308 10 3494 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/a51cb951932a7ceb37b0b73a6c5b2d56.pdf adb107680bb7ec5a5af28dbf13b71c95 PDF Text Text 2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo The Examination of Relationship between Social Support, Social Selfefficacy and Submissive Behavior Mehmet Çardak Ministery of Education, Turkey mcardak@hotmail.com Murat Đskender Sakarya University, Faculty of Education, Turkey iskender@sakarya.edu.tr Mustafa Koç Sakarya University, Faculty of Education, Turkey mkoc@sakarya.edu.tr Abstract: The purpose of this research is to examine the relationship between social support, social self-efficacy and submissive behavior. Participants were 317 university students who completed a questionnaire package that included the Submissive Behavior Scale, the Social Self-efficacy Scale and the Multidimensional Scale for Social Support. The data were tested by correlational analysis. According to results; submissive behavior was related positively to social support and negatively to social self-efficacy. Results were discussed in the light of literature. Introduction Submissive behavior is a set of observable personality traits which involve avoiding to break others, trying to make everyone happy, being inclined to be very helpful, having difficulty with expressing the conditions s/he does not approve, having difficulty with expressing his/her anger, having difficulty with saying “no" and being inclined to say "yes", feeling the urge for continuous approval, being unable to defend their rights and thoughts (Göktuna, 2007). behaviors which start in an early age of childhood is a desired and admired feature as unconditional submission to orders of the state and authority in the local culture (Cüceloğlu, 2003) and in other words is dominant in the interpersonal relationships in Eastern culture rather than Western culture (Yildirim, 2003). There are cultural differences in the ways of submission. Some cultures give more importance to submission than other cultures (Karaoğlu, 2007). Individuals who feel themselves to be low rank, with a tendency to behave submissively, may be more self-focused to ensure monitoring of expressed behavior (Cheung, Gilbert, Irons, 2003). There are views, which suggest that submission is emerged with the effect of imitation and learning from a model. As it is in many behavior types, an individual may be inclined to act the way he observed in someone else. It was found that submission is more frequently observed in those who live in the nuclear family and males. Even if it is accepted that women are exposed to more violence and pressure in a male dominant social structure, it is a wonder that males are more inclined to develop conformist behavior (Kaya, Güneş, Kaya, Pehlivan, 2004). Based on findings on different researches, one can assume that dominance is more male-typed whereas submissiveness is more female-typed. However, this interpretation is only speculative and the gender-typed nature of dominant and submissive acts has yet to be clearly ascertained (McCreary & Rhodes, 2001). democracies, it is possible and expected not to be conformist; in totalitarian systems only a few outlaw heroes and people fighting for an aim are expected to reject submission. But despite this difference, conformism is observed in the overwhelming majority in a democratic society. The reason for this lies in the fact of having to find an answer for the concept of unity or be a part of the group by conforming if a better solution cannot be found. If the core of necessity of thinking differently is understood, the strength of the fear of being different and 294 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo being a few steps away from the flock may be understood. Fear of not being conformist turns into a potential threat of the fear of practical principles in the mind of the nonconformist. But in reality, people, at least in Western democracies, are more willing to conform than they are compelled to act so (Fromm, 1998). Gilbert et al (2003) claim that submissive behavior is then a tactic of defense and not a personal judgment. Apsler (1975) found that humiliating people and making them anxious increases submission. According to this, the reason of increase in submission results from the fear that person’s fault will be displayed or the willing to get rid of the uneasiness rather than the self-anxiety of showing himself/herself better in public (Freedman, Sears, Carlsmith, 1993). Lewis and Michalson (1983) one of the four factors in the emergence of anger is to have to obey the orders and sanctions or pressure or force to do something that the individual does not want to (Özmen, 2006). This condition constitutes an important factor in the deterioration of mental health of people. Studies conducted revealed significant relations between submissive behavior and depression (Gilbert, 2000; Gilbert, Cheung, Grandfield, Campey, Irons, 2003). Social support attributes to the supportive behaviors and resources of our social ties, including emotional support, intimacy, positive interaction, and tangible support (House, 1981; Williams et al, 2008). It can include emotional support, instrumental support, appraisal support, and informational support (House, 1981; Glazer, 2006). Social support has a positive influence on the ability to cope with negative life events. The beneficial effects of social support may occur through protecting individuals from the harmful effects of stress (Lakey & Cohen, 2000), contributing to adjustment and development (Clark, 1991), raising self-esteem (Lakey & Cassady, 1990; Kinnunen, Feldt, Kinnunen, Pulkkinen, 2008), and well-being (Sarason, Pierce, & Sarason, 1990; Cohen, & Wills, 1985). It reduces the intensity of the post-traumatic reactions and predicts better overall adjustment following a traumatic experience (Keppel-Benson, Ollendick, & Benson, 2002; Neria, Solomon, & Dekel, 1998), symptoms of distress and psychopathology (Lindorff, 2000), and symptoms of illness (Dolbier & Steinhardt, 2000). Studies about social support have shown significant relations between lower social support and depression (Keiley, Lofthouse, Bates, Dodge, & Petit, 2003; Young, Berenson, Cohen, & Garcia, 2005), conduct problems (Appleyard, Egeland, & Sroufe, 2007), academic performance (Heard, 2007), and depressive symptoms and hopelessness (Yang, & Clum, 1994). Social self-efficacy, one aspect of effective social skills, refers to a readiness to initiate behavior in social conditions (Sherer & Adams, 1983; Smith & Betz, 2000) and it also can be considered as the student’s expectancy that they can successfully perform or complete a target behavior in an academic or everyday situation involving social interaction (Connolly, 1989; Gresham, 1984). It is important not only in its possible relationship to effective social behavior but also it has been widely applied to psychological adjustment and mental health. Social self-efficacy skills mediated the relationship between stressful life events and depressive symptoms (Maciejewski, Prigerson, & Mazure, 2000). It has been consistently shown to be related to higher levels of global self-esteem (Connolly, 1989; Hermann & Betz, 2004, 2006; Smith & Betz, 2002). Bandura, Barbaranelli, Caprara, and Pastorelli (1996) found that social self-efficacy was related to the emotional wellbeing of high school students. Research has also indicated that lower levels of social self-efficacy are related to higher levels of depression (Hermann & Betz,2004, 2006; Smith & Betz, 2002), attachment anxiety (Mallinckrodt & Wei, 2005) and positively related to loneliness and social dissatisfaction (Galanaki & KalantziAzizi, 1999). 1. Method 1.1. Participants Participants were 317 university students enrolled in various undergraduate programs at Sakarya University, Turkey. Of the participants, 91 were first-year students, 67 were second-year students, 79 were third-year students, and 80 were fourth-year students. One hundred and fifty-two of the participants (48%) were females and 165 (52%) were males. A large majority of the students (94%) were between 17 and 22 years of age. 1.2. Measures Submissive behaviors were measured by Submissive Acts Scale (SAS, Gilbert & Allan, 1994). Turkish adaptation of the SAS had been done by Şahin and Şahin (1992. The adolescents were asked to indicate their degree of agreement with each statement on a 5-point scale ranging from this is a very bad description of me to 295 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo this is a very good description of me. The scale consists of 16 items (e.g., ‘‘Even if I don’t like it, I do things just because other people are also doing them.’’ and, ‘‘I allow other people to criticize and let me down and do not defend myself.’’). The Perceived Social Self-efficacy Scale (PSSS) was developed by Smith and Betz (2000) and contains 25 items on a 5-point Likert-type scale (1 = strongly disagree to 5 = strongly agree). A sum of all scores yields a total score that ranges from 25 to 125; higher scores indicate higher level social self-efficacy. Turkish adaptation of this scale had been done by Palanci (2004). The Cronbach a internal consistency coefficient of the adapted Turkish form was .89. For test–retest reliability the scale was administered to 100 undergraduate students twice in 4 weeks. The Pearson correlation coefficient was .68. Social support was measured using Turkish version of the Multidimensional Scale for Social Support (MSPSS, Zimet et al., 1988; Eker, Arkar, 1995). The MSPSS consists of 12 items on a 7-point Likert scale, from not suitable at all (1) to very suitable (7). The students’ self reports also provided scores on three subscales, each subscale comprising four items: (a) family social support subscale, containing items such as ‘‘I can discuss my problems with my family’’ and ‘‘I get help and emotional support from my family’’; (b) friends’ support, consisting of items such as ‘‘I have friends with whom I can share my happiness and pain’’ and ‘‘I can count on my friends when problems arise’’; (c) the significant other’s support, with items such as ‘‘I have a close person who can encourage me’’ and ‘‘I have a close person who supports me when I am in need’’. Scores for each of this scale range from 12 to 84, where a higher score expresses higher social support. 2. Results 2.1. Descriptive Data and Inter-correlations When Table 1 is examined, it is seen that there are correlations between submissive behavior, social self-efficacy and social support. Submissive behavior related positively to social support (r = .11) and negatively to social self-efficacy (r = -.51). Variables 1. Submissive behavior 2. Social self-efficacy 3. Social support Mean Standard deviation ** p<.001, *p<.01 1 1.00 -.51** .11* 51.30 7.49 2 3 1.00 -.09 77.86 10.56 1.00 60.98 14.57 Table 1: Descriptive Statistics and Inter-correlations of the Variables 2.2. Gender differences When Table 2 is examined, there were no significant gender differences in submissive behavior, social selfefficacy and social support. 296 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo Variable Submissive behavior Social self-efficacy Social support *** p<0.001 Females (N=152) Mean SD Males (N=165) Mean SD t p 51.52 6.79 51.09 8.10 .60 .61 77.86 60.98 11.15 14.83 79.55 61.32 9.96 14.37 -1.42 -.21 .15 .83 Table 2: Gender Differences in Submissive Behavior, Social Self-efficacy and Social Support 3. Discussion The aim of this study was to investigate the relationships between social support, social self-efficacy and submissive behavior. Findings have demonstrated that there are relationships among these variables. Firstly, as hypothesized, submissive behavior predicted social self-efficacy negatively and social support positively. Recent studies on lower levels of social self-efficacy are related to higher levels of depression (Hermann & Betz, 2004, 2006; Smith & Betz, 2002), attachment anxiety (Mallinckrodt & Wei, 2005) and positively related to loneliness and social dissatisfaction (Galanaki & Kalantzi-Azizi, 1999) and emotional well-being (Caprara, & Pastorelli, 1996). Similarly, higher social support was found associated positively with well-being (Zimet et al, 1988) and negatively with depression (Keiley et al, 2003; Young et al, 2005), conduct problems (Appleyard et al, 2007), academic performance (Heard, 2007), depressive symptoms and hopelessness (Yang, & Clum, 1994). Research findings have demonstrated that there are no gender differences among social support, social selfefficacy and submissive behavior. The gender-typed nature of dominant and submissive acts has yet to be clearly ascertained (McCreary & Rhodes, 2001). This study has several implications for future research. Firstly, further research investigating the relationships between social support, social self-efficacy and submissive behavior, and other psychological constructs are needed, to reinforce the findings of this study. In addition interventions focused on increasing social support and social self-efficacy can be useful in decreasing submissive behavior. This study has several limitations. First, participants were university students and replication of this study for targeting other student populations should be made in order to generate a more solid relationship among constructs examined in this study, because generalization of the results is somewhat limited. 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Extent The size or duration of the resource. 710 Title A name given to the resource The Examination of Relationship between Social Support, Social Selfefficacy and Submissive Behavior Author Author Çardak, Mehmet İskender, Murat Koç, Mustafa Abstract A summary of the resource. The purpose of this research is to examine the relationship between social support, social self-efficacy and submissive behavior. Participants were 317 university students who completed a questionnaire package that included the Submissive Behavior Scale, the Social Self-efficacy Scale and the Multidimensional Scale for Social Support. The data were tested by correlational analysis. According to results; submissive behavior was related positively to social support and negatively to social self-efficacy. Results were discussed in the light of literature. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/5c368ad0db56788d3cc13ac3f94514f5.pdf cf074daae247c14438b881a69746df92 PDF Text Text Preferences of Irrigation Methods by Sugar Beet Producers, Their Age and Educational Levels for Konya - Çumra Region of Turkey Assist.Prof.Dr. Muhittin Çelebi Selçuk University Çumra MYO –Konya/Turkey mcelebi@selcuk.edu.tr Prof.Dr. Nizamettin Çiftçi Selçuk University Agricultural Faculty –Konya/Turkey nciftci@selcuk.edu.tr Assist.Prof.Dr. Bilal Acar Selçuk University Agricultural Faculty –Konya/Turkey biacar@selcuk.edu.tr Abstract: Agriculture is one of the most important strategic sectors in terms of the social and economic ways for Turkey. Approximately 35% of the population has lived in rural areas and there is a huge inactive labor force in such regions. Success and sustainability of agricultural activities depends on the education and social structures of farmers. Irrigation and irrigation technologies are possibly the most important inputs in agricultural activities. This study was conducted in Konya where it has the greatest agricultural land of Turkey with 25% of the total sugar beet production of Turkey. The preferences of irrigation methods by sugar beet producers, age distributions, education status, and number of person in family were researched by face to face technique. The percentages of farmers in 20-30, 31-40, 41-50 and 51-60 years old were 18.2% , 22.7%, 35.2% and 23.9%, respectively. The education levels of those farmers graduated from university, high, and primary schools were determined as 12.5%, 23.3%, and 64.2%, respectively. The number of person in most family varied from 5 to 8. The 95% of the farmers have preferred sprinkler irrigation method. The preference of drip irrigation method was 4.7% for high school graduated farmers. The 89.3% of the farmers defined that irrigation charges were expensive. The overall result of the study showed that increasing the education level in farmers contributed sensitivity of farmers for the water saving irrigation technologies Keywords: Agriculture, Education, Sugar Beet Producers, Irrigation Method. Introduction The utilization of water resources and studies about these subjects are as old as human history. In the past, development of the society was in the areas where the fresh water resources were plenty. Water is the prime element for life on earth but, it is not exist in desired place, amount and time on earth. It is the strategic natural resource and will be also very important in future affected to the whole human life due to the limiting source. Agriculture is the most important top strategic sector in respect to the socially and economy in Turkey. The almost 35% of population has lived in urban in Turkey and there is a huge amount of inactive labor force in such areas. The success of activities and their sustainability depend upon the education level and social structures of farmers. The most important inputs in agriculture are irrigation and irrigation technologies. The availability of water resources, presence of much amount of agricultural areas and good facilities of 162 �crop growth in Turkey has contributed the sustainable agricultural potential. Turkey has 78 million ha surface area and 28 million of this is suitable for agriculture with 5.1 million ha of land are being irrigated at present (Anonymous 2008). In general, the climate is arid and semi-arid in Turkey but, climate change is different in seasons and regions. The total annual consumable water potential of Turkey is 110 km3 (Çiftçi & Kutlar 2007; Çiftçi et al. 2009a; Çiftçi et al. 2009b). According to 2009 records, the population is almost 72.5 million in Turkey. The annual per capita water potential is 2500 m3 and consumable of 1517 m3. Agriculture has used about 70-75% of total fresh water resources in Turkey. It has been estimated that available water resources of 75 km3 will be used in agriculture in next 20 years. Education has very important role to play in efficient use of resources, performing accurate political selection, overcoming well management, obtaining qualified human for employment. It is also effective tool for obtaining well decision and development in democracy. The importance of education has increased gradually in whole our life as well as in agriculture in developed and changing world. The increase of the agriculture production is not only important in meeting the food supply of the nations but, high quality production is also very important. To success this, experienced agriculture trainers as well as skillful producers or farmers are needed. Productivity is the base of the agricultural development and the base of the productivity is education. One of the most important problems, therefore, in Turkey is agricultural education. Although agricultural education is unique, it can be divided into two forms: -Theoretical scientific, and practical - training educations. Under no or insufficient rainfall conditions, crop water requirement is not met by natural rainfall. Under such conditions, soil moisture deficit is met by applying water artificially and this is defined as irrigation. However, every random water applications have not accepted as irrigation. The main purpose of the irrigation is to meet the crop water requirement. By succeeding this goal, crop yield increases. Irrigation networks and systems are constructed to overcome this purpose. Water resources are fairly scant in Konya basin of Turkey. Water scarcity is very serious in region especially summer season. Wheat, barley and sugar beet are very common field crops in this region. The most important problem in region is inefficient use of water resources. The losses are very high in irrigation due to the excess water applications. Konya has share of 25% sugar beet production in Turkey and Konya-Çumra plain has one of the most intensively irrigated lands. Sugar beet is the highest water consuming crop in region so, it is the main target that irrigation water should be applied with minimum loss in sugar beet production. Sprinkler irrigation method has been commonly used and subsidized for many years due to the high irrigation efficiency and easy in labor uses in sugar beet irrigation. The farmers who have the great technical and theoretical information deal with sugar beet farming. In present study, education level, their age, number of family member and irrigation methods preferences of sugar beet producers in Konya-Çumra Plain Turkey was researched by face to face survey technique. Material and Methods This study was conducted Çumra Plain of Konya-Turkey. Konya has the greatest agricultural land with 25% of total sugar beet production in Turkey. In study, preferences of irrigation methods, age distributions, education level, family number of sugar beet producers were researched by using the face to face technique. Konya, in Central Anatolia Peninsula, is located at South of Central Anatolia Region. It has the greatest surface area in Turkey with an average 1016m above the sea level. Soils in plain are mainly heavy, medium in some parts and light in very little parts. It has the rich of lime content and uniform topography as 0-1% land slope. The least rainfall of 326 mm has observed in Konya plain of Turkey. Annual average temperature is 11.5ºC. Konya has steppe climate so irrigation is vital important in crop growth period due to the insufficient rainfall. Irrigation water is obtained from both surface and groundwater resources. Groundwater is received from General Directorate of Sate Hydraulic Works (GDSHW), irrigation cooperatives and wells constructed by farmers. The surface water resources are Beyşehir Lake and Çarşamba Stream (Çiftçi & Kutlar 2007). Konya plain is one of the government irrigation regions in near history. Konya has the almost 163 �2 million population with 1870000 ha arable and 1644000 ha irrigable lands. It has the shares of 11%, 13.7% and 25% in wheat, barley and sugar beet in Turkey, respectively. The land opened to the irrigation in Konya is 377000 ha (Çiftçi et al. 2010). Results and Discussion Age and Education of Farmers Share of agriculture has decreased in national income while the importance of agriculture in the economy has remained. On the other hand, active population and employment ratios are high in agriculture. Average income of human rises when the ages increased under different education levels. Conventional agricultural structure is very common in agricultural activities of Turkey and those activities have continued by family farms. In recently, there is acceleration in education level in rural areas of Turkey. The age of farmers is more than medium in Turkey. The reason is that the highest-aged farmer is the leader in agriculture. The ages and education levels of farmers in our research are presented in Table 1. Education Level University High School Elementary School Total Number % Number % Number % Number % 20-30 Age Ranges 31-40 41-50 51-60 10 45.5 9 22.0 13 11.5 32 18.2 7 31.8 12 29.2 21 18.6 40 22.7 0 0 5 12.2 37 32.7 42 23.9 5 22.7 15 36.6 42 37.2 62 35.5 Total Number % 22 12.5 100 41 23.3 100 113 64.2 100 176 100 Table 1. Ages and Education Levels of Sugar Beet Producers It can be seen from Table 1 that percentages of farmers were determined as 18.2%, 22.7%, 35.5% and 23.9% in 20-30, 31-40, 41-50 and 51-60 age ranges, respectively. The young population, 20-30 years old, was lowest and percentage of over the medium-aged (41-60 years old) farmers was 59.4%. Increase of the age resulted in improvement of experiences and qualifications. Accordingly, age of farmers in sugar beet production was observed mostly in 41-60 years old. Education has very important role to obtain the qualified labor forces for meeting economic and social requirements as well as for the population who are healthy and ready to work. Education is the human right and is necessary for sustainable development. The education levels of farmers were elementary school in 64.5%, high school in 23.3% and university in 12.5%, (Table 1). Most farmers were graduated from the elementary school accordingly. This indicates that education levels of farmers were found lower than the expectation. Education level is also important for training of farmers about irrigation innovations. It is also vital important for learning the irrigation technologies as well as soilcrop-water relationships. The age was between 20-30 years in most university graduated farmers (45.5%) and all of them were younger than 40 years old. This shows that farmers have noticed the importance of university in agriculture. Marital Status and Number of Family Members In Turkey as well as in the world, population density can be described as the dividing population of farmers who deal with crop and animal production to agricultural land size. The population density varies in different regions and cities. It is highly influenced by the elevation such as mountainous or plain as well as number of the active farmers. It is high in mountainous areas while it is low in large plains. The active 164 �population ratio was lower by comparison to developed countries while unemployment is fairly high in Turkey. The distributions of marital status and family member numbers of farmers in respect to education levels are given in Table 2. Education Level University High School Elementary School Total Marital Status Number % Number % Number % Number % Number of Family Population Married Single Total 1-4 5-8 <8 Total 17 77.3 39 95.1 109 96.5 165 93.8 5 22.7 2 4.9 4 3.5 11 6.2 22 100 41 100 113 100 176 100 8 47.1 14 35.9 26 24.5 49 29.7 9 52.9 25 64.1 72 67.9 107 64.8 0 0 0 0 8 7.6 9 5.5 17 100 39 100 106 100 165 100 Table 2. Distributions of Marital Status and Family Member Number of Farmers The percentages of farmers with married and single were determined as 93.8% and 6.2%, respectively. The percentages of university, high school and elementary school graduated farmers were 77.3%, 95.1% and 96.5%, respectively. Most farmers were married and this indicated that agricultural farms were family farms. The percentages of farmers in family as 1-4, 5-8 and <8 were found as 29.7%, 64.5% and 5.5%, respectively. The highest family number of farmers was obtained from 5-8 as 64.8%. The number of farmers more than 8 was observed in only elementary graduations. The family number of 1-4 was only observed in university graduated farmers and those were also young. The Reason in Sugar Beet Production Preferences of Farmers In Turkey, sugar has been produced by sugar beet that is a very important fundamental food in whole human life. Sugar beet is also very important rotation crop. The yield and income obtained from unit area are good enough. In Turkey, about 400000 or 450000 farmers have obtained their incomes from sugar beet farming (Anonymous 2010). Konya city has the 25% total Turkey sugar beet production and irrigation is necessary prerequisite for sugar beet growth. In examine the crop patterns, sugar beet is highly water consuming crop in region so water saving should be done in sugar beet farming. However, water resources are fairly scant and insufficient. The one of the highest sugar beet production centers of Konya is Çumra province. The Reasons in Sugar Beet Production preferences of farmers and production areas are presented in Table 3. Farmers Number % Sugar Beet Production Preferences Low Easy Market Addiction income growth Guarantees of other crops 9 140 20 7 5.1 79.5 11.4 4.0 Sugar Beet Production Area (ha) Total 20> 20-50 50-100 100< Total 176 20 80 48 28 176 100 11.4 45.4 27.3 15.9 100 Table 3. The Reason in Sugar Beet Production Preferences of Farmers and Production Areas 165 �As seen from the Table 3, 79.5% of the farmers have preferred sugar beet production due to the market guarantees while 20% and 5.1% of them have preferred due to the addiction and easy growth, respectively. As sugar beet production has been performed contraction with the farmers as quotas in the region, and Pankobirlik (General Directorate, representative and senior organization of Beet Cooperatives, which are performing supply, distribution, supervision and coordination of all kinds of inputs, which are being used during the agricultural activities of its partners with the capitals, formed by its members’ efforts) guarantee of the production has been the most important reason for preference. Like the all over the world as well as in Turkey, preference of crop production has affected mainly from the market guarantee in Turkey. The sizes of sugar beet production areas of 2, 2-5, 5-10 and <10 ha were 11.4%, 45.4%, 27.3% and 15.9%, respectively. In general, land size of sugar beet production varied from 2 to 5 ha (45.4%). Irrigation Method Preferences of Farmers Application form of water through the crop root zone may be defined as irrigation method. Irrigation water is brought to the irrigation area by conveyance and distribution Networks. The aim of the irrigation is to apply right amount water uniformly within the root zone depth. For success this, irrigation method is very important. The suitability of the various irrigation methods, i.e. surface, sprinkler or drip irrigation, depends mainly on the following factors (Kara 2005); - natural conditions such as soil type, slope, climate, water quality and availability,- type of crop, -type of technology, -previous experience with irrigation, -required labor inputs, and -costs and benefits. Pressurized irrigation methods can be defined as conveying irrigation water to the crops by closed pipes with a certain pressure. The most widely used pressurized irrigation system is sprinkler irrigation in Çumra Plain of Konya. To use this method, farmers should know the system accurately and have the proper information. The irrigation method preferences of farmers in region are presented in Table 4. The percentages of irrigation methods preferences were 95.0 % and 1.1% in sprinkler and drip irrigation, respectively. The sprinkler irrigation is the most suitable method in respect to the cost, management and irrigation technique. It was preferred as 95.1%, 90.6% and 96.6% for university, high school and elementary graduated farmers. Education Level University High School Elementar y School Total Numbe r % Numbe r % Numbe r % Numbe r % Irrigation Methods Surfac Sprinkle Dri e r p Tota l Which is the most Suitable Irrigation Method in Sugar Beet? Surfac Sprinkle Dri No Tota e r p Ide l a 0 18 2 0 20 1 19 0 20 5.0 2 95 39 0 2 100 43 0 0 90 42 10 2 0 2 100 46 4.7 4 90.6 112 4.7 0 100 116 0 0 91.4 97 4.3 9 4.3 4 100 110 3.4 7 96.6 170 0 2 100 179 0 0 88.2 157 8.2 13 3.6 6 100 176 3.9 95.0 1.1 100 0 89.2 7.4 3.4 100 Table 4. Irrigation methods Preferred in Sugar Beet The highest preference of sprinkler irrigation method as 95% in region shows that farmers have great experiences about this method. Surface irrigation method, highest irrigation water losses, has been preferred the lowest as 3.9%. Although water application efficiency is high in drip irrigation method, it was 166 �preferred low as 1.1%. The disadvantage of such irrigation method is high management cost. Most farmers preferred drip irrigation method were graduated from the high school. Technical qualifications as well as irrigation management cost are very important in water management. This is evidence that most farmers were chosen sprinkler irrigation. The percentages of farmers about the suitable irrigation method for sugar beet were found as 89.2% for sprinkler irrigation, 7.4% for drip irrigation and 3.4% for no idea. None farmers have chosen the surface irrigation as a suitable method. In examine the education level, university graduated farmers were accepted sprinkler irrigation as 90% and drip irrigation as 10%, as a suitable irrigation method. The 91.4% and 4.3% of farmers preferred sprinkler and drip irrigation methods, in high school graduation, respectively. These were 88.2% and 8.2% in sprinkler and drip irrigation methods for elementary education, respectively. Improvement of education level resulted in increase for the use of technological systems as well as capability of accurate irrigation management. Education level is not only needed for successful use of irrigation technologies, but also experiences of farmers are very important. Sugar beet producers, therefore, have considered low water losses and small management cost by preferences irrigation methods. Conclusions Education is very important for all sectors in a changing world especially in agriculture. Agriculture is strategic sector and should be improved in Turkey. The increase of the income in such sector like the central residential areas is necessary prerequisite. To obtain the goal, necessary policies should be performed and applied permanently. Irrigation water is the most important input in agriculture and is the highest share of water resources as 70-75% in Turkey. It is very important to reduce the water losses and minimize the irrigation costs for sustainable water resources. It can be achieved by selection of suitable irrigation method. This method should be high technical characteristics with low irrigation management cost. However, sometimes high technological methods are not preferred by farmers due to some difficulties and great management costs. The base of agricultural production is productivity and education is the base of the productivity. Improvement of education levels of farmers will contribute proper training and accurate management of irrigation Technologies. References Anonymous. (2008) . General Directorate of Sate Hydraulic Works (GDSHW) http://www.dsi.gov.tr/ (in Turkish). Anonymous. (2010). Konya Şeker A.Ş. http://www.konyaseker.com.tr/ (in Turkish). Çiftçi, N & Kutlar, Đ. (2007). Water potential and water resources of Konya Plain. Journal of Konya Ticaret Borsası, 24, 34-37 (in Turkish). Çiftçi, N., Acar, B., Şahin, M., Yaylalı, I., & Yavuz, D. (2009a). Land and Water Potentials of Turkey and Major Problems in Irrigated Agriculture, Proceedings International Conference on Lakes and Nutrient Loads, 2009, Pocradec. 305-310. Çiftçi, N., Acar, B., Yaylalı, I & Çivicioğlu, N. (2009b). Groundwater Potential Usage and Contamination Problems in Turkey under Global Warming Period, Proceedings International Conference on Lakes and Nutrient Loads, 2009, Pocradec. 456-462. Çiftçi, N., Topak, R & Çelebi, M. (2010). Water potential and water use in agriculture. Journal of Konya Ticaret Borsası, 36, 40-44 (in Turkish). Kara, M. (2005). Irrigation and irrigation systems. Selçuk University. Agricultural Faculty, ISBN 975-448-177-6: Konya-Turkey (in Turkish). 167 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 358 Title A name given to the resource Preferences of Irrigation Methods by Sugar Beet Producers, Their Age and Educational Levels for Konya - Çumra Region of Turkey Author Author Çelebi, Muhittin Çiftçi, Nizamettin Acar, Bilal Abstract A summary of the resource. Agriculture is one of the most important strategic sectors in terms of the social and economic ways for Turkey. Approximately 35% of the population has lived in rural areas and there is a huge inactive labor force in such regions. Success and sustainability of agricultural activities depends on the education and social structures of farmers. Irrigation and irrigation technologies are possibly the most important inputs in agricultural activities. This study was conducted in Konya where it has the greatest agricultural land of Turkey with 25% of the total sugar beet production of Turkey. The preferences of irrigation methods by sugar beet producers, age distributions, education status, and number of person in family were researched by face to face technique. The percentages of farmers in 20-30, 31-40, 41-50 and 51-60 years old were 18.2% , 22.7%, 35.2% and 23.9%, respectively. The education levels of those farmers graduated from university, high, and primary schools were determined as 12.5%, 23.3%, and 64.2%, respectively. The number of person in most family varied from 5 to 8. The 95% of the farmers have preferred sprinkler irrigation method. The preference of drip irrigation method was 4.7% for high school graduated farmers. The 89.3% of the farmers defined that irrigation charges were expensive. The overall result of the study showed that increasing the education level in farmers contributed sensitivity of farmers for the water saving irrigation technologies Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed Q Science (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/3531b7a8e787462773f72cf24365bd8d.pdf 55ed41775d73b865a085ab33b62e703d PDF Text Text 2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo Semantic and Operational Contribution of the Conjunctions to the Improvement of the Linguistic Expression Mustafa Çetin Faculty of Education, International Burch University Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina mcetin@hotmail.com Abstract: In the 20th century, with F. de Saussure’s bringing scientific approach to the language , language/ word separation has been made in the language. The foundation of this separation was attributed to the language with social dimension and to word with individual dimension. This perspective led the individuality-based words (spoken language) to come into prominence. Spoken language, with the freewill of the individual, showed its existence in the axis of paradigm, the possibility of the unlimited utterance production through the preferred limited indicator. In the individual expression too, utterances are cultivated and the discourses are formed with the combination of them. In this process, it was seen that the conjunctions performed an important semantic and Operational functions. The presence significant contribution was observed intending for the flexibility of the conjunction expression and improvement, in this abstract, the impact of the important function that conjunction perform in the collocation axis to the development of the expression will be discussed. 2. Introduction Communication is seen to be one of the most important social and personal activities for human beings. Although there are several means of communication, written and verbal expression are regarded as frequently referred tool of communication. It is a well-known fact that everyone sustains corcerns to express themselves correctly. Verbal utterance (Langue) that forms the basis of written expression has been seen to gain importance with the linguistic studies that F. de Saussure has laid the foundation in 20th century. Particularly, with perspectives like language*, speech†, and performance‡ language has been seen to be intensively in use by the individuals. While producing utterances§, individuals choose the language indicators from that he picks up from the paradigmatic relation** with respect to his intension, his knowledge and his language. Combining the (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) * Human being’s communication, information achievement capability through the use of audible indicators or natural languages(Vardar, 2002:78). † The individual side of language identified with personal desire and the act of comprehension. According to the division, which F.de Saussure made and many linguists adopted, word, which is separated from the language with social quality, comprises combinations that the individual speaking it use the language system to express his thoughts and the mental-physical machinery that enables it to be conveyed outside(Vardar, 2002:180). ‡ In the concept of producer-transformation grammar, acquisition taking place in a speaker during the language use. Chomsky’s concepts of acquisition, memory, attention etc. It indicates the fact, which factors condition, reminds, in some aspects, F.de Saussure’s word concept, emerges with the use of language skill in the individuals(Vardar, 2002:88). § Part of speech chain, which lies between a speaker’s two silence maras; expression emerges from the acquisition of enunciation...some linguists see word as the collection of sentences which follow sentence or each other(Vardar, 2002:88). ** The syntagmatic connections are defined with the transformation relations between the equal language indicators which shoulder the same function. These relations take place in vertical axis and is also known as axis of choice(Kiran, Eziler, 2006:126). 35 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo chosen linguistics in syntagmatic relation††, he produces utterances and puts his thoughts into words. While explaining thoughts in the combination axis, the necessity of depiction is felt with the connection of indicators. The most beautiful examples that language feels the need to bind are the conjunctions.These only gain value within the utterance. The strongest or absolute meaning fields have been put forward in the context. Therefore, conjunctions appear in syntagmatic axis as syntax catalyst and strengthen and develops the meaning. The procedure of binding is done within the framework of language rules. The bodies of conjugational form, known as connectors perform the binding procedure. Some of these are the dependant conjugational forms, and yet some are the independent conjugational forms. This type of bodies are thought of independant structures like“reproduction of so connector”‡‡ or bodies of dependant forms such as state adjuncts like(to, in, from) In the examples “Ahmet eve geldi(Ahmet came to school). Okulu bitiriyorum(I am finishing school)” form bodies /-e/ ve /-u/ connect the indicators /ev/ ve /okul/ to the next indicator(verb). These are considered as formbodies. Their power of expression is weaker than independant form-bodies. Indeed, variety and richness that prepositional phrases add to the expression in terms of structural meaning is impossible to be given by adjunct.§§ In the following examples “Cennet gibi vatanımız var(Our country is just like heaven).” , “ Oyna ama derslerine çalışmayı ihmal etme(Play, but do not neglect to study).”, “kitapları Sana geri vermek üzere veriyorum(I am lending you these books in order to return back).” independent form bodies /gibi(like)/,/ama(but)/,/üzere(for the purpose)/ establish bonds meaning and shape in terms of syntax. However, here the independence of independent form-bodies is limited even though they are regarded as connectives. These are, in the syntagmatic axis of meaning, certainly connected to another element within the syntax. They are assigned to establish bonds of form and meaning. 2. Methodological Background The connecting elements are considered as being a different linguistic category and are refered with different names by the linguists. Generally, they are evaluated under the heading of prepositions. The linguistic constituent which is expressed with the term “preposition” in Turkish, is used in Western Languages as ‘preposition’ (word which establishes an interest and combines two different words) (Aksan, 2000:96). Prepositions help the usage and the expression capabilities of the words, word groups and sentences they are used in. In this sense, we can nouns and verbs the main words, prepositions the supplementary words. Prepositions are of three types: exclamatory prepositions, connecting prepositions and the last conjugated prepositions(Ergin,2009:348). Prepositions are the words which obtained significance not with their meanings, but with their functions. These functions are two types:1.to establish connection between subject and ojbects.These can not exceed their limit; in other words, they can not be independent components in sentences like prepositions.*** Tahsin Banguoğlu, too, using almost the same statement in terms of function, expressed glosseme with different names. Morpehemes, which come after nouns and establish their connection with other elements, are called postposition. Morphemes, which are used to connect two words, two sentence elements with the same value, two opinions and sometimes, two paragraphs - are called conjunctions (Banguoğlu, 1998:385390). Leyla Karahan examined the functionary elements as being conjugated prepositions and connecting prepositions (Karahan, 1999:28-30). H. Đbrahim Delice, in his research called Turkish Syntax, evaluated the word category, generally under the name of preposition, under four different sub-headings: connecting prepositions, conjugated prepositions, exclamatory prepostions and reinforcement prepositions (Delice, 2007:2023). Words, which have no meaning alone, appear their meaning with other word ane word groups, contribute to the meaning, are called “prepositions”. Old linguists regarded prepositions as words with missing letters; in this (f) (g) (h) *** †† The chosen terms or words are called sequence, the combination of these terms and words are called syntax(Kiran, Eziler, 2006:128). ‡‡ Tekin,T. (1958) Daha Zarfı ve da/de Edatı Hakkında. Türk Dili, c. 7, issue 83, p. 560-562. §§ Oner, M.(2003). Prepositions’ “Comparative” and “Limitation” Relations, Turkish Language Research Yearbook – Bulletin 1999 / I-II, Ankara, p. 147-157. Gencan,T.N. (1967) Edat Tümleçleri. Aylık Dil ve Edebiyat Dergisi, vol xvı, issue 192. 36 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo sense, they called prepositions “huruf-u meani: meaningful words”( Oğuzkan,2005:139). Ediskun (1985: 284),too, mentions prepostions as having no meaning when used alone, but when entering into a sentence they establish semantic interest,suggest their meaning and relying on this definition, state adjunctives (to,in,from) along with adjunctives that produce adverbs (from and –less)are examined in this category. Kahraman (1986: 93), like Deny (1941: 560)divides prepositions into three: postposition, conjunction and exclamation. We propose the following division of the terms shown under preposition: Exclamations, conjunctions, prepositions.††† As seen, connectives are given different names and are evaluated in different categories. Among word categories which are evaluated as connectives, exclamations are not included. Because, connectives, in syntagmatic axis, can not take place alone. However, exclamations can take place alone in syntagmatic axis. Therefore, exclamatory prepositions should not be considered within connectives. From syntagmatic perspective: Exclamations are the words that have sentence value;can be used alone or at the end / in the beginning of the sentence: Oh! Ay! Eyvah! Mister!! Özgür!‡‡‡ Glosseme, which we called connectives, take place in the syntactical chain primarily in form and necessitates the continuation of the meaning before or afterwards. In other words, connectives, formally, link the elements in the combination axis. This formal link cause to set up semantic link. When prepositions mentioned, this kind of functioning linguistic category is thought. Some words are satisfied spending an evening at home, alone, eating ice-cream right out of the box, watching Seinfeld re-runs on TV, or reading a good book. Others aren't happy unless they're out on the town, mixing it up with other words; they're joiners and they just can't help themselves. A conjunction is a joiner, a word that connects (conjoins) parts of a sentence. §§§ 3. The Role of Conjunctions in Linguistic Utterance In fact, in Turkish syntax, the elements are stated to connect to each other through gerunds and participles. So, the work of connecting primary elements, within syntagmatic axis, is still done with primary elements. But, through time, as a consequence of contact of Turkish Language with foreign socities, cultures and languages, linguistic categories, which we call meaningless and funcitonary words, started entering into our language. (...)Ancak zaman içerisinde Türkçenin yabancı toplumlarla, kültürlerle ve dillerle teması neticesinde anlamsız, görevli sözcükler dediğimiz dilbilgisi ulamları dilimize girmeye başlamıştır. (...)Since Uyghur period, in the first level religious texts, as a result of the desire to comply with the original and word by word translation, parallel word and sentence connecting prepositions(conjunctions)along with various supplementary sentences and the prepositions that connect these to the main sentence were seen to enter into Turkish Language.**** The supplementary sentences, which are formed with connecting prepositions,were seen to be used firstly during Uyghur period with the influence of Iranian tribes like Sogud and Tohar. The supplementary sentences, constructed with the connecting preposition‘so’,were widely seen in the Old Anatolian Turkish Language period in the translations made from Persian Language.†††† Even though it is contrary to the nature cof Turkish Language, these elements settled in our language throughout centuries. Entering into the syntax of our language, they contribute to the formal and semantic format of the expression. The members of society will ††† Balcı, T.( 2003). Edat Bağlamında Sözcük Türlerine Yeni Bir Yaklaşım. Dil Dergisi, issue 122, p. 7. ‡‡‡ Balcı, T.( 2003). Edat Bağlamında Sözcük Türlerine Yeni Bir Yaklaşım. Dil Dergisi, issue 122, p. 7. §§§ **** (i) http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/Grammar/conjunctions.htm Mansuroğlu, M.