317 10 3494 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/cd8ad0d4606197899631116d845ed88a.docx 6f58239af6fb1cd2b28b1fc1dd51360b https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/093899ba20bfe22b95e2212bf69992fa.pdf 78998e2325316cbb1c860e38b605f7ff PDF Text Text Tourism and GDP Growth Linkage: Evidence from Developed and Developing Countries OguzOcal NevsehirHaciBektasVeli University Turkey oguz_ocal@yahoo.com AlperAslan NevsehirHaciBektasVeli University Turkey alperaslan@nevsehir.edu.tr Abstract: Tourism is still the world’s huge industry and one of the fastest growing sectors. The importance of the contribution of tourism to an economy is a vital subject for policy makers. According to the World Tourism Organization (WTO), international tourism receipts generate approximately 6-7% of worldwide exports. Also it cannot be calculated true that the social benefits of tourism. For developed and developing countries Tourism is an important industry in terms of export earnings and employment. International tourism movements hold its righteous place in that they fix balance of payments, provide the necessary financial tools for the technological equipment used in the manufacturing process, increasing the employment and leading to economic growth (Arslanturk and Atan, 2012). International tourism receipts are major source of foreign exchange, especially for lessdeveloped countries confronted by foreign exchange constraints. Therefore, promoting tourism industry in those countries has become a primary development strategy because tourism receipts together with export revenues that well ameliorate current account deficits (Oh, 2005 and Savas et al, 2010). It is possible that the increase (decrease) in tourism may or may not increase (decrease) the economic growth. Following the literature, three hypotheses can be categorized: first reciprocal causal hypothesis means that there is bidirectional causality between economic growth and tourism relationship. Second tourism-led economic growth hypothesis supported a unidirectional causality from tourism to economic growth. And the last economic-driven tourism growth hypothesis accepted if there is a unidirectional causal relationship from economic growth to tourism (Oh, 2005). Also it can be found that there is no causality between tourism and economic growth. In this paper we aim to investigate the nexus between tourism expenditure and real gross domestic product on developing and developed countries as a panel. Keywords: Tourism, GDP, economy, developed countries. 99 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2553 Title A name given to the resource Tourism and GDP Growth Linkage: Evidence from Developed and Developing Countries Author Author OCAL, Oguz ASLAN, Alper Abstract A summary of the resource. Tourism is still the world’s huge industry and one of the fastest growing sectors. The importance of the contribution of tourism to an economy is a vital subject for policy makers. According to the World Tourism Organization (WTO), international tourism receipts generate approximately 6-7% of worldwide exports. Also it cannot be calculated true that the social benefits of tourism. For developed and developing countries Tourism is an important industry in terms of export earnings and employment. International tourism movements hold its righteous place in that they fix balance of payments, provide the necessary financial tools for the technological equipment used in the manufacturing process, increasing the employment and leading to economic growth (Arslanturk and Atan, 2012). International tourism receipts are major source of foreign exchange, especially for less-developed countries confronted by foreign exchange constraints. Therefore, promoting tourism industry in those countries has become a primary development strategy because tourism receipts together with export revenues that well ameliorate current account deficits (Oh, 2005 and Savas et al, 2010). It is possible that the increase (decrease) in tourism may or may not increase (decrease) the economic growth. Following the literature, three hypotheses can be categorized: first reciprocal causal hypothesis means that there is bidirectional causality between economic growth and tourism relationship. Second tourism-led economic growth hypothesis supported a unidirectional causality from tourism to economic growth. And the last economic-driven tourism growth hypothesis accepted if there is a unidirectional causal relationship from economic growth to tourism (Oh, 2005). Also it can be found that there is no causality between tourism and economic growth. In this paper we aim to investigate the nexus between tourism expenditure and real gross domestic product on developing and developed countries as a panel. Keywords: Tourism, GDP, economy, developed countries. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014-04-24 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-4564 H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/f75cbf00e10c75a04688eb57dbcd9107.pdf 113f3a11f3985e700bfbf4f5da81f738 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 3664 Title A name given to the resource Tourism demand, oil price fluctuation, exchange rate and economic growth: Evidence from ARDL model and Rolling window Granger causality for Tunisia Author Author DHAOUI, Abderrazak Sekrafi, Habib Ghandri, Mohamed Abstract A summary of the resource. Abstract : The paper examines the relationship between tourism demand and its macroeconomic determinants (GDP, oil price, exchange rate) with an aim to test the dynamic interdependence between them in the case of Tunisia. Using yearly data from 1971 to 2014, the output of the ARDL model and the more recent Bootstrap rolling window Granger causality tests show important results with great economic implications for researchers, regulators, investors, … The results substantiate, especially, the following causal relationships, i.e. i) tourism-demand induces substantial increase in both economic growth and oil price, ii) economic growth led tourism demand, iii) increase in oil price affects negatively the tourism demand, iv) tourism demand and exchange rate are not significantly associated. Keywords: Tourism demand, GDP, Oil price, ARDL, Bootstrap Rolling window. JEL classification: O40, L83, P1. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/6f27618ea3923438bef2c481f81c5946.docx 2c7949a845113c4c3d1ce2ea93566111 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/1663a6ae3b4fe5e3ed0b5732e98192ad.pdf 1464870fa486b5037a91adb0653e6b00 PDF Text Text Tourism Expenditure and Economic Growth AlperAslan NevsehirHaciBektasVeli University Turkey alperaslan@nevsehir.edu.tr Abstract: This paper empirically examines the impact of tourism expenditure on the long-run economic growth of Turkey by using Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) approach and the Hatemi Causality test to investigate causality for 2003:1 to 2012:1. The paper uses new data set tourism expenditure in line with educational level- that has not previously been used to estimate tourism expenditure on economic growth. The results of the bounds test show that there is a stable long-run relationship between each of the tourism expenditure and economic growth. The results of the causality test, on the other hand, show that there is bidirectional causality between university graduate tourists’ expenditure and economic growth and a causal flow from high school tourism expenditure to GDP growth which is verified growthled tourism hypothesis. Results reveal that university and post graduate degree with tourists' expenditure is more successful on explaining the long-run relationship between tourism expenditure and economic growth in Turkey. This result implies a policy that, although Turkey need to focus more on tourism development for all level of education to reach higher real income levels; policy makers should concentrate on attracting the attention of university graduate tourist to gain more from tourism industry. Keywords:Tourism expenditure, GDP growth, Educational level, Turkey. 100 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2558 Title A name given to the resource Tourism Expenditure and Economic Growth Author Author ASLAN, Alper Abstract A summary of the resource. This paper empirically examines the impact of tourism expenditure on the long-run economic growth of Turkey by using Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) approach and the Hatemi Causality test to investigate causality for 2003:1 to 2012:1. The paper uses new data set tourism expenditure in line with educational level- that has not previously been used to estimate tourism expenditure on economic growth. The results of the bounds test show that there is a stable long-run relationship between each of the tourism expenditure and economic growth. The results of the causality test, on the other hand, show that there is bidirectional causality between university graduate tourists’ expenditure and economic growth and a causal flow from high school tourism expenditure to GDP growth which is verified growth-led tourism hypothesis. Results reveal that university and post graduate degree with tourists' expenditure is more successful on explaining the long-run relationship between tourism expenditure and economic growth in Turkey. This result implies a policy that, although Turkey need to focus more on tourism development for all level of education to reach higher real income levels; policy makers should concentrate on attracting the attention of university graduate tourist to gain more from tourism industry. Keywords:Tourism expenditure, GDP growth, Educational level, Turkey. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014-04-24 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-4564 H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/0c17f78e000e3bcc4870e8c03d312a3d.pdf e77cc9ecd8639e8a6577732d30e71fdc PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Tourism Performance of Balkan Countries: Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Pillars as Determining Factors Kazım Develioğlu Akdeniz University, Alanya Faculty of Business, Alanya-Antalya / TURKEY kdevelioglu@akdeniz.edu.tr Kemal Kantarcı Akdeniz University, Alanya Faculty of Business, Alanya-Antalya / TURKEY kantarci@akdeniz.edu.tr Contemporary volatility of global macroeconomic environment necessitates governments to balance their countries’ macroeconomic figures. In this unpredictable environment, tourism has been valued as a good source of foreign currency and employment. In this sense, WTTC’s 2012 report indicates that over the next ten years tourism industry is expected to account for 1 in every 10 jobs on the world. To succeed this goal country should increase their capabilities and develop a competitive position to attract more tourists from around the world. In this sense, tourism performance can be evaluated as a result of using competition tools effectively in order to create a sustainable macroeconomic environment. In this study, we use World Economic Forum’s (WEF) classification of Travel and Tourism Competitiveness factors to examine resources that are expected to influence tourism performance in Balkan countries. Tourism performance is measured by two variables: International tourist arrivals and tourism receipts. Additionally, we measured competitive factors in tourism industry using WEF’s classification of Travel & Tourism competitiveness factors, which consists of three sub-indexes and 14 factors that measure these sub-indexes that are reported below:   T&T regulatory framework (Policy rules and regulations, Environmental sustainability, Safety and security, Health and hygiene, Prioritization of Travel & Tourism) T&T business environment and infrastructure(Air transport infrastructure, Ground transport infrastructure, Tourism infrastructure, Information and Communication Technology (ICT) infrastructure, Price competitiveness in the T&T industry) 182 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo  T&T human, cultural, and natural resources (Human resources, Education and training, Availability of qualified labour, Affinity for Travel & Tourism, Natural resources, Cultural resources). Methodology In this study, the Balkans comprises the following countries: Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Greece, Macedonia, Montenegro, Romania, Serbia, Slovenia, and Turkey. In order to investigate the impact of Tourism & Travel competitiveness factors on the performance of Balkan countries, we obtained the data from The World Economic Forum’s “The Travel and Tourism (T&T) Competitiveness Index” for the years between 2008-2011 that is, currently, the only available data. To reveal the relationship between aforementioned independent and dependent variables, we performed two-separate multiple regression analyses and obtained some useful insights, which are reported below. Findings The first multiple analysis results, in which tourist arrivals is used as dependent variable, reveal that air transport infrastructure, safety-security, and human resources factors are three variables that have the potential to influence the number of tourists to visit Balkan countries. The second multiple regression analysis results indicate that air transport infrastructure, cultural resources, and human resources have the greatest impact on international tourism receipts among aforementioned fourteen competition factors. Keywords: Balkan Countries, Tourism Performance, Travel&Tourism Competitiveness Index, Strategic Marketing. 183 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1671 Title A name given to the resource Tourism Performance of Balkan Countries: Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Pillars as Determining Factors Author Author DEVELIOGLU, Kazim KANTARCI, Kemal Abstract A summary of the resource. Contemporary volatility of global macroeconomic environment necessitates governments to balance their countries’ macroeconomic figures. In this unpredictable environment, tourism has been valued as a good source of foreign currency and employment. In this sense, WTTC’s 2012 report indicates that over the next ten years tourism industry is expected to account for 1 in every 10 jobs on the world. To succeed this goal country should increase their capabilities and develop a competitive position to attract more tourists from around the world. In this sense, tourism performance can be evaluated as a result of using competition tools effectively in order to create a sustainable macroeconomic environment. In this study, we use World Economic Forum’s (WEF) classification of Travel and Tourism Competitiveness factors to examine resources that are expected to influence tourism performance in Balkan countries. Tourism performance is measured by two variables: International tourist arrivals and tourism receipts. Additionally, we measured competitive factors in tourism industry using WEF’s classification of Travel & Tourism competitiveness factors, which consists of three sub-indexes and 14 factors that measure these sub-indexes that are reported below:  T&T regulatory framework (Policy rules and regulations, Environmental sustainability, Safety and security, Health and hygiene, Prioritization of Travel & Tourism)  T&T business environment and infrastructure(Air transport infrastructure, Ground transport infrastructure, Tourism infrastructure, Information and Communication Technology (ICT) infrastructure, Price competitiveness in the T&T industry)  T&T human, cultural, and natural resources (Human resources, Education and training, Availability of qualified labour, Affinity for Travel & Tourism, Natural resources, Cultural resources). Methodology In this study, the Balkans comprises the following countries: Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Greece, Macedonia, Montenegro, Romania, Serbia, Slovenia, and Turkey. In order to investigate the impact of Tourism & Travel competitiveness factors on the performance of Balkan countries, we obtained the data from The World Economic Forum’s “The Travel and Tourism (T&T) Competitiveness Index” for the years between 2008-2011 that is, currently, the only available data. To reveal the relationship between aforementioned independent and dependent variables, we performed two-separate multiple regression analyses and obtained some useful insights, which are reported below. Findings The first multiple analysis results, in which tourist arrivals is used as dependent variable, reveal that air transport infrastructure, safety-security, and human resources factors are three variables that have the potential to influence the number of tourists to visit Balkan countries. The second multiple regression analysis results indicate that air transport infrastructure, cultural resources, and human resources have the greatest impact on international tourism receipts among aforementioned fourteen competition factors. Keywords: Balkan Countries, Tourism Performance, Travel&Tourism Competitiveness Index, Strategic Marketing. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-10 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-4564 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/31b24a3536bc0e0eb9f45dc25d86d0d2.pdf 13b9bd66e343bee59133e005b3052d15 PDF Text Text 2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo Tourism Policy and Planning in Context Of The Sustainable Development Furkan BALTACI Akdeniz University Alanya Faculty of Business, Turkey fbaltaci@akdeniz.edu.tr Abstract:Competitiveness have become more important for developed or developing countries in today‘s globalized world economy. For a country to be succesfull in both national and international markets is related how efficient they use economics resources. Competitiveness degree of countries is a positive function of providing opportunities for source of revenue for citizens, improving the quality of life, increasing employment opportunities fort he reduction of unemployment etc… To progress on a strable manner on the factors we stated will be possible with composing a sustinable economy. Tourism activities can be used for providing a sustinable economy. It is seen as an undeniable fact that tourism provides employment, acces foreign Exchange, investment opportunities, regional and national development for economies of countries. This study will expose the role of tourism for Bosnia – Herzegovina‘s economy growth in a sustainable way. Also it will be determined that what kind of policies they should follow to have more shares from global tourism market. Key Words: Sustainable, Sustainable Development, Tourism Policy Planning. 1. Introduction Sustainable development lies at the hearth of the new Goverment‘s policies. It means achieving a balance between three broad objectives-maintenance of economic growth, protection of the environment and prudent use of natural resources, and social progress which recognized the needs of everone. Goverments hav efor many years used the key economic inditacotors to develop and monitor their economic policies. The new challenge for statisticians is to develpo a package of meaningful national indicators to monitor and report on our progress towards the broder concept of sustainable develpoment, and to highlight the key issues and objectives. 2. Sustainable Development It is possible to see numerous of articles and reports on sustainable development. Sustainable development can be defined in technical terms as a development path along which the maximisation of human well-being for today‘s generations does not lead to declines in future well-being. There sustainable development was defined as a development that ―meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs‖.This definition suggests the need to balance two concerns, one having to do with present, or intragenerational needs and the other having to do with future, or inter-generational needs(WCED,1987). Attaining this path requires eliminating those negative externalities that are responsible for natural resource depletion and environmental degradation. It also requires securing those public goods that are essential for economic development to last, such as those provided by well-functioning ecosystems, a healthy environment and a cohesive society. Sustainable development also stresses the importance of retaining the flexibility to respond to future shocks, even when their probability, and the size and location of their effects, cannot be assessed with certainty(OECD,2001). Most important purpose of the development is provide that human goodness and mindkind reach to his maximum capacity. Leaders of developed and developing countries, civilian society organizations, development experts and international aim organizations are agree that about the sustainable development can be achieved by four factors. These factors are healty and improving economy which attuned to changes of the age, revenues of the country is distrubitioned between the citizens, a politic system and effective leaddership which to guarantee human rights and freedom, an economic policy which consider that environment protect(Çelik,2006). Sustainable development enormously important for developing country. If we consider that changes on conditions of the internatioanl competition and international companies affect the basic establishments like AB,OECD,WTO etc. by lobby(Türkel) , we can understand this very well. 579 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo Because of developing countries discover the new way fort he globalmarketing. So, From day to day, conditions of competition get difficult for developed country. This conditions cause that come up against developed country, to encounter. For example, lose the their market share. It is possible that if a country want to have bigger share in global market, it must follow and use new technology and have a strong economy. These factors are necessitate a good economic policy plannig. 3. Economic Case in Bosnia-Herzegovina Bosnia-Herzegovina economy based on energy, metal, forest products and mining sector. Foremost two advantages of these sektors; they have high competition power and can bring lots of investors to aera. The interethnic warfare in Bosnia and Herzegovina caused production to plummet by 80% from 1992 to 1995 and unemployment to soar. With an uneasy peace in place, output recovered in 1996-99 at high percentage rates from a low base; but output growth slowed in 2000-02. Part of the lag in output was made up in 2003-08 when GDP growth exceeded 5% per year. However, due in large part to the global economic crisis, GDP fell by about 3% in 2009, exports fell 24%, and unemployment - as officially reported - rose above 40%(gia.gov). In First three quarter of 2004, The Bosnia-Herzegovina Goverment‘s revenue increased %13,2 and it attained 569 millions $. But, this rate is under the budget‘s targets and growth in industry is continue(FERB,2005). We examined Bosnia-Herzigovina Economy on the table. a. Competitiveness Indicator 2000-2008 Competitiveness is become most important for developing and developed counyries global world economy of today. Countries can be succesfull directly proportional with their resources use productive or not. Countries would like to know that their advantage and disadvantage as far as other countries in international global markets(TCCC, 2010). Real effective exchange rate (REER) developments indicate stable (based on relative consumer prices) to improving (based on relative unit labor costs) external competitiveness of BiH that has underpinned its growing export market shares. A closer look at the evolution of unit labor cost shows a decline in employment, while output and wages have been increasing. At the same time, BiH‘s export structure has shifted toward higher-value added manufacturing goods. The growth of the more capital-intensive export sector ―metal and aluminum‖ implies an upward shift in the capital-labor ratio over time. This argues for caution in interpreting the otherwise positive trends in competitiveness based on labor cost indicators(World Economic Forum 2009-2010). 580 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo b. Gross Wages and GDP per Employee (Wages and labor productivity appear to be in line with neighboring countries) Source: International Monetary Fund Gross wages and GDP per employee indicator shows B.H‘s sub-par performance relative to neighboring countries. According to members of private sectors, key factors impeding FDI and higher access of companies to foreign markets include:  Political instability,  Complicated and ―expensive‖ bureaucracy,  Lack of clear vision for economic development,  Corruption and weak legislative framework,  Poor quality control(World Economic Forum,2010) These indicators shows B.H haven‘t got sufficient competition. It is clear that B.H make a move for get strong between the it‘s neighbour. c. Employment and Unemployment Indicator 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 (Percentage change) Employment Labour force (end-year) 0,8 1,6 0,5 9,6 1,6 -0,6 Employment (end-year) -1 0,2 2,1 4,3 4,5 4 43,2 40,6 (In per cent of labour force) Unemployment (end-year) 42,1 42,9 42 44,8 All of the developing counties have same problems. One of these problems is unemployment. Employment and unemployment indicator shows B.H face to serious unemployment problem too. When we look at the indicator, we can see Unemployment rate is %42,1 in labour force in 2003. This rate recedes to %40,6 in 2008. Unemloyment rate is decreased by %2,1 from 2003 to 2008. B.H a country which AB‘s candidate an this rate is not sufficient for E.U standarts. 581 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo d. Inflation Developments Indicators (2006-2009) Sources: BiH authorities; and IMF staff calculations. AB standarts necessitate mono division‘s inflation rate. If we look at the figure from this perpective, we can suppose that B.H fulfils AB‘s inflation rate. But, wages and inflation figure show real state. Decrease on the inflation was triggered by decrease on the wages. All of these figure show that B.H have an uneven economy. Because of high unemployment rates, low wages, sectors which need to progress etc., B.H needs to new employment and revenue areas. 4. Tourism Potential Of Bosnia-Herzegovina There are 393 hotels,motels, hostels ,pensions and 24,402 capacity of beds in Bonia-Herzegonia in 2009(for eleves months). Lots of hotels,motels,hostels and pensions are existing in Bosnia-Herzegovina Federation. 582 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo Source: Turkey Devolopment Bank(2010) 2007 2008 Capasity Of Building In Tourism Sector. 2009 Piece Piece Hotels 169 179 5.9 Motels 95 95 0.0 Pensions and Hostels 50 61 22.0 Others 30 34 13,3 Total 344 369 7.3 Room Numbers(Total) 10,667 Bed Numbers(Total) 22,149 Ġncrease or decrease(%) 11,064 3.7 23,015 3.9 Piece Ġncrease or decrease(%) 1 89 1 06 6 2 3 6 3 93 1 5.6 11.6 1.6 5,9 6.5 6.1 1,737 2 6.0 4,402 Tourists Arrivals And Change Rates When we look at the tourist arrival and change rates figure, we can monitör increase of tourist arrivals regularly. But, tourist arrivals rate declined %-6 in 2009. This declined resulted from global economic crisis. 583 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo Tourism Revenue and change rates per years Years Tourism Revenue Change Rates(%) (Million $) 2003 404 2004 507 25,5 2005 557 9,9 2006 658 18,1 2007 798 21,3 Tourism revenue of B.H increased regularly. The biggest increase rate can be watched in 2004(%25). Sectoral Growth Rate of Hotels and Restaurants and GDP Sectoral growth rate of hotels and restaurants followed an uneven path. We can watch taht The biggest rate in 2006(%20) and the smallest rate in 2007(%-20). But, sectoral growth and GDP rates increased from 2007 to 2009(%30). Tourism Indicators of B.H And Neighbouring Countries Room Numbers Bed Numbers Overnight visitors (X1000) Nights(X1000) Tourism Revenue (Million $) B.H 10,789 Croatia 76,078 Montenegro 17,965 Serbia 24,023 Austria 285,558 Macedonia 7,214 22,442 306 163,171 9,307 42,778 984 52,547 696 646,915 20,766 17,124 3,903 1337 798 56006 9,576 7294 457 7329 1,011 100645 21,292 2018 219 Figure of tourism indicator show me that B.H have low rates and competition power for tourism between the it‘s rival country. 5. Tourism Types in Bosnia-Herzegovinia Bosnia-Herzegovinia tourism based on natural and cultural tourism. Especially, winter sports, thermal, SPA and ecological tourism, hunting and nature sports are very important for B.H toursim sector. Besides, country have a seashore for 25 km to Adriatic Sea in Neum city. 6. Tourism Policy And Planning for Sustainable Development in Bosnia-Herzegovina An Effective tourism policiy and planning will be benefit to the B.H Economy. Because, tourisim is now a major area of academic, goverment, industry and public concern. While it is now an oft-citied truism that is the 584 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo world‘s largest industry, tourism is significant not just because of its size in terms of the number of people travelling, how many people it employs, or how much Money it brings into a destinations(Hall,2008). a. What Is The Planning? Planning is a tradinational and basic human activity(Dredge and Jenkins,2007). According to Gleeson and Low(2000), planning is a dialectical concept rather than an ―analytical‖ one. An analiytical concept is one that can be perfectly and finally defined in such a way that we can know what it is and what ist is not. A dialectical concept,on the other hand, ,s one that overlaps with other concepts an deven eith its opposite.It(planning),s a concept, like ―justice‖ or ―democracy‖ or ―money‖, crucially important for social life, but one that can never be pinned down in a unique, perfectly encompassing definition. b. What Is The Policy? Defining policy is not wasted efford. Clarifying what policy is, even if it is done from perpectives, provides a means for people to enderstand what it is we are talking about, examining or researching. If such concepts were not clarified, it wolud not be possible for us to refer to any particular disciplines or fields of study and for bodies of knowledge to be developed. One could not developed a philosophy or set of principles for policy analysis if one could not define policy(Dredge and Jenkins,2007). c. Sustainable Development in Bosnia Herzegovina and tourism The speed and extent of the economic transformations associated with toursim devlopment, together with the social and territorial changes consequent upon this, area by now familiar subject in tourism. Such transformations are epitomised by the sequence of changes in the social construction of the Costa del Sol as a tourism destination, and the territorial recognisation associated with this(Barke and France,1996;Marchena,1987). The Costa del Sol was little more than a ascatter of fishing villages in the 1950s, but by the 1960s it had become a fashinable international destination, and by the 1970s a mass toursim destinations(Williams and Shaw,1998) Previously, we mentioned about the issue of B.H economy. B.H can be became a toursim destinations by an effective tourism policy and planning like Costa del Sol for solve the issues in the B.H Economy. So, B.H Goverment must to know that disadvantages in tourism sector. d. Disadvantage of B.H In Tourism Sector B.H goverment must apply suggestions in down paragraph for tourism policiy and planning in the context of sustainable development(Turkey Development Bank,2010);  Advertisement activities are insufficient. This state ise disadvantage for international tourism market,  Transport substructure is not sufficient,  Hotels in the B.H are insufficient according to other Balkan Countries,  Number of qualified personel is low and insufficient about the quality and quantitiy,  Others sector which supported the tourism sector need to developt,  There is insufficiencies about the tourist‘s healt and security,  Natural, cultural, historical inheritences are defended adequately,  Nights in the hotels are low too,  B.H‘s economy depends on other countries‘s economic aims. So, B.H tourism investments become very hard,  B.H‘s constitution isn‘t sufficient for tourism investment,  There is wrong competition in B.H‘s economy,  There is out of balance revenue in B.H‘s economy,  B.H‘s competition with the other Balkan countries. If all of these negatives stats changes from these disadvantage to advantage, B.H will has good tourisim policiy and planing. 585 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo 7. Conclusion Planning studies must be done for attain the targets which determined previously. National plans must be prepared attentively for economic development context of the these plans. Because of we see low indicators of tourism sector and economy, we can understand that B.H. haven‘t sufficiet tourisim and economic policy and plannig. If B.H goverment would like the sustainable development for it‘s economoy, urgently they must determine policy and planning of economy and tourism sector. B.H goverment will have been obtained very well tourism policy and plannig when they determined which they enter tourism markets. So, first of all B.H goverment overwiev it‘s tourism resources and advantage in tourism sector. After the tourism resources and advantage was determined in tourism sector, B.H goverment must began to intensive advertisement activities all of the target markets, encourage tourism investments and infrastructure, follow the activities which his rivals in the tourism sector, etc. Unemploymnet, low wages, nights and competition power, depends on the aims of other countries of issues can be solved by new ways, policy and planning. Exactly, we understand that importance of tourism sector for B.H‘s sustainable development. References Barke,M and France,L.(1996).‖The Costa pain.Wallingford.CAB International:.p.343-375 del Sol‖,in M.Barke, J. Towner and M.T.Newton(eds).Tourism In Çelik,Y.(2006).Hacettepe Sağlık Ġdaresi Dergisi.V.9.N.1 Definitions and Notes: Economy – overview(https://www.cia.gov/library/ (https://www.cia.gov/library/ publications/theworldfactbook/docs/notesanddefs.html?countryName=Bosnia%20and%20Herzegovin&countryCode=bk&region Code=eu" \l "2116"\o) OECD.(2001).―Sustainable Development:Critical Issues‖.Policy Brief(2 Policy Brief). Dredge,D.&John J.(2007).Tourism Planning and Polic.Fabulous Printers.Australia.p.4.8. Foreign economic relations boards.(2005).‖Bosna Hersek Ülke Bülteni.p.2-3 Gleeson,B&N,Low,(200).Australian Urban Planning:New Challenges.New Agendas.Allen and Unwin.Sydney.p.12 Hall,C.M.(2008).‖Toursim Planning Policies,Processes and Relationships‖.Pearson Education Limited,England.p.1. IMF Country Report.(2008),.Bosnia and Herzegovina: 2008 Article IV Consultation—Staff Report; Public Information Notice on the Executive Board Discussion; and Statement by the Executive Director for Bosnia and Herzegovina. No. 08/327 October 2008 Washington, D.C.p.11 Marchena, M.(1987).Territorio y Tourismo en Andalucia.Sevilla:Junta de Andalucia.Direction General to tourismo. MinibaĢ,T.(1960).Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma ve Etkileri.Ġstanbul Üniversitesi Ġktisat Fakültesi. Turkish Cypriot Chamber of Commerce.(2010) .‖North Cyprus Competition Report 2009-2010‖.p.4 Williams,A.M.&Gareth S.(1998).Tourisim & Economic Development.John Wiley & Sons Ltd.England.p.1 Turkey Development Bank.(2010). Sector Reports of the Bosnia-Herzegovina.Tourism Report.Ankara. World Commission on Environment and Development.(1987),‖Our Common Future‖.Oxford University Press.Oxford.(See: http://www.worldinbalance.net/pdf/1987-brundtland.pdf) World Economic Forum, Competitiveness Report 2009-2010.p.7 586 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 281 Title A name given to the resource Tourism Policy and Planning in Context Of The Sustainable Development Author Author BALTACI, Furkan Abstract A summary of the resource. Competitiveness have become more important for developed or developing countries in today‘s globalized world economy. For a country to be succesfull in both national and international markets is related how efficient they use economics resources. Competitiveness degree of countries is a positive function of providing opportunities for source of revenue for citizens, improving the quality of life, increasing employment opportunities fort he reduction of unemployment etc… To progress on a strable manner on the factors we stated will be possible with composing a sustinable economy. Tourism activities can be used for providing a sustinable economy. It is seen as an undeniable fact that tourism provides employment, acces foreign Exchange, investment opportunities, regional and national development for economies of countries. This study will expose the role of tourism for Bosnia – Herzegovina‘s economy growth in a sustainable way. Also it will be determined that what kind of policies they should follow to have more shares from global tourism market. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed HB Economic Theory https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/6ef5166bea52ae8586cb08a476d1442b.pdf fd0f7305d7f65f50d87c3190febb79d4 PDF Text Text Tourist Potential as a Factor of Rural Territories Development: Experience of the Russian Federation Regions Polina Ananchenkova Academy of labour and social relations Russia ananchenkova@yandex.ru Abstract: World experience shows that in Russia and other countries, the development of rural tourism can be a very effective activity aimed at environmental, economic, and social development. Today, about 20000 villages in Russia are on the verge of extinction. Consequently, rural tourism can and should become the very “locomotive” that will really pull out and revive the rural areas of Russia. The development of rural tourism is named among the priority area provided for in the “Concept of Sustainable Development of Rural Territories of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2020”, approved by Order of the Government of Russia in 2010. Expert assessments based on studies conducted in the regions of the Russian Federation show that the approximate level of income from rural tourism activity per administrative region of the constituent entity of Russia may be about 30 million rubles (500 thousand US dollars) per year. In the case of the implementation of an integrated approach involving the joint development of agricultural activities and rural tourism, the effect can double – up to 50-60 billion rubles per year. Rural tourism in Russia is a new socio-economic phenomenon oriented to the use of natural, cultural, historical resources of rural areas to create and supply a tourist product to a wide range of people. In this regard, it should be thought that the strategic priorities of the national policy aimed at stimulating tourism in rural areas should be the concentration of tourist resources and creation of destinations that include backbone tourist centers with high potential for the formation of rural tours, and territories adjacent to the borders. At the same time, the activation of rural tourism will allow developing territories that do not have promising industrial and agricultural organizations, and thereby improve the socioeconomic situation of the country as a whole. Keywords: rural territories, development, tourism, Russian Federation JEL Classification: Z320, R190, Q010 Introduction World experience shows that in Russia and other countries, the development of rural tourism can be a very effective activity aimed at environmental, economic, and social development. At the end of XX and beginning of XXI century in the world a great interest to rural tourism has arisen, and different countries have excellent examples of organization and promotion of this type of tourism. At this, each country thanks to natural landscapes, traditions of agriculture and cattle breeding, specifics of cuisine, rural culture, architectural appearance and vernacular legacy of villages create own national model of rural tourism development. Rural tourism is slowly 56 �becoming popular, fashionable and recreation in countryside already takes second place after seaside vacation. Russia does not remain aside from modern trends in this area. Today, about 20,000 villages in Russia are on the verge of extinction. Consequently, rural tourism can and should become the very “locomotive” that will really pull out and revive the rural areas of Russia. Subjects of rural tourism services provision According to data of monitoring of rural tourism development in regions of the Russian Federation, subjects of rural tourism services provision, in general, are: - small businesses providing accommodation, catering, and excursion services; - Peasant Farm Enterprises, Household Farms, farmers; - food processing enterprises; - administration of Specially Protected Natural Reservations (SPNR); - institutions of culture and sports in rural areas, in some cases, schools; - religious sites; - rural residents and summer visitors. Subjects of services provision have one thing in common, i.e. all of them are located at rural area, but due to organizational-legal stats and different departmental affiliation there is a certain discrepancy in interests. List of services provided to tourists nowadays in almost each region is rather diverse, and depends on demand as well as on initiative and wishes of subjects providing services. Approximate range of services is as follows: - services of temporary accommodation in guest rooms, rural guest houses, houses, inns, etc.; - catering and tasting services; - agro-tourist services (participation in agricultural operations: haymaking, shearing, milking, etc.); - agro-tourist services (gathering of mushrooms, berries, vegetables, wild plants, etc.); - sale of agricultural products, meat, dairy products, wild plants, crafts, etc.; - riding horses, deer, camels, dogs, agricultural machinery; - services of fishing, hunting; - rental services, baths, bakeries, smokehouses, parking lots, etc. - cultural and educational facilities (rural Museum, Club, library); - training and teaching handicrafts and trades; - participation in event activities and religious holidays; - other. Despite wide range of services to be provided within rural tourism subjects’ activities are focused on three directions: 57 �At first, services of temporary accommodation in guest rooms, rural guest houses, houses, inns, etc. One of the first regions of Russia to have achieved positive results in reception of tourists in private (rural) houses with “bed & breakfast” services as well as in teaching local residents the basics of tourism organization is the Republic of Karelia (http://www.ticrk.ru). Rural estates’ owners in Karelia were supported within frames of implementation of international project, Tacis, “Development of rural tourism on basis of rational use of natural and cultural resources” main result of which according to experts was establishment of Association of Rural Estates’ Owners “Estate” for coordination and support of activities of rural houses’ owners. Second, tourist and tour services on basis of agricultural enterprises, farms, fishing facilities, facilities of food processing industry, and etc. It should be noted that National Standard of the Russian Federation GOST R 50681-2010 “Tourist Services. Design of Tourist Services” determines co-providers of tourist services: Organizations and enterprises of tourist industry as well as private entrepreneurs rendering certain services (accommodation, catering, transport entities, exhibition complexes, museums, and etc.) under contracts concluded with tour operators at formation of tourist product. Obviously, objects of agricultural sector providing tourist and tour services refer to this list to the similar ones. In many Russian regions tours to special agricultural farms/agricultural production facilities become rather popular, during which the visitor can get acquainted not only with production process but also can try and purchase ready products, can learn some recipes, etc. (cheese makers, wine makers, smokehouses, dairies, mushroom farms, etc.). Level of agriculture development in regions attracts attention of both farmers and manufacturers of agricultural products, and people interested in agriculture of the region. Third, tourist and tour services rendered by rural cultural institutions (libraries, museums, cultural and recreational institutions), whereby we are talking not only about tours, acquaintance with life and traditions, visiting religious sites, eves, but also about teaching handicrafts and trades, singing and dancing skills, and etc. In 2014, for the first, in federal budget there was allocated over three billion Rubles for renovation of material base of culture in villages and small towns. Mobile multi-functional cultural centers have been provided for rural area. Since 2016 till 2020 Federal Target Program “Sustainable Development of Rural Territories” where Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation is a state customer, for reconstruction of operating rural institutions of culture provides for 2.8 billion Rubles from Federal Budget. Today, outside culture it is impossible to ensure better quality and variety of services of cultural, -educational, ethnographic, rural, event, and social tourism. These are exactly the types of tourism that significantly contribute to education and moral improvement of society, civil patriotism and harmonization of inter-ethnic relations, development of tolerance and respect for cultures of different peoples. 58 �State support of rural tourism in the Russian Federation Nowadays, a great attention in the Russian Federation is drawn to state support of tourism development in general and rural tourism in particular. Strategy of Tourism Development in the Russian Federation until 2020 under Federal Target Program “Development of Domestic and Inbound Tourism in the Russian Federation (20112018)” defines rural and ecological tourism as most promising for majority of regions of Russia. This involves a range of issues, i.e. creation of tourist product, rational use of natural and cultural heritage of the region, interests of local economy on basis of interaction and mutual benefits, full support of driving force of rural tourism, entrepreneurship, involvement of community in tourism development, linking interests of businesses and residents on basis of mutually beneficial cooperation. Today, in many Russian regions priority of rural tourism development has been confirmed by real actions and quite tangible results. And, and in light of modern realities in terms of imposition of sanctions, stimulation of interest in products and services of domestic tourism will increase business and investment activity in field of rural tourism. In 2014, the Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation and the Federal Agency for Tourism hosted a number of major events in field of rural tourism. These are international forum “Agrotourism in Russia” held at the Republic of Buryatia, Russian Conference on Conservation of Village Culture and Rural Tourism Development in Lipetsk, tourist forum “Rural Tourism in Russia” in the Orenburg region. Within each event there were discussed current trends and experiences of development of rural tourism in regions of the Russian Federation, especially organization of tourist activity in rural areas and problems of legislative, infrastructure, financial, personnel, informational support of development of rural tourism. Special attention was given to measures of state support for rural tourism development at federal, regional and municipal levels. Of vast interest there was experience of self-organization and coordination of agro-tourist activities within such projects as the “Association of Most Beautiful Villages of Russia”, and “Peasant Hospitality”. At presentation venues of Forums considerable part of space has been showcasing best regional projects in chosen areas of rural tourism development included in collection of materials reflecting best practices of subjects of the Russian Federation on development of rural tourism. Concept of sustainable development of rural areas of the Russian Federation for a period until 2020, and Federal Target Program “Sustainable Development of Rural Territories of the Russian Federation for a Period till 2020” define objectives of stimulating increase in jobs in nonagricultural fields of activity in all possible organizational forms, especially, in field of recreational and environment protection activities, agro- and environmental tourism, rural hotel business. To improve cultural services for rural population, preservation and development of cultural heritage, and enhance creative capacity of rural inhabitants there was determined an objective of rebuilding, having cultural and historical significance farmsteads and other 59 �architectural and natural monuments, creation of museums, manor-ethnographic complexes and other infrastructure of rural tourism as well as other activities. By Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation as of February 2, 2015 No. 151-r there was adopted a strategy for sustainable development of rural territories for a period till 2030 aimed at creation of conditions for sustained improvements in quality and standard of living of rural population through benefits of rural lifestyle. Strategy states that rural tourism is one of major directions of non-agricultural types of activity as well as has important socio-economical functions of creation of attractive jobs including for rural youth and women; on development of rural territories; on complex use of natural and cultural potentials of rural areas. Most important for subjects of agricultural activities providing tourist services, for tourist companies organizing tours to rural areas, for regional and local governments is a need to implement measures aimed at formation of agro-tourist clusters; at holding educational events (advanced qualification courses, educational workshops, master-classes, and trainings) for owner of rural guest houses, representative of farms, private entrepreneurs, rural residents engaged in organization and provision of tourist services in rural areas; media coverage of best practice and most successful projects on development of rural tourism. Analysis of measures of state support for rural tourism in regions has shown that more used measures are provision of subsidies and grants (for repair and reconstruction of rural guest houses, landscaping; participation in exhibitions; promotion; contests; training). Recipients of subsidies and grants are small enterprises (owners of guest houses, manors, ethnicity complexes, and farms in rare cases). In majority of regions state support of rural tourism is provided within frames of state programs on development of culture and tourism, development of agriculture, support for small businesses. Exception is Belgorod Region, where program of “Development of rural tourism in the Belgorod Region for 2011-2015” is being implemented. The main problems of rural tourism development in the Russian Federation Analysis of materials of conferences, forums, round tables on rural tourism determined key problems of rural tourism development in regions of the Russian Federation which hinder effective and dynamic development of this direction of rural population occupancy. 1) Existing federal regulatory-legal acts governing activities in field of tourism lack the concept of rural tourism. Regional practice for identification of discussed type of tourist activity widely apply following concepts: “agro-tourism”, “green tourism”, “farm tourism”, “village tourism”, and etc. However, nowadays, all those regulating this field of activity and those engaged in this type of activity, as well as supervisory authorities and consumers have to use single legal definition. 2) Currently in regions main means for accommodation in rural areas are "guest houses" whereas paragraph 3.3 of the national standard of the Russian Federation GOST R 51185-2008 “Tourist services. Accommodation. General requirements” approved by the 60 �3) 4) 5) 6) 7) Decree of Rostechregulirovanie as of 18.12.2008 No. 518-st specifies only “guest rooms, chalets, bungalows, caravans”. Significant problem for development of rural tourism is underdeveloped and in some municipalities missing transport and engineering infrastructure (roads, electricity, water networks, sewage treatment plants, bank protections, etc.), which is an obstacle to private investments in tourism industry. Lack of telephone communication, Internet is often an insurmountable obstacle for both, tourists and service providers. But above all, absence of roads to rural tourism sites which include guest houses, and farms. In most regions, one of the most important motivations for recreation at countryside is visiting sites of cultural and historical heritage, religious sites, ethnographic and museum complexes, old houses, castles, estates, etc. Tourism allows for drawing attention to unique historical and cultural values, discoveries of earlier unknown or unfairly forgotten historical settlements, sites and names. Experts note inadequate involvement of values of the territory in tour programs. In many Russian regions growing demand for rural tourism services enhanced investment activities in reconstruction and construction of guest houses, small hotels, manors, ethnicity complexes, catering, rural markets, trading pavilions, etc. Today it is quite difficult to obtain available loans for implementation of these projects in rural areas. According to experts, it is necessary to provide for small businesses in field of rural tourism concessional borrowings, as well as development of methodical recommendations and providing special advice for preparation and implementation of business project. Significant problem is misunderstanding and sometimes ignorance by rural entrepreneurs of need to use market-based instruments for promotion of rural tourism services. In many regions there are formed information databases of rural tourism sites, and first of all, of accommodation facilities. According to experts, there is a need in consolidated actions of rural tourism businesses and greater cooperation on part of authorities on organization of study tours, participation in exhibitions, advertising, website creation, etc. Experts recommend to regularly fill the portal www.naselo.ru, the first Russian social network designed to increase tourist flow to the countryside. Serious and long-term challenge is staffing of rural tourism which shall be addressed comprehensively. To avoid mistakes and disappointments, it is necessary to know organization of tourist services, hotel and restaurant business, marketing rules, calculation of costs, cost recovery and funding strategy. In some regions of the Russian Federation (Altai Region, the Republic of Buryatia, the Republic of Karelia, Pskov, Ryazan, Sverdlovsk regions, etc.) there is ongoing large and coherent work on organization of training courses, development of methodological recommendations for development of rural tourism. With purpose of informational, legal and financial support it is proposed to establish informational-methodological centers for owners of rural houses and providers of accompanying services for rural tourism. 61 �8) Insufficient level of coordination of activities in field of rural tourism, despite increased attention to creation of associations of rural tourism. At the federal level, there are such associations as the “Association for promotion of rural tourism”, “National association of rural tourism entities” which pay especial attention to issues of development of regulatory base for rural tourism; classification of objects of rural (agro) tourism, first of all, rural guest houses; development of mechanisms for address support of rural tourism subjects; informational and consultancy support of business entities; increase of role of local governments in development of rural tourism. Experts of Associations are confident that success of rural tourism development largely depends on local governments, their ability to coordinate planning and management of tourism development, encourage participation of local people in arrangement of tourist services, advise and help those people who want to establish business, to support development of rural culture. Conclusion At the end of XX and beginning of XXI century in the world a great interest to rural tourism has arisen, and different countries have excellent examples of organization and promotion of this type of tourism. At this, each country thanks to natural landscapes, traditions of agriculture and cattle breeding, specifics of cuisine, rural culture, architectural appearance and vernacular legacy of villages create own national model of rural tourism development. Russia does not remain aside from modern trends in this area. Rural tourism is slowly becoming popular, fashionable and recreation in countryside already takes second place after seaside vacation. References Kamilov M., Kamilova P., Kamilova, Z. (2016). Rural tourism as a factor of sustainable development of territories. Russian Agriculture Economy, 12, 39-54. Novichkov N., Novikov V., Novichkova N. (2014). Development of tourism at rural territories of Russia in context of number of social-economic trends. Russian Agriculture Economy, 3, 7-14. Shimova O.S. (2012). Basics of sustainable tourism. - Moscow: INFRA-M. Russia in figures. 2012: Brief statistical collection/Rosstat. - M., 2012 Russia in figures. Annual Report for 2015 (2016). Moscow: Federal state statistics service. Main indicators of agriculture in Russia. Annual Report for 2015 (2016). Moscow: Federal state statistics service. Leontiev J., Timoshenkova O. (2013). Regional tourist destination and its social-economic development. Retrieved from: http://business-inform.net/pdf/2013/6_0/165_170.pdf 62 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 3655 Title A name given to the resource Tourist Potential as a Factor of Rural Territories Development: Experience of the Russian Federation Regions (doi: 10.14706/icesos1718) Author Author Ananchenkova, Polina Abstract A summary of the resource. Abstract: World experience shows that in Russia and other countries, the development of rural tourism can be a very effective activity aimed at environmental, economic, and social development. Today, about 20000 villages in Russia are on the verge of extinction. Consequently, rural tourism can and should become the very “locomotive” that will really pull out and revive the rural areas of Russia. The development of rural tourism is named among the priority area provided for in the “Concept of Sustainable Development of Rural Territories of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2020”, approved by Order of the Government of Russia in 2010. Expert assessments based on studies conducted in the regions of the Russian Federation show that the approximate level of income from rural tourism activity per administrative region of the constituent entity of Russia may be about 30 million rubles (500 thousand US dollars) per year. In the case of the implementation of an integrated approach involving the joint development of agricultural activities and rural tourism, the effect can double – up to 50-60 billion rubles per year. Rural tourism in Russia is a new socio-economic phenomenon oriented to the use of natural, cultural, historical resources of rural areas to create and supply a tourist product to a wide range of people. In this regard, it should be thought that the strategic priorities of the national policy aimed at stimulating tourism in rural areas should be the concentration of tourist resources and creation of destinations that include backbone tourist centers with high potential for the formation of rural tours, and territories adjacent to the borders. At the same time, the activation of rural tourism will allow developing territories that do not have promising industrial and agricultural organizations, and thereby improve the socioeconomic situation of the country as a whole. Keywords: rural territories, development, tourism, Russian Federation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/a466804a307f87da1bb51a73262bfb42.pdf 59ae545e6cbe6c4a7a18808ee06a14cf Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource IT Senior Design Projects Description An account of the resource The IT Senior Design Projects (SDPs) category showcases innovative and practical final-year capstone projects developed by undergraduate and graduate students in the field of Information Technology. These projects represent the culmination of students' academic and technical expertise, demonstrating their ability to solve real-world problems through software and hardware solutions. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource TOURISTBOT: AI-POWERED MULTILINGUAL TRAVEL COMPANION FOR SEAMLESS TRAVEL ASSISTANCE IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA Author Author Selma Đozić Abstract A summary of the resource. Tourists visiting Bosnia and Herzegovina often encounter language barriers and difficulties in accessing relevant travel information in real-time, hindering their overall travel experience. Existing solutions are either limited in multilingual support or fail to deliver seamless, contextually appropriate assistance. This project represents a practical solution, namely, a TouristBot, an AI-powered, multilingual virtual travel assistant, designed to enhance the travel experience for visitors of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The system employs Natural Language Processing (NLP), and trained models, to process the user queries in English, and uses Google Cloud’s Translation API for enabling multilingual support, thus returning the answer in the user's original language. The backend, built in Python, using Flask framework, follows three-layered architecture, thus firstly searching for the answer directly from the custom dataset, then using pretrained models for prediction if the threshold for the first layer is not achieved, and finally mBert model is being used for deep semantic understanding if the first two layers fail. Also the frontend is built in JS’s framework, React-Native, for cross-platform functionality. That modular development methodology ensures higher reliability of the TouristBot, and eliminates the problem of the single point of failure. Ultimately, the outcome is a fully functional cross-platform mobile app, which aims to contribute to the tourism industry by offering an innovative, user-friendly solution that bridges language gaps and streamlines the travel experience in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Keywords Keywords. Natural Language Processing (NLP), virtual travel assistant, multilingual chatbot, cross-platform app, pretrained models, tourism in Bosnia and Herzegovina chatbot NLP https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/5f57abc7b6e791a6ad2a655f3861bf4c.docx 76b2df282ff6c431d0eb5224e8a30c0e Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Journal of Natural Sciences and Engineering Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 2637-2835 DOI Digital object identifier 10.14706 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Description An account of the resource Journal of Natural Sciences and Engineering (JONSAE) is a peer-reviewed, biannually published international journal focusing on empirical and theoretical research in all branches of Engineering and Natural Sciences. It is published on the behalf of Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences of International Burch University and aims to provide the best content regarding by publishing original research papers, review articles, special issues, feature articles, and book reviews. All manuscript submissions are subject to initial appraisal by the Editor, and, if found suitable for further consideration, to peer review by independent, anonymous referees. All peer review is double-blind and submission is online. The journal welcomes theoretical, applied, interdisciplinary and methodological work, with preference on empirical research, critical approach and problem-solving methods in manuscripts. Language A language of the resource English Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource TOWARDS A CULTURAL QUARTER: THE CASE OF MARIJIN DVOR Author Author Lejla Odoabsic Novo Adnan Novalic Maja Popovac Abstract A summary of the resource. Abstract - Urban development and regeneration that is powered by the idea of culture has become a norm and part of legislation in most European cities since the 1990’s. This notion has been encored on the development of the ‘Creative City’, a concept envisioned for the new creative class based on the creative economy. The Creative City approach encompasses a holistic strategic development framework that is often characterized by the insertion of new cultural buildings (most typically museums) in the post-industrial zones or neglected neighborhoods. It often results in the design of cultural quarters, and the adoption of city branding strategies based on reductive images of the city as a cultural site. This paper takes on the idea of developing a Cultural Quarter as the first step towards developing a strategic plan for the transformation of the post-conflict Sarajevo and making it part of the European Creative City Network. It takes on Montgomery’s principles of the museum cultural districts and examines the potential of this proposal through Canter’s model for Metaphor for Place. Keywords Keywords. Keywords: Creative City, Cultural Quarters, Museums, Urban regeneration, Sarajevo Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Journal of Natural Sciences and Engineering https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/f462566df982d5ad3c0b407e167fbf5b.docx 00bbfd83fe918645fce06af3e0ec63bb https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/ebe2885b2386f08c9fa08945835985b7.pdf 4564938465bdf9d4f6dfd2b3ed51c0fd PDF Text Text Towards Establishing Financial and Budget Indicators for Municipalities: A Literature Review MirjanaSejdini Epoka University Albania msejdini@epoka.edu.al Abstract:Currently, one of the main problems that municipalities and other stakeholders face is having some objective indicators related to the finances and particularly the budget of municipalities in the Republic of Macedonia. Considering the nature of local government finances and consulting various previous studies carried in similar countries like Macedonia, it is possible to generate some representative financial or budget indicators that could apply to municipalities in the country. These indicators would serve as the basis on which municipalities could be ranked within a year or through various years. It would depend on the availability of the data aiming at analyzing their relative performance and positioning. This paper aims at consulting the literature about generating these indicators and analyzing their applicability in the case of municipalities in Macedonia. The output of this study is a set of financial or budget indicators related to revenues and expenditures in municipalities of Macedonia. Definitely, this is a pioneering study for the country and the region. It would contribute to the existing research about evaluating the financial relative performance and financial conditions of municipalities not only in Macedonia, but also in the region. Keywords:Financial Indicators, Budget Indicators, Municipalities. 102 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2560 Title A name given to the resource Towards Establishing Financial and Budget Indicators for Municipalities: A Literature Review Author Author SEJDINI, Mirjana Abstract A summary of the resource. Currently, one of the main problems that municipalities and other stakeholders face is having some objective indicators related to the finances and particularly the budget of municipalities in the Republic of Macedonia. Considering the nature of local government finances and consulting various previous studies carried in similar countries like Macedonia, it is possible to generate some representative financial or budget indicators that could apply to municipalities in the country. These indicators would serve as the basis on which municipalities could be ranked within a year or through various years. It would depend on the availability of the data aiming at analyzing their relative performance and positioning. This paper aims at consulting the literature about generating these indicators and analyzing their applicability in the case of municipalities in Macedonia. The output of this study is a set of financial or budget indicators related to revenues and expenditures in municipalities of Macedonia. Definitely, this is a pioneering study for the country and the region. It would contribute to the existing research about evaluating the financial relative performance and financial conditions of municipalities not only in Macedonia, but also in the region. Keywords:Financial Indicators, Budget Indicators, Municipalities. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014-04-24 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-4564 H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/baa398d73a35c08d807c6dedfbdca2e5.pdf 99c5388a83db918f878f67d0f81a09a3 PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Towards regional market of creative industries and “creativisation“ of Western Balkans economy Hristina Mikid Modern Business School/Creative, Economy Group, Belgrade, Serbia hristinamikic@gmail.com Mirjana Rikalo Creative Economy Group, Belgrade, Serbia mirjana.rikalo@gmail.com The objective of this paper is to compare and analyze developmental role of the creative industries in Western Balkans countries (Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Montenegro, Albania, Macedonia) for the period 2000-2012. Statement and trends of creative industries development is analyzed by cross-country based structural analysis that explains economic situation in creative industries of the selected countries with special emphases on impact of the economic crisis and institutional framework on their position and development. The creative industries are studied on the basis of some selected variables- employment, gross value added, business activities (size and structure of creative sector), trade performances, etc. as well as their contribution in fostering economic growth and development in Western Balkan countries (“creativisation” effect). Institutional framework is study by evaluation of economic, legal and organizationaladministrative measures and their influence in supporting or limiting developmental process in creative industries. The paper aim is also to provide analysis of options and potential effects of the creation a regional market of creative industries in the Western Balkans. The idea of a common creative industries market in the territory of the Western Balkans is based on the assumption that this regional market would include existing national creative industries markets in the area of mentioned region, providing possibility for expansion on other countries in the wider environment of the region. Creation of this regional creative industries market can be understand as a positive component of the integration process of the Western Balkans into the EU, but also as a important step towards the stability of the national creative industries systems, better nurturing of creativity, creative industries sustainable development in all the Western Balkan countries, especially in the 158 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo conditions of economic crisis as well as higher level of “creativisation” of Western Balkans economy. The main hypotheses which should be validated are: What is the economic contribution and potential of creative industries in Western Balkan countries? Do they can affect the catalytic conditions of the economic crisis in Western Balkans? How institutional framework influenced development of creative industries in Western Balkans? Which innovative policy response should be developed for encouraging of creative industries in Western Balkans? How creative intangible assets could be transforming into better source of economic development and what can be effects of “creativisation” of Western Balkans economy? What are options and potential effects of the creation a regional market of creative industries in the Western Balkans? Keywords: Public Policies, Creative Industries, Western Balkans, Economic Development, Regional Market, Employment, Gross Value Added, Creativisation of Economy. 159 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1672 Title A name given to the resource Towards regional market of creative industries and “creativisation“ of Western Balkans economy Author Author MIKIĆ, Hristina RIKALO, Mirjana Abstract A summary of the resource. The objective of this paper is to compare and analyze developmental role of the creative industries in Western Balkans countries (Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Montenegro, Albania, Macedonia) for the period 2000-2012. Statement and trends of creative industries development is analyzed by cross-country based structural analysis that explains economic situation in creative industries of the selected countries with special emphases on impact of the economic crisis and institutional framework on their position and development. The creative industries are studied on the basis of some selected variables- employment, gross value added, business activities (size and structure of creative sector), trade performances, etc. as well as their contribution in fostering economic growth and development in Western Balkan countries (“creativisation” effect). Institutional framework is study by evaluation of economic, legal and organizationaladministrative measures and their influence in supporting or limiting developmental process in creative industries. The paper aim is also to provide analysis of options and potential effects of the creation a regional market of creative industries in the Western Balkans. The idea of a common creative industries market in the territory of the Western Balkans is based on the assumption that this regional market would include existing national creative industries markets in the area of mentioned region, providing possibility for expansion on other countries in the wider environment of the region. Creation of this regional creative industries market can be understand as a positive component of the integration process of the Western Balkans into the EU, but also as a important step towards the stability of the national creative industries systems, better nurturing of creativity, creative industries sustainable development in all the Western Balkan countries, especially in the conditions of economic crisis as well as higher level of “creativisation” of Western Balkans economy. The main hypotheses which should be validated are: What is the economic contribution and potential of creative industries in Western Balkan countries? Do they can affect the catalytic conditions of the economic crisis in Western Balkans? How institutional framework influenced development of creative industries in Western Balkans? Which innovative policy response should be developed for encouraging of creative industries in Western Balkans? How creative intangible assets could be transforming into better source of economic development and what can be effects of “creativisation” of Western Balkans economy? What are options and potential effects of the creation a regional market of creative industries in the Western Balkans? Keywords: Public Policies, Creative Industries, Western Balkans, Economic Development, Regional Market, Employment, Gross Value Added, Creativisation of Economy. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-10 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-4564