, with a minimum performance. The N-1 criterion requires that the system can be able to tolerate the outage of any one component without disruption and does not concern itself with the probability of an outage. If an outage is highly unlikely, the criterion is still generally applied because system failure due to a lost component is unacceptable. The criterion is generally considered as the need to balance generation and load. For modeling network for 6 different scenarios, 6 lines from which the network is consisted are modeled with the following event that placed lines one by one out of service. The voltage on the critical busbar – point of coupling - was monitored along the way, as well as the voltage in the entire system, with the line and transformer loading, making sure that the voltage or line and transformer loading does not exceed the permitted limit specified by the standard EN 50160 for delivered power quality. Minimum upper limit for the voltage, as denoted in the EN 50160 standard, is 0.9 p.u., while maximum upper limit for the voltage is 1.1 p.u. Regarding the line and transformer loading the constraint limits determined by the standard EN 50160 is that it does not exceeds loading of 100 %. In such way the n-1 criterion is investigated and the maximum power for which the system is in the stable mode operation is found for each of the different scenarios when one by one line were out of service. For different events that �Journal of Natural Sciences and Engineering, Vol. 2, (2020) DOI number: 10.14706/JONSAE2020217 placed different line out of service, the system will be stable for different maximum power produced from generator. c) In the next part of the research the three-phase symmetrical fault is simulated and the rotor angle, active power, reactive power and voltage development for the following cases, for high load conditions and maximum DG power is to be reported in the results and discussion part of this research project. Three-phase symmetrical fault is simulated in the DIgSILENT PowerFactory software for network modeling and simulation, one second before, during and 5 seconds following the fault on 6 different lines for each of the case scenario. This research is done in DIgSILENT PowerFactory software for network modeling and simulation by using Stability Analysis Functions (RMS) advanced feature. First, the maximum power generation from synchronous generator is found by using the power flow option in the program where all voltage on all busbars, as well as line and transformer loading in the network, is checked so to satisfy EN 50160 standard limits. Next, in order to satisfy limits, set by EN 50160 standards in terms of voltage profile, line and transformer loading when 6 lines of which the system is consisted are modeled with an event that placed line one by one out of service. In such way, by using the power flow analysis function when lines are out of service the n-1 criterion is investigated. For the third part of the research, where three-phase symmetrical faults are simulated on each of the 6 lines that were investigated. The duration of the fault is for the analysis of the 4 case scenarios set on lines to be 0.02, 0.05, 0.5 and 5 seconds and then rotor angle, active power, reactive power and voltage development for the following cases, for high load conditions and maximum DG power are plotted in the graphs, and in such way the behavior of the system could be tracked. d) In the last part of this project the power factor is changed when line 2 is followed with an event that placed it out of service, thus when investigating the N-1 criterion. Values of power factor that are taken into consideration are 0.8, 0.9 and 1, both capacitive and inductive while the voltage development is analyzed and new maximum power of generator is determined in order to satisfy EN 50160 standard for voltage variation in the network for new values of power factor. 4. Results and Discussion A. Maximum Power from Generator in Terms of Voltage Profile In the first part the maximum voltage in the network is found by changing the power generated by the synchronous generator while checking the voltage profile of the network in order that voltage does not increase beyond allowed limits. In the Table III. main results of power flow in terms of voltage magnitude and angle at the busbar BB11 which is the point of coupling, are shown when network operates with no any faults occurring in the system. Maximum power generated from synchronous generator that satisfy the voltage limits set by EN 50160 standard is found to be 286 MW, while the maximum power that satisfy all criterions from the standard – voltage, line and transformer loading – is found to be 104 MW. �Journal of Natural Sciences and Engineering, Vol. 2, (2020) DOI number: 10.14706/JONSAE2020217 Fig. 1. Network Model from DIgSILENT PowerFactory software The power stability analysis of the given network is done in terms of three-phase symmetrical fault analysis for the maximum power which satisfies the allowed voltage limits and equals to 286 MW. The three cases are investigated where the duration of the fault is set to be 0.02 seconds in fist case, 0.05 seconds in second case and 0.2 seconds in third case. The results obtained when duration of fault is taken to be 0.02, which is expected to show the best results due to lowest fault duration, are shown in Fig.1. In the Fig 1. where the graphs of voltage of the busbar which is the point of coupling, angle of rotor of the synchronous generator, as well as active and reactive power of the synchronous generator are plotted. It can be seen from the graphs that for the maximum power that satisfy the EN 50160 standard only in terms of voltage profile, the system is unstable even for the very small periods of fault duration and it shows that for this high power of generator the network quite inadequate to operate. B. N-1 Operational Criterion Analysis Summary of results obtained when different lines in the network placed out of service are presented in the Table I. and dynamic response of voltage profile in Fig.2., as well as rotor angle in Fig.3. It can be observed which line is the most critical and which is maximum power for such line. The maximum power that satisfies the n-1 criterion for the entire network is found to be 93 MW, since it satisfys the n-1 criterion for the most critical line, which is little bit lower than the maximum power that satisfys the EN 50160 standard for delivered power quality when all lines are in service that is found to be 104 MW. The maximum power for line 1 and line 2 is 93 MW, thus, this value of generated power is compared with maximum power of all other lines in the system, while the voltage magnitude, as well as angle, does not change significantly. In the Table II. the line and transformer loading is compared for same lines for their maximum power and value of 93 MW, and as it can be seen, there is approximately more that 10% of difference in line loading and around 4% in transformer loading. From the results obtained it can be concluded that the most realiable solution is to consider value 93 MW as maximum power that satisfy N-1 criterion for entire network. �Journal of Natural Sciences and Engineering, Vol. 2, (2020) DOI number: 10.14706/JONSAE2020217 Table 1. Voltage developments for maximum power for each line in the network determined by N-1 criterion Out of service (BB11) Line 1 93 MW Line 2 93 MW Line 3 93 MW Line 3 105 MW Line 4 93 MW Line 4 105 MW Line 5 93 MW Line 5 100 MW Line 6 93 MW Line 6 105 MW UI, Magnitude MV 67,81801 67,1283 67,4659 68,03866 67,39707 67,94841 65,03935 65,13477 67,48871 68,16291 u, Magnitude p.u. 1,027546 1,017095 1,022211 1,030889 1,021168 1,029521 0,985445 0,98689 1,022556 1,032771 U, Angle deg 6,905885 6,473696 6,748108 8,197442 6,682203 8,111645 8,237019 9,947232 5,909104 7,01058 Table 2. Line and transformer loading for N-1 criterion in % N-1 criteria (BB11) Line 1 Line 2 Line 3 Line 4 Line 5 Line 6 Power Loading [%] line 2/1 93 MW 93 MW 93 MW 105 MW 93 MW 105 MW 93 MW 100 MW 93 MW 105 MW 97,9854 99,39992 87,84784 99,58101 87,93902 99,71524 91,17996 98,65325 87,81764 99,39667 Loading [%] Two-winding transformer (5) 93,85382 96,90187 81,66314 84,96854 81,74933 85,08491 84,81535 87,13317 81,63461 84,80878 Fig. 2. Dynamic response for 0.02 s fault duration on lines – Voltage Fig. 3. Dynamic response for 0.02 s fault duration on lines – Rotor Angle �Journal of Natural Sciences and Engineering, Vol. 2, (2020) DOI number: 10.14706/JONSAE2020217 C. Three Phase Symmetrical Fault Analysis for N-1 Criterion Since it has been shown that the system is unstable for the maximum power that satisfy EN 50160 standard in term of voltage variation, the three-phase symmetrical fault analysis is done after the N-1 criterion is satisfied for the observed network. The maximum power on the most critical line is previously found to be 93 MW by using the N-1 criterion, and in this part, this is the power for which the system is analyzed. The four cases are examined where the duration of the fault is set to be 0.02 seconds in the first, 0.05 seconds in the second, 0.5 seconds in the third and 5 seconds in the fourth case. Since the line 2 is shown to be most critical in the network after the N-1 criterion analysis done for this case, the result for this line are shown in the graph plotted after the RMS simulation done. In the Fig. 4. the dynamic response for 0.02 seconds fault duration on line 2 in terms of voltage profile is shown. As it can be seen from the graph, when the fault occurs in the system on the line 2, there is voltage drop at the time of fault occurrence and as the duration of the fault is 0.02 seconds, the system returns to be in the balance eventually. In the Fig. 5. there is rotor angle of synchronous generator, active and reactive power presented. As it can be observed from the figures, the system is for the 0.02 seconds fault duration stable and the network for power of 93 MW generated from synchronous generator is adequate and secure for operation as the system after some period reaches equilibrium state. The dynamic response in terms of voltage profile is same as for 0.02 s which is shown is Fig.3., while in Fig. 6. dynamic response of rotor angle of synchronous generator, active as well as reactive power is shown when duration of fault is taken to be 0.05 s for the three-phase symmetrical fault simulation. As it can be seen from Fig. 5. when the fault occurs in the system on the any line, there is voltage drop as the fault occurs on the line, after which, for all lines except line 1, system is stable and able to reach new equilibrium. Voltage dynamic response is same as in Fig.3 when the fault occurs in the system on line 1. There is the voltage drop where voltage drops to approximately zero for longer period than it was case on all other lines, and it will oscillate in the range from value slightly higher than 0 p.u. to approximately 0.35 p.u., with no signs that it will eventually come to the state of balance. However, observing the dynamic response of rotor angle, active and reactive power for the line 1 from Fig.7. for 0.05 s fault duration, the system is unstable to adequately operate since it is unable to attain equilibrium state again. In the Fig. 8. and Fig. 9. after the RMS simulation is done, the results obtained show that in terms of voltage development seen from the Fig. 8., at the time of fault occurrence there appears the voltage drop where the system goes back to the balanced state eventually. In the Fig. 9. the system response of rotor angle of synchronous generator, active and reactive power show that the system for the 0.5 seconds fault duration is stable and the network for power of 93 MW generated from synchronous generator is adequate and secure for operation in case for all analyzed lines except for line 2. Considering case when fault simulated on line 2 for 0.5 s, the dynamic response of voltage development, rotor angle, active and reactive power is similar as response in Fig. 8. while voltage dynamic response is shown in Fig. 10. There is a major voltage drop in the system which is the consequence of the fault that occurred on the line 2. The voltage, after it drops to value slightly higher than zero, is oscillating from that value to approximately 0.35 p.u. Since, also, all other �Journal of Natural Sciences and Engineering, Vol. 2, (2020) DOI number: 10.14706/JONSAE2020217 parameters continued to oscillate equally for all 10 seconds and t will not came back to the balanced state, thus, the system is denoted as unstable in terms of all parameters examined. Fig. 4. Dynamic response for 0.02 s fault duration on line 2 – Voltage Fig. 