32 10 3494 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/34048bab28a0cc099fad37b8bb8d2173.pdf 4c8e75c473c84491dd6cce9aff918ede PDF Text Text 1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Consumer Approach to New Product Development Policies against Global Warming’s Effects Yusuf KARACA Assist. Prof. Dr. Department of Business Administration, Afyon Kocatepe University, Turkey karaca@aku.edu.tr Tuğrul KANDEMĐR Assist. Prof. Dr. Department of Business Administration, Afyon Kocatepe University, Turkey Abstract: Global warming and global problems caused by global warming is one of the most discussed issues in all over the world. Beside consumers accepting this problem as a serious threat, there are consumers who are insensitive and don’t perceive it as a threat. From starting this point, main aim of this study is to determine how consumers perceive this issue and how these perceptions affect buying behavior of them. Especially to determine demand of goods which were developed against the effects of global warming. Study focused on two main research questions. First one is what is the level of consumers’ global warming threat perception and second one is does this threat perception create an effect about products developed to decrease effects of global warming. By casting access, cost and time sample in this study was chosen from consumers living in Ankara and in this respect a survey was made to 388 consumers by using face to face interview technique. Data was evaluated by the help of SPSS program. In evaluation, frequency and chi-square tests were made. At the end of the analysis, while there is not any important relationship between consumers’ global warming perception and consumers’ demographic variables, there is a relationship between consciousness level of consumers on this subject and global warming threat perception. Additionally, a relationship between consumers’ global warming perception and demand for the products in this area was found. Key Words: Global Warming, Consumer Perception, Consumer Buying Behavior 1. Introduction The present study aims to evaluate a current universal issue, global climate change, or commonly referred to as global warming and its prospective effects in marketing from the consumers’ standpoint. Marketing is an area to be considerably affected by the aforementioned warming, Marketing remains a field that may change depending on time, place, and conditions, and firmly sticks to social structures. Global warming also appears to be a development which can potentially transform the social structure and shape the future of the world. The goal of our study was to understand the viewpoint and sensitivity of the society as well as individuals who are also consumers towards global warming, and within this framework, to provide businesses with the gained perspective. The world’s social structures have undergone periodic transitions. Among stages of transitions in human history stand out the inhabitation of hunter-gatherer and nomadic societies, and formation of agricultural communities. Another key transition has been the shift from agricultural society to an industrial one, which still affects the modern life. With the advent of the Industrial Revolution, we witness many tasks, normally done with manual labor, being accomplished by machines. The onset of machinery and increase in emissions of carbon dioxide and similar gases into the nature and atmosphere in a way to interrupt natural cycle of climatic conditions have led to varying changes on earth. 2. Global Warming and Its Historical Development Many factors add to global warming, but increase in the amount of greenhouse gases appears to be one of the most important. Carbon dioxide gases are of particular importance because while this gas is transparent to the incoming shortwave, solar radiation, it absorbs the outgoing longwave, infrared radiation. The most frequently cited abrupt cause for global warming is the increase of carbon emissions due to the burning of fossil fuels. (Dutta and Radner, 2008, p:3) 469 �1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo One must attribute the climatic changes which occurred between the appearance of humans on the scene and the Industrial Revolution to natural causes. From the latter half of the 19th century onwards, It stays certain that human intervention also contributed to these natural changes. (Öztürk, 2002, p:48–49) In the last 100-150 years, carbon dioxide (CO2) and other greenhouse gases, presumed culprits of global warming, have substantially modified the chemical composition of the earth’s atmosphere. (Akbulut, 2000, p:25) While some portion of the radiation from the Sun is reflected back into space by the earth's atmosphere, another portion is absorbed by the earth. A considerable amount of the longwave radiation emitted from the heated Earth is re-absorbed by the atmosphere. While atmospheric gases are very transparent to shortwave solar radiation, they prove to be less transparent to longwave terrestrial radiation as a result of the accumulated greenhouse gases. Thus, when the build-up of heat near a planet's surface is more than expected, the phenomenon is called atmospheric greenhouse effect. An elaborate explanation for the greenhouse effect might be: (Öztürk, 2002, p:53) 1. 51 % of the shortwave solar radiation remains trapped by the Earth: Through this energy, the Earth is heated. 2. A portion of the energy absorbed by the earth is redirected back to the atmosphere. 3. Some of the solar energy is re-radiated from the atmosphere into the space, without reaching the Earth. 4. Some energy from the warmed Earth is emitted to the atmosphere in longwave radiation. Some of this longwave energy is intercepted by atmospheric greenhouse gases. This trapped energy heats the lower layers of the atmosphere, which is the atmospheric greenhouse effect. 5. Some of the energy absorbed by greenhouse gases is emitted back to space. 6. Some of the energy emitted from the Earth directly escapes to space. Global warming seems to be a process where heat in atmospheric layers near the Earth surface and on the Earth surface itself rises artificially as a result of various human activities which culminate in an increase in the concentration of greenhouse gases. (Doğan, 2005, p:58, Akbulut, 2000, p:25, Türkeş, 2001, p:1) Warming which emerged on the Earth’s surface in the latter half of the 19th century has markedly intensified after the 1980’s, becoming warmer and warmer in the subsequent year, and warmest years on record have occurred globally. 1998 has been the warmest year in the historical record dating back to 1860, both in terms of global mean temperature and mean temperatures of the northern and southern hemispheres. Most sensitive climatic models which handle the impact of greenhouse gases and aerosols together suggest a 1–3.5 C° increase in global mean surface temperature and a 15–95 cm sea-level rise by 2100. (Türkeş, 2001, p:1) Likewise, record-breaking warmest temperatures were observed across the globe in January, 2007, as announced by the Meteorology Agency of Japan. It was further noted by the authorities that the record temperatures were considered to be the impact of global warming, and temperatures across the planet were 0.45 degrees Celsius above average in January, the highest since figures were first compiled in 1891. (www.milliyet.com.tr) With its prospective effects, global warming remains an issue capable of shaping not only our lifestyles but the future generations’ as well. Though not yet fully experienced in every corner of the globe, global warming commits the earth irreversibly to further global climatic change and consequent ecological, economic and social disruption. (Doğan, 2005, p:59) All individuals, institutions and organizations must undertake the mission to mitigate the problems that are causing global warming around the world. With regard to design, planning, and construction phases of cities, and utilization of goods and services, utmost sensitivity on global warming must be a 'core criterion' for individuals and institutions alike. Decreasing the use of fossil fuels by switching to renewable energy resources Advances in the technology of renewable energy sources, including wood-derived fuels, might reduce our reliance on fossil fuels and thus reduce global emissions of carbon dioxide significantly. If we are to avoid the effects of a global climate change triggered by global warming, we must develop new systems of renewable energy resources. To that end, new technologies have been devised which combine the utilization of heat and energy, reduce carbon emissions up to 60-80 %, and offer much more effective energy options. In particular, importance of policies which aim to rapidly introduce renewable energy resources and co-processing technologies into markets has been made clear. (Doğan, 2005, p:69) 3. Turkey’s Approach to Global Warming To better understand the reflections on global climate change in our country, a project entitled “Climate Change Scenarios for Turkey”, sponsored by TÜBĐTAK, is underway. During the simulations under the scheme, projections were achieved as to what kind of climate lies ahead of us in the 21st century. The results showed that most dramatic changes would occur in the summer in southern Turkey and in countries like Iraq, Syria, Iran, and Jordan. Naturally, most striking changes are expected to occur during the spring and summer, the two seasons when highest temperatures can be observed. Another projection is that in some regions 14-15 more days will be added to the number of hot days above 35 C° in the past 30 years. In a similar vein, amount of precipitation is 470 �1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo expected to change. Total mean precipitation falling in Turkey is predicted to decrease towards the end of the current century, The Kyoto Protocol was signed under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change to tackle the global climate change. Turkey signed the convention later than the other European countries with the stipulation that her industry would be adversely affected. It suffered long hesitation to sign the convention. Turkey later joined the Kyoto Protocol by passing a law on February 5, 2009. The core idea in the Kyoto Protocol is to gradually reduce world greenhouse gas emissions to slow the progress of global warming. For this purpose, it entails a set of preventive measures to reduce the amount of greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide, carbon dioxide in the atmosphere to such a level that will prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system. (Akoğlu, 2009, p: 37) From Turkey’s viewpoint, many urgent investments must be made in industries like energy, automobile, logistics, and aviation. The protocol doesn’t impose any limitation on greenhouse gas emissions on Turkey by the year 2013. From then onwards, however, Turkey will be subject to an addendum agreement to the protocol, not bypassing our country’s interests. Kyoto Protocol stipulates the following sanctions on the topics below: (Akoğlu, 2009, p: 37) o Legislation will be introduced to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases resulting from various industrial activities, vehicles, and heating. o Energy efficiency must be enhanced by means of mechanisms such as heating with less energy, using vehicles burning less gas, and utilizing technological systems consuming less energy. o Wastes will be recycled to the maximum extent possible. When they are dumped to a landfill, they must be rendered harmless. To this end, modern facilities will be constructed. o Alternative energy sources will be a target for the reduction of methane and carbon dioxide emitted to the atmosphere. o Utilization of solar energy will be extended. Despite being a controversial issue, nuclear power plants will be encouraged since they don’t cause any carbon dioxide emission. o Waste management and treatment in plants which consume huge amounts of energy, like in cement, steel, and lime factories, will be re-organized. o Systems and technologies emitting less carbon dioxide to the atmosphere will be adopted. Since coal based thermal power plants prevail in our country, systems in these facilities need to be renewed. o More tax will be levied on whoever consumes more fuel and produces more carbon dioxide. 4. Products against the effects of global warming and consumers’ approaches Humans have been thoughtlessly and irresponsibly destroying the earth for thousands of years with a desire to dominate and exploit it as much as possible. In many respects, the issue of global warming differs from other climatic events and changes occurring naturally for thousands or millions of years. Above all, global warming is not a phenomenon which occurs in the nature’s own cycle. It is wholly the result of human intervention and a combination of cumulative and incremental events triggered by humans. It first emerged with the dawn of Industrial Revolution when people interfered with the environment and started to alter its circumstances. With the advancements in technology, nature and the environment were thoughtlessly abused, without thinking the hazardous outcomes it could cause towards human and living life, thereby bringing about global warming which has occurred as a consequence of these irresponsible behaviors. It was only in the 1970’s that the entire world came to recognize the dangerous borders of global warming. (Kadıoğlu, 2001; Öztürk, 2002). Global warming is changing consumption habits, too. While some industries are being affected by global warming more than others, it is forcing firms to make amendments in their future plans, and shaping human lifestyle beyond expectation. Hot sunny days have caused biggest disappointments for the textile industry, and various businesses which look forward to winter seasons to sell winter products have been adversely affected. Goods of companies keeping their assets in stock have remained in their warehouses. Manufacturers have suffered a 30 % capital loss. ( www.inepo.com ). Whatever business you're in, your company will increasingly feel the effects of climate change. Investors already are discounting share prices of companies poorly positioned to compete in a warming world. Many businesses face higher raw material and energy costs as governments around the globe increasingly enact policies placing a cost on emissions. Consumers are taking into account a company’s environmental record when making purchasing decisions. There’s a burgeoning market in greenhouse gas emission allowances (the socalled carbon market), with annual trading in these assets valued at tens of billions of dollars. Firms that manage and mitigate their exposure to the associated risks while seeking new opportunities for profit will gain a competitive advantage over rivals in a carbon-constrained future. (Lash-Wellington, 2007:95) . This situation seems to be inevitable in the near future with respect to consumer preferences. In other words, businesses must “create values for the customer” as well as “create values to protect the environment”. Therefore, all activities 471 �1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo must be categorized according to whether or not they create further added value for the products of the business and the environment. As humans have been instrumental in global warming, we need to find the solution not in nature’s own cycle and balance, but in raising awareness to do things. 90 % of people have gained knowledge about global warming. This knowledge assigns them some tasks to do individually. First of all, we must read nature very well. We must use products which saves us all kinds of means. We must inspect the properties of products we are using and consider their impact on nature. We must particularly keep away from fossil fuels. We must enhance the utilization of environment-friendly alternative energy resources. We must cooperate with NGOs which exert efforts on the issue. (www.indeksiletisim.com ). 5. Methodology The present study has been undertaken to determine the extent of consumers’ grasp of global warming and whether or not any change has occurred in their choices of products based on this grasp. Our study chose Ankara, capital of Turkey, as the main mass. Geographically, it is located in the middle of Turkey and has continental climate. In recent years Ankara has been one of the cities where effects of global warming have proved to be evident. It has experienced water shortage due to inadequate rainfall. Ankara has been the choice because it offers a suitable population for the study and it falls within easy reach. We drafted a questionnaire for data collection. By means of convenience sampling we conducted the survey with 388 persons with whom we had face-to-face meeting. The questionnaire drafted consisted of three sections. The first section comprised five-point Likert scale type of questions which tried to determine consumers’ understanding of global warming and their approach to the phenomenon. The second section contained questions aimed to make out consumers’ source of information regarding global warming and their preferences for environment-friendly products against its effects. Questions regarding consumers’ demographic properties took place in the third section. The questionnaire used was first applied to a limited mass, and was later used as a data-collection means after its reliability was justified. 6. Research Findings and Analysis First of all, the reliability analysis for the questionnaire is done. According to the results of the analysis, the questionnaire is found as reliable (Cronbach’s Alpha = 0,807). Table 1: Demographic Feature of the Sample Age 18-25 26-30 31-40 41-50 51 and above Overall Education Not literate Literate Elementary education Middle school University Graduate Overall Marital Status Married Single Overall Frequency 103 71 90 76 47 387 Frequency 4 18 34 125 189 18 388 Frequency % 26,6 18,3 23,2 19,6 12,1 100 % 1,0 4,6 8,8 32,2 48,7 4,6 100 % Occupation Public Officer Worker Bureaucrats Teacher Free Profession Student Overall Gender Female Male Overall Income 0-500 501-1000 1001-1500 Frequency 58 42 13 29 84 63 385 Frequency 155 233 288 Frequency 37 75 % 15,1 10,9 3,4 7,5 21,8 16,4 100 % 40 60 100 % 9,6 19,5 94 24,4 221 163 384 57,6 42,4 100 1501-2000 2001-2500 2501-3000 3001 and above Overall 74 53 25 27 385 19,2 13,8 6,5 7,0 100 When we examine the features of the sample, it is seen that the data is not equally distributed but it does not show a trend of gathering in a certain point. In other words, we see that there are sufficient data on each group for the analysis in terms of demographic features. When we examine the data in Table 1, it seems that 472 �1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo youngs in age group, graduates in educational group, married persons in marital status group, 1000-1500 Turkish Liras gap in income group, males in sex group, and independent business owners in profession group become important. 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Mean 8 Standard deviation 7 I strongly agree 6 I agree 5 Global warming is a threat to our world. Global warming is a threat to our country. Global warming is a threat to the region where we live The effects of global warming are not only on climate. In global warming, the products work with solar energy should be used more widely. Products that may reduce damage of global warming must be increased to use Products on the market are not quality products to reduce these global warming effects More products are needed to reduce these global warming effects In this regard, I think in the future many new products will be generated. Businesses must make their products available to the solution of this problem now. When I buy these products, over price difference is not important Informed(conscious) consumers should follow these issues and must use these products Consumers in the fight against global warming, have responsibilities too. I use products to reduce the effects of global warming in my home. There is no such thing as global warming, climate change, this situation is temporary. Global warming is a game invented by the developed countries to sell more goods. I do not find sufficient activities of states and international organizations to reduce the effects of global warming in the world. States and international organizations should seek an urgent solution for global warming issue. Business organizations thoroughly understand the results of global warming and should develop products that prevent global warming. Businesses have not yet fully understood about the results of global warming bring. Businesses must develop new products for the effects of global warming. Businesses need to do market research to understand problems of global warming in their business field. Global warming will affect consumers' consumption preferences no idea 1 2 3 4 I disagree QUESTĐONS (Factors) I strongly disagree Table 2: Threat Perceptions Againist Global Warming and Attitudes to New Products % 4,9 4,7 4,1 4,2 % 7,6 4,9 6,2 3,1 % 4,3 3,4 5,7 10,6 % 27,6 35,4 37,2 37,9 % 55,6 51,6 46,8 44,2 1,14 1,05 1,05 1,01 4,15 4,24 4,15 4,13 2,6 4,4 11,5 40,6 40,9 0,96 4,11 3,9 3,4 7,5 35,1 50,1 1,00 4,24 4,4 3,9 17,3 38,0 36,4 1,04 3,97 2,6 3,1 8,8 43,0 42,5 0,91 4,19 2,1 10,1 18,6 39,9 29,3 1,02 3,84 3,4 6,5 12,4 42,4 35,3 1,02 3,99 6,4 25,5 13,1 35,6 19,4 1,23 3,35 3,6 8,5 4,9 49,0 34,0 1,02 4,01 2,6 2,8 5,7 45,6 43,3 0,88 4,24 4,9 20,3 14,8 41,0 19,0 1,15 3,48 44,4 27,1 8,5 12,4 7,6 1,29 2,11 45,1 28,9 12,9 6,7 6,4 1,19 2,00 12,7 12,7 16,3 35,7 22,6 1,30 3,43 3,1 3,6 9,8 43,7 39,8 0,95 4,13 3,4 2,6 7,7 47,4 38,9 0,92 4,15 3,9 5,7 16,5 45,1 28,8 1,00 3,88 2,3 3,1 9,6 47,5 37,5 0,88 4,14 3,1 3,6 9,8 48,3 35,2 0,93 4,08 4,6 6,2 10,1 43,6 35,5 1,06 3,99 When we examine threat perception as well as attitudes in relation to global warming, it strongly seems that a consciousness among consumers has become visible in regard to global warming. In addition to this, we see that consumers believe that everybody should do something about global warming. It is strongly believed in this regard that companies should make contribution to the solution by developing new products. The second question, global warming a big thread for Turkey, the sixth question, the products which will reduce global warming and its negative effects should be produced more, and the thirteenth question, consumers should take responsibilities in fighting against global warming, get the highest value with the average of 4,24. These tree questions summarize the main idea of the study. 473 �1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Table 3: Which types of products diminishing the effects of global warming are you using at your home? Frequency % Energy saving products 185 47,8 Products that reduce harmful gas production 22 5,7 Does not contain harmful chemical products 32 8,3 Water saving products 40 10,3 Fuel saving products 37 9,6 I do not have a specific preference in this matter 71 18,3 Overall 387 100,0 It seems that consumers prefer energy saving products with a ratio of 47,6% within product groups which will diminish effects of global warming. It also seems that other products are preferred by consumers’ fairly low rates. In this case it could be said that consumers think that they will make contribution to the solution of global warming by using energy saving products. Table 4: How does your attitude toward products developed against global warming in your shopping Frequency % This is not an issue that I notice in my shopping 84 21,6 After that, I pay attention to these issues 106 27,3 Sometimes, it takes my attention 116 29,9 Definitely I consider these issues 37 9,5 I both consider and recommend my environment 45 11,6 Overall 388 100,0 It is clearly shown that when consumers do shopping, their product preferences are not very sensitive and careful about global warming. Table 1 indicates that consumers are very sensitive to global warming, but when they do shopping they are not. In this regard, we can say that the level of consciousness of consumers is not as expected. Table 5: How is your Information level On Global Warming Frequency % I have not enough information about this issue 100 25,8 I have information about this issue is limited with the media. 