(1955).Türkçede Cümle Çeşitleri ve Bağlayıcıları. Türk Dili Araştırmaları Yıllığı Belleten, p. 59. †††† Tokatlı, S. (2006). Anadolu Ağızlarında Ki Bağlama Edatı ile Kurulan Yardımcı Cümleler. Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, sayı : 21, yıl: 2, s. 453. 37 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo want to use every facilities of language at the moment of communication. These elements have been made use of in our written and verbal expressions. The conjunctions, which have no meaning alone, establish strong meaning relations in the chains of syntax and improve the meaning. The conjunctions, set up interests of meaning with words; serve the function of connecting: like“I will speak in that meeting too”, “We came from the garage by car.” The interests of meaning, which prepositions add to the sentence, are in plenty. Primarily:express meanings such as, comparison, similarity, indecision, curiosity, loneliness, hesitation, desire, orientation, inclination...etc , karşılaştırma,benzerlik, kararsızlık, merak, tek başınalık, tereddüt, istek, yönelme, yöneliş...(Oğuzkan, 2005:140). With conjunctions, which enter into Turkish later and are mostly foreign elements, unforgettable songs, folk-songs and texts have been presented. Artist, while saying “I heard that you had forgotten the color of my eyes” the influence of meaning have been felt on the listeners for many years. Songs were liked by large crowds of public, were listened. Here, the artist could have said “I heard you forgot the color of my eyes.” He could have expressed the same thought. But, it is seen that the expression with preposition is more effective. Saying “I,too, missed I too”in a song the effective expression constructed with prespositions can not be ignored. Here, can the power of expression of “I,too, missed I too” be put at the same scale with the power of expression of “I missed I”? Prepositions, which are connected to nouns, contribute a great deal to the expression. In syntax “There is no vivid impression of imaginary reflection of Speaks well and like a Nightingale.‡‡‡‡ In a song, the singer’s statement “For you I can dig through mountains, open ways” the power of expression of for seems to surround the entire song. Again, in “I have a world of work” statement the power of exaggeration that of adds to the expression is difficult to give with another expression. In“There can be no spring with one rose” sentence It is impossible not to notice the richess of expression that with adds. In “I, too, could not understand you!” statement the powerful contribution of too to the expression can not be denied. As seen by the examples, the powerful contribution of the connectors to the expression can be perceived. The student attitudes related to the connectors can be seen as the indication that these were not properly comprehended. While the emphasis is given on the function and meaning in the classification of connectors, and because they were subjected to classification and naming in many aspects like the meaning relations that they establish in application, their structure, their sources, places of use, types of words they are connected to, need or no need for an adjunct, uncertainy is felt on the issue of this grammatical category. Preposition, is one of the most uncertain terms of grammar; it is very difficult to imagine what it tries to explain.§§§§ This uncertainty is reflected to the users(students) too. It is difficult to comprehend the meaning since the classification is not obvious and clear. Mistakes are being made in the usage of connectives because of this. This mistake is clearly seen in the use of connective in. Additionally, the connectives, which have substitutes in language, be replaced with other elements in the expression, are bodies that appeared as a result of fancy choice in expression, are quite difficult to comprehend by the speaker. One significant fact that affects the student attitude towards the connectives is originated from the teacher attitude. In some essay books and teacher recommendations, students are suggested to form short sentences. Short sentences prevent the expression of thoughts within the influence, cause-effect integrality. All of these are seen to cause students to develop negative attitude towards the connectives. These negative atittues can only be remedied, on the students’ part, by doing excessive reading and making plenty of exercises on written and verbal expression. ‡‡‡‡ §§§§ . Gencan, T.N.(1967) Edat Tümleçleri. Türk Dili, Cilt.xvı, Sayı 192, Sayfa 909 . BALCI T. (2003).Edat Bağlamında Sözcük Türlerine Yeni Bir Yaklaşım. Dil Dergisi , Sayı 122, s. 7. 38 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo Conclusion: The connectives are active elements of expression. They appear in syntagmatic level as being a catalyst of effective communication and improve the expression stylistically and semantically. The connectives, as understood from their name, are words whose functional aspect overpower and sometimes, they establish very powerful meaning relations too. Connectives, being grammar categories, are called with different names and are evaluated in different categories. A confusion of term attracts the attention. Along with this, it is generally accepted that connectives establish stylistic and semantic relations in syntax as functionary words. From the perspective of student attitude, some mistakes are made in written and verbal expression related to connectives. This results in usage mistakes because students fail to comprehend the semantic and functional fields of word category and opportunites completely. Being one of the problems resulted from teacher attitude, the requirement to form short sentences from the students in essay classes, within integrality, prevents the expression of the thoughts with connectives. The connectives are one of the riches of a language. We can not turn our back on them just because they are foreign elements. In written and verbal expression classes, we can ask students to express complex thoughts with the help of main elements like gerunds and participles and also with the connectives and thus we can make students realize their potentials of expression. References: Aksan, D.(2000). Her Yönüyle Dil Ana Çizgileriyle Dilbilim. II.cilt. Ankara:TDK yayınları. Banguoğlu, T.(1998).TÜRKÇENĐNĐ Grameri.Ankara, TDK:528. Delice,H.Đ.(2007).Türkçe Sözdizimi.Đstanbul:Kitabevi yayınları. Ergin, M.(2009). Türk Dil Bilgisi. Đstanbul:Bayrak yayınları Karahan, L.(1999). Türkçede Sözdizimi. Ankara: Akçağ yayınları. Kıran, Z., Kıran, A. (2006). Dilbilime Giriş. Ankara: Seçkin yayınları. Oğuzkan, A.(2005). Örneklerle Türkçe Kompozisyon Bilgileri,Đstanbul,Đnkılap yayınları. Vardar, B.(2002). Açıklamalı Dilbilim Terimleri Sözlüğü. Đstanbul:Multilingual yayınları. 39 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 368 Title A name given to the resource Semantic and Operational Contribution of the Conjunctions to the Improvement of the Linguistic Expression Author Author Çetin, Mustafa Abstract A summary of the resource. In the 20th century, with F. de Saussure’s bringing scientific approach to the language , language/ word separation has been made in the language. The foundation of this separation was attributed to the language with social dimension and to word with individual dimension. This perspective led the individuality-based words (spoken language) to come into prominence. Spoken language, with the freewill of the individual, showed its existence in the axis of paradigm, the possibility of the unlimited utterance production through the preferred limited indicator. In the individual expression too, utterances are cultivated and the discourses are formed with the combination of them. In this process, it was seen that the conjunctions performed an important semantic and Operational functions. The presence significant contribution was observed intending for the flexibility of the conjunction expression and improvement, in this abstract, the impact of the important function that conjunction perform in the collocation axis to the development of the expression will be discussed. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/60e8fe935dcf56b05fee731c94f03a24.pdf 990eb8bae54e88f253fe27e7d803a238 PDF Text Text Work-Scheduling Model for an Open Cast Coal Mine in Turkey with Integer Programming Necmettin Çetin Dumlupınar University, Faculty of Engineering Mining Engineering Department Kütahya/Turkey necmettin@dumlupinar.edu.tr Abstract: Tunçbilek Open Cast Coal Mine of Garp Lignite Enterprise (GLI) is located in Kütahya, Turkey and the overburden removal operations are carried out by using Truck/Shovel Systems which is faced with the problem of changing number of trucks due to equipment breakdowns. The maintenance of failed trucks are planned to occur at fixed scheduling days. It is required to determine the operating number of truck drivers for each operating shifts in a weekly planning horizon. A simple Integer Programming model is developed using LINGO software to determine the optimum number of truck drivers required to satisfy the variable number of trucks for each operating shift. The developed model schedules the trucks drivers optimally for each operating shift in a weekly scheduling period. Introduction Cyclic staff scheduling problems arise in a variety of service delivery systems including nurses in hospitals, baggage handlers in airlines, operators in telephone companies, etc. Many such systems operate 24 hours a day, seven days a week with demand for services varying in some daily or weekly pattern over each hour of the week. Full-time employees in these service organizations are often assigned to a prescribed 40-hour work schedule (eight hours per day, five consecutive days) each week Staff scheduling or rostering is the process of constructing work timetables for its staff so that an organization can satisfy the demand for its goods or services. It involves a number of hierarchical sub problems including demand modeling, shift design, days-off scheduling, lines of work construction and staff assignment. The first part of this process involves in determining the number of staff, with particular skills, needed to meet the service demand. Individual staff members are allocated to shifts so as to meet the required staffing levels at different times and duties are assigned to individuals for each shift. All industrial regulations associated with relevant workplace agreements must be observed during the process. Days-off scheduling has been extensively discussed in literature in a variety of planning context, including many contributions from the area of nurse scheduling. (Alfares et al., 2007), (Ernst et al., 2004), (Morris, J.G. and. Showalter, M. J, 1983), and Baker, (1974) are some of the research papers in this staff scheduling or rostering problems in various fields of applications. This study is concerned with scheduling the daily truck drivers for a weekly scheduling period at GLI open cast coal mine truck/shovel systems operations in Kütahya, Turkey. In this system, the daily required number of truck driver changes frequently for each working day since the maintenance of trucks and shovels are scheduled for regular inspection days in a weekly planning horizon. It is required to schedule the truck drivers for each operating shift in a weekly planning horizon. Problem and Background Tunçbilek Lignite Reserve which is operated by Garp Lignite Enterprise (GLI) is located in Kütahya, Turkey and is one of the most important lignite deposits being in production since 1940’s. The overburden removal operations are carried out by using truck/shovel systems with 85-ton and 100-ton trucks and 10 and 20 cu-yd capacity shovels. The open cast coal mine is faced with the problem of changing number of trucks due to regular machinery maintenance. The maintenance of truck and shovel resources are planned to occur at fixed scheduling days. It is required to determine the operating number of truck drivers for each operating shift in a week period. The problem considered in this paper focuses on the days-off scheduling phase of the rostering process, and has been dealt with in the context of open cast coal mine truck/shovels systems. The main concern in days-off scheduling is to determine the off-work days for each staff member over the rostering planning 592 �horizon. The constraints refer to the individual days of the planning horizon and are concerned with satisfying the required daily staffing levels for each shift. In this paper, it is assumed that the required shifts and their staffing levels for each day have been determined prior to the days-off scheduling phase and hypothetical data for a case study are given in (Tab. 1). Each truck driver is scheduled to work for six successive day shifts and is off-work for the following single day. It is also assumed that the scheduling model is developed for a single shift in a day for week duration. Required Daily Number of Truck Drivers, r i Days-off Patterns xj Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday x1 x2 x3 x4 x5 x6 x7 17 13 15 19 14 16 11 r1 r2 r3 r4 r5 r6 r7 Table 1. Hypothetical Data for Daily Number of Truck Drivers Demanded Models and Scheduling Shift and days-off scheduling problems have received much attention in the literature of integer programming approaches to workforce scheduling. A typical managerial use would be to schedule full-time employees to minimize the number of labor hours while satisfying variable workforce requirements of a service delivery system. To satisfy the daily demand for truck drivers shown in (Tab. 1) most efficiently with minimum cost, the optimum number and schedule of truck driver needs to be determined for the open cast coal mine at GLI which currently employs a (6,7) work schedule. The (6,7) work schedule assigns workers to seven day-off patterns with one-single day off per week. The (6,7) days-off scheduling problem can be represented as an integer linear programming model as follows: Minimize W= ∑ (1) xj Subject to   7  ∑ xj      j =1 – x i+1 ≥ ri x j ≥ 0 and an integer, for i = 1, 2, 3… 7 (2) for j = 1, 2, 3… 7 (3) xj = number of workers assigned to a days-off pattern j , (i.e. number of workers off on just day j+1) ri = minimum number of workers required on day i, W = workforce size, (i.e. total number of workers assigned to all days-off patterns) During the planning stage of operations in open cast coal mining at GLI, a mathematical model is established with Integer Programming method and is used to find answers to truck drivers scheduling and reduce costs. The above formulated days-off scheduling model for determining the optimum number of truck drivers in GLI open cast coal mine truck/shovel systems operations is developed with Integer Programming using LINGO software package very easily and is given in (Fig. 1). (Fig. 2) gives the generated LINGO display of the developed model. (Fig. 3) gives the LINGO model formulation report for scheduling truck drivers. 593 �Figure 1: LINGO Model Program for Scheduling Truck Drivers at GLI Figure 2: LINGO Generated Model Display for Scheduling Truck Drivers at GLI 594 �LINGO Model Statements 1] 2] 3] 4] 5] 6] 7] 8] 9] 10] 11] 12] 13] 14] MODEL: ! A Work-Scheduling Model for Truck Drivers at GLI; SETS: DAYS/1..7/:RQMT,X; ENDSETS MIN=@SUM(DAYS:X); @FOR(DAYS(I):@SUM(DAYS(J)| (J#GT#I+1)#OR#(J#LE#I#AND#J#GT#I-6): X(J))> RQMT(I);@GIN(X(I));); DATA: RQMT=17,13,15,19,14,16,11; ENDDATA END END Figure 3: LINGO Model Formulation Report As shown in (Fig. 3), Line 3 defines the sets needed to solve the problem. Line 4 defines the days of the week (Monday, Tuesday… Sunday) and associates each with two quantities: the number of truck drivers needed (RQMT) and the number of truck drivers that will begin work on that day of the week (X). Line 5 ends the definitions of the sets. In line 6, an objective function is created by summing the number of truck drivers starting work on each day of the week. Lines 7-9 create for each day of the week the constraint that ensures the number of truck drivers working on that day is at least as large as the day’s requirement. For DAY (I), lines 7 and 8 sum the number of truck drivers starting work over the values of J satisfying J > I + 1 or J ≤ I and J > I – 6. For instance, for I = 1, this generates the sum X( 1) + X( 3) + X( 4) + X( 5) + X( 6) + X( 7) which is indeed the number of truck drivers working on DAY 1 (Monday). Line 9 (in concert with lines 7 and 8) ensures that the number of truck drivers working on Day I is at least as large as the number needed on Day I [RQMT (I)]. Line 10 begins the DATA section of the program. In line 11, the input requirement for each day of the week is inputted. The Open cast coal mine must ensure that sufficient number of truck drivers is working on each day of the week. For example, to ensure that at least 17 truck drivers are working on Monday, it is required that the constraint [2] in (Fig. 2). X( 1) + X( 3) + X( 4) + X( 5) + X( 6) + X( 7) ≥ 17 must be satisfied which does not include X(2) term since it is the number of truck drivers who begin work on Tuesday and they will be off-work on Monday. The constraints [3- 8] must be added to the model for the remaining six days in a similar way to complete the whole off-day patterns. GIN X(I) statements are needed for i = 1,2,…,7 to make all decision variables as integer values since number of truck drivers starting work on any day can be positive-valued integers only. Results and Conclusions The objective of this paper is to determine the optimum number of truck drivers workforce for (6, 7) work schedule that satisfies each daily demand with minimum cost. The results of days-off assignments for optimum number of truck drivers determined from LINGO Solution Report are given in (Fig. 4). As it can seen from the LINGO Solution Report, the optimum total number of truck drivers is determined as 19 truck drivers and the number of truck drivers beginning work on each days-off work pattern are as follows: 595 �x1 = 8, x2 = 2, x3 = 6, x4 = 0, x5 = 0, x6 = 0, x7 = 3 An Integer Programming model is developed using LINGO software for determining the optimum number of truck drivers for truck/shovel systems operations to meet the daily work schedule demand at GLI open cast coal mine in Kütahya, Turkey. If there is a future change in daily required number of truck drivers as the mine progresses over time, the LINGO program can easily be modified to determine the required size of truck drivers and the days-off assignments to satisfy the new demands. The developed model is site–specific and can only be used for the given specific mine conditions that prevail. The developed model assumes deterministic equipment breakdowns, which is not realistic for actual operating mines. Stochastic models will be needed to provide more accurate systems performance measures. It is hoped that the developed model to the GLI’s open cast truck driver’s days-off scheduling problem will provide convenient timetables to improve the efficiency of operations. Figure 4: LINGO Solution Report for Scheduling Truck Drivers at GLI References Alfares, H., K., Lilly, M., T., and Emovon, I., (2007). Maintenance Staff Scheduling at Afam Power Station, (pp. 22-37), IEMS Vol. 6, No 1, June. Ernst, A., T., Jiang, H., Krishnamoorthy, M., and Sier, D., (2004). Staff Scheduling and Rostering: A Review of Applications, Methods and Models, (pp.3-27), European Journal of Operations Research Vol. 153. Morris, J., G., and Showalter, M.J., (1983). Simple Approaches to Shift, Days-off and Tour Scheduling Problems, (pp. 942950), Management Science, Vol. 29. Baker, K., (1974). Scheduling a Full-time Work Force to Meet Cyclic Staffing Requirements, (pp. 1561-1568), Management Science, Vol. 20. 596 �Winston, W., L., (2004). Operations Research – Applications and Algorithms, Brook/Cole-Thomson Learning, Belmont, CA, USA. 597 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 606 Title A name given to the resource Work-Scheduling Model for an Open Cast Coal Mine in Turkey with Integer Programming Author Author Çetin, Necmettin Abstract A summary of the resource. Tunçbilek Open Cast Coal Mine of Garp Lignite Enterprise (GLI) is located in Kütahya, Turkey and the overburden removal operations are carried out by using Truck/Shovel Systems which is faced with the problem of changing number of trucks due to equipment breakdowns. The maintenance of failed trucks are planned to occur at fixed scheduling days. It is required to determine the operating number of truck drivers for each operating shifts in a weekly planning horizon. A simple Integer Programming model is developed using LINGO software to determine the optimum number of truck drivers required to satisfy the variable number of trucks for each operating shift. The developed model schedules the trucks drivers optimally for each operating shift in a weekly scheduling period. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed Q Science (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/fccba2c5a2f3c41325185b5a7c3b813b.pdf f71c5441f43dc5921cf7ca8ec30746e7 PDF Text Text The Sustainability Problems of Irrigation in Turkey Prof.Dr. Nizamettin Çiftçi Selçuk University Agricultural Faculty –Konya/Turkey nciftci@selcuk.edu.tr Assist.Prof.Dr. Bilal Acar Selçuk University Agricultural Faculty –Konya/Turkey biacar@selcuk.edu.tr Assoc.Dr. Ramazan Topak Selçuk University Agricultural Faculty –Konya/Turkey rtopak@selcuk.edu.tr Assist.Prof.Dr. Muhittin Çelebi Selçuk University Çumra MYO –Konya/Turkey mcelebi@selcuk.edu.tr Abstract: Water, a vital source for humanity and all living things throughout the history, has contributed to the formation of civilizations. It has the economical value as well as social and cultural characteristics. The land and water potentials have reduced due to rapid growing in urbanization and industrialization in Turkey. Water quality has begun to deteriorate as a result of environmental factors. Irrigated land also has been increasing every year. Turkey has arid and semi-arid climate characteristics and annual average precipitation is almost 643 mm. The total annual available surface and groundwater potential is 110 km3. Annual water potential per capita is 2565 m3, and available water potential is 1517 m3 in Turkey. According to the water per capita, Turkey is a waterstress country. Turkey covers a total land area of 78 million hectares, of which 28 million hectares is cultivated land. The economically irrigable land is 8.5 million hectares under the present condition. According to the 2009 records, irrigated land is 5.1 million hectares. Presence of large number of fragmented and small farm lands, scant water supplies, poor and insufficient infrastructures in irrigation networks, deficiency in irrigation water management and drainage problems have affected negatively to the sustainability of irrigation in Turkey. Keywords: Water, land and water potentials, available water potential, sustainable irrigation. Introduction Water is the prime element for human life on earth but, it is not exist in every place, amount and time on earth. It is the strategic natural resource and will be also very important. The utilization of water resources and related studies are as old as human history. In general, agriculture is the most water user sector in the world. The increase of the population has resulted more water requirement. There is a serious water scarcity and water stress problems in 80 countries with 40% of population. It is estimated that the world population will reach about to the 8.5 billion in the year of 2025. This shows that population will increase as 35-40% between current and 2025 year. Food problems associated by irrigation will be very serious in future. In present, water scarcity problems have been observed mainly in African and Middle East Countries as well as highly populated Asian Countries (Çiftçi et al 2009a; Çiftçi et al. 2009b). 191 �Water resources are 1.36 billion km3 in the world. Of this amount, 97 % is saline water with only 35 million km3 of this is fresh water (3%). The 68.3% of this is in poles as a freeze form and 31.4% of is as soil moisture or groundwater form. The 0.3% of total fresh water in the world is streams, lakes and swamps areas (Çiftçi & Kutlar 2007). Presence of non-uniform water distribution in world causes some problems. The reason of it water distribution is difference in hydrological cycle in different places. The development level of countries has very important role in water consumption. As we mentioned above in most countries, agriculture is the highest water user. Water is used for three different purposes. These are; - drinking and usage (in residents) - agriculture, and 3- industry . The averages of water use in the world are 70%, 20% and 10% in agriculture, industry and drinking and usage, respectively. Increase in water use has lead to reduction in water quality. Human activities may cause two type of contamination of water resources. It is very important for human health, especially for children, to use the fresh water at present. In the world, almost one million people in 40 countries have used the poor quality water. Increment in irrigated lands will also increase the water consumption. Turkey is situated in 36o-42o North latitude and 26o-45o East longitude so that it has a unique geographical and cultural position. The length of the land border is 2949 km and coastal boundary of 7816 km with total of 10765 km. The neighbors are Greece and Bulgaria in West; Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Iran in East and ; Iraq, Syria in South. Ankara, capital city of Turkey, is 875 m above the sea level (Ulus) (Anonymous 2009). The construction of huge irrigation networks started after 1950's and had very importance. These big irrigation projects are irrigated by Menderes, Gediz, Seyhan, Ceyhan, Yeşilırmak, Kızılırmak, Fırat and Dicle Rivers. The project consisted of Dicle and Fırat is called as Southeastern Anatolian Project (SAP) and is one of the huge projects in the world (Kara 2005). Turkey can be considered a ` water-stressed ‘country according to the water resources. It is estimated that available water potential of Turkey will be fully used after 20 years. Land and Water Potential in Turkey Land Potential of Turkey Agricultural production is the function of arable land and soil fertility in such area. It means that not only land size is important but also fertility of soil is very important. Turkey covers 28 million hectares of cultivated land. To make an irrigation project, arable land and water supply as well as suitability of arable land for irrigation are necessary. The land potential with the slope lower than 6% is 16.5 million hectares in Turkey. The 8.5%of this is economically irrigable land. The irrigated land at present is 5.1 million ha (Çiftçi et al. 2008) are presented in Table 1 (Kara 2005, Çiftçi & Kutlar 2007). Land Status 1. 2. 3. 4. • • • • Area (million ha) Arable land Land for field crop production Land for vineyard and Horticulture Land for meadow Irrigable Land Economically irrigable land Land suitable for irrigation after the some improvement Currently irrigated land 26.6 16.0 2.6 8.0 16.5 8.5 8.0 5.1 Table 1. The utilization patterns of lands in Turkey 192 �As seen from the Table 1 that almost 8 million ha land is exposed to fallow. As a result of this, although arable land potential is 26.6 ha, only 18.6 ha of it is under cultivation. Water Potential of Turkey In general, the climate is semi-arid in Turkey. Due to the surrounding with three directions of Turkey by seas, high mountains lies on parallel to the sea costs, rapid changes in elevation and distance to the coasts result in climate changes in small distances. Turkey has different climate characteristics due to the geographical position. In the exception of the East Black Region, the climate varies from arid to semiarid. The climate changes depend upon the seasons and regional differences. There are total 26 big river basins in Turkey. There is difference between the basins in respect to the rainfall. The annual rainfalls are 350mm and 2400m for Middle Anatolia Region and East Black Sea, respectively. Water potential of a country is the sum of surface and groundwater. As it is known that source of the water in earth is rainfall. The annual average precipitation in Turkey is almost 643 mm, corresponding to a volume of 501 km3 and the annual runoff is 186 km3. The 274 km3 of total precipitation is lost by transpiration and evaporation. Another 41 km3 of total precipitation feeds the underground water system and 186 km3 end up as surface runoff. The annual consumable surface water potential is computed as 98 km3 and extractable groundwater potential of 12 km3 should be added to this, bringing the total annual consumable potential to 110 km3 (Figure 1) (Kara 2005; Çiftçi et al. 2009b). A nn ual average precipitation: 501 k m 3 Groun dwater: 69 km 3 From precipitation : 158 km 3 Surface run off (dom estic): 186 km 3 Con sumable: 12 km 3 C on sumable: Consumable: 95 km 3 95 km 3 Flow from n eigh boring countries: 7 km 3 C on sumable: 3 km 3 Total surface run off: 193 km 3 Con sumable: 98 km 3 T otal con sumable water resources: 110 k m 3 Figure 1. Water Potential of Turkey. 193 E vaporation: 274 km 3 �Water supply is used for different purposes such as energy production, irrigation, and others. By considering increase in population requirement to the water due to the irrigation, drinking and usages with demands to water in developed industry and tourism sector, water consumption estimation has been performed in Turkey. The water consumption estimation performed by sector base, economically irrigable land potential of Turkey (8.5 million hectares) will be completely opened to the irrigation by construction of irrigation networks in the year of 2030 and also estimated that irrigation water uses will reach the 71.5 km3. On the other hand, the main target is to minimize the water uses as 65% in total water uses by using the modern irrigation technologies in 2030. Thus, in sector base, all 110 km3 water will be used completely in 2030 (Table 2). Usages of fresh water potential and situation in the future are given in Figure 2 (Anonymous 2009). Year Total water use, km3 35.645 38.900 39.300 40.000 110.000 1999 2000 2001 2002 2030 Development, % irrigation % 34 35 36 38 100 26.415 29.200 29.300 32.000 71.500 75 75 75 75 65 Water Use (km3) Drinking% usage 5.520 15 5.700 10 5.800 15 6.000 15 25.300 23 industry % 3.710 4.000 4.200 4.300 13.200 11 11 10 10 12 Table 2. The Usage of Water in Sector Base in Turkey (Anonymous 2002) water usage, km3 80 irrigation drinking-usage 60 industry 40 20 0 1 2 3 4 5 Years Figure 2. Water Usage Ratios in Turkey Water-rich country can be defined as the country that has the water potential of 10 000 m3/person per year. According record of 2009, it is estimated that the population is about to the 72.5 millions in Turkey. The annual water potential per capita is 2565 m3. The available water potential per capita is 1375 m3/person/year. Thus, Turkey can be considered a ` water-stressed ‘country by comparison to the some countries. According to the Government Statistical Institute records, it is estimated that the population will reach about to the 80 millions in Turkey in the year of 2025 year. The available water potential per capita will reduce to the 1375 m3/person/year. It is possible to estimate the importance of water potential by considering some factors such as present growth rate and variations in water consumption habits. This estimation is valid under the conditions of transferring the present resources without any destruction up to 2025. Therefore, in order to transfer the water resources properly and sufficiently to the next generation, water resources should be conserved best and used efficiently. 194 �Water Management and Sustainability Problems in Turkey The residential and industrial water uses are getting increasing and there is a competition between these two sectors and agricultural use. To improve the efficiency of irrigation, there is a need a irrigation method covered high crop yield, elements of modern irrigation technologies. Water Management Water management is defined as development , distribution and uses of water resources. Main goal in water management is improvement of the farmers income. This can be obtained by effective water distributions and uses. Water management is briefly described as the distribution and uses of water. The number of organizations are responsible in water management at Turkey. Similar responsibilities may result conflict and problems in practice. However, there are two important organizations for water management namely General Directorate of State Hydraulic Works (GDSHW) and City Private Management (CPM) are two government organizations. According to 2008 records, the area for opened to the irrigation is about 5.1 million hectares, and 2.9 million hectares and 1.3 million hectares have been irrigated by GDSHW and General Directorate of Rural Services and Public (GDRS), respectively. The rest 0.9 million hectare has opened to irrigation by farmers. The 6.5 million hectors of the total 8.5 million economically irrigable land will be managed by GDSHW in 2030. The other 1.5 and 0.5 million hectare land will be irrigated by other government organizations and public sector (Anonymous 2009). There are different management types in Turkey. These are; Government irrigation management: The first big government irrigation manager is a GDSHW and responsible for constructions of dams. These dams are not so much so that the organization has managed, maintenance-repair of such dams. Due to the not transfer of huge structures and difficulty in management those structures have only managed by GDSHW. Management with local managers; In small places where the not availability of irrigation cooperatives and water user associations (WUA) or even making the organization but not properly managed small areas, municipal or local managers or community have managed the systems. In local management, poor management of irrigation structures and not having the sufficiently information and use the irrigation systems as financial sector are the deficiency of local management. The efficiency of this management is low. Public Irrigation; Farmers are the manager in this system and is small or medium scale irrigation management. There is transfer problem in this management. Farmers solve their problem by using their facilities. They are responsible for them and effectiveness is parallel with the their experiences. Irrigation Cooperatives- Water management; Irrigation cooperatives were built with 1163 number by cooperative policy. The components of cooperative are General Community, Management Community and Control Unit. In addition, Irrigation Cooperative Superior Community and Irrigation Cooperative Central Association are available (Çiftçi et al. 2008). The purposes of irrigation cooperatives are determined by negotiations and these are follows (Çiftçi 1991) ; • These cooperatives may construction of irrigation structures for agricultural uses, management, maintenance-repair, land consolidation if necessary, supply credit in water obtaining points. • The number of the irrigation cooperative was 2386 in 2006 in Turkey and members in cooperatives, number of the association and central association were 280043, 7 and 1, respectively (Anonymous 2006). The areas served by cooperatives (1307852 ha) are presented in Table 5. • Irrigation cooperatives have appropriate management model for small-medium sized farms as well as farmers' self-government democratic management, ease of self- 195 �regulatory and public administration by the control status and have the capacity of meeting maintenance and repair expenses. However, they have the some disadvantages such as members of farmers in cooperatives could not detect the purposes of these organizations, having financially, legally and technically inadequacy. Water Use Associations (WUA) ; WUA is built by local management permission and it has the government characteristics. Personal are employed like the government criteria. However, the members of the decision makers and managers are selected by farmers in WUA. WUA can be built by required village and municipality. Each WUA has the special procedures. WUA community and community members are present in accordance of their procedures. The general secretary must be agriculture engineer and organizes works as if head of the WUA. The management of WUA is conducted by legislation, management and official decisions. GDSHW has transferred 2.090.330 ha areas of total opened irrigation of 2.9 million ha according to the 2008. The 1.883.702 ha area has transferred to the 362 WUA. GDSHW has transferred 90% of opened irrigation to the WUA (Anonymous 2008). Water Supply Irrigated Land (ha) % Small Dam 143385 10.96 Surface 858837 65.67 Groundwater 30563 23.37 Total 1307852 100 Table 3. Areas Served by Cooperatives In considering the total 5.1 million irrigated areas in Turkey, 37% of it has transferred to the WUA. There is some problems during transferring of irrigation Networks in Turkey. These are mostly legislation, financial and technical problems. Problems in irrigation management Development and management policies in soil and water resources should be rereviewed in Turkey. For sustainable irrigated agriculture, water management and management policies of government, irrigation cooperatives and WUA should be reviewed and required regulations should be performed. In recently, government is the exception for water management and it can be responsibilities of contributions to the water users and guide. The purposes of transferring irrigation water management are follows: • Facilitates farmers attendance and responsibility in management • Local management in determined rules by farmers, • Self inspection by own members, • Reduction in management-maintenance and meeting the outcomes by farmer organizations. Cooperatives are mostly ignored in irrigation water management. However, in small-scale production countries cooperatives are much more effective. Number Ratios (%) Area (ha) Ratios (%) WUA 362 42,7 1 883 702 90,1 Irrigation cooperative 100 11,8 94 148 4,5 Municipal 154 18,2 70 612 3,4 Village Community 225 26,5 40 198 1,9 Organizations 196 �Others 6 0,8 1 670 0,1 TOTAL 847 100 2 090 330 100 Table 4. Transferred Areas and Organizations (Anonymous 2008 ) Water management has transferred to the Village Community, Municipal, WUA, Services performed helps to villages, Cooperatives and Universities. The top rank is WUA between these. Various problems may be observed in irrigation water management in Turkey. These are as follows; • Deficiency in attendance of farmers to the irrigated agriculture investments and problems in re obtaining of charges, • Deficiencies in water conveyance, distribution and applications and excess water losses, • Postpone problems such as in land leveling, consolidation, electrification, • Observation of some problems in reduced yield, salinity and drainage, • Surface and groundwater contaminations via agricultural chemicals, food nutrients and industrial wastes, • Low irrigation efficiency and irrigation ratios, excess water losses and low irrigation performance due to the surface irrigation methods, • Incorrect crop patterns in region, • Maintenance-repair problems in irrigation networks, • Postpone in maintenance-repair works after the transfer or irrigation management to the WUA and irrigation cooperatives, • Financial, legislation, management and education problems in irrigation cooperatives and WUA. References Anonymous. (2002). General Directorate of Sate Hydraulic Works (GDSHW) http://www.dsi.gov.tr/ (in Turkish). Anonymous. (2006). Teşkilatlanma ve Destekleme Genel Müdürlüğü TEDGEM - Ankara Turkish). www.tedgem.gov.tr (in Anonymous. (2008). General Directorate of Sate Hydraulic Works (GDSHW) http://www.dsi.gov.tr/ (in Turkish). Anonymous. (2009). General Directorate of Sate Hydraulic Works (GDSHW) http://www.dsi.gov.tr/ (in Turkish). Çiftçi, N., Acar, B., Şahin, M., Yaylalı, I., & Yavuz, D. (2009a). Land and Water Potentials of Turkey and Major Problems in Irrigated Agriculture, Proceedings International Conference on Lakes and Nutrient Loads, 2009, Pocradec. 305-310. Çiftçi, N., Acar, B., Yaylalı, I & Çivicioğlu, N. (2009b). Groundwater Potential Usage and Contamination Problems in Turkey under Global Warming Period, Proceedings International Conference on Lakes and Nutrient Loads, 2009, Pocradec. 456-462. Çiftçi, N & Kutlar, Đ. (2007). Water potential and water resources of Konya Plain. Journal of Konya Ticaret Borsası, 24, 34-37 (in Turkish Çiftçi,N.,Kutlar,Đ., & Demir, N. (2008). Konya Đli Sulama Kooperatiflerinin Sulamadaki Etkinliği. Konya Kapalı Havzası Yer Altı Suyu ve Kuraklık Konferansı, 11-12 Eylül, 2008. S. 57-66. Konya (in Turkish) Çiftçi, N. (1991). Orta Anadolu Toprak ve Su Kooperatifleri Sulama işletmelerinde Görülen Sorunlar, Karınca Kooperatif Postası, No. 653, Ankara. Kara, M. (2005). Irrigation and irrigation systems. Selçuk University. Agricultural Faculty, ISBN 975-448-177-6: Konya-Turkey (in Turkish). 197 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 378 Title A name given to the resource The Sustainability Problems of Irrigation in Turkey Author Author Çiftçi, Nizamettin Acar, Bilal Topak, Ramazan Çelebi, Muhittin Abstract A summary of the resource. Water, a vital source for humanity and all living things throughout the history, has contributed to the formation of civilizations. It has the economical value as well as social and cultural characteristics. The land and water potentials have reduced due to rapid growing in urbanization and industrialization in Turkey. Water quality has begun to deteriorate as a result of environmental factors. Irrigated land also has been increasing every year. Turkey has arid and semi-arid climate characteristics and annual average precipitation is almost 643 mm. The total annual available surface and groundwater potential is 110 km3. Annual water potential per capita is 2565 m3, and available water potential is 1517 m3 in Turkey. According to the water per capita, Turkey is a waterstress country. Turkey covers a total land area of 78 million hectares, of which 28 million hectares is cultivated land. The economically irrigable land is 8.5 million hectares under the present condition. According to the 2009 records, irrigated land is 5.1 million hectares. Presence of large number of fragmented and small farm lands, scant water supplies, poor and insufficient infrastructures in irrigation networks, deficiency in irrigation water management and drainage problems have affected negatively to the sustainability of irrigation in Turkey. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed Q Science (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/d81943d5437961711d62b0eee53683a0.pdf 7b0f44563ee119b17cc60b833e38dde2 PDF Text Text A Survey Of Network Modelıng And Sımulatıon Tools: Devs Comparıson Bülent Çobanoğlu Sakarya University Electronics and Computer Science Department 54187 Sakarya, TURKEY bcobanoglu@sakarya.edu.tr Ahmet Zengin Sakarya University Electronics and Computer Science Department 54187 Sakarya, TURKEY azengin@sakarya.edu.tr Sinan Tüncel Sakarya University Electronics and Computer Science Department 54187 Sakarya, TURKEY stuncel@sakarya.edu.tr Hüseyin Ekiz Sakarya University Electronics and Computer Science Department 54187 Sakarya, TURKEY ekiz@sakarya.edu.tr Abstract: Speed, hardware, cost, diversity of user demands and interoperability requirements of today’s network systems cause several difficulties in network research. In design phase, due to time and cost advantage of modeling and simulation science it is widely used by researchers working on network systems. In order to expedite and simplify the design process, to design and develop network simulation tools is an active research area. Today, many modeling and simulation tools are available in computer networks research and education. In this study, to assist researchers working on computer networks in the selection of modeling and simulation tools, several best-known simulators are selected and compared. Especially to examine the advantages and disadvantages of network simulators used for training purposes, an OSPF protocol implementation was devised to discuss strengths and weaknesses of simulators. At the same time, executing a general purpose DEVS based OSPF model in DEVS-Suite simulator; the advantages of the method are summarized. 1. Introduction The primary aim of computer networks is providing connection among users to access resources. Currently, computer networks has become a very complex structure including variety of applications such as operating systems, communication protocols, link technologies, traffic flow, routing algorithms and protocols. Network design process is a difficult task in case of meeting user requirements, cost and capacity. To simplify the design process, researchers and manufacturers maintain different network modeling and simulation (M & S) tools have already developed and still under development. These network modeling and simulation tools (M & S) can be used for practical purposes and they can be also used for educational and research purposes. Modeling and simulation (M & S) methodologies play an important role in computer network research and design. Real networks can be investigated by modeling the new networking technologies that efficient development and testing, various network conditions and scenarios under the communication protocol development and evaluation [7] [8] [12]. To investigate interactions with other protocols and to make comparisons with other approaches, to study the behavior and properties of the protocols are very important. There are a wide range of network modeling and simulation tools used today. In general, these tools can be divided into four classes: analytics, simulation, network topology discovery and production tools. Analytical tools help the design of a network model calculation (eg, reliability, usability, etc.). Analytical model, among 418 �other methods have the advantage of simplicity and often simplified assumptions. If network discovery tools available to a system, real network components and their graphic or textual (text) can be obtained. Simulation tools are used to simulate the dynamic behavior a network components such as packet switch, link errors, TCP protocol, etc [1, 12]. Today, number of network simulators and simulation tools are found to design and analysis of networks (see Figure 1). Tools Analytical Topology Generation Simulation Educational tools Commercial tools Network Discovery Specialized tools Figure 1. Classification of the network design and simulation tools. 2. Network Sımulatıon Tools Network simulators were developed to help researchers in network design and development processes. The large number of network simulators for training purposes and commercial purposes are available. Their features and capabilities will be examined in this. In this study we compared OPNET, ns-22 and OMNET with specialpurpose simulator DEVS Suite. Most known simulators for training are ns-2, pdns, Netsim, GTNetS, WIPSIM, OMNET++ and commercial simulators are OPNET, QualNet, COMNET, REAL, SSFNet and Ted, special-purpose simulators are Glomosim, QUIPS-II, the ATM-TN, and Devs Suite. In this study, commonly used network simulation software and tools are given in Table 1 and a survey research conducted among the results obtained [1, 3, 9, 20]. 2.1 Educational tools 2.1.1 OMNET++ Figure 2. OMNET screenshot of the simple network consisting of router nodes and duplex links 419 �OMNET + + (Objective Modular Network Testbed in C + +), object-oriented (object-oriented) and this software is a modular discrete event network simulator itemized below can be used in the simulation of the process. - Communication modeling of traffic - Modeling of communication protocols - Multi-processor and other distributed hardware systems, modeling - Hardware structure review - Evaluation of performance analysis of complex systems - Discrete event approach is suitable for modeling of other systems. OMNeT + + software models a network as composed of interconnected modules. The top-level module is network module. The depth last module is connected to the user so that models of complex systems can be realized easily. Modules can be divided into two categories: simple and compound. A simple module is to describe the behavior of a model associated with C + + file. This file is written by the user using OMNET + + simulation class library. Compounds from a combination of the modules consists of the simple modules and are not directly associated with a C + + file. Modules communicate among themselves and with the help of the messages of the simulation time, a module receives a message from the module itself or another is progressing. The structure of modules and interfaces and the simulation parameters can be organized using Network Definition Language (Network Description Languages - NED) and are created as a startup file (. Ini) which is easily adjustable. [22], [6] 2.1.2 The network simulator ns-2 The network simulator ns-2 is developed based on REAL network simulator project. It is designed for research for local and wide-area network simulations and network education. Ns-2 is an object-oriented, open source, discrete event network simulator, which is written in C++ and uses OTcl as a command and configuration interface. It is based on a seven-layer network synthesis and designed as packet-based, which means that all packet interactions are in focus during simulation. It implements network transmission protocols such as TCP and UPD, traffic source behavior such as FTP, Telnet, Web, CBR and VBR, router queue management mechanism such as DropTail, RED and CBQ, routing algorithms such as Dijkstra , and other algorithms. Network simulator 2 provides an important support for modeling and simulation of TCP, routing, and multicast protocols over wired and wireless networks and is primarily useful for simulating local and wide area networks. Although ns-2 is fairly easy to use once you get to know the simulator, it is quite difficult for a first-time user, because there are few user-friendly manuals and it is difficult to install. Various extensions of parallel and distributed variations are developed to achieve execution scalability (e.g., pdns). Many researches including design, test and comparison of new network algorithms, protocols, and technologies are done with ns-2. Some deficiencies of ns-2 include limited support for visualization and complex simulator design. Since ns-2 is dependent on different technologies, it can be very difficult to make changes to the existing models. Furthermore, from the modeling methodology vantage point, ns-2 can be considered a domain-specific simulator which is intimately tied to the computer network concepts. 2.2 Commercial tools 2.2.1 OPNET (OPtimised Network Engineering Tool) OPNET, which was developed in 1987 is the first commercial network simulation tool. Network can be established very easily, with a graphical interface, user-friendly, widely used in industry, a powerful discrete event network simulator. Figure. 3. NAM screenshot of the simple network consisting of router nodes and duplex links OPNET software of the system behavior and the analysis of discrete event simulation can be performed. OPNET simulation program has three levels: network, node and process. These levels can be developed using the visual 420 �editor. The programs also edit the parameters of the simulation and data analysis tools to create the graph contains. Network structure, node and process models are included in a project file is created in the scenarios. Simulation tool will be collected with the help of the design is complete, statistics are determined and work. Even with the program analysis tool obtained data can be displayed in the desired chart type. Of data from more than one scenario is also possible to compare the same show on the graph [1,10,11,13]. Node model and process model, with the help of an editor for creating user-defined nodes and protocols can be created. Profile descriptions and application definitions can be changed with the help of the editors. Figure 4. OPNET screenshot of the simple network consisting of router nodes and duplex links 2.3 Specialized tools 2.3.1 DEVS Suite: To use modeling and simulation as problem solving technique, there is need for a modeling formalism. As a formal system definition, formalism renders possible to create virtual worlds in our limited computation frameworks and tools. Limitations of the computation environments demand new high performance modeling formalisms and approaches. Large scale network systems exhibit very high level complex, dynamic and parallel characteristics. Therefore, complex and distributed behaviors of the large scale systems make modeling effort of the networks difficult. However, discrete event modeling formalisms bringing abstraction and simplification mechanisms to modeling and simulation discipline facilitates modeling and simulation study systems such as computer networks demonstrating complex, dynamic, distributed and unpredicted behavior. The dynamics of network systems can be described using discrete event modeling. This is because the dynamics of network systems can be characterized in terms of components that can process and generate events. Among discrete event modeling approaches, the Discrete Event Systems Specification (DEVS) is well suited for formally describing concurrent processing and the event-driven nature of arbitrary configuration of nodes and links forming network systems. This modeling approach supports hierarchical modular model construction, distributed execution, and therefore characterizing complex, large-scale systems with atomic and coupled models. Atomic models represent the structure and behavior of individual components via inputs (X), outputs (Y), states (S), and functions. Parallel DEVS, which extends the classical DEVS, is capable of processing multiple input events and concurrent occurrences of internal and external transition functions. Parallel DEVS atomic model supports local control on the handling of simultaneous internal and external events. 421 �Figure 5. DEVS Suite OSPF Simulator screenshot of the simple network consisting of router nodes and duplex links DEVS formalism can be executed using simulation engines such as DEVS-Suite and DEVSJAVA. DEVS-Suite and DEVSJAVA are object oriented realization of Parallel DEVS and its associated simulators. They support describing complex structures and behaviors of network systems using object-oriented modeling techniques and advanced features of the Java programming language. The formal foundation of DEVS, its efficient execution, and the availability of sequential, parallel, or distributed simulation engines using alternative computational environments such as CORBA, HLA, and Web-services are important considerations. Furthermore, the DEVS models are extended with other kinds of models such as fuzzy logic. 3. Comparison Of The Simulation Tools As shown in Table 1, network simulators characteristics and their capabilities can be examined under the following aspects: Purpose: commercial, educational and private purposes to indicate the intended use. License: simulator open source (free) if you indicate whether a commercial product. Ease of Use: Graphical interface to support the flexibility of existing models and interfaces to enhance the new models can be added User Interface: Graphical user interface (GUI) to have Parallel Operation: Parallel simulator can run in a distributed environment Scalability: The maximum number of nodes that can be used in the simulation (Medium: thousands Good: Ten thousand, Very Good: hundreds of thousands) Programming language: programming language that specifies the simulator is written Documentation: Network simulator, presented in conjunction with / accessible documentation indicates Rate: indicates the operating speed of the simulation. Platform: simulator operating environment (operating system) indicates. Level Simulation (Abstraction): Simulation indicates the lowest level of abstraction. This level of package, the message transfer or may nodal. Properties OPNET QualNet NS-2 SSFNet OMNET DEVS Suite Purpose Commercial Commercial Educational , Resource Commercial, Resource Resource Specialized License Commercial Commercial Free Free Free Free Ease of Use Very Good Very Good Bad Good Good Good Flexibility Good Good Medium Good Very Good Very Good User Interface Good GUI Good GUI Poor GUI Good GUI Good GUI Good GUI 422 �Parallelism Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Scalability Medium Very Good Medium Very Good Good Good Programming Language Documentation C++ C++ Java, C++ C++ Java Very Good Good C++ OTcl Good Good Good Good Speed Bad Medium Medium Good Good Good Platform X window Unix Linux, Unix, Windows Windows Windows, Linux Simulation Level (Abstraction) Packet Level Linux, Unix, Windows Packet Level Packet Level IP Packet Packet level Packet Level and Table 1. Simulators comparison 4. Conclusions To choose between the existing hundreds network simulators is very difficult. In this study, modeling and simulation tools that used for studying on the network are examined, especially in network simulators used for training purposes as the advantages and disadvantages are analyzed. DEVS is also taken into consideration which is providing useful features for network community. In addition, this study can help to most researchers in the selection of appropriate network modeling and simulation tool. References [1] M.A. Rahman et al. / Simulation Modelling Practice and Theory 17 (2009) 1011–1031 [2]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DEVS [3] Zeigler, B.P., Mittal, S., Modeling and Simulation of Ultra-large Networks: A Framework for New Research Directions, supported by NSF Grant ANI-0135530, ULN Workshop, July 2002 (addendum to the ULN Workshop 2001) {http://www.acims.arizona.edu/EVENTS/ULN/ULN_doc2.pdf } [4]. {http://qualnet.com/pdf/glomosim.pdf } [5].{http://www-static.cc.gatech.edu/computing/compass/pdns} [6] http://www.omnetpp.org/ [7] Bajaj, S., Breslau, L., Estrin, D., et al., Improving Simulation for Network Research, 1999, USC Computer Science Dept. Technical Report 99-702. [8] http://www.isi.edu/~johnh/PAPERS/Breslau00a.pdf [9] Richard M. Fujimoto, Kalyan Perumalla, Alfred Park, Hao Wu, Mostafa H. Ammar, George F. Riley. Large-Scale Network Simulation: How Big? How Fast?, Modeling, Analysis and Simulation of Computer Telecommunications Systems, 2003. MASCOTS 2003. 11th IEEE/ACM International Symposium on [10] B.P. Zeigler, H. Praehofer, T.G. Kim, “Theory of Modeling and Simulation,” Academic Press, 2000. [11] Zengin, A. “Dağıtık Simülasyon Sistemleri Đçin Yeni Bir Yönlendirme Algoritması ve Uygulaması” , Doktora Tezi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Sakarya Üniversitesi, 2004 [12] Richard M. Fujimoto, Kalyan S. Perumalla and George F. Riley, “Network Simulation”, Morgan & Claypool, 2007 423 �[13] Ming Zhang , “Toward A Flexible And Reconfıgurable Dıstrıbuted Sımulatıon: A New Approach To Dıstrıbuted Devs” PhD Dissertation, Electrical and Computer Engr, University of Arizona, May. 2007.{http://acims6.eas.asu.edu/PUBLICATIONS/PDF/Thesis_Zhang.pdf} [14] Saurabh Mittal, “Devs Unified Process For Integrated Development And Testıng Of Servıce Orıented Archıtectures” PhD Dissertation, University of Arizona, 2007 [15] X. Liu and A. A. Chien, “Realistic Large-Scale Online Network Simulation”, Performance Computing Applications, 2006 International Journal of High [16] http://www.modelica.org [17] Zengin A, Ekiz H., Çobanoğlu B., Tuncel S., "Ağların Eğitimi ve Araştırılması için DEVS Tabanlı Simülatör Tasarımı ve Uygulaması" 5. Uluslararası Đleri Teknolojiler Sempozyumu (IATS’09), 13-15 Mayıs 2009, Karabük, Türkiye [18] Steenstrup, M. E. (Ed.). (1995). Routing in Communications Network. Prentice-Hall. [19] http://www.faqs.org/rfcs [20] R. Waupotitsch, S. Eidenbenz, L. Kroc, and J. Smith, “Multi-Scale Integrated Information and Telecommunications System (MIITS): First Results From A Large-Scale End-To-End Network Simulator”, wsc, pp.2132-2139, Proceedings of the 2006 Winter Simulation Conference, 2006 [21] William Buchanan, “Distributed Systems and Networks”, pp. 380-381, McGraw-Hill Pub., 2000 [22] Çakıroğlu, M. Doktora Tezi, “Kablosuz Algılayıcı Ağlar için Dinamik Kanal Atlamalı Güvenlik Sistemi Tasarımı”, Doktora Tezi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Sakarya Üniversitesi, 2008 424 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 538 Title A name given to the resource A Survey Of Network Modeling And Simulation Tools: Devs Comparison Author Author Çobanoğlu, Bülent Zengin, Ahmet Tüncel, Sinan Ekiz, Hüseyin Abstract A summary of the resource. Speed, hardware, cost, diversity of user demands and interoperability requirements of today’s network systems cause several difficulties in network research. In design phase, due to time and cost advantage of modeling and simulation science it is widely used by researchers working on network systems. In order to expedite and simplify the design process, to design and develop network simulation tools is an active research area. Today, many modeling and simulation tools are available in computer networks research and education. In this study, to assist researchers working on computer networks in the selection of modeling and simulation tools, several best-known simulators are selected and compared. Especially to examine the advantages and disadvantages of network simulators used for training purposes, an OSPF protocol implementation was devised to discuss strengths and weaknesses of simulators. At the same time, executing a general purpose DEVS based OSPF model in DEVS-Suite simulator; the advantages of the method are summarized. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed Q Science (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/eb2e68a55e51bce8c0ea978a629b71f2.pdf a3ee73b8fcd61fe22e393d7352278382 PDF Text Text Carbonation of Ulexite Ore Waste for CO2 Sequestration Mehmet Çopur Atatürk University, Department of Chemical Engineering, 25240 Erzurum,Turkey mcopur@atauni.edu.tr M.Muhtar Kocakerim Atatürk University, Department of Chemical Engineering, 25240 Erzurum,Turkey mkocakerim@yahoo.com Abstract: -3 mm ulexite ore containing 20-25 % B2O3, being a concentration waste is accumulated in mine area. Boron content of this waste dissolves by rain and snow waters and passes to soil, surface water and underground water and can be caused to pollution. For this reason, boron content of this waste must be removed or gained.As a result of industrialization, also, the amount of carbon dioxide given to atmosphere increases, day by day, and causes to global heating and climate change. For this reason, it is required to be removed carbon dioxide in flue gases. In this study, sequestration of carbon dioxide with ulexite ore waste was investigated under high pressures and at temperatures of 90 to 170oC. In the experiments, temperature, carbon dioxide pressure, solid-to-liquid ratio, particle size and stirring speed were chosen as parameters. In result, sequestration rate increased with increase in temperature and carbon dioxide pressure, and with decrease in solid-to-liquid ratio and paticle size. Stirring speed did not affect the sequestration rate. Also, boron and carbon dioxide, which form the risk for environmental were converted to sodium pentaborate and calcium carbonate by this process, respectively.Also, kinetics of reaction between carbon dioxide and ulexite waste was examined according to experimental data and determined that reaction kinetics fitted to ash diffusion control, stated as 1-3(1-X)2/3+2(1-X) = ktm and activation energy was found as 20.5 kJ.mol-1. Keywords: Waste ulexite, carbon dioxide, global warming, climate change Introduction CO2 content of the atmosphere has increased significantly and rapidly in recent years reaching 3841 ppm in 2007, with an annual mean growth rate of almost 21 ppm since 2000. In order to prevent CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere rising to unacceptable levels, carbon dioxide can be separated from the flue gases of power plants and subsequently sequestrated. Various technologies for carbon dioxide sequestration have been proposed[1]. An alternative sequestration method is mineral CO2 sequestration method in which CO2 is chemically stored in solid carbonates by the carbonation of minerals. Mineral CO2 sequestration has some fundamental advantages compared to other sequestration routes. The formed products are thermodynamically stable and therefore the sequestration of CO2 is permanent and safe. In order to be able to react with acid CO2, the mineral has to provide alkalinity[2]. The rates of carbonation reactions at atmospheric conditions are much too slow for an industrial process. Therefore, research focuses on increasing the reaction rate in order to obtain an industrial viable process[69]. 35 �Carbonation of industrial alkaline residues can be used as a CO2 sequestration technology to reduce carbon dioxide emissions. The production of valuable products by utilizing CO2 has been the objective of many studies in recent years [10-13]. Rendek et al. [14] performed their accelerated carbonation experiments in a high pressure vessel at room temperature for municipal solid waste incinerator ash. The pressure improved the kinetics of the reaction but did not affect the final amount of carbonates formed[15]. Another type of industrial solid residues that could be used for CO2 sequestration is air pollution control equipment residue, an alkaline residue that can be collected from various incinerator plant flue gas clean-up systems. In a study by Baciocchi et al it has been determined to correspond to a CO2 storage potential of about 150 kt/yr (120 g of CO2/kg of residue) of this residue [16]. However, it has been stated that this process has limited volume potential. Baciocchi et al. [17] investigated the kinetics of gas-solid carbonation of APC residues when subjected to a flux of CO2 (10 vol-%) in argon. In this study with two stages, the kinetic analysis was limited to the first stage of the carbonation process. But, it was not taken into account the second stage data associated with CO2 diffusion through a product layer. Back et al. [18] investigated the CO2 uptake potential of lignite fly ashes. They resulted in a maximum CO2 binding capacity of around 0.1 kg CO2/kg ash in 1 h, corresponding to 0.5% of the CO2 emissions from a brown coal firing plant in an experiment performed in 30 °C under atmospheric pressure (pCO2 = 0.1) and a low S/L ratio (1/80). By upgrading a waste product into a product of high commercial value, expensive CO2 sequestration processes could become economically feasible. Katsuyama et al. [19] studied the feasibility of producing CaCO3 from waste cement by first extracting calcium from pulverized waste cement in a water slurry at high CO2 pressure (several MPa), followed by the precipitation of CaCO3 from the extracted solution at lower CO2 pressures. In result, they produced high purity CaCO3 from waste cement at relatively high reaction rates. In this study presented here, -3mm ulexite ore waste was used to capture CO2 in flue gas from power stations in aqueous solutions under high pressures and at high temperatures. In result, CO2 by ore waste and boron content of ore waste was recovered. Experimental Procedure Ulexite ore waste used in these studies has been supplied from Bigadiç Boron Establishments. After the ore waste was dried in air, it was ground by a laboratory grinder and fractionned by sieving with the standard sieves. This ore waste contained 23,6% B2O3, 9,21% SiO2, 25,48% CaO, 6,67% MgO, 2,25% Na2O, 0,51% Al2O3, 0,09% Fe2O3, 1,13% SrO, 31,21% heating loss as according to XRF analysis. CO2 gas was supplied as tube from Habaş, Turkey. All tests were carried out in a two-liter magnetic-stir-drive PARR autoclave. The CO2 pressure applied was controlled by a pressure-measuring device (Fig. 1), and the temp. of the reaction in the reactor was provided by an automatically controlled heater underneath the stainless-steel vessel, which allowed the slurry to be taken out of the device for separation by filtration of the solid particles. A 50 kg CO2 tank containing the gas at 200 bar pressure was used as the CO2 source. In the experiments, after 300 mL water was taken in the reactor, a predetermined amount of the ulexite waste was placed into the vessel. After reactor was adjusted to desired temperature and the stirrer to desired speed, CO2 injection was performed up to desired pressure. The pressure was continuously monitored and more CO2 was injected as the pressure decreased either due to leaks or chemical reaction. At the end of the desired test time the stirring stopped and the slurry was cooled by running water through cooling coils in the solution. When the temperature fell below 85 oC, the pressure was bled off and the 36 �slurry was taken out of the device. The slurry was filtered, and the solids were dried at 105 oC, weighed, and sampled for analysis. Na, Ca and B2O3 analysis was performed in solution. B2O3 fractions passing to the solution were calculated as follows: B2 O3 fraction passing to the solution = amount of B2 O3 passing to the solution total amount of B2 O3 in original sample Parameters Parameter values Temperature(K) 363 378 393 413* Solid-to-liquid(g/mL) 0,15 0,20* 0,25 0,30 Stirring speed(rpm) 300 500* 700 CO2 pressure(Bar) 5 10 15 Particle size(meş) -80 +100 (1) 433 443 20* -60 +80 -45 +60* -30+45 *Parameters kept constant Table 1. Parameters and their values Results and Discussion In view of its reactivity with carbon dioxide, ulexite ore waste has been proposed for the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions from utility power plants. The reactions between ulexite and CO2 in aqueous solution are given in Equations 7, 8 and 9. (7) Na 2O ⋅ 2CaO ⋅ 5B2 O3 ⋅16H 2O(s) +2CO2 → 2CaCO3(s) +2NaB5O6 (OH) 4 +12H 2O (8) Na 2 O ⋅ 2CaO ⋅ 5B2 O 3 ⋅16H 2 O (s) +2CO 2 → 2CaCO3(s) +2NaB3O 3 (OH) 4 +4H 3 BO3 +6H 2 O Also, the reaction between colemanite and CO2 as follows; (9) 2CaO ⋅ 3B2 O3 ⋅ 5H2O(s) + 2CO2(g,aq) + 4H2O → 2CaCO3(s) + 6H3BO3( s,aq ) The ratios of the ionic borate species depending on the pH values are given in Figure 2. The pH value during the chemical reaction was recorded as between 6.5-7; at this pH value the borate species B5O6 (OH)4-, B4O5(OH)4-, B3O3(OH)4- and B(OH)3 have been found in aqueous solution [20]. The amount of CO2 captured in solution was proportional to the borate ion concentrations. The parameters used in this study were particle size, solid-to-liquid ratio, CO2 pressure, stirring speed and temperature. In examining the effect of particle size, solid-to-liquid ratio was kept constant as 0.2 g/mL, CO2 pressure as 20 bar, stirring speed as 500 rpm and temperature as 323K. Particle size levels were -30 +45, -45 +60, -60 +80, -80 +100 mesh. Results are given graphically in Figure 1. According to these results, dissolution rate increased with decreasing particle size. 37 �100 80 B2O3 (%) 60 40 -30+45 -45+60 -60+80 -80+100 20 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 time(min) Figure 1. The effect of particle size on dissolution of ulexite ore waste in CO2 containing water 50 CO2 (L/Kg) 40 30 20 -30+45 -45+60 -60+80 -80+100 10 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 time(min) Figure 2. The effect of particle size on CO2 sequestration by ulexite ore waste. The effect of solid-to-liquid ratio was investigated for 0.15, 0.20, 0.25 and 0.30 g/mL values of solid-toliquid ratio, so that particle size was kept constant in -45 +60, CO2 pressure in 20 bar, stirring speed in 500 rpm and temperature in 413 K. The results are given graphically in Figure 3. According to the results, increasing the solid-to- liquid ratio causes to decrease of dissolution rate. It is given the effect of solid-toliquid ratio on CO2 sequestration by ulexite ore waste in Figure 4.. 38 �100 80 B2O3(%) 60 40 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 20 g/mL g/mL g/mL g/mL 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 time(min) Figure 3. The effect of solid-to-liquid ratio on dissolution of ulexite ore waste in CO2 containing water 50 40 CO2(%) 30 20 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 10 g/mL g/mL g/mL g/mL 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 time(min) Figure 4. The effect of solid-to-liquid ratio on CO2 sequestration by ulexite ore waste. The effect of CO2 pressure on dissolution of ulexite ore waste was examined at the CO2 pressures, 20, 15, 10 and 5 atm. Particle size was kept constant in -45 + 60 µm, solid-to-liquid ratio in 0.2 g/mL, stirring speed in 500 rpm and temperature at 413 K. The results are given graphically in Figure 6. According to the results, as CO2 pressure increases, dissolution rate increases. It is given the effect of pressure on CO2 sequestration by ulexite ore waste in Figure 6. 