307 10 3494 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/7e09baab246674546064ef74747f6f18.docx 1d1677fd17bf05731d2e3aa9734e6569 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/b40648bf922147572a7772909a4f1ecd.pdf 6cd73030db9950723fbf21bb8f81f852 PDF Text Text The Role of School Management in Human Resources Management Farzeta Gutić University of Travnik Bosnia and Herzegovina farzetagutic71@gmail.com Hanifa Obralić University of Travnik Bosnia and Herzegovina obralich@hotmail.com Abstract: Quality education in all studies, in numerous international conferences is recognized as the only response to the new complex challenges of the twenty-first century. The purpose of the reform is to modernize education at all levels of the education system, their mutual alignment with internationally recognized standards and labor market needs. The focus of attention is the modernization of the curriculum, assessment and certification of students and teachers, with the proper equipment for schools. In addition it is necessary to improve the quality of management education, to ensure the management, control and organization of schools in a modern, democratic and inclusive manner. Management theory and practice as well, capturing the attention of both the scientific and professional community. At the present time, management is defined as the systematic way of directing individuals, groups, activities and operations with the aim of achieving organizational goals with the resources that the organization has at its disposal. Modern managers (executives) are performing tasks through routing (control) operations and the organization, people and operations within the framework of products and services. The most important issues related to management, refer to the social relationships that due to the nature of the pedagogical process, significantly impacting the educational results. When we talk about leadership, the dominant professional problems are related to the elements of communication among personnel in the school, the way we motivate staff for the successful achievement of the objectives, the styles that apply to the conduct of employees, conflict and resolution, teamwork and cooperation, working climate and other. Keywords: Governance, management, human resources, education, school 168 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2648 Title A name given to the resource The Role of School Management in Human Resources Management Author Author GUTIĆ, Farzeta OBRALIĆ, Hanifa Abstract A summary of the resource. Quality education in all studies, in numerous international conferences is recognized as the only response to the new complex challenges of the twenty-first century. The purpose of the reform is to modernize education at all levels of the education system, their mutual alignment with internationally recognized standards and labor market needs. The focus of attention is the modernization of the curriculum, assessment and certification of students and teachers, with the proper equipment for schools. In addition it is necessary to improve the quality of management education, to ensure the management, control and organization of schools in a modern, democratic and inclusive manner. Management theory and practice as well, capturing the attention of both the scientific and professional community. At the present time, management is defined as the systematic way of directing individuals, groups, activities and operations with the aim of achieving organizational goals with the resources that the organization has at its disposal. Modern managers (executives) are performing tasks through routing (control) operations and the organization, people and operations within the framework of products and services. The most important issues related to management, refer to the social relationships that due to the nature of the pedagogical process, significantly impacting the educational results. When we talk about leadership, the dominant professional problems are related to the elements of communication among personnel in the school, the way we motivate staff for the successful achievement of the objectives, the styles that apply to the conduct of employees, conflict and resolution, teamwork and cooperation, working climate and other. Keywords: Governance, management, human resources, education, school Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014-04 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-4564 H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/657c51c6b30e605171fa6a9cd71bdfdf.docx 48b8263b4736e05611d6c84fad2c1f12 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/420c4468ecc563f923616fa28442bf91.pdf d167208c4d6d97f89e2d572ebab43797 PDF Text Text The Role of Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises for Regional Development: the Case of Gaziantep HasanMemiş Kilis 7 Aralık University Turkey hasanmemis@kilis.edu.tr SadettinPaksoy Kilis 7 Aralık University Turkey spaksoy@kilis.edu.tr HüseyinÇelik KahramanmaraşSütçü İmam University Turkey huseyincelik@kilis.edu.tr Abstract: All of the countries whether developed or developing have the problem of regional imbalance. Landforms and distribution of national resources vary in terms of regions. Establishing infrastructures which provide an assessment of industrial potential is difficult in the regions where geographical conditions are not appropriate. Thus, investments head towards areas where infrastructures are ready. Therefore, the inter-regional imbalances arise. One of the most important functions of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) is its contribution to regional development. Unlike large-scale enterprises which are usually located around major cities, these businesses are located in all geographical areas of a country. Therefore, they contribute to a balanced allocation of economic activities between the country's regions. On the other hand, due to their labor-intensive structure, they provide increasing regional employment. In this study, we aimed to introduce the role of SMEs for regional development by using secondary data. First of all we will explain the definition and importance of regional development on the one hand, and the definition and importance of SMEs on the other hand. After that, we determine the situation and importance of Gaziantep in Turkey’s economy, the course of SMEs in Gaziantep, the development of SMEs’ export in Gaziantep and the contribution of SMEs to employment in Gaziantep. We will use tables to reveal them. Afterward, we will try to demonstrate the role of SMEs for regional development. Keywords: Development, Regional Development, Gaziantep, Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs). 81 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2517 Title A name given to the resource The Role of Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises for Regional Development: the Case of Gaziantep Author Author MEMIŞ, Hasan PAKSOY, Sadettin ÇELIK, Hüseyin Abstract A summary of the resource. All of the countries whether developed or developing have the problem of regional imbalance. Landforms and distribution of national resources vary in terms of regions. Establishing infrastructures which provide an assessment of industrial potential is difficult in the regions where geographical conditions are not appropriate. Thus, investments head towards areas where infrastructures are ready. Therefore, the inter-regional imbalances arise. One of the most important functions of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) is its contribution to regional development. Unlike large-scale enterprises which are usually located around major cities, these businesses are located in all geographical areas of a country. Therefore, they contribute to a balanced allocation of economic activities between the country's regions. On the other hand, due to their labor-intensive structure, they provide increasing regional employment. In this study, we aimed to introduce the role of SMEs for regional development by using secondary data. First of all we will explain the definition and importance of regional development on the one hand, and the definition and importance of SMEs on the other hand. After that, we determine the situation and importance of Gaziantep in Turkey’s economy, the course of SMEs in Gaziantep, the development of SMEs’ export in Gaziantep and the contribution of SMEs to employment in Gaziantep. We will use tables to reveal them. Afterward, we will try to demonstrate the role of SMEs for regional development. Keywords: Development, Regional Development, Gaziantep, Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs). Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014-04-24 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-4564 H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/9d57a62e1ca21843759e01b9d6171577.docx f76782a2bd92f3a5d4d8dc7e5be40e6f https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/d56d567f7d9255f04fa7b5d23a9216e0.pdf 734237695cb8078ea52294bc93797188 PDF Text Text The Role of Social Media on Corporate Reputation in the Smartphone Market: A Student Perspective HilalAsil Fatih University Turkey hilalasil@fatih.edu.tr DeryaOkumuş Fatih University Turkey okumusderya@gmail.com Yasemin Torun Marmara University Turkey yasemintorun34@gmail.com Abstract:Shamma (2012) noted that “Corporate reputation is more important than ever”. The highly turbulent business environment aroused different stakeholder groups’ expectations leading to pressure that contributed to the generation of a behavior focusing on examining and managing a company’s reputation. There is an increasing belief among companies in corporate reputation which is an intangible asset. However, this is not only dependent upon the managerial efforts within the newly developing world of social media. As Jones (2009) emphasized in blogs, social Networks, wikis, podcasts, mail groups, news groups, forums and chat rooms, the corporate reputation can easily be either enhanced or permanently damaged. Although management researchers have more interest in social media, there are no sufficient empirical researches that reveal the relationship between social media and corporate reputation. Smartphone which is not much addressed in the literature is one of the fastest growing and developing industries. Because of the target audience of smart phone producer's and sellers are the young people who are at the sometime follow social media and technological advances more closely, university students have been selected as a sample. The aim of this study is to examine the impact of social media on corporate reputation and how this is perceived by the university students. In the study, after reviews the literature of corporate reputation and social media a survey is set out to analyze how the university students who are smart phone users have perceived the relationship between corporate reputation and social media. Two leading companies in smart phone market and the impacts of their social media activities on corporate reputation are examined comparatively. It is empirical evidence that the company which is using social media more actively and effectively has a high perception of corporate reputation. This result indicates the significance of the use of social media to manage the corporate reputation which is regarded as most invaluable asset for the company. The finding might hopefully fill the gap in the literature and prepare the ground for further future research in the field. Keywords: Corporate Reputation, Social Media, Smart phones. 192 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2565 Title A name given to the resource The Role of Social Media on Corporate Reputation in the Smartphone Market: A Student Perspective Author Author Hilal, ASIL Derya, OKUMUŞ Yasemin, TORUN Abstract A summary of the resource. Shamma (2012) noted that “Corporate reputation is more important than ever”. The highly turbulent business environment aroused different stakeholder groups’ expectations leading to pressure that contributed to the generation of a behavior focusing on examining and managing a company’s reputation. There is an increasing belief among companies in corporate reputation which is an intangible asset. However, this is not only dependent upon the managerial efforts within the newly developing world of social media. As Jones (2009) emphasized in blogs, social Networks, wikis, podcasts, mail groups, news groups, forums and chat rooms, the corporate reputation can easily be either enhanced or permanently damaged. Although management researchers have more interest in social media, there are no sufficient empirical researches that reveal the relationship between social media and corporate reputation. Smartphone which is not much addressed in the literature is one of the fastest growing and developing industries. Because of the target audience of smart phone producer's and sellers are the young people who are at the sometime follow social media and technological advances more closely, university students have been selected as a sample. The aim of this study is to examine the impact of social media on corporate reputation and how this is perceived by the university students. In the study, after reviews the literature of corporate reputation and social media a survey is set out to analyze how the university students who are smart phone users have perceived the relationship between corporate reputation and social media. Two leading companies in smart phone market and the impacts of their social media activities on corporate reputation are examined comparatively. It is empirical evidence that the company which is using social media more actively and effectively has a high perception of corporate reputation. This result indicates the significance of the use of social media to manage the corporate reputation which is regarded as most invaluable asset for the company. The finding might hopefully fill the gap in the literature and prepare the ground for further future research in the field. Keywords: Corporate Reputation, Social Media, Smart phones. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014-04-24 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-4564 H Social Sciences (General) Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2567 Title A name given to the resource The Role of Social Media on Corporate Reputation in the Smartphone Market: A Student Perspective Author Author Hilal, ASIL Derya, OKUMUŞ Yasemin, TORUN Abstract A summary of the resource. Shamma (2012) noted that “Corporate reputation is more important than ever”. The highly turbulent business environment aroused different stakeholder groups’ expectations leading to pressure that contributed to the generation of a behavior focusing on examining and managing a company’s reputation. There is an increasing belief among companies in corporate reputation which is an intangible asset. However, this is not only dependent upon the managerial efforts within the newly developing world of social media. As Jones (2009) emphasized in blogs, social Networks, wikis, podcasts, mail groups, news groups, forums and chat rooms, the corporate reputation can easily be either enhanced or permanently damaged. Although management researchers have more interest in social media, there are no sufficient empirical researches that reveal the relationship between social media and corporate reputation. Smartphone which is not much addressed in the literature is one of the fastest growing and developing industries. Because of the target audience of smart phone producer's and sellers are the young people who are at the sometime follow social media and technological advances more closely, university students have been selected as a sample. The aim of this study is to examine the impact of social media on corporate reputation and how this is perceived by the university students. In the study, after reviews the literature of corporate reputation and social media a survey is set out to analyze how the university students who are smart phone users have perceived the relationship between corporate reputation and social media. Two leading companies in smart phone market and the impacts of their social media activities on corporate reputation are examined comparatively. It is empirical evidence that the company which is using social media more actively and effectively has a high perception of corporate reputation. This result indicates the significance of the use of social media to manage the corporate reputation which is regarded as most invaluable asset for the company. The finding might hopefully fill the gap in the literature and prepare the ground for further future research in the field. Keywords: Corporate Reputation, Social Media, Smart phones. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014-04-24 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-4564 H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/394147bf6ec002045800d4a6601a9da5.docx 752bb6da300344e31644ca3055d7ba86 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/7fb511b96b9e05a3651f4d7de0cc379b.pdf 15a75bfbc04fe54bd2a063fcb0ac1128 PDF Text Text The Role of Students' Presentations in Foreign Language Teaching Marija Miščančuk Međimurje University of Applied Sciences in Čakovec/ Čakovec, Croatia Key words: presentation, foreign language, interculturality, tolerance ABSTRACT Student's presentation plays a multiple role in teaching foreign languages at an institution of higher education, since the presentation itself includes several competencies students have to show if they want it to be successful. First of all, the theme should be created and presented in a foreign language, which includes all language competencies, starting with the vocabulary specific for a certain topic, grammar structures and spelling in the first stage of preparing the presentation. Another important component is a theme of the presentation which is always a topic related to culture and civilisation of English-speaking countries, with the aim of gaining knowledge of their culture, history, geography, art, noting the similarities and differences compared to their own country, acceptance of the customs and tradition of different nationalities, with the aim of developing mutual tolerance and formation of a young person for the intercultural society of the future. Furthermore, the knowledge on how to make and structure the presentation slides is also required, and everything should be done in a way attractive for the audience, in this specific case it is the fellow students to whom the topic is presented. The final step in the whole process is student's verbal presentation in a foreign languge, which will finally consolidate all previous steps and requires loud oral articulation of words and sentences in a foreign language. Whereas on the one hand there is a presenter, on the other hand there is audience, i.e. students who listen to the presentation and actively participate in it by not only listening but also asking questions and final peer evaluation of the topic presented. The fact that the evaluation of the presentation contributes to the final grade also shows how important such a teaching method is. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1896 Title A name given to the resource The Role of Students' Presentations in Foreign Language Teaching Author Author MISCANCUK, Marija Abstract A summary of the resource. Key words: presentation, foreign language, interculturality, tolerance ABSTRACT Student's presentation plays a multiple role in teaching foreign languages at an institution of higher education, since the presentation itself includes several competencies students have to show if they want it to be successful. First of all, the theme should be created and presented in a foreign language, which includes all language competencies, starting with the vocabulary specific for a certain topic, grammar structures and spelling in the first stage of preparing the presentation. Another important component is a theme of the presentation which is always a topic related to culture and civilisation of English-speaking countries, with the aim of gaining knowledge of their culture, history, geography, art, noting the similarities and differences compared to their own country, acceptance of the customs and tradition of different nationalities, with the aim of developing mutual tolerance and formation of a young person for the intercultural society of the future. Furthermore, the knowledge on how to make and structure the presentation slides is also required, and everything should be done in a way attractive for the audience, in this specific case it is the fellow students to whom the topic is presented. The final step in the whole process is student's verbal presentation in a foreign languge, which will finally consolidate all previous steps and requires loud oral articulation of words and sentences in a foreign language. Whereas on the one hand there is a presenter, on the other hand there is audience, i.e. students who listen to the presentation and actively participate in it by not only listening but also asking questions and final peer evaluation of the topic presented. The fact that the evaluation of the presentation contributes to the final grade also shows how important such a teaching method is. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available IBU Publishing Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-03 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/dbeacc45615a6aa9a1d97be3e878ffd3.docx 7d10d8712aada3e11f775b391aedbfbf https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/fb911f042127cf6585e93f21b8f63718.pdf 34d28c080624a19026a41a20a7ee43b4 PDF Text Text The Role of Texual Input Enhancement in the Second Language Acquisition of English Passive Voice Hoda Bakori University Of Leeds/ Leeds, England Key words: Texual Input Enhancement, Explicit,the second language acquisition, English passive voice ABSTRACT The question of whether or not grammar should be taught has been determinedly debated in the fields of language pedagogy and second language acquisition. Some scholars (e.g. Ellis, 2003) are against form-oriented language instructions such as the Grammar Translation Method, because they state that grammar is acquired naturally if students are exposed to the sufficient input so there is no need to be taught. Others (e.g. White, 1987) have an opposing opinion, focusing on the inclusion of formal grammar teaching. They argue that instruction is necessary, as some grammatical features cannot be acquired naturally. Taking into consideration that both techniques aim to present the input in such way that learners’ attention is drawn to the target feature, the research conducted here focuses on how textual input enhancement affected the acquisition of the passive construction in English in the long term that compares traditional ‘form-focused’ instruction. Sharwood Smith (1991:118) defines input enhancement as ‘the process by which language input becomes salient to the learner.’ Ninety Libyan students from one Libyan university participated in the study, were randomly assigned to one of three different conditions; enhancement, explicit and control groups. Participants in the enhancement group received enhanced reading passages in English with all passive forms highlighted; participants in the explicit group received explicit teaching and participants in the control group received no enhanced reading texts or instructions. An analysis of the participants’ responses revealed that participants in the explicit group show better knowledge of English passive than the enhancement and control groups. However, they were unable to show further improvement in the delayed post-test (long term) as the enhancement group did. The results of this study showed that textual input enhancement proven to be more effective in the long term than explicit and no instruction conditions. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1804 Title A name given to the resource The Role of Texual Input Enhancement in the Second Language Acquisition of English Passive Voice Author Author BAKORI, Hoda Abstract A summary of the resource. Key words: Texual Input Enhancement, Explicit,the second language acquisition, English passive voice ABSTRACT The question of whether or not grammar should be taught has been determinedly debated in the fields of language pedagogy and second language acquisition. Some scholars (e.g. Ellis, 2003) are against form-oriented language instructions such as the Grammar Translation Method, because they state that grammar is acquired naturally if students are exposed to the sufficient input so there is no need to be taught. Others (e.g. White, 1987) have an opposing opinion, focusing on the inclusion of formal grammar teaching. They argue that instruction is necessary, as some grammatical features cannot be acquired naturally. Taking into consideration that both techniques aim to present the input in such way that learners’ attention is drawn to the target feature, the research conducted here focuses on how textual input enhancement affected the acquisition of the passive construction in English in the long term that compares traditional ‘form-focused’ instruction. Sharwood Smith (1991:118) defines input enhancement as ‘the process by which language input becomes salient to the learner.’ Ninety Libyan students from one Libyan university participated in the study, were randomly assigned to one of three different conditions; enhancement, explicit and control groups. Participants in the enhancement group received enhanced reading passages in English with all passive forms highlighted; participants in the explicit group received explicit teaching and participants in the control group received no enhanced reading texts or instructions. An analysis of the participants’ responses revealed that participants in the explicit group show better knowledge of English passive than the enhancement and control groups. However, they were unable to show further improvement in the delayed post-test (long term) as the enhancement group did. The results of this study showed that textual input enhancement proven to be more effective in the long term than explicit and no instruction conditions. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available IBU Publishing Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-03 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 882 Title A name given to the resource The Role of the Nonlinguistic Knowledge of Preschoolers in Their Mental Categorization of Antonyms in Croatian Language Author Author Vignjevic , Jelena Kovacevic, Maja Abstract A summary of the resource. Language education of preschool children in Croatian kindergartens often involves lexical-semantic tasks. In the analyzing of the knowledge of paradigmatic lexical relations in preschool children, their knowledge about the world is an essential factor. This work, pulls away from the traditional theoretical approach based only on linguistic knowledge, and the acquisition of antonyms in preschool language development reflects on the foundations of cognitive-functional theory of language. In the absence of metalinguistic and metalexical knowledge, children's derivation of antonyms depends on nonlinguistic experience, on the knowledge about the world. The tasks in the generation of antonyms conducted among children in Zagreb kindergartens show that differences in success in the production of antonyms are attributable to the children's cognitive characteristics, to the familiarity of the words involved, to the familiarity on the tasks, and to nonlinguistic experience of children. Conclusions presented in this paper illuminates acquisition of metalexical and lexical knowledge of the Croatian language in preschool children. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed P Philology. Linguistics https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/c112b829da7109c671f699fe3701d15b.pdf db70607673c628b75c89c8f28e1aeff0 PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo REFERENCES Aktas, A., Cevirgen, A, and Toker, B. (2009), “Assessing Holiday Satisfaction of German and Russian Tourists Visiting Alanya”, Tourism and Hospitality Management 15 (1): 1-12. Baloglu, S., McClearly K. (1999), “Model of Destination Image Formation” Annals of Tourism Research, Vol. 26, No. 4, pp. 868-897. Cakici, A. C. and Aksu, M. (2007). “Investigating Group Influence on Destination Choice: a Study on Domestic Visitors” (In Turkish), Anatolia: Journal of Tourism Research, 18(2), pp.183194. Directorate of Antalya Culture and Tourism (2009) Retrieved from http://www.kultur.gov.tr/ on March 23, 2011. Doğan, H., Barutçu, S., Üngüren, E. (2010) “Russian and German Tourist Potential and Satisfaction in Sustainable Competitive Advantage of Alanya Destination”, 6th International Strategic Management Conference, Proceeding, July 8-10, St-Petersburg, Russian Federation, 997-1006. Economics Report of Alanya Chamber of Commerce and Industry (2008) Retrieved from http://www.altso.org.tr on March 23, 2011 Guzel, F.O. (2007). “The Role Of Professional Tourist Guides On Developing The Image Of Turkey (A Study On German Tourists)”, Master Thesis, (In Turkish), Tourism Management and Hotel Hospitality Department, Balıkesir. Ilban, M.O. (2007). “Brand Image In Destination Marketing And Study On Travel Agents”, Ph.D. Thesis (In Turkish), Tourism and Hotel Management Department, Balıkesir. The Role Of Tourism In Regional Development Oğuztürk Bekir Sami1, Şeker Hilal2, Ertan Adnan1 1Suleyman Demirel University, Faculty of Economic and Administrative Sciences 2Vocational School of Amasya University. E-mails: bekiroguzturk@sdu.edu.tr ,hilalyanik05hotmail.com ,adnanertan@sdu.edu.tr Abstract Along with the acceleration of the globalization phenomenon, the level of development among the countries has been showing substantial differences. Developed countries have performed their development levels because they have a number of economic advantages and they have slightly minimized the imbalance between the regions. One of the most important problems of developing countries involves the development and underdevelopment. One of the ways to cope with this problem is to identify the priority sector for development of these countries. Performing the 119 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo development in developing countries is merely possible by evaluating the potential of their tourist supply. The tourism sector plays significant role on regional development and the efficient use of local tourism resources. In this respect, the purpose of the research is to investigate the role of tourism along with development policies to resolve interregional imbalance. Therefore, it is intended to figure out the importance of tourism in regional development and focused regional development instruments. As a result, it is aimed to examine the role of tourism in developing regions on their development processes. Keywords: Regional development, Tourism, Alternative Tourism 1.THE ROLE OF TOURISM IN REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT 1.1. The Concept of Region Content and definition of the concept of region which is a multi-dimensional, ambiguous concept, originated from the Latin word “regio” and its boundaries are very difficult to draw, vary from period to period. The concept of region which has begun to be used with the defining of areas which have similar soil properties, climatic conditions and topography with specific names by farmers, is generally used to specify the differences of a piece of land from the others. There is not a common definition of the concept of region on which there is a consensus. The properties of a region differ from others may take their source from its geographical, economic, social and physical structure. For this reasons, various criteria are used in the classification of regions. The inclusion of legal, sociological, demographic, political and environmental disciplines in the analyses enhances the confusion on the concept (Gündüz, 2006:2). The dimension of space that is defined with the word of region, may differ by the used context (for example: planning) as may differ by economic, social, cultural aspects. From the economic point of view, it’s obvious that the region as a unit of planning and analysis corresponds to neither an area wider than a country’s area nor narrower than a city’s area (Şen, 2004:4; Ildırar, 2004:9). Region is defined as a unit which is existed by the spatial integrity of sidled local units and enclosed by the lands of a state and the boundaries of which are drawn under the control of a state in the national approach. Anyhow it is defined as a unit that directly come open to international relations and a unit of which boundaries are changeable. In generally, a part of a spatial integral which is homogeneous in point of specific properties is described as a region. 