5. Dynamic response for 0.02 s fault duration on line 2 – Rotor Angle (blue), Active (purple) and Reactive Power (green) Fig. 6. Dynamic response for 0.05 s fault duration on lines – Rotor Angle (blue), Active (purple) and Reactive Power (green) In the Fig. 11. the results obtained from the three-phase symmetrical fault analysis when duration of fault is taken to be 5 seconds occurring on the line 2 is shown in terms of voltage profile and in Fig. 12. rotor angle response is shown. Since the duration of the fault on lines is taken to be 5 seconds, which represents too long period for a fault, it can be observed that there is the breakdown of the system in terms of rotor angle where the dynamic response is infinitely oscillating where the speed of the rotation is increasing causing system to �Journal of Natural Sciences and Engineering, Vol. 2, (2020) DOI number: 10.14706/JONSAE2020217 be out of balance. There is with the voltage drop at the time the fault occurs there is rise in the angle of rotor which starts to excessively rotate, and drop in active power to the respect of reactive power rise. At the time there is fault on the line 2 it can be observed that all analyzed parameters are oscillating in the smaller range, while at approximately 6th second, when the duration of the fault is over, there are greater oscillations where the system is unable to reach the equilibrium state and, instead, and reaches the state of complete breakdown. Fig. 7. Dynamic response for 0.05 s fault duration on line 1 – Rotor Angle (blue), Active (purple) and Reactive Power (green) Fig. 8. Dynamic response for 0.5 s fault duration on lines – Voltage Fig. 9. Dynamic response for 0.5 s fault duration on lines – Rotor Angle (blue), Active (purple) and Reactive Power (green) �Journal of Natural Sciences and Engineering, Vol. 2, (2020) DOI number: 10.14706/JONSAE2020217 Fig. 10. Dynamic response for 0.5 s fault duration on line 2 –Voltage Fig. 11. Dynamic response for 5 s fault duration on lines – Voltage Fig. 12. Dynamic response for 5 s fault duration on lines – Rotor Angle D. Voltage Control by Power Factor Correction for N-1 Criterion In the Table III. The results of voltage development on the BB11 busbar are presented when the power factor of the synchronous generator is varied. As the generator is operated under different power factor, there is a change in the active and reactive power production in order to maintain voltage within limits set by EN �Journal of Natural Sciences and Engineering, Vol. 2, (2020) DOI number: 10.14706/JONSAE2020217 50160 standards. The results obtained show how the voltage is regulated by power factor correction as the in the case of 0.8 capacitive power factor voltage magnitude for 93 MW falls below allowed limits, and new maximum power is determined to be 45 MW. As in the case of 0.8 inductive power factor the voltage goes beyond upper allowed limit in case when power production of 93 MW, and the new maximum power for stable operation is found to be 74 MW. In cases when power factor is 0.9 in both capacitive and inductive mode, the voltage on the critical busbar, as well in the entire network, stays within allowed limits and does not change significantly for both power of 93 MW and new found power. It can be then concluded that if the generator operates under power factor of 0.8 in both modes, there is less active power produced, while if it operates under power factor of 0.9 in both modes, as well as under power factor of 1, the maximum power of 93 MW previously determined satisfy N-1 criterion and offers stable and secure network operation. Considering results obtained and presented in Table IV., in terms of line and transformer loading, for power of 93 MW any power factor in either capacitive or inductive mode less than unity, the power of 93 MW will distort the network operation and stability. Thus, it can be concluded that considering only voltage constraints the system will be stable for power factor of 0.9 capacitive and inductive, while when line and transformer loading taken into consideration, there is all cases when power factor less than 1 new maximum power for unstable and unsecure network operation. Table 3. Voltage developments for different power factor Power factor BB11 Line 2 0.8 (45 MW) Line 2 0.8 (83 MW) Line 2 0.8 (74 MW) Line 2 0.8 (93MW) Line 2 0.9 (73MW) Line 2 0.9 (93MW) Line 2 0.9 (89MW) Line 2 0.9 (93MW) Line 2 1 (93MW) CAP CAP IND IND CAP CAP IND IND IND UI, Magnitude MV 59,59856 55,44239 72,79612 75,16263 60,93922 60,2638 72,12859 72,52091 67,06188 u, Magnitude p.u. U, Angle deg 0,903006 0,840036 1,102971 1,138828 0,923322 0,913088 1,092857 1,098802 1,016089 3,5407772 13,12576 1,038122 2,164138 7,032856 10,3019 3,275636 3,567566 6,509941 Table 4. Line and transformer loading for different power factor Power Factor CAP CAP IND IND CAP CAP IND IND IND 4. Line 2 0.8 Line 2 0.8 Line 2 0.8 Line 2 0.8 Line 2 0.9 Line 2 0.9 Line 2 0.9 Line 2 0.9 Line 2 1 Power 45MW 93MW 74MW 93MW 73MW 93MW 89MW 93MW 93MW Loading [%] line 2/1 40,80236 167,4764 92,47962 116,5894 98,69827 131,5861 99,38897 104,098 99,53208 Loading [%] Twowinding transformer 74,93822 123,1931 87,84803 98,82892 93,07358 109,3657 93,99311 96,17869 96,96105 Conclusion Voltage stability is the main problem concerning utilities due to the continuous growth and deregulation. In this paper, the network with 11 busbars is examined for a transient stability. Transient stability studies deal �Journal of Natural Sciences and Engineering, Vol. 2, (2020) DOI number: 10.14706/JONSAE2020217 with the effects of large and sudden disturbances that occurs within the network such as it is a fault, the sudden outage of a line or the sudden removal or application of load. It is very important to do the transient stability analysis of a system in order to ensure that the system can handle the transient condition which is followed by a major disturbance. Transient stability and voltage instability analysis done in this research for the network with high load conditions shows that for a smaller period of fault duration, the system can be denoted as stable, while in case when the fault duration is somewhat higher than 0.02 seconds, the system is unstable and not secure in operation being unable to attain the equilibrium state and synchronism considering all parameters analyzed – voltage development, rotor angle speed, active and reactive power. In cases when fault duration greater than 0.02 seconds, there is breakdown state appearing in the network after the fault where the rotor speed is increasing, thus, causing system to go unstable and out of synchronism. Also, during the fault, there is voltage drop, active power drop and reactive power rise, after which there is an oscillation which cannot reach equilibrium. When fault duration increased to 0.05 or 0.5 seconds, the system is unstable only when fault simulated on one line, while when fault duration is increased to 5 seconds, then for every line examined and analyzed for three-phase symmetrical fault, the system is unstable. REFERENCES [1] Kundur, P. (1994) Power System Stability and Control. USA: McGraw-Hill, Inc. [2] Sucena P., J. P. (2007) Redes de Energia Eléctrica: uma análise sistémica. 2ª edição. Lisboa, IST Press. [3] Mania P. (1997) Power System Stability and Control Comparative Analysis. IFAC Control of Industrial Systems, Belfort, France. [4] Lau, Mark A. and Kuruganty, Sastry P. (2010) "A Spreadsheet Illustration of the Transient Stability Analysis of Power Systems," Spreadsheets in Education (eJSiE): Vol. 3: Iss. 3, Article 6. Available at: http://epublications.bond.edu.au/ejsie/vol3/iss3/6 [5] Saric, M., & Penava, I. (2014, May). Transient stability of induction generators in wind farm applications. In 2014 14th International Conference on Environment and Electrical Engineering (pp. 230-235). IEEE. [6] Davidson I. and Mbangula I. (2014) Power System Modelling and Fault Analysis of NamPower’s 330 kV HVAC Transmission Line. Journal of Energy and Power Engineering 8 (pp. 1432-1442). [7] Xyngi I., Ishchenko A, Popov M., and van der Sluis L. (2009) Transient Stability Analysis of a Distribution Network With Distributed Generators. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 24, no. 2. [8] Diaz-Alzate, A. F., Candelo-Becerra, J. E., & Villa Sierra, J. F. (2019). Transient Stability Prediction for Real-Time Operation by Thresholds. Energies, 12(5), 838. Monitoring the Relative Angle with Predefined � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Journal of Natural Sciences and Engineering Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 2637-2835 DOI Digital object identifier 10.14706 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Description An account of the resource Journal of Natural Sciences and Engineering (JONSAE) is a peer-reviewed, biannually published international journal focusing on empirical and theoretical research in all branches of Engineering and Natural Sciences. It is published on the behalf of Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences of International Burch University and aims to provide the best content regarding by publishing original research papers, review articles, special issues, feature articles, and book reviews. All manuscript submissions are subject to initial appraisal by the Editor, and, if found suitable for further consideration, to peer review by independent, anonymous referees. All peer review is double-blind and submission is online. The journal welcomes theoretical, applied, interdisciplinary and methodological work, with preference on empirical research, critical approach and problem-solving methods in manuscripts. Language A language of the resource English Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Analysis of Transient and Voltage Stability of an 11-Busbar Testing System Author Author Alma Halilović, Mirza Šarić Abstract A summary of the resource. A comprehensive treatment from the physical and mathematical perspective supply modelling, analysis, control and covers a range of topics including modelling, computation of load flow in the transmission grid, stability analysis of the transient state. It is widely accepted that transient stability is an important aspect in designing and upgrading electric power system. In utility planning, transient stability is studied by numerical simulation. It involves the study of the power system following a major disturbance. In order to study Electric Power System transient stability, the models to describe their components should be defined. The components are defined using the classical model, which is valid to time periods up to 2 seconds. This project contains 11 busbars, 1 synchronous generator, 3 loads and 8 transformers. This research is done in DIgSILENT PowerFactory software for network modeling and simulation by using Stability Analysis Functions (RMS) advanced feature. In this paper we are analyses the maximum rated power of distributed generation (DG) considering only the terms of voltage limit constraints, the N-1 operational criterion analysis and three-phase symmetrical fault analysis for N-1 criterion is examined. Keywords Keywords. high load, n-1 criterion, synchronous generator, transient stability analysis Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 2637-2835 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Journal of Natural Sciences and Engineering Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource January, 2020 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 927 Title A name given to the resource Analysis of Translations of Turkish Lexeme in the Novel” The Bridge over the Drina” by Ivo Andric Author Author Mili, Sestic Azamat, Akbarov Abstract A summary of the resource. The aim of this paper is to determine conceptual and linguistic possibilities for transposition of Turkish words into English and their equivalents in Bosnian language in the novel “The Bridge over the Drina” by Ivo Andtic. The starting hypothesis of this research is that the t transition can be successfully achieved to a great extent; however there are small number of cases where the translation is not possible. In order to check the translatability hypotheses, in this paper, I shall apply the method of direct contrasting of conceptual – linguistic translations and original. Contrasting (comparing) will always be performed in particular plane: syntax (grammar), semantic, and pragmatic. Every example from the original shall be followed by translated equivalent. As I stated before, the starting hypothesis of this research is that the transition can be successfully achieved to a great success, but the small possibility of untranslatability still exists. Professor Ranko Bugarski, in one of his books, quotes Edward Sapir: “The theory of linguistic relativity emerges from the sense that, over countless generation, expressive means of every community accumulated different traditional values, believes, and ways of interpreting the surrounding world. Therefore, this repository of spiritual and cultural life is considered as something that imposes certain inherited philosophy of life that is firmly rooted in the language. It must be noted that here we are not discussing well known connections between language and culture in broader sense which is reflected in lexicon of particular communities and their immediate environment... However, the hypothesis of linguistic relativity postulates deeper than the relation between language and culture illustrated in the lexicon: it argues that there is a connection between language and thought which is primarily being manifested in grammar.” Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed P Philology. Linguistics https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/ad506877f2f624a862f9b5af28bc1371.pdf 0f2f34532b2b67c97acb47ef1c9e5c02 PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Gujarati D. N. (2009). Temel Ekonometri, İstanbul: Literatür Yayıncılık. David K. Backus. Kehoe, Patrick J. Kydland, Finn E (1992). International Real Business Cycles, The Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 100, No. 4. s. 745-775, http://www.fperri.net/TEACHING/macrotheory08/bkk.pdf (16.05.2010) Estrella, A., ve Hardouvelis, G. A., (1991), “The Term Structure as a Predictor of Real Economic Activity”, Journal of Finance, 46, 555–576. Güloğlu, B. Vektör Otoregresif Modellerin Etki Tepki Fonksiyonlarının Güven Aralıklarının Güvenirliliği, http://www.ekonometridernegi.org/bildiriler/o15s1.pdf s.3 (18.08.2010) Harvey, C. R., (1988), “The Real Term Structure and Consumption Growth”, Journal of Financial Economics, 22, 305–333. Kamin S., Rogers J., 2000, The Asymmetric Effexts of Exchange Rate Fluctutations: Theory and Evidence From Developing Countries, IMF Working Paper, WP/00/184 Mishkin, Frederic S. (1995). “Symposium on the Monetary Transmission Mechanism”, Journal of Economic Perspectives, Cilt. 9, No. 4, s. 3-10. Yentürk, N. (1997). “Finansal Serbestlik ve Makroekonomik Dengeler Üzerindeki Etkileri”, Ekonomik Yaklaşım, Cilt 8, Sayı 27, , s.139–141 http://yaklasim.iibf.gazi.edu.tr/ciltler/8/27/8.pdf Analysis of Turkey’s Sustainable Development Performance at Last Decade by Applying Green Economy Indicators Yusuf Akan, İlyas Okumuş University of Gaziantep, Gaziantep, Turkey E-mails:iokumus@gantep.edu.tr, yusufakan@gantep.edu.tr Abstract In recent years, sustainable development has become a worldwide discourse, driven by international treaties global environmental organizations and bodies such as European Union, OECD. Sustainable development is a concept to be analyzed aspects of economic, social, environmental and institutional. With the advents of sustainable development, green economic development has become one of the most important economic issues. Countries which target economic, social and institutional development should not neglect environmental development. Development of green economy is the best way of slowing the negative ecological and environmental impact. Developing countries neglect the protection of the natural environment in the process of rapid industrialization. As a result of this situation, natural resources rapidly run out and environmental quality begins to deteriorate. These negative results return a significant cost to society. In this study, Turkey economy which has averagely 5.5% economic growth in the last 10 years will be analyzed in terms of green economy indicators. Turkey is a highly suitable ecological condition for crop production, animal husbandry, fisheries and forestry activities because of its geographical position. The basic components of ecological conditions are climate, highly variable the shape of the earth, 434 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo water, can be made large agricultural land, forest and meadow and pasture, as well as Turkey has also other natural resources. It is known as source of metals and solar and winds are ones of the most energy resources for Turkey. Turkey which one of the fastest growing economies in recent years can be analyzed in terms of some data how efficient uses natural resources. In this study, Turkey economy will be analyzed in terms of ecological footprint index and which sources energy produced. In 2007, ecological footprint index is 2.7 global hectares and in 2002 it was 2.0. Turkey has increasing ecological deficit day by day. Ecological deficit is 1.4 global hectares in 2007. In 2000-2010, energy use per capita has increased parallel to economic growth. According to energy data, Turkey foreign energy dependency has increased in last decade. In addition, share of renewable sources in total electricity production hasn’t changed significantly. The foregoing findings indicate that Turkey currently belongs to an economic development pattern based on high resource consumption. The economic development is mainly established on the exploitation and utilization of nonrenewable resources. Therefore, Turkey should change the development pattern, regulate the industrial structure, promote the utilization rate of resources, develop green pollution-free products, and enhance the sustainable development of ecological economic system. 1.INTRODUCTION Last decade performance of Turkish economy attracts everyone`s attention. If we told more tangible words, both economic growth figures and the duration of the overcoming crisis are remarkable progress. In the last decade, Turkey`s economy has grown averagely 5.5%. While it was achieving this economic growth, environmental issue which is one of the concepts of sustainable development has been neglected. Sustainable development constitutes a very important place in Turkey's National Environmental Action Plan and Eighth Five-Year Development Plan. Despite this situation, it is discussed that the shortcomings of these two documents and not yet fully tangible success achieved. Turkey has discussed “development or environment?” vicious cycle issue for many years. In recent years, Turkey has been living the process of rapid industrialization and urbanization. However, pressures on the environment of these situations are increasing day by day. For example; a fast rate of urbanization in Turkey and spreading out of the city`s natural boundaries, like demographic trends in the world, bring a heavy burden on ecosystems across the country. This situation raises two important problems. Firstly, because of increasing demands such as food, energy and water, resources of the city are not sufficient. In addition, due to growing consumption, waste collection and pollution abatement systems of the city are also forced. This is a major burden to the natural environment. Secondly, a structure of the city which lives a lot of people under human conditions emerges. Moreover, unplanned urbanization is not limited only to these areas of the city, but also creates regions, not far from the center, have not been supported by adequate infrastructure. This situation creates disasters causing the loss of life and property in less developed and unsuitable regions of Istanbul and other large cities for settlement because of natural events such as a sudden and heavy rainfall. This has led to major burden on country`s economy. A wide variety of effects such as climate change and environmental changes that may be severe, given the current economic and social structure to force in terms of both environmental and development goals is possible to produce an even darker scenarios. Due to these and other problems, such as threatened urbanized areas, rural areas, especially some of the damage caused by agricultural practices on biological diversity and ecosystem and the country's energy policy dilemmas, economic, social and ecological sustainability is threatened. 435 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo With the global flow of sustainable development becoming a major trend, green business, and economic issues related to green practices has since gained attention. World Bank (1998) pointed out that the green economy is the best way of slowing the negative ecological and environmental impact. In sustainable development, international community’s develop Green Economy assessment models or indicators successively in order to obtain an authentic and effective analysis of eco-environment and natural resource depreciation conditions, as well as to modify human economic activities to achieve management objectives though indicator assessment. As a whole, Green Economy assessment indices or measurement types that have been developed all have their individual features. Most strive for sustainable development in factors including society, economics, ecology, and the environment (Chen et al. 2009). In recent years, Turkey is actively promoting green economic-related computing work in order to advance the sustainable development as a nearly national warning and guide for decision making. However, due to scope of survey and completeness of data collection constraints, objective and comprehensive testing is still difficult in reflecting the status of development of the domestic green economy. This study attempted to apply the model of ecological economics and ecological footprint analysis to assess the value of environmentally sustainable development in Turkey. The method of the core concepts of ecological footprint is the land area as productivity and carrying capacity of the conversion of waste based on assessment of local residents to support a particular land area required (amount of resources); in the energy analysis, how much of the energy produced from renewable sources, how much of it produced from non-renewable sources and how much of the renewable sources produced from hydroelectric sources or the other renewable sources will be analyzed. Also, it will be analyzed to changes of energy use per capita and energy dependency. 2.Literature review 2.1.Ecological Footprint While human handle and use earth, produce and apply technology and information, consume natural resources and meet the requirements of living; they followed by aggressive behavior towards nature without taking living space (ecosphere) into account Ecological destruction occurs as a result of the balance of ecosystem degradation. All living area of the planet is threatened.An ecological problem which is a quite complex structure and is realized in a long time has grown exponentially and has spread the whole planet with no end feature. Factors such as Industrialization, urbanization, political, economic and technological development increase ecological destruction and ecological problems are placed head of the agenda of modern societies. Ecological footprint is a product of ecological awareness-raising efforts to become aware of the destruction. This concept is firstly used by Dr. Mathis Wackernagel, Prof. William Rees et al. The scientists developed for the new calculation method and technique to measure the amount and productivity of pristine natural resources, to product solutions preventing the constantly destruction and consumption of nature. Ecological footprint uses corresponding biological productive land to estimate the resource consumption and waste absorption area of a specific population or economy. Ecological footprint is a quantitative technique that shows the amount of biologically productive area is consumed all planet, the size of land and water areas is needed for waste disposal, how much biologically productive area is used by families or people and the number of planets is needed for future needs (Rapport, 2000). 436 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo While ecological footprint is calculated, two basic foundations are followed. Firstly, it is viewed in resources consumption and waste produced. Secondly, it is measured to the biologically productive areas required to product needs and disposal the waste. Researches on ecological footprint provide awareness of the destructive and impoverishing effects of liberal economic policies rapidly depleting the planet`s resources and forcing carrying capacity of the planet. In this respect, measurement of the ecological footprint is a new contribution to drawing attention efforts of the world`s carrying capacity. The pressure of consumer society on the planet caused by global capitalism is a growing ecological footprint (ÖztunalıKayır, 2003).Population is the other factor which contributes to the ecological destruction like consumption. Since the ideas put forward by Thomas Malthus in 1798, it is drawn attention that the human population has increased far above the planet`s carrying capacity (Rapport, 2000). Calculation of ecological footprint itself is not a prediction model but what is used to assess the current status. Its designed function lies in providing ecological camera to photograph the utilization of nature by human beings (Rees, 2000). In terms of the world or a country, ecological footprint studies focus on comparing every country’s consumption of ecological carrying capacity or analyzing the appropriation of ecological carrying capacity by trade; in terms of cities, ecological footprint is used to check the contrast to average national value or to assess sustainable strategies; in terms of household unit, calculation or simple questionnaire is used to investigate individual consumption, compare the impact of selection process and gradually increasing consumption items. Therefore, this study aims to find out the impact factors of Turkey’s sustainable development through empirical analysis of ecological footprint in Turkey and based on this, to further provide a reference for working out the policies of Turkey’s sustainable development. 3.Energy Energy has a crucial role in achieving sustainable development objectives. Especially, the use of fossil-based fuels to meet energy needs of the communities leads to the important economic, environmental and social problems. Energy creates a fundamental dilemma in terms of sustainable development. Despite the necessity of achieving socio-economic objectives of energy, particularly fossil-based energy systems is closely linked with environmental issues such as atmospheric pollution and climate change (Gururaja, 2003). There are many environmental problems arising from the use of energy, energy production and transformation. For example; 11 environmental concerns that energy plays an important role can be defined. These are major environmental accidents, water pollution, land use and spatial effects, marine pollution, radiation and radioactivity, solid waste disposal, hazardous air pollutants, air quality reduction, acid residues, the ozone layer and global climate change. While energy policy has largely taken into account economic factors in the 1970s and 1980s, clean fuels and energy technologies as well as to control the environmental impact through energy efficiency has increasingly attracted the interest during the last ten years(Rosen andDinçer, 2001). The above-mentioned climate change is a global problem requiring global solutions. To address this problem, discussed issues differ from the developed and developing countries. Emphases on the fundamental issues in industrialized countries are energy efficiency and the transition to less polluting energy sources feature. In developing countries, energy is needed to increase economic growth for poverty reduction (Stigson, 1999). Energy is one of the most important 437 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo elements of a country to survive. Operation of factories, burning stoves in homes, the achievement of transport communications, in short, everything depends on energy to sustain life. An Energy problem adversely affects the functions of a country. A country`s national security and welfare can be measured with the energy power. A country is not possible to defend itself without energy (Alnıak, 2006). Supply of secure energy sources is necessary for the development of a society but it is not a sufficient factor. Moreover, sustainable development requires the supply of sustainable energy sources. Access to sustainable energy services is one of the necessary elements of sustainable development (Volpi, 2005). Fossil fuels (coal, oil and natural gas) are recognized as limited supply of energy resources. The sunlight, wind and water (hydro) powers are generally renewable and have been underlined that these powers are used for a long time. In addition, wastes converting to useful forms of energy and biomass fuel are seen as sustainable energy sources. Sustainable development also requires the efficient use of energy resources as possible (Dinçer and Rosen, 1999). To achieve sustainable development, green energy play an important role in meeting energy needs in both industrial and domestic applications. Therefore, the purpose of sustainable development in a country, the development and use of green energy strategies and technologies should be given priority. Widespread use of green energy sources and technologies in both developing and developed countries are vital importance for the sustainability of energy sector and are among the key issues which should receive priority (Midilli et al., 2006). Therefore, in this study, we analyzed the energy data of the last ten years. As a result, how much of the energy generated from renewable sources will be examined. In addition, How much of the electricity generated from renewable hydroelectric sources is obtained and how much is from other renewable sources will be examined and their change over the years. Energy import rates will be analyzed to provide a significant contribution to sustainable development of Turkey will participate to develop green energy policies and strategies. 4.Analysis 4.1.Ecological Footprint Indicators Analysis Wackernagel and Rees have seen mandatory calculation of ecological footprint to achieve sustainability; they published footprints of different countries in a report in 1997. In this report, 52 countries make up 80% of the world`s total population were analyzed and some countries consumed higher amount of biological productive area than theirs. After this initial report, calculations of ecological footprints of countries are often renewed. Ecological footprint indicators of 152 countries have been measured so far by Global Footprint Network who pioneered ecological footprint studies. National and global calculations based on international scientific accepted organizations data such as United Nations (UN), Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), World Resources Institute (WRI). 438 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Source:www.footprintnetwork.org Figure 1 tracks the per-person resource demand (Ecological Footprint) and resource supply (Biocapacity) in Turkey since 1961. Biocapacity varies each year with ecosystem management, agricultural practices (such as fertilizer use and irrigation), ecosystem degradation, and weather. According to average footprint per capita and biocapasity graph of Turkey in 1961-2007 is published by Global Footprint Network Organization, it is seen that ecological footprint index has increased parallel to rapid economic growth. According to this graph, it is seen that the size of biocapacity of Turkey has decreased continuously since 1961. This decline seems to have accelerated in recent years with high economic growth. Looking at the figure, the years exceeded biocapacity coincide with the period of the neo-liberal policies gained momentum and started to change consumption habits (Akıllı et al., 2008). Calculation of ecological footprint index provides the chance to compare the many data of countries, individuals, cities, villages, businesses, institutions. For example; if the footprint size of the individual is below the national average, the individual does not constitute a pressure on natural resources; on the contrary, the individual is thought to consume natural values. In addition, comparing the footprint of each country to its own biological capacity is useful for back to see what remains. In the case of using much more natural resources as they have, the ecological deficit consists in terms of natural resources of countries. Conversely, if biological capacity of a country is more than the ecological footprint, it means that this country has ecological reserve. Looking at Graph 1, Turkey gives a continuous ecological deficit after 1980s. This deficit is increasing along with rapid industrialization in recent years. Ecological footprint index, biological capacity, ecological deficit or reserves of countries were published by Global Footprint Network Organization in 2002, 2005 and 2007 in terms of income levels and regions. According to these publications, the ecological footprint index of Turkey has increased to 2.7 from 2.0 between 2002 and 2007. In contrast, the amount of biocapacity has decreased from 1.4 to 1.3 global hectares. Ecological deficit being 0.6 in 2002 has increased to 1.4 global hectares. According to 2002 data, it required 2.2 global hectares productive land per person to survive. However, in the planet, it is predicted 1.8 global hectares productive land as the ecological footprint per capita. That is, 0.4 global hectares ecological deficit occurs in the entire world. According to calculations made in 2007, this deficit increased from 0.9 global hectares per person. 439 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Table 1 Ecological Footprint, 2007 (Global Hectares) Population Ecological footprint of consumption Cropland footprint Grazing footprint Forest footprint Fishing ground footprint Carbon footprint Builtup land World 6671.6 2.7 0.59 0.21 0.29 0.11 1.44 0.06 High income countries 1031.4 6.1 1.02 0.23 0.70 0.26 3.78 0.11 Middle income countries 4323.3 2.0 0.54 0.15 0.20 0.11 0.88 0.07 Low income countries 1303.3 1.2 0.46 0.11 0.24 0.06 0.25 0.07 Turkey 73.0 2.7 0.96 0.08 0.29 0.06 1.24 0.07 Source:www.footprintnetwork.org According to the data in Table 1, the size of ecological footprint per capita is proportional to levels of income of countries. Ecological footprint index is high in the countries with high income levels; it is low in the low income countries. Looking at the data of 2007 in table 1 and table 2, Turkey`s ecological footprint index is the same the world average ecological footprint but Turkey`s biocapacity size is lower than the world`s. According to table 2, all country groups classified income levels gives ecological deficit. Table 2 Bio-capacity, 2007 (Global Hectares) Population Cropland Grazing Land Forest Fishing Built Land Total Biocapacity Ecological Deficit or Reserve Ground World 6671.6 0.59 0.23 0.74 0.16 0.06 1.8 0.9 High income countries 1031.4 0.99 0.29 1.19 0.49 0.11 3.1 3.0 Middle income countries 4323.3 0.53 0.22 0.76 0.13 0.07 1.7 0.2 Low income countries 1303.3 0.44 0.21 0.29 0.07 0.07 1.1 0.1 Turkey 73.0 0.77 0.12 0.32 0.05 0.05 1.3 1.4 Source:www.footprintnetwork.org According to these data, the pressures of people on environment seem to be very clear.Abnormal nature events are the results of these pressures in recent years. We must give up some habits damaging nature for a livable world. It is necessary that policy makers make arrangements and decisions in this direction. For example; renewable energy resources should use for production energy to reduce carbon footprint index that has important share in ecological footprint index. 4.2.Energy analysis To achieve environmentally sustainable development,instead of traditional fossil-based fuels, the use of alternative or renewable energy sources has brought. These green energy sources which consists of Water (hydro), solar, geothermal and solar energy don’t damage 440 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo environment, so the required sub-structures are formed by many countries to use these sources. According to the last 10 years energy data of Turkey, there has been no change in the shares of renewable energy resources in total energy production. The share of hydroelectric sources in total electricity production was 24.7% in 2000; this figure was % 24.5 in 2010. Share of hydropower resources has increased 30.6% in 2004, then it entered downward trend and it realized 16.8% in 2008. And then it was starting to rise again and it was 24.5% in 2010. When we looked at the energy data of the last 10 years, renewable energy sources excluding hydroelectric sources has very small share of total electricity production. While share of these sources in total electricity production was 0.2% in 2000, this rate rose to 1.9% in 2010. This rate didn’t change much until 2006. This rate increased regularly to 1.9% level in 2006-2010. This rate is far behind comparing the EU and OECD countries` averages. Looking at the data of energy use per capita in recent years, we see an increase in parallel with economic growth. In 2001, energy use per person was 1091 kg oil. This figure increased 1441 kg oil in 2010. Table 3 Energy Ratios of Turkey in 2000-2010 Year Energy use per capita (kg oil) Energy imports, net (% of energy use) Electricity production of hydroelectric sources (% of total) 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 1200 1091 1134 1173 1203 1238 1347 1429 1389 1359 1441 66.1 65.3 67.5 69.7 70.2 71.6 71.7 72.7 70.6 69.0 71.1 24.7 19.6 26.0 25.1 30.6 24.4 25.1 18.7 16.8 18.5 24.5 Electricity production From renewable sources, excluding hydroelectric sources(%of total) 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.6 1.1 1.9 Source:Worldbank database Energy imports rates of Turkey showing energy dependency are increasing even more the last 10 years. While the ratio of energy imports was 66.1% in 2000, it increased by 71.1% in 2010. This rate was averagely 61% in EU and it was 30% in OECD countries in 2010. From these data, Turkey is a country of growing foreign-based. Turkey is a developing country based on non-renewable energy sources. In addition, rapid growth in recent years has grown energy needs; energy use per person has increased much more too. When it is considered this rapid increase and foreign energy dependency, Turkey has to invest in renewable energy sources. Turkey should change the development patterns. 5.Summary According to ecological footprint data that explained in 2002 by global footprint network organization, Turkey’s per capita footprint amount is calculated 2.0 global hectares, and biocapacity amount 1.4. In 2002 Turkey's per capita ecological deficit was 0.6 global hectares. According to 2007 data, this deficit is explained as 1.4. With the rapid industrialization and urbanization in recent years, the damage to the environment has increased. The per capita energy used increased from 1200 kg oil to 1441 kg oil between 2000-2010. As an indicator of 441 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo dependence on foreign energy, imports rates increased from %66.1to %71.1. The energy from hydroelectric sources which have the largest share of renewable sources declined to %24.5, but this decline is not significant. Although the energy produced from other renewable sources is not change significantly, there has been a steady increase since 2006. The foregoing findings indicate that Turkey currently belongs to an economic development pattern of high resource consumption. The economic development is mainly established on the exploitation and utilization of nonrenewable resources. Therefore, Turkey should change the development pattern, regulate the industrial structure, promote the utilization rate of resources, reinforce the introduction of feedback energy, develop green pollution-free products, increase the added value of products, and enhance the sustainable development of ecological–economic system. The above analyses display that the fast development of Turkey economy is based on the over-exploitation of environmental resources. REFERENCES Alnıak, O.M. (2006). Energy Policy Analysis as an Element of national Security. Symposium on Energy and Development in Turkey.Tasam Publication, 24, p:155-160. Aslan, Ö.,Özcan, B. (2008). Sustainable Development and Hydrogen Energy.e-Journal of New World Sciences Academy, 3(2), p: 152-160. Bai, Y., Zeng, H., Wei, J. B., Zhang, W. J., & Zhao, H. W. (2008). Optimization of ecological footprint model based on environmental pollution accounts: A case study in Pearl River Delta urban agglomeration. 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Song, W. W., Liu, N. F., &Xie, H. Y. (2005). Study on ecological impact of a project by total ecological footprint. Journal of Huazhong University of Science and Technology-Urban Science, 22(1), 85–89. Stigson, B. (1999). Sustainable development for industry and society.Building Research & Information, 27, p: 424-430. Ulgiati, S., Odum, H. T., &Bastianoni, S. (1994). Energy use, environmental loading and sustainability: An energy analysis of Italy. Ecological Modelling, 73(3–4), 215–268. Volpi, G. (2005). Renewable Energy For Developig Countries: Challenges and Opportunities, In:Laubert, Volkmar (eds), Switching to Renewable Power, Earthscan Publication. Wackernagel, M., Monfreda, C., Erb, K. H., Haberl, H., & Schulz, N. B. (2004a). Ecological footprint time series of Austria, the Philippines, and South Korea for 1961–1999: Comparing the conventional approach to an ‘actual land area’ approach. Land Use Policy, 21(3), 261– 269. Wackernagel, M., Monfreda, C., Schulz, N. B., Erb, K. H., Haberl, H., &Krausmann, F. (2004b). Calculating national and global ecological footprint time series: Resolving conceptual challenges. Land Use Policy, 21(3), 271–278. Wackernagel, M., & Rees, W. E. (1996).Our ecological footprint: Reducing human impact on the earth. Gabriola Island: New Society Publishers. WCED (1987). Our Common Future, Commission on Environment and Development. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK. World Bank (1998).World development development.Washington: World Bank. report 1998: Knowledge for Zhang, J. H., & Zhang, J. (2007).Progress and implication in domestic research on ecological footprint model.Areal Research and Development, 26(2), 90–96. 443 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1351 Title A name given to the resource Analysis of Turkey’s Sustainable Development Performance at Last Decade by Applying Green Economy Indicators Author Author Yusuf , Akan Abstract A summary of the resource. In recent years, sustainable development has become a worldwide discourse, driven by international treaties global environmental organizations and bodies such as European Union, OECD. Sustainable development is a concept to be analyzed aspects of economic, social, environmental and institutional. With the advents of sustainable development, green economic development has become one of the most important economic issues. Countries which target economic, social and institutional development should not neglect environmental development. Development of green economy is the best way of slowing the negative ecological and environmental impact. Developing countries neglect the protection of the natural environment in the process of rapid industrialization. As a result of this situation, natural resources rapidly run out and environmental quality begins to deteriorate. These negative results return a significant cost to society. In this study, Turkey economy which has averagely 5.5% economic growth in the last 10 years will be analyzed in terms of green economy indicators. Turkey is a highly suitable ecological condition for crop production, animal husbandry, fisheries and forestry activities because of its geographical position. The basic components of ecological conditions are climate, highly variable the shape of the earth, water, can be made large agricultural land, forest and meadow and pasture, as well as Turkey has also other natural resources. It is known as source of metals and solar and winds are ones of the most energy resources for Turkey. Turkey which one of the fastest growing economies in recent years can be analyzed in terms of some data how efficient uses natural resources. In this study, Turkey economy will be analyzed in terms of ecological footprint index and which sources energy produced. In 2007, ecological footprint index is 2.7 global hectares and in 2002 it was 2.0. Turkey has increasing ecological deficit day by day. Ecological deficit is 1.4 global hectares in 2007. In 2000-2010, energy use per capita has increased parallel to economic growth. According to energy data, Turkey foreign energy dependency has increased in last decade. In addition, share of renewable sources in total electricity production hasn’t changed significantly. The foregoing findings indicate that Turkey currently belongs to an economic development pattern based on high resource consumption. The economic development is mainly established on the exploitation and utilization of nonrenewable resources. Therefore, Turkey should change the development pattern, regulate the industrial structure, promote the utilization rate of resources, develop green pollution-free products, and enhance the sustainable development of ecological economic system. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General),HB Economic Theory,HG Finance,HJ Public Finance Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 780 Title A name given to the resource Analysis of Verbal Content in Contemporary Cartoons at Different Linguistic Levels Author Author Mikulec , Alenka Vuić, Božica Abstract A summary of the resource. Contemporary times are characterised by the processes of globalization, rapid production and fluctuation of diverse information and technological advances, especially in the media, and it is the young people, teenagers and primary school children who are most likely to quickly accept these changes. Innovations in the development of media significantly affect children's socialization processes and communication, particularly since the introduction to the media begins already in their homes with the aesthetic and critical reflection of the media continuing in primary school as part of the teaching content of both Croatian and English language courses (Croatian National Educational Standard, 2006). In addition, different language interference may also be observed in these multi-directional communication processes. Given the strong influence of Anglo-American culture and English language in personal and public communication, English language indisputably affects even the linguistic expression of the young school-age population. Furthermore, since children today mainly grow up surrounded by numerous and diverse media, of which cartoons are considered the most widespread, their speech development is greatly affected by the language of the cartoons. The aim of the survey, conducted on a sample of 135 pupils from 8-11 years of age, has been to examine the exposure of young primary school children to specific media content, i.e., cartoons and video/computer games. Research results show that most of the surveyed population spend more than two hours a day watching television programme, and as many as 87.3% love watching cartoons. Therefore, this paper analyses the language (translation from English into Croatian) of selected cartoons created by different animation studios on the phonetic, semantic and morphosyntactic level, also pointing to their potential positive and negative effects on the development of linguistic competence in both Croatian and English language among the target population. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed P Philology. Linguistics https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/e1b0d2bfdb419dc5e3b295045c486146.pdf 308f716f64e424cec85d217c8f120ad2 PDF Text Text Analysis using brands in the small and medium entreprises in Romania Carme Adina Pastiu “1 Decembrie 1918 “University of Alba Iulia Romania carmenpastiu@yahoo.com Silvia Stefania Maican “1 Decembrie 1918 “University of Alba Iulia Romania sylvia_mihalache@yahoo.com Abstract: Creating a brand is very important for a company, the more that should be considered strategic dimensions. It involves a huge investment and long term, given the efforts that must be made in advertising and promotion.In a global market increasingly competitive, branding is a strategic advantage. In a young economy, the free market is emerging just 25 years ago an analysis of the use of own brands can open up new avenues of research and strategic development. The main objective of the paper was to the research on existing brand in Romanian ( SIBIU, ALBA, CLUJ county) small and medium enterprises and Identifying existing policies in small and medium enterprises in connection with own brand. A quantitative research method was used to achieve the defined objectives. This selective survey offers the opportunity to study and identify solutions for development of small and medium companies in the Alba, Sibiu and Cluj County and the opportunities available. Key wards: brand, small and medium entreprises Introduction Developing or creating a brand is of particular importance to an enterprise. Regardless of the form of ownership, size, or activity of the enterprise, brand investment has proven to be an important strategic option. It involves a very large and long-term investment, considering the steps to be taken in advertising, promoting and making a special package. In an increasingly competitive global market, branding is a strategic asset. That explains, at the moment, the financial efforts made by Japanese or American firms to create and consolidate product brands. A corporate brand is a brand that represents a corporation - organization - and reflects its patrimony, values, people, strategy (Aaker A David, 2006). 95 �However, portfolio brands also include non-company brands whose link to domestic brands is actively managed; A good example is sponsorships, symbols, celebrities promoting brands, but also countries or regions. (Brexendorf T. O., Barry Bayus, Kevin Lane Keller 2015) Brand and innovation management need and benefit from each other, suggesting a need for a deeper integration between the two. A main brand is the central indicator of the offer, the point of reference. It obviously occupies the main place (Aaker A David, 2006). A supportive brand serves to provide the credibility and consistency of an offer, its role being to represent an organization (Aaker A David, 2006). Brand and innovation management have become increasingly important priorities for firms over the last few decades. Firms rely on strong brands and product innovations to gain competitive advantage and fuel growth (Berthon, P., Ewing, M. T. and Napoli, J. 2008). In a market approach, the considerable difference between sellable products and services and the rest of the objects is related to the company's conscious decision to change and / or improve the image of their products through symbols, logos and communication strategies. Changing the image of the product in the mind of the consumer is achieved through visible forms of communication: trademark and registered name (symbol) and logo (visual-auditory message). Wally Olins wondered why brands are a clear and unique manifestation of our times? Because, he says, "brands mean clarity, safety, consistency, and status, that is, everything that human beings need to define themselves. Brands mean identity. Branding in the Romanian small and medium companies Creating a brand is very important for a company, the more that should be considered strategic dimensions. It involves a huge investment and long term, given the efforts that must be made in advertising and promotion. In a global market increasingly competitive, branding is a strategic advantage. In a young economy, the free market is emerging just 25 years ago an analysis of the use of own brands can open up new avenues of research and strategic development. Example for Romanian market: In light industry manufacturing activity is lohn. Products are sold under famous brands from other countries. The IT industry is very developed in Cluj County but produce for companies around the world. Research methodology A quantitative research method was used to achieve the defined objectives. 96 �This selective survey offers the opportunity to study and identify solutions for development of small and medium companies in the Alba, Sibiu and Cluj County and the opportunities available. The aims:  Research on existing brand in Romanian (SIBIU, ALBA, CLUJ County) small and medium enterprises.   Identifying existing policies in small and medium enterprises in connection with own brand General objective of the research was established as follows O1. Analysis of brand in small and medium enterprises The defined specific objectives of the research are:  S1. Identifying the brand managers' attitude  S2. Measuring branding activities The research was conducted based on a questionnaire administered with Google Docs.  The observation unit was represented by the entreprises from Transilvania included in the survey sample.  Unit survey was represented by those who answered the questionnaire administered :  Persons who manage the companies  Owners The survey type used is probabilistic. It was used a random sampling method, unrestricted. Sample is formed by 175 units. 94% probability. Error +/- 6% (this is a limit to the study). This research was conducted on the following types of companies: services, manufacture, and trade.  O1. Analysis of brand in small and medium enterprises Of the total surveyed enterprises, only 42% have their own brand and from these 73% they are in the services field. In the counties analyzed, the service area is characterized by the higher 97 �adoption of one's own brand. IT companies (Cluj), light industry Alba or automotive industrial production (Sibiu) work for EU firms under their own brand.  S1. Identifying the brand managers' attitude The result is related to the type of business. Managers understand the importance of using their own brand, but they are not widely used. In the service sector, management involvement is much bigger. S2 Measuring branding activities. Visual identity manual Even though they have visual identity elements in small and medium businesses, there is no branding manual developed by professionals. 98 �Many businesses have brand, logo elements, slogans, but do not have a unitary concept. Just 35% have invested in a branding campaign. 99 �Conclusions Brands are a reflection of the corporate goal, they become important not only for customers but also for people who work from the inside or outside as partners, employees or financiers. In a constantly changing world where all the other things are troubled, the status of the brand as a symbol of the company and what it does becomes the central pillar.Globalization and outsourcing of companies, alliance formation and co-operation, flattening management structures, limited employment, why should people, wherever they come from, and whatever their relationship with the company? Only reputation, only reliable because there is nothing else. And how can you represent and design confidence more and more a spiritual and cultural binder, a binder representing their reputation in the surrounding world. Brands are probably more important than ever for companies in their own domestic and day-to-day business. The role of brands in society will be the one people will give, and the importance and sphere of influence is increasing from one year to the next. By brand, any business can find a way out of the market and the chaos of the market and reach the target audience. The modern consumer's perception of products and services is at the center of the buying decision, and brands can direct this perception%. If branding has given the trade a tremendous power and influence, it can do so in other fields such as arts, sports, health, education and other social areas. By analyzing the relationship between variables is seen as:  companies that have developed branding campaigns have over 15 employees  companies that have developed branding campaigns over a turnover of over 10,000EUR  brand managers believe that contribute to increased sales and higher turnover  companies where managers believe that the brand is not necessary have less than 10 employees companies in the services organized several branding campaigns Analyzing the data from the study it can be concluded that managers know their competition but fail to differentiate its offer towards them. Analyzing data, we can say that managers of small and medium companies analyzed did not give due importance the brand. Firms in the services given more importance to the brand. The managers identify the benefits of brand but do not develop our own brand 100 �References Aaker, David A.Robert Jacobson (2001) The Value Relevance of Brand Attitude in HighTechnology Markets. Journal of Marketing Research: November 2001, Vol. 38, No. 4, pp. 485-493. Aaker, D. A. (1996). Measuring brand equity across products and markets. California Management Review, 38(3), 102–120. Aaker, D. A. (1997). Innovation: brand it or lose it. California Management Review, 50(1), Aaker David A. ( 2006) Strategia portofoliului de brand, Bucureşti, Ed. Brandbuilders Berthon, P., Ewing, M. T. and Napoli, J. (2008), Brand Management in Small to Medium-Sized Enterprises, Journal of Small Business Management, 46: 27–45. doi:10.1111/j.1540627X.2007.00229.x Brexendorf Tim Oliver, Barry Bayus, Kevin Lane Keller(2015) Understanding the interplay between brand and innovation management: findings and future research directions , Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 2015, Volume 43, Number 5, Page 548 Datar, S., Jordan, C. C., Kekre, S., Rajiv, S., & Srinivasan, K. (1997). Advantages of time-based new product development in a fast-cycle industry. Journal of Marketing Research, 34(1), 36–49. Gatignon, H., & Xuereb, J.-M. (1997). Strategic orientation of the firm and new product performance. Journal of Marketing Research, 34(1), 77–90. Gielens, K., & Steenkamp, J.-B. E. M. (2007). Drivers of consumer acceptance of new packaged goods: an investigation across products and countries. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 24(2), 97–111. 101 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 3643 Title A name given to the resource Analysis using brands in the small and medium entreprises in Romania (doi: 10.14706/icesos176) Author Author Pastiu, Carmen Adina Maican, Silvia Stefania Abstract A summary of the resource. Abstract: Creating a brand is very important for a company, the more that should be considered strategic dimensions. It involves a huge investment and long term, given the efforts that must be made in advertising and promotion.In a global market increasingly competitive, branding is a strategic advantage. In a young economy, the free market is emerging just 25 years ago an analysis of the use of own brands can open up new avenues of research and strategic development. The main objective of the paper was to the research on existing brand in Romanian ( SIBIU, ALBA, CLUJ county) small and medium enterprises and Identifying existing policies in small and medium enterprises in connection with own brand. A quantitative research method was used to achieve the defined objectives. This selective survey offers the opportunity to study and identify solutions for development of small and medium companies in the Alba, Sibiu and Cluj County and the opportunities available. Key wards: brand, small and medium entreprises Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/7aa1fcb09e13c8e42538322bb0939723.pdf 7c9fd2ba6e01ca80e4e8c99cf6908a64 PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 6. Internet: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarajevo Stock Exchange, 02/03/2012 7. Internet: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zagreb Stock Exchange, 02/03/2012 8. Internet: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgrade Stock Exchange, 02/03/2012 9. Internet: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ljubljana Stock Exchange, 02/03/2012 Analyze and evaluate the system of internal control in the process of implementing the audit of financial statements for business entities Pece Nikoloski, Goce Menkinoski, Facullty of economics in Prilep, Macedonia E-mails: nikoloski.pece@yahoo.com,gocemenkinoski@yahoo.com Abstract Accounting is the process of recording, classifying, summarizing and reporting results from financial transactions in the form of financial statements. Other than accounting, auditing the financial statements determines whether those statements are prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting standards. You could say that this kind of audit users of financial statements provides objective and independent opinion on the truthfulness and honesty of the data presented in financial statements of business entities that are clients. The application of the system of internal control in the implementation of the audit process is very important activity in the process of making business decisions to allocate economic resources and successful management. Information obtained from the analysis answer the question as business entity in the previous period and how to function in the next period to be maintained better result. The main goal of any business entity is achieving greater profits. The profit maximization is striving to achieve the possible cost less and also the achievement of greater revenues. Profit shown in the financial statements may differ from reality depending on the way you handled the financial statements or in other words the way reports display where they can be concealed large gains and losses. From there the auditors are those who weigh the reality of participants' data in financial reports. How the financial result is a real set, so will be better and better decisions are made based on such information. The advantages of better financial reporting are significant, hence the actions needed to achieve those benefits are complex and comprehensive. As such we list the following activities: improving the framework of financial reporting; strengthening of key factors within the financial reporting; supporting the audit profession; supporting education, training and public awareness. The main and primary objective of financial reporting is to provide access balanced between financial reporting and audit requirements, which means meeting the needs of different users of financial information but also will be complex to burden the functioning of the corporate sector. In practice, here are three main reasons to perform the process of analyzing financial statements and financial indicators achieved: 1. The need for continuous monitoring of their own situation analyzes achieved financial indicators, financial instruments are planned and implemented financial control; 225 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 2. Calculation and analysis of financial indicators of business partners with whom the business entity enters into a variety of business relationships; 3. When investing in securities to thoroughly check the solvency of the issuer of the securities or of potential investors to provide all relevant information for making decisions about investing in capital to protect against possible speculative things. Keywords: Accounting, system, Analyze, process, financial statements , Information, financial reporting 1.INTRODUCTION The word "audit" etymologically derives from the Latin verb "revidere" which means "toexamine" and the word "revisio" meaning "re-examine" or "to see". In Englishspeaking audit used the term "audit", which originates from the Latin word"audite" which means "hear". Auditor (auditer) in the English language is "one wholistens" and from there comes the term audit (audit) which until today has retained its original form. In Germany, the audit used the word "wurtsch a ftspruftung", and the term "revision" as used in France "revision" and "revision compatible" and. t. slightly. The review of the literature identified a "spiritual repetition of activities" which indicates its character as a function of checking the operation. Specifically, the audit is further verification of the implemented business events, which is based on existing documents, as opposed to control mainly a corrective nature. In this regard Tom Lee, one of the most respected scholars in the field of auditing in the world in the early eighties, that in 1984 has given one of the best definitions of the term"audit" which reads: "In the broadest sense, the audit a means by which a personassures (by another person) in the quality, condition or status of a subject matter that the other person examined. The need for testing arises because the person is in doubt or questioning the quality, condition or status of the relevant subject matter and is unable to remove such opinion or dilemma. " Unlike the quoted definition of Tom Lee, which e undoubtedly concise, logical, and wide enough for clarification of different more types of revision. Committee of the American Association of Accountants, (American Accociation-AAA), defines audit as "a systematic process of objectively collect and evaluate evidence relating to reports on economic developments and results to verify the extent between existing reports operation and criteria and distributed to interested parties. " Seen from the picture we notice that the audit itself is not a simple process, is rather complicated and complex process, with clearly defined objectives, based on which defines and structures the approach to making business decisions. The audit considered as systemic process involves collecting and objectively evaluating evidence. Consequently, the evidence present information that have great influence in making business decisions by the auditors. But regardless of the form appearing on the evidence and their reliable power, the auditor is required to precisely define the objectives of the process of collecting and evaluating relevant evidence. During the process of implementation of the audit, the auditor receives as input financial statement of the business entity of the audit, which should thoroughly check and based ontests conducted formed and expressed an expert, objective and independent opinion. During the implementation of the review procedure, the primary objective of the auditor is 226 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo to determine whether the statements of the entities to audit with established criteria, usually associated with certain rules prescribed by the legislative body, plan or other measures of performance determined by management, accounting standards or other authoritative bodies. The goal will be achieved and realized if the auditor gather evidence of economic developments and results to determine whether they adequately presented in accordance with established criteria, prior to distributing the results of operations of the client to potential stakeholders. Similar views on the revision of the AAA provides renowned professional association of Great Britain, the Monitoring Committee of the audit practice gives the following definition of the audit: "An audit is an independent examination and giving-expression of opinion on the financial statements of companies, banks or other organizations by the appointed auditor, which is made in accordance with the requirements of the set task and the appropriate legal and professional obligations, or appropriate regulations. " When it comes to defining the audit by the professional associations to build a reputation in the world, special attention deserves the definition of IFAC, by which the audit is an independent examination of financial statements or financial information to those that apply to profit-oriented entity or regardless of its size or legal form, when such testing is encouraged in order to express an opinion on them. " If you try to make parallels between the cited definitions, it is safe to conclude that all of them immanent it contains mainly a few key words and phrases such as: independence, investigation, expression, opinion, person-authorized auditor and the like. . . From which each word individually in a strictly defined place and is indispensable for the precise formulation of the external audit. Thus, the term independent indicates that the auditor must be completely independent in terms of client with whom we conduct an audit, and his independent opinion to be accentuated as credible and fair for the users of audit services (shareholders, creditors, depositors, potential investors , government authorities, government agencies, etc.). independence of the auditor based on the fact that the audit must be independent and this in terms of company and in relation to the state, banks and all users of audit services, which has as a goal to protect public interests, the interests of capital owners - the shareholders, the government, investors, creditors, or any owner of a loyal citizen of a particular country. The word examination of the financial statements indicates that the audit joins generally accepted rules and techniques which determines the efficiency and integrity of the control system as well as accuracy, precision, completeness of the accounting statements in order to enable the auditor to establish its opinion. Competent opinion is that the auditor, even when a given event expresses a positive opinion about the reality and objectivity of financial reports presented to the company (client), in principle, does not guarantee the absolute accuracy of audited statements, but merely gives its opinion. Expression of opinion must be expressed in the form of a written report in accordance with Article 47 of the Fourth Directive of the European Union, is an integral, t. is. integral part of the annual calculation and with it a subject of public publishing. Under auditor means a competent and professional person who is appointed on a regular and orderly manner in accordance with criteria stipulated by laws and procedures to educate and appointment. Bearing in mind the basic objective of the audit with which increasing responsibility in the company's operations and its economic efficiency, its role can be viewed as: social, economic, psychological, public or personal interest. 227 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 2.An audit of financial statements (Finansial Staatements Audits) Audited financial statements as it aims to provide independent and objective opinion on the truthfulness and honesty of the data presented in the financial statements of companies. The focus of interest in the audit of financial statements, mostly basic financial statements: balance sheet, income statement and a statement of cash flows. Are these statements are made with generally accepted accounting standards, auditing of financial reports has the task to determine. In this direction, stressing the essential role of real and fair presentation of financial statements in all process of making business decisions makers MRS through the purpose and content of these standards are explicit in insisting that the financial statements of business entities need to be prepared in combination or in accordance with one of the following standards: - International accounting standards; - National accounting standards; - Other established and agreed framework of financial reporting 3.The review of compliance procedures The review of compliance procedures for its aims to determine the extent to which business entity in which the audit is performed following the standards or rules-established, adopted or created by the higher levels contracts, legislation or written consent. Under higher levels authoritative means top manegment that commits the standards of certain areas of its operations to incorporate the policy actions of the business entity in the preparation of specific guidelines and instructions. In practice, revision of compliance focuses only on examining the standardization of procedures on a separate set of standards and rules. In such cases, the auditor seeks to see deviations from the procedures prescribed rules and standards and in time to inform top management about perceived condition. Thus, revision of compliance has the following features: - The company engages auditors and to determine the area of auditing, along with the presentation of standards relevant to that area of operation of the business entity; - Auditor's report to top management of the business entity for its activities and information, which came during the audit. 3.1.Review of operations The audit of operations targeting has to perform a systematic examination of the activities of the business entity or part thereof, in terms of effective and efficient use of resources. Examining the performance is done in a way that is assessed as business entity achieves the objectives in terms of procurement, production, sales and the like. From the above stated may be concluded that the primary purpose of auditing is the assessment of performance in the operation of the business entity and identifying areas where it is possible to take measures to improve the operation of business entities. Unlike previous revisions, in this review there are no predetermined standards, so the dilemma is how the auditors in advance to determine the standards, rules or regulations to perform the evaluation of efficiency and effectiveness. It follows that auditors must choose measurable criteria that are always found in the area of many principles of economics and organization of the operations 228 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo of economic entities. Against this background it can be concluded that a review of the operation has the following features as: - Auditors who conduct audits are independent of the activities we reviewed (eg. Auditor may be employed in commercial service or its head, and is also audited the commercial operations of the business entity); - The auditor is employed in the business entity in which the audit; - The auditor submits the audit report and submit it to officials in the business entity. It shall mainly refer to the identification of problems related to effectiveness and efficiency in business operation entity. 