315 10 3494 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/bbcb56b6e888efb12d0b98b25e746f7c.pdf b980fefcd93e8c29a16d394f35eb1ca7 PDF Text Text PROCEEDINGS th ______ The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 THERMODYNAMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF A WIND TURBINE SYSTEM Abbas Alpaslan KOCER1, Yunus Emre YUKSEL2, Murat OZTURK3 1 Uluborlu Selahattin Karasoy Vocational School, Suleyman Demirel University, 32260, Isparta Turkey, alpaslankocer@sdu.edu.tr 2 Department of Science and Education, Education Faculty, Afyon Kocatepe University, 03200, Afyon, Turkey, yeyuksel@aku.edu.tr 3 Department of Mechatronics Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Suleyman Demirel University, 32260, Isparta Turkey, muratozturk@sdu.edu.tr Abstract The wind turbine system is one of the most competitive sources in the field of renewable energy technologies. In many possible applications, a small power plant based on a renewable energy can be a good solution under both the environmental and economic point of view. Vertical axis wind turbine types have an important role in small-scale power development. This wind power plant would allow the reduction of electric energy consumption from the grid and the increase of the amount of renewable energy use. The large wind turbine market is mature and it is the product of several extensive researches. Wind turbine market is being developed to improve the efficiency, performance, and cost effectiveness of the turbines. The end goal of this development is to gain a position for wind power as a competitive alternative to fossil fuels. Among all renewable energy technology of different kinds, wind energy technology has many advantages such as extensive distribution, high efficiency, low cost, low maintenance, environmental friendliness, economic improvement and environmental characteristic that it stands for the most popularized and potentially applicable type of green energy. In many applications, wind is already competitive with conventional options for generating electricity. In this paper, thermodynamic analysis consisting of energy and exergy terminology and environmental impact factors for wind turbine systems are investigated, and parametric studies for efficiency of wind turbine system are given for different ambient conditions such as wind speed and huge tower high. The relationship between the actual energy generated from the wind turbine and the wind speed characteristics are investigated for sustainability of wind turbine system. Also, important outputs for wind turbine system, such as maximum relative output useful energy and optimal rotational speed corresponding to different wind speeds, are estimated to improve the system performance. By multiplying normalized power by maximum relative output power for the wind turbine system, the relative output power is calculated. Keywords: Renewable energy, wind energy, thermodynamic analysis, environmental analysis, efficiency. 219 | P a g e �ISSD 2014 th The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ PROCEEDINGS 1. Introduction It is expected that by 2050 the world energy demand will be significantly increased. In addition, due to global problems caused by greenhouse gas emissions, the world also needs low emission and low-carbon energy suppliers to eliminate air pollution. Therefore, a lot of countries in the world have expressed their views on alternative energy resources, such as sustainable solar energy, safe nuclear energy, clean hydrogen economy, ground source heat pumps and geothermal energy, bio-energy, wind energy, hydro-power and wave energy. Suitable renewable energy policies need to be developed for effective use of available alternative sources. Wind energy is a prime example of a sustainable energy resource. Because it is a non-polluting source of energy during power generation, it has no emissions or residues to burden society. The dominant type of modern wind turbine is the upwind, horizontal, 3-blade turbine variety, where the rotor axis is parallel to the wind direction and the blades are arranged perpendicular into the wind direction [Manwell et al., 2011]. The wind turbine system consists of a foundation, a tower, nacelle and three rotors attached to a hub. The three blades are attached to the hub, which is attached to the shaft, which is eventually connected to the generator. The blades are shaped like aircraft propellers, but are considerably larger, and hollow; an absolute premium is placed on the strength to weight ratio and flexing properties of the blades [Veers et al, 2003]. The type of wind turbine selected for installation at the sites examined should be designed for moderate wind speeds, have as tall a tower is as practical, and as large a blade diameter as is possible. Entropy production based on design and exergy analysis of the wind turbine system is shown to identify the maximum theoretical capability of system performance in power production applications. Exergy analysis is very useful for improving a wide range of energy conversion systems. Exergy analysis also provides a design tool for increased accuracy and more efficient performance. However, there are few examples in past literature [Sahin et al., 2006(a); Sahin et al. 2006(b); Ozturk, 2011] that pertain to wind exergy. Through an energy and exergy analysis of the characteristics of wind energy, it was found that differences between energy and exergy efficiencies are approximately 20-24% at low wind speeds and approximately 10 - 15% at high wind speeds [Sahin et al., 2006(a)]. Sahin et al. [Sahin et al., 2006(b)] have developed a useful exergetic analysis technique for determining the exergetic efficiency of a wind turbine. The technique utilizes the wind chill temperature associated with wind velocity to predict the entropy generation of the process. Better turbine design and location selection can be achieved with the aid of such exergy analysis. Ozturk [2011] have estimated wind power potential for Turkey, and provided suitable data for evaluating potential wind power production by using the wind data collected at 23 different wind-monitoring stations in Turkey. The author has used the energy and exergy analyses of wind power for estimating of the wind power potential in these areas. Exergy analysis of wind power has been investigated according to air temperature and pressure at inlet and outlet of wind turbine; energy generated and heat loss from wind turbine. Also, energy and exergy analyses of wind power and capacity factor, energy and exergy efficiencies at 10, 25 and 50 m have been calculated for these wind-monitoring stations. 220 | P a g e �PROCEEDINGS th ______ The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 In this paper, some results of the application methods of the thermodynamic analysis based on the second law of thermodynamics for reducing the exergy losses in the wind turbine system are investigated for better system design. In addition that, some parametric studies for produced energy, exergy destruction, energy efficiency and exergy efficiency of the wind turbine system are investigated for varying wind speeds. The other outputs of this paper should be given as follows;  To develop an advanced Engineering Equation Solver (EES) software code and carry out parametric studies for wind energy system components.  To calculate the exergy content of the proses including the physical or flow exergy for the system.  To determine the exergy destruction rate and exergy efficiency of each system component.  To perform a complete parametric study and the performance assessment of the system. 2. Thermodynamic Analysis General thermodynamic assessments involving the energy and exergy balance equations, and energy and exergy efficiencies are given to analyze wind turbine improvement potentials. In the most general viewpoint, a balance equation for a given quantity in a process should be written as follows; (1) Eq. (1) is supposed to as the quantity balance for the process, and should be given as quantity accumulated in a process is equal to the difference between the net quantity transfer through the system boundary plus the quantity generated and the quantity consumed within the system boundaries. 2.1 Energy Analysis Wind turbine blades capture a fraction of the kinetic energy from the air passing the turbine blades and convert this into electric energy [Manwell et al., 2002]. The mass flow of air moving past the blades should be given as follows; (2) where  is density of the air (kg/m3), A is the swept rotor area (m2) and Va is the velocity of the air flowing past the rotor disk (m/s). The air density changes with both ambient temperature and altitude, and should be calculated by the specific air gravity viewpoint as follows; (3) where s is the standard air density, and taken as 1.225 kg/m3 for ambient temperature and pressure at 15 °C and 1 atm, respectively, TR and TS are the absolute reference temperature (15 °C) and space average air temperature, respectively, PR and PS are the absolute reference pressure (1 atm) and space average air pressure, respectively. The space average air pressure varies inversely with height above the sea level, and should be calculated as follows for altitudes less than 5000m [Manwell et al., 2002]; 221 | P a g e �ISSD 2014 th The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ PROCEEDINGS (4) The kinetic energy of flowing air can be calculated as; (5) The kinetic energy per unit time through the rotor disk is the power of the air flow, and should be given as; (6) Also, it can be calculated as follows using the Eq. (2); (7) This is the basic law that applies to extracting power from moving air. Also, Eq. (7) should be given in terms of the rotor radius (R). (8) Air is a compressible fluid. Therefore, all of the kinetic energy cannot be extracted from the air passing the turbine blades. The maximum quantity of the produced energy which can be extracted through a wind turbine system from moving air is represented using the Betz limit, which has a value of 16/27 or nearly 59.26% [Spera, 1994]. But in practical application, the best that the most blade designs can achieve is nearly 50%, and this performance usually changes with wind speeds [Walker and Jenkins, 1997]. Also, this performance indicator is given as the rotor power coefficient (Cp). Eq. (7) can be written as follows by incorporating Cp ; (9) At high wind speeds, the effect of Cp usually is determined by changing the pitch of the turbine blades. Therefore, the turbine blades become less performance at converting moving air into rotary motion. When the wind speeds are too high, the turbine rotation is stopped by adjusting the blade angles to an aerodynamic braking position. Capacity factor (CF) can also easily be found as the ratio of the annual average power generated and the rated power of a turbine as follows; (10) where Ereal and Erated are total energy generated and maximum annual rated energy by the wind farm, respectively, and they can be given as follows; (11) and 222 | P a g e �PROCEEDINGS th ______ The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 (12) where Prated is maximum rated power of a turbine, Nturbine is number of turbines in the farm and ttotal is number of operational hours in a year. 2.2 Exergy Analysis Exergy analysis based on the second law of the thermodynamics can support to create the strategies and managements for more economical and effective use of energy sources, and is utilized to study wind energy system. The sources of the irreversibility and proposed approaches to increase the whole efficiency of the given system should be considered by using exergy analysis. Exergy content of matter is generally divided into four parts which are physical exergy (exph), chemical exergy (exch), kinetic exergy (exk) and potential exergy (exp). Therefore, general exergy balance equation per unit mass should be given as follows; (13) where exke, expe, exph and exch are the kinetic, potential, physical and chemical exergy, respectively. In this paper, kinetic, potential and chemical exergies are negligible, as the elevation differences are low, speeds in the process are small and there is no chemical reaction. In general, physical exergy is represented the maximum effective work available as a process interacts with the environment. Any substance of which the temperature, pressure or composition is different from the thermodynamic equilibrium with the surroundings (thermal, mechanical and chemical) has the possibility to produce a change. The physical exergy or general flow exergy of the flow is given as; (14) where subscripts i and o show the ith flow rate and reference condition flow rate, respectively, h is the specific enthalpy and s is the specific entropy, respectively. Enthalpy difference can be given as follows; (15) where Cp,a is the air specific heat in (kJ/kgK), T1 and T2 are the wind chill temperature at the input and output to the wind turbine blades, respectively. Wind chill temperature for the turbine can be given as follows [Nelson et al., 2002]; (16) where Ti,wind-ct is the wind chill temperature °C and V is the wind speed in km/h at 10 m elevation from the ground level. Output wind speed (V2) should be calculated as follows [Abed, 1994]; (17) The entropy changes for the wind turbine system are consisting of the total entropy of the system and surround entropy difference [Szargut, et al., 1988]. 223 | P a g e �ISSD 2014 th The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ PROCEEDINGS (18) or (19) Heat losses per unit mass from the rotor blade of the turbine system should be given as follows; (20) From Eq. (15), the total exergy of wind power can be expressed as; (21) Total exergy of the wind turbine system should be written as follows; (22) Also, exergy destruction rate for the wind turbine system can be given as; (23) 2.3 Thermodynamic Efficiencies The thermodynamic efficiencies of the design system should be considered through the first law of thermodynamics (energy efficiency) and both the first and second laws of thermodynamics (exergy efficiency). Energy and exergy efficiencies of the system components and whole system should be given for detailed thermodynamic analysis. The energy efficiency ( ) of the system should be given as the ratio of useful energy produced by the system to the total energy input. The useful produced energy represents the desired results produced by the system components. The energy efficiency for the single production should be written as follows: (24) The exergy efficiency ( ) of the process should be defined as the divided of exergy output rate ( ) that is created by the considered system to the overall exergy inlet rate ( ) that is cross the boundaries of the system, as follows; (25) The exergy efficiency for the process should also be given in terms of exergy destruction rate as the following; 224 | P a g e �PROCEEDINGS th ______ The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 (26) Using the derived equations, a model is generated by using Engineering Equation Solver (EES). With the help of this model, the system performance and emissions are investigated by varying a series of input conditions. 3. Results and discussion The main production characteristics of the wind turbine system are given in Table 1. In this paper, the ambient temperature and pressure are given as 25 °C and 1 atm, respectively. For the useful energy production from the chosen wind turbine system, wind speeds from 10 m to 50 m above the ground level are from 5 to 12 m/s. Higher wind speeds create axial forces which are liable to damage the wheel, the transmission and support of the machine. This is very important to take special protective measures in the design of the wind wheel sub-system. Table 1. ENERCON E-40/6.44 product specifications Model Rated Power Hub height Rotor Diameter Type Direction of rotation Number of blades Rotor swept areas Blade materials Rotor speed Generator Generator Braking system Cut-in speed Rated wind speed Wind Turbine Product Specifications ENERCON E-40/6.44 600 kW 46 m on tabular steel tower 44 m Upwind Clockwise 3 1662 m2 Fiberglass (reinforced epoxy) with light protection Variable, 18-34 rpm Gearless-no oil required 3 independent systems with emergency supply Rotor brake Rotor lock for service and maintenance 2.5 m/s 13.0 m/s Thermodynamic analysis and environmental assessment of the wind turbine system are very important in terms of the view for sustainable developments. To achieve for these aims, measured and calculated parameters according to the average values of the wind turbine system are shown in Table 2. These design parameters are measured wind speed (ms-1), measured time in a year (hyear-1), wind speed percent (%), capacity factor (Cp), mass flow rate (kgs-1), available power (kW), useful power (kW) and produced power (kWh/year). For this paper, using the energy analysis which given in this paper, available power and useful power for the wind turbine system are calculated as 1364 and 1603 kW respectively for 11.5 ms-1 wind speed. But, produced maximum power from the wind turbine system is calculated as 47739 kWh/year at 6.5 ms-1 wind speed. The maximum and minimum capacity factors of the wind turbine system are obtained as 0.35 for 7.5 ms-1 and 0.18 for 2.5 ms-1 wind speed, respectively. This indicates that capacity factor is depended on the measured time in a year and wind speed. Also, high mass flow rate for the wind system produces high available power and useful power, respectively. The electricity produced is zero below the 2.5 ms-1 cut-in wind velocity. 225 | P a g e �th ISSD 2014 The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ PROCEEDINGS Table 2. Measured and calculated parameters for the wind turbine system Measured wind speed Vr (ms-1) 2.5 3.5 4.5 5.5 6.5 7.5 8.5 9.5 10.5 11.5 Measured time in a year ttotal (hyear-1) Wind speed percent (%) Capacity factor Cp Mass flow rate (kgs-1) Available power Pa (kW) Useful power Pu (kW) Produced power Po (kWh/year) 4028 1202 1674 1023 637 104 72 11 7 2 45.99 13.73 19.10 11.68 7.28 1.18 0.83 0.12 0.07 0.02 0.18 0.21 0.28 0.30 0.32 0.35 0.33 0.30 0.25 0.21 4.486 6.28 8.074 9.868 11.66 13.46 15.25 17.05 18.84 20.63 14.02 38.46 81.75 149.3 246.4 378.5 550.9 769.2 1039 1364 16.24 45.2 99.08 182.4 303.4 471.3 681 939.8 1243 1603 0 9229 36425 43544 47739 13096 12444 2413 1728 544.7 8000 0.35 7000 0.3 6000 0.25 5000 0.2 4000 0.15 Poutput (kW) 3000 hWT (%) 2000 1000 2.5 3.5 4.5 5.5 6.5 7.5 8.5 9.5 10.5 h (%) Poutput (kW) The results of the energy and exergy analysis, including the energy and exergy efficiency, and exergy destruction rate for the wind turbine system are reported. It is shown that, the inlet and outlet exergy flows of the system are mainly attributed to the wind speeds. Produced energy (kW) and energy efficiency of the wind turbine system based on the measured wind speeds are given in Figure 1. It is seen that, produced energy and energy efficiency for the system changes between 1364 to 7729 kW and 0 to 26.72%, respectively, at different measured wind speed, and maximum energy efficiency is obtained for 6.5 ms-1 wind speed, considering inlet and outlet pressure differences for the system. 0.1 0.05 0 11.5 v r (ms -1) Figure 1. Variations with wind turbine of the produced energy (kW) and energy efficiency for the wind turbine Exergy analysis of the system has an important role in evaluating wind energy technology. Also, the exergy destruction rate is another important matter to be emphasized because the study of irreversibility can help to identify where the work or energy lost during the operation. Various factors identified in the design section can influence both the energy and exergy efficiencies of the wind turbine system. 226 | P a g e �PROCEEDINGS th ______ The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 Exergy destruction rate (kW) and exergy efficiency of the wind turbine system based on the measured wind speeds are given in Figure 2. Increasing of the measured wind velocity decreases the energy and exergy efficiencies because the net energy inlet to the wind turbine increases. Furthermore, maximum produced energy and exergy destruction rate are produced as 272.4 and 1331 kW, respectively, at 11.5 ms-1 wind speed. Higher exergy destruction refers high inefficiencies or irreversibilities occur in this system. Exergy efficiency of the system is more meaningful than the energy efficiency since it gives right magnitudes for the losses to be determined. It is suggested that exergy efficiency should be used for wind energy evaluations and assessments, so as to allow for more realistic modeling. In the general manner, the exergy efficiency of the wind turbine system is based on the turbine type, such as horizontal or vertical, rotor radius hub height and local wind speed. 8000 0.3 0.2 y WT (%) ExD-WT (kW) 6000 4000 ExD-WT (kW) 2000 0 2.5 y 3.5 4.5 5.5 6.5 7.5 8.5 WT 0.1 (%) 9.5 10.5 0 11.5 v r (ms -1) Figure 2. Variations with wind turbine of the exergy destruction rate (kW) and exergy efficiency for the wind turbine 4. Conclusions Wind turbine system can make significant supports for energy production due to their potential for high efficiency as well as low operating costs and greenhouse gas and pollution emissions. Environmental problems such as fossil fuel depletion and climate change upgrade the advantages and significance of wind turbine system performance. In this study, energy and exergy analyses are carried out for the wind turbine system to evaluate the system performance and exergy destruction rates. Exergy analysis of a wind turbine system is given based on the thermodynamic quantities, such as enthalpy and entropy productions. Therefore, exergy analysis has a significant role in evaluating wind turbine system. The differences between the energy and exergy efficiency is very important for analyzing of the energy conversation. It is suggested that, exergy efficiencies can be used for wind energy evaluation and assessment, so as to allow for more realistic modeling, evaluation and planning for wind turbine system. Exergetic assessments of wind power system provide more meaningful and useful data than energetic assessments for engineers and wind energy companies before making decisions. 227 | P a g e �ISSD 2014 th The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ PROCEEDINGS 5. References Abed, K. A. (1994). Variable Speed Operation of Small Scale Wind Turbines. World Renewable Energy Congress, Reading University, UK. Manwell, J., Burton, T., Sharpe, D., Jenkins, N., Bossanyi, E. (2011). Wind Energy Handbook. Second Edition, John Wiley & Sons. Manwell, J., McGowan J., & Rogers, A. (2002). Wind Energy Explained. John Wiley & Sons. Nelson, C. A., Tew, M., Phetteplace, G.E., Schwerdt, R., Maarouf, A., Osczevski, R., Bluestein, M., Shaykewich, J., Smarsh, D., Derby, J.C, Petty, R.C., Berger, M., Quayle, R.G, Santee, W.R., O’Lenic, E., Lupo, A.R., & Browne, K. (2002). Review of the Federal Interagency Process Used to Select the New Wind Chill Temperature (WCT) Index. Preprints, 18th International Conference on Interactive Information and Processing Systems (IIPS) for Meteorology, Oceanography, and Hydrology, Orlando. Sahin, A. D., Dincer, I., & Rosen, M. A. (2006a). Development of new spatio-temporal wind exergy maps. Proceedings of ASME2006 Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. November 5-10, Chicago, Illinois, USA. Sahin, A. D., Dincer, I., & Rosen, M. A. (2006b). Thermodynamic analysis of wind energy. International Journal of Energy Research. 30, 553-566. Spera, A. D. (2009). Wind Turbine Technology: Fundamental Concepts in Wind Turbine Engineering. Second Edition, ASME Press. Szargut, J., Morris, D. R., & Steward, F. R. (1988). Exergy Analysis of Thermal, Chemical and Metallurgical Process. Hemisphere publishing corporation. Ozturk, M. (2011). Energy and exergy assessments for potential wind power in Turkey. International Journal of Exergy. 8(2), 211-226. Veers, P., Ashwill, T., Sutherland, H., Laird, D., Lobitz, D., Griffin, D., Mandell, J., Musial, W., Jackson, K., Zuteck, M., Miravette, A., Tsai, S., & Richmond, J. (2003). Trends in the design, manufacture and evaluation of wind turbine blades. Wind Energy, 6, 245-259. Walker, J. F., & Jenkins, N. (1997). Wind Energy Technology. John Wiley & Sons. 228 | P a g e � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2530 Title A name given to the resource THERMODYNAMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF A WIND TURBINE SYSTEM Author Author OZTURK, Murat YUKSEL, Yunus Emre KOCER, Abbas Alpaslan Abstract A summary of the resource. The wind turbine system is one of the most competitive sources in the field of renewable energy technologies. In many possible applications, a small power plant based on a renewable energy can be a good solution under both the environmental and economic point of view. Vertical axis wind turbine types have an important role in small-scale power development. This wind power plant would allow the reduction of electric energy consumption from the grid and the increase of the amount of renewable energy use. The large wind turbine market is mature and it is the product of several extensive researches. Wind turbine market is being developed to improve the efficiency, performance, and cost effectiveness of the turbines. The end goal of this development is to gain a position for wind power as a competitive alternative to fossil fuels. Among all renewable energy technology of different kinds, wind energy technology has many advantages such as extensive distribution, high efficiency, low cost, low maintenance, environmental friendliness, economic improvement and environmental characteristic that it stands for the most popularized and potentially applicable type of green energy. In many applications, wind is already competitive with conventional options for generating electricity. In this paper, thermodynamic analysis consisting of energy and exergy terminology and environmental impact factors for wind turbine systems are investigated, and parametric studies for efficiency of wind turbine system are given for different ambient conditions such as wind speed and huge tower high. The relationship between the actual energy generated from the wind turbine and the wind speed characteristics are investigated for sustainability of wind turbine system. Also, important outputs for wind turbine system, such as maximum relative output useful energy and optimal rotational speed corresponding to different wind speeds, are estimated to improve the system performance. By multiplying normalized power by maximum relative output power for the wind turbine system, the relative output power is calculated. Keywords: Renewable energy, wind energy, thermodynamic analysis, environmental analysis, efficiency. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014-05-15 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 978-9958-834-36-3 Q Science (General),QH301 Biology,QH426 Genetics https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/49310cf4c9e5955802faea0d8242666b.pdf 20222e9345ea809cdcc8a1aebd9b8de1 PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Thinking "I" And "The Company" Were the Same Ensar Mekic International Burch University, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina emekic@ibu.edu.ba Emina Mekic International Burch University, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina eminaheric@gmail.com The main objective of this paper is not only to explain and discuss managerial problem known as „I and company are the same“, but also to propose adequate solution that will be beneficial for managers in their practice. By using literature review methodological approach, several factors that are strongly related to this problem have been identified. Beside power and influence as important factors to consider, there are so called „shadows that leaders fail to recognize“, that are responsible for misleading manager to the point where he identify company by himself. At the end, there are guidelines based on specific literature which are useful for avoidance and solving this problem. Keywords: Management, Leadership, Power, Influence, Mistake. 102 � https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/68e4baef16273086d9d0a44c474269d1.docx 0074d501f50747f95e317d3a98413692 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/e22c38546ea3e623297a940b99ecbfdf.pdf 89fd89b7d54db075552f2a3b972f30dc PDF Text Text International Conference on EconomicandSocialStudies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Thinking "I" And "The Company" Were the Same EnsarMekic International Burch University, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina emekic@ibu.edu.ba EminaMekic International Burch University, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina eminaheric@gmail.com Abstract The main objective of this paper is not only to explain and discuss managerial problem known as „I and company are the same“, but also to propose adequate solution that will be beneficial for managers in their practice. By using literature review methodological approach, several factors that are strongly related to this problem have been identified. Beside power and influence as important factors to consider, there are so called „shadows that leaders fail to recognize“, that are responsible for misleading manager to the point where he identify company by himself. At the end, there are guidelines based on specific literature which are useful for avoidance and solving this problem. Keywords: Management, Leadership, Power, Influence, Mistake. Introduction Intention of this paper was to emphasize both, the positive and negative side of leadership in business by paying special attention to the later. To realize this, literature review has been prepared and the work was divided into three parts. Since topic is closely related to companies, and this essay is not only about management, but about leadership as well, in the first part of reflection paper, differences and also inseparable linkages between leaders and managers were emphasized. For one company, having a good manager is of great importance, but having a leader is its competitive advantage. In the second part you will be able to discuss the power as strength and power as threat for a company. This issue leads to two faces of leadership, positive one, and dark one. In the last, third part, we explained how dark side of using power can lead to the point when manager thinks that he/she and company were the same. This point is example of mature stage of improper usage of power in business, and it represents huge managerial failure. Also, this paper proposes solutions and advices for how to avoid such a failure, and how to become great manager by being a good leader. Literature Review Paper written by Patrick A. Duignan (1988) is paper that discusses management as an art or a science? This article argues very strongly that management is, in fact, an art, and raises interesting distinctions between management and leadership. Maybe the most important part of his work which contributes to this paper is sub title „Management and Organisational Structures Can and Should Facilitate Leadership“ in which he stated that through the organisational structures, and the management processes and procedures, leadership act finds concrete expression (Patrick A Duignan, 1988). 187 �International Conference on EconomicandSocialStudies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Leadership is present in all aspects of management. Sonny Nwankwo and Bill Richardson (1996) discussed Quality management through visionary leadership and concluded that visionary leaders focus on quality, and exemplify the critical leadership competence in quality management, as a basis for successful strategic development (Sonny Nwankwo and Bill Richardson, 1996). Inseparable linkage of leadership and management has been discussed always and from various perspectives of different authors. However, some concepts remained unclear. From 1988, we go to new literature written after second millenium (after 2000) and see this fact in reality. Hester Nienaber (2010) wrote a paper with purpose to explore the concepts of management and leadership. He founf through literature review that the concepts of management and leadership are intertwined. Accordingly, the word “management” has French and Italian roots, while the word “leadership” has Greek and Latin roots. He stated that in essence, these words are synonymous. All of the tasks fall within the boundaries of management, while leadership tasks overlap with management. Unlike management, leadership has no distinct task that falls exclusively within its boundary (Hester Nienaber, 2010). Prudence A. Clarke (2009) discussed the differences between management and leadership within the project environment. His paper highlights the need not only to understand the difference between project management and leadership, but also to use this differentiation in the identification, assessment and development of project services providers and as an integral part of organisational and people development for all companies involved in sponsoring, supporting or delivering projects (Prudence A. Clarke, 2009). According to Erwin Rausch (2003), there are eight questions that provide comprehensive system that can help managers to become more competent as managers, and as leaders. Those questions are simply about goals, communications, participation, competence, satisfaction, cooperation, norms and reviews (Erwin Rausch, 2003). Leadership vs. Management Since the topic of this paper is closely related to companies, and companies are managed by managers, we will firstly go through definitions, differences and inseparable linkages between managers and leaders. If we refer to comprehensive definition by Gary Yukl who said: “Leadership is a process of influencing others to understand and agree about what needs to be done and how to do it, and the process of facilitating individual and collective efforts to accomplish shared objectives.”, we will recognize some managerial functions within of it. Process of influencing others to understand and agree, for managers can mean motivating employees to perform well, making sure that each one of them properly understand his/her duties, have skills and knowledge to achieve their job related tasks. The last part of definition which says that leadership is a process of facilitating individual and collective efforts, from managerial perspective would be providing support in terms of equipment, trainings and everything else they need to be effective and efficient. Also, the fact that in the book “Leadership in Organizations”, Yukl is using terms “leader” and “manager” as synonyms, shows inseparable linkage between these two. According to Ricky W. Griffin, management is set of activities consisted of Planning and Decision Making, Organizing, Leading and Controlling. Those whose primary responsibility is to carry out mentioned activities are called managers. After we defined these two terms we 188 �International Conference on EconomicandSocialStudies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo can conclude that every leader is a manager, but not every manager is a leader. Leadership is of great importance for management because they are connected and complementary. Of course, there are some differences between managers and leaders. According to Yukl, while managers value stability, order, efficiency and plan in the short-term, leaders value flexibility, innovation, adaptation and they plan in the long-term. However, all of mentioned characteristics are important in specific situations and specific life cycle stages of every organization. In the end, we can conclude that having a manager with leadership characteristics is great advantage for every company. Power and influence, strength or threat? Yukl stated that power refers to capacity of one party (the “agent”) to influence another party (the “target”). Since there are different sources of power, there are different types of power as well. Managers can have power by their position (legitimate, reward, coercive, information and ecological) and person (referent and expert power). Each one of mentioned power types can be used in good and bad way and manager has to know exactly where to use specific type of power, and how much to use. When it comes to manager’s intentions, power can be used for wealth of organization, but also for personal wealth. This opens a door to discuss two sides of leadership, or “Two faces of leadership” as John B. Washbush and Christine Clements say in their article. In the abstract, they mentioned psychologist David McClelland, who mentioned two types of power in his studies of managerial motivation: egoistic (using others for personal gain) and social (facilitating group cooperation and effort for the achievement of the general good). John B. Washbush and Christine Clements also said that leadership as influencing skill can have positive and negative results, and because of that it is not good always to define it as „doing the right thing“. Authors defined the positive face of leadership as the one who necessarily involves moral purpose. Dark side of it is of course the opposite and it refers to situations when agent with personal power seeks to use position and charisma for personal gain. Important thing to bear in mind is that leadership is instrumental in promoting social good, but it can lead to social disaster as well. Most often, theory and education focuses only on positive side of leadership, and dark side is being neglected. As John B. W. and Christine C. mentioned, bad decision making, frustration, dysfunctional organizations, unintended consequences, wasted resources, ruined careers, organizational decline or dissolution are not always accidents, they are very often consequences of leadership's dark side. Parker Palmer (1994, pp. 25-6) was emphasizing need to inside the leaders and prepare them spiritually firstly, and than focus on development of their skills to manipulate external world. Unfortunately, most of leadership development programs neglect spiritual preparation, and create threats for companies and society. Shadows that leaders fail to recognize In the essay Leaders, Fools and Imposters written by Kets de Vries (1993), it is mentioned that leaders actually often have no idea about the dangerous side of leadership they are exposed to. Such a shadows by Kets de Vries mentioned in article of John B. W. and Christine C. are: a) Mirroring refers to leaders' tendency to see themselves through the eyes of subordinates. They are actually focusing on how followers see them, and they are trying to satisfy all their projections. In other words, they forgot that Leadership is 189 �International Conference on EconomicandSocialStudies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo two ways traffic. This can be extremely dangerous in a case of actions with serious and negative consequences for company. b) Narcisismrefers to leader's tendency to need power, prestidge and enjoy manipulation of others. This can lead to very negative leader behavior suci is: intolerant of criticism, unwilling to compromise, and frequently surrounding themselves with sychopants. c) Emotional illiteracy is inability to differentiate and verbalize emotion. Such a people have lack of emotional ability to empathize, energize, foster creativity and respond appropriately to conflict. d) Fear of losing the position is strong ego identification with a leadership position. In the head of such a person, losing the position is being equal with nothing. The fear that their legacy will be destroyed motivates them to hold on power as long as possible. Once again, these shadows are reminding us that leaders needs to understand themselves, their personalities, be open to all forms of information and feedback and have right extent of being sensitive to what subordinates are telling them. If they don't do this, they will be slaves of leadership shadows we mentioned above, and they will come to point in which they will think that they are the company, they are the organization, and nothing else is important. Thinking „I“ and „The Company“ were the same “I am the state.”(Louis XIV) Leah Brown, CEO of A10 Clinical, which runs clinical trials for new drugs and conducts health research said: “During the start-up phase, I had so much passion behind the business that I would measure my self-worth based on how well the company was doing. This is totally the wrong way to think. The entrepreneur is a human being. The business is an entity. I had to learn to separate the two; otherwise I found myself down in the dumps when things went wrong with the business. When things don’t go according to plan, this is the most crucial time for the entrepreneur to be inspiring, enterprising, fearless, and most importantly self-assuring to oneself and the team.”i When we read this quotation and then turn back to John B. W. and Christine Clements' article, we can easily notice the parallel. In the beginning of their article, authors in context of McClelland's work (1970, 1976) said that people who employ personal power see followers as utilitarian tools, incapable of independent thought, and captured by the magnetism of an overwhelming personality. Such managers are not open to any kind of feedback, they do not have exchange with subordinates, they do not explain their requests, they even exceed their scope of authority, they don't offer rewards, they are not calm and they can't avoid appearance of hostility, sometimes they use punishments that are not legitimate and fair, they do not act supportive etc. Of course, as we already mentioned, behaviors like this will lead to bad decision making, frustration, dysfunctional organizations, wasted resources, ruined careers, organizational decline and similar negative consequences. In conclusion, we can say that manager's thinking that he is the same as the company, is one of the biggest and one of the most dectructive managerial mistakes he can make. 190 �International Conference on EconomicandSocialStudies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Proposals for Solving the Problem The best solution always is avoidance of the problem, most often it means cutting the root. Since the root of this problem is of internal nature which means that it is within the manager (leader), theorists will have to focus on dark side of leadership to same extent they are focusing on leadership as “doing the right things”. The mentioned concern of Parker Palmer is very important in creating solution for this problem. Leaders’ trainings should be prepared in a way that they firstly prepare them spiritually, and then prepare them to influence external world. In other words, leaders should be firstly aware of what is the purpose of their power, where they should use it, how they should use it, and to which extent they should use it. Additionally, we can mention some guidelines and advices by Yukl when it comes to proper usage of power. These guidelines should be always in mind of every manager: - Make polite clear requests, and explain the reason for request, - Don’t exceed your scope of authority, and verify authority if necessary, - Follow up proper channels, - Insist on compliance if appropriate, - Offer types of rewards that people desire, and that are fair and ethical, - Use rewards symbolically (not in a manipulative way), - Explain rules and requirements, and ensure that people understand them, - Don’t show favoritism when responding to infractions, - Investigate to get the facts before using punishments, and avoid jumping to conclusions, - Provide verbal warnings before punishments, and administer such a warnings in private, - Use only punishments that are legitimate, fair and according to seriousness of infraction, - Act supportive and helpful, - Do unsolicited favors, - Make self-sacrifices to show concern, Conclusion History taught us that power in wrong hands leads to disaster. Every leader is a manager but every manager is not a leader. Manager with leadership characteristics is better for company than manager without them. However, leadership has its traps, and only those who are always aware of their own skills, competencies and leadership characteristics, companies’ strategic objectives, stakeholders and their needs, and of importance to have sustainable and moral approach to leadership, they will be great managers. This study shows what happens in opposite situation. More accurately said, it shows us how person can come to position when he/she is not aware of his/her activities and what kind of consequences can arise if he/she is neglecting this small, but important list. Of course, not less important contribution by this paper is solution for such a problems based on literature review. Another aim of this work is to be incentive for paying more attention on potential negative side of leadership by theorists and academics in education process so failures can be avoided. 191 �International Conference on EconomicandSocialStudies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo References Erwin Rausch, (2003) "Guidelines for management and leadership decision", Management Decision, Vol. 41 Iss: 10, pp.979 – 988 Gary Yukl. Leadership in organizations, Pearson, New York. Hester Nienaber, (2010) "Conceptualisation of management and leadership", Management Decision, Vol. 48 Iss: 5, pp.661 – 675 John B. W., Christine C. (1999). The two faces of leadership, Career Development International,Vol. 4 Kets de Vries, M.F.R. (1993), Leaders, Fools and Imposters: Essays on the Psychology of Leadership, Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, CA. Patrick A. Duignan, (1988) "Reflective Management: The Key to Quality Leadership", International Journal of Educational Management, Vol. 2 Iss: 2, pp.3 – 12 Prudence A. Clarke, (2009) "Leadership, beyond project management", Industrial and Commercial Training, Vol. 41 Iss: 4, pp.187 – 194 Ricky W. Griffin. Management, New York Sonny Nwankwo, Bill Richardson, (1996) "Quality management through visionary leadership", Managing Service Quality, Vol. 6 Iss: 4, pp.44 – 47 i http://www.forbes.com/sites/groupthink/2012/01/13/seven-mistakes-promising-companies-make/2/ 192 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1574 Title A name given to the resource Thinking "I" And "The Company" Were the Same Author Author MEKIĆ, Ensar MEKIĆ, Emina Abstract A summary of the resource. The main objective of this paper is not only to explain and discuss managerial problem known as „I and company are the same“, but also to propose adequate solution that will be beneficial for managers in their practice. By using literature review methodological approach, several factors that are strongly related to this problem have been identified. Beside power and influence as important factors to consider, there are so called „shadows that leaders fail to recognize“, that are responsible for misleading manager to the point where he identify company by himself. At the end, there are guidelines based on specific literature which are useful for avoidance and solving this problem. Keywords: Management, Leadership, Power, Influence, Mistake. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-10 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 978-9958-834-23-3 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/01debb61d5109c9c14c856bdadc99dba.docx 7e5cc474b152d5ef8d8a98fa41317dd1 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/00f7c405614b6f0621decc2c53d9b8d8.pdf a07d75e216a4da10c150f6b2e7c5a1bb PDF Text Text Through Translating to the Similarities of Syntactical Functions (Reviews of Different Translations of the Novel a Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man) Fahreta Fijuljanin& Samina Dazdarevic & Amela Lukac Zoranic International University of Novi Pazar/ Novi Pazar, Serbia Key words: syntax, contrastive grammar, translation, language, literature ABSTRACT Due to expansion of knowledge and education, there was a need for translating certain written works and novels and all because of the thorough and detailed study and familiarity of the mentioned written works. Besides bringing the new semantic aspects of translated works, there are also a variety of new syntactical changes and transformations. With the close-up and review of different translations of the same literal work, we tend to emphasize the similarities between syntactical functions and also some of the differences. This work aims to unite two different language field, translation and syntax through contrastive grammar and to associate literature as the third language field within, as well as to establish the possibility of innovations and conclusions into the world of language. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1772 Title A name given to the resource Through Translating to the Similarities of Syntactical Functions Author Author FIJULJANIN, Fahreta DAZDAREVIC, Samina ZORANIC, Amela Lukac Abstract A summary of the resource. Key words: syntax, contrastive grammar, translation, language, literature ABSTRACT Due to expansion of knowledge and education, there was a need for translating certain written works and novels and all because of the thorough and detailed study and familiarity of the mentioned written works. Besides bringing the new semantic aspects of translated works, there are also a variety of new syntactical changes and transformations. With the close-up and review of different translations of the same literal work, we tend to emphasize the similarities between syntactical functions and also some of the differences. This work aims to unite two different language field, translation and syntax through contrastive grammar and to associate literature as the third language field within, as well as to establish the possibility of innovations and conclusions into the world of language. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available IBU Publishing Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-03 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/dac5558e204c0dc9582737eadb16242d.pdf 03e4a8a1e85df74e1690815f3dedc2a2 PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo REFERENCES N. Noroozi, B.Khaki, A.Seifi,(2008)., Chaotic Oscillations Damping in Power System by Finite Time Control Theory, International Review of Electrical Engineering (I.R.E.E.), Vol. 3, N. 6 November-December E. Ott, C. Grebogi, J. A. Yorke, (1990). Controlling chaos, Phys. Rev. Lett. A, Vol.64, No.3, 1196-1199 S. Emiroğlu and Y. Uyaroğlu, (2010). Control of Rabinovich chaotic system based on passive control, Scientific Research and Essays Vol. 5(21), pp. 3298-3305. B. Stojkovska, A. Stefanovska, R. Golob, David GrgiC, (2001). Time-delay feedback control of ferroresonant chaotic oscillations, IEEE Porto Power Tech Conference l0th -13th September, Porto, Portugal V. Mortezapour, H. Lesani, A.Abbaszadeh, M. Isapour, (2009). Adaptive control of chaotic ferroresonant oscillations in electromagnetic voltage transformers, 24th International Power System Conference, 09-E-TRN-0154, PSC2009, A.E. Matouk, (2008) Dynamical analysis, feedback control and synchronization of Liu dynamical system, Nonlinear Analysis 69 3213–3224 Juan Ding, Weiguo Yang, Hongxing Yao (2009) . A New Modified Hyperchaotic Finance System and its Control, International Journal of Nonlinear Science Vol.8No.1,pp.59-66. Time delay feedback control of chaos in a hyper chaotic finance system Hüseyin Gelberi, Selçuk Emiroğlu, Yılmaz Uyaroğlu, M. Ali Yalçın Sakarya University, Electrical Electronics Engineering Department, Turkey E-mails: hgelberi@sakarya.edu.tr, selcukemiroglu@sakaryaedu.tr, uyaroglu@sakarya.edu.tr, yalcin@sakarya.edu.tr Abstract In this paper, complex behavior of a four dimensional continuous autonomous hyperchaotic finance system is investigated. Also, this paper discusses the control of four dimensional continuous autonomous hyperchaotic finance system by using time delay feedback control technique. Based on the property of the time delay feedback control, the controller is designed and this controller is added to hyperchaotic finance system for achieving the control of the system. As a result, the control of four dimensional continuous autonomous hyperchaotic finance system is realized. To confirm the validity of the proposed method, numerical simulations are presented graphically. Keywords: Hyper chaotic finance system, chaos control, time delay feedback control 139 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 1. INTRODUCTION Chaos has been extensively interesting study area for many scientists, after Lorenz found the first attractor in 1963 (Lorenz, 1963). After Lorenz, many chaotic systems were introduced such as Liu system (Liu et al., 2004), Chen system (Chen, Ueta, 1999), Chua system (L.O. Chua et al., 1986), Rössler system (Rössler, 1976), Rabinovich system (Pikovski, Rabinovich et al., 1978) and Rikitake system (Rikitake, 1958). Chaos control has received increasingly attentions from researchers, since OGY (Ott et al., 1990) method has been proposed. Many control methods have been proposed for the control of chaotic systems such as adaptive control (Wu CW et al., 1996, Y. Hong et al., 2001), sliding mode control (Konishi et al., 1998; Ablay, 2009), linear feedback control (Yassen, 2005), and passive control (Lin, 1995; Qi, 2004; S. Emiroğlu, 2010) Juan Ding (J. Ding et al., 2009) have reported a dynamic model of 4D chaotic finance system, composed of three first-order differential equations with state feedback. The state equations of 4D chaotic finance system are written below Eq 1. x  a( x  y )  w y   y  axz (1) z  b  axy w  cxz  dw where a; b are the parameters of the system (1), and c is constant(where c=0.2), and d is the control parameter. a w 1 x x s d a 1 b y 1 s s w a y 1 c s z z Figure 20 Matlab-Simulink model of hyper chaotic system Using Matlab model of system (Figure 1), when parameters a = 3, b = 15, c = 0.2 and d= 0.12, chaotic time series and phase portraits of system are obtained as shown in Figure 2 and Figure 3 respectively. 140 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 10 x 0 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 60 70 80 90 100 60 70 80 90 100 60 70 80 90 100 5 10 t(s) 20 y 0 -20 0 10 20 30 40 50 t(s) 20 z 0 -20 0 10 20 30 40 50 t(s) 20 w 0 -20 0 10 20 30 40 50 t(s) Figure 2 Time series of system 20 15 15 10 10 5 z y 5 0 0 -5 -5 -10 -10 -15 -10 -5 0 5 -15 -10 10 -5 0 x x 1 1 0.5 0.5 w 1.5 w 1.5 0 0 -0.5 -0.5 -1 -20 -10 0 10 -1 -15 20 y -10 -5 0 z Figure 3 Phase portraits of system 141 5 10 15 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 2. CHAOS CONTROL OF HYPER CHAOTIC FINANCE SYSTEM Pyragas (Pyragas, 1992) showed that chaotic behavior could be controlled by applying delayed feedback control method. The control of chaotic finance system (2) is achieved using time delay feedback control theory. The controlled model given by x  a( x  y )  w y   y  axz (2) z  b  axy  u w  cxz  dw The controller u(t) is designed based on time delay feedback control as in Eq. u(t )  K[ z(t )  z(t   )] (3) u(t) obtained that the difference between current value of system variable z(t) and its τ seconds previous multiplied by constant K, where K is feedback gain. The structure of the Simulink model for the controlled chaotic finance system using delayed feedback control method is given in Figure 4. a 1 w x x s d a 1 y 1 s s w a b y 1 c s z z t -K - Clock Figure 4 Matlab-Simulink model of controlled hyper chaotic system with time delay controller Time series of system and controlled system are shown in Figure 5. After the controller is activated at t=20s, the system converges to zero equilibrium point as shown in Figure 5. 142 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo x 10 0 -10 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 30 35 40 45 50 30 35 40 45 50 t y 20 0 -20 0 5 10 15 20 25 t w 2 0 -2 0 5 10 15 20 25 t Figure 4 Time series of controlled hyper chaotic finance system when controller is activated at t=20s 3. CONCLUSION The delay feedback control has been used to control chaos in hyper chaotic finance system. By using the time delay feedback theory, controller is proposed to realize the global asymptotical stability of the finance system. Also, the controller provides that the controlled system converge to zero equilibrium. As shown in Figure 4, the controlled system converges to zero equilibrium. REFERENCES E.N. Lorenz (1963). Deterministic non- periodic flows, J. Atmos.Sci., Vol.20, No.1, 130–141. A.S. Pikovski, M.I. Rabinovich, V.Y. Trakhtengerts (1978). Onset of stochasticity in decay confinement of parametric instability, Sov. Phys. JETP 47; 715-719. C.X. Liu, et al.( 2004). A new chaotic attractor, Chaos, Solitons &Fractals, Vol.22, No.5, 1031–1038. E. Ott, C. Grebogi, and J.A.York (1990). Controlling chaos,Phys.Rev.Lett.,vol.64,pp.11961199. G. Chen, T. Ueta (1999). Yet another chaotic attractor, Int. J.Bifurcation and Chaos, Vol.9, No.7, 1465-1466. L.O. Chua, M. Komuro, T. Matsumoto (1986). The double scroll Syst., Vol.33, No.11, 1073.1118. 143 family, IEEE Trans. Circ. �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Rikitake T (1958). Oscillations of a System of Disk Dynamos,Proc. Cambridge Philos. Soc.,54:89. Rössler OE (1976). An equation for continuous chaos, Phys. Lett. A,;57:397–398. Wu CW, Yang T, Chua LO (1996). On adaptive synchronization and control of nonlinear dynamical systems, Int J Bifurcat Chaos, 6:455–71. Y. Hong, H. Qin, G.R. Chen (2001). Adaptive synchronization of chaotic systems via state or output feedback control, Internat. J. Bifur. Chaos, Vol.11, No.3, 1149–1158. K. Konishi, M. Hirai and H. Kokame (1998). Sliding mode control for a class of chaotic systems, Phys. Lett. A, vo1.245, pp.511-517. Günzay Ablay (2009). Sliding mode control of uncertain unified Nonlinear Analysis: Hybrid Systems, vol.3 531-535. chaotic systems, M. T. Yassen (2005). Controlling chaos and synchronization for new chaotic system using linear feedback control, Chaos, Solitons and Fractals 26, 913–920. W. Lin (1995). Feedback stabilization of general nonlinear control system: A passive system approach, Syst. Contr. Lett., vol. 25, pp. 41–52. Qi, D., G. Zhao and Y. Song (2004). Passive control of Chen chaotic system, Proc. of the 5th World Congress on Intelligent Control and Automation, Hangzhou, China, pp.1284-1286. S. Emiroğlu, Y. U. (2010). Passivity based Chaos Control of the T System,. IMS 2010 (s. 118-125). Sarajevo, Bosnia Herzegovina: International University of Sarajevo. Juan Ding, Weiguo Yang, Hongxing Yao (2009) . A New Modified Hyperchaotic Finance System and its Control, International Journal of Nonlinear Science Vol.8No.1,pp.59-66. Pyragas K. (1992). Continuous control of chaos by self-controlling feedback. Phys Lett A;170 :421–8. A Literature Review About Sustainability Accounting Filiz Angay Kutluk1,Mustafa Gülmez2 1 Akdeniz University, Ayşe Sak School of Applied Sciences, Antalya,Turkey 2 Akdeniz University, Tourism Faculty, Antalya,Turkey Abstract Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to give a brief information and review ‘Sustainability Accounting’ articles published in the period of 2000 to 2011. Method: Articles are collected by searching main databases by abstract, keyword or article title that contain ‘Sustainability Accounting‘. Analyses mainly include quantity analysis and purpose analysis. The articles are classified according to journals and years in quantity analysis. The main purposes of the articles are mentioned in the purpose analysis. Findings and recommendations: The classifications are shown in tables and discussed. The mostly published years and journals, the mostly chosen subject area and purposes are 144 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1290 Title A name given to the resource Time delay feedback control of chaos in a hyper chaotic finance system Author Author Hüseyin , Gelberi Abstract A summary of the resource. In this paper, complex behavior of a four dimensional continuous autonomous hyperchaotic finance system is investigated. Also, this paper discusses the control of four dimensional continuous autonomous hyperchaotic finance system by using time delay feedback control technique. Based on the property of the time delay feedback control, the controller is designed and this controller is added to hyperchaotic finance system for achieving the control of the system. As a result, the control of four dimensional continuous autonomous hyperchaotic finance system is realized. To confirm the validity of the proposed method, numerical simulations are presented graphically. Keywords: Hyper chaotic finance system, chaos control, time delay feedback control Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General),HB Economic Theory,HG Finance,HJ Public Finance https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/60f0a6126dd983c203018756d429e848.docx e6f03eca276b36bd9c0d9e4d429123b1 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/be6cb1e8e1af193e0c46e2e25b5794b3.pdf 38dd176c54e10efc6156c4276728cb24 PDF Text Text TIME-FREQUENCY ANALYSIS FOR DIFFERENT IMPULSE VOLTAGES Zeynep Kara International Burch University, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina Jelena Dikun Klaipeda University, Klaipeda, Lithuania Emel Onal Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey Keywords:Impulse Voltage, Time-Frequency Analysis, Short-Time Fourier Transform ABSTRACT The aim of this paper is to point out the advantages of the use of the time-frequency analysis in the digital processing of the waveforms recorded in the high voltage impulse tests. Impulse voltage tests are essential to inspect and test insulation integrity of high voltage apparatus. The measured waveforms in practice may contain oscillations and overshoots due to contribution of different noise sources. The different methods incorporating signal-processing method such as wavelets and Short Time Fourier Transform are proposed for failure identification. It is now possible to distinguish failure during lightning tests as well as chopped lightning impulse tests. The method is experimentally validated on a transformer winding. Obtained voltage waveforms usually have some sort of interferences originated from the different sources. These interferences have to be removed from the original impulse data in order to evaluate the waveform characteristics precisely. In this paper two impulse signal with and without shielding are given concerned with the methods used for the time-frequency analysis. Time-frequency analysis is powerful signal processing tool in order to recognize the noise of impulse voltage data. Thus the sources of the noise can be found and eliminated. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2051 Title A name given to the resource TIME-FREQUENCY ANALYSIS FOR DIFFERENT IMPULSE VOLTAGES Author Author KARA, Zeynep DIKUN, Jelena ONAL, Emel Abstract A summary of the resource. Keywords:Impulse Voltage, Time-Frequency Analysis, Short-Time Fourier Transform ABSTRACT The aim of this paper is to point out the advantages of the use of the time-frequency analysis in the digital processing of the waveforms recorded in the high voltage impulse tests. Impulse voltage tests are essential to inspect and test insulation integrity of high voltage apparatus. The measured waveforms in practice may contain oscillations and overshoots due to contribution of different noise sources. The different methods incorporating signal-processing method such as wavelets and Short Time Fourier Transform are proposed for failure identification. It is now possible to distinguish failure during lightning tests as well as chopped lightning impulse tests. The method is experimentally validated on a transformer winding. Obtained voltage waveforms usually have some sort of interferences originated from the different sources. These interferences have to be removed from the original impulse data in order to evaluate the waveform characteristics precisely. In this paper two impulse signal with and without shielding are given concerned with the methods used for the time-frequency analysis. Time-frequency analysis is powerful signal processing tool in order to recognize the noise of impulse voltage data. Thus the sources of the noise can be found and eliminated. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-24 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2233-1565 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1023 Title A name given to the resource Time, Space, and Memory in the Teaching and Learning of English as a Foreign Language within a Brazilian Juvenile Detention Center Author Author Reis , Valdeni Abstract A summary of the resource. This paper investigates the way students within a Juvenile Detention Center in Brazil, experienced the learning of English as a Foreign Language (EFL). If a youth under 18 violates some of the Brazilian laws, the “Statute of the Child and the Adolescent” (ECA) establishes that he/she may be sent to a Juvenile Socio-Educational Center where English is taught as a mandatory subject. This study analyzes the nature of the actions involved in teaching-learning EFL within this space. The investigation explores the notion of memory related to the notion of space as a central point to the understanding of this educational setting. It also shows how the institutional and discursive spaces are established and negotiated by the teacher and students involved in this practice. In order to do so, one lesson is analyzed to show the way the participants take the word to build the physical and discursive spaces as their identities and relationship. The lesson was audio-recorded and transcribed, additionally, a structural map was designed. A triangulation of the data was developed by relating the themes found from the analysis of the lesson to the themes found from the journals and interviews, also gathered during the data collection. The study is conducted by the Discourse Analysis methodology. The analysis points to a constitution of a confused space formed by the way the educational and the incarcerated settings are confronted by the (participants’) memory. It is also formed by the way the teacher and students assume or deny their discursive positions. Besides, it is noticed that the confused space is also established by the effect of suspension, from which the current moment seems to be in suspense by the repetition of some linguistic content or dependent on what happened somewhere else brought to the classroom by the work of memory. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed P Philology. Linguistics https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/9c182a63d08cee3f9752eafc6c688555.pdf 52f1610764d957fa0ba92cf97afec066 PDF Text Text M.Jenks and R.Burgess , Sustainable Urban Forms for Developing Countries, Spon Press, London. Cliff Moughtin , Peter Shirley ,(2005)Urban design: Green dimensions. 2nd edition, Amsterdam Simon Guy, Steven A. Moore,(2005) Sustainable Architectures. Cultures and Natures in Europe and North America, New York Polese, M. and Stren, R. (2000) The social sustainability of cities: diversity and management of change, University of Toronto Press, Toronto Mike Jenks , Colin Jones (2010), Dimensions of the Sustainable City (Future City) ,2nd edition, New York Matthew E. Kahn,( 2006) Green cities : Urban Growth and the Environment, Washington Adam S. Weinberg, Allan Schnaiberg, David N. Pello , ( 2000 ) Urban Recycling and the Search for Sustainable Community Development , Princeton University Press Jon Lang, ( 2005 ) Urban design: a typology of procedures and products John Eade ,Christopher Mele ( 2002 ) Understanding the city. Contemporary and future perspectives Sallie Westwood ,John Williams ( 1997 ) Imagining cities: scripts, signs, memory, London Tio2 Reinforced Al2o3 Composites Gunhan Bayrak1, Ferit Ilgar2, Ediz Ercenk3, Senol Yilmaz3, Uğur Sen3, Volkan Gunay4 1Sakarya University, Arifiye Vocational School, 54580 Arifiye, Sakarya 2Alpha Foundry and Machine Industry Co., Organized Industrial Zone, Avar Street, No: 1 06935 Sincan / Ankara 3Sakarya University, Engineering Faculty, Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Esentepe Campus, 54187 Sakarya, Turkey, 4TUBITAK-MAM, Material Institute, 41470 Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey Abstract In this study, the effect of TiO2 addition on properties of alumina ceramics was investigated. The prepared commercial Alcoa alumina reinforced 0-15 % TiO2 were ground in ball mill for 2 h by wet milling and then powders were shaped dry pressing. After shaping operations, the 277 �samples were sintered 1500-1650 °C for 2 h. Firing shrinkage, relative density, flexural strength and hardness tests were performed and also for characterization x-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were utilized. It was seen that the TiO2 addition to alumina has effected on properties of alumina, significantly. Keywords: Alumina, TiO2, Ceramic Composites. 1. INTRODUCTION Alumina is a consider material for refractory application which has high melting point as 2000 ±30 °C. Also this material was resisted to acids, bases and many liquid metals and glass. Moreover its heat and electrical conducting was very low. Due to have this insulating properties, alumina firstly use in automotive industry as sparking plug. Today alumina is using as cutting tools for machining operation and as a resistant material to corrosion in the chemical industry and as a high temperature materials for heating systems. Furthermore another usage of alumina is special purpose in optic and medical technique application (Ilgar 2008, Rao 2000). Alumina is a ceramic oxide material. Although there are various modifications of Alumina, α–Al2O3 has commercial use (Toy 1994). As a thin film of TiO2 have many application areas because of superior properties of electrical, chemical and optical. Due to Titanium dioxide has very high melting point, it has many optical applications and optic circuit as coating material. Moreover, titanium dioxide can be used as bio-material and implant due to have high corrosion resistance and biocompatibility (Bardakci 2007). At the present study, the effect of TiO2 addition on properties of alumina was investigated Mixtures of alumina-TiO2 were shaped by dry pressing and were sintered at 1500-1650 °C temperatures. After sintering, some physical tests were applied to TiO2 reinforced alumina ceramics and characterized by XRD and SEM. 2. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE In this study, the raw materials were alumina powder (0.4 µm) produced by the Aluminum Company of America (Alcoa A16-SG, USA) and high purity TiO2 (0.1 µm) ceramic powders. TiO2 was added to commercial Alcoa alumina powder in different proportions (0, 5, 10, 15, in wt %). The ratios of alumina-TiO2 compositions and the marking system are shown in Table 1. Table 1. Alumina-basalt sample codes Sample code Alumina (wt. %) TiO2 (wt. %) A0 278 100 - �A5 95 5 A10 90 10 A15 85 15 In order to ensure a homogeneous mixture, each composition was ball-milled in rubber-lined ceramic jars for 2 h using alumina balls and distilled water as the milling media and then sieved to pass through 38 µm. After drying in an oven at 110 °C for 24 hours, the mixtures were granulated in moist conditions and then semidry pressed at 100 MPa to prepare rectangular shaped specimens with the size of 5X8X40 mm. After shaping process, all samples were dried in an oven at 110 °C for 24 hours and were sintered in an electric furnace with a heating rate of 5 oC/min at 1500, 1550, 1600 and 1650 oC for 2 h. Then, the sintered samples were cooled to room temperature in the furnace. The flow chart of experimental procedure and the macro images of the sintered specimens were given in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2, respectively. Figure1. The flow chart of the experimental procedure After sintering, the sintered samples were subjected to physical tests such as firing shrinkage, relative density, flexural strength test by 3-point bending method and hardness. The crystalline phases of the sintered samples were identified by X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD, JEOL MDI/JADE6) with Cu Kα (λ = 1.54056 A˚) radiation. The micro structural characterization of fracture surfaces of sintered samples were examined using a JEOL JSM 6600 scanning electron microscopy (SEM). 279 �Figure 2. Macro images of test specimens 3. RESULT AND DISCUSSION The firing shrinkage values of TiO2 reinforced alumina ceramics depend on sintering temperatures and TiO2 addition is shown in Figure 3. The firing shrinkage was increasing in all specimens with increasing sintering temperature due to sintering effect by dimensional reductions. The firing shrinkage of A0 is less than TiO2 doped samples. Al2TiO5 phase is observed in TiO2 reinforced alumina ceramics as given in the literature Soo et al (2003). Al2TiO5 phase was also detected in our studies given below. Al2TiO5 are generally spherical or angular particles. They were along the grain boundary and triple junction points as expressed in literature (Sathiyakumar 2008). This effect can be seen in SEM microstructures given below. It is probably that the firing shrinkage of TiO2 reinforced alumina ceramics was prevented by Al2TiO5 phase. 20 A0 A5 A10 A15 Firing Shrinkage, % 18 16 14 12 10 1500 1550 1600 1650 Sintering Temperature, °C Figure 3. The firing shrinkage test results versus sintering temperature 280 �The relative density values of TiO2 reinforced alumina ceramics depend on sintering temperatures and TiO2 addition is shown in Figure 4. When the sintering temperature increases, the porosities remain into the grains of alumina ceramics as a result of rapid grain growth. This is obstacle for reaching to theoretical density of alumina ceramic and causes decreasing of densities (Barsoum 1997,Kalpakjian 1997). Since the density of Al2TiO5 phase is lower compared to densities of alumina and TiO2, densities increases with increasing TiO2 addition Soo et al.(2003). 100 Relative Density 95 90 85 80 A0 A5 A10 A15 75 70 1500 1550 1600 1650 Sintering Temperature, °C Figure 4. The relative densities depending on sintering temperature The flexural strength of composites is given in Figure 5. With the increase in sintering temperature, the highest strength value was obtained in the TiO2 free alumina ceramic sintered at 1550 °C. The decreasing of strength was observed via increasing of temperature depending on the grain growth and the pores remaining into grains (Barsoum 1997,Kalpakjian 1997). The flexural strength values of the samples including TiO2 are lower than the samples not including TiO2. Investigation of the effect of TiO2 addition on flexural strength is compressive process in literature, the flexural strength value increases up to the addition of TiO2 2 % and it decreases above TiO2 4 % addition (Sathiyakumar 2002). The flexural strength values of the samples including TiO2 are in agree with the literature values and it is lower compared to the samples not including TiO2. 281 �400 A0 A5 A10 A15 Flexural Strength, MPa 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 1500 1550 1600 1650 Sintering Temperature, °C Figure 5. The flexural strength values versus sintering temperature As seen in Figure 6, high hardness results were observed in high densification conditions. The highest hardness was determined in the 96.05 relative density value of alumina ceramic sintered at 1550 °C. It is correlated with the literature [Yildirim 2002]. The hardness of the samples including TiO2 is not high as much as TiO2 free alumina ceramics. It is reported that Al2TiO5 and TiO2 phases in alumina matrix cause increasing of hardness Soo et al. (2003),Anerisis et al. (2007). Small amount of TiO2 addition has positive role on sintering in alumina composites and the presence of this second phase in matrix provides better mechanical properties. The hardness increases with increasing TiO2 content in alumina matrix composites, it is correlated with the literature Soo et al. (2003). 20 A0 A5 A10 A15 Hardness, GPa 18 16 14 12 10 1500 1550 1600 1650 Sintering Temperature, °C Figure 6. The hardness measurements depending on sintering temperature -Al2O3 phase was determined in the all samples coded A0. In the samples including TiO2, TiO2 (rutile) and Al2TiO5 phases are other phases determined by XRD. As seen in Figure 7, Al2TiO5 phase formed via the reaction between Al2O3 and TiO2 at 1280 °C was seen as lighter zones in grain boundaries and intersection points of the grains. Abnormal grain growth was not observed in the alumina ceramic including TiO2 compared to 282 �alumina ceramics. Finer grain structure was determined in these samples due to presence of Al2TiO5 phase as obstacle against grain growth. (a) (b) (c) (d) een as lighter zones in grain boundaries and intersection points of the grains in SEM microstructure. Finer grain structure was determined in composites due to presence of Al2TiO5 phase as obstacle against grain growth. REFERENCES Ilgar F. (2008) ―The Investigation of The Effect of TiO2 Addition on Sintering Behavoiur of Alumina‖, MSc Thesis, Sakarya University, SAKARYA. Rao, P.,Iwasa M. And Isao K. (2000) ―Properties of Low-temperature-sintered High Purity -alumina Ceramics Scrathing Properties of Alumina Based Ceramics‖, Journal of Material Science Letters, 19, 543-545. Toy, Ç. and Baykara, T. (1994) ―Ceramic As a Material of 21.th Century‖, The Journal of Science and Technique, TUBITAK, 317, ANKARA. 283 �Bardakçı, S. (2007) ―The Determination of Optical Properties of TiO2 Thin Film Prepared with Sol-Jel Method ‖, MSc Thesis, Sakarya University, SAKARYA. Soo, W.L. Carlos, M. Joaquin L.O. Seung, H.K. Tohru, S. Koichi N. and Bernard, J.H. (2003) ―Tribological and Microstructural Analysis of Al2O3/TiO2 Nano composites to Use in the Femoral Head of Hip Replacement‖, Wear, 255, 1040-1044. Sathiyakumar, M. and Gnanam, F.D. (2002) ―Influence of MnO and TiO2 Additives on Density, Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Al2O3‖, Ceramics international, 28, 195-200. Barsoum, M.W. (1997) ―Fundamentals of Ceramics‖, Mc Graw Hill, New York, USA. Kalpakjian, S. (1997) ―Manufacturing Processes for Engineering Materials‖, Prentice Hall 4. Edition, USA. Yıldırım, İ. (2002) ―The effect of Production Condition and Composition on The Strength Properties of Al2O3 and SiC‖, PhD Thesis, Istanbul Technical University, ISTANBUL Aneziris, C.G. Scharfl, W. and Ullridch, B.(2007) ―Microstructure Evaluation of Al2O3 Ceramics with Mg-PSZ and TiO2 Additions‖, Journal of the European Ceramic Society, 27, 3191-3199. Glass Foams Containing Fly Ash And Sheet Glass By Adding Calcite As Foaming Agent Ediz Ercenk1, Gunhan Bayrak2, Senol Yilmaz1, Volkan Gunay3 1Sakarya University, Engineering Faculty, Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Esentepe Campus, 54187 Sakarya, Turkey, 2Sakarya University, Arifiye Vocational School, 54580 Arifiye, Sakarya 3TUBITAK-MAM, Material Institute, 41470 Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey Abstract Glass foam is a porous isolation material used for heat isolation. In this study, the possibilities of glass foam production using calcite as a foaming agent was investigated. The mixture was prepared 10% wt. of waste window glass and 90% wt. Seyitömer thermal power plant fly ash. 2.5 to 10% wt. calcite was added to mixture and pressed under 75 MPa pressure by uniaxial cold pressing to obtain cylindrical specimens. Pressed samples sintered at 750-950 °C temperature range for 1 hour according to differential thermal analysis (DTA) results. The effect of calcite addition and sintering temperature on the porosity, density, compressive strength, microstructure and crystalline phases were investigated. It was determined that the 284 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1257 Title A name given to the resource Tio2 Reinforced Al2o3 Composites Author Author Gunhan , Bayrak Abstract A summary of the resource. In this study, the effect of TiO2 addition on properties of alumina ceramics was investigated. The prepared commercial Alcoa alumina reinforced 0-15 % TiO2 were ground in ball mill for 2 h by wet milling and then powders were shaped dry pressing. After shaping operations, the samples were sintered 1500-1650 °C for 2 h. Firing shrinkage, relative density, flexural strength and hardness tests were performed and also for characterization x-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were utilized. It was seen that the TiO2 addition to alumina has effected on properties of alumina, significantly. Keywords: Alumina, TiO2, Ceramic Composites. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General),Q Science (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/f1eee7528cda8518e82e55c91b9b45ca.pdf 186db24c8ce72fe64dfbf47aa740daab Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource IT Senior Design Projects Description An account of the resource The IT Senior Design Projects (SDPs) category showcases innovative and practical final-year capstone projects developed by undergraduate and graduate students in the field of Information Technology. These projects represent the culmination of students' academic and technical expertise, demonstrating their ability to solve real-world problems through software and hardware solutions. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Tire Shop E-commerce Platform Author Author Emina Omerčević Abstract A summary of the resource. The TireShop project addresses the need for a modern, efficient online platform for buying and managing tire purchases. Customers often struggle with outdated websites, lack of product filtering options, and inefficient checkout processes. TireShop aims to solve these issues by offering a user-friendly experience with product listing, sorting, filtering, cart functionality, checkout, and personalized AI-based product recommendations. The project leverages a powerful technology stack, combining Angular for the frontend and .NET 8 for the backend, with MS SQL Server for data persistence. Key features include user authentication with password hashing, a fully functional shopping cart, admin dashboards for product management, and integration with SendGrid for real-time email notifications. Additionally, AI recommendations powered by Groq API enhance user experience by suggesting similar products. The result is a responsive, scalable, and secure e-commerce application tailored to the tire retail market. Keywords Keywords. TireShop, e-commerce, .NET 8, Angular, SendGrid, Groq AI, Stripe Language A language of the resource English language https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/3356e0a9689c3dfd2e93865f4006dcdd.pdf f918112ae91f6158dd269648e157b330 PDF Text Text 2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo To Examine Sustainable Development Through The Historical Applications of Foundations Fatma ġENSOY fatmasensoy@yahoo.com Abstract: Sustainable development is one of the contemporary concepts. If we move from today‘s definition of this concept, the solutions for the global problems can be obtained from the foundation‘s applications in the past. Sustainable development concept is generally referred to the 1987 report of World Commission on Environment and Development. The Brundtland Commission reported the slogan, ―Our Common Future: From One Earth to One World‖. The Commission conceptualized sustainable development as ―paths of human progress, which meet the needs and aspirations of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs‖. The goals of sustainable development are far-reaching and have as their objective the transformation of contemporary development theory and practice. They include the formulation of new paradigms of social, economic, political, cultural, and ecological development. More and more rational approaches are improved to the concept of ―development‖ which takes into account the long-term costs associated with short-term improvements. The judicious use of the planet‘s non-renewable physical resources; a balance between economic, social, cultural and physical development; and the realization of fully integrated development strategies that bring together all relevant sectors and actors into a common framework of local, national, regional and international action. Foundations (Waqf) are Non Governmental Organizations. Current approaches to the definition of a waqf includes; local administration and free economic rules in management. In addition, democracy and volunteerism are essential for the definition. These are weld from the Islamic law. Foundations with the social policy functions had provided the continuity of social life. Waqf functions include almost all stages of social life. Such as; increasing recruitment rates and employment, income and wealth redistribution, social security formation, infrastructure development, expansion of education… The aim of the settler, colleteur is the continuation of this functions for infinitum. It indicates that they think not only for needs of future generation but also the needs of all humanity. According to the facts mentioned above, economic and social resources were available to all humanity. Community life has a constantly changing dynamic character. We are the heirs of the finest examples of the foundation of civilization. In other words, we as the heirs must attribute a new, fresh and modern mission to the third sector or civil society organizations. Sustainable development concept includes different dimensions. Such as ecological, economic, political, cultural, social sustainability. This study‘s aim is to indicate that the applications of foundation were serving the same purposes of sustainable development. The treatments applied today to strengthen the social structure exactly overlaps with the services performed by the awqaf throughout history. The given example in this case will emphasize the importance of each term. The traces of good experiences are which created in the past have lived for centuries. The orphans, widows, elderly people, children and the others joined economic and social life through endowed charity. However, it is clear that foundations must have found new solutions and different policy instruments for today‘s problems. The Concept of Sustainable Development Sustainable development has become a buzzword in development thought. Indeed, sustainable development appears to have replaced such venerable concepts as ―growth‖, ―modernization‖, ―progress‖ and even ―accelerated development‖ as the unifying concept for worldwide development activities. The concept of ―human development‖, that has been promulgated by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP, 1992) since 1990. Thus, it represents a serious challenge to the primacy of sustainable development in the new hierarchy of development concepts. 399 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo The fact is that the sustainable development has succeeded in uniting widely divergent theoretical and ideological perspectives into a single conceptual framework. The goals of sustainable development are far-reaching and have as their objective the transformation of contemporary development theory and practice. They include: 1) the formulation of new paradigms of social, economic, political, cultural, and ecological development; 2) more rational approaches to development that take into account the long-term costs associated with short-term improvements; 3) the judicious use of the planet's nonrenewable physical resources; 4) a balance between economic, social, cultural and physical development; and 5) the realization of fully integrated development strategies that bring together all relevant sectors and actors into a common framework of local, national, regional and international action.(Estes,1993) Inside the Brutland Report: Our Common Future, Chapter 2: Towards Sustainable Development is summarized that ―In essence, sustainable development is a process of change in which the exploitation of resources, the direction of investments, the orientation of technological development; and institutional change are all in harmony and enhance both current and future potential to meet human needs and aspirations.‖(UN-Documents net) The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP, 1992:17) identifies the following outcomes as minimum additional requirements for achieving the goal of sustainable development: 1) the elimination of poverty; 2) a reduction in population growth!; 3) more equitable distribution of resources; 4) healthier, more educated and better trained people; 5) decentralized, more participatory government; 6) more equitable, liberal trading systems within and among countries, including increased production for local consumption; and 7) better understanding of the diversity of ecosystems, including locally adapted solutions to environmental problems and better monitoring of the environmental impact of development activities. Since 1990, annual Human Development Reports have explored challenges including poverty, gender, democracy, human rights, cultural liberty, globalization, water scarcity, climate change, and mobility. 2010 marks the twentieth anniversary of the human development report and offers an opportunity to reappraise its contribution and to make the case for a new human development vision to meet the challenges and opportunities of the twentyfirst century. This concept note, based on a series of valuable discussions with colleagues in different parts of the UNDP, sets out the basic approach to tackle this task, which will focus on the implications of the human development approach for development policies and strategies. The Human Development Report has been a major force in thinking about development, not only by highlighting the inadequacy of per capita income as the sole measure of a society‘s progress, but also by exploring how a people-centered approach affects the way we should think about key challenges. The reports have covered subjects as diverse as participation, cultural liberty and financing, as well as larger global challenges like cooperation and climate change. The human development approach has influenced many strands of development thinking and the ways that most policymakers and researchers think about human progress. The 2010 report aims to take this contribution significantly further by showing how placing human development at the center of our priorities changes the ways in which we think about, formulate, implement and monitor development policies designed to promote empowerment, address inequality and tackle sustainability.(Human Development Report 2010). The Concept of Waqf Waqf is a charitable foundation. In Arabic language, means forbidding movement, transport or exchange of something. Awqaf is the plural of Waqf. (Öztürk, 1983) The word Waqf is used in Islam with the meaning of holding certain property and preserving it for the confined benefit of certain philanthropic use and prohibiting any use or disposition of it outside that specific objective. On the other side, as an approach for ―ownership‖; a property converts from private ownership to social ownership category. It improves by the effect of moral and religious motivation. Due to the fact that Allah encourage human beings to help each other in his holly Qur‘ân and in the example of his prophet, waqf is prominently improved in the Muslim World and plays a significant role in social, political, and economic life in the Muslim society.(Zaim) ―When a human being dies, his work for Allah comes to an end except for three things: a lasting charity (sadaqa jaariya), knowledge that benefits others, and a good child who calls on Allah for His favour.‖ (Related by Muslim in his Sahih, the book of ―Al-Wassiya‖. Related also by Abu Daoud, At-Tirmidhi and An-Nasaii.) Commenting on this Hadith that the ‗lasting charity‘ is generally recognized as referring to Waqf endowments.(Ali, 2009) There are three main kinds of waqfs. The first kind is the Khairy Waqf or charitable waqf, which means withholding one‘s property and directing its revenues towards different philanthropic goals. The second kind of waqf is the Ahli Waqf or the family waqf. Family vakıfs (vakıf-ı-ehli) were made in favor of one‘s relatives and descendants with the final stage being the dedication of the vakıf to charitable purposes.(Peters,2002) Family awqaf 400 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo were used as a source of income for offspring and for slaves, ensuring the transmission of family wealth from generation to generation. In contrast, a vakıf-ı hayri was dedicated to pious, religious or charitable causes, or for public utilities or the poor.(Yediyıldız, 1982) Family awqaf were divided into two categories; family and semi-family awqaf Semi-family awqaf had the characteristics of both public and family awqaf and were the most preferred type in the Ottoman Empire. In eighteenth-century Anatolia, 82% of the awqaf were family awqaf with the ratio of semifamily awqaf reaching 75 %.(Yediyıldız,1982). Upon the death of the last descendant the endowment reverted to the poor.The founder, called as the ―vâkıf‖ appointed himself to the position of Ģeyh if he created a dervish convent; müderris or professor if he established a medrese; and mütevelli or adminisrator of the waqf, whether it be a mosque, soupkitchen, inn, hospital, or any other instutions that was created. It hardly need be stressed that this last office enabled the vâkıf and his posterity to exercise virtually absolute control over the waqf and its revenues. (Yediyıldız, 1982; Barnes,1986) Vakfiyes(deed of trust) give us various kinds of information about the donor, but they also allow us to hear their individual voices, demonstrate the kind of founder and the purposes for which these foundations were established, and the differences in their size. Unlike vakfiyes, court registers give information when a legal issue arose. These registers rather record the problematic nature of the awqaf . We can only learn the location and nature of the waqf in addition to some other information, from these records. Safiye Sultan, in her deeds of trust: ―For as long as she lives, her royal majesty shall be entitled to receive the surplus of the foundation‘s revenues and after her death, so shall her children, and the children of their children, and the children of the children of their children, and from generation to generation shall they and the right to make use thereof…Let whichever of the manumitted servants and of their children, and of their children‘s children is the most intelligent and capable serve as trustee of the endowment and let whoever is trustee share equally in the surplus revenues with the others. Should their line be wholly extinguished; let the trustee of the mortmain estates of Medina become trusteeof this endowment; let him receive this surplus; and each year let him ensure that it reaches the poor of Medina and is distributed to them…‖(Duran,1990) Waqf action gained prominence because it provided the dead posthumously with permanent reward and the living with an endowment of lasting benefit. The development of waqf foundation in Islamic states peaked and highly improved from aspects of variety, quantity and content. Waqf is the prominent institution, which develop social law, economic and political structure of the society and Islamic state structure on a democratic ground and provide stability and balance in the development. Social justice and equal opportunity and prosperity are result of waqf. Waqf which has been tried to improve, should be examined from the different aspects in order to fulfill properly its functions along with the changing needs and structure of society.(Zaim) Waqf grew by leaps and bounds. This institution became an important pillar in the religious, social, cultural, scientific, economic and political life of Islamic society. Even non-Muslims in Muslim countries established Waqf for the benefit of their communities. For every conceivable enterprise of social benefit there was a Waqf. There were awqaf for mosques, universities, schools, hospitals, orphanages, houses for the poor, food for the poor, the blind, battered/abused women, soup kitchens, wells, aqueducts, fountains, public baths, watchtowers, bridges, cemeteries, salaries, pensions, guest houses, libraries, books and animal welfare. ―The Ottoman society left the financing of health, education and welfare entirely to the Waqf system so much so that the following saying does not exaggerate its central importance: ―Thanks to the Waqfs that flourished during the Ottoman Empire, a person would have been born into a Waqf house, slept in a Waqf cradle, eaten and drunk from Waqf properties, read Waqf books, been taught in a Waqf school, received his salary from a Waqf administration, and when he died, placed in a Waqf coffin and buried in a Waqf cemetery.‖ (Arsebük, 1938) Awqaf are classified in two categories. 1-Tangible (in the form of buildings or real estate) and 2-intangible (cash…) In both cases, the essential point is the foregoing of individual property for the benefit of mankind. Thereafter, that property belongs to Allah (s.w.t.). The main waqf is in the form of real estate, primarily agricultural land and commercial buildings.(Tabakoğlu, 1992) Many sorts of assets such as fields, farms, mills, villages, shops, khans, baths, pastures and springs…have been so bequeathed and the income from themhas been put to work protecting and watching over the poor, serving the pursuit of knowledge, and performing numerous other social and cultural functions. The cash awqaf constituted a special category of Islamic endowment, and played a major role in Ottoman economic –financial history. It can be considered such as an important Islamic financial institution which facilitated the flow of funds from those who were able to save, to those who needed capital, primarily the entrepreneurs, but also to the members of the general public. The well developed money market which legally sanctioned was emerged by the cash awqaf. (Çizakça,1992) 401 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo The voluntary institution of Waqf supplemented the state in fulfillment of its obligation towards the provision of public goods. Public investment expenditures, which consist the main part of any modern budget, are not contained in the Ottoman budgets. Because, such investments, together with education, health and other social service expenditures were financed not through the treasury, but through private and especially awqaf which were mostly exempt from taxation and other financial responsibilities. (Tabakoğlu,1992) Awqaf and Sustainable Development The Effectives of Awqaf on Economic Development The Economic Power of Awqaf The importance of the awqaf is seen in terms of the huge assets it controls, in its social expenditure, in the number of people it employs, and in its significant contribution to the economy.In the history, In Otoman, the share of waqf revenues in total public revenues was around 12 per cent in the sixteenth century with the surge in private property. 20 per cent land of whole lands inside of waqf system too.(Tabakoğlu,1994) During the next two centuries, from 1600 to 1800, the condition of awqaf changed and from two-thirds to three –fourths of the land of the empire had by the nineteenth century been placed in waqf.(Barnes,1984) Today, waqf in some communities are governed by Act of Parliament such as in India, Sri Lanka, Myanmar and Kenya while many are operated under laws governing Trusts, Foundations, Non-Profit Organisations, Non-Government Organisations and Societies.(Ali,2009) United Kingdom, For over two decades, Islamic Relief has been providing emergency aid and long-term assistance to some of the world‘s most deprived people. In 2000, it set up the Waqf Future Fund aimed primarily at reviving a great tradition of setting up a charity that continues to benefit the needy for many future generations. The Fund allows donors to support numerous ongoing charitable projects, not just for people who need immediate help but for those who will continue to need help in the future (www.islamic-relief.com). India, There are an estimated 250,000 Waqf properties in India, valued in excess of US$75 billion and with a potential for generating approximately US$3 billion in revenue. Since 1913 a number of Waqf Acts were passed by the central and state legislatures while the Waqf Act of 1954 was a major development in the history of Awqaf in India. South Africa With only a few exceptions, most of the Awqaf institutions in South Africa are related to mosques and religious educational institutions. Among the few income-generating Waqf institutions in South Africa is the Hajee Ahmed Mahomed Lockhat Wakuff, established in Durban in 1933. Another recent initiative is the National Awqaf Foundation of South Africa Initiated in 2000, Awqaf SA was registered as a trust in 2003, as a NonProfit Organisation.(www.awqafsa.org.za) Awqaf’s Influences on Consumption and Investment Waqf causes transfer of the sources from luxury consumption to essential needs consumption. As a result of consumption transfer to essential needs consumption, waqf causes increasing of marginal profit, total profit provided by consumption in national economy and feeding of total satisfaction. Its influence on savings: waqf causes to save the sources, which could be spent otherwise for luxuries and obstention consumption. Its influence on investment: waqf encourage investing in a useful way the sources, which could be spent for luxuries and obstention consumption or would not be used in an effective way.(Zaim) The discouragement and prohibition of luxury and extravagance in Islam has limited the prospects fordisposable income. Thereby, such extra income had spent to the enhancement of the social welfare through awqaf. Besides, the revenues appropriated by the producers of the capitalist system through price differentiation are directed (in the Islamic system) towards furthering social welfare by way of awqaf. Today the investment which are contained in the central budget revenues, such as religious affairs, education, health, social aid and civil construction were financed generally by the awqaf. Redistribution of Wealth and Income The relationship of waqf with economic life differentiates in accordance with its periods from beginning to the present. Waqf connects with the distribution of wealth in national economy because of that in its establishment period, waqf provides the transfer of wealth for society. 402 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo -In order to maintain a waqf successfully, waqf should be managed rationally. Therefore waqf management must be based on rationality principle. -In order to sustain and increase incomes waqf should implement the ratability principle. -In order to maximize the service and the profit provided by waqf the expenditures should be accordance with productivity principle. In sum, waqf is a foundation, which effects redistribution of national wealth and should be managed as productive and rantable.(Zaim) Despite of this, in waqf the prosperity, which belongs to wealthy groups, doesn‘t transfer to the people having low-level income, but rather to society. After wealth transfer, redistribution of revenue in favor of low-level income people is provided thorough service fulfilling with income of this wealth. Wealth transfer becomes only for one time, however revenue transfer continues during waqf is a going concern. The Functions of Increasing Employment The waqf system had a significant role in the economic development for several reasons. Firstly, the waqf facilitated renting shops with low prices in the markets that had waqfs, which led to the decrease of prices and, in turn, activated the commercial movement in these markets. Besides, the markets that had no waqfs had to decrease their prices in order to be able to compete with the waqf markets to maintain their businesses. Secondly, the waqf helped the decrease of the unemployment rate and the creation of job opportunities. Besides, the waqf helped the poor to own money which increased the demand rate on numerous products and services that were going to be confined only to the wealthy segments in the society if the waqf did not exist. On the other hand, the sabeel or the water fountain that was built on the important commercial roads had significant roles in activating the trade and in facilitating the movement of the commercial caravans traveling between the cities and the villages. Social Policy Functions Education The waqf system had played a vital role in achieving development at the educational, social and economic levels. The educational role of waqf started from the mosque, which was not only a place of praying and worshipping, but was also a source of education where students used to come to learn from instructors specialized in the different branches. Therefore, at the beginning of the Islamic civilization, the mosque used to play the role of the school. However, the form of the educational waqf has evolved to the ―kottab‖, which was similar to a small school where children are taught reading, writing, Quran, and mathematics. Despite the continuance of the kottab, the educational waqf had developed to normal schools, which had widely increased allover the Islamic society. Meanwhile, schools had direct relations with libraries which people started to put them as waqfs since they were aware of the importance of the book and its role in education. Social Services As for the social development, the social services provided by the waqf system were various. A big number of Muslims withheld their properties to build medical centers and hospitals, some of which were built to cure animals. In fact, many of the waqf documents revealed the successful management of the endowed hospitals. Besides the medical services, there were several kinds of social services provided by the waqf, including helping the poor do their pilgrimage, helping poor girls get married, building homes for the orphans, the elderly, and the blind. Waqf‘s health and education services causes to provide equal opportunity; moreover equal opportunity encourages social justice advancing people according to their ability.(Kozak,1985) The periods when the social service provided by waqf is doing properly it is provided services such as education, health for law and middle stratum class thus they can save their sources and increase their prosperity. That is, waqf causes that law and middle class have prosperity. Waqf provides an equilibrium position in distributing sources between individual and society needs. The important point in a society is to provide a balance between individual profit and social input, also, between private and social marginal revenue. Waqf seeks to this aim in underdevelopment countries the cost of free-market economy and rapid-development are unequal prosperity and spoiling social injustice. Advancing of waqf plays a role providing balance in development process. This social service fulfills a duty beyond the struggle of poverty to help to poor people. Waqf contributes to upliftment of humanity and betterment of life and provides a life level which is proper with human dignity. As a 403 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo result of these features of waqf not only low level income groups but also other income groups get benefited from the service provided by waqf. The protector of waqf, which provides social service, is not only rich people. But rather, the people from each social class (artisan, peasant, soldier and worker) contribute to the social service as a nation. Social Insurance Function Most of the waqf aims at providing a security for risks, which the people would undergo in economic life and due to the fact that service is fulfilled by foundation waqf prevent from insulting the people‘s dignity. The relationship between consideration and social insurance decreases in social insurance system and social insurance considerations converts to social insurance payment. In waqf, as being different from contemporary social insurance system solidarity feelings have improved between waqf and the people serviced, without insulting their dignities. It causes joining together in society. Waqf feels peace and satisfaction of raising help for charity. In social insurance system, there is no sharing feeling between two sides. This situation prevents from the feeling alienation in urban life of industrial society. Helping field prevent from alienation, being divided of personality and loneliness and feelings and depression in urban life. The profit for the people organizing waqf, provides a unity human being and his social environment moreover, going beyond this limit contains next generations and eternal life after death. Social insurance system does not affect directly distribution of wealth in economy conversely waqf provides distribution of wealth in the establishment time. Conclusion Throughout its history the most powerful vehicle for charitable and philanthropic endeavors was probably the endowment, or waqf.. A waqf enables a Muslim to assign any proportion of his or her wealth, to designated persons or public utilities. Persons, and institutions such as mosques, schools, bridges, graveyards and drinking fountains, could be the beneficiaries of a waqf. Waqf has always been associated with creating a balance between the local worries and finding solutions for human sufferings in general, which made waqf a unique example of sustainable development. Thus waqf is a unique example of sustainable development. If with the social policy functions had provided the continuity of social life. Waqf functions include almost all stages of social life. Such as; increasing recruitment rates and employment, income and wealth redistribution, social security formation, infrastructure development, expansion of education … Permanence and irrevocability are two essential characteristics of the waqf. The aim of the settler, colleteur is the continuation of this functions for infinitum. It indicates that they think not only for needs of future generation but also the needs of all humanity. According to the facts mentioned above, economic and social resources were available to all humanity. Community life has a constantly changing dynamic character. This condition of perpetuity has led over the years to a considerable accumulation of societal wealth such that awqaf has become an important sector dedicated to the social and economic improvement of the society. References Ali, B.Ġmtiaz. Waqf A Sustainable Development Institution Tobago,2009,www.takaafultt.org-Last Access: May 9th, 2010 . for Muslim Communities. Trinidad and Arsebük, Esat. Medeni Hukuk, BaĢlangıç ve ġahsın Hukuku, Ġstanbul,1938, I,298, Barnes, John Robert. An Introduction To Religious Foundations in The Ottoman Empire , Leiden,1986. Çizakça, Murat. The Relevance of The Ottoman Cash Waqfs (Awqaf Al-Nuqud) For Modern Islamic Economics, Financing Development in Islam, p.393-414 Ed.by M.A. Mannan, Kuala Lumpur, 1992. Ed. Duran, Tülay.Tarihimizde Vakıf Kuran Kadınlar Hanım Sultan Vakfiyyeleri Deeds of Trust of the Sultans Womenfolk,Ġstanbul, 1990. Kozak, Erol. Bir Sosyal Siyaset Müessesesi Olarak Vakıf ,Ġstanbul, 1985. 404 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo Öztürk, Nazif. MenĢe‘i ve Tarihi GeliĢimi Açısından Vakıflar, Ankara, 1983. Peters, R. ―Wakf‖, EI² , p.60, v.XI, Leiden, 2002. Tabakoğlu, Ahmet. The Role of Finance in Development, Financing Development in Islam, p.323-344. Ed.by M.A. Mannan, Kuala Lumpur, 1992. Tabakoğlu, Ahmet. Türk Ġktisat Tarihi, 2nd edition,Ġstanbul,1994 Yediyıldız, Bahaeddin. Türk Vakıf Kurucularının Sosyal TabakalaĢmadaki Yeri, 1700-1800, OA, II, Ġstanbul,1982. Zaim, Sabahattin. The influence of Awqaf on economic development, www.awqafsa.org.za. www.awqafsa.org.za/.../PROF%20SABAHATTIN%20ZAIM%2024082002.doc – last access: May 9th ,2010. 405 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 216 Title A name given to the resource To Examine Sustainable Development Through The Historical Applications of Foundations Author Author ŞENSOY, Fatma Abstract A summary of the resource. Sustainable development is one of the contemporary concepts. If we move from today‘s definition of this concept, the solutions for the global problems can be obtained from the foundation‘s applications in the past. Sustainable development concept is generally referred to the 1987 report of World Commission on Environment and Development. The Brundtland Commission reported the slogan, ―Our Common Future: From One Earth to One World‖. The Commission conceptualized sustainable development as ―paths of human progress, which meet the needs and aspirations of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs‖. The goals of sustainable development are far-reaching and have as their objective the transformation of contemporary development theory and practice. They include the formulation of new paradigms of social, economic, political, cultural, and ecological development. More and more rational approaches are improved to the concept of ―development‖ which takes into account the long-term costs associated with short-term improvements. The judicious use of the planet‘s non-renewable physical resources; a balance between economic, social, cultural and physical development; and the realization of fully integrated development strategies that bring together all relevant sectors and actors into a common framework of local, national, regional and international action. Foundations (Waqf) are Non Governmental Organizations. Current approaches to the definition of a waqf includes; local administration and free economic rules in management. In addition, democracy and volunteerism are essential for the definition. These are weld from the Islamic law. Foundations with the social policy functions had provided the continuity of social life. Waqf functions include almost all stages of social life. Such as; increasing recruitment rates and employment, income and wealth redistribution, social security formation, infrastructure development, expansion of education… The aim of the settler, colleteur is the continuation of this functions for infinitum. It indicates that they think not only for needs of future generation but also the needs of all humanity. According to the facts mentioned above, economic and social resources were available to all humanity. Community life has a constantly changing dynamic character. We are the heirs of the finest examples of the foundation of civilization. In other words, we as the heirs must attribute a new, fresh and modern mission to the third sector or civil society organizations. Sustainable development concept includes different dimensions. Such as ecological, economic, political, cultural, social sustainability. This study‘s aim is to indicate that the applications of foundation were serving the same purposes of sustainable development. The treatments applied today to strengthen the social structure exactly overlaps with the services performed by the awqaf throughout history. The given example in this case will emphasize the importance of each term. The traces of good experiences are which created in the past have lived for centuries. The orphans, widows, elderly people, children and the others joined economic and social life through endowed charity. However, it is clear that foundations must have found new solutions and different policy instruments for today‘s problems. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed HB Economic Theory https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/34d2cc141fe3f25d61bfe90e4f1d6e07.pdf 8a07324e330f9bb4d84e4615b3ad9a96 PDF Text Text 1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo To Take advantage of Mass Media Implementation on Agricultural Farms in Konya; The case of Altınekin District Cennet Oguz University of Selcuk Faculty of Agriculture 42031 Konya,TUR KEY coguz@selcuk.edu.tr Hüseyin Dogançukuru Agricultural Engineer Public Agricultural Extension department, TURKEY hdogancukuru@hotmail.com Abstract:This study was conducted to supply achievement of Agricultural Extension work which is being implemented in Konya region. Itis significantly important to state that which extension implements will be used in which level in order to reach this objective. The minimum usable sample offarm enterprises was determined as 55 based on stratified sampling technique. The data were collected from Altınekin districtin Konya. The new technologies application is quite high in the research area and the producers are open to innovation. The resultsindicate that agricultural modernization has a positive effect on farm enterprises in the certain district and the reasons behind this are that the producers are open to innovation and they have positive future expectation,the producers in an economy have the right kind of knowledge and information, they can produce economic output efficiently. Keywords: Mass media, Agriculture Extension, Konya Province Introduction The world we liveinisshrinking withthe same level of changing and developing.Inthe nearfuture,the nations which can cope with this change and development will have the chance to survive. The certain change is ongoing with a spectacular speed in all part oflife. Rational and economic production oriented towards needs is the main part of the modernization. Its centre is without doubt the human being. Modern technology which is utilized for agricultural production will be the cause of an increase in the technical agricultural production. That also means that there will be an improvement for the living conditions and a boost income of the farmers who lives in the rural areas.In the end, better quality food consumption, good nutritive and a growing work capacity will emerge. On the other hand, the growing population and the population density in urban areas because of the migration force the farmers to make a production with more quantity and a high quality. Other wise, this uncontrolled population which consist of unemployed migrants will cause nuisance and socialturmoil. For that reason the society have to take their responsibility of improving the living conditions of the rural people and create methods to provide agricultural technical information that they need. They also have to make those methods work. Itis called agricultural extension. The developed countries that are conscious about this subject already established the necessary organisations. With the 130 thousands registered farmers, Konya is the city that has the highest number of farmers in Turkey. In terms of the area,the situation is also the same and with 135.886ha registered agricultural area; Konya is the province that has the largest agricultural area. These figures signify the importance of agricultural extension work that will be implemented in Konya province. In such a broad area with such a large number of farmers, stating the usage of which agriculturalextension methods willbe utilized in which level willboostthe success of the agricultural extension work that will be implemented. The main objective of this study is contributing the success of the agricultural extension work which is being implemented in Konya region. It is significantly important to state that which extension implements will be used in which level in order to reach this objective. For the below reasons, Altinekin district was chosen as the research field; the regions is well-known by the researchers,thelevel ofthe application ofthe new farming techniquesis quite high and the producers are open to 5 �1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo innovation. This study was done in order to revealthe progress in the use of the means of mass communication in the certain district and the reasons behind this are that the producers are open to innovation and they have positive future expectations. Materyal ve Metot The survey technique was applied for this research. When the survey form was prepared, the research subject and the features of the agricultural enterprises are considered and we also did benefit from the other survey forms which have being used for severalresearches.The data which was used forthe research belongs to years 2006 and 2007. For the purpose of the research, Altinekin district was chosen as the research field and the reasons behind this are thatthe regions is well-known by the researchers,the level ofthe application of the new farming techniques is quite high and the producers are open to innovation. With the intention of improving the accuracy of the findings which is obtained with information gathered from the enterprises and ensuring the population’s different sections to be represented sufficiently, the stratified sampling methods was used for the research. The stratified sampling is conducted by considering the factors which affectthe examined populations’ inspected features. With the stratified sampling, the population’s parameters are better estimated because it is possibleto selectthem from allstratums.(Çiçek and at all. 1996). Farm SizeGroup(ha) Sample enterprises (unit) 1-20 13 21-40 29 41- + 13 Total 55 Table 1. The distribution of sample enterprises Research Results And Discussion Freehold Land and land use situation During the research that was carried outinthe enterprises,the case ofland use,freehold land,leasehold and share land’s width were considered. Enterprises’ ownership in land and their usage can be seen in table 2. land FarmSize Group(ha) 1-20 21-40 41- + Average (ha) 14,512 25,664 52,827 31,001 hiring partnership Total enterprise area Avrg.land (ha) ratio % ratio % (ha) ratio % area(ha) ratio % 94,61 0,82 5,39 0,00 0,00 15,33 100,00 96,62 0,89 3,38 0,00 0,00 26,56 100,00 100 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 52,82 100,00 97,08 0,57 2,92 0,00 0,00 31,57 100,00 Table 2. Land use sitiuation in investigated holdings In the Research field,the size of land is estimated as 31,57 ha. 97.08% of thisisfreehold and 2, 92 % is leasehold.In turkey,the percentage ofthe enterprises which use freehold land is 92,7. Butthe percentage ofthe enterprisesthat use leasehold and share land is 7.3 (Anonym,1997). 6 �1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo FarmSize Group(ha) 1-20 21-40 41- + Average (%) W heat 6,788 9,647 16,038 10,824 25,60 SugarBarley beet bean sunflower Other Totalfarm area 3,500 3,092 3,125 3,688 20,194 6,615 5,220 4,208 7,034 4,750 37,475 10,650 9,521 6,500 11,885 8,125 62,719 6,922 5,944 4,611 7,536 6,438 42,272 16,37 14,06 10,91 17,83 15,23 100,00 Table 3. Plant sowing ininvestigated holdings ( ha,%) The enterprises product proportion isfollowing as; 25,60% wheat, 16,37% barley, 14,06% sugar-beat, 10,91% dryed bean, 17,83% sunflower and 15,23% other plants. The proportion of grain (barley, wheat etc.) farming and the proportion ofdryed bean and sunflower farming is almost equal. This signifiesthatrotate cultivation system is working successfully in agriculturalfields. Substructure situation in village according to the enterprise groups W hen the villages’infrastructures, where the enterprises are situated, are observed,itis determined that 78, 60% of the enterprises have asphalt-paved road. All ofthe villages have electricity. Only 24, 31% of these have health centres, 16, 89% ofthese have canalization and 97, 44% of these have telephone. Infrastructures of the telephone and electricity are completed. Thisindicatesthat farmers easily reach the com munication sources. Farm Size Group(ha) 1-20 Asphalt road Electricity Health organization Canalization Ho me phone exist exist not exist not exist not exist not 69,23 30,77 100,00 0,00 7,69 92,31 15,38 84,62 92,31 7,69 89,66 10,34 100,00 0,00 34,48 62,07 27,59 68,97 100,00 0,00 76,92 23,08 100,00 0,00 30,77 69,23 7,69 92,31 100,00 0,00 97,44 2,56 not 21-40 41- + Average 78,60 21,40 100,00 0,00 24,31 74,54 16,89 81,96 Table 4. Substructure situation according to the enterprise groups (%) The situation of machinary equipment possessions according to the enterprise groups In the research area, when enterprises’ usage ofthe equipment-machine is obtained,itisfound that all the enterprises have tractor and plough. enterprises %97,44 Driller, %94,87 Atomizer, %67,37 Cultivator, % 8,84 Combine harvester, % 37,44 Sugar-beet harvester, % 87,44 Manure distributor, %35,10 Rotatiller, %22,55 subsoiler It can be understood that when the largeness ofthe enterprise increase ,the possession of agricultural equipment alsıincrease butin contrary to this situation we have observed thatitcan seen when the largeness ofthe enterprise increase, possession ofthe sub-soiler, used for crumbling the hard-pan, begins to decrease. 7 �1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Farm Size Group(ha) 1-20 SugarCo mbine beet Cultivator harvester harvester M anure distributor Driller Atomizer Rotatiller Subsoiler 92,31 84,62 76,92 0,00 30,77 76,92 30,77 7,69 100,00 100,00 48,28 3,45 27,59 93,10 20,69 13,79 100,00 100,00 76,92 23,08 53,85 92,31 53,85 46,15 97,44 94,87 67,37 8,84 37,40 87,44 35,10 Table 5. The situation of machinary possessions ininvestigated holdings (%) 22,55 21-40 41- + Average The situation of using the electrical house equipment (household utensil) The using Tv and Refrigerator according to the average enterprise groups were observed as 100 %. Using the washing machine, hoover, dish washer,tv satelitereceiver, bread dough machine were determined as 81,43%,89,12%,13,70% 91,69 % 16,89 respectively. The most noticed resultsisthe increasing of usage of electrical equipments depending increasing the enterprise largeness.Itshows thatthe results of high usage of satelite receiverin rural areas put forth the high watching rate of various tv Channels. Nevertheless,itis very noticeable that usage ofthe Bread Dough machine especially in larger farmer, most ofthe makes/bakes oftheir own bread isinthe level of 16,89 %. Farm Size Washing (TV satellite Bread dough Group(ha) machine hoover dish washer receiver) machine 1-20 69,23 84,62 7,69 92,31 7,69 21-40 82,76 82,76 10,34 82,76 27,59 41- + 92,31 100,00 23,08 100,00 15,38 Average 81,43 89,12 13,70 91,69 16,89 Table 6. The situation of using the electrical house equipmentininvestigated holdings (%) Agricultural issues needed assistance for the farmers according to the enterprise groups Agriculturalissues needed assistance forthe farmers according to the enterprise groups are listed as below 66,84% for disorder and pests, 80,02 % for growing,88,86 % for market data (prices,support amounts, credits), 87,98 % for fertiliserand fertilizing, 7,43 % for environmental protection and otherissues. These results show thatfarmers mostly wonder some issues related to marketing and finance and try to find out support amounts dealing with supporting their enterprises.itis noticeable situation that farmers needed some knowledge concerning with environmental protection. Farm Size Group(ha) 1-20 21-40 41- + Average 8 Disorder Fertilizer and Environmental and pests growing market fertilizing protection 61,54 76,92 84,62 92,31 0,00 62,07 86,21 89,66 79,31 6,90 76,92 76,92 92,31 92,31 15,38 66,84 80,02 88,86 87,98 7,43 Table 7. Agriculturalissues needed by assistance in investigated holdings (%) other 0,00 6,90 15,38 7,43 �1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Information centers reached by the farmers according to the enterprise groups Information centers reached by the farmers according to the average enterprise groups have been come out as follow 81,43 % from other farmers, 95,14 % from Sub-province agricultural Directorate, 24,58 % from agricultural, 8,58 % from published journals, 12,29 % from internet, 9,99 % from universities, 23,96 % from research institutes, 80,02 from vendors and 7,43 % from other knowledge sources. Sub-province agricultural Directorate, others farmers and agricultural pesticide vendors have come forward asthe mostly made connections centers. SubFrom province Farm Size other agricultural Agricultural Published Research Group(ha) farmers Directorate engineer journal Đnternet Univercity institute Vendor Other 1-20 76,92 92,31 23,08 0,00 7,69 7,69 15,38 69,23 0,00 21-40 82,76 27,59 10,34 13,79 6,90 10,34 86,21 6,90 41- + 84,62 100,00 23,08 15,38 15,38 15,38 46,15 84,62 15,38 Average 81,43 95,14 24,58 8,58 12,29 9,99 Table 8.Information centers reached by the farmers (%) 23,96 80,02 7,43 The Consideration of how accurately the agricultural practices have been done Itis determined that 1,15 % of Producersinthe enterprise areas carried out accurate activities everytime ,27,4 % ofthem accepted the correctness of practices, 62,68 % accepted some inaccuracies, 8,84 ofthem accepted thatthet made some mistakes in many times.intotal more than 70 % farmers admitted thatthey makde some mistakes in some acricultural practices. M any times, inaccurate agricultural practices are com mon Farm Size Accurate Sometime Group(ha) everytime Accurate inaccurate 1-20 0,00 38,46 61,54 0,00 21-40 3,45 27,59 65,52 3,45 41- + 0,00 15,38 61,54 23,08 Average 1,15 27,14 62,86 8,84 Table 9. The Consideration of how accurately the agricultural practices have been done(%) The situation of usage mass communication means according to the enterprise groups W hen researching the situation of usage mass communication means according to the enterprise groups in agriculturalissues,it was determined that whole farmers utilized from Tv as mass communication means . Utilization ratio is 6,28 % from the Radio, 1,15 % from VCD, 16,89 % usage internet, 7,43 % from home phone, 40,58 % from newspaper, 18,30 % from magazine and 41,1 % from leaflets. Farm Size Group(ha) 1-20 21-40 41- + Average Tv 100,00 100,00 100,00 100,00 Radio 7,69 3,45 7,69 6,28 VCD 0,00 3,45 0,00 1,15 internet 7,69 27,59 15,38 16,89 Ho me phone 0,00 6,90 15,38 7,43 Newspaper 38,46 44,83 38,46 40,58 Journal 0 24,14 30,77 18,30 Leaflet 30,76 31,03 61,54 41,11 9 �1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Table 10. Utilizing of Mass-Media implemention in investigated holdings (%) The State Of Attending The Group Agricultural Knowledge Connection Supplies According To Groups Of Enterprises According to the means of enterprises,the farmers have attended asthe sharing place of agriculturel knowledge to farmer meetings at arate of %73,12, panels at %22,02, conference at %14,59 and seminars at %7,16. Farm Size Group(ha) 1-20 21-40 41- + Average Farmer meetings 84,62 65,52 69,23 73,12 Panel 7,69 27,59 30,77 22,02 Conference 15,38 20,69 7,69 14,59 Seminar 0,00 13,79 7,69 7,16 Table 11. The situation of exchangeable agricultural knowledge (%) The State Of Attending Individual Agricultural Knowledge Connection Supplies According To Groups Of Enterprises In the research field,the farmers getsthe agricultural news and knowledge from coffee houses at %86,56, other farmers when atthe field at %79,13, village rooms at %44,56, stock market at %54,55, market at %39,17 and from the fairs at%39,17. Farm Size On Village meeting Stock On Group(ha) farm room market market Fair Đn cafes 1-20 84,62 84,62 30,77 38,46 23,08 7,69 21-40 82,76 75,86 41,38 48,28 24,14 48,28 41- + 92,31 76,92 61,54 76,92 30,77 61,54 Average 86,56 79,13 44,56 54,55 25,99 39,17 Table 12. The situation of sources ofindividual exchanging agricultural knowledge(%) The State Of Getting Out Of The Village According To The Enterprise Groups W hen examined the state of getting out ofthe village according to the enterprise groups,itis stated that %55,97 ofthem everyday, %41,73 once a week and %2,30 once in atwo week gets out ofthe village. Advances in transport opportunities and getting cheaper in rural areas and diversifying ofneeds increased getting out of village and according to these %97,70 ofthe farmers atleast once a week feelsto get out ofthe village. As a result,accepting the innovations level becomes high by the farmers who have strong connections with city centers. Farm Size Group(ha) 1-20 21-40 41- + Everyday One at a week One in every two weeks 61,54 38,46 0,00 44,83 48,28 6,90 61,54 38,46 0,00 Average 55,96817 41,73298 2,30 Table 13.the situation of frequency of visiting intervaltothe city (%) The State Of Mobile Communication Level According To The Enterprise Groups 10 �1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo According to the enterprise groups the state of possessing the mobile phone is at a rate of%98,85. The rate of farmers who constantly have mobile phones nearby is %96,26. The rate of farmers that agricultural knowledge comes to whose mobile phones is %14,85 and who doesn’t come is %85,15. The rate of farmers who want to get agricultural knowledges by their phones is % 95,14. The farmers have their phones atthe average of 8,4 years. The farmers have paid 36,23 TL at average for monthly speech fee. Itisimportant to evaluate this condition and using the form of SMS for farmers to reach knowledge. Farm Size Group (ha) Situation of Possession of holding the mobile phone mobile phone Co ming of agricultural knowledge from mobile phone Do yo want to get agricultural informatin from phone ? yes no no yes no yes no 100,00 0,00 92,31 7,69 7,69 92,31 100,00 0,00 8,15 20,5 96,55 3,45 96,55 0,00 13,79 82,76 93,10 6,90 8,28 23,4 100,00 0,00 100,00 0,00 23,08 76,92 92,31 7,69 8,77 26,05 yes Haw long W hat is have you the had mobile monthly phone? cost? (year) ($) 1-20 21-40 41- + Average 98,85 1,15 96,29 2,56 14,85 85,15 95,14 4,86 8,40 Table 14. The situation oflevel in mobile communication in investigated holdings (%) 23,3 Result and Suggestions There are 3.076.650 enterprises in our country and 4.2 %( 130000) of those are in Konya. The following facts prevent farmers who are disbanded in wide area from gaining accurate, solid information at the correct time; Konya province has a broad area and itis consist of 31 districts. Our farmers concerns about certain issues such as; transferring the agricultural technology to the farmers in research fields, announcing the innovations, strengthening the farmers against the market and transferring the information about agricultural support and credits. In 2007, agricultural supports was tried to be announced under 102 headings by only the Ministry of Agriculture (http://www.tugem.gov.tr). Furthermore, there are new headings that need to be announced to farmers. These are the followings; keeping records during the process of European Union, agricultural support works based on these records, changes which are made based on figures and practises each years.In the past 3 years including 2005 and 2007, 7 laws, 23 ministers council decisions, 16 com muniqués, 13 circulars and 33 legislations were published by the Ministry of agriculture with the intention of regulating the agricultural production (http://www.tugem.gov.tr). The farmers are having difficulties reaching the information and using the communication sources. The level of following up organs ofthe printed publication islow and the internet use began to increase. Despite the factthat TV isthe best-known mass communication method, only one channelis consist of agricultural programs amongst the 373 national TV channels which are revealed in the daily TV listing and the local TV channels programmes do not have the sustainability. The existing com munication sources do not contain such subjects as is valuable for the farmers. Furthermore,the farmers are not interested in agricultural subjects which organs of the printed publication contain. Ministry of agriculture is trying to apply all sort of visual and printed publications so as to reach banks,the farmer organisations and the private sector farmers. To gain the results of these efforts, modern communication methods need to be utilized. Mobile communications that present us the innovations in different sectors has to be included in agricultural extension works. In the case of mobile communication, one way information flow which isin SMS format requires to be two way. With the information transfer, sound files also need to be enabled to be sent and received. ARGE works should be conducted so asto boost and generalizethe effectiveness of mobile communication in orderto produce communication equipments at the prototype level. Agricultural publications models which are suitable for the mobile communications methods used by farmers should be generated. Farmers registration system that is implemented by Ministry of Agricultural, agricultural business accounting data networks and the software sub-structure of allsort offarmer organisations have to be suitable for 11 �1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo the mobile communications. References Anonymous, http://www.e-kolay.net Anonymous, Http://tüik.gov.tr Anonymous, http://www.tugem.gov.tr Boyacı.M., 1996 Agricultural Extension in EU and Turkey, Ege University publication, Bornova ,Đzmir. Cicek.A., Erkan.O., 1996. Research and Samples Method in Agricultural Economics, Gazi Osman Paşa University Publication, Đzmir. Celep. C., 1995. Public Education Pegem Pub. Number:22,ISBN:975-7251-14-3.Ankara. Oakley. P., Garforth. C., 1998, The Guide Extension Education, Number:11 TYUAP publication, Ankara. Özcatalbas.O., Gürgen. Y., Agricultural Extension and Communication, Baki Bookshop, Adana. Yurttaş.Z.,2006Agricultural Extension and Communication Technics, A.Ü. Agricultural Faculty, Publication Number:67, Erzurum. 12 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 461 Title A name given to the resource To Take advantage of Mass Media Implementation on Agricultural Farms in Konya; The case of Altınekin District Author Author Oguz, Cennet Dogançukuru, Hüseyin Abstract A summary of the resource. This study was conducted to supply achievement of Agricultural Extension work which is being implemented in Konya region. It is significantly important to state that which extension implements will be used in which level in order to reach this objective. The minimum usable sample of farm enterprises was determined as 55 based on stratified sampling technique. The data were collected from Altınekin district in Konya. The new technologies application is quite high in the research area and the producers are open to innovation. The results indicate that agricultural modernization has a positive effect on farm enterprises in the certain district and the reasons behind this are that the producers are open to innovation and they have positive future expectation, the producers in an economy have the right kind of knowledge and information, they can produce economic output efficiently. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2009-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed Q Science (General)