173 44,6 I have enough information on this issue. 80 20,6 In this regard, I've reviewed a lot of sources to inform 25 6,4 In this regard, I can say I am an expert. 10 2,6 Overall 388 100,0 It seems that consumers do not have adeqaute knowledge about global warming or a much part of their knowledge is limited with the information provided by the media. 7. Hypotheses and Results of the Research When planning the research, we formed the main research questions as follow: What kind of perception do consumers have on global warming? Does the perception of consumers ensure their preference to the products reducing global warming effects or not? The hypotheses and their evaluation results as follow: H1: The perception of global warming threat affects the demands of consumer’s product development. H2: There is a correlation between consciousness level and consumers’ demand for the products developed. H3: There is a correlation between consumers’ demographic features and consciousness level in relation to global warming. H4: There is a correlation between consumers’ demographic features and the demand for the products developed against to the threat of global warming. The regression analysis for the first hypothesis reveals significant results (F =216, 55 and P = 0,000). According to the obtained linear model, the perception of global warming threat explains 35.8 % of the demand for product 474 �1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo development (Adjusted R2 = 0,358). The intercept of the model is 2,30 (Beta = 2,307, t = 15,288 and P = 0,000). The perception of global warming threat in the model is also found statistically significant (t =14,716 and P = 0,000). The coefficient of demand for the perception of global warming threat against new product development is 0.494. The regression model is as follow: Y = 2,30 +0,494 x The Attitude Against Product Development Ki-square tests done for H2, H3, and H4 hypotheses are not statistically significant. 8. Concluding remarks Global warming is a threat and can lead to vital problems for the world. Even though the public is informed about the scope of the problem, it is clear that initiatives and policies about the problem is not enough. Developing new products diminishing the negative effects of global warming can be a solution for the problem. Developing a new product is a long and costly process, and requires R-D. That is why it is important that consumers should demand for these newly products. The demand for the new product depends primarily on how consumers perceive global warming as a threat. The purpose of this study is to answer questions mentioned above. The results of the study verify the first hypothesis. Based on this result, it can be said that the consumers selected as sample have a very high perception of global warming threat. As a result of this perception, consumers demand for developing products which diminish effects of global warming. In short, the perception of global warming threat supports attitudes directed toward developing new products sensitive to global warming. In order to test H2 hypothesis, Ki-square test statistic is used. However, the results are not statistically significant. This means that there is no correlation between the consciousness level in regard to global warming and products demand which sensitive to global warming. This result may be explained in two different ways: Firstly, an error is done in the research. Because at least theoretical level, consumers’ consciousness level affects the demand of products which are sensitive to global warming. Secondly, consumers perceive having consciousness about global warming as the same demanding for products sensitive to global warming. It is obvious that there is a need for new studies and research in order to find clear answers to these questions. Ki-square test statistics does not verify H3 and H4 hypotheses. In other words, there is no correlation between demographic features of consumers and their approaches to the subject of global warming, and product demands sensitive to global warming. Based on this result, we can say that, all the consumers consisted of the sample, regardless of demographic features, approach consciousness to the issue of global warming. It can be seen in frequency table, the perception in all consumer groups is quite high. As a conclusion it can be said that people is quite sensitive to global warming issue. And it is expected that they will demand for the new products developed by companies which are sensitive to global warming. It is possible for companies by taking into consideration this demand that they can try to develop new products and thus they can both make contribution to the solution of global warming and make profit. Undoubtedly, this approach will get benefit for everybody at institutional, individual, and social level. References Abulut, S. (2000). Küresel Isınmanın Böcek Popülâsyonları Üzerine Muhtemel Etkileri, Ekoloji Çevre Dergisi Cilt: 9 Sayı: 36. Akoglu, A. (2009). Türkiye Kyoto Protokolüne Katılıyor, Bilim ve Teknik Dergisi, TÜBĐTAK, Mart 2009, Yıl: 42, Sayı: 496. Dogan, S. (2005). Türkiye’nin Küresel Đklim Değişikliğinde Rolü Ve Önleyici Küresel Çabaya Katılım Girişimleri, Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi, Đktisadi ve Đdari Bilimler Dergisi, Cilt 6, Sayı 2, 2005 Dutta, P. K., Roy Radner,. (2009). A Strategic Analysis of Global Warming: Theory and Some Numbers, Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization (2008), doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2009.01.013. Gözcelioglu, B. (2009). Türkiye Đçin Đklim Değişikliği Senaryoları, Bilim ve Teknik Dergisi, TÜBĐTAK, Mart 2009, Yıl: 42, Sayı: 496. Kadioglu, M. (2001). Bildiğimiz Havaların Sonu Küresel Đklim Değişimi ve Türkiye. Güncel Yayıncılık. Đstanbul. Lash, J. & Wellington, F. (March 2007). Competitive Advantage On A Warming Planets. Harvard Business Review. P.30 http://www.milliyet.com.tr/2007/02/09/son/sonyas21.asp. Öztürk, K. 2002). Kemal, Küresel Đklim Değişikliği ve Türkiye’ye Olası Etkileri, Gazi Üniversitesi, Gazi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi Cilt 22, Sayı 1. 475 �1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Turkes, M. (2001). Küresel Đklimin Korunması, Đklim Değişikliği Çerçeve Sözleşmesi ve Türkiye. Tesisat Mühendisligi, TMMOB Makina Mühendisleri Odası, 2001. Süreli Teknik Yayın 61 www.indeksiletisim.com/images/Makale/Kuresel%20Isınma%20ve%20dogaya%20etkileri.pdf Erişim Tarihi: 06.08.2008 www.inepo.com/basin_haber_ekle/uplFiles_resim/KÜRESEL%20ISINMA-%20AA%20HABERĐ.doc 31.01.2007 476 Erişim Tarihi: � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 294 Title A name given to the resource Consumer Approach to New Product Development Policies against Global Warming’s Effects Author Author KARACA, Yusuf KANDEMiR, Tuğrul Abstract A summary of the resource. Global warming and global problems caused by global warming is one of the most discussed issues in all over the world. Beside consumers accepting this problem as a serious threat, there are consumers who are insensitive and don’t perceive it as a threat. From starting this point, main aim of this study is to determine how consumers perceive this issue and how these perceptions affect buying behavior of them. Especially to determine demand of goods which were developed against the effects of global warming. Study focused on two main research questions. First one is what is the level of consumers’ global warming threat perception and second one is does this threat perception create an effect about products developed to decrease effects of global warming. By casting access, cost and time sample in this study was chosen from consumers living in Ankara and in this respect a survey was made to 388 consumers by using face to face interview technique. Data was evaluated by the help of SPSS program. In evaluation, frequency and chi-square tests were made. At the end of the analysis, while there is not any important relationship between consumers’ global warming perception and consumers’ demographic variables, there is a relationship between consciousness level of consumers on this subject and global warming threat perception. Additionally, a relationship between consumers’ global warming perception and demand for the products in this area was found. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2009-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed HB Economic Theory https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/17a084e728eacb77d968252ce3a00ad6.pdf 516a5c5f924a9315b2395c8582c5ade8 PDF Text Text The Capacity of the evaluation of linguistic abilities of FLE examinations applied in Turkey by OSYM ∗ Şeref Kara Uludag University, Bursa/Turkey serefk@uludag.edu.tr Melih Karakuzu Atatürk University, Erzurum/Turkey karakuzu@atauni.edu.tr Abstract : Since the ultimate object of the assessment and the evaluation in foreign language is the communication competence, it remains custom to determine the parameters and the performance criteria of the foreign language users. However, the multiple choice items used in Turkey generally do not allow us to measure different types of learners such as oral communication. It is limited only to the measurement of mental processes such as knowledge comprehension and application. En the contrary, the multiple choice items are still mostly preferred. Within the framework of this research, our aim is to analyze the multiple choice tests prepared and applied in Turkey by the OSYM in various examinations such as the OSS, the KPDS and the UDS. Key words: evaluation, competence, communication, test, validity. 1. Introduction The evaluation means certain number of various things in various contexts. Sometimes, as teachers, we evaluate our classes as spaces of study and as in teaching; other times, we evaluate the tests or written work that our learners produce. By many theories of language evaluation the institutional character of the evaluation means is taken into account rather than the learners needs. It is well known that evaluation is an extremely complex field where there are various human and teaching variables. The evaluation helps an educational system to provide the data which is needed to renew itself. So what to evaluate: knowledge or competence? Which type of evaluation use: formative/summative, direct/indirect? How to evaluate: questions/responses, free expression/expression, open questionnaire/questionnaire with multiple choices? It should be noted that it is very difficult to be able to find a real answer miracle, because each teaching method privileges such or such type of evaluation with a precise aim. However, it is not impossible to set up referents to recognize the learners’ acquisitions according to equivalences of levels. The convergent validity with existing tests should not be significant. According to Morrow (1979), it is significant to consider 1) the validity of the contents (items of which the test made up constitute a representative sample for a linguistic capacity?), 2) validity of the psycholinguistic concepts (does the test reflect with precision the principles of a valid theory of a foreign language learners?) and 3) predictive validity (can one determine by the result of the test foreseeable success in a given discipline). False objectivity will not be determining any more, even if, in certain situations it is advantageous to have formats of possible tests corrected by using a machine. Gary Buck (2001) is among the most known specialists for construction and the evaluation in tests in written comprehension. He quotes Bachman and Palmer (1996) by saying that the most significant characteristic of a test is its utility. According to their definition, this concept includes the following features: validity of psycholinguistic concepts, interactivity, authenticity, reliability, practice and impact. Buck adds the effectiveness to it. To build a test and to evaluate it, it is necessary to start firstly by defining the "pattern" or psycholinguistic concept: aptitudes and the capacities on which must carry the test and what it must measure. In the curricular area of the languages, particularly in programs of FLE, there are many proposals on the way of applying evaluations to the activities of class and the evaluation of program. The teachers and learners can objectively look at their work and their execution during the course. In the second place, they can understand the progression of the course and its relation with the goals of the program ∗ The center of selection and placement of the students to the higher education in Turkey 135 �more thoroughly. Thirdly, the teachers and learners can benefit from the evaluation to modify their teaching or study strategies whilst improving their achievements. By taking part in the continuing programme of evaluation, teachers and learners become more implied in the program. In short, the project of evaluation can help to create a good relationship between the teachers and learners. Continual evaluation is a systematic and reflective process to measure the program. With the difference in other evaluations, this approach comprises only teachers it and learners. One can regard it as a process of auto evaluation. 2. Scales of levels In this study, we will present the principal tests, certifications and scales of levels used in foreign language (LT) in Turkey. There are three types of tests in FLT prepared and applied by the OSYM which is the OSS, the KPDS and the UDS. Intended to choose candidates and historically to place them in the sections of FLE of the universities according to the points obtained and the preferences, oldest of these tests is that of the OSS which is more than 20 years old. The OSS is a test of French language, conceived and created to evaluate the people of an intermediate level. It validates about 250 hours of formation. One can qualify it like a diagnostic test which has a paramount objective to classify and to select the participants. The second, KPDS has existed for 12 years. The third, most recent, the UDS is addressed to those who want to make academic studies after the diploma of licence at the end of 5 years. The test of the KPDS follows the same format as the test of the OSS and measurement mainly knowledge in general language It covers subjects accessible to the candidates concerned. It should be noted that the idea of the creation of the KPDS comes from the request of the official institutions for the living languages. The KPDS and the OSS consist of multiple choice questions which last 3 hours, divided into six sections from 20 to 15 questions each one. The three hours of the test prove indeed often long and discouraging. It is presented in the form of a multiple-choice questionnaire, comprising 100 questions for which only one answer is possible among the 5 choices suggested. The questions are conceived according to a principle of progressive difficulty. But the test of the UDS is composed of 80 questions for which 3 hours also allocated Though reliable the KPDS is not a reference recognized on an international scale. The total objective is thus well targeted: linguistic abilities in writing. The certificate given to each candidate indicates a total score spreading out between 0 and 100. But the disadvantage is that none of these three tests provides detailed certificate of linguistic competences in grammar, vocabulary, or written comprehension in order to accompany progress and to personalize the teaching course. As we announced above the obligatory tests appear as a multiple-choice questionnaire of 100 questions, for a fine evaluation of linguistic competences. The first part of the tests treats the words of the lexicon: (comprehension of the words according to their usual or rare character); of morphosyntax: (the agreement of the adjectives, the substantives, the past participle, simplest); elements of the nominal group: (determinants, adjectives, possessive phrases), the pronouns in general, relate to the relative ones (differences who/which); the most current times; adverbs of time, place, the prepositions; of syntax: construction negative, interrogative, the simple sentence. In 2003, there were 100 questions with multiple choices as in the preceding tests. The tests, built by the commission of the OSS, were distributed to the schools with the optical cards of answers and then they were sent to the OSYM in Ankara for the final evaluation. The answers of the participants are corrected and recorded on computers and the results of all the participants are announced on the Internet. Then the test of the KPDS which aims to evaluate candidates the linguistic level in foreign language in an occupational context is intended to the civil servants, to professionals who would like to know their linguistic level, to companies who would like to determine French level of their current or future employees, it is also intended to organizations of formation for the installation of homogeneous groups or continuous or final evaluation. At the end of the test candidate obtains a certificate of level. The texts of questionnaire relate to the social sciences, economic and legal, mathematical sciences and sciences of the matter, life sciences. These tests are a measuring instrument of general knowledge in French. They make it possible to get a detailed vision of the learner or employees level in writing and operation of the language. But oral competence is not evaluated. As KPDS is the validation of knowledge, the certificate is valid only for 5 years, knowledge being able to undergo positive or negative changes. In fact tests give little information would enable us to comprehend the candidate’s difficulties. The opinions and interpretations must be changed, and their exchange and evaluation are an essential part of the interactive training, comprising the development of the language, the cultural conscience and the increase of learners in general terms of education. Because very often there is not only one correct answer to a question. 136 �While preparing this work we were relied on our experiments as well as well as on testimonies of the participants of various levels at the exit of the examination rooms. Although a large audience is concerned with these tests, unfortunately we did not find a serious study which relates to them. Normally a tool for evaluation in FLE must measure all the linguistic abilities. But unfortunately the tests of languages of the OSYM completely neglect the oral competence which is of primary importance for the linguistic communication. Within the framework of this work our objective is to highlight some axes which could help the decision makers and the inspectors to change their policy and their approach simply by taking account the communicative function of the language. Rather than to analyze and highlight the gaps or the weaknesses of these tests about which we spoke here, let us try to propose some ways for their future improvement. 3. Stages in the evaluation The teacher and learners should carry out continuous evaluations periodically. First continuous evaluation can be carried out in the first week. In a language program, there are many factors which must be considered and studied in order to obtain an objective sight of the process of teaching (Braskamp and others, 1984). These factors can be classified in four categories. 4. Gathering of the data Manners of gathering data are changed. In our own practice, we employed questionnaires of the tests of the OSYM. 5. Feedback and advantages The continuous evaluations should not ever be means of sanction for the teacher or learner. They should rather help the two parts in their practices. The teachers and learners them should adopt positive attitudes and concentrate on the achievement of the objectives of the texts, but they can also get information about the models of study and the strategies of learners. In addition, learners find out about teaching style of the teacher and can understand why certain methods are employed. By mutual observations and the exchange of the ideas learners and teachers help each other to improve the learning. Learners can also profit from different studying strategies and the teachers will be able to see learner models and can adjust their methods to satisfy learner needs. A continuous evaluation is a systematic examination of a language program. By changing the roles of teacher and learner in a program, teaching and the study can be improved. The process should include teachers and learners and various kinds of activities at the various stages of the evaluation. The evaluation also benefits the teacher who becomes a researcher. All the methods of evaluation have some disadvantages, and it is essential to determine which MCQ can play an essential role in the strategy of total evaluation by examining the results of the study envisaged by module. However it should be remembered that any form of valid evaluation is likely to require learner to show a certain form of the basic knowledge which is acquired by memorisation. The questions based on basic knowledge are also a formative evaluation tool to check if learner has comprehended it. The preparation of MCQ which tests the knowledge in depth of the learner is more difficult to realize than traditional questions. 6. Comprehension and the application It is necessary to formulate as clear and concise questions as possible, while avoiding the complex language and the composition of the axes which give more than one indication. It is better also to concentrate on common errors of learner like sectors for questions and/or options. One must accept both answers as correct if two of the choices are possible. But if necessary, if the question requires it, it should be specified that there is only one correct answer. How can one provide effective feedback for the MCQ? The assistance of feedback can be desirable in the sommative and essential evaluation in the formative evaluation. Contrary to the traditional evaluations where feedback depends on various answers, the closed range of response for MCQ means that the tutors know the possible errors which can be made before the test. Thus the proposal of a MCQ is an excellent chance for the tutor to get focused generic feedback. This can be in the form of oral test of the answers following a written test or feedback on the questions, where learners can identify their errors by themselves. The effective feedback does not indicate simply to learners where they were mistaken but also gives the reasons as to why. 137 �7. Useful indicators for feedback: In the best of the cases, it is to better to write feedback while writing the questions. The principal strengths and the weaknesses of the multiple choice questions are as follows: they examine a wide range of subjects in little time. The evaluation is not affected by a capacity of writing or orthography of learner. They can be surely pointed while all the answers are predetermined. They can also quickly be marked by computer. The inscription on computer gives the easy access to an analysis of article of the questions in the specific problematic fields for learners. A large bank of the questions which reduces the future preparation time can be made up. They can be employed for the fast revision at the beginning or the end of a class and to be marked by learners. 8. Conclusion One of the advantages of MCQ is the documentation of the statistics on the tests which are easily accessible, especially if these tests are marked by a computer. Multiple choices questions can be employed to examine the comprehension of a reading passage. Inscription of the MCQ, as mentioned above, is often difficult. As for true/false items, they should not directly quote the words of the passage and they should reflect a certain possible ambiguity of the text. None of the possible answers should stand out for example in comparison, having one longer or shorter than the others. None of the possible answers should be the opposite of correct answers. (as that states that usually one of the opposites is the correct answers). The distracters should not have similar meaning, since they can not both be correct, they must both be false. On the other hand the items should equally examine the information which can be implied from reading passage and require the candidates to reassemble the information from more than one place in the passage. The pre-tests are always significant but in particular with MCQ because obtaining a fresh prospect about the test is significant. The effectiveness is a feature added by Buck, which stresses the importance to be able to draw from a test as mach information as possible on the capacities of written comprehension of the participants within the limited time. Thus it could be possible to avoid it by making easier tests. In MCQ, it is very significant to write good correct and incorrect replacement choices. The correct choice in question should not come directly from the text. It should be reformulated, so that participant can understand the significance of the text and not simply to identify the repeated words. Incorrect replacement choices should be based on a possible misunderstanding of the text. They should be clearly incorrect, but not illogical. If they are illogical, tested will eliminate them, even if they do not understand the text. The problem in writing goods items is often that it is difficult to write three or four good replacement choices which are logical and clearly incorrect. By writing MCG, one should avoid giving indications for the correct response the multiple choice test preparers have a tendency to put the correct response to the medium, C-to-D., if there are four choices, they prefer B or C, or if there are five choices C is preferred. One must make sure that the correct answers are not prevalent matter in the medium of the solutions of replacement. As mentioned above, one must also avoid employing the opposites of the correct answers as incorrect alternative, and it is better to employ two incorrect replacement choices with very similar significances. While preparing the items, one must consider carefully which qualifications or knowledge are necessary to answer the question. If a competence other than that that we want to examine is necessary, this type of item is probably not a good item. By considering what we said about our test, we can conclude that the test functions relatively well in its context. Principal criticism comes owing to the fact that the written text does not represent the authentic spoken language clearly enough and that the texts could be varied with regard to the topic and the type of text. But one also needs radical changes so that these tests have conformity and an international validity Finally, there are two significant points that we want to draw from this discussion. First of all, considering the established concept in the specifications of the test, MCT can be useful at least as a part of written comprehension tests. It can show the validity even according to communicative approaches. What is significant and what constitutes a challenge for the specialists. From which our second point comes, is to be able to build a valid test which measures the targeted concept. The difficulty lies in other factors; finding a representative sample of texts and tasks, having as result a degree of interactivity and satisfactory effectiveness. Especially by building a big relatively significant test like the test of the OSS for about of 45000 participants, it is necessary to analyze and check the results before and after the test with people similar to the target group of the test and with the specialists of the discipline, considering the answers and the results obtained. Conceived and developed by the OSYM, the tree tests of evaluation of French language in Turkey allow testing only competences in written comprehension and completely neglecting competences in oral and written expression in non specialized French language. This causes a great weakness with regard to the reliability and the validity of these tests. 138 �"How can I evaluate myself?", "I am not a teacher!″ The traditional school culture does not encourage the learners taking responsibility in the evaluation, the only person who really knows if you understood something is you! At school and university you can often pass from the examinations if you know only 50% of a subject. If you carry out your own test, you can discover what you really know. The evaluation is the responsibility of the teacher at the school and the university partly "yes". However, after the university you’ll have to learn from new things for your profession. You’ll have to be evaluated yourself to discover what you do not know, so that you can project what you have to learn. That is called "needs analysis”. For what is known as in the evaluation of oneself, one needs many supports and counselling from the teachers The examinations are not a goal but they are means. They measure simply the degree of what learners know. If education has ten essential objectives the examinations and their result constitute simply one of them. But in Turkish education system, the examinations became the only objective in itself. The other objectives lost all their importance. All the actors of education concentrated only on the examinations. The children grow up simply with examinations. They are completely isolated from everyday life and they lost their creativity because of the memorisation system. Everything is evaluated and relied on the result obtained from one examination. The state as well as the parents does not see anything beyond the examinations. The results are not questioned. On the other hand the results are worse for the participants as well as the educational establishments. We insist on something wrong just because of the increase in number of students at the university gates. Because of the examinations the life of the parents is upside down as that of the thousands of youngsters. Here is a debate for the awakening of the utility of the evaluation and the validity of the written comprehension test. It is clear that there is still a lot to do make in this field, to arrive at the interesting but complex process of written comprehension, and at its valid measurement. This is why the tests should rather be conceived so as to encourage the recourse to activities of acquisition. The tests of use must measure before all the competence of communication of the learners. For this reason they are especially the abilities of comprehension and communication of the ideas which must be tested. Contest of selection and placement of the students. 1 Examination of competence of foreign language of the employees of state. 1 Examination of foreign language of the council interuniversitaire. 139 �References: Bachman, L., Palmer, A. (1996). Language Testing in Practice. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Buck, G. (2001). Assessing Listening. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Bolton, S.(1991). Évaluation de la compétence communicative en langue étrangère. Paris: Les Éditions Didier. Cadre européen commun de référence pour les langues:apprendre, enseigner, évaluer (2001) Didier. Chapelle, C.A.(1998). Construct definition and validity inquiry in SLA research. In: Bachman L.F, A.D. Cohen: Interfaces Between Second Language Acquisition and Language. Cornaire, C. (1998). La compréhension écrite. CLE International. Galisson, R,D.Coste (1986). Dictionnaire de didactiques des langues Hachette Germain,C.(1993). Evolution de l’enseignement des langues: 5000 ans d’histoire Cle Int. Hilton,S C.Veltcheff (2003). L’évaluation en FLE Hachette. Hymes D., (1984). Vers la compétence de communication, CREDIF-Hatier. Hutchinson, J.A. et Pauline M. Rankin (1987). “Employement profiles and compensation for educational technologists:1983-86” Educational Media and technologie yearbook:1987. Littleton, Co: Librairies Unlimited. Landsheere, G. (1992). Dictionnaire de l’évaluation et de la recherche en éducation, PUF Lhote, E. (1995). Enseigner l’écrit en interaction. Paris: Hachette. Lussier, D.(1992). Évaluer les apprentissages dans une approche communicative. Paris, Hachette. Nimier, J. (1996). La formation psychologique des enseignants: Collection Formation Permanente en Sciences Humaines. Edition: E.S.F Morrow, K. (1979). Communicative Language testing: revolution or evolution? in: Brumfit. Porcher, L. (1995). Le français langue étrangère Hachette. 140 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 664 Title A name given to the resource The Capacity of the evaluation of linguistic abilities of FLE examinations applied in Turkey by OSYM Author Author KARA, Seref Karakuzu, Melih Abstract A summary of the resource. Since the ultimate object of the assessment and the evaluation in foreign language is the communication competence, it remains custom to determine the parameters and the performance criteria of the foreign language users. However, the multiple choice items used in Turkey generally do not allow us to measure different types of learners such as oral communication. It is limited only to the measurement of mental processes such as knowledge comprehension and application. En the contrary, the multiple choice items are still mostly preferred. Within the framework of this research, our aim is to analyze the multiple choice tests prepared and applied in Turkey by the OSYM in various examinations such as the OSS, the KPDS and the UDS. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2009-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed L Education (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/557334d764e3847755e87caaa57854b0.pdf 67e6dac49a7c67c04641e29cb14ade12 PDF Text Text Games in the Teaching of Foreign Languages Mehmet KARA Gazi University, Faculty of Educatıon, Departman of Turkish Language Teaching, Ankara, Turkey, mehkara@gazi.edu.tr Abstract: The use of games in teaching of foreign languages is that students learn the foreign languages easier, the students enjoy this method, they participate classes with love and willingly and the stuff that they learn seams to be much more permanent. Games in the process of teaching foreign languages seem to be a forward key for the teachers. Moreover, the teaching of the languages through the games, will learn the students to share, to have a friendship, to socialize and to communicate among others. The most important thing for the teacher is to know which games is propper for the basic language skills, to choose the game for the purpose and to applicate it correctly. One of the principles of foreign language teaching is to develop the four basic language skills. These skills are listening, speaking, reading and writing which consists of the functional integrity. Teaching of foreign languages includes a lot of games and a lot of researches have done about these issue. Since I have personaly applied these games in TÖMER Gazi University (Gazi University the Turkish Language Teaching Center) I can tell that I was getting exellent results. Most important thing is to be able to applicate it and at the end to have possitive results. Key Words: Games, Teaching of the language with games, Foreign language teaching, The techniques of teaching the language, Language teaching Introduction "Children should grow with the game." Plato One of the most important functions in training is that the students uncover the existing capabilities and develop. The traditional way of education system is teaching the students not to be that active, teachers are using the teacher-centered methods and techniques. Now, training and education in our age is that the students are the center as assets that adds many new class of methods and techniques which are beginning to be used. Foreign language teaching can only be taught by the student-centered methods and techniques used with the appropriate technologies which have to be effectively performed. Not to explain and not to be able to express the true feelings and thoughts, is the same as not to be able to understand and effectively explain without thinking, as a result of the effectiveness of the class, summarize. (Kavcar et al., 2004:59). Success of foreign language teaching practices, based on the principles and methods in the classroom depends on the operating conditions. Basic principles, language and education of scientists of various research is created by the results reached by the findings suggest. These are recommended basic principles of proper planning and implementation in the classroom interaction that may be about the effectiveness of foreign language teaching. One of the principles of foreign language teaching is to develop the four basic language skills. These skills are listening, speaking, reading and writing consists of the functional integrity. Language as a communication tool to use these four basic skills of teaching should be carried out (Demirel, 1990: 23). Developments of the four basic skills are many events. In foreign language teaching; specified goals of the activities within the classroom, the plan can be applied. To teach certain subjects in order to put these issues, starting from simple to complex, concrete and abstract concepts should be taught correctly, and thus issues a call to find language teaching program that forms the basis of the other is a policy (1990:24 Demirel; 1997: 123). A good foreign language teacher is the one who develops the skills towards the work in the classroom. The content of foreign language courses should include on one hand, the continuity, availability and other issues provided by teaching again and again. With this aim, for teaching foreign language classes students should use 16 �above mentioned four basic language skills to enhance photographs, pictures, poems, stories, tales, drama, film, music and games and getting benefit from the thinking skills in line with the activity which can be done. In recent years, education in mother language is required in the foreign language teaching, being used widely as a student centered and active teaching methods in language teaching with games. Because the game is fun for students providing rest and joy as a training method. I briefly would like to talk about the benefits of the games. The Benefits of the Games 1. The game allows children the freedom of movement. 2. The game teaches children to respect social rules. 3. An interesting game should increase interaction between people, it consists specific and constructive power. Games are providing the children's mental and psycho-social developments. 4. Games are providing children's self-managed and controlled creating a fantasy world. 5. The game is challenging research, curiosity and adventure. 6. The basis of language developments process occurs during the game. 7. Care collection, developed with the game. 8. Games for children, to recognize aspects of the real nature, the research allows. 9. To learn the game and method provides the most dynamic live environment. 10. Children's making of decisions and execution logics are developing through the games 11. The program can be educational teachings through the game. Shortly, games are helping in children's character development, earning trust, to ensure compliance, to develop observation skills, enhance the activity of body and brain. This event also are related to education of individuals' social. Their sensitivity to environmental development, learning to listen, sense and feel when using their own internal sense of direction as well as sound thinking to develop. So far we have stand on the different topics about how games are effecting the children. I wonder what are their contributions to influence on language skills? Beyond the listening, speaking, reading and writing skills games are improving the supporting skills as well such as basic skills of words and grammar. Language means interaction. All of this can be only functional if the language spoken between individuals is at the understandable level. Specially if during the interaction between individuals in the game, encourage the individual to full fill interaction with fun and educational activities. In particular, teaching the students with the game as soon as possible most effective and most meaningful in a way words can be provided with. Foreign language teaching each skill (listening, speaking, reading and writing) can be applied to game events. But here in the class not only the implementation of the games are important but also reaching good results with it, which is on the other hand the aim of the teaching. Otherwise, hundreds of games can be produced on paper, but only few of them will have the results. As a result of our experience the games should have these features: 1. The game should be fun and instructive, 2. The game should be loved by students, 3. The game should be easy to understand and to perform should not be messed up, 4. Since the students don’t prefer the games with much material, the games should not include much material. 5. The goal of the game should be appropriate 6. The game should not be to long or to short 7. The games should be appropriate to students' level 8. Games should be competitive. 9. The game should be suitable for individual or group work. Now I would like to inform you about the games which we, my colleges1 and myself, apply in TÖMER Gazi University (Turkish Education Application and Research Center) which are very enjoyable and made more efficient course. 1. Saying new words according to the last letter of word. A student is telling a word, after which a next student has to say according to the last letter of the previous word a new word which begins with that letter. The game is going on that way until all the students have sad the words. For example: the first word is “play”, next student is saying “young”, since the last letter of the word play is “y”. If the student doesn’t remember any word with the particular letter or if the student is saying the same word which was already used he has to leave the game. These easy game is very loved by students. The purpose of this game is to check out if the students are spelling and pronouncing the words correctly. During this game students have the capability to learn new words and to remember the forgotten ones. The most useful time to play this game are the last 15 minutes of the class, because it will help 1 Expert Hatice Parlak, Gazi University, TÖMER, Instructor of Turkish Language; Expert Neslihan Delice, Gazi University, TÖMER, Turkish Language Instructor, Ankara. 17 �out the students to repeat the words that they have learned that day or before and it will bring joy to the last part of the class. This game can be performed to the middle – level students, but not to the higher level students (advanced) because it might be boring and to easy for them. 2. The teacher should read a comprehension from the unit that they have worked out before. A class should be divided into two groups. Teacher before reading the comprehension should write some words from the text on the board. From each group one student is comming in front of the board, every group has a different colour to mark the words which they hear while the teacher is reading. Teacher has to reads the text loud and slowly, and the students listen good and when they recognize a word which is on the board they have to mark it and next student from that group has to continue. The students who marked more has won the game. This game is a good practice for listening, and to repeat a unit at the end of the class. Students will have fun as well as new information and possibility to repeat the unit. This game can be applied to middle-level students. For advanced students is simple and boring. 3. This is the different version of the previous game. The teacher should read a comprehension from the unit that they have worked out before. A class should be divided into two groups. Teacher before reading the comprehension should write some words about the text on the board. From each group one student is coming in front of the board, every group has a different color to mark the opposite words which they hear while the teacher is reading. Teacher has to reads the text loud and slowly, and the students listen good and when they recognize a word which is on the opposite of the word on the board they have to mark it and next student from that group has to continue. The students who marked more has won the game. This game is a good practice for listening, recognizing and to repeat a unit at the end of the class. Students will have fun as well as new information and possibility to repeat the unit. This game can be applied to middle-level and a little bit advanced students. For advanced students and those who are really good this game can be simple and boring. This game can be performed also with the similar words or something that might be the grammar topic of that unit such as adjectives, adverbs, pronouns… 4. The teacher has to write into the board some synonim words from the unit that they have done same day. Students should look to the board 5 minutes and try to remember the words which are written on it. Then from each group at the same time a student comes to the board. Students are given different colored pencils. When the teacher is reading students should try to find the synonims on the board. For example, the teacher is reading "pc" and the student has to recognize the word “computer” on the board, mark it with the color of his group. The students who marked more has won the game. This game is a good practice for listening, recognizing and to repeat a unit at the end of the class. Students will have fun as well as new information and possibility to repeat the unit. This game can be applied to middle-level and a little bit advanced students. For advanced students and those who are really good this game can be simple and boring. This game can be performed also with the similar words or something that might be the grammar topic of that unit such as adjectives, adverbs, pronouns… 5. Teachers can perform the same game as number four but only with the opposite words. 6. The teacher is writing the words one by one on the small papers from the unit they have had before and putting them into a bag. Teacher is dividing the class into two groups. A student takes a paper from the bag and trying to explain it in Turkish using similar words, opposite words and so one. The student is trying to describe it to the both groups. The group that the first knows gets a point. This game is helping the teacher to understand the students skills for explanation, how the student is using his knowledge in practice, how good are his sentences, his knowledge about synonyms and opposite words. This game can also be performed to the individuals without dividing the class into two parts. This game can also be performed to the advanced level students using "expressions" instead of “words”. 