305 10 3494 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2872 Title A name given to the resource THE ROLE OF INSTITUTIONS IN TRANSITION ECONOMICS: A DEEPER LOOK AT THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PRIVATIZATION AND ECONOMIC GROWTH IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA Author Author Krcić, Suad Abstract A summary of the resource. The field of Institutional Economics is about the theoretical and empirical findings that have a major role in today’s understanding of institutions. The relationship between the institutions and Economic growth is confirmed by the literature. The objective of this study is to present the current situation of government institutions and economic situation in Bosnia and Herzegovina. This paper begins with the principles and explanations of the theoretical aspects of old and new institutional economics, and its role in transition economics like in Bosnia and Herzegovina. In this case Multiple Linear Regression Method is used and analyzed according to the sets of variables. Results show the positive relations of Large Scale Privatization and Small Scale Privatization and negative relations of Government Budget on Gross Domestic Product. The author expects that this research topic should help to the Government institutions and Private sectors in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Keywords: Institutional Economics, Economic growth, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Multiple Linear Regression Method, Large Scale Privatization, Small Scale Privatization, Government Budget, Gross Domestic Product Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014 Keywords Keywords. Thesis NonPeerReviewed L Education (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/7535ea8434e9c1e89c5a8aad47f660c6.docx 50930d62247559fb4d68b6357cec8a39 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/c8d96e94b72ef80bc31186ff48cd5ab9.pdf ca0c5bf27a74aef263a7c1ae66538b1b PDF Text Text The Role of Institutions in Transition Economics: a Deeper Look on the Relationship between Privatization and Economic Growth in Bosnia and Herzegovina SuadKrcić International Burch University Bosnia and Herzegovina suad.krcic@gmail.com ErkanIlguen International Burch University Bosnia and Herzegovina erkan.ilgun@ibu.edu.ba Abstract: The field of Institutional Economics is about the theoretical and empirical findings that have a major role in today’s understanding of institutions. The relationship between the institutions and Economic growth is confirmed by the literature. This paper begins with the principles and explanations of the theoretical aspects of old and new institutional economics, and its role in transition economics like in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Descriptive statistic is analyzed according to the sets of variables. The author expects a positive relationship between Institutions and Economic Growth. Keywords: institutional economic, economic growth, new economy, new institutions, privatization, transition economics, Bosnia and Herzegovina. 78 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2513 Title A name given to the resource The Role of Institutions in Transition Economics: a Deeper Look on the Relationship between Privatization and Economic Growth in Bosnia and Herzegovina Author Author KRCIĆ, Suad ILGÜN, Erkan Abstract A summary of the resource. The field of Institutional Economics is about the theoretical and empirical findings that have a major role in today’s understanding of institutions. The relationship between the institutions and Economic growth is confirmed by the literature. This paper begins with the principles and explanations of the theoretical aspects of old and new institutional economics, and its role in transition economics like in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Descriptive statistic is analyzed according to the sets of variables. The author expects a positive relationship between Institutions and Economic Growth. Keywords: institutional economic, economic growth, new economy, new institutions, privatization, transition economics, Bosnia and Herzegovina. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014-04-24 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-4564 H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/101abb67f36b2fd0533c0cf249274c7c.pdf c618bc5267253708e6c0f9918e76571f PDF Text Text Journal of Economic and Social Studies The Role of Intercultural Communication Competence on Service Reliability and Customer Satisfaction Ali Ihtiyar International Business School University Technology Malaysia Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia aliihtiyar@gmail.com Fauziah Sh. Ahmad International Business School University Technology Malaysia Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia fsa@ibs.utm.my Abstract: The article presents an inclusive framework on three major constructs namely intercultural communication competence, service reliability and customer satisfaction in the grocery retail settings in Malaysia. The constructs’ validity and reliability were examined based on structural equation modeling. Based on the proposed framework, a number of propositions were developed to facilitate empirical investigation on intercultural communication competences of the selected grocery retail outlets. This contributes to the development of a theory based path model that links the intercultural communication competence to service reliability and customer satisfaction. While numerous scholars have considered the extensive topics of service quality and customer satisfaction, however, none of those studies explored on the critical role of intercultural communication competence and incorporated the construct with perceived service quality and customer satisfaction. One of the most critical finding of the study is the dimension of perceived service quality and intercultural communication competence have positive relationship and it also progressive finding for further research on other dimensions of perceived service quality. Volume 5 Number 1 Spring 2015 Keywords: Intercultural Communication Competence; Service Quality; Customer Satisfaction; Service Reliability and Retailing. JEL Classification: F600, M310, Z100, Z130, Article History Submitted: 15 July 2013 Resubmitted: 21 October 2013 Resubmitted: 4 December 2014 Accepted: 15 December 2014 http://dx.doi.org/10.14706/JECOSS 11518 145 �Ali Ihtiyar & Fauziah Sh. Ahmad Introduction Increasing the recognition of the significance of services, there is a growing awareness that the competitive strategies in retailing may integrate a framework of intercultural service quality assessment and enhancement (Ahmad et al., 2014; Briones et al., 2009). This has given rise to the notion of measuring the service quality (SQ) with cultural aspects in retailing, which has become a crucial element in the retailer business (Cameran et al., 2010). Integration in emerging economies, globalisation, elimination of trade barriers and innovations in technology have facilitated and compelled the retailers to internationalise many value chain activities (Hutchinson et al., 2009). Nevertheless, despite suggestions of enlarged cultural homogeneousness (Keillor et al., 2001), the retailers continue to struggle in overseas markets due to their inability to understand and overcome cultural differences (Hopkins et al., 2009). Obviously, the evaluation of service experiences and measurement of customer satisfaction cannot be performed without cultural dimension (Sharma et al., 2012; Ihtiyar et al., 2013). Developments on multiculturalism in marketing in the past decades have focused on how cultural aspects influence customer choices (Huang et al., 2013), interpersonal interaction (Sharma et al., 2012), employee performance (Kong and Jogaratnam, 2007; Sizoo et al., 2005), service evaluation (Sharma et al., 2012; Paswan and Ganesh, 2005), customer satisfaction (Hopkins et al., 2009) and purchase intention (Teng and Laroche, 2007). Increasingly greater complexity of the retail atmosphere - density of growing competition, demanding customers and shopping attitudes of customers, the capability of retailers to offer a satisfactory service may be crucial and attractive manoeuvre to differentiate and actively satisfy the customers (Martinelli and Balboni, 2012). In fact, the tools usually used by the retailers for competition and promotion, such as low price and combined merchandise offers, may influence the effectiveness in competition negatively since the offers perceived as homogeneous by customers. In other words, in order to improve level of service performance as well as the customers’ perception of it, the retailers make different moves to better satisfy their potential customers. When managing cultural issues in the multicultural atmosphere, intercultural communication competence (IC) that deals with having the right mind set, skill and sensitivity, is rising as a crucial aspect for intercultural service encounters (ISEs) and has become a new research theme in ensuring customer satisfaction (CS) (Sharma et al., 2012; Ladhari, 2009). CS with highly satisfied service experiences has positive effect on enhancing customer retention, long-term business success, positive word of mouth, loyalty, cost-effectiveness and sustainable competitiveness (Martinelli and Balboni, 2012; Kim et al., 2010; Ladhari, 2009). 146 Journal of Economic and Social Studies �The Role of Intercultural Communication Competence on Service Reliability and Customer Satisfaction Although, general acceptance on significance of IC, particularly for service providers operating in various cultural settings, most of existing discussions are conceptual and qualitative based. However, many authors such as, Sharma et al. (2012); Ueltschy et al. (2007); Friedman and Antal, (2005) suggest that measurement of service quality for service settings in multicultural societies may include cultural dimension for better understanding customers from various cultural backgrounds. However, some the existing models do not include ‘culture’ as a dimension such as SERVQUAL and RSQS. Therefore, the gap exists in providing empirical evidence on the relationships between the intercultural communication competence, service reliability and customer satisfaction, particularly in a specific industry type that operates in multicultural atmosphere and emerging economy. The aim of the study is to examine the role of intercultural communication competence (IC) on service reliability (R) and customer satisfaction (CS) in grocery retailing of Malaysia. This study particularly investigates IC in terms of inter-role congruence (IC4) and interaction comfort (IC1, IC2 and IC3), as highlighted in Table2. The study examines service reliability aspect of perceived service quality, which was developed by Dabholkar et al. (1996). Furthermore, the dimension of customer satisfaction is based on product quality (CS1 and CS2), product assortment (CS3) and price (CS4). In order to meet the research goals, the study improves and empirically investigates the theoretical model of interrelationships among these three constructs. According to the proposed framework, R mediates the impact of IC on CS. Service reliability and validity of the constructs was assessed using confirmatory factor analysis. Then, structural equation modelling (SEM) was employed to estimate the interrelationships among constructs and to compare proposed model. Following this introduction section, the present study indicates a literature review and develops the hypothesised relationships among the constructs of the proposed model. The methodology of empirical study of the proposed model is then represented. This is followed by a presentation of the research findings as well as their implications. Volume 5 Number 1 Spring 2015 147 �Ali Ihtiyar & Fauziah Sh. Ahmad Literature Review Intercultural Communication Competence (IC) Intercultural communication competence is the ability to think, discriminate the differences, manage the experiences appropriately, and build an efficient communication with people from different cultures in the multicultural society (Friedman and Antal, 2005). Instead of this widely definition, there is a consensus about its influences on intercultural interactions (Lloyd and Luk, 2011; Ward, 2008). People with higher IC show a greater capability to learn different aspects of other cultures, such as foreign languages and cultural norms. Furthermore, they can integrate with other cultures undoubtedly (Lustig and Koester, 2009). As emphasised in the interdependence theory (Surprenant et al., 1983), each part of interaction has been influenced from another part, because the behaviour of the first part is having an impact on the second part. Furthermore, interactions among intercultural service encounters (ISEs) may establish or eliminate the barrier due to perceived dissimilarities in behavioural norms (Lustig and Koester, 2009). Thus, individuals with higher IC show more respect and responsiveness for people from other cultures, respond to unfamiliar behaviours in a non-judgmental way without showing visible or perceivable discomfort (Sharma et al., 2012). Furthermore, they willingly use their knowledge and experience about other cultures to manage various expectations and reduce the uncertainties of ISEs during the service delivery, compared to those with lower IC (Wang and Mattila, 2011; Lustig and Koester, 2009). Although interaction comfort has significant impact on achieving, a satisfactory outcome that is particularly related customers’ collaboration (Sharma et al., 2012). However, expectations or perceptions and interactions of customers’ in the service marketing literature have been tested without IC in past decades (Wang and Mattila, 2010; Yu et al., 2001). Table 1 represents several previous studies related to the intercultural context in the marketing. Due to the achievable service outcome is highly related the role clarity (Sharma et al., 2012), role clarity becomes one of the crucial items for the model. Role clarity is identified as the both sides of interaction recognise and accept each other’s role in interaction (Solomon et al., 1985). Rarely, ISEs in familiar cultures, they may have different expectations or perceptions about each other, or they do not always tolerate with their role in society (Baker et al., 2009). Therefore, as mentioned in role theory 148 Journal of Economic and Social Studies �The Role of Intercultural Communication Competence on Service Reliability and Customer Satisfaction (Solomon et al., 1985), confusion or misunderstanding about role clarity breaks the communication among ISEs and lead to dissatisfaction. Table 1. Some of the Recent Conceptualizations of Intercultural Communication Competence in the Marketing Literature Author Concept Definition Sharma et Intercultural “This article presents a conceptual framework for al. (2012) intercultural service encounters applicable to both consumers and employees.” (p. 227) Baker et al. Intercultural (2009) “This paper aims to report a study that focuses on the moderating role of involvement in the relationships between consumer contact employees’ consumer orientation and service quality perceptions and satisfaction.” (p.115) Reimann et Intercultural al. (2008) “This article addresses the issue of cultural differences in the context of business-to-business relationships.” (p.63) Ward (2008) Intercultural “The paper pays tribute to the work of John Berry and the organizational frameworks that he has proposed for research on identity, acculturation and intercultural relations. It also suggests that overreliance on these frameworks may constrain developments in the field.” (p.105) Kong and Intercultural Jogaratman (2007) “This research extends previous work by examining cross-cultural differences and intends to provide a better understanding of restaurant consumers in the USA and Korea, as well as to enable restaurant operators and managers to better service their clientele in the global marketplace.” (p.275) “This article offers an alternative approach to intercultural communication competence, ‘negotiating reality’, that engages cultural conflict as a resource for learning.” (p.69) Friedman Intercultural and Antal (2005) Volume 5 Number 1 Spring 2015 149 �Ali Ihtiyar & Fauziah Sh. Ahmad Sizoo et al. Intercultural (2005) Ryoo (2005) Intercultural Paswan and Intercultural Ganesh (2005) Hopkins et Intercultural al. (2005) Yu et (2001) al. Intercultural “This study proposes adding to that trend by attempting to measure the effect of intercultural sensitivity on the cross-cultural performance of service employees.” (p.245) “This study presents an in-depth analysis of talk between Korean immigrant shopkeepers and their African-American consumers in service encounters.” (p.79) “This study empirically investigates the notion of being comfortable with social interaction in a foreign country (interaction comfort) and its impact on how service quality is evaluated.” (p.93) “The value of this paper is that it uses cultural identity theory to extend an existing model that examines the nature and determinants of consumer expectations of service.” (p.329) “This paper presents a conceptual framework and research approach for examining the intercultural communication competence (IC) of Chinese tour guides, the factors that contribute to IC, and the impacts of IC on Chinese tourists’ satisfaction with their experience” (p.75) Author’s own work Service Quality from the Retail Perspective Service quality (SQ) is a fundamental strategy for sufficient superior performance in grocery retailing; however, customers’ demand not simply products or affordable prices but also convenience-shopping experience (Martinelli and Balboni, 2012). Previous studies addressed to measuring SQ in the retailing settings have often started from SERVQUAL (Parasuraman et al., 1988; 1985). The scale operationalizes SQ by calculating differences between customer’s expectations (desired level) and recent performances (perceived level), by evaluating both in relation to 22 items that are classified under five broad categories. The services are evaluated as excellent if recent performance is higher than expectations; it is considered as satisfied, if it only equals expected level; services are classified as dissatisfied, if it does not meet expectations of customers (Vesel and Zabkar, 2010). The SERVQUAL scale has been examined in great number of studies conducted in 150 Journal of Economic and Social Studies �The Role of Intercultural Communication Competence on Service Reliability and Customer Satisfaction various service settings such as; health care (Padma et al., 2010), professional services (Cameran et al., 2010), information systems (Kettinger et al., 2009), tourism industry (Jani and Han, 2011), higher education (Trivellas and Dargenidou, 2009), professional services and fast food (Cronin and Taylor, 1992), banking (Amin and Isa, 2008) and retail settings (departmental and/or discounted stores) (Vesel and Zabkar, 2010; Zhao et al., 2002; Mehta et al., 2000; Dabholkar et al.,1996). Yet, SERVQUAL scale has also been criticized by many authors such as, Das et al. (2010); Caro and Garcia, (2007); Mehta et al. (2000) and Babakus and Boller, (1992); they suggested that model requires modification and customization to specify features of the industry. The first reason of criticism is as highlighted in study of Wall and Payne (1973), customer’s expectations (desired level) of services marked higher than performance (perceived level) of services by customers. Another challenge in the model, realization of E (expectation) and P (perception) version of SERVQUAL caused confusion on participants, and data quality is influenced by confusion and apathy (Brandon-Jones and Silvestro, 2010; Bouman and Van Der, 1992). For instance, Babakus and Boller (1992) used the SERVQUAL scale to measure SQ in their study, and they found that, as employed in the SERVQUAL scale, score relies in perception more significant than expectation. Finn and Lamb (1991) used SERVQUAL scale among four different types of the retailers in numerous sizes, and they concluded that scale is not applicable for the retailers without any industrial justification Ladhari (2009). Another study that was conducted by Zhao et al. (2002), used SERVQUAL scale for measuring SQ in the departmental stores in China, and outcome of SERVQUAL scale did not harmonize in retail sector of Mainland China properly. SERVQUAL is not suitable for retail settings due to composite nature and specific requirements of retail business settings and their customers (Martinelli and Balboni, 2012; Das et al., 2010; Vesel and Zabkar, 2010). Considering these aspects, lack of measurement scales particularly addressed to measure SQ in retailing, Dabholkar et al. (1996) introduced to retailers a validated specific scale that is called Retail Service Quality Scale (RSQS). Dabholkar et al. (1996) filled critical and significant gap in context of service marketing. Authors developed and empirically validated the RSQS. Model consists of 28-item and 17 of them have been adapted from SERVQUAL, and other items have been developed by their literature review, phenomenological interviews, exploratory depth interviews and qualitative research. Dabholkar et al. (1996) proposed RSQS has hierarchical factor structure comprising five basic dimensions as physical aspects, personal interaction, policy, problem solving, and service reliability. Volume 5 Number 1 Spring 2015 151 �Ali Ihtiyar & Fauziah Sh. Ahmad Reliability According to Dabholkar et al. (1996), service reliability construct consists of mainly two dimensions that are titled as inspiring “promises” and “doing it right”. The most important reason of concentration to this construct is intangible services, which usually requires greater service reliability between customers and service providers. Therefore, service reliability has a greater impact on services than on goods (Dabholkar et al.,1996). Our knowledge on SQ differs in comparison with the home and host culture is poor or even lacking, particularly service reliability is affected by cultural value priorities during the interaction (Ueltschy et al., 2007). There is however lack of research regarding how IC change and accordingly affect the behaviour in the context of service reliability and CS in multicultural retail environment. Customer Satisfaction Customer satisfaction is one of the most examined topics in service marketing literature. Particularly, a review from these studies, interrelationship among service evaluation, loyalty and other related topics with culture have become competitive power for the intercultural retailers (Vesel and Zabkar, 2010). For instance, CS has been found to reduce costs for attracting new customers and dealing with poor quality, defects and complaints (Michel et al., 2009). Reflecting these benefits, CS has been found to improve the long-term financial performance of firms (Williams and Naumann, 2011), have a positive impact on loyalty (Ahmad et al., 2014), be applicable predictor for purchase intention (Kuo et al., 2009), increase firm profitability (Williams and Naumann, 2011), enhances firms’ market value (Ahmad et al., 2012; Kanning and Bergmann, 2009) and relationship with culture (Padma et al., 2010; Chan and Wan, 2008). Both conceptual and managerial thinking can benefit from this concentration. From former viewpoint, this study more precisely articulates these linkages and assumes that IC with R can affect the CS, specifically buying-experience of customers in multicultural atmosphere. Interrelationship among Intercultural Communication Competence, “Reliability” and