39 �100 B2O3 (%) 80 60 40 2.5 5 10 20 20 Bar Bar Bar Bar 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 time(min) Figure 5. The effect of CO2 pressure on dissolution of ulexite ore waste in CO2 containing water 50 CO2 (L/Kg) 40 30 20 2.5 5 10 20 10 Bar Bar Bar Bar 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 time(min) Figure 6. The effect of pressure on CO2 sequestration by ulexite ore waste. The solubility product of calcium carbonate at STP is 5 X 10-9. First, the gas phase (CO2) must dissolve in the solution: CO 2( g ) + H 2O (10) H 2CO3( aq ) According to Henry’s Law, the concentration of H2CO3(aq) is proportional to the CO2 partial pressure (PCO2). At standard temperature and pressure (STP), Henry’s constant (KH) = 29.4 atm/mol/L. H2CO3 40 �concentration increases with increasing CO2 pressure at 25°C. Using the high-pressure correction to Henry’s law would only lower the calculated concentration by approximately a factor of 1.25[1]. H2CO3 dissociates according to the following: H 2CO3(aq) + H(aq) +HCO3(aq) (11) K a1 =4.5×10-5 HCO3- dissociates further as follows: HCO3(aq) + 2H (aq) +CO3(aq) (12) K a1 =4.5×10-11 At equilibrium, when no other acid is in the solution, [H+] and [HCO3-] are equal and 2− 3 CO  = 4.7 ⋅10−11  HCO3−  2 (13) H+ These equations indicate that increased CO2 pressure lowers pH, and this would help to leach calcium from the ulexite as it has been shown in some leaching tests of ulexite. Increasing CO2 pressure also increases [HCO3-] and, thus, CO3- which is required for the precipitation of calcium carbonate. However, because Ka2 is small compared Ka1, simply raising the pressure of CO2 only generates small amount of CO32-. In that case, the concentration of carbonic ion is very small, and thus a very high calcium ion concentration is required to precipitate calcium carbonate. The precipitation of calcium carbonate will increase by the increase in carbonic-ion concentration with Na ions passed solution with ulexite dissolution. The solubility of calcium carbonate decreases with increase in temperature. the dissolution reaction for carbonate minerals is exothermic, which results in higher temperatures favoring the solid phase over dissolved ions. The solubility of calcium carbonate in the presence of sodium carbonate is less than 0.5 p. p. m. Dissolution data from experiments were evaluated bt a statistical program and the following model was found for dissolution. As result, dissolution process fit to ash diffusioncontrols kinetics. That stirring speed isn’t effective on the dissolution and activation energy of 20.474 kj.mol-1 show that process rate is controlled by ash diffusion controls kinetics. Convenience of this model was controled by drawing a graph of dissolution values from this model versus experimental data(Figure 7). In result, it was determined that the model is suitable. 1-3(1-X)(2/3) +2(1-X) = 1091( P )0.43 ( S / L )−0.84 ( PS )−0.91 e − 20.474 0.2 RT 41 t (15) �1.0 Observed X Values 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 Predicted X Values Figure 7. Graph of observed values versa predicted values from model Acknowledgements It is a great pleasure to thank TUBITAK (The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey) for their financial support during our project (108Y170). References [1] Sipilä, J., Teir, S., Zevenhoven, R.,Carbon dioxide sequestration by mineral carbonation, Literature review update 2005–2007, Åbo Akademi University, Faculty of Technology Heat Engineering Laboratory [2] Huijgen, W.J.J., Comans,R.N.J. Carbon dioxide sequestration by mineral carbonation, Literature Review, (2003), The Energy research Centre of the Netherlands. [3] Butt, D.P., Lackner, K.S., Wendt, C.H., Conzone, S.D., Kung, H., Lu, Y.-C., Bremser, J.K.(1996), Kinetics of thermal dehydroxylation and carbonation of magnesium hydroxide, Journal of the American Ceramic Society. (7), 1892-1898. [4] Zevenhoven, R., Tier, S., 2004, Long term storage of CO2 as magnesium carbonate in Finland, Proceedings of the Third Annual Conference on Carbon Capture and Sequestration, May 3-6, 2004, Alexandria (VA), USA, (paper 217). [5] Zevenhoven, R., Eloneva, S., Teir, S., 2006, A study on MgO-based mineral carbonation kinetics using pressurised thermogravimetric analysis, 8th International Conference on Greenhouse Gas Control Technologies, 19-22, Trondheim, Norway, paper P02_01_09. [6] Gerdemann, S.J., O'Connor, W.K., Dahlin, D.C., Penner, L.R., Rush, H., 2007, Ex situ aqueous mineral carbonation, Environ. Sci. Technol. (41), pp. 2587-2593. [7] O'Connor, W.K., Dahlin, D.C., Nilsen, R.P., Turner, P.C., 2000, Carbon dioxide sequestration by direct mineral carbonation with carbonic acid, Proceedings of the 25th International Technical Conf. On Coal Utilization & Fuel Systems, Coal Technology Assoc. March 6-9, Clear Water, FL, Albany Research Center, Albany, Oregon. 42 �[8] Munz, I.A., Korneliussen, A., Gorset, O., Johansen, H., Kihle, J., Flaathen, T., Sandvik, K., 2006, Added value of industrial minerals and CO2 storage: New possibilities for Norwegian mineral industry, 8th International Conference on Greenhouse Gas Control Technologies, 19-22 June, Trondheim, Norway, (Paper P02_01_12). [9]Kakizawa, M., Yamasaki, A., Yanagisawa, Y., 2001, A new CO2 disposal process via artificial weathering of calcium silicate accelerated by acetic acid, Energy. (26), pp. 341-354. [10] Teir, S., Eloneva, S., Zevenhoven, R., 2005, Production of precipitated calcium carbonate from calcium silicates and carbon dioxide, Energy Conversion and Management. (46), pp. 2954-2979. [11] Domingo, C., Loste, E., Gómez-Morales, J., García-Carmona, J., Fraile, J., 2006, Calcite precipitation by a highpressure CO2 carbonation route, The Journal of Supercritical Fluids. (36), pp. 202-215. [12]Katsuyama, Y., Yamasaki, A., Iizuka, A., Fujii, M., Kumagai, K., Yanagisawa, Y., 2005, Development of a process for producing high-purity calcium carbonate (CaCO3) from waste cement using pressurized CO2, Environmental Progress. (24), pp. 162-170. [13] Feng, B., Yong, A.K., An, H., 2007, Effect of various factors on the particle size of calcium carbonate formed in a precipitation process, Materials Science and Engineering: A. (445-446), pp. 170-179. [14] Rendek, E., Ducom, G., Germain, P., 2006, Carbon dioxide sequestration in municipal solid waste incinerator (MSWI) bottom ash, Journal of Hazardous Materials. (128), pp. 73-79. [15] Rendek, E., Ducom, G., Germain, P., 2007, Influence of waste input and combustion technology on MSWI bottom ash quality, Waste Management. (27), pp. 1403-1407. [16]Baciocchi, R., Polettini, A., Pomi, R., Prigiobbe, V., VonZedwitz, V.N., Steinfeld, A., 2006, CO2 sequestration by direct gas-solid carbonation of air pollution control (APC) residues, Energy Fuels. (20), pp. 1933-1940. [17] Baciocchi, R., Polettini, A., Pomi, R., Prigiobbe, V., Zedtwitz-Nikulshyna, V., Steinfeld, A.,2006, Performance and kinetics of CO2 sequestration by direct gas-solid carbonation of APC residues, 8th International Conference on Greenhouse Gas Control Technologies, 19-22 June, Trondheim, Norway. [18] Back, M., Vosbeck, K., Kühn, M., Stanjek, H., Clauser, C., Peiffer, S., 2006, Pretreatment of CO2 with fly ashes to generate alkalinity for subsurface sequestration, 8th International Conference on Greenhouse Gas Control Technologies, 19-22 June, Trondheim, Norway. [19] Katsuyama, Y., Yamasaki, A., Iizuka, A., Fujii, M., Kumagai, K., Yanagisawa, Y., 2005, Development of a process for producing high-purity calcium carbonate (CaCO3) from waste cement using pressurized CO2, Environmental Progress. (24), pp. 162-170. [20] B.M.Adams, Boron, Metallo-Boron Compounds and Boranes, Interscience (Wiley), New York (1964) p.88[21]Zhong-Ying Chen,a William K. O’Connor,b and S.J. Gerdemannb, Chemistry of Aqueous Mineral Carbonation for Carbon Sequestration and Explanation of Experimental Results, Environmental Progress (Vol.25, No.2), July 2006,160 43 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 327 Title A name given to the resource Carbonation of Ulexite Ore Waste for CO2 Sequestration Author Author Çopur, Mehmet Kocakerim, M.Muhtar Abstract A summary of the resource. -3 mm ulexite ore containing 20-25 % B2O3, being a concentration waste is accumulated in mine area. Boron content of this waste dissolves by rain and snow waters and passes to soil, surface water and underground water and can be caused to pollution. For this reason, boron content of this waste must be removed or gained.As a result of industrialization, also, the amount of carbon dioxide given to atmosphere increases, day by day, and causes to global heating and climate change. For this reason, it is required to be removed carbon dioxide in flue gases. In this study, sequestration of carbon dioxide with ulexite ore waste was investigated under high pressures and at temperatures of 90 to 170oC. In the experiments, temperature, carbon dioxide pressure, solid-to-liquid ratio, particle size and stirring speed were chosen as parameters. In result, sequestration rate increased with increase in temperature and carbon dioxide pressure, and with decrease in solid-to-liquid ratio and paticle size. Stirring speed did not affect the sequestration rate. Also, boron and carbon dioxide, which form the risk for environmental were converted to sodium pentaborate and calcium carbonate by this process, respectively.Also, kinetics of reaction between carbon dioxide and ulexite waste was examined according to experimental data and determined that reaction kinetics fitted to ash diffusion control, stated as 1-3(1-X)2/3+2(1-X) = ktm and activation energy was found as 20.5 kJ.mol-1. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed Q Science (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/408ccf1464ee63bc71bda8fd5aae29d9.pdf f05d850245f9b67ef0f4e3702275b2ce PDF Text Text Determination of Optimum Seed Sowing Time for Six Different Sorghum Cultivars in Purpose of Silage Production in Mediterrenean Coastline Mehmet ÖTEN Batı Akdeniz Agricultural Research Instıtute, Antalya Sadık ÇAKMAKCI Akdeniz University Faculty of Agriculture, Field Crops Department, Antalya cakmakci @akdeniz.edu.tr Abstract: Six different sorghum cultivars (Gözde 80, Rox, Leoti, Early Sumac, Nes ve N 4692xRox), registered by Mediterreanean Agricultural Research Institute, were sown in different periods in order to determine the optimum sowing time. The experiment was conducted in a split plot design with three replications. Count of 50% blooming days, count of full blooming days, forage yield, dry matter production, and leaf-stem-bunch ratio were determined. The Rox cultivar comes to number one since the enhance of green foliage have been demanded. The dry matter production having been evaluated as the most important property in terms of slage quality and production. Nest comes to fore at the first and second and at fourth Rox, at fifth period Gözde 80, respectively. The first week of May was determined to be optimum time compared to other seed sowing period in view of the climatic conditions data of year, on which the experiments were conducted and the pronounced performance of cultivars within other different seedsowing time Keywords: Sorghum, sowing time, silage. Introduction Mediterranean region of Turkey has suitable climate and soil conditions for production of many forage crops. In our country, for silage production purpose, maize and sorghum are take first place. The increasing importance of sorghum as an important livestock feed in the Turkey. Sorghum is more resistant to drough, high temperatures, diseases and pests than maize (Mcginth, 1972; Anonymous 1990; Aslangiray et al. , 1991; Tüsüz et al. 1984). Various studies showed the effect of different sowing times on the quality of silage of sorghum (Çakmakçı et al. 1999). The aim of this study was to determine the effects of different sowing times on silage quality of various sorghum cultivars. Material and Methods In this study, six different sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench.) cultivars (Gözde 80, Rox, Leoti, Early Sumac, Nes and N 4692xRox), registered by Mediterreanean Agricultural Research Institute, were used as plant material. The research was conducted at the research field situated in Batı Akdeniz Agricultural Research Institute Field Crop Department in Antalya-Turkey. In this study, 5 different sowing time (1st sowing time (1-10 April), 2nd sowing time (20-30 April), 3rd sowing time (1-10 May), 4th (20-30 May) and 5th sowing time (20-30 May)) were tested to determine to optimum sowing time for sorghum cultivars. Trails are as follows: count of 50% blooming days, count of full blooming days, forage yield, dry matter yield and leaf-stem-bunch. The experiment was laid out with three replications in a randomized complete block design (RCBD). The main factor consisted of 6 diffirent cultivars. The second factor consisted 5 different sowing time. Data were analysed 464 �with MSTAT-C software package programme (Freed et al. 1989). The means were seperated using Duncan Multiple Range Test at 0.05 levels. Results In this study, different sowing times ( 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th ) in combination with various sorghum cultivars (Gözde 80, Rox, Leoti, Early Sumac, Nes and N 4692xRox), were tested. The responses of different sowing times varied with various cultivars. The effects of different sowing times on count of 50 % blooming days, count of full blooming days, green forage yield and dry matter yield are shown Table 1, 2,3 and 4. Looking into, 50 % blooming days and statistical analyses are evaluated, it can be seen that cultivars and sowing times reciprocal interaction between cultivar and sowing time are significanty effective. The count of 50 % blooming days changed between 49.00 and 72.17 days. While the highest record was determined from 1st sowing time, the lowest record was determined from 5th sowing time. Sowing time Cultivars 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Leoti 72.17 a 64.33 e 61.17 g 55.83 k 53.00 n Nes 65.83 d 59.33 h 55.17 kl 58.50 ı 52.00 o Gözde 80 65.67 d 61.00 g 55.67 k 49.33 q N4692xRox 69.50 b 62.00 f 58.17 ı 53.67m mmm 58.83hı Rox 69.83 b 61.67 fg 56.50 j 58.83hı 50.83 p E.sumac 67.50 c 59.50 h 54.83 l 53.83m 49.00 q Ortalama 68.41 61.30 56.91 56.58 50.99 51.83 o LSD:0.66 Table 1. Count of 50 % blooming days responses to different sowing time with various sorghum cultivars In the study conducted on count of full blooming days, the count of full blooming days ranged from 52.83 to 77.17 depending on sowing time (Table 2). The highest count of full blooming days was recorded by 1st sowing time in Leotti cultivar. On the other side, the lowest count of full blooming days was recorded by 5st sowing time in E. Sumac cultivar. Sowing time Cultivars 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Leoti 77.17 a 67.83 f 65.33 ghı 61.17 o 56.83 r Nes 72.67 cd 64.83 ı 60.17 p 62.00 mn 56.17 rs Gözde 80 72.00 de 65.83 gh 61.50 no 58.33 q 56.00 s N4692xRox 73.33 c 65.17 hı 62.50 lm 63.33 jk 55.17 t Rox 74.33 b 66.00 g 61.33 no 62.83 kl 54.50 t E.sumac 71.33 e 63.83 j 58.67 q 58.50 q 52.83 u Ortalama 73.47 65.58 61.58 61.02 55.23 LSD: 0.74 Table 2. Count of full blooming days responses to different sowing time with various sorghum cultivars 465 �Resuts obtained from the present study indicated that sowing time and cultivars had significantly effect on green forage yield (Table 3). Green forage yields were found 9428.5 by 1st sowing time and 9688.7 by 5th sowing time. Sowing time Cultivars 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Leoti 9111 hıjk 8356 ıjk 9556 ghı 986 7efg 7789 jk Nes 9156 hıjk 12040 abc 11690 bcd 12070 hı 9644 fghı Gözde 80 9289 ghıj 7689 k 10360 def 11290 abc 11820 bcd N4692xRox 9200 hıjk 10800 cdefg 10800 gh 8444 bcd 5089 l Rox 10840 cdefg 11200 bcdef 13380 a 12130 ıjk 11160 bcdef E.sumac 8978 hıjk 9689 fghı 11420 bcd 12530abc 12600 ab Ortalama 9428.5 9962.3 11201.0 11055.2 9683.7 LSD: 1350 Table 3. Green forage yield (kg/da) responses to different sowing time with various sorghum cultivars The effects of different sowing times on dry matter yield of various sorghum cultivars is shown Table 4. Results reveal that the effects of sowing time and cultivars are statistically significant. Upon examination of data in Table 4, the highest dry matter yield were determined by E. Sumac cultivar with 3725 kg/da in 4th and 5th sowing time. Sowing time Cultivars 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Leoti 2260 ıj 2383 hıj 3068 cdef 2369 hıj 2369 hıj Nes 3033cdefg 3655 abc 3698 ab 2715 fghı 2715 fghıj Gözde 80 2934 defgh 2416 ghıj 3140 bcd 3937 a 3937 a N4692xRox 2838 defghı 3219 bcdef 3260 bcd 1391 k 1391 k Rox 3019 defg 3176 bcdef 3958 a 2762 fghı 2762 fghı E.sumac 2758 fghı 2818 efghı 3461 abc 3725 ab 3725 ab Ortalama 2807.0 2944.5 3430.8 2816.5 2816.5 LSD: 531.6 Table 4. Dry matter yield (kg/da) responses to different sowing time with various sorghum cultivars Conclusion It was found that different sowing times effected on sorghum silage quality. The results show that the selection of sowing time depends on cultivars. Acknowledgements This reseach was financially supported by The Scientific Research Projects Administration Unit of Akdeniz University. 466 �References Anonymous, 1990b. Amerikan Sorgumunun Hayvan Yemi Olarak Kullanımı. U.S.Feed Grains Counsil.News. Sayı: 43 Aslangiray, C., Tansı, V. Ve Sağlamtimur, T. 1991. Çukurova Koşullarında II. Ürün Olarak Yetiştirilen Mısır (Sea Mays L.) Ve Sorgum (Sorghum Sp.) Tür Ve Çeşitlerinin Gelişme Dönemlerine Göre Biyolojik Üretimlerinin Saptanması Üzerine Bir Araştırma. Türkiye 2. Çayır-Mer’a Ve Yem Bitkileri Kongresi. 369-378. 28-31 Mayıs 1991, Đzmir. Çakmakçı, S., Gündüz, Đ., Çeçen, S., Aydınoğlu, B. Ve Tüsüz, M.A., 1999. Sorgumun Silajlık Kullanımında Farklı Biçim Devrelerinin Verim Ve Kalite Üzerine Etkileri. Turkısh Journal Of Agriculture&Forestry V:23, N:3 Freed, R., Eıenensmıth, S. P., Guetz, S., Reıcosky, D., Smaıl, V. W. And Wolberg, P.1989. User’s Guide To MSTAT-C Analysis Of Agronomic Research Experiments. Michigan State Universty., USA Mcginty, D. D. 1972. Sorghum Đn Animal Nutrition, Oxfort And IBH Publishing Co. 461-481. Tüsüz, M., Polat, N., Ünal, F., Aydemir, G., Ateş, M. 1984. Đkinci Üründe Silaj Sorgum Ve Sudan Otu Tarımı. Đkinci Ürün Tarımı Araştırma Yayım Projesi Konu Uzmanları Yayınları T. O. K. B. Ziraat Đşl. Gen.Md. 467 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 547 Title A name given to the resource Determination of Optimum Seed Sowing Time for Six Different Sorghum Cultivars in Purpose of Silage Production in Mediterrenean Coastline Author Author ÖTEN, Mehmet ÇAKMAKCI, Sadık Abstract A summary of the resource. Six different sorghum cultivars (Gözde 80, Rox, Leoti, Early Sumac, Nes ve N 4692xRox), registered by Mediterreanean Agricultural Research Institute, were sown in different periods in order to determine the optimum sowing time. The experiment was conducted in a split plot design with three replications. Count of 50% blooming days, count of full blooming days, forage yield, dry matter production, and leaf-stem-bunch ratio were determined. The Rox cultivar comes to number one since the enhance of green foliage have been demanded. The dry matter production having been evaluated as the most important property in terms of slage quality and production. Nest comes to fore at the first and second and at fourth Rox, at fifth period Gözde 80, respectively. The first week of May was determined to be optimum time compared to other seed sowing period in view of the climatic conditions data of year, on which the experiments were conducted and the pronounced performance of cultivars within other different seedsowing time Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed Q Science (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/c66e3115a738a313a4b2ece7c93d6af5.pdf a3a62afba0d0b17a66f5c59bd35d4e19 PDF Text Text 2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo Significance of Efficiency for Sustainable Development : A Practice of Data Envelopment Analysis on Textile Sector Ersan ÖZGÜR Assistant Prof. Dr.,Afyon Kocatepe University Sandıklı M.Y.O. ersanozgur@yahoo.com Abstract: Resources in the nature are limited and mankind has to use these resources economically or otherwise next generations might have difficulty in surviving. That is why today‘s decision makers has to be able to think and plan the futures resources for not to danger future‘s generations. In this perspective sustainable development policies can be considered as a solution for the next generation‘s wealth. Sustainable development policy requires a balance while consuming the natural resources. For sustainable development efficient uses of resources is essential. In this study we try to assess the efficiency of the Turkish textile sector companies, regarding to sustainable development. In this study Data Enveloping Analyses is practiced to the data gathered from Istanbul Stock Exchange (ISE) quoted textile companies. Results of the survey indicates that efficiency rates affected negatively from the Chinese factor, domestic structural deficiencies in textile sector and economic situation. Introduction Nowadays, industrialized countries have recognized that their economical growth has a limit. At this point they also recognized that even though there was an economic growth there are also limits for economic development. Developed countries, are taking procoutions against the risks in relation to sustainablility. However developing countries has not been recognized that the importance of the subject. On the other hand it can be assumed that there are limited activities in relation to the subject. Contries are trying to impliment new sustainable development strategies. This could be as a solution for to reach their targets. In this perspective Turkey as a developing country has to set up similar development strategies and plans. Sustainable development has a direct relationship with the development of reel sector. Textile sector is a high significant sector for Turkish economy. Turkish textile sector is dinamic and has a high potantial for the growth. Espacialy after 1980‘s with establishment of open economic policies exportation is increased and textile sector became the engine of the economy. Cotton production in Turkey has played a crucial role in the development of the economy. In consideration of globalization which increased the competition, assesment of effiency and effectiveness has became more important for the decision makers. Textile sector is contributing to the Turkish economy in terms of value add, employment and exportation. It is suggested that for sustainablity of textile sector performance measurement of efficiency and effectiveness of the sector has became more significant. Sustanable development, productivity and efficiency are related consepts. Productivity can be described as obtaining an output by using least input. Which means efficient uses of limited resouces. Performance can be considered as degree of success with in certain period of time. Managers can not /should not take desicions without having performance information. Hence it might be suggested that using performance measuring methods are significant for decision makers. One of the methods used for measuring performance is Data Enveloping Analyses. Sustainable Development The structures of imperial and colonial power which dominated the world in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries made little provision for economic and social advance in what we now call the developing world. Colonial regions functioned primarily to supply imperial powers with raw materials and cheap labor – including slave labor as late as the mid-nineteenth century (Harris, 2000). Industrialization is an important target for the countries, however, there are some problems they face in this process inevitably. Environmental problem is one of them. Although it has some negative effects on environment, industrialization may not be abandoned. But it is obvious that some necessary measures should be taken for a sustainable development.(Ekinci, 2007) 694 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo Whilst earlier literature discussed a wide range of issues around the emerging concept of sustainable development, the following statement from the World Conservation Strategy (IUCN/WWF/UNEP, 1980) appears to be the first actual attempt to define sustainable development: "For development to be sustainable, it must take account of social and ecological factors, as well as economic ones; of the living and non-living resource base; and of the long-term as well as the short-term advantages and disadvantages of alternative action" The World Conservation Strategy was frequently criticised for being concerned mainly with ecological sustainability rather than sustainable development per se. The most universally quoted definition is that produced in 1987 by the World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED), otherwise known as the Brundtland Commission (after its Chairperson, Gro Harlem Brundtland, Prime Minister of Norway): "Economic and social development that meets the needs of the current generation without undermining the ability of future generations to meet their own needs". (Dalal-Clayton, 2000) In the extensive discussion and use of the concept since then, there has generally been a recognition of three aspects of sustainable development:(Harris, 2000) - Economic: An economically sustainable system must be able to produce goods and services on a continuing basis, to maintain manageable levels of government andexternal debt, and to avoid extreme sectoral imbalances which damage agricultural or industrial production. - Environmental: An environmentally sustainable system must maintain a stable resource base, avoiding over-exploitation of renewable resource systems or environmental sink functions, and depleting nonrenewable resources only to the extent that investment is made in adequate substitutes. This includes maintenance of biodiversity, atmospheric stability, and other ecosystem functions not ordinarily classed as economic resources. - Social: A socially sustainable system must achieve distributional equity, adequate provision of social services including health and education, gender equity, and political accountability and participation. With these aspects sustainable development has got some strategies. Sustainable development strategies can be summarized under 9 headings: (Özyol, 2007) - Environment: Nature has its own value. None of the creature should not abuse the nature for their own needs. - The Future: While satisfying our needs we should think and take care of next generations needs and we should not forget that we have to live a world where the next generations could be able to satisfy their own needs. - Living Standards: We should not forget that living standarts of the people is not rely on materialistic needs but also it relies on social, cultural, ethical and spiritual needs. - Justice: Prosperity, chances, rights and responsibilities should be divided in between the nations, different social groups in a fairway. The needs of the poor and discriminated people‘s needs has to be put in the consideration. Similar fair sharing should be made in between existing generation and future generation. - Cautions: If we are not sure about environmental results of our behaviors we should take precautions. Because the environmental problems are global the precautions has to be taken inconsideration of social responsibilities. - Holistic Thinking: Environmental problems includes unnumbered factors and while solving these problems all these factors and stake holders should be taken in to consideration. - Social Dimension: Educational activities should be informed about the sustainable development aspects to increase for their and next generation‘s living standards. - Economical Dimension: Every resources on earth is limited. That is why they should be used efficiently and in a way that does not destruct the nature. Fair distribution of the resources is also an other aspect should be taken in to consideration. - Environmental Dimension: Every natural resources, whether or not it is recyclable, should be used in a way that ensures the continuity of resources. Sustainable development is significant factor for economies. These strategies should considered in the economy. Textile sector has great place in the Turkish economy than we can give some information regarding textile sector in Turkey. Turkish Textile Sector Turkish textile and apparel industry is a very dynamic one, in fact it is the most dynamic industry in Turkey. Becouse of having the advantage of producing the raw materials required by the industry textiles and apparels are always going to be one of the most important industries for the Turkish economy (Akalın, 2001). As in many other 695 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo developing countries, the textile and clothing industries have played an important role in the process of industrialization of Turkey. Textile sectors are now the driving force in the Turkish export industry, and they have become one of the key players in the world over the years. (Çukul, 2008) We can evaluate Turkish economy in terms of GDP, employment and exports. The share of this sector in the country‘s GDP is more than 10 % , share in the total employment is around 10 %. There are about 40 thousand manufacturing companies and around 2 million employees in the sector. Turkish textile and clothing exports reached to US$ 20 billion in 2008. With this amount, it had a share of 22% in total exports of Turkey (ĠGĠAD, 2009) . Turkish textile industry uses modern technology. Existance of a well-developed textile finishing industry in Turkey makes also possible production and marketing of highly value added fashionable and quality production. The main items are knitted fabrics, cotton woven fabrics, woven fabrics of synthetic filament yarns, bed sheets and bagssacks for packaging. Main advanteges of Turkish textile industry in production and supply of raw materials: (ITKIP, 2010) - Reachness in basic raw materials, - Geographical proximity to main markets, especially European markets, - Short logistics period due to geographical proximity, - Qualified and well-educated labor force - Liberal trade policies - Well-developed textile finishing industry - Giving importance to quality, environment and human health, sensitivity on working conditions of workers - Customs Union agreement with the European Union and free trade agreements with many other countries Turkey as being one of the most prominent textile and clothing producers in the world, now, has the production capacity to meet almost all the raw material needs of clothing industry. Some part of cotton and artificial and synthetic fibers needed by the industry are met by means of importation. Turkey has also gained valuable experience in fabric design and it is started to present its special designs with fashion shows in prominent markets. Turkish textile industrialists most of whom has created their own trademark together with the patent rights, provide the most important foreign home textile and clothing companies with their fabric. (ITKIP, 2010) Turkey is currently the second larger exporter of textile to the European Union following China. It has the largest production capacity in the EU and the fourth largest in the world. Since the EU and U.S are major markets for Turkish textile and clothing products, it is necessary to explore the competitive position of Turkish products in these markets, and they have to be prepared to the attack of its competitor such as China, India and other Asian countries. There is no doubt that China will be the largest force in the global textile sector. According to a forecast by World Bank, China is likely to raise its current share of 20 % in the world textile market to 50 % in recent years. (Çukul, 2008) Many pattern design competitions that make important contributions to development of fabric design in Turkey are organized by different institutions leading to emergence of young designers and creation of product diversity. Turkey takes part in many famous international fairs in textile sector, international textile fairs were organized within Turkey and Turkey‘s potential is shown successfully all over the world. (ITKIP, 2010) Textile sector is significant for the Turkish economy. So doing a research for textile sector is necessary. We can evaluate the sector with performance, efficiency and effectiveness values. In this study it is practicing Data Envelopment Analyses (DEA) for finding efficiency rates. Data Envelopment Analysis DEA is an extension of Farrell's (1957) idea of linking the computation of technical efficiency with production frontiers. The first DEA model was developed by Charnes Cooper and Rhodes (1978) (CCR). The CCR model is a fractional programming model, which measures the relative technical efficiency of a firm by calculating the ratio of weighted sum of its outputs to the weighted sum of its inputs. The fractional program is run for each firm to determine the set of input-output weights, which maximizes the efficiency of that firm subject to the condition that no firm can have a relative efficiency score greater than unity for that set of weights. Thus, the DEA model calculates a unique set of factor weights for each firm. The set of weights has the following characteristics: (Kabnurkar, 2001) - It maximizes the efficiency of the firm for which it is calculated and - It is feasible for all firms. Since DEA does not incorporate price information in the efficiency measure, it is appropriate for not for profit organizations where price information is not available. These not for profit organizations are referred to as Decision-Making Units (DMUs) by Charnes Cooper and Rhodes (1978). Since the efficiency of each DMU is 696 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo calculated in relation to all other DMUs and using actual observed input-output values, the efficiency calculated in DEA is called relative efficiency. Charnes, Cooper and Seiford (1994) define DEA as "DEA produces a piecewise empirical extremal production surface which in economic terms represents the revealed best-practice production frontier – the maximum output empirically obtainable from any DMU in the observed population, given its level of inputs." In addition to calculating the efficiency scores, DEA also determines the level and amount of inefficiency for each of the inputs and outputs. The amount of inefficiency is determined by comparison with a convex combination of two or more DMUs, which lie on the efficient frontier, utilize the same level of inputs, and produce the same or higher level of outputs. The aim of DEA is to quantify the distance to the efficient frontier for every DMU. The measure of performance is expressed in the form of efficiency score. After the evaluation of the relative efficiency of the present set of units, the analysis shows how inputs and outputs have to be changed in order to maximize the efficiency of the target DMU. DEA suggest the bencmark for each inefficient DMU at the level of its individual mix of inputs and outputs (Mantri, 2008) DEA is a typical statistical approach and characterized as a central tendency approach. It evaluates producers relative to an average producer. In contrast DEA campares each producer with only the ―best‖ producers. A fundamental assumption behind this method is that if a given producer, A, is capable of producing Y(A) units of output with X(A) inputs, then other producers should also be able to do the same if they were to operate efficiently. Similarly, if producer B is capable of the same production schedule. Producers A, B, and others can then be combined to form a composite producer with composite inputs and composite outputs. Since this composite producer does not necessarily exist, it is typically called a virtual producer. The heart of the analysis lies in finding the ―best‖ virtual producer for each real producer. If the virtual producer is beter than the orginal producer by either making more output with the same input or making the same output with less input then the orginal producer is inefficient. The subtleties of DEA are introduced in the various ways that producers A and B can be scarld up or down and combined. (Cornuejols & Trick, 1998) In this study DEA practiced. Aims and methods of the research is as follows. Aims and Methods of Research In this study it is tried to be evaluated the textile sector firms financial efficiencies that are quoted to ISE. In the study DEA method is used. The aim of the study is to investigate financial efficiency and effectiveness of leading Turkish textile sector companies. Economical dimension of sustainable development includes fair distiribution of the resources, avoidance of unnecessary usage of resources and efficient usage of resources. Financial resources are also significant inputs of companies and they should be used efficiently. The steps while practicing DEA can be listed as follows; - Selection of decision making units, - Determination of inputs and output sets - Relative efficiency measurement by DEA o Availability and reliability of the data o Relative efficiency measurement o Efficiency degree-efficiency limits o Evaluation of the results In first step of the study decision making units are selected. For the study balance sheets and income statements that are belong to the firms gathered from the ISE. These data includes the time period in between 2004 and 2008. Decision making units which were the subject of the study is listed in Table 1. 697 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo BOSSA Bossa Ticaret ve Sanayi ĠĢletmeleri T.A.ġ. CEYLAN Ceylan Giyim Sanayi ve Ticaret A.ġ. LUKS Lüks Kadife Ticaret ve Sanayi A.ġ. OKAN Okan Tekstil Sanayi ve Ticaret A.ġ. DERĠMOD SASA Derimod Konfeksiyon Ayakkabı Deri Sanayi ve Advansa Sasa Polyester Sanayi A.ġ. Ticaret A.ġ. EDĠP Edip Ġplik Sanayi ve Ticaret A.ġ. ESEM Esem Spor Giyim Sanayi ve Ticaret A.ġ. KARTEKS Karsu Tekstil Sanayii ve Ticaret A.ġ. VAKKO Vakko Tekstil ve Hazır Giyim Sanayi ĠĢletmeleri A.ġ. YATAS YataĢ Yatak ve Yorgan Sanayi ve Ticaret A.ġ. YUNSA Yünsa Yünlü Sanayi ve Ticaret A.ġ. Table 1: Decision Making Units That Were The Subject of the Study Second step of the study was the determination of input and output sets. These are used for measurement of financial efficiency of textile firms. Input and Output sets which were the subjects of the study is listed in Table 2. INPUT Short-Term Dept Long-Term Dept OUTPUT Sales Revenues Non-Operating Income Capital Stock Table 2: Input and Output Data Sets Used in Research These set of input and output units are used to determine the financial efficiency of the textile sector firms. For this study textile sector inputs were determined as: Short Term Debts, Long Term Debts and Capital Stock. Where as the outputs were: Sales Revenues and Non Operating Income. Analysing the Model In this study, it is perefered to used the data gathered from textile firms that are belong to ISE, because of the availability and reliability of data. For the analysis DEAP Version 2.1 is used for processing mathematical data. Inputs of the textile sector are considered as manageable data. So in the analysis input focused method is used. Lack of free market conditions prevented the firms to identify the financial problems that causes difficulties in reaching optimum levels. That is why variable income scaled efficiency model is used for solution. In this search 5 different solutions are generated by linear programming. There are three different factors are used to describe the efficiency levels; Constant Income Technical Efficiency, Variable Income Technical Efficiency and Scale Efficiency. Here technical efficiency could be described as every input‘s impact on output. Whereas scale efficiency describes the aggregate impact of all inputs to compound outputs. Scale Efficiency is measured with dividing Constant Income Technical Efficiency by Variable Income Technical Efficiency. After processing the data, DEA efficiency results, from the year 2004 and 2008, belong to the decision making units are determined and listed on the Table 3 as below. 698 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 BOSSA 0,966 0,682 0,79 1 1 CEYLAN 0,408 1 1 1 1 DERĠMOD 1 1 1 1 0,863 EDĠP 0,859 0,9 0,325 0,245 0,045 ESEM 1 1 0,147 0,068 0,087 KARTEKS 0,613 0,752 0,658 0,818 0,640 LUKS 1 1 1 1 0,535 OKAN 1 1 1 1 0,774 SASA 0,939 0,862 1 0,912 0,660 VAKKO 1 1 1 1 1 YATAS 0,86 0,549 0,659 0,573 0,556 YUNSA 0,651 0,527 0,488 0,554 0,674 ORTALAMA 0,858 0,856 0,756 0,764 0,653 Table 3: Constant Income Technical Efficiency (2004-2008) There is a reduction in Constant Income Technical Efficiency in between 2004 and 2008. This reduction could be interpreted as Chinese factor in the international trade. Regarding to Turkish textile sector Variable Income Technical Efficiency values are as below. 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 BOSSA 1 1 1 1 1 CEYLAN 0,435 1 1 1 1 DERĠMOD 1 1 1 1 1 EDĠP 0,902 1 0,560 0,246 0,047 ESEM 1 1 0,153 0,087 0,129 KARTEKS 0,671 1 1 0,863 0,676 LUKS 1 1 1 1 0,553 OKAN 1 1 1 1 0,780 SASA 1 1 1 1 1 VAKKO 1 1 1 1 1 YATAS 1 1 1 1 0,791 YUNSA 1 1 1 1 1 ORTALAMA 0,917 1 0,893 0,850 0,748 Table 4: Variable Income Technical Efficiency (2004-2008) In terms of Variable Income Technical Efficiency there is a steady decrease in averages from 2006-2008. Large and famous firms like BOSSA, VAKKO, SASA, YÜNSA are still keeping their high stakes in the market. Regarding to Turkish textile sector Scale Efficiency values are as below. 699 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 BOSSA 0,966 0,682 0,79 1 1 CEYLAN 0,939 1 1 1 1 DERĠMOD 1 1 1 1 0,863 EDĠP 0,953 0,9 0,580 0,997 0,974 ESEM 1 1 0,960 0,778 0,675 KARTEKS 0,914 0,752 0,658 0,948 0,946 LUKS 1 1 1 1 0,967 OKAN 1 1 1 1 0,993 SASA 0,939 0,862 1 0,912 0,660 VAKKO 1 1 1 1 1 YATAS 0,86 0,549 0,659 0,573 0,703 YUNSA 0,651 0,527 0,488 0,554 0,674 ORTALAMA 0,935 0,856 0,845 0,897 0,871 Table 5: Scale Efficiency (2004-2008) As you can see from the Table 5. there is a steady decrease in the values of scale efficiencies in between 2004 and 2008. Internal and external results are also indicates that leading Turkish textile companies efficiencies are decreased. In addition to Chinese factor in textile sector, structural deficiencies in the Turkish textile sector, deficiencies in branding, financial problems and deficiencies in marketing would be other reasons for the reduction. Conclusion Textile sector plays a crucial role in the Turkish economy. Sector seriously affected from the several threads: Chinese factor which criticly reduced the competitiveness of the Turkish textile sector, domestic structural deficiencies in textile sector and reductions in domestic cotton production because of the market forces. Deficiencies in investment climate lead the textile investers to invest more competitive countries in terms of wages, input costs ( like electricity etc.) gradual weaknesses of the textile sector in Turkey is a serious problem. Because textile sector can be considered as engine of the economy. It used to provide considerable amount of employment, export revenue, value add, tax revenue. Result of the study clearly indicates that Turkish textile companies can not efficiently uses the financial resources they have. Government interventions would be as suggestion for more efficient sector for instance tax reductions, direct and indirect financial supports, lower currency policy and improvements in investing climate. References Akalın, M. (2001). Insight into The Turkish Textile and Apparel Industry, Electronic Journal of Textile. Volume: 1, No: 1, 5-6. Charnes, A., W.W. Cooper, and E. Rhodes. (1978). Measuring the eficiency of decision making units, European Journal of Operations Research: 429-444. Charnes, A., W.W. Cooper, A.Y. Lewin, and L.M. Seiford. (1994). Data Envelopment Analysis: Theory, Methodology, and Applications. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers., 221-222 Cornuejols G. & Trick M. (1998). Quantitative Methods for the Management Sciences, Graduate School of Industrial Administration Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA, 345-351 Çukul D. (2008). Competıtıve Aspects Of Turkısh And Chınese Textıle And Clothıng Industrıes, 8th Global Conference on Business & Economics, 1-9 700 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo Dalal-Clayton B. (2000). What Is Sustaınable Development ?, Strategies for National Sustainable Development 1-2, www.nssd.net/otherdocuments/sustdev2.doc Ekinci M.B. (2007). SanayileĢme Stratejileri Çerçevesinde Çevre Boyutlu Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma AnlayıĢına ĠliĢkin Değerlendirmeler, Sosyal Siyaset Konferansları Kitap 50, 979-981 Farrell, M.J. (1957). The Measurement of Productive Efficiency, Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, 254-290 Harris J.M. (2000). Basic Principles of Sustainable Development, Global Development And Envıronment Instıtute Workıng Paper 00-04, 1-6 ĠGĠAD (Ġktisadi Giriğim ve ĠĢ Ahlakı Derneği). (2009). Tekstil Sektörü Değerlendirme Raporu, 1-3 Kabnurkar A. (2001). Mathematıcal Modelıng For Data Envelopment Analysıs Wıth Fuzzy Restrıctıons On Weıghts, Thesis submitted to the faculty of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Science in Industrial and Systems Engineering, 31-34 ITKIP Ġstanbul Tekstil ve Konfeksiyon Ġhracatçılar www.itkib.org.tr/english/about/sectors/textile/textile_info.pdf Birliği. (2010). Turkish Textile Industry,1-8 Mantri J.K. (2008). Research Methodology on Data Envelopment Analysis DEA, Universal Publisher, Boca Raton, Florida USA, 15-16 Özyol A. (2007). Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma, Hydra Uluslar arası Proje DanıĢmanlık A.ġ. Yayını, 2-5 701 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 265 Title A name given to the resource Significance of Efficiency for Sustainable Development : A Practice of Data Envelopment Analysis on Textile Sector Author Author ÖZGÜR, Ersan Abstract A summary of the resource. Resources in the nature are limited and mankind has to use these resources economically or otherwise next generations might have difficulty in surviving. That is why today‘s decision makers has to be able to think and plan the futures resources for not to danger future‘s generations. In this perspective sustainable development policies can be considered as a solution for the next generation‘s wealth. Sustainable development policy requires a balance while consuming the natural resources. For sustainable development efficient uses of resources is essential. In this study we try to assess the efficiency of the Turkish textile sector companies, regarding to sustainable development. In this study Data Enveloping Analyses is practiced to the data gathered from Istanbul Stock Exchange (ISE) quoted textile companies. Results of the survey indicates that efficiency rates affected negatively from the Chinese factor, domestic structural deficiencies in textile sector and economic situation. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed HB Economic Theory https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/e53c7223c9edde4a9c869f6f001212b5.pdf a3a62afba0d0b17a66f5c59bd35d4e19 PDF Text Text 2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo Significance of Efficiency for Sustainable Development : A Practice of Data Envelopment Analysis on Textile Sector Ersan ÖZGÜR Assistant Prof. Dr.,Afyon Kocatepe University Sandıklı M.Y.O. ersanozgur@yahoo.com Abstract: Resources in the nature are limited and mankind has to use these resources economically or otherwise next generations might have difficulty in surviving. That is why today‘s decision makers has to be able to think and plan the futures resources for not to danger future‘s generations. In this perspective sustainable development policies can be considered as a solution for the next generation‘s wealth. Sustainable development policy requires a balance while consuming the natural resources. For sustainable development efficient uses of resources is essential. In this study we try to assess the efficiency of the Turkish textile sector companies, regarding to sustainable development. In this study Data Enveloping Analyses is practiced to the data gathered from Istanbul Stock Exchange (ISE) quoted textile companies. Results of the survey indicates that efficiency rates affected negatively from the Chinese factor, domestic structural deficiencies in textile sector and economic situation. Introduction Nowadays, industrialized countries have recognized that their economical growth has a limit. At this point they also recognized that even though there was an economic growth there are also limits for economic development. Developed countries, are taking procoutions against the risks in relation to sustainablility. However developing countries has not been recognized that the importance of the subject. On the other hand it can be assumed that there are limited activities in relation to the subject. Contries are trying to impliment new sustainable development strategies. This could be as a solution for to reach their targets. In this perspective Turkey as a developing country has to set up similar development strategies and plans. Sustainable development has a direct relationship with the development of reel sector. Textile sector is a high significant sector for Turkish economy. Turkish textile sector is dinamic and has a high potantial for the growth. Espacialy after 1980‘s with establishment of open economic policies exportation is increased and textile sector became the engine of the economy. Cotton production in Turkey has played a crucial role in the development of the economy. In consideration of globalization which increased the competition, assesment of effiency and effectiveness has became more important for the decision makers. Textile sector is contributing to the Turkish economy in terms of value add, employment and exportation. It is suggested that for sustainablity of textile sector performance measurement of efficiency and effectiveness of the sector has became more significant. Sustanable development, productivity and efficiency are related consepts. Productivity can be described as obtaining an output by using least input. Which means efficient uses of limited resouces. Performance can be considered as degree of success with in certain period of time. Managers can not /should not take desicions without having performance information. Hence it might be suggested that using performance measuring methods are significant for decision makers. One of the methods used for measuring performance is Data Enveloping Analyses. Sustainable Development The structures of imperial and colonial power which dominated the world in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries made little provision for economic and social advance in what we now call the developing world. Colonial regions functioned primarily to supply imperial powers with raw materials and cheap labor – including slave labor as late as the mid-nineteenth century (Harris, 2000). Industrialization is an important target for the countries, however, there are some problems they face in this process inevitably. Environmental problem is one of them. Although it has some negative effects on environment, industrialization may not be abandoned. But it is obvious that some necessary measures should be taken for a sustainable development.(Ekinci, 2007) 694 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo Whilst earlier literature discussed a wide range of issues around the emerging concept of sustainable development, the following statement from the World Conservation Strategy (IUCN/WWF/UNEP, 1980) appears to be the first actual attempt to define sustainable development: "For development to be sustainable, it must take account of social and ecological factors, as well as economic ones; of the living and non-living resource base; and of the long-term as well as the short-term advantages and disadvantages of alternative action" The World Conservation Strategy was frequently criticised for being concerned mainly with ecological sustainability rather than sustainable development per se. The most universally quoted definition is that produced in 1987 by the World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED), otherwise known as the Brundtland Commission (after its Chairperson, Gro Harlem Brundtland, Prime Minister of Norway): "Economic and social development that meets the needs of the current generation without undermining the ability of future generations to meet their own needs". (Dalal-Clayton, 2000) In the extensive discussion and use of the concept since then, there has generally been a recognition of three aspects of sustainable development:(Harris, 2000) - Economic: An economically sustainable system must be able to produce goods and services on a continuing basis, to maintain manageable levels of government andexternal debt, and to avoid extreme sectoral imbalances which damage agricultural or industrial production. - Environmental: An environmentally sustainable system must maintain a stable resource base, avoiding over-exploitation of renewable resource systems or environmental sink functions, and depleting nonrenewable resources only to the extent that investment is made in adequate substitutes. This includes maintenance of biodiversity, atmospheric stability, and other ecosystem functions not ordinarily classed as economic resources. - Social: A socially sustainable system must achieve distributional equity, adequate provision of social services including health and education, gender equity, and political accountability and participation. With these aspects sustainable development has got some strategies. Sustainable development strategies can be summarized under 9 headings: (Özyol, 2007) - Environment: Nature has its own value. None of the creature should not abuse the nature for their own needs. - The Future: While satisfying our needs we should think and take care of next generations needs and we should not forget that we have to live a world where the next generations could be able to satisfy their own needs. - Living Standards: We should not forget that living standarts of the people is not rely on materialistic needs but also it relies on social, cultural, ethical and spiritual needs. - Justice: Prosperity, chances, rights and responsibilities should be divided in between the nations, different social groups in a fairway. The needs of the poor and discriminated people‘s needs has to be put in the consideration. Similar fair sharing should be made in between existing generation and future generation. - Cautions: If we are not sure about environmental results of our behaviors we should take precautions. Because the environmental problems are global the precautions has to be taken inconsideration of social responsibilities. - Holistic Thinking: Environmental problems includes unnumbered factors and while solving these problems all these factors and stake holders should be taken in to consideration. - Social Dimension: Educational activities should be informed about the sustainable development aspects to increase for their and next generation‘s living standards. - Economical Dimension: Every resources on earth is limited. That is why they should be used efficiently and in a way that does not destruct the nature. Fair distribution of the resources is also an other aspect should be taken in to consideration. - Environmental Dimension: Every natural resources, whether or not it is recyclable, should be used in a way that ensures the continuity of resources. Sustainable development is significant factor for economies. These strategies should considered in the economy. Textile sector has great place in the Turkish economy than we can give some information regarding textile sector in Turkey. Turkish Textile Sector Turkish textile and apparel industry is a very dynamic one, in fact it is the most dynamic industry in Turkey. Becouse of having the advantage of producing the raw materials required by the industry textiles and apparels are always going to be one of the most important industries for the Turkish economy (Akalın, 2001). As in many other 695 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo developing countries, the textile and clothing industries have played an important role in the process of industrialization of Turkey. Textile sectors are now the driving force in the Turkish export industry, and they have become one of the key players in the world over the years. (Çukul, 2008) We can evaluate Turkish economy in terms of GDP, employment and exports. The share of this sector in the country‘s GDP is more than 10 % , share in the total employment is around 10 %. There are about 40 thousand manufacturing companies and around 2 million employees in the sector. Turkish textile and clothing exports reached to US$ 20 billion in 2008. With this amount, it had a share of 22% in total exports of Turkey (ĠGĠAD, 2009) . Turkish textile industry uses modern technology. Existance of a well-developed textile finishing industry in Turkey makes also possible production and marketing of highly value added fashionable and quality production. The main items are knitted fabrics, cotton woven fabrics, woven fabrics of synthetic filament yarns, bed sheets and bagssacks for packaging. Main advanteges of Turkish textile industry in production and supply of raw materials: (ITKIP, 2010) - Reachness in basic raw materials, - Geographical proximity to main markets, especially European markets, - Short logistics period due to geographical proximity, - Qualified and well-educated labor force - Liberal trade policies - Well-developed textile finishing industry - Giving importance to quality, environment and human health, sensitivity on working conditions of workers - Customs Union agreement with the European Union and free trade agreements with many other countries Turkey as being one of the most prominent textile and clothing producers in the world, now, has the production capacity to meet almost all the raw material needs of clothing industry. Some part of cotton and artificial and synthetic fibers needed by the industry are met by means of importation. Turkey has also gained valuable experience in fabric design and it is started to present its special designs with fashion shows in prominent markets. Turkish textile industrialists most of whom has created their own trademark together with the patent rights, provide the most important foreign home textile and clothing companies with their fabric. (ITKIP, 2010) Turkey is currently the second larger exporter of textile to the European Union following China. It has the largest production capacity in the EU and the fourth largest in the world. Since the EU and U.S are major markets for Turkish textile and clothing products, it is necessary to explore the competitive position of Turkish products in these markets, and they have to be prepared to the attack of its competitor such as China, India and other Asian countries. There is no doubt that China will be the largest force in the global textile sector. According to a forecast by World Bank, China is likely to raise its current share of 20 % in the world textile market to 50 % in recent years. (Çukul, 2008) Many pattern design competitions that make important contributions to development of fabric design in Turkey are organized by different institutions leading to emergence of young designers and creation of product diversity. Turkey takes part in many famous international fairs in textile sector, international textile fairs were organized within Turkey and Turkey‘s potential is shown successfully all over the world. (ITKIP, 2010) Textile sector is significant for the Turkish economy. So doing a research for textile sector is necessary. We can evaluate the sector with performance, efficiency and effectiveness values. In this study it is practicing Data Envelopment Analyses (DEA) for finding efficiency rates. Data Envelopment Analysis DEA is an extension of Farrell's (1957) idea of linking the computation of technical efficiency with production frontiers. The first DEA model was developed by Charnes Cooper and Rhodes (1978) (CCR). The CCR model is a fractional programming model, which measures the relative technical efficiency of a firm by calculating the ratio of weighted sum of its outputs to the weighted sum of its inputs. The fractional program is run for each firm to determine the set of input-output weights, which maximizes the efficiency of that firm subject to the condition that no firm can have a relative efficiency score greater than unity for that set of weights. Thus, the DEA model calculates a unique set of factor weights for each firm. The set of weights has the following characteristics: (Kabnurkar, 2001) - It maximizes the efficiency of the firm for which it is calculated and - It is feasible for all firms. Since DEA does not incorporate price information in the efficiency measure, it is appropriate for not for profit organizations where price information is not available. These not for profit organizations are referred to as Decision-Making Units (DMUs) by Charnes Cooper and Rhodes (1978). Since the efficiency of each DMU is 696 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo calculated in relation to all other DMUs and using actual observed input-output values, the efficiency calculated in DEA is called relative efficiency. Charnes, Cooper and Seiford (1994) define DEA as "DEA produces a piecewise empirical extremal production surface which in economic terms represents the revealed best-practice production frontier – the maximum output empirically obtainable from any DMU in the observed population, given its level of inputs." In addition to calculating the efficiency scores, DEA also determines the level and amount of inefficiency for each of the inputs and outputs. The amount of inefficiency is determined by comparison with a convex combination of two or more DMUs, which lie on the efficient frontier, utilize the same level of inputs, and produce the same or higher level of outputs. The aim of DEA is to quantify the distance to the efficient frontier for every DMU. The measure of performance is expressed in the form of efficiency score. After the evaluation of the relative efficiency of the present set of units, the analysis shows how inputs and outputs have to be changed in order to maximize the efficiency of the target DMU. DEA suggest the bencmark for each inefficient DMU at the level of its individual mix of inputs and outputs (Mantri, 2008) DEA is a typical statistical approach and characterized as a central tendency approach. It evaluates producers relative to an average producer. In contrast DEA campares each producer with only the ―best‖ producers. A fundamental assumption behind this method is that if a given producer, A, is capable of producing Y(A) units of output with X(A) inputs, then other producers should also be able to do the same if they were to operate efficiently. Similarly, if producer B is capable of the same production schedule. Producers A, B, and others can then be combined to form a composite producer with composite inputs and composite outputs. Since this composite producer does not necessarily exist, it is typically called a virtual producer. The heart of the analysis lies in finding the ―best‖ virtual producer for each real producer. If the virtual producer is beter than the orginal producer by either making more output with the same input or making the same output with less input then the orginal producer is inefficient. The subtleties of DEA are introduced in the various ways that producers A and B can be scarld up or down and combined. (Cornuejols & Trick, 1998) In this study DEA practiced. Aims and methods of the research is as follows. Aims and Methods of Research In this study it is tried to be evaluated the textile sector firms financial efficiencies that are quoted to ISE. In the study DEA method is used. The aim of the study is to investigate financial efficiency and effectiveness of leading Turkish textile sector companies. Economical dimension of sustainable development includes fair distiribution of the resources, avoidance of unnecessary usage of resources and efficient usage of resources. Financial resources are also significant inputs of companies and they should be used efficiently. The steps while practicing DEA can be listed as follows; - Selection of decision making units, - Determination of inputs and output sets - Relative efficiency measurement by DEA o Availability and reliability of the data o Relative efficiency measurement o Efficiency degree-efficiency limits o Evaluation of the results In first step of the study decision making units are selected. For the study balance sheets and income statements that are belong to the firms gathered from the ISE. These data includes the time period in between 2004 and 2008. Decision making units which were the subject of the study is listed in Table 1. 697 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo BOSSA Bossa Ticaret ve Sanayi ĠĢletmeleri T.A.ġ. CEYLAN Ceylan Giyim Sanayi ve Ticaret A.ġ. LUKS Lüks Kadife Ticaret ve Sanayi A.ġ. OKAN Okan Tekstil Sanayi ve Ticaret A.ġ. DERĠMOD SASA Derimod Konfeksiyon Ayakkabı Deri Sanayi ve Advansa Sasa Polyester Sanayi A.ġ. Ticaret A.ġ. EDĠP Edip Ġplik Sanayi ve Ticaret A.ġ. ESEM Esem Spor Giyim Sanayi ve Ticaret A.ġ. KARTEKS Karsu Tekstil Sanayii ve Ticaret A.ġ. VAKKO Vakko Tekstil ve Hazır Giyim Sanayi ĠĢletmeleri A.ġ. YATAS YataĢ Yatak ve Yorgan Sanayi ve Ticaret A.ġ. YUNSA Yünsa Yünlü Sanayi ve Ticaret A.ġ. Table 1: Decision Making Units That Were The Subject of the Study Second step of the study was the determination of input and output sets. These are used for measurement of financial efficiency of textile firms. Input and Output sets which were the subjects of the study is listed in Table 2. INPUT Short-Term Dept Long-Term Dept OUTPUT Sales Revenues Non-Operating Income Capital Stock Table 2: Input and Output Data Sets Used in Research These set of input and output units are used to determine the financial efficiency of the textile sector firms. For this study textile sector inputs were determined as: Short Term Debts, Long Term Debts and Capital Stock. Where as the outputs were: Sales Revenues and Non Operating Income. Analysing the Model In this study, it is perefered to used the data gathered from textile firms that are belong to ISE, because of the availability and reliability of data. For the analysis DEAP Version 2.1 is used for processing mathematical data. Inputs of the textile sector are considered as manageable data. So in the analysis input focused method is used. Lack of free market conditions prevented the firms to identify the financial problems that causes difficulties in reaching optimum levels. That is why variable income scaled efficiency model is used for solution. In this search 5 different solutions are generated by linear programming. There are three different factors are used to describe the efficiency levels; Constant Income Technical Efficiency, Variable Income Technical Efficiency and Scale Efficiency. Here technical efficiency could be described as every input‘s impact on output. Whereas scale efficiency describes the aggregate impact of all inputs to compound outputs. Scale Efficiency is measured with dividing Constant Income Technical Efficiency by Variable Income Technical Efficiency. After processing the data, DEA efficiency results, from the year 2004 and 2008, belong to the decision making units are determined and listed on the Table 3 as below. 698 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 BOSSA 0,966 0,682 0,79 1 1 CEYLAN 0,408 1 1 1 1 DERĠMOD 1 1 1 1 0,863 EDĠP 0,859 0,9 0,325 0,245 0,045 ESEM 1 1 0,147 0,068 0,087 KARTEKS 0,613 0,752 0,658 0,818 0,640 LUKS 1 1 1 1 0,535 OKAN 1 1 1 1 0,774 SASA 0,939 0,862 1 0,912 0,660 VAKKO 1 1 1 1 1 YATAS 0,86 0,549 0,659 0,573 0,556 YUNSA 0,651 0,527 0,488 0,554 0,674 ORTALAMA 0,858 0,856 0,756 0,764 0,653 Table 3: Constant Income Technical Efficiency (2004-2008) There is a reduction in Constant Income Technical Efficiency in between 2004 and 2008. This reduction could be interpreted as Chinese factor in the international trade. Regarding to Turkish textile sector Variable Income Technical Efficiency values are as below. 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 BOSSA 1 1 1 1 1 CEYLAN 0,435 1 1 1 1 DERĠMOD 1 1 1 1 1 EDĠP 0,902 1 0,560 0,246 0,047 ESEM 1 1 0,153 0,087 0,129 KARTEKS 0,671 1 1 0,863 0,676 LUKS 1 1 1 1 0,553 OKAN 1 1 1 1 0,780 SASA 1 1 1 1 1 VAKKO 1 1 1 1 1 YATAS 1 1 1 1 0,791 YUNSA 1 1 1 1 1 ORTALAMA 0,917 1 0,893 0,850 0,748 Table 4: Variable Income Technical Efficiency (2004-2008) In terms of Variable Income Technical Efficiency there is a steady decrease in averages from 2006-2008. Large and famous firms like BOSSA, VAKKO, SASA, YÜNSA are still keeping their high stakes in the market. Regarding to Turkish textile sector Scale Efficiency values are as below. 699 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 BOSSA 0,966 0,682 0,79 1 1 CEYLAN 0,939 1 1 1 1 DERĠMOD 1 1 1 1 0,863 EDĠP 0,953 0,9 0,580 0,997 0,974 ESEM 1 1 0,960 0,778 0,675 KARTEKS 0,914 0,752 0,658 0,948 0,946 LUKS 1 1 1 1 0,967 OKAN 1 1 1 1 0,993 SASA 0,939 0,862 1 0,912 0,660 VAKKO 1 1 1 1 1 YATAS 0,86 0,549 0,659 0,573 0,703 YUNSA 0,651 0,527 0,488 0,554 0,674 ORTALAMA 0,935 0,856 0,845 0,897 0,871 Table 5: Scale Efficiency (2004-2008) As you can see from the Table 5. there is a steady decrease in the values of scale efficiencies in between 2004 and 2008. Internal and external results are also indicates that leading Turkish textile companies efficiencies are decreased. In addition to Chinese factor in textile sector, structural deficiencies in the Turkish textile sector, deficiencies in branding, financial problems and deficiencies in marketing would be other reasons for the reduction. Conclusion Textile sector plays a crucial role in the Turkish economy. Sector seriously affected from the several threads: Chinese factor which criticly reduced the competitiveness of the Turkish textile sector, domestic structural deficiencies in textile sector and reductions in domestic cotton production because of the market forces. Deficiencies in investment climate lead the textile investers to invest more competitive countries in terms of wages, input costs ( like electricity etc.) gradual weaknesses of the textile sector in Turkey is a serious problem. Because textile sector can be considered as engine of the economy. It used to provide considerable amount of employment, export revenue, value add, tax revenue. Result of the study clearly indicates that Turkish textile companies can not efficiently uses the financial resources they have. Government interventions would be as suggestion for more efficient sector for instance tax reductions, direct and indirect financial supports, lower currency policy and improvements in investing climate. References Akalın, M. (2001). Insight into The Turkish Textile and Apparel Industry, Electronic Journal of Textile. Volume: 1, No: 1, 5-6. Charnes, A., W.W. Cooper, and E. Rhodes. (1978). Measuring the eficiency of decision making units, European Journal of Operations Research: 429-444. Charnes, A., W.W. Cooper, A.Y. Lewin, and L.M. Seiford. (1994). Data Envelopment Analysis: Theory, Methodology, and Applications. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers., 221-222 Cornuejols G. & Trick M. (1998). Quantitative Methods for the Management Sciences, Graduate School of Industrial Administration Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA, 345-351 Çukul D. (2008). Competıtıve Aspects Of Turkısh And Chınese Textıle And Clothıng Industrıes, 8th Global Conference on Business & Economics, 1-9 700 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo Dalal-Clayton B. (2000). What Is Sustaınable Development ?, Strategies for National Sustainable Development 1-2, www.nssd.net/otherdocuments/sustdev2.doc Ekinci M.B. (2007). SanayileĢme Stratejileri Çerçevesinde Çevre Boyutlu Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma AnlayıĢına ĠliĢkin Değerlendirmeler, Sosyal Siyaset Konferansları Kitap 50, 979-981 Farrell, M.J. (1957). The Measurement of Productive Efficiency, Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, 254-290 Harris J.M. (2000). Basic Principles of Sustainable Development, Global Development And Envıronment Instıtute Workıng Paper 00-04, 1-6 ĠGĠAD (Ġktisadi Giriğim ve ĠĢ Ahlakı Derneği). (2009). Tekstil Sektörü Değerlendirme Raporu, 1-3 Kabnurkar A. (2001). Mathematıcal Modelıng For Data Envelopment Analysıs Wıth Fuzzy Restrıctıons On Weıghts, Thesis submitted to the faculty of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Science in Industrial and Systems Engineering, 31-34 ITKIP Ġstanbul Tekstil ve Konfeksiyon Ġhracatçılar www.itkib.org.tr/english/about/sectors/textile/textile_info.pdf Birliği. (2010). Turkish Textile Industry,1-8 Mantri J.K. (2008). Research Methodology on Data Envelopment Analysis DEA, Universal Publisher, Boca Raton, Florida USA, 15-16 Özyol A. (2007). Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma, Hydra Uluslar arası Proje DanıĢmanlık A.ġ. Yayını, 2-5 701 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 310 Title A name given to the resource Significance of Efficiency for Sustainable Development : A Practice of Data Envelopment Analysis on Textile Sector Author Author ÖZGÜR, Ersan Abstract A summary of the resource. Resources in the nature are limited and mankind has to use these resources economically or otherwise next generations might have difficulty in surviving. That is why today‘s decision makers has to be able to think and plan the futures resources for not to danger future‘s generations. In this perspective sustainable development policies can be considered as a solution for the next generation‘s wealth. Sustainable development policy requires a balance while consuming the natural resources. For sustainable development efficient uses of resources is essential. In this study we try to assess the efficiency of the Turkish textile sector companies, regarding to sustainable development. In this study Data Enveloping Analyses is practiced to the data gathered from Istanbul Stock Exchange (ISE) quoted textile companies. Results of the survey indicates that efficiency rates affected negatively from the Chinese factor, domestic structural deficiencies in textile sector and economic situation. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed HB Economic Theory