2. Interregional Differences and Regional Development All regions of a country do not begin to develop simultaneously. Some regions show faster development than others for that reason, differences of development level exist. All countries have differences of development level in its regions. Differences of development among regions are more in developing countries than developed countries. 120 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Regional disparities cause notable social problems. Main causes of regional disparities are as follows (Şen, 2004:7): Geographical factors: Location, climatic properties, natural resources, arability of a region are the properties that effect regional development. These properties are not dispersed equally between regions and they are not used rational. Economic factors: Macroeconomic instabilities and inhibition of mobility of the workforce are the economic factors cause regional disparities. The dispersion of production factors influences company decisions for choosing their locations of establishment. Social and cultural differences: Production of a region takes its shape from the socio cultural structure of the region. Especially, general social capital as health care, education services and infrastructure of industrial centres are notably higher than that of underdeveloped regions. Therefore migrations become from other region to developed regions with the purpose of reaching social services in higher quality. These migrations cause social imbalances. Interregional differences cause ineffective use of resources, social problems and even interregional conflicts. Compensating interregional differences is one of the main concerns of governments. Innovational development strategy is that governments must implement to achieve a sustainable regional development. Providing sustainable regional development by innovational development strategy is related to creating regional synergy, accumulation of human capital and knowledge generation. Basically, formulation of a sustainable regional development is exactly aimed at accumulation of human capital. Human capital directly accelerates rate of development and rate of growth, contributes to knowledge generation and knowledge stock of the region. Human capital stock works as a pool for existence of entrepreneurship (Oğuztürk, 2003: 74). 3. Importance of Tourism Sector in Regional Development Tourism sector has a great importance in regional development and efficient use of resources. Especially tourism sector may provide a development for regions that do not have agricultural and industrial development potential. The following factors must be considered for regional development by the improving tourism sector:       Cultural values and infrastructural condition of the region, Present touristic facilities and feasibility of new touristic facilities, Foundations that product services or goods directly or indirectly related to tourism in the region, Public investments in the region, International tourism demand for the region, Perception level of tourism of the locals, The efficiency of the tourism in the regional development could be substantially increased after analysing above mentioned factors realistically (Çeken, 2008: 299). Tourism has a positive influence on regional employment and income, but the magnitude of regional multiplier will vary according to the characteristics of each individual region. As tourism and regional development are closely linked, regions and local authorities play a key role in the formulation of policy and the organization and development of tourism and thus coordination 121 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo between local authorities increases the benefits of policies such as large scale infrastructure projects (Constantin, 2000). 4. Tourism Focused Regional Development Instruments 4.1. Centres of Conference/Exposition/Exhibition These centres provide an economic recovery and a dynamic image to regions. Their importance is increasing every each year and cities tend towards convention tourism to disperse the tourism activities interrupted in a year, through the year. Istanbul is making progress in convention tourism during the recent years. The area between Maçka and Harbiye is called Valley of Congresses in Istanbul that hosted important events such as Habitat, World Architecture Congress, and NATO congress. 4.2. Recreation (Entertainment) Parks Recreation and tourism are many times synonymous. Both bring enormous economic value to region throughout the country. In order to maximize the impact of recreation and tourism politically, specific goals and objectives should be included in the comprehensive plan for each region. In addition, strategic plans and budgets that facilitate the incorporation of parks, recreation and open space in tourism efforts need to be made at the regional level. Recreation (entertainment) parks may be run by private or public sector; they may be entertainment intensive as Euro-Disney or educational and scientific as future scope. Recreation (entertainment) parks are not only good instruments of tourism focused regional development, but also are essential to human well-being and liveability of a city. A city’s quality of life is greatly enhanced by extensive parks and open space areas. Parks and natural areas directly mitigate climate change by moderating temperatures from the urban heat island effect (Combs and Tindell, 2008). 4.3. Alternative Tourism Alternative tourism can be defined as ‘forms of tourism that set out to be consistent with natural, social and community values and which allow both hosts and guests to enjoy positive and worthwhile interaction and shared experiences’ (Wearing and Neil, 1999). Alternative tourism is used to describe the opposite of mass tourism, characterized by having a minimal impact of the environment, by being small in scale and by being locally based, ideally stimulating the local economy while preserving cultural identity. It is often referred to as rural tourism. Activities included under this definition include white-water rafting, scuba-diving, mountaineering and horseback riding (Cooper, 2004). Alternative tourism provides positive effects on employment, prolongation of tourism season, attraction and image of a region. 4.4. Regional Natural Parks A regional natural park is a territory of high natural, cultural and landscape value, whose culture, nature, social structure and local economy are part of a sustainable development project, in harmony with the aspirations of the population (Clivaz, Hauser & Michelet, 2004). They are suitable areas for many kinds of nature sports and attracting tourists who want to do nature sports 122 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo or have trips in nature. Aosta in Italy, Camargue in France are among the regions that use regional natural park instrument successfully. Regional parks may get support from structural funds. European Union provides meaningful supports to efforts for protection of regional natural areas. Odra Delta Natural Park Project in Poland is being realized from October 2002 by EUCCPoland in cooperation with EUCC-The Coastal Union International. 4.5. Cultural Centres Cultural centres are buildings in which cultural assets are reserved, evaluated and exhibited. They are generally designed for multi-purpose usage, to serve as cinema, theatre and exhibit space. Cultural centres host various cultural organisations as exhibitions, plays, concerts and attract tourists, thus they help regional economy and development. 4.6. Farms for Agricultural Tourism Due to gaining importance and a raising trend of agricultural tourism in recent decades, agricultural tourism could be used in cities and regions which are absent of historical, touristic values. Agricultural tourism is related with farms and agricultural activities. So tourists have different leisure experiences like picking fruits, attending rural festivals, participating rural daily life, milking animals, pruning trees and, they have authentic holidays thoroughly involved with rural life far from the stress and busyness of city life (Ertan and Güzel : 2009). 