7. In this game most important thing is to know how to describe a person with physical and character features. Teacher should divide the class into two. The student in front of the board should without giving a name describe a person in the class only using words. The opponent group should guess the name of the asked person, they have the right to ask questions about the person, but they also have only one chance to guess it right. If they know they get a point, if not than the opposite group gets a point. If there are less students then the person which they have to explain doesn’t necessarliy has to be from the classmates. It can also be someone from the neighbour class, some stars… The goal of this practice is to check up the students knowledge about the grammar. This game can be applied to students in middle level and a little bit forward ones. This game can apply in writing courses. This time student has to describe a friend and the character of the physical properties in paper and later on perform it to the classmates which have to guess about who is the topic. The goal of this game is to check up the knowledge of the students in writing accurate, meaningful and writing the sentences and adjectives grammatical proper. 8. The teacher divides into two groups the class. Removes some words from the text and prepares two different texts. The missing words from the group A he writes it to the group B. The missing parts of the group B writes to the group A. after the teacher reads the original text teacher will check up who has the most right words and 18 �his group is going to be a winner. This game can be performed also for the individuals. At the end the student who has the most right words is the winner. This game is good for teaching of foreign language so that the students will develop listening and writing skills. This game can be adapted to language skills, the teacher can ask only for grammar words like pronouns. This game can be applied to advanced students. 9. This game is very similar to the eighth game. Can be applied to the entire class or groups. Teacher should give a text with some missing words to the students and then while listening to the song the students should fulfill the missing words. This game will improve students' listening skills. 10. While working the dictate teacher has to divide the group into two. Also he has to divide the text into two parts and hang them to the classroom but the students should not see it. From every group a student goes and reads one sentence and tells it to the friends from the group quickly. Each time a different student has to do it. At the end of the game two text parts will be read again. The group who has a less mistakes is a winner. This is a very teaching game who is improving the students to remember the sentences and to write it quickly. This game can be played with the middle level students. 11. This game, and in oral expression and written expression is a game that can be implemented. Teachers bring to class a small ball. Teacher starts a sentence by saying the story and the ball goes into a student. Add a sentence to the story the students at the ball. Then he wants the ball at one and continues until students. Students will have to pay attention to structure and editing. Students can enjoy a game that is played. This game can be applied to advanced students. 12. Teacher country, city, place, environment to promote the unit after telling pictures of famous places is cut and pasted to cardboard. Divides the class into two groups again. Students from each group in turn will show one of these places and students of this place (without saying where it is) to tell you which group knows more and better explain the name if he wins. Students to describe this game (the title) to learn about. Students will increase their vocabulary. This game can be applied to students in the middle a little more advanced. 13. Another game we played very often is the silent cinema. Teacher movie names, book names, words, or a bag put it on paper wise words said. Teacher class divides into two groups again. A student from the group a paper bag and pull without ever talking with Mark, with gestures sometimes classified as an object to show through or on paper by de facto, a friend of movement on the bag by applying the word taken from a group of friends at a certain time to try to explain. The first consists of few words and tell which word with the finger shows. Here you say all the words that evoke the students in the group for them, students will review the vocabulary for. Sometimes students do not know if the words out, then the teacher tells the meaning of those words silently to the narrator or a particular time will allow to select the other words from the bag. Most who know the game will win the group. This game can be applied to advanced students. 14. Classified into two groups of teachers in grammar lessons will take. Written on paper in the hands of each group has a list of verbs. A student against a student group and a verb tells him to this act passivity, or want to bring. (for example: hair cut-factual the other is cut-to-order in) know if students ask questions during and in the same way that the group goes to a question he asks. Group knows the most wins. This game, teachers, students without verbs list of verbs to tell whether the students also can apply by requesting. We can adapt to the many issues grammar this game. Conclusion Dear colleagues it has been determined that in the teaching of foreign language threw the use of the games are making the students to learn foreign language more easy, students enjoy this method, they willingly participate and learn more. Dear colleagues, teaching has only a meaning with the learning. If there is no willing for learning teaching and the education can’t only be of use. I can tell you about hundreds of games, but if I tell you about something that I don’t know, something that I haven’t tried there won’t be benefits of it. I have informed you about the games that my colleagues and myself have tried in Gazi University Turkish Language Teaching Center. At the end I would like to respectfully thank you for listening patiently. References 19 �Y., (2002). Türkçe Öğretim Yöntemleri: Yeni Yaklaşımlar, Ankara: Akçağ Yayınları. Alemdar Andrew Wright et al. (1979), Games for Language Learning, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Cahit Kavcar, (2004), Türkçe Öğretimi, Engin Yayınları. Ercan T., Nesrin B., Hüdai C., (2004), Pratik Türkçe Öğretim Teknikleri, Dilset Yayınları, İstanbul. http://www.oyunlarlaingilizce.net/grammar-games/151-can-cant-flash-game-new.html http://www.education-world.com/a_lesson/archives/learninggame.shtml http://www.curtin.edu.au/curtin/dept/smec/iae N. Aykaç, (2005), Aktif Öğretim Yöntemleri, Naturel, Ankara. N. Aykaç, Aydın, H., (2006), Öğrenme ve öğretme sürecinde Planlama veUygulama. Naturel. Ankara Maley & Duff, 1978 repr 1980 Draman Techniques in Language Learning. CUP. M. Kutay İzgören, (1999), Oyunlarla Dil Öğretimi, Academyplus, Ankara. Özcan Demirel, (1993), Yabancı Dil Öğretimi İlkeler, Yöntemler, Teknikler, Usem Yayınları, Ankara. Özcan Demirel, (2002). Türkçe Öğretimi, Ankara: PegemA Yayıncılık. Perkins David N, (1999) “The Many Faces of Constructivısm.” Educational Leadership, Novenber 199:6-11 Sedat Sever; KAYA, Zekeriya ve ASLAN, Canan. (2006). Etkinliklerle Türkçe Öğretimi. Morpa Yay. İst. Shelagh Rixon, (1981), How to Use Games in Language Teaching, The Macmillan Press Ltd., London. William Rowland Lee, (1996), language Teaching Games and Contents, Oxford University Press, Oxford. 20 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 313 Title A name given to the resource Games in the Teaching of Foreign Languages Author Author KARA, Mehmet Abstract A summary of the resource. The use of games in teaching of foreign languages is that students learn the foreign languages easier, the students enjoy this method, they participate classes with love and willingly and the stuff that they learn seams to be much more permanent. Games in the process of teaching foreign languages seem to be a forward key for the teachers. Moreover, the teaching of the languages through the games, will learn the students to share, to have a friendship, to socialize and to communicate among others. The most important thing for the teacher is to know which games is propper for the basic language skills, to choose the game for the purpose and to applicate it correctly. One of the principles of foreign language teaching is to develop the four basic language skills. These skills are listening, speaking, reading and writing which consists of the functional integrity. Teaching of foreign languages includes a lot of games and a lot of researches have done about these issue. Since I have personaly applied these games in TÖMER Gazi University (Gazi University the Turkish Language Teaching Center) I can tell that I was getting exellent results. Most important thing is to be able to applicate it and at the end to have possitive results. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2009-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed L Education (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/34bd4f0a3384cfab917c4e5da896f8dd.pdf 77ff6210e8ebd0e2d93b255f92a9b9b3 PDF Text Text 1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Taxation Role in Sustainable Development Hayriye IŞIK Pamukkale University, Turkey Abstract: The concept of sustainable development is about ensuring that the costs of onegeneration’s activities do not compromise the opportunities of future generations. It stresses the long term compatibility of the economic, social and environmental dimensions of human well-being. There are tax aspects of various significances in these four dimensions, some of which are under the primary responsibility of developing countries. These are; (a) Providing a fiscal environment that is favourable to Foreign Direct Investment and international trade in developing countries, (b) At the international level, cooperation between developed and developing countries to ensure that developing countries get a fair allocation of tax base in relation to the Foreign Direct Investment they attract, (c) Helping developing countries to develop efficient and fair tax policies and tax collection mechanisms that allow their governments to effectively fund sustainable policy measures in the economic, social and environmental fields, and (d) At the international level and in particular in investors’ home countries, involving civil society by encouraging taxpayers and in particular MNEs(Multinational Enterprises) to behave in a responsible way when managing their taxes. The key challenge for for countries especially for developing countries is to establish a strong policy and institutional framework that will help developing countries to attract increased trade and investment and to ensure that these flows benefit their societies and promote sustainable forms of development. The most important features for a tax system in terms of sustainability would be: transparency in administrative decisions; stability of tax rules / reasonable certainty for taxpayers; and availability of fair jurisdictional recourses. This paper aims to investigate tax and tax system role on the sustainable development. Finally gives some detailed example for developing and developed countries. Keywords: taxation, sustainable, foreign direct investment 1.Tax System and Sustainable Development The key challenge for for countries especially for developing countries is to establish a strong policy and institutional framework that will help developing countries to attract increased trade and investment and to ensure that these flows benefit their societies and promote sustainable forms of development. The most important features for a tax system in terms of sustainability would be: - transparency in administrative decisions; - stability of tax rules / reasonable certainty for taxpayers; and - availability of fair jurisdictional recourses. A partial re-orientation of taxes from taxation of income to taxation the use of natural resources and pollution of nature. The broader goal of the tax reform concept is to improve the competitiveness in lot of country, support the economic development and reduce unemployment. Another basic principle is that the overall tax burden has to remain the same – this means that the rise of environmental taxes and fees has to be balanced with decreasing of income tax Tax System Role; a) Collection From Business: Collecting taxes from businesses, rather than individuals, makes use of the economies of dealing with a smaller number of larger units, many of which have sophisticated accounting systems.It is morecostly, as a fraction of revenue raised, to collect taxes from compared to larger busiensses. b) Trade off - Raising taxes from entails high collection costs per revenue. 195 �1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo - Collection costs include both administrative and compliance costs, but the former should beweighted more heavily. - But taxing SMEspreferentially creates inefficient incentives for resources to flow to them (where they are difficult to tax). - Thus, economizing on the costs of collection may exacerbate the distortion costs of taxation. c) Distortion types - a size-related exemption discourages businesses from getting big, a production inefficiency. -It also favors goods and services whose production technology involves small businesses, a consumption inefficiency. d) Cost-benefit framework The potential collection costs savings and the distortion costs depend on to which tax the preferences apply, and on the nature of the preferences. -Special treatment can take many forms, including exemption, a lower rate schedule, a simplified base, and relatively lax enforcement. -Key question: what about a tax system delivers lower collection costs? e) Tax system problems - Administration - Competitiviness - Impact to wealth distribution - Measurement (indicators) - Political fluctuations f) Poverty Considerations Assessing equity issues requires careful consideration of the ultimate incidence of tax policies. -Both tax liability and compliance costs can be shifted away from the apparent beneficiaries via market adjustments. -For example, not necessarily owned by people with small incomes. 2. Tax System Role Special tax regimes for may be appropriate policy instruments for minimizing the cost of collection.The objective should be to achieve collection cost savings while minimizing the revenue loss, disruption to the economy, and the inequity and capriciousness of the tax burden. 3. Conclusions The role of taxation in sustainable development covers many aspects. The most commonly discussed ones are the use of taxes or tax incentives designed to encourage or discourage specific behaviour that affect economic, environmental or social sustainability. However, there is a more fundamental, although less often advocated, dimension to thisissue. Taxation is essential to sustainable development in that it provides governmentswith the necessary finance to effectively implement development policies. Objectives interms of improving infrastructures, education, health, or environmental protection, cannotbe achieved at no cost. There is a joint responsibility for developing economies, wealthycountries, investors and international organisations to promote fair and efficient taxsystems, administrations and attitudes that will ensure each country derives the fruits ofits own economic growth. This contributes to the wider objective of policy coherence. 196 �1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo References Anonim Agenda 21 Rio Deklarasyonu Caroline Silberztein “sustainable development a shared responsibility for developing and developed countries,Institutional Approaches to Policy Coherence for Development OECD Policy Workshop Dommen, Edward, Editör, Fair Principles for Sustainable Development. Edward Elgar, 1993. Minibaş, Türkel ; “Çok Taraflı Yatırım Anlaşması (MAI) ve Dünya Ticaret Örgütü (WTO), Đktisadın Dama Taşları, Đ.Ü. Đktisat Fakültesi Mezunlar Cemiyeti, 2001-1 OECD (2001:a), Strategies for Sustainable Development-Practical Guidance for Development Cooperation Pearce, David, "New Environmental Policies: The Recent Experience of OECD Countries and its Relevance to the Developing World." Environmental Management in Developing Countries. Editor Denizhan Öcal. OECD 1991 içinde. Pearce, David, "New Environmental Policies, Environment and Economics: A Survey of OECD Work" Environmental Management in Developing Countries. Editor Denizhan Öcal. OECD 1991 içinde. World Bank, National Environmental Strategies: Learning from the Experience, Mart 1995. Tanzi, Vito&Davodi, Hamid R.; Corruption, Growth, and Public Finances, IMF Working Paper WP/00/182 197 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 176 Title A name given to the resource Taxation Role in Sustainable Development Author Author IŞIK, Hayriye Abstract A summary of the resource. The concept of sustainable development is about ensuring that the costs of onegeneration’s activities do not compromise the opportunities of future generations. It stresses the long term compatibility of the economic, social and environmental dimensions of human well-being. There are tax aspects of various significances in these four dimensions, some of which are under the primary responsibility of developing countries. These are; (a) Providing a fiscal environment that is favourable to Foreign Direct Investment and international trade in developing countries, (b) At the international level, cooperation between developed and developing countries to ensure that developing countries get a fair allocation of tax base in relation to the Foreign Direct Investment they attract, (c) Helping developing countries to develop efficient and fair tax policies and tax collection mechanisms that allow their governments to effectively fund sustainable policy measures in the economic, social and environmental fields, and (d) At the international level and in particular in investors’ home countries, involving civil society by encouraging taxpayers and in particular MNEs(Multinational Enterprises) to behave in a responsible way when managing their taxes. The key challenge for for countries especially for developing countries is to establish a strong policy and institutional framework that will help developing countries to attract increased trade and investment and to ensure that these flows benefit their societies and promote sustainable forms of development. The most important features for a tax system in terms of sustainability would be: transparency in administrative decisions; stability of tax rules / reasonable certainty for taxpayers; and availability of fair jurisdictional recourses. This paper aims to investigate tax and tax system role on the sustainable development. Finally gives some detailed example for developing and developed countries Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2009-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed HB Economic Theory https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/454c21ec095e99aeee72a1f67b2d3e7c.pdf 85271265e659e81ad2cdaf551190e238 PDF Text Text 1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Determination of the Yield and Yield Components of Narbon Vetch (Vicia narbonensis L.) Lines Grown in Spring Selahattin Iptas Department of Field Crops, Faculty of Agriculture Gaziosmanpasa University Tokat, TURKEY iptas@hotmail.com Yasar Karadag Department of Field Crops, Faculty of Agriculture Gaziosmanpasa University Tokat, TURKEY ykaradag@gop.edu.tr Abstract: Fifteen narbon vetch (Vicia narbonensis L.) lines obtained from ICARDA were used in this study. The highest seed yield (1163 kg/ha) was obtained by the line 2390, the lowest seed yield was obtained (1110 kg/ha) by the line 2561. As an average, the 1000-seed weight ranged between 171.4 g and 318.8 g, whereas biological yield ranged between 4043 kg/ha and 7899 kg/ha. It has been found that the relationship among the traits varied according to the years. Although there were negative correlations (-0.656**) between 1000-seed weight and seed per pod, and also there was positive correlations (0.830**) between 1000-seed weight and pod length. The biological yield was positively correlated (0.680**) with pod length and 1000seed weight. Except for the plant height, there was no significant correlation between the seed yield and other characteristics in summer sown lines. Keywords: Narbon vetch (Vicia narbonensis L.), plant height, 1000-seed weight, biological yield, seed yield, relationship between seed yield and other traits. Introduction In the arid and semi-arid regions of Turkey,traditional cereal/fallow cropping systems are practiced by majority ofthe farmers. Every year,about 16.7 million ha are under cultivation and 5.1 million ha areleft as a fallow (Anonymous, 1998). Hence, approximately one fifth of the crop land is left as a fallow for 12-14 months. Central and southeastern areas generally receive lessthan 500 mm average annual precipitation during December and May months. Plant growth is seriously affected by the amount and distribution of rainfall. The fallow practice could be ended by using suitable cropping system intransitional regions having 400-500 m m or more annual rainfall (Acikgoz 1988, Iptas et al. 1994). Tokat Province is located in the region of the Transitional climate. Hence,the amount of rainfall varies according to year-to-year. Since the fallow area was 25.1% of the total cropland in the year 1980, it reduced to 8.9 % in the year 2000. The area obtained by reducing fallow area can be used to grow chick-pea,lentiland vetch species. Vetch species are grown either as pure stand or as a mixture with cereals for green herbage, hay and seed production. Narbon vetch (Vicia narbonensis L.)is grown for seed production widely in arid and semi-arid regions (Acikgoz, 1988; Eason et al. 1987; ICARD A 1988). Buyukburc et al.(1994),Iptas et al.(1994), Buyukburc & Iptas (2001) have found that narbon vetch has a potentialimportance for seed production, when sown either in autumn or in spring in Tokat Province. Major portion of precipitation occursin early spring monthsin Tokat Province. Climatic conditions are suitable between the end of February and the second quarter of March for spring sowings. Narbon vetch crop when sown as spring legume under Tokat ecological condition will getit’sseed maturation within 119-128 days. The seed of narbon vetch contains about 20-32 % protein,hence itis expected to play a very importantrole in the dietary of broiler chickens (Abd-el Moneim 1992, Eason et al. 1990, Thomson et al. 1990). The straw is palatable as a forage for sheep (ICARDA, 1989). The objectives of this study are to: (i) determine the yield and the yield components, (ii) determine the relationship between the seed yield and other agronomic traits. 83 �1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Material and Methods This study was carried out during the year 1995 and 1996 under Tokat-Kazova (40o 13I -40o 22I N, 36o 1I 36 40 E, elevation 623 m) ecological conditions by growing narbon vetch lines as a spring crop. Some climatic data regarding the research area are given in Table 1. As itis seen in Table 1 that total rainfall of 236.8 mm, 354.1 mm and 203.6 mm was recorded between March and June months during the 1995, 1996 and long durations, respectively. In 1996, the amount of rainfall was higher than the year 1995 and long durations. Almost half of the annual rainfall has fallen into March and June months in Tokat-Kazova region as long durations. The study soils are slightly alkalinein reaction, medium in calcium carbonate content, medium to poor in P content, high in K content and medium to poor in organic matter. o I Average temperature (o C) Rainfall (mm) Relative humidity Months Long Long 1995 1996 duration 1995 1996 duration 1995 1996 March 9.0 5.2 7.1 30.1 112.9 40.2 45.7 73.8 April 10.9 10.2 12.5 115.3 122.1 63.7 52.8 69.4 May 17.1 18.8 16.3 33.7 83.9 60.3 44.9 64.0 June 21.0 18.6 19.5 57.7 35.2 39.4 45.3 58.8 July 20.9 23.0 21.9 26.7 0.9 11.2 55.2 55.0 Mean/Total 15.8 15.2 15.5 263.5 355.0 214.6 48.8 64.2 Table 1: Climatic data regarding the experimental years and long duration period (%) Long duration 57.9 57.6 55.2 55.5 52.9 55.8 Fifteen genotypes of narbon vetch were used; 2561 and 2393 accession, Syria origin; 2380, 2383, 2390, 2391, 2392, 2467 and 2468 accession, Lebonan origin; 2461, 2462, 2464, 2465 and 2466 accession, Turkey origin. The experiments were carried out as a randomized complete block design with three replications. The seed bed was prepared conventionally and the plots seeded as 200 seed/plot on 5th March 1995 and 12th March 1996,in rows spaced 30 cm apart with four rows. Before seeding, 30 kgN/ha and 60 kg P2 O5/ha were uniformly broadcast on allthe plots. The plots were weeded manually throughoutthe growing season as and when needed. At harvest, measurements on the plant height, pod per plant, number of seed per pod, and pod length were also recorded for each plot. These measurements were obtained from 10 plant for each plot. The plots were handharvested at the surface of soil and plants were weighed in order to determine the biological yield. After thrashing, clean seeds were weighed and the 1000-seed weight was determined. The harvest index was calculated by dividing the seed yield by total biological yield. Harvests were finished between 15-30 June in both years. The analysis of variance of the years 1995, 1996 and means of 2 years were done, and average differences were determined by Least Significant Difference (LSD) test as suggested by Duzgunes (Duzgunes et al. 1987). Also, the General Linear Model procedure of SAS was used to determine the simple correlation coefficients among all measured variables. Results and Discussion Yield And Yield Components Plant height of narbon vetch lines are presented in Table 2. As itis seen in Table 2, that plant height varied between 53.0 and 77.3 cm (average of two years). Highest plant height was observed for line 2468, lowestforline 2390. 84 �1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Plant height (cm) 1995 1996 Mean 2561 63.1 63.6 63.4 2380 64.3 60.0 62.2 2383 72.4 73.4 72.9 2388 65.2 68.9 67.1 2390 49.5 56.4 53.0 2391 63.1 65.1 64.1 2392 61.0 70.2 65.6 2393 66.8 68.4 67.6 2461 64.9 73.4 69.2 2462 65.2 74.3 69.8 2464 74.1 69.3 71.7 2465 63.9 52.2 58.0 2466 69.7 72.3 71.0 2467 75.4 69.7 72.6 2468 76.3 79.1 77.7 Mean 66.3 67.7 67.0 LSD ns ns 13.5** *,** significant at 0.05 and 0.01 probability levels Accession Pod per plant (no./plant) 1995 1996 Mean 5.4 10.6 8.0 4.5 12.4 8.5 5.2 11.9 8.6 5.3 10.0 7.7 7.0 9.7 8.3 5.6 11.9 8.7 7.4 16.1 11.8 4.6 10.9 7.7 5.8 10.4 8.1 7.0 10.0 8.5 6.7 8.5 8.3 6.4 10.7 8.6 6.8 9.6 8.3 6.6 10.5 8.6 6.2 10.5 8.4 6.0 10.9 8.5 ns ns ns Seed per plant (no./plant) 1995 1996 Mean 4.5 4.7 4.6 4.6 4.1 4.4 4.0 4.4 4.2 3.3 4.1 3.7 3.9 3.8 3.9 3.5 4.1 3.8 4.1 3.8 4.0 3.9 5.1 4.5 3.5 4.2 3.9 3.7 4.7 4.2 2.9 4.5 3.7 3.6 4.4 4.0 3.5 4.1 3.8 3.9 4.4 4.2 4.1 4.1 4.1 3.8 4.3 4.0 0.9** 0.7* 0.6** Table 2: Plant height, pod per plant and seed per plant of narbon vetch lines Pod length (mm) 1995 1996 Mean 2561 44.6 47.6 46.1 2380 50.6 53.3 52.0 2383 50.0 57.3 53.6 2388 49.3 55.6 52.4 2390 47.3 55.3 51.3 2391 49.0 56.6 52.8 2392 52.6 56.3 54.4 2393 53.6 62.3 57.9 2461 51.0 60.6 55.8 2462 53.6 61.3 57.4 2464 51.3 61.3 56.3 2465 50.6 60.0 55.3 2466 51.6 59.6 55.6 2467 53.6 57.3 55.4 2468 56.3 58.0 57.1 Mean 51.0 57.5 54.2 LSD 0.6** 0.7** 0.5** *,** significant at 0.05 and 0.01 probability levels Accession 1000 seed weight (g) 1995 1996 182.6 160.3 233.0 246.0 259.3 256.5 265.3 288.1 243.0 268.9 273.0 276.8 234.3 275.2 298.6 261.8 299.3 264.6 322.6 257.0 345.3 292.3 304.3 273.3 327.0 283.5 274.0 279.4 264.6 271.5 275.0 263.6 52** 22** Mean 171.4 239.5 257.9 276.7 256.0 274.9 254.8 280.2 282.0 289.8 318.8 288.8 305.2 276.7 268.1 269.3 33** Biological yield (kg/ha) 1995 1996 Mean 4033 3590 3811 3985 3854 3919 4666 4236 4451 4180 4478 4329 4277 3819 4048 3937 4593 4260 3693 2809 3251 5152 3958 4555 5152 4618 4885 7485 5104 6294 6076 5069 5572 5930 4963 5446 6319 4826 5572 5103 3666 4384 5881 3215 4548 5058 4186 4621 2065** 1420** 1256** Table 3: Pod lenght, 1000 seed weight and biological yield of narbon vetch lines The number of pod per stem was more during the year 1996 than 1995 (Table 2). The increase in the number of pod per stem was probably due to rainfall distribution during the vegetative stage. Buyukburc & Iptas (2001) also reported thatthe amount of rainfall had more effect on the number of pod per stem. Mean pod length ranged from 44.6to 56.3 mm in 1995, 47.6to 62.3 mm in 1996 and 46.1to 57.9 mm as a mean oftwo years. The difference among lines are statistically significant atthe 0.01 level.Increased number of pod per plantincreased the pod length because of the more rainfall happened during the year 1996. This result confirms the findings of Buyukburc & Iptas (2001). The resultsregarding the number of seed per pod is given in Table 2. As itis seen in Table 2,thatthe number of seed per pod varied according to the years. This difference in general was related to the amount of rainfall. The number of seed per pod was the highest (4.6 seed/pod) in line-2561 and the lowest (3.7 seed/pod)in line-2464 and line-2388. Forthe 2-year average,significant differences (P<0.01)in 1000-seed weight were found among narbon vetch lines (Table 3). Weight of 1000-seeds was more in the year 1995 than the year 1996. This difference was due to decreased pod length and the number of seed per pod inthe year 1995. Four lines (2464, 2466, 2462 and 2465) showed difference in 1000-seed weight than other lines. According to the means of two years, maximu m biological yields were obtained by line-2462 (6294 kg/ha),followed by line2464 (5572 kg/ha),followed by line-2466 (5572 kg/ha) and followed by line-2465 (5446 kg/ha) (Table 3). Data on seed yield and harvest index are presented in Table 4, respectively. Table 4 also indicates that both seed yield and harvestindex varied significantly (P< 0.01). Seed yield has also decreased inthe second yearin lines 2392, 2462 and 2468. The seed yield varied between 728 and 1532 kg/ha during the year 1995 and varied 85 �1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo between 930 and 1848 kg/ha during the year 1996. Data on average of two year indicate that maximum seed yield was obtained from line-2390 (1666 kg/ha), followed by line-2391 (1514 kg/ha),line-2392 (1411 kg/ha) and line-2383 (1373 kg/ha),respectively. Relationship between seed yield and the other characters Simple correlation coefficients among the seed yield and the other traits are presented in Table 5. There was no year-to-year variation interms ofrelationship between seed yield and yield components. Correlation was found (0.668**) between seed yield and the number of pod per plant (only in 1995). However,this correlation was not found in the year 1996. Decreased plant height, increased, the seed yield (mean of two year). Buyukburc & Iptas (2001) have reported a significant and positive relationship among seed yield, plant height and biological yield of similarlines when sown in winter. Similar authors have also found negative significant relationship with pods per plant. Since summer sowings have less vegetation growing period than winter sowings, due to this summer grown plants complete their vegetation stage in short period than winter grown plants. Hence, the difference in plant height and other agronomic characters is expected between sum mer and winter grown plants. An increase in pod length and 1000-seed weight have increased biological yield during the year 1995 (Table 5). In second year, a significant negative relationship was observed (-0.610*) between biological yield and number of pods per plant. According to the average oftwo years,increasing number of seed per pod decreased (-0.656**) the weight of 1000 seed (Table 5). Similar results were reported by Buyukburc & Iptas (2001) in winter sown. Itis possible to benefitfrom the seed and straw of annuallegume forage crops grown in arid and semi-arid region (ICARDA 1988, Cakmakci & Acikgoz, 1994). Due to this varieties which give more seed and straw are preferred. As reported by Abd-el Moneim & Cooks (1990) that generally varieties with high harvestindex have high biological yield. However,in summer sown crops this position is not true. A significant negative relationship was observed between harvest index and biological yield in both years. This position shows that summer sown lines with high seed yield have high harvestindex and low straw yield. Seed yield Harvestindex (kg/ ha) (%) 1995 1996 Mean 1995 1996 Mean 2561 910 1303 1107 23.8 36.0 29.3 2380 1161 1578 1370 29.8 41.3 35.0 2383 1066 1678 1373 22.2 39.4 30.4 2388 728 1848 1288 17.4 41.2 29.8 2390 1532 1800 1666 36.6 46.9 41.0 2391 1240 1787 1514 31.6 39.2 35.4 2392 1492 1331 1411 41.0 47.3 43.6 2393 869 1573 1217 16.7 40.7 26.6 2461 955 1598 1276 18.6 35.0 26.0 2462 1310 1280 1296 17.6 25.0 20.6 2464 1003 1343 1173 16.8 27.1 21.4 2465 1194 1370 1282 19.8 27.5 23.4 2466 1279 1319 1299 20.2 27.2 23.2 2467 1269 1403 1336 24.7 39.0 30.6 2468 1491 930 1211 25.9 29.1 27.0 Mean 1166 1476 1323 24.2 36.1 29.6 LSD 476** 521** 293* 10** 10** 7** *,** significant at 0.05 and 0.01 probabilitylevels Table 4: Seed yield and harvestindex of narbon vetch lines. Accession 86 �1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Plant Pod per Seed per Pod length 1000-seed Characters height plant pod weight Pod per -0.105 1 plant -0.015 2 -0.055 3 Seed per -0.178 -0.319 pod 0.100 -0.331 -0.016 -0.093 0.584* 0.217 -0.110 Pod length 0.322 -0.258 0.249 0.518** 0.050 -0.236 1000-seed 0.378 0.294 -0.790** 0.509 weight 0.176 -0.076 -0.363 0.704** 0.316 -0.067 -0.656** 0.830** Biological 0.424 0.391 -0.418 0.537* 0.783** yield -0.087 -0.610* 0.283 0.510 0.282 0.286 -0.394 -0.265 0.585* 0.680** -0.183 0.668** 0.240 -0.320 -0.062 Seed yield -0.380 0.024 -0.173 -0.118 0.145 -0.528* 0.344 -0.319 -0.138 0.039 Harvest -0.510 0.278 0.472 -0.163 -0.600* index -0.256 0.570* -0.366 -0.448 -0.067 -0.470 0.569* 0.021 -0.464 -0.458 1: 1995; 2:1996, 3: means of 2 year. *,** significant at 0.05 and 0.01 probabilitylevels,respectively. Biological Seed yield yield 0.122 0.212 -0.335 -0.622* -0.626* -0.869** 0.684** 0.611* 0.729** Table 5: The simple correlations coefficient of seed yield and other traits Conclusions This experiment was carried out during the year 1995 and 1996 under Tokat-Kazova ecological conditions. The results are sum marized as under: a) When narbon vetch (Vicia narbonensis L.) was sown in March,it gave 1107-1666 kg/ha seed yield (average of two years). b) Ecological factors (especially precipitation) have significantly affected the seed yield and agronomic characters. c) The lines as 2390, 2391, 2392 and 2383 when sown in summer were found to be better than other lines in respectto seed yield. References Abd-el Moneim, M.A., & Cooks, P.S. (1990). Growth analysis, herbage and seed yield of certain forage legume species under rain-fed conditions. J. Agron. & Crop Sci., 164, 34-41. Abd-el Moneim, M.A. (1992). Narbon vetch (Vicia narbonensis L.): A potential feed legume crop for dry areas in west Africa. J. Agron. & Crop Sci., 169 (5), 347-353. Acikgoz, E. (1988). Annual forage legumes in the arid and semi-arid regions of Turkey. In: D.B.Beck and L.A.Materon (eds.), Nitrogen Fixation by legumes in Mediterranean Agriculture, Martinus Nijhoff Publ., The Hague, Netherlands. pp. 4754. Anonymous, (1998). The Summary of Agricultural Statistics. Rep. of Turkey, Prime Ministry State Institute of Statistics Publication. Buyukburc, U., Iptas, S. & Yilmaz, M. (1994). Tokat ve yoresinde bazi tek yillik baklagil yembitkilerinin yazlik adaptasyonuna yonelik bir arastirma. Gaziosmanpasa University, Journal of Agricultural Faculty, 11 (1), 145-156. 87 �1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Buyukburc, U., & Iptas, S. (2001). The yield and yield components of some narbonne vetch (Vicia narbonensis L.) lines in Tokat ecological conditions. Turkish J. of Agr. & Forestry, 25, 79-88. Cakmakci, S., & Acikgoz, E. (1994). Components of seed and straw yield in common vetch (Vicia sativa L.). Plant Breeding, 113: 71-74. Duzgunes, O., Kesici, T. Kavuncu, O. Gurbuz, F. (1987). Arastirma ve Deneme Metotlari. Ankara Universitesi, Ziraat Fakultesi Yayinlari, Ankara. Eason, P.J. Johnson, R.J. & Castleman, G.H. (1987). Narbon beans a potential new legume for poultry. Proc. Nutr. Soc. Aust. 12, 119. Eason, P.J., Johnson, R.J. & Castleman, G.H. (1990). The effects of dietary inclusion of narbon beans (Vicia narbonensis L.) on the growth of broiler chickens. Aust. J. Agric. Research, 41, 565-571. ICARDA (International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas), Pasture, Forage and Livestock Program Report, (1988) p.143-166. Aleppo, Syria. ICARDA (International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas), (1988). Pasture, Forage and Livestock Program Report, Aleppo, Syria, pp.12-26. Iptas, S., Buyukburc, U. & Yilmaz, M. (1994). Tokat ve yoresinde tek yillik baklagil yembitkilerinin kislik adaptasyonuna yonelik arastirmalar. 1st. Tarla Bitkileri Kongresi, (1994) pp. 25-29 Nisan, Bornova-Izmir, 17-21. Thomson, E.F., Rihawi, S. & Nersoyan, N. (1990). Nutritive value and yields of some forage legumes and barley harvested as immature herbage, hay and straw in north-west Syria. Exp.Agriculture, 26, 49-56. 88 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 480 Title A name given to the resource Determination of the Yield and Yield Components of Narbon Vetch (Vicia narbonensis L.) Lines Grown in Spring Author Author Iptas, Selahattin Karadag, Yasar Abstract A summary of the resource. Fifteen narbon vetch (Vicia narbonensis L.) lines obtained from ICARDA were used in this study. The highest seed yield (1163 kg/ha) was obtained by the line 2390, the lowest seed yield was obtained (1110 kg/ha) by the line 2561. As an average, the 1000-seed weight ranged between 171.4 g and 318.8 g, whereas biological yield ranged between 4043 kg/ha and 7899 kg/ha. It has been found that the relationship among the traits varied according to the years. Although there were negative correlations (-0.656**) between 1000-seed weight and seed per pod, and also there was positive correlations (0.830**) between 1000-seed weight and pod length. The biological yield was positively correlated (0.680**) with pod length and 1000- seed weight. Except for the plant height, there was no significant correlation between the seed yield and other characteristics in summer sown lines. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2009-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed Q Science (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/e85d667c9fa6742fe0ab3990fcd52f4b.pdf f5d9c1eeb35cb7c0960313940e365fc4 PDF Text Text 1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Fiscal Framework of Sustainable Development Abdulkadir IŞIK Pamukkale University Abstract : The achievement of sustainable development—combining economic development, social development, and environmental protection—is a key challenge facing the international community. To this end, progress will beneeded in a number of different policy areas, with the right mix of policies varying from country to country. The purpose of this paper is to explore the relationships between fiscal policy—the range of the government’s taxing and spending decisions—and the economic, social, and environmental aspects of sustainable development.. Fiscal policy is central to the work of the all fiscal institutions, whose mandate is to promote international monetary cooperation, the balanced growth of international trade, exchange stability, and orderly exchange arrangements. Fulfilling this mandate is the insititutions primary contribution to sustainable development. Finaly this paper discussed fiscal activities of any economic system effect on the sustainable development. Keywords: Sustainable development, Fiscal Framework, and Institutions 1. The Terms of Sustainable Development The concept of sustainable development is about ensuring that the costs of one generation’s activities do not compromise the opportunities of future generations. It stresses the long term compatibility of the economic, social and environmental dimensions of human well-being. There are tax aspects of various significances in these three dimensions, some of which are under the primary responsibility of developing countries. Part of economic growth in some country is achieved through policies that allow and sometimes even encourage businesses and people not to think and act in a sustainable way. The current debate often centres on specific fiscal remedies to address sustainable development issues. From the perspective of developing counties, such measures would typically include the use of targeted taxes or tax incentives to encourage / discourage specific behaviour that affect economic, environmental or social sustainability, such as the adoption of environmental taxes; or tax incentives to attract Foreign Direct Investment; or tax incentives for continuing education. From the perspective of OECD countries, there is also a recurrent debate concerning the possible creation of new taxes in wealthy countries to collect funds that would be allocated to development projects in less developed countries (e.g. the Tobin tax) Sustainable development has three pillars—economic development, social development, and environmental protection.1 It entails “. . . balancing the economic, social, and environmental objectives of society . . . integrating them wherever possible through mutually supportive policies and practices and making trade-offs where (this) is not possible. This includes, in particular, taking into account the impact of present decisions on the options of future generations.”2 In September 2000, the member states of the United Nations underscored the importance of sustainable development by re-affirming the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), a set of time-bound targets for improving human development along several important dimensions. Fiscal policy—the range of the government’s taxing and spending decisions—has important effects on all aspects of sustainable development: economic, social, and environmental. Fiscal policy affects sustainable development through its effects on growth, the environment, and human resource development. These effects operate at both a macroeconomic level and through the myriad ways in which governments’ tax and spending decisions affect incentives to work, spend, save, and invest. Fiscal policy is central to the work of the lot of fiscal institutions. 2. Revenue Composition and Growth An efficient and fair tax system is an important component of a growth strategy. While foreign aid can make an important contribution, the main source of finance for a country’s public expenditure must be its own tax revenue. This requires an effective tax administration and a tax policy that minimizes distortions to ensure that the best use is made of resources across the economy. To minimize distortions, tax systems should avoid excessive complexity, focusing on taxing a broad range of goods and services at relatively uniform rates. Income taxation also has a role to play, although weak administrative capacity limits revenue from this source in many 401 �1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo developing countries. Tax systems should also be sensitive to the possibility of market failure, not least in relation to the use of the environment and natural resources, and be administered in a manner that is transparent, impartial, and rules-based. 3. Expenditure Composition and Growth Allocating a higher share of public spending to physical and human capital formation can also promote growth. Investments in physical capital, such as roads and other infrastructure, can increase the economy’s productive capacity.23 Although the efficacy of such investment varies across projects and countries, recent research indicates that it may have a significant impact on economic growth. One study finds, for instance, that an increase in public investment in transportation and communication of percent of GDP is associated, on average, with an increase in annual per capita GDP growth of as much as 0.6 percentage points. A better-educated and healthier population contributes to growth. Beyond their direct effects on wellbeing, improvements in the education and health status of the population also increase worker productivity. Reductions in communicable diseases such as malaria have positive spillover effects on growth by promoting tourism and foreign direct investment. Indeed, it has been estimated that each 10 percent improvement in life expectancy at birth can raise the per capita GDP growth rate by 0.4 percentage points. Although it has been difficult for economic research to quantify the magnitude of the effect of education on growth, there is nonetheless evidence that it can be significant. Economic growth, in turn, has beneficial effects on education attainment and health status, contributing to a virtuous cycle of stronger education, health, and growth. Physical and human capital spending should also be protected during fiscal adjustments. Fiscal consolidations that protect capital expenditure tend to be both more sustainable and better for growth. This finding reinforces the notion that reorienting public expenditures away from less productive spending, such as untargeted subsidies, and toward more productive spending, such as investments in physical and human capital, facilitates growth in many countries in both the short and long runs. 4. Fiscal Policy for a Sustainable Environment In both developed and developing countries, fiscal policy has an important role to play in assuring sustainable use of natural resources and safe guarding the environment. This applies to both the tax and spending sides of the government’s budget. On the former, Taxes can be used to ensure that prices reflect the full social costs of producing goods and services. This type of pricing is most conducive for growth over the long term. The prices charged for petroleum products, for instance, need to reflect not only the cost of buying or selling them on the world market but also the social costs of the airborne pollution their usage can create and—in the absence of better-targeted instruments, such as toll charges—the congestion associated with motor vehicle use. 5. Sustainable Development and Governance Poor governance poses a number of obstacles to human development. Corruption results in the allocation of budgetary resources for unproductive programs and inefficiencies in public spending, which reduces the effectiveness of outlays on social and poverty-reducing programs in fostering social development. Poor governance results in budgetary allocations tilted in favor of less-productive investment projects and defense-related spending and against nonwage operations and maintenance expenditures, which reduces the quality and productivity of existing infrastructure. Corruption also reduces revenue and therefore the ability of the government to mobilize the resources needed to finance critical poverty-reducing programs. Corruption results in the poor capturing a smaller share of the benefits from public spending and, more generally, in higher poverty and income inequality. Good governance is essential to ensuring that higher social spending translates into better social outcomes. Even if spending is allocated to propoor activities, public funds must be used for their intended purposes to ensure that these outlays have a positive impact on human development. As such, a sound public expenditure management (PEM) system and transparency in government operations are pivotal not only for good macroeconomic management but also for good governance. Good governance is also essential for promoting environmental sustainability. Progress in alleviating environmental problems in developing countries has been slow, often owing to ill-defined property rights regimes, corruption, and a general lack of capacity and political will at the national level.53 The IMF’s general emphasis on improving the quality and transparency of spending decisions has improved the effectiveness of developing countries’ environmental and other spending. In Brazil, for example, federal spending on environmental protection programs grew during an IMF-supported program. 402 �1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Conclusions The international financial institutions (IFIs) need to continue to provide financial support to countries pursuing sustainable growth and poverty-reduction strategies. In this regard, IFIs need to ensure that such support is used to promote strategies that are country-owned and developed with input from PSIA. In countries where the institutional capacity to develop and implement such strategies is weak, it is essential for IFIs to provide technical assistance, including in public expenditure management, Finally, international financial institutions should foster more extensive dialogue with member country governments and civil society to improve communication and better explain the rationale for their policies. Also National budgets are at the heart of the macroeconomic policy. They reflect choices that government have made, but more fundamentally they reflect the values and the claims made on resources by various social groups, i.e. the balance of power within a society. References Abed, George, Liam Ebrill, Sanjeev Gupta, Benedict Clements, Ronald McMorran, Anthony Pellechio, Jerald Schiff, and Marijn Verhoeven, 1998, Fiscal Reforms in Low-Income Countries: Experience Under IMF-Supported Programs, IMF Occasional Paper No. 160 (Washington: International Monetary Fund). Aghion, P. and Howitt, P., editors (1998). Endogenous Growth Theory. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA. Alesina, Alberto, and Roberto Perotti, 1996, “Fiscal Adjustments in OECD Countries: Composition and Macroeconomic Effects,” IMF Working Paper 96/70 (Washington: International Monetary Fund). Barbier, E. B. and Markandya, A. (1990). The Conditions for Achieving Environmentally Sustainable Development. European Economic Review, 34:659{669. Basar, T. and Olsder, G. (1982). Dynamic Noncooperative Game Theory. Academic Press, New York. Becker, G. S. (1991). A note on restaurant pricing and other examples of social inuences on price. Journal of Political Economy, 99:1109{1116. Becker, R. A. (1982). Intergenerational Equity: the Capital-Environment Trade- O_. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 9:165{185. Bell, F. and Leeworthy, V. (1990). Recreational Demand by Tourists for Saltwater Beach Days. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 18:189. Chichilnisky, G. (1997). What is Sustainable Development. Land Economics, 73:467{491. Sanjeev Gupta,Michael Keen, Benedict Clements, Kevin Fletcher Luiz de Mello Muthukumara Mani, Sustainable Development and Macro economic Policy Pamphlet Series No:54, IMF Washington, D.C.2002 Sarma, E.A.S. and Sarma, J. V. M.,Financing Government Expenditure for Sustainable Development in India. Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=321461 403 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 282 Title A name given to the resource Fiscal Framework of Sustainable Development Author Author ISIK, Abdulkadir Abstract A summary of the resource. The achievement of sustainable development—combining economic development, social development, and environmental protection—is a key challenge facing the international community. To this end, progress will beneeded in a number of different policy areas, with the right mix of policies varying from country to country. The purpose of this paper is to explore the relationships between fiscal policy—the range of the government’s taxing and spending decisions—and the economic, social, and environmental aspects of sustainable development.. Fiscal policy is central to the work of the all fiscal institutions, whose mandate is to promote international monetary cooperation, the balanced growth of international trade, exchange stability, and orderly exchange arrangements. Fulfilling this mandate is the insititutions primary contribution to sustainable development. Finaly this paper discussed fiscal activities of any economic system effect on the sustainable development. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2009-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed HB Economic Theory https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/4e3fee2eafb7e086fb968aba1091cbff.pdf 1c4967fc95332afc95f6a81ba2958f21 PDF Text Text 1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Sustainability of Effective Use of Water Sources of Turkey Şükriye Aras HĐSAR Fisheries Department, Agricultural Faculty, Atatürk University, Erzurum, TURKEY, sarashisar@hotmail.com Olcay HĐSAR Fisheries Department, Agricultural Faculty, Atatürk University, Erzurum, TURKEY, ohisar@atauni.edu.tr Sıtkı ARAS Fisheries Department, Agricultural Faculty, Atatürk University, Erzurum, TURKEY, msaras@atauni.edu.tr Adem Yavuz SÖN M E Z Fisheries Department, Agricultural Faculty, Atatürk University, Erzurum, TURKEY, ayavuzs@atauni.edu.tr Gonca ALA K Fisheries Department, Agricultural Faculty, Atatürk University, Erzurum, TURKEY, galak@atauni.edu.tr Abstract: Natural water resources had been threaten by increase of temperature due to global warming and not proper usage of them this causing health problems both for human and aquatic environment. Therefore new studies have been forced in the rehabilitation and sustainable usage of water sources recently in the world. In this paper information about their currency state and future projections is given based on many published data. Keywords: water resources, Turkey, sustainable Introduction One of the important vital resources of sustainable development is water. World population in 20.century increased approximately three fold in proportion to 19.century. On the contrary it is seen that utilization of water resources increased six fold. However the fast consumption doesn’t have properties about providing equal opportunities and benefits to beneficiaries of resources. Swedish hydrologist Malin Falkenmark points out that annual capitation of agricultural, domestic-urban,industrial water demand limit of minimum sufficiency is 1000m3 in a country. So under thislimit means poverty in point of water. There are water famines especially in three regions of world at presenttime. These are Africa,the Middle East and South Asia. In 20.century,itis written official enrolments thatthe speed of water consumption increase istwo half fold of the speed of population increase broad world. Even the Middle East in which has trouble with water problem, the rate of population increase exceeds %3 in lots of counties, and new generation doubles up the previous one numerically. On the other hand,itis guessed that with the increasing population in the developing countries in 20 years,in ratio of %17 more water will be needed to grow food products. On that account,itis guessed that the increase in total water consumption will be %40 in 2025. According to World Bank experts’ guesses, the number of countries which have substantially troubles with water famine is anticipated to rise to %34, and itis pointed outthatmore than 3 billion people will be faced with water famine in 2025. Water crisis is described like that over one billion people’s not gaining enough access to healthy 333 �1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo drinking water and half of world population’s not having enough water and groundwork of waste water. So, unavoidable water crisisis possiblein the whole world. On the other hand, according to evaluations, dirty waters cause %80 of illness in developing countries, and death of approximately 10 million people ever year. The recession of water quality and the anxieties about qualification of water provided that water resources are included in environmental protection and development content of United Nations Environment Program. Turkey’s Water Potential and Assessment of Situation W hen the water potential of a country, which is reinforced by rainfall, is divided to population, capitation of annual average of water amount is gotten. It does not mean thatthe water potential of a country is always usable property. There are important differences between the total water potential and usable water potentialin countries where rivers have irregular flow. Turkey is 779.425 square kilometersintotal area,land area is 765.152 square kilometers and water area is 14.300 square kilometers. The climate of Turkey is semiarid and there are excessivetemperature differences among some regions. Annual average amount of rainfallis 643m m3 (TUĐK 2008). Water resources are limited according to irrigable solid in Thrace and Central Anatolia regions, in Eastern Black Sea is reverse of this. Underground and aboveground waters of our country are given in Table 1 and 2. Flow 186,05 Consumable Annual Average Amount of Water 95,00 Actual Annual Consumption 27,50 Table 1. Aboveground Waters (billion m3) (Kıran, 2005) Drainable Annual Water Potential 12,20 Assigned Amount 7,80 Actual Annual Consumption 6,00 Table 2. Underground Waters (billion m3) (Kıran, 2005) W hen population increase of our country is considered, capitation amount of annual water is guessed 2750m3 in 2010; capitation amount of usable wateris 1300m3 in same term. It shows thatthere will be critical deficiency of waterin furtheryears especially in arid yearsin some parts of country (Kıran, 2005). W hile the annual population increase is %2.3 in Turkey, this rate is %3.6 in Southeastern Anatolia Project region, and this is twofold of %1.8 increase in world. Actually when capitation annual water amount is considered,the common aspectisthat Turkey is not a rich country about water resources. The capitation annual amount of water is 1300m3 in our country. However this amount is 3000m3in Asia, 5000 in Western Europe, 7000 in Africa, 18000 in North America, 23000 in South America and 7600m3 in overallworld (Türkkan 2009). The Possible Effects of Global Warming and Insensible Use of Water to Our Country’s Water Resources All world countries and science world started to ponder about more productive use and development sustainability of available water resources because of global warming and unconscious usage of natural water resources. Global warming is named shortly “the rising oftemperature on surface of atmosphere, oceans, and land masses”. The cause of this warming is guessed as greenhouse gases which are included to atmosphere with the burn of fossilfuelslike coal, natural gas, crude oil. Global warming started to produce clearly its effects in our country too like whole world. Turkey is in the risk group countries about potential effects of global warming. Our country will be affected by negative part of global warming like forestfires, arid, desertification and especially reducing of water resources. According to V. technical report of IPCC, which was published in 2002, it is made determined that temperature increases to 0.25°C every 10 years in Turkey, there is fall average %10 in rainfall, when a line is drawn from Samsun to Adana between 2071-2100 years, its west part will warm up 3-4°C, its east part will warm up around 4-5°C, daily rainfall amount will fallto 0.25mm, vaporization and evaporation willincrease, summer aridity will increase, there will be decline in fish species which live in interior waters depending on reducing in waterresources (Atalık 2005). Againitis made determined alot ofresearchesin paralleltoreport of IPCC; the negative effect of climate change to water resources will be pretty much in 10 yearsterms to come. One of the biggest problems of available recourses is water pollution when itis considered that aridity 334 �1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo and desertification problems will increase more with global warming in our country which takes place in arid and semiarid belt. Natural water resources are become dirty and unusable by upward industry and industrialization, and polluting resources day by day. Water pollution is one ofthe mostimportant environment problems in nowadays (Uslu &Türkman 1987). Chemical pollutions are frequently come across by usage of pesticide and chemical drug in agriculturalstrife withthe development ofindustry and industrialization especially late yearsin waters of our country (Sönmez et al. 2008). Wash, which is a physical pollution,is one of the biggest problems of water resources. Our barrages are established for kind of aim with big investments, another aim of them is irrigation. Our barrages fillin shortertime than estimated economic life with soil materials which are carried by river and surface flows. Generally economic lives of barrages are determined 50 years, butitisseen thatsome barrages fill in 15-20 years with the effectof excessive wash (Karamanlı13 years, Altınapa 10 years, Kemer 22 years). Itis clear that our country’s water resources are become weak day by day, and they are not developed enough according to upward population. So, itis possible that there will be water problems in 10 years in our country which is not water wealthy. Water Policy of Turkey and the Conformity with World Strategies Turkey aims to join European Union in the near future. With this aim, our country has to make consistent own legislation to legislation of Union and has to make applicable this new legislation. Water Frame Directive was prepared frame by European Union in 1996 and put into effect in 2000. It is a conjunctive directive to all member countries and candidate countries in concession process. The necessary precautions and constitutionaltransforms of candidate member countries are clear especially. The two main titles of Water Frame Directive of European Union attract attention. First of them is “Usage of Sustainable Water” (80/68/EEC) topic (Efeoğlu, 2005). To provide continuity of available resources is emphasized and to constitute necessary substructure about financial supportis wanted in this main title. The otherimportanttitle is “Aquatic Ecosystem and Prevention of Waters”. In other words to prevent pollution in available resources and to avert damage to nature stabilityis aimed. W hen the two materials are handled holistically, providing sustainability and averting pollution of our available resources are only possible with again attend to production with make refining of used waters or return them to nature stability. The same situation appears when development and strategic plans of our country are looked at. The two provisions support regulation of management of resource in 9th development plan of 20072013 years.“Environmental Protection and Development of Urban Groundwork” title of plan is 159.provision.It emphasizes that “Fast population increase and industrialization duration continue to be an importantforce factor on sustainable usage of natural resources. The uncertainties in distribution of duty and authority between institute and institution about protect environment and not being negative affected of production duration about sustainable usage of natural resources have not been dispelled sufficiently.” 162. Provision points out the agreement on the topic that “United Nations Climate Change Frame Engagement was approved by the Turkish National Assembly in 24 May 2004. As a conclusion, our resources are limited and bounded sustainability because of industrialization, upward population and especially climate change. First ofthese resource are waters without doubt. So the waters which are used in areas ofindustry,industrialand production, are necessary totake for provident and refinement certainly. Conclusion Water resources should be used to satisfy the needs of present day and future for the protection of ecolojic stability and also providing sustainable devepment of human societies. It is more important for our country which isin the risk group countries because of global climate change. The mostimportant solution way isthe providing sustainability of available resources. Our rivers, which are the most important renewable water resources, should be used consciously, should be protected regime of them, short built dimension catchments should be constituted and evaluated instead of high built dimension catchments. Waters, which are used in industry and industrial,should be returned to natural environment with least damage afterrefinement. Economic lives of river,lake and barrages should be lengthened with taking necessary precautions about erosion and water pollution which is based on agricultural pest control. To constitute an applicable “Sustainable Water Policy” is necessary with founding a functional government unit and determining inventories of water resources. The most important ofthem isto encourage people about conscious water usage, and stoping waste should be emphasized because wateris not an endless resource. 335 �1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo References AB Sustainable water resources .www.abgs.gov.tr Atalık, A. (2005). Effect of global warming on water resources and agriculture. www.zmo.org.tr “Climate Change and Biodiversity”, IPCC Technical Paper V, April 2002 Efeoğlu, A. (2005). A.B Water frame drective and continued study of this area in turkey. Development plan 9. www.dpt.gov.tr Kıran, A. (2005). Water in the Middle East. Đstanbul. Sönmez, A.Y., arslan, G., Hisar, O & Aras, M.S. (2008). Water information. Ankara. Şen, Z. (2006). Effect of climate change on water resources. Türkan, M. (2009). Potential and significant of our country water resources. Forest ecology and solid research headengineering. Ankara. Uslu, O., & Türkman, A. (1987). Aaquatic toxicology and control. T.C. premiership environment main management. 336 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 498 Title A name given to the resource Sustainability of Effective Use of Water Sources of Turkey Author Author HİSAR, Sükriye Aras HİSAR, Olcay ARAS, Sıtkı SÖNMEZ, Adem Yavuz ALAK, Gonca Abstract A summary of the resource. Natural water resources had been threaten by increase of temperature due to global warming and not proper usage of them this causing health problems both for human and aquatic environment. Therefore new studies have been forced in the rehabilitation and sustainable usage of water sources recently in the world. In this paper information about their currency state and future projections is given based on many published data. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2009-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed Q Science (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/88a42195e6bbce14a3b8c80377a68fa2.pdf 91160412c4899bf99a4c0f45fd7f081b PDF Text Text 1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo A New Approach to a Marketing Decision Model via the Fuzzy Expert System A.Samet Hasiloglu Department of Computer Engineering, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey, asamet@atauni.edu.tr U mit Gul Vocational College of Narman, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey Abstract: This paper proposes a new forecasting method for a marketing decision model. To support the modeling process, a fuzzy expert system was designed to determine whether a new product should enter the market. The fuzzy expert system based model presenting of a new product to the market at the best time will provide an advantage to the companies in competitive environment and increase their share of the market. In the final stage of this framework, algorithms for building fuzzy expert systems are explained and applied to a case study. The proposed method was tested with an actual data load of product life cycle. Keyword: fuzzy expert system; product life cycle; marketing decision model Introduction Real-world decision-making is much too complex, uncertain and imprecise to lend itself to precise, prescriptive analysis.Itisthis realization that underlies the rapidly growing shiftfrom conventional techniques of decision analysis to technologies based on fuzzy logic. Fuzzy logic was originally proposed as a means of representing uncertainty and formalizing qualitative concepts that have no precise boundaries. So far, of fuzzy logic has gained much more attention in engineering applications than in business and finance applications, but an even larger potential existsinthe latterfields (Facchinetti et al., 2003 & Yavuz et al.). Fuzzy logic is an excellent way to combine Artificial Intelligence methods (Zadeh, 1993). Fuzzy set theory and fuzzy logic provide a general method for handling uncertain and vague information, which unfortunately are unavoidable in many real world decision-making processes (Frantti & Mahonen, 2001). Fuzzy logic avoids the abrupt change from one discrete output state to another when the input is changed only marginally. Thisis achieved by a quantization of variablesinto membership functions (Herrmann, 1995). Expert systems were designed to reason through knowledge to solve problems using the same methods that humans use. A fuzzy expert system is an expert system that utilizes fuzzy sets and fuzzy logic to overcome some ofthe problems which occur when the data provided by the user are vague orincomplete. In this paper, we illustratethatthe fuzzy approach may be usefulin industrial economics.In particular, a fuzzy expert system has been adapted for product life cycle management. The well-known product life cycle approach describes the changing features of markets during their evolution. It may therefore serve as a theoreticalframework within which market changes can be explained (Klepper & Graddy, 1990). To supportthe decision process, a fuzzy expert system was designed to determine whether to enter of a new product into the market. Finally, when operating the fuzzy expert system, three different deductions can be made:the preservation of the present status,the introduction ofthe new productto the market and the withdrawal of the productfrom the market. The organization of this paper is organized as follows: Section 2 briefly summarizes the basic principles ofthe productlife cycle. Section 3 provides an overview of the Fuzzy expertsystems.In section 4 (the main part of this paper),the major modeling issues ofthe study are examined, based on a fuzzy expert system. This paper concludes with a summary ofthe findings and directions for future research. 241 �1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Product Life Cycle All products and services have certain life cycles. Life cycle refers to the period from the product’s first launch into the market untilits final withdrawal. The life cycleis split up in phases. Since an increase in profits isthe major goal of a company that introduces a product into a market,the product’s life cycle management is very important(Komninos, 2002). New product failures may occur because of an overestimation of market size, product design problems,Incorrectly positioned, priced or advertised products,costs of product development and / or competitive actions (Kotler & Armstrong, 2001). Although the life cycle varies in accordance with the product and sector base,the product’slife cycle – period usually consists of five major phases as shown in (Fig. 1). The first period is the product development phase, the second period is the entrance phase, the third period is the growth phase, the fourth period is the maturity phase and the fifth period is the satisfaction phase. The product development phase begins when a company finds and develops a new productidea. The entrance phase isthe period of a product’s presentation to the market and the effort spent for its acceptance. Generally, this isthe period of catching up at par point. The growth phase is the best step, where the product has reached its maximum profit and has been through its brightest period. In the maturity phase, problems gradually arise up and in sales startto decrease. Despite this sales decrease, companies try to keep their sales high by using other marketing activities,called sales efforts.In that period increase in sales like jumping sales (comb tooth) occur. It is generally agreed that innovation, performance, and competition depend significantly on the maturity ofthe markets(Dosi,1997). The Satisfaction phase isthe period thatthe companies prefer notto be in because they willstarttolose in a while. During the maturity period, significant changes are made in the way that the product is behaving in the market. Presentation of a new product to the market at the best time will provide an advantage to competing companies and increase their share ofthe market (Leenders & Wierenga, 2002). Figure 1: Life cycle period of a new product In the conventional productlife cycle,introduction of a new productto the market corresponds point "A" in (Fig. 1) (http://www.otterbein.edu/home/fac/brccbly/courses/images/plc.gif). When a company comes to this point atthe end of the maturity period, it has to choose one of these alternatives: new product, new market, or withdrawal of goods from the market,so as notto enterinto the 5-th period. As shown in Point "A" (McDonald, 1995)the existing system is considered to be lateforthe new product to enter the market. This point is the period in which the company withstands a number of costs called other sales efforts(promotion, excess goods, discount, etc.)to keep the sales active.Itis plain to see from a review of the conventionallife cycle that profit has started to fallin spite ofthe increase in sales. The proposed system attempts to determine the point specified as point "A" in (Fig. 1) by means of the expertsystem. Inthis proposed structure, point "A" can be taken to an earliertime than in the existing policies.In the operation ofthe system, productlife cycle maturity period characteristics will be reviewed and efforts will be made to determine the most suitable time for presentation ofthe productto the market by evaluating the factors called as macro and micro marketindicators. There are some major productlife cycle managementtechniques that can be used to optimize a product’s revenues in respect to its position in a market and its life cycle. These techniques are mainly marketing or management strategies that are used by most companies worldwide and include the know-how of product 242 �1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo upgrade,replacement and termination. Nevertheless, a product manager must know how to recognize which phase of itslife cycle a product is in,regardless ofthe problems inthe model discussed above. To do that,a good method is the one which follows (Komninos, 2002): a.Collection ofinformation aboutthe product’s behavior over a period atleast of 3–5 years. (Information willinclude price, units sold,profit margins,return ofinvestment – ROI, market share and value). b.Analysis of competitor short-term strategies (analysis of new products emerging into the market and competitor-announced plans about production increase, plant upgrade and product promotion). c.Analysis ofthe number of competitorsin respect of marketshare. d.Collection ofinformation ofthe life cycle of similar productsthat will help to estimate the life cycle of new products. e.Estimation of sales volume for 3 – 5 years from productlaunch. f.Estimation of the total costs compared to the total sales for 3 – 5 years after product launch (development, production, promotion costs). Strategies that must be applied as soon as the phase of product life cycle is recognized are given in the (Tab. 1) (Komninos, 2002). Strategic Goal Competition Product Development Phase Make your product known and establish a test period Almost not there Product Limited number of variations Price Goal High sales to middle men Promotion Goal Entrance Phase Growth Phase Acquire a strong market position Maintain your market position and build on it Early entry of aggressive competitors into the market Introduction of product variations and models Price and distribution channel pressure Aggressive price policy (decrease) for sales increase Creation of Reinforcement of public-market product awareness product and preference awareness Exclusive General and and selective reinforced distribution through distribution through all distribution certain channels available distribution channels and creation of high profit margins for middle men Maturity Phase Satisfaction Phase Defend market position from competitors and improve your product Establishment of competitive environment “Milk” all remaining profits from product Improvement – upgrade of product Price decrease Re-estimation of price policy Defensive price policy Variations and models that are not profitable are withdrawn Maintain price level for small profit Reinforcement of middle men Maintain loyal to Gradual decrease middle men General and reinforced distribution with good supply to the middle men but with low margins of profit for them General and reinforced distribution with good supply to the middle men but with low margins of profit for them Some competitors are already withdrawing Withdrawal from most channels of distribution except those used in the development phase Table 1: Strategies of each productlife cycle phase Fuzzy Expert Systems A fuzzy expertsystem is an expertsystem that utilizesfuzzy sets and fuzzy logicto overcome some of the problems which occur when the data provided by the user are vague and incomplete.Itconsists of a fuzzification module, an inference engine, a fuzzy rule base and a defuzzification module. The fuzzification module preprocesses the input values submitted to the fuzzy expert system. Crisp inputs x1 x2 . . . xn ... Fuzzification Subsystem Fuzzy Rule Base Fuzzy inference engine 243 �1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Figure 2: Structure ofthe fuzzy expert system The inference engine usesthe results ofthe fuzzification module and accessesthe fuzzy rulesinthe fuzzy rule base to infer whatintermediate and output values to produce. The final output ofthe fuzzy expert system is provided by the defuzzification module. The structure of the developed system is shown in (Fig. 2). This structure is common for fuzzy inference systems. Developed Marketing Decision Model In this study, a new marketing decision model was developed, whose structure identifies the fuzzy logic inference flow from the input variablestothe output variables. The fuzzification inthe inputinterfacestranslates analog inputs into fuzzy values. The fuzzy inference takes place in rule blocks, which contain the linguistic control rules. The outputs of these rule blocks are linguistic variables. The defuzzification in the output interfaces translatesthem into analog variables. The decision tree ofthe modelis shown in (Fig. 3).   Economic _ conditions Global _ Market   Political _ Circums tan ces   Competition   Performance _ of _ productManufacture Other _ Selling _ Efforts  Pr oportional _ Increase _ ın _ Sells    Manufacture _ Po int T arg et _ Market   Re newal Figure 3: Decision tree ofthe model (Fig. 4) shows the entire structure of this fuzzy system including input interfaces,rule blocks and output interfaces. The connecting lines symbolize the data flow. The fuzzification method, “Compute membership function (MBF)”,isthe standard fuzzification method used in almost all applications. This method only storesthe definition points ofthe membership functions in the generated code and computes the fuzzification atruntime. For output variables, different defuzzification methods exist as well. The most often used method is center-of-maximum (“Co M”), which delivers the best compromise of the firing rules (Von Altrock, 1997; Bojadziev & Bojadziev, 1997). In (Fig. 4),the rule block ofthe structure ofthe fuzzy logic system is shown. This block containsthe rules of the system describing the control strategy. Rule blocks contain the control strategy of afuzzy logic system. 244 �1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Figure 4: Structure ofthe fuzzy logic system Each rule block confines allthe rules for the same context. A context is defined by the same input and output variables of the rules. The ‘IF' part of the rules’ describe the situation for which the rules are designed. The ‘THEN’ part describes the response of the fuzzy system in this situation. The degree of support (DoS) is used to weigh each rule according to itsimportance, which ranges from zero to one. Global market indicators, overall economic situation and legal and political circumstances prevailing in the market arethe factors reviewed. The fuzzy expertrules of the global market can be sum marized in (Tab. 2). Economic cond. Negative Negative Negative Ineffective Ineffective Ineffective Positive Positive Positive IF AND Political circums. Negative Ineffective Positive Negative Ineffective Positive Negative Ineffective Positive THEN Global market Pessimistic Pessimistic Pessimistic Pessimistic Pessimistic Optimistic Pessimistic Optimistic Optimistic Table 2: Rules ofthe rule block “RuleBlockGlobalMarket” The target marketindicatorfactors are a renewal ofthe product and manufacture point. Manufacture point isthe comparison of performance of the products and itsrivals. The result of this review revealsthe probability that performance of the product can be lower or higher than or equal to that of the closest rival product. The condition of “manufacture point” has three condition domain factors: m.p. < c.m.p., m.p. = c.m.p.and m.p. > c.m.p. Above, “m.p.” is the manufacture point of our product, “c.m.p.” is the manufacture point of the competitor’s product. The Fuzzy expertrulesinthe target market are summarized in (Tab.3). IF Manufacture point AND Renewal THEN Target market Mp<cmp not_ok Wait Mp<cmp Mp=cmp Mp=cmp Mp>cmp Mp>cmp Ok not_ok Ok not_ok Ok Medium Wait Impulsive Medium Impulsive Table 3: Rules ofthe rule block “RuleBlockTargetMarket” The factors of manufacture indicators are “competition”, “other selling efforts” and “proportional increase in sales”. The most striking signs of the maturity stage are a decrease in competition, rivals’ introduction of new products to different market sector and construction of existing market. The fuzzy expert rules of “manufacture” can be summarized in production rules in (Tab. 4). 245 �1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Competition Decreased Decreased Decreased Decreased Increased Increased Increased Increased AND IF Other selling efforts Decreased Decreased Increased Increased Decreased Decreased Increased Increased AND Prop. increase in sells Decreased Increased Decreased Increased Decreased Increased Decreased Increased THEN Manufacture Poor Good Good Very good Good Very good Very good Very good Table 4: Rules ofthe rule block “RuleBlockManufacture” As a result of a sales rates' decrease, a company willinitiate other sales efforts to increase sales. These efforts will escalate the cost of other sales efforts. Thus, the profit rate will drop because a big portion of the profitis used to finance other sales efforts. The fuzzy expertrules in the “Performance” can be summarized in the production rulesin (Tab. 5) and (Tab. 6) shows the summary ofthe project. Global market Pessimistic Pessimistic Pessimistic Pessimistic Pessimistic Pessimistic Pessimistic Pessimistic Pessimistic Optimistic Optimistic Optimistic Optimistic Optimistic Optimistic Optimistic Optimistic Optimistic AND IF Manufacture Poor Poor Poor Good Good Good Very good Very good Very good Poor Poor Poor Good Good Good Very good Very good Very good AND THEN Performance Bad Bad Passive Bad Passive Passive Passive Passive Active Passive Passive Active Passive Active Active Active Active Active Target market Wait Medium Impulsive Wait Medium Impulsive Wait Medium Impulsive Wait Medium Impulsive Wait Medium Impulsive Wait Medium Impulsive Table 5: Rules ofthe rule block “RuleBlockPerformance” Global Market Manufacture Target Market Performance Result Input Variables 2 3 2 7 7 Output Variables 1 1 1 1 1 Intermediate Variables 1 1 1 3 3 Rule Blocks 1 1 1 1 4 Rules 9 8 6 18 41 Membership Functions 6 7 5 3 21 Table 6: Summary of project As a result of operating the expert system, three different deductions can be made: preservation of the present status,introduction of a new producttothe market and the withdrawal ofthe productfrom the market,i.e.: If PERFOR M A NCE = Active Then “Preserve the present status” If PERFOR M A NCE = Passive Then “Introduce the new producttothe market” If PERFOR M A NCE = Bad Then “Withdraw the product from market” Results The fuzzy expert system-based marketing decision model, which defines the product life cycle, was implemented in an automated knowledge base. Our model was constructed using FuzzyTech as an expert system development tool for determining productlife cycle. The Productlife cycle maturity period characteristics were reviewed and efforts were made to determine whethertointroduce the productintothe market or not. As a result of operating the expert system, three different deductions can be made: “preservation of the present status”, “introduction ofthe new producttothe market” and “withdrawal ofthe productfrom the market”. 246 �1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Conclusion In this paper, we propose a way to deal with product life cycle management. This new idea is to reproduce what fuzzy expert system does when they have to decide a new product’s market entering time. Values taken by these reviewed factors are interpreted by means of the fuzzy expert system and the best decision forthe company is made. As a result ofthe study,the most suitabletime forintroduction ofthe product to the market can be determined, instead of withstanding the costs of other sales efforts and losing profit or risking the loss of market share during the product's maturity period. In further research, to get a most realistic model,itis possible to add quantitative parameters to model such as production per unittime, wasting machine hours,labor hours,and raw material. Besides,to adapting this model to reallife, generalrules should be extended. For example,to define political circumstances of the target society, new rules set can be added to model. References Bojadziev, G., & Bojadziev, M. (1997). Fuzzy Logic for Business, Finance and Management, Singapore, World Scientific Publishing Co. Dosi, G. (1997). Industrial structures and dynamics: evidence, interpretations and puzzles. Industrial and Corporate Change, 6, 3–24. Facchinetti, G., Mastroleo, G., & Paba, S. (2003). A Fuzzy Approach to Empirical Identification of Industrial Districts. In Fuzzy Application Library/Business Applications/ Identification of Industrial Districts, on-line http://www.fuzzytech.com/e/district.html Frantti, T., & Mahonen, P. (2001). Fuzzy Logic-based forecasting model, Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence, 14, 189-201. Herrmann, C.S. (1995). A Hybrid Fuzzy-Neural Expert System For Diagnosis, In M. Kaufman, IJCAI, (pp. 494-501). Montreal, Canada: Darmstadt. Kasabov, N. K. (1996). Foundation of neural networks, fuzzy systems, and knowledge engineering. NY: MIT Press. Klepper, S., & Graddy, E. (1990). The evolution of new industries and the determinants of market structure. RAND Journal of Economics, 21(1), 27–44. Komninos, I. (2002). Product Life Cycle Management, on-line http://www.urenio.org/tools/en/Product_Life_Cycle_Management.pdf Kotler, P., & Armstrong, G. (2001). Principles of Marketing, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Leenders, M.A., & Wierenga, B. (2002). The effectiveness of different mechanisms for integrating marketing and R&D Mark. The Journal of Product Innovation Management, 19(4), 305-317. McDonald, M. (1995). Marketing Plans. How to prepare them: how to use them. Third Edition, Oxford: Butter worthHeinemann Ltd. Von Altrock, C. (1997). Fuzzy Logic and Neurofuzzy Applications in Business and Finance, NJ: Prentice Hall. Yavuz, U., Hasiloglu, A.S., Kaya, MD., Karcioğlu, R. ve Ersöz, S., “Developing a marketing decision model using a knowledge-based system”, Knowledge-Based Systems 18 (2-3), 125-129 (Apr 2005). Yen, V.C. (1999). Rule selection in fuzzy expert systems, Expert Systems with Applications, 16, 79-84. Zadeh, L.A. (1993). The role of fuzzy logic and soft computing in the conception and design intelligent systems. In E. P. Klement, & W. Slany, Fuzzy Logic in Artificial Intelligence, 8th Austrian Artificial Intelligence Conference, FLAI '93, (pp. 1). Linz, Austria: 695, Springer. 247 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 470 Title A name given to the resource A New Approach to a Marketing Decision Model via the Fuzzy Expert System Author Author Hasiloglu, A.Samet Gul, Umit Abstract A summary of the resource. This paper proposes a new forecasting method for a marketing decision model. To support the modeling process, a fuzzy expert system was designed to determine whether a new product should enter the market. The fuzzy expert system based model presenting of a new product to the market at the best time will provide an advantage to the companies in competitive environment and increase their share of the market. In the final stage of this framework, algorithms for building fuzzy expert systems are explained and applied to a case study. The proposed method was tested with an actual data load of product life cycle. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2009-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed Q Science (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/50f12d11746589ca30ad517de3f32488.pdf 94d0f866ceb937be5886e962d9a858b5 PDF Text Text 1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Larry Greiner Growth Model in the Organization Life and a Case Study Mustafa HOTAMIŞLI Asist. Prof. Dr, Afyon Kocatepe University, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, hotamisli@aku.edu.tr Hasan ĐBĐCĐOĞLU Prof. Dr., Isparta Suleyman Demirel University, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, hibici@iibf.sdu.edu.tr Mete KARAYEL Res. Assist., Afyon Kocatepe University, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, mkarayel@aku.edu.tr Abstract: The study aims to inquire in terms of Larry E. Greiner’s Model of Organizational Growth in the development process of structural changes in the organizational life. The present case study explicitly will be able to reveal “how” realizing according to Greiner’s Model of Organizational Growth. This study will help to understand to us the process of organizational growth and the content of the subject. In addition this study specifically will help to understand along with organizational growth which comprising according to phases of organizational life cycle of the organizational culture and organization structure of the strategies of Greiner’s Model of Organizational Growth. Due to such motivating facts as the promise made by organization management beforehand to allow me to conduct a comprehensive survey, changes in the management styles, adaptation of the theories of modern management and the ability of ongoing continuous of the growth’s providing in the extend of qualitative, an advanced and technological manufacturing environment and a dynamic competitive atmosphere. Kordsa Inc. was chosen to be handled for our analysis. The research covers prospective practicing of organizational growth and organization history of Kordsa Inc. from 1973 to 2004 in Turkey. Key Words: L.Greiner’s Organizational Growth Model, Organizational Life. 1. Introduction Organizations go through some phases as born, growing, maturity and death like every living organisms. However organization can be immortal contrary to live organisms in the theory. For immortalizing their lives, organizations have to manage organizational growth process successfully in the hyper competition periods. There are organizational growth models and applications, which were developed in the scope of organization life cycle, (Sutton at all.,p.45;Miller at all.,p.225; Churchill at all.,p.30-35;Adizes,p.10; Santora at all.,p.12;Lester at all.p.314) for not terminating and also maintaining organizational growth. Among these models, Larry E. Greiner’s Organizational Growth Model(Greiner p.55;) is accepted as a classic in organization literature by organization theorists. Accordingly, Greiner Organizational Growth Model’s theoretical ground consists of terminating evolutionary problems in organizational growth’s different phases by using revolutionary solution approaches. Greiner’s Organizational Growth Model, its applications, effects of applications on organizational structure and organizational culture, effects of Greiner’s Organizational Growth Model applications in Kordsa Inc. on organizational structure and organizational culture were analyzed in the study. Filley and Aldag said that “Organizations can harmonize themselves to environmental situations; however they cannot previously predict this harmonization. At the same time, Filley and Aldag propose that transitions in organizational growth phases doesn’t happen frequently, and expecting how it will shape advanced level organization is not possible (Whetteen et all,p.50).. On the other hand, theorists like Cavoie and Culbert argue that developments in frequent intervals guide organizational transitions truly by the time. (Cavoie et all.,p.417-420). 259 �1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo 2. L. Greiner Organizational Growth Model Organization theorists developed models trying to explain organizational growth phases. L. Greiner’s article named “Evolution and Revolution as Organizations Grow” is the most valuable one and is accepted as a classic. (Bedeian,at all, p.466.). In addition to this, also Kaplan and Johnston modeled organizational growth from the evolutionary and revolutionary dimensions (Kaplan at all., p.13). Greiner propose that dissolution of every revolution time interval determines whether organization will arrive to next evolution phase or not. At the same time, finalization of growth phases cause to arise of management crises belonging to every phase (Tang etc.p.29).. Greiner analyzed organizations’ growth situations in five main dimensions. These are from Figure 2; Organization’s Age, Organization’s Size, Evolution Phases, Revolution Phases and Sector’s Growth Rate. Big Org. In Fast Growth Rated Industries Org. In Middle Growth Rated Industries Organization Size Org. In. Slow Growth Rated Industries Small Young Organization Age Mature Evolutionary Crisis Phase Revolutionary Crisis Phase . Figure 1. How do organizations grow? Resource: GREINER, 1998, s. 56. 3. L. E. Greiner’s Organizational Growth Applications Greiner Organizational Growth Model consists of five phases and every phase has two dimensions. First dimension is evolutionary dimension in which organizational growth is stable and calm, another dimension is revolutionary dimension in which every phase triggers other phase. 260 �1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3 Phase 4 Phase 5 5. ...Crisess?? ? Big 4. Officiality Crisis Size of the Organization 3. Control Crisis 5. Growth With Cooperation 4. Growth With Harmonization 2.Autonom y Crisis 3. Growth With Decentralization 1.Leadershi Youth p Crisis Small 2. Growth With Org. Evolutionary Time Direction Interval Age Maturity Revolutionary Time Interval 1. Growth With Creativity Figure 2. Greiner’s Five Phases Organizational Growth Model Resource: GREINER, Evolution.. s. 58; Larry E. GREINER, “Evolution and Revolution as Organizations Grow”, President and Fellows of Harvard College, July-August 1972, s. 39. Organization comes to the breakpoint while accumulations and tensions in one phase is calm, and revolution is created to cause radical changes in organizational structure. According to this model, every structure is valid for a specific time period and organizational change triggers radical structure changes. Changing organizational structure solves the problems in that time, and prepares infrastructure fort he problems may occur in the future. 4. Reflections Of Organizational Growth Applications On Organizational Structure Organizational structures in organizational growth process can adapt to new situations during passing new phases. These organization structures; Informal Organization Structure, Centralized-Functional Organization Structure, (Jones,p.453;Greiner, Harvard,p.53).. We will try to analyze organizational growth reflections on organizational structures which occurs during growth process. 5. Reflections Of Organizational Growth Applications To Organizational Culture Compatible Organizational culture applications to changing structures are seen in organizational growth process. In this part, organization cultures (Flamholtz at all.p.314;Schein,p.262,), Entrepreneurship-Power Culture, Role Culture, Professionalism-Institutionalism-Process Culture, Destek Kültürü, Cooperation Culture were analyzed. 6. Analysis Of Reflections Of Greiner Organizational Growth Model’s On Organization Structure And Organization Culture 6.1. Research Purpose General purpose of the study is analyzing Kordsa Inc.’s organization structure and organization culture in light of Greiner Organizational Growth Model. 261 �1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Answers to research questions determined in the framework of this general purpose will be searched in the light of data gathered. • How do Kordsa organizational growth applications change according to L. E. Greiner Organizational Growth Model applications? • How are the reflections of Kordsa organizational growth applications on organization culture according to organization life cycle phases seen from the perspective of G Model? 6.2. Scope Of Research Selection of the organization using organizational growth application effectively has big importance for arriving the aim of the study. Therefore, Compatibility of main parameters in E. Greiner’s Organizational Growth Model like Organization Age, Organization Size, Evolution Phases, Revolution Phases and Growth Rate of The Sector Kordsa Inc.’s organization structure, became effective to determine sample organization in the study. 6.3. Research Method The study is a qualitative research. Semi structured interview technique and content anaylsis were used in this qualitative research. In this study, as one of case study techniques, technique was chosen. Semi structured interview technique was applied to executives. Data intended for organization growth applications, the subject of the study, was tried to be obtained. In content analysis, records, activity reports about phases of managements’ foundation to now, and data from management proceeding handbooks were analyzed. 6.4. Research Limitations Main constraint in the study is there is no empirical study on organizational growth from the perspective of organization life cycle in our literature. Furthermore, executives didn’t reply some questions by accepting them as a company secret. 6.5. Research Results And Evaluation a. Results and Evaluation About the Relationship between L. Greiner’s Organizational Growth Model Applications and Organization Structure and Organization Culture L. Greiner’s Organizational Growth Model Applications has effect on organization culture and organization culture according to organization life phases. According to these phases an organization structure in newly founded organization goes through phases in order of; informal organization structure, centralizedfunctional organization structure,, matrix organization structure. At the same time, organization cultures in this phase are; entrepreneur-power culture, role culture, professionalism-institutionalism-process culture, support culture and cooperation culture. b. Results and Evaluation About the Relationship between L. Greiner’s Organizational Growth Model Applications and Organization Structures in Organization Life Cycle Phases In the research, by making observation-interview-document analysis researches it was found that, sample has passed first four phases and now in the fifth phase in organizational structure changes shaped by phases at Greiner Organizational Gowth Model applications. After making observation-interview-document analysis researches it was found that organizational structure in this phase has organic organization structure qualifications consisting of matrix organizations. c. Results and Evaluation About the Relationship between L. Greiner’s Organizational Growth Model Applications and Organization Culture in Organization Life Cycle Phases After making observation-interview-document analysis researches it was found that Creativity, sharing, harmony and role culture is dominant from the foundation date of Kordsa 1973 to 1987. In 1987 by organizational growth, Kordsa’s organization structure transformed to divided structure, Kordsa’s production capacity increased, and Kordsa started to enter wide markets. In this phase, deficient culture transformed to support culture. In 1994, institutionalism-professionalism-process culture was started to be applied. 262 �1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo In 1998, Kordsa made a %50-50 cooperation with Dupont and in 2004 it bought remaining shares of Dupont. By this, this corporation transformed to a global structure from organizational dimension. In this phase, “cooperation culture” was seen. Similar results were found in literature review. 1973-1981 1981-1987 1987-1990 1990-1998 1998-2004 5. ...Crises?? Big 4. Officiality Crisis Size of the Organization 3. Control Crisis 5. Growth With Cooperation 4. Growth With Harmonization 2.Autonom y Crisis 3. Growth With Decentralization Youth 1.Leadershi p Crisis Organization Age 2. Growth With Evolutionary Time Direction Interval Maturity AgAge Revolutionary Time Interval 1. Growth With Creativity Small Figure 3. The Five Phases Of Greiner Organizational Growth Model Of Kordsa Inc. 7. Results and Suggestions Kordsa Inc. was founded in 1973 and consequently it was understood that it is important to analyze organization’s age, including periodical applications between 1973-2004 years and as anticipated in Greiner Organizational Growth Model. Organizations’ growth and maturation arise in evolutionary process. This evolutionary phase, is long growth process defined as “specific time interval”. Kordsa Inc. experienced evolutionary process among the periods 1973-1981, 1981-1987, 1987-1990, 1990-1998, 1998-2004. Unimpeded evolution is not inevitable and is not sustainable indefinitely. Organizations enter a revolutionary process by the crisis after evolutionary phases. Kordsa Inc. experienced these processes among the years 1987-1990 and 1998-2004. References: Adizes, Ishak (1999), Managing Corporate Life Cycles, Prentice Hall Pres, Paramus. Lester Donald L.,John A. Parnell,William “Rick” Crandall,Michael L. Menefee (2009) “Organizational Life Cycle And Performance Among SMEs Generic Strategies For High And Low Performers”,International Journal of Commerce and Management,Vol. 18 No:4, 2008,Acc.Date:10.03.2009, www.emeraldinsight.com/10569219.htm Bedenian, Arthur G. ve Raymond R. Zammuto (1991), Organizations Theory and Design, The Dryden Press, Chicago. Brush Candida G., Patricia G.Grene, Myra M.Hart, Linda F.Edelman (2009), “Resource Configuration Over The Life Cycle of Ventures”, Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research, Acc.Date:10.03.2009), (http://www.babson.edu/entrep/fer/papers97/index97) 263 �1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Cameron, Kim S. David A. Whetten (1988), “Models of the Organizational Life Cycle”, Readings in Organizational Decline, Edited: Kim S. CAMERON, Robert I. SUTTON, David A. WHETTEN, Ballinger Publishing Company, Cambridge Massachusetts. Cavoie D., S. A. Culbert (1988), “Stages in Organization and Development”, Human Relations, Num:31. Churchill C., L. V. Lewis, “The Five Stages of Small Business Growth”, Harvard Business Review, Vol: 61, Num: 3, s. 30-35. David, Whetten,A,S. Kim Cameron (2004), Developing Management Skills, Pearson Education; International Edition. Filley A.C., R. J. Aldag (2009), “Organizational Growth Types, Greenwich, Acc.Date. 10.03.2009,(http://oss.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/2/4/380) Flamholtz, Eric G, Zeynep Akşehirli (2000), ”Organizational Success and Failure”, European Management Journal, Vol:18, Num:5. Greiner Larry E., (1972) “Evolution and Revolution as Organizations Grow”, President and Fellows of Harvard College, s. 39. Greiner, Larry E. (1998), “Evolution and Revolution as Organizations Grow”, Harvard Business Review. Hill, Linda (2002), AHarvard Business Scholl “Perlegen Sciences”. Jones, Gareth (2003), Organizational Theory, Design, and Change, Fourth Edition, Prentice Hall; 4 edition. Kaplan,M.Soren, E.Robert Jhonston, (1998), Disclocations-Drivers of Industry Evolution, Innovation and Corporate Growth”, Strategic Change, N.7. Miller Danny, Peter H. Prisen, “Successful and Unsuccessful Phases of the Organizational Life Cycle”, Readings in Organizational Decline. Nelson K.H.Tang, Ossie Jones, Paul L.Forrester (1997), “Organizational Growth Demands Concurent Engineering”,Integrated Manufacturing Systems, Vol.8, Num.1, s.29. Santora Joseph C. And James C. Sarros, (2009), Founders, Leaders, And Organizational Life Cycles: The Choice Đs Easy – Learn Or Fail!, Development And Earnıng In Organızatıons, Vol. 22 No. 3 2008, Acc.Date.10.03.2009, www.emeraldinsight.Com/Reprints. Schein, Edgar H, (1992), Organizational Culture and Leadership, 2.Edition Jossey Bass Inc. San Francisco. 264 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 214 Title A name given to the resource Larry Greiner Growth Model in the Organization Life and a Case Study Author Author HOTAMISLI, Mustafa iBiCiOĞLU, Hasan KARAYEL, Mete Abstract A summary of the resource. The study aims to inquire in terms of Larry E. Greiner’s Model of Organizational Growth in the development process of structural changes in the organizational life. The present case study explicitly will be able to reveal “how” realizing according to Greiner’s Model of Organizational Growth. This study will help to understand to us the process of organizational growth and the content of the subject. In addition this study specifically will help to understand along with organizational growth which comprising according to phases of organizational life cycle of the organizational culture and organization structure of the strategies of Greiner’s Model of Organizational Growth. Due to such motivating facts as the promise made by organization management beforehand to allow me to conduct a comprehensive survey, changes in the management styles, adaptation of the theories of modern management and the ability of ongoing continuous of the growth’s providing in the extend of qualitative, an advanced and technological manufacturing environment and a dynamic competitive atmosphere. Kordsa Inc. was chosen to be handled for our analysis. The research covers prospective practicing of organizational growth and organization history of Kordsa Inc. from 1973 to 2004 in Turkey. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2009-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed HB Economic Theory https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/cfb32f62fc16d856e9f3bed075663353.pdf cefc7765d7a5cc2e8b94bc61481ddce1 PDF Text Text About Speech Levels and Interaction between Their Units H. HAYRULHEY SamSIFL,Samarkand,Uzbekistan Abstract:Article is devoted to an actual problem interaction – linguistics of the text and speech. In article one of pressing questions of modern linguistics – a problem of levels of speech and definion of units making it is analyzed. As levels of speech are investigated a phrase (offers), the complex syntactic whole and paragrafh. Keywords: Linguistics, progress, linguistic communication, speech acts. Progress achieved in the sphere of world linguistics has been making a great and indisputable contribution to the development of our science. Only some of the books published during recent years can serve as an evident to this: V.G. Borobotka “Principle of forming discourse. From psycholinguistics to linguosinergetics”; KrasnikhV.V. “Ethnopsycholinguistics and linguoculturology”; “Language and knowledge. Parts of speech from cognitive point of view. The role of language in the world cognition” by Kubriyakova E.S; “The bases of discourse theory” by Makarov M.D; “Language philosophy. Culture studies and didactics” by Rojdestvenskiy Y.V; “Keys to communication. The bases of communication theory” by Yakovlev I; “Linguistic communication and speech acts” by Bach K., Harnish R.M; “Linguistic theory of America” by Newmeyer F.L. and others. It should be stated that units of each level themselves imply a separate system. The fact that, they enter into hierarchic relations and join the units of other levels, extends the notion of a system and produces an idea about a whole -language system. This situation can be observed not only in the relation between the units of language levels, but also in the combinations of speech units. When speaking about speech units we must mention that this problem has just been included into the list of problems discussed in linguistic literature. Scientists have not come to one conclusion concerning the units of speech and appropriate levels. And the main reason for this that till the present moment linguistics has not distinguished language and speech, and consequently, language problems has been studied thoroughly, while speech problems left behind. There are a lot of positive effects of admitting speech linguistics as a separate branch of linguistics. Development of speech linguistics as a separate branch indissolubly connected with the demands of science development; as our traditional linguistics lacks its power and sources to give scientific grounds for text linguistics and interpret problems connected with it. Besides this, it has become clear that the idea of including sentence into language units is wrong. But it is also wrong to come to conclusion that speech linguistics is prior to language linguistics. Speech linguistics is closely related to language linguistics; it deals with interpreting problems of the units bigger than language units, and their levels. Even we can say that speech linguistics continues language linguistics. There- fore, units of language and speech and the hierarchic relationship between them act depending on each other. We can observe this in the process of segmenting text or when synthesizing text formation by inductive method. So, studying language and speech separately does not and cannot imply denying relationship between them. We can quote the following statement of V.B. Kasevich on this point: “We must distinguish language levels (of language system) and levels of speech activity. If a language level is a separate subsystem of language, that has its rank of language hierarchy, level of speech – is a separate “tact” or stage of language mechanism’s work, when some concrete subsystem or concrete language level participates in the process of production or perception of discourse” [1.21]. But V.B.Kasevich emphasizes that sentence and level expressed by it is related to language: “A fragment of complete information can not be expressed by any other language units smaller than sentence” [1.21]. We think that the ability of sentence to express a complete idea does not require it’s belonging to language units, as expression of a message is formed in speech. He gives hints at this idea being not final and writes: “The problems of the number and quality of language and speech levels activity are far from their final conclusion” [1.24]. As a matter of fact, levels of speech is a sphere of our linguistics that still needs an explanation; on the contrary, levels of language are studied thoroughly. It’s known that the number of speech units should coincide with the number of language units. But there are still no sound ideas about levels of speech because this problem 426 �is controversial. Thus, it is difficult to compare the problems of investigation of speech and language units with each other. We have mentioned that the phonematic, the morphematic levels are formed on the basis of such language units as the phoneme, the morpheme; and, the word and the lexematic level are above all others. The sentence level which is realized by means of words belongs to speech not language. However, V.M.Solntsev excludes phraseological units and idioms from this list [2.18]. In our viewpoint the question of phrasemes and idioms is open. It’s true that most of the phrasemes and idioms can be considered as speech units, as they exist in the system of our language as ready- made. But wouldn’t it be a mistake if we don’t include into the language units the phrasemes in the form of sentence like “Alining tarvuzi qo’ltig’idan tushdi” (Ali was disappointed)? Of course, the components of the phraseme are used in figurative meaning: Ali dropped his water-melon from his hands. But still, it is connected with semantic side of the problem. As for the syntactic features, this phraseme meets all requirements of sentence level. M.Mirtojiev states: “Though phraseme has a form of a phrase or a sentence and makes a lexical unit, it still possesses its syntactic features. So it is equal to words inside the sentence and functions as one of them. This can be equally applied to phraseological units in the form of phrase and those of sentences. But at this point we shouldn’t forget that phraseology is a semantic phenomenon. For this reason, it can cause only semantic deformation, but not syntactic” [3.187]. Indeed, one type of phraseological units considered as a set phrase is important only from semantic point of view. But syntactically it’s of no importance. Syntactic relations between the components of phraseological units can serve as a proof of our words. Sh. Rahmatullaev states to this point: “Syntactic analysis of a phrase analyzes the structure of language unit, not speech. Generally speaking, syntactic relations between the words comprising a phrase are constant and always inner” [4.10]. We can agree with considerations of both scientists mentioned above. But still, in Uzbek linguistics we can not see any research work in the form of monography on syntactic nature of phraseological units. It is true that we can observe ideas remarks of this kind in recent manuals, educational supplies and some scientific articles. For example, H.Jamolkhonov states: “Connection of words in phrasemes doesn’t differ from the one of the words in the structure of free combinations or sentences: they all are connected hierarchically, but: a) words in free expressions or sentences are connected in the process of speech, while in phrasemes, long before; and they are set” [5.206]. One more that thing should be stated is: when speaking about phraseological units, we think that phrasemes in the form of sentences find their real form in speech, while in language they have only patterns (models). So, it is appropriate to consider sentence as a speech unit, while word combination as a language one. First, it stipulates an invariable structure, second, components of word combination in sentence become sentence components. This includes word combination into the list of speech units, and shows impossibility of interpreting it as a separate level. The fact that word combination is formed in the process of speech can not serve as a reason for this point. The second unit of speech is a complex syntactic construction including several sentences and form hierarchic relations. Thus complex syntactic construction (traditional complex sentence) needs thorough investigation. Our linguists give different interpretation not only to the term “complex syntactic structure” but also to the term “complex sentence”. Some linguists state that it is necessary to stop using the term complex sentence (Ovsyanko-Kulikovskiy, Sakulina, Kartsevskiy, etc.). They accept only the concept of a (simple) sentence. However, I.F.Vardul considers that not all complex constructions can be interpreted as simple sentences. Besides this, according to I.F.Vardulin’s point of view, sentences traditionally called as complex sentences can not have the status of sentence, compound sentences have this status. But if there are no complex sentences what is the need of the concept of compound sentences. Besides all other above mentioned scientists, I.F.Vardul follows L.S.Barkhudarov and G.V.Kolshanskiy and calls complex sentences as parallel constructions; he states that it is more appropriate to call compound sentences as whole sentences [6.70]. The unit of speech, which is bigger than sentence, is a paragraph. This status is connected with its integrative character, as independent sentences, parcelative and attached constructions, complex syntactic constructions come in the paragraph. L.G.Fridman also mentions paragraph as a unit of speech and says: “According to communicative plan sentence is the main syntactic unit. Levels bigger than sentence is complex construction and paragraph. If sentence has been studied from all its aspects, complex syntactic construction and paragraph have not been studied at all” [7.155-156]. This statement of Fredman is not out of place, of course. But he includes only independent sentences into the list of paragraph components and ignores complex syntactic construction and other syntactic structures. Thus, we see that in his above mentioned idea, he emphasizes that complex syntactic construction is a speech unit. If syntactic construction is a speech unit, it forms bigger unit of speech than sentence, and if it is used as a paragraph component, it establishes hierarchic relations with it. 427 �We must empathize that paragraph presupposes the highest level of speech and includes independent sentences as well as complex syntactic constructions; there fore it has integrative character. This is very important, as hierarchic relations of speech units are connected with that character of paragraph. Besides, this integrative character measures the degree completeness of the information expressed in the paragraph. As a conclusion, we include sentence, complex syntactic constructions and paragraph into the list of speech units and on this basis we state speech levels having the same termination. References Касевич В.Б. (1977) , Элементы общей лингвистики, Мockba. Солнцев В.М.(1972), О понятии уровня языковой системы // Вопросы языкознания, №3,.s.18. Миртожиев М.М. (2004), Ҳозирги ўзбек адабий тили,Тошкент,. Раҳматуллаев Ш. (1978), Ўзбек тилининг изоҳли фразеологик луғати, Тошкент.. Jamolxonov H. ( 2005), Hozirgi o′zbek adabiy tili,Toshkent. Вардуль И.Ф. (1977), Основы описательной лингвистики (синтаксис и супрасинтаксис),. Мockba. Фридман Л.Г.(1967), К исследованию абзаца как синтаксической единицы (на матер. немецкого языка) // Уровни языка и их взаимодействие, Мockba s. 155-156. 428 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 437 Title A name given to the resource About Speech Levels and Interaction between Their Units Author Author HAYRULHEY, H. Abstract A summary of the resource. Article is devoted to an actual problem interaction – linguistics of the text and speech. In article one of pressing questions of modern linguistics – a problem of levels of speech and definion of units making it is analyzed. As levels of speech are investigated a phrase (offers), the complex syntactic whole and paragrafh. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2009-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed L Education (General)