3.2.Judicial review Judicial review is intended to detect or promotes activities which consequently have fraud or other illegal activities, integrated in the financial statements of the business entity of the audit client. With the growing number of business entities and their financial reports, despite legal and other measures, increasing the number of fraud and judicial review has obvious growth. Judicial review, usually are conducted in the following cases: - Business fraud made by internal and external stakeholders of the business entities; - Criminal investigations; - Confrontations and disputes between partners, shareholders and managers; - Economic losses, and - Civil disputes 3.3.External Audit One of definitions for external audit shall be defined as subject to the accumulation and evaluation of evidence about information for determining and reporting system between the data and established criteria. From this definition we can conclude that the notion of external audit is broader audit of financial statements and includes numerous services to ensure the quality of the information presented above for the owner of the business decisions. Regardless of the treatment of external audit is an undisputed fact that its implementation is conditional on the existence of the information presented in verified form and certain standard criteria based on which the auditor will evaluate. The audit should be conducted externally complete and professional person in his work will absolute independence from the management of the client. Regardless of the trends to expand the scope of audit services offered to clients, external audit is commonly equated with the audit of financial statements. External audit to provide protection to the interests of capital owners and at the same time to offer reliable information to other users of audit services, such as shareholders, creditors, potential investors, employees and the general public. If we consider the complexity and the activities to be implemented external revizizors for the successful functioning of this review is related to quality regulations, audit standards and code of professional ethics. 4.Internal Audit Unlike external, internal audit occurred as a result of the needs of modern businesses to introduce their own, internal and additional form of supervision in order to perform such control examination system of internal controls performed by all employees as part of their 229 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo duties, to evaluate its effectiveness, discover weak points in its operation and propose measures to eliminate the appearance of weakness. In other words, the internal audit activity is organized by the management of the business entity or other business entities to assist in the evaluation of the operation as a whole or to individual segments. In terms of business and management functions in enterprises, internal audit can be monitored as part of steering control, where business functions are subject to examination in order to perform more efficiently, thus ensuring the functioning of an information subsystem which however, the guide provides information for making appropriate business decisions. According to the definition of the Committee of audit practice (Auditing Practice Committee-APC) Internal audit is an element of internal control sistem set by management of the business entity, banks or other institutions for examination, evaluation and reporting function of accounting and other controls in operation. Internal audit is introduced in order to improve the decisions of managers or to satisfy statutory requirements. Institute of Internal Audit in the UK, apart from this definition, the internal template defines as an independent activity in the corporate assessment of the operation, established as a service office of the corporation. It is a control function that works by evaluating the adequacy and effectiveness of other controls and supervision. From these definitions can freely conclude that the primary task of Internal Audit, through sight and evaluation to assess the activities of the business entity, to provide adequate assistance to owners and management of the business entity in order to more effectively engage them to perform undertaken professional activities. For this goal to be achieved, the internal audit of users of this type of service offers numerous analyzes, suggestions, recommendations, advice and information directly related to activities subject to internal audit. Do Private Savings Offset Public Savings in Turkey? Muhittin Kaplan1, Hüseyin Kalyoncu, Hasan Göcen1 1Meliksah University, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Department of Economics, Kayseri, Turkey 2Meliksah University, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Department of International Trade and Business, Kayseri, Turkey Email: mkaplan@meliksah.edu.tr, ,hkalyoncu@meliksah.edu.tr,hgocen@meliksah.edu.tr Abstract The issue of whether public savings offset private savings, and visa vice, has important implications for the effectiveness of fiscal policy. This study examines long-run relationship between public and private savings rates using annual Turkish data for the period 1975-2005. The result of Engle-Granger cointegration test has shown that there is no long-run relationship between private and public savings ratios. However,once endogenously determined structural break is allowed, the test results confirm the existence of the cointegration relationship between private and public savings. Econometric estimation of the offset coefficients using both FMOLS and DOLS yields values of between -0.11 and -0.82. The results also indicate that the potency of fiscal policy significantly reduced with the liberalization of financial markets. 230 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1298 Title A name given to the resource Analyze and evaluate the system of internal control in the process of implementing the audit of financial statements for business entities Author Author Pece , Nikoloski Abstract A summary of the resource. Accounting is the process of recording, classifying, summarizing and reporting results from financial transactions in the form of financial statements. Other than accounting, auditing the financial statements determines whether those statements are prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting standards. You could say that this kind of audit users of financial statements provides objective and independent opinion on the truthfulness and honesty of the data presented in financial statements of business entities that are clients. The application of the system of internal control in the implementation of the audit process is very important activity in the process of making business decisions to allocate economic resources and successful management. Information obtained from the analysis answer the question as business entity in the previous period and how to function in the next period to be maintained better result. The main goal of any business entity is achieving greater profits. The profit maximization is striving to achieve the possible cost less and also the achievement of greater revenues. Profit shown in the financial statements may differ from reality depending on the way you handled the financial statements or in other words the way reports display where they can be concealed large gains and losses. From there the auditors are those who weigh the reality of participants' data in financial reports. How the financial result is a real set, so will be better and better decisions are made based on such information. The advantages of better financial reporting are significant, hence the actions needed to achieve those benefits are complex and comprehensive. As such we list the following activities: improving the framework of financial reporting; strengthening of key factors within the financial reporting; supporting the audit profession; supporting education, training and public awareness. The main and primary objective of financial reporting is to provide access balanced between financial reporting and audit requirements, which means meeting the needs of different users of financial information but also will be complex to burden the functioning of the corporate sector. In practice, here are three main reasons to perform the process of analyzing financial statements and financial indicators achieved: 1. The need for continuous monitoring of their own situation analyzes achieved financial indicators, financial instruments are planned and implemented financial control; 2. Calculation and analysis of financial indicators of business partners with whom the business entity enters into a variety of business relationships; 3. When investing in securities to thoroughly check the solvency of the issuer of the securities or of potential investors to provide all relevant information for making decisions about investing in capital to protect against possible speculative things. Keywords: Accounting, system, Analyze, process, financial statements , Information, financial reporting Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General),HB Economic Theory,HG Finance,HJ Public Finance https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/8ca6e636c967862583d6a8e459f42784.docx 94f7b7de5199f47413f29a1c82682497 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/5297a733c8e798748971b629342ab4ff.pdf 6cc51d471526b58e6e21a460a8371aba PDF Text Text [Type text] Analyzing Entrepreneurial Orientation of SMEs: Evidence from Albania Alba Kruja (Demneri) Epoka University Albania akruja@epoka.edu.al Abstract: Entrepreneurship and its role on the growth of the country was one of the main discussed topics during the first half 20th century. The discussion during the second half of the century shifted to the analysis of the entrepreneurial orientation and factors affecting entrepreneurial behavior of the firms. The research conducted on many developed countries revealed that there is a positive relationship between entrepreneurial orientation and firm performance. Albania is a developing country which has only a twenty year period of open market economy. This paper analyses the role of entrepreneurial orientation and its components on the growth orientation of Albanian SMEs. The entrepreneurial orientation components included in this study are: innovation, risk-taking, proactiveness, and autonomy. The data used in the study are primary data collected during September-December 2013 through the questionnaire distributed to 60 Albanian SMEs operating in its capital city of Tirana. The methodology used for the analysis of the data is multiple regression analysis. The analysis revealed that higher level of entrepreneurial orientation resulted in higher level of SMEs growth orientation and performance. In further studies a new dimension of the entrepreneurial orientation proposed to be investigated whether it has or not a positive impact on SMEs performance is collaborative orientation between SMEs, research institutions and government. Keywords: Entrepreneurial Orientation, SME-s, Growth Orientation, Albania, Regression Analysis. 161 �[Type text] 161 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2629 Title A name given to the resource Analyzing Entrepreneurial Orientation of SMEs: Evidence from Albania Author Author KRUJA, Alba Abstract A summary of the resource. Entrepreneurship and its role on the growth of the country was one of the main discussed topics during the first half 20th century. The discussion during the second half of the century shifted to the analysis of the entrepreneurial orientation and factors affecting entrepreneurial behavior of the firms. The research conducted on many developed countries revealed that there is a positive relationship between entrepreneurial orientation and firm performance. Albania is a developing country which has only a twenty year period of open market economy. This paper analyses the role of entrepreneurial orientation and its components on the growth orientation of Albanian SMEs. The entrepreneurial orientation components included in this study are: innovation, risk-taking, proactiveness, and autonomy. The data used in the study are primary data collected during September-December 2013 through the questionnaire distributed to 60 Albanian SMEs operating in its capital city of Tirana. The methodology used for the analysis of the data is multiple regression analysis. The analysis revealed that higher level of entrepreneurial orientation resulted in higher level of SMEs growth orientation and performance. In further studies a new dimension of the entrepreneurial orientation proposed to be investigated whether it has or not a positive impact on SMEs performance is collaborative orientation between SMEs, research institutions and government. Keywords: Entrepreneurial Orientation, SME-s, Growth Orientation, Albania, Regression Analysis. The research is theoretical. We will do the comparison between definition of the IT Function and actual implementation in practice on International Burch University, also applied managerial models. The results of the study can be the useful resource for future research and help better practical implementation of IT center support at International Burch University. Keywords: higher educational institution, IT center, administrative and academic staff. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014-04 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-4564 H Social Sciences (General)