5.CONCLUSION Compensating of regional development disparities which cause several problems as ineffective use of resources, unbalanced distribution of population and migrations is an essential concern for providing sustainable development. For that reason, policies for development of undeveloped and less developed regions must be implemented to provide a sustainable development. One of the most effectives of those policies is enhancing tourism activities in undeveloped and less developed regions. Tourism investments in order to compensating regional disparities have advantages such as their lower requirement of founding capital by comparison with industry investments and their contributions to social and cultural infrastructures of the regions. Globalisation and improvements in information and transportation enable diversification of tourism activities and so tourism investments that compatible with region’s cultural, social and natural assets may be found for each region. For this purpose, tourism focused regional development instruments such as centres of conference/exhibition/exposition, recreation/entertainment parks, alternative tourism, regional natural parks, cultural centres; farms for agricultural tourism may be utilized. Types of tourism activities suitable, feasible and applicable for each region must be determined and these tourism activities must be promoted and supported in order to provide a sustainable regional development. 123 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo REFERENCES Ertan A. and Güzel Ö. (2009) “Tarım Turizmi Kavramı ve Isparta’nın Tarım Turizmi Açısından Değerlendirilmesi (The Concept of Agricultural Tourism and the Evaluation of Isparta in terms of Agricultural Tourism)” Süleyman Demirel University Journal of the Institute of Social Sciences, Year 4, No 2008/1, Volume 7. Christophe C., Yves H. and Jacques M. (2004) “Tourism monitoring system based on the concept of carrying capacity – The case of the regional natural park Pfyn-Finges (Switzerland)” Working Papers of the Finnish Forest Research Institute Combs, J. L. and Tindell J. P., “City of Sacramento, CA Department of Parks & Recreation Sustainability Plan 2008-2015” Constantin, D., (2000) “Tourism and Environmentally Sustainable Regional Development: The Case of Romania” 40thCongress of the European Regional Science Association, 29 August-1 September 2000. Cooper, C. (2004) “Alternative Tourism as a Strategy for Sustainable Livelihood Diversification: The Case of Jalcomulco, Veracruz” Çeken, H. (2008) “Turizmin Bölgesel Kalkınmaya Etkisi Üzerine Teorik Bir İnceleme (A Theoretical Research on the Effects of Tourism on Regional Development)”, Afyon Kocatepe University Journal of FEAS, Volume 10. Gündüz, A. Y. (2006) “Bölgesel Kalkınma Politikası (Regional Development Policy)”, Ekin Bookstore, Ankara. Ildırar, M. (2004) Bölgesel Kalkınma ve Gelişme Stratejileri (Regional Development and Advancement Strategies), Nobel Publications, Ankara. Oğuztürk, B. S. (2003) Yenilikçilik ve Göller Bölgesi Üzerine Bir Araştırma (A Study on Innovativeness and Lakes Regions), İstanbul University Institute of Social Sciences, Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation. Şen, Z. (2004) Türkiye’nin Avrupa Birliği Adaylığı ve Katılma Öncesi Stratejisi Çerçevesinde Bölgesel Politika Alanında Uyum Durumunun Değerlendirilmesi (The Evaluation of the state of Harmonisation in the field of Regional Policy in the context of the Candidacy of Turkey to the European Union and Pre-Accession Strategy), Secretariat General for European Union Affairs, Dissertation Ankara. Wearing, S. and Neil, J. (1999) Ecotourism: Impacts, Potential and Possibilities. Butterworth Heinemann, Oxford and Melbourne. 124 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1371 Title A name given to the resource The Role Of Tourism In Regional Development Author Author Oğuztürk , Bekir Sami Abstract A summary of the resource. Along with the acceleration of the globalization phenomenon, the level of development among the countries has been showing substantial differences. Developed countries have performed their development levels because they have a number of economic advantages and they have slightly minimized the imbalance between the regions. One of the most important problems of developing countries involves the development and underdevelopment. One of the ways to cope with this problem is to identify the priority sector for development of these countries. Performing the development in developing countries is merely possible by evaluating the potential of their tourist supply. The tourism sector plays significant role on regional development and the efficient use of local tourism resources. In this respect, the purpose of the research is to investigate the role of tourism along with development policies to resolve interregional imbalance. Therefore, it is intended to figure out the importance of tourism in regional development and focused regional development instruments. As a result, it is aimed to examine the role of tourism in developing regions on their development processes. Keywords: Regional development, Tourism, Alternative Tourism Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/60fe8697597571ab70ee92ac8fb65638.pdf 7d23608b14f5a9c40c1966a1d2607dde PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo The Role of Tourism Incomes in the Reduction of Foreign Trade Deficit: A Comparative Analysis of Turkey and Bosnia-Herzegovina Hasan Şenol, Faik Ay, Mehmet Dinç Süleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey E-mails: hasansenol@sdu.edu.tr, faikay@sdu.edu.tr, mehmetdinc@sdu.edu.tr Abstract The Foreign Trade deficit, one of the most important problems in both developed and developing countries, has been occasionally leading to crises and recessions. Nations benefit from the tourism incomes in the reduction of foreign trade deficit at utmost level. Developing countries such as Turkey and Bosnia-Herzegovina structurally need foreign resources to be able to solve the sustainable development and foreign trade deficit problems. In this context, foreign currency inputs obtained from tourism and regarded as “service industry,” have importance in the reduction of foreign trade deficit of nations. In this sense, tourism industry has a role in both acquiring resources needed and in reducing the foreign trade deficit. This paper aims to present the role and importance of tourism incomes in reduction of foreign trade deficit in Turkey and Bosnia-Herzegovina comparatively. Keywords: Tourism industry, Tourism incomes, Foreign trade deficit, Developing countries, Turkey, Bosnia-Herzegovina. 1.INTRODUCTION Foreign trade deficit, which is one of the most important problem in both developed and developing countries and current account deficit which comes into existence as a result of foreign trade deficit, at times causes crises and stagnations in economies. Foreign trade deficit emerges when the import of a country exceeds the export, and is a factor which has tremendous influence on current account deficit. When the reasons of foreign trade deficit in development countries are examined, the supply of energy from abroad, the import of exported intermediate goods, investments in technology, and the consumption of luxury goods emerge as the main causes. In closing their deficit, countries benefit from tourism incomes at utmost level. Due to their structures, developing countries such as Turkey and Bosnia-Herzegovina need foreign resources to be able to solve the sustainable development and foreign trade deficit problems. In this context, the foreign currency obtained from tourism, also known as “a factory without chimney,” acquires importance in reducing foreign trade deficit as well as current account deficit. In this sense, tourism industry has an important role in both acquiring the resources needed and in closing the deficits. 50 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 2.ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF TOURISM Since the second half of the 20th century, tourism became one of the fast-developing and expanding sectors in world economy. As many other industries, it has been often used as a tool for regional and national development. The tourism sector became an important factor with its role in widely creating employment and tax incomes, in mitigating the problems of balance of payment, and in contributing to regional and national economic development. (Çımat&Bahar, 2003:2) * World tourism contributed $852 billion to world economy in 2009 with an approximate number of 822 million tourists. As to Turkey, the country hosted 25,5 million tourists in 2009 and obtained an income of $21,3 billion. By taking a share of % 2.5 in the world tourism market, Turkey became the 9th country in the ranking of tourism incomes. ( http://www.ttyd.org.tr) The development of tourism in a country can create various advantages and costs in various areas. These differences emerge out of the variety in the economic structures and conditions of the countries and regions. However, the monetary and real effects of tourism in countries’ economies are seen as the most efficient tools in solving the economic problems of developing countries and in enhancing development. (Durgun, 2006:17) When the economic impacts of tourism are taken into consideration at a macro level, it is seen that it influences a country’s economy in two major ways. The first involves the effects described as of monetary quality. This type of effects is the monetary impacts that the consumption expenditures of tourists create in the economy. Another influence of touristic expenditures is the total of effects known as of real quality, which emerges out as production and employment surplus. (Çuhadar, 2006:33) Tourism in our days is known as the temporary movement of people from their place of dwelling to different countries with the aim of fulfilling their socio-cultural and psychological needs such as sightseeing, resting, learning, and having fun. Even though it has social and cultural dimensions, tourism is most examined in its economic aspect. Having become a massive economic phenomenon since the 1980s, it has positive influences especially in the economies of developing countries, a situation which features its economic aspect. With its dynamic and economic nature, tourism almost constitutes a point of exit in solving the national and international financial problems that country economies encounter and in overcoming bottlenecks. (Kar& Zorkirişçi&Yıldırım, 2004:88) When the economic impacts of tourism in Turkey are examined, it is seen that tourism constitutes a sector which plays an important role in closing the deficit in the balance of payment in addition to contributing foreign currency to the national income, and which contributes to the reduction of unemployment by providing employment opportunities to masses. (Çuhadar, 2006:33) Tourism’s financial impacts are generally evaluated with qualitative measurements as monetary and real economic impacts. The monetary movements and monetary changes that the consumption expenditures of tourists create in a country’s economy are called monetary economic impacts. Tourism movements 51 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo change the balance of payments in a country by first affecting the supply and demand of foreign currency. The monetary economic impact of Tourism is as follows:    The effect of foreign exchange supply and demand for Tourism, The effect of foreign exchange balance, The effect of price stability. Among the main monetary impacts of tourism are its effect in the balance of international payments with the increase in foreign currency supply, the revitalization of the economy with the influence of tourism income and distribution, the creation of value-added tax on national income, its role in increasing state income, and its influence on internal prices. Tourism’s influence on employment, its effect on other sectors and on infrastructure are evaluated as real economic impacts. ( Avcıkurt, 2003:26) In addition to its monetary effects, tourism has real effects such as creating income in the economy, opening up new employment and occupation areas, reducing unemployment by expanding the business volume, and revitalizing the sectors of agriculture, industry, and services. (Durgun, 2006:25) 2.1.Positive Economic Impacts of Tourism Positive economic impacts of Tourism can offer the following itemized as follows: • the impact on the balance of payments, • to effects employment creation • to encourage investments, • Income effect of creative, • Inter-regional balanced development, and development impact • impact of other economic sectors. 2.2.Negative Economic Impacts of Tourism Development of Tourism over time, decrease tourism benefits provided, would lead to negative developments indicate. Negative economic impact of tourism in this context, the following substances are as follows: • Import effect • inflationary pressures of Tourism, • the effect of opportunity cost, • the effect of seasonality of Tourism, • the effect of foreign capital, • Economic activity is causing the transition from manufacturing economy to tourist economy. 2.3.The Place of Tourism in Turkish Economy and Its Role in Reduction of Foreign Trade Deficits The charts showing the share of foreign currency incomes generated by tourism within GDP and export incomes, and the numbers of total employment that it provides demonstrate that tourism has an important role for the economy of the country. 52 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Tourism incomes have an important role in reducing the current account deficit in Turkey. However, in recent years, even though tourism incomes have increased, their share within GDP and export incomes have decreased. Developing economies realized the dynamic impacts that tourism has on the economy in overcoming the economic problems and the bottlenecks that they face. Gaining importance at local and regional levels, the tourism sector increases the economic appeal of the region with its revitalization of other sectors, the share of foreign currency income within GDP and export incomes, and the employment opportunities that it creates. In recent years, the share of the service sector in the economy of the country has demonstrated an expansion much bigger than the shares of agriculture and industry. At this point the share of the developed service sector is even larger. Tourism is an important sector which creates and markets services, and its driving force is touristic businesses. Chart 1 demonstrates the GDP, Export, Import, Foreign Trade Deficit and Tourism Incomes for the past 5 years in Turkey. (www.tuik.gov.tr) Chart 1: The Share of Tourism Incomes in Turkey in Closing Foreign Trade Deficit YEARS GDP EXPORT IMPORT FOR.TRADE (BILLION $) (BILLION $) (BILLION $) DEFICIT (BILLION $) TOURISM INCOMES (BILLION $) TOURISM INCOME/F. TRADE DEF. TOURISM INCOME/ GDP (%) (%) 2007 650.1 107,272 170,063 -62,791 18.5 29,4 2,8 2008 736,3 132,027 201,964 -69,937 21.9 31,3 2,9 2009 614,2 102,143 140,928 -38,785 21.2 54,6 3,4 2010 730,9 113,883 185,544 -71,661 20.8 29,0 2,8 2011 770,1 134,969 240,838 -105,869 23.0 21,7 2,9 When data for the last 5 years is examined for both countries, we see a foreign trade deficit for every year. Here we will not dwell upon the reasons for this deficit nor the ways in which it can be prevented. Instead we will elaborate on the importance and value of tourism in the financing of these deficits. 53 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo When examined from the perspective of Turkey, tourism incomes have been efficient in closing the deficit. Data from 2009 shows that tourism succeeded at closing 55% of the foreign trade deficit. The low value of foreign trade deficit in 2008 due to the world financial crisis should be noted. As to 2011, when tourism incomes have peaked, the deficit also peaked, and 21.7% of the deficit has been met. Another factor which should be taken into consideration is that, except for 2009, Turkey’s tourism incomes have been increasing. 2.4.The Place of Tourism in Bosnia-Herzegovina Economy and Its Role in Reduction of Foreign Trade Deficits Chart 2 demonstrates the GDP, Export, Import, Foreign Trade Deficit and Tourism Incomes for the past 5 years in Bosnia-Herzegovina.( http://www.bhas.ba) Chart 2: The Share of Tourism Incomes in Bosnia-Herzegovina in Closing Foreign Trade Deficit YEARS GDP EXPORT IMPORT FOR.TRADE (BILLION $) (BILLION $) (BILLION $) DEFICIT (BILLION $) TOURISM INCOMES (BILLION $) TOURISM INCOME/F. TRADE DEF. TOURISM INCOME/ GDP (%) (%) 2007 15.2 4,151 9,720 -5,569 702.3 12,6 4,6 2008 18.5 5,021 12,188 -7,167 689.5 9,6 3,7 2009 16.9 3,929 8,778 -4,849 622.8 12,8 3,6 2010 16.8 4,804 9,220 -4,416 564.2 12,7 3,3 2011 17.9 5,579 10,380 -4,801 533.4 11,1 2,9 When tourism incomes are evaluated in terms of years, a considerable decrease in tourism incomes can be seen. Parallel to this fall, the effect of tourism incomes in closing foreign trade deficit also decreases. Even though the precautions taken to increase tourism incomes, which have such a big impact on economies, do not provide radical solutions to economic problems, they display tourism’s active role in reducing foreign trade deficit. 54 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 3.CONCLUSION It will be possible to reduce foreign trade deficit by decreasing dependence in foreign industry products, by producing and selling goods with high value, by terminating foreign dependence in the energy sector, and by reducing the consumption of luxury goods. Besides these, another factors which should not be ignored, is the tourism incomes that have an important role in reducing the deficits. The tourism sector in Turkey has undergone a major development especially after 1980, and by providing a foreign currency input, it played an important role in reducing foreign trade deficit and unemployment as well as in ameliorating the balance of payments. (Çımat&Bahar, 2003, p.1) REFERENCES Avcıkurt C. (2003), Turizm Sosyolojisi, Detay Yayıncılık, 1.Baskı, Balıkesir. Çımat A., Bahar O. (2003) Turizm Sektörünün Türkiye Ekonomisi İçindeki Yeri Ve Önemi Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme, Akdeniz Üniversitesi İ.İ.B.F. Dergisi, Sayı:6, p.1-18. Çuhadar M., (2006) Turizm Sektöründe Talep Tahmini İçin Yapay Sinir Ağları Kullanımı Ve Diğer Yöntemlerle Karşılaştırmalı Analizi (Antalya İlinin Dış Turizm Talebinde Uygulama), Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Isparta, 2006. Durgun A., (2006) Bölgesel Kalkınmada Turizmin Rolü: Isparta Örneği, Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Isparta. Kar M., Zorkirişçi E., Yıldırım, M. (2004), Turizmin Ekonomiye Katkısı Üzerine Ampirik Bir Değerlendirme, Akdeniz Üniversitesi İ.İ.B.F. Dergisi, Sayı:8, , s.88. http://www.ttyd.org.tr/cms-files/file/magazine-file2012-1-9-11-24-8-371-TYD.son.pdf 2012) www.tuik.gov.tr (20-04-2012) http://www.bhas.ba/ (20-04-2012) 55 (28-04- � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1363 Title A name given to the resource The Role of Tourism Incomes in the Reduction of Foreign Trade Deficit: A Comparative Analysis of Turkey and Bosnia-Herzegovina Author Author Hasan , Şenol Abstract A summary of the resource. The Foreign Trade deficit, one of the most important problems in both developed and developing countries, has been occasionally leading to crises and recessions. Nations benefit from the tourism incomes in the reduction of foreign trade deficit at utmost level. Developing countries such as Turkey and Bosnia-Herzegovina structurally need foreign resources to be able to solve the sustainable development and foreign trade deficit problems. In this context, foreign currency inputs obtained from tourism and regarded as “service industry,” have importance in the reduction of foreign trade deficit of nations. In this sense, tourism industry has a role in both acquiring resources needed and in reducing the foreign trade deficit. This paper aims to present the role and importance of tourism incomes in reduction of foreign trade deficit in Turkey and Bosnia-Herzegovina comparatively. Keywords: Tourism industry, Tourism incomes, Foreign trade deficit, Developing countries, Turkey, Bosnia-Herzegovina. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/6b5b59efe785c308f0693e3ded658f4f.docx 336cf82c9b6cf5fb4d02daf45f1e2951 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/082eefbe8f22e0f0dbcd9d0540e5a7cf.pdf 471c5e7597e374db14d9568da6c0b09a PDF Text Text The Role of Translation in Foreign Language Teaching – Time for Reassessment? Melita Koletnik Korošec University of Maribor/Maribor, Slovenia Key words: foreign language teaching (FLT), translation, L2 acquisition, grammatical competence, translation exercises ABSTRACT Translation as a method of foreign language teaching (FLT) has been out of favour with the language teaching community for much of the 20th century. In addition to economic and ethno-centric forces, which have played a major role in the banishing of translation foreign language classroom - namely the spread of international language schools and uniform course materials classroom - objections to its use seem to be a reaction provoked by a number of disparate motives and reasons. Some of them seem to have been pedagogic, such as the belief that translation was dull and frustrating; others cognitive, namely the idea that translation creates interferences and causes negative transfer. Further objections pertain to practicality and the argument that translation is only suitable for future translators. In recent decades, however, an increasing number of counter-arguments have been voiced for the use of translation in FLT, and pleas have multiplied for a more balanced and holistic examination of its role. In line with above observations this article attempts to contribute to this debate and presents, first, an overview of common objections to using translation contrasted with counter-objections and, second, preliminary findings of an experimental study on the role of translation in linguistic competence acquisition that is currently underway at the University of Maribor’s Department of Translation Studies. The research investigates the effect of translation exercises on the acquisition of grammatical competence in L2 in 1st year students and is predicated on carefully selected and/or prepared texts and exercises targeting particular aspects of grammar under instruction. The preliminary evidence seems to point to the belief that translation exercises contribute to explicit language learning, and are in this context particularly suited to advanced students at colleges and universities. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1897 Title A name given to the resource The Role of Translation in Foreign Language Teaching – Time for Reassessment? Author Author KOROSEC, Melita Koletnik Abstract A summary of the resource. Key words: foreign language teaching (FLT), translation, L2 acquisition, grammatical competence, translation exercises ABSTRACT Translation as a method of foreign language teaching (FLT) has been out of favour with the language teaching community for much of the 20th century. In addition to economic and ethno-centric forces, which have played a major role in the banishing of translation foreign language classroom - namely the spread of international language schools and uniform course materials classroom - objections to its use seem to be a reaction provoked by a number of disparate motives and reasons. Some of them seem to have been pedagogic, such as the belief that translation was dull and frustrating; others cognitive, namely the idea that translation creates interferences and causes negative transfer. Further objections pertain to practicality and the argument that translation is only suitable for future translators. In recent decades, however, an increasing number of counter-arguments have been voiced for the use of translation in FLT, and pleas have multiplied for a more balanced and holistic examination of its role. In line with above observations this article attempts to contribute to this debate and presents, first, an overview of common objections to using translation contrasted with counter-objections and, second, preliminary findings of an experimental study on the role of translation in linguistic competence acquisition that is currently underway at the University of Maribor’s Department of Translation Studies. The research investigates the effect of translation exercises on the acquisition of grammatical competence in L2 in 1st year students and is predicated on carefully selected and/or prepared texts and exercises targeting particular aspects of grammar under instruction. The preliminary evidence seems to point to the belief that translation exercises contribute to explicit language learning, and are in this context particularly suited to advanced students at colleges and universities. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available IBU Publishing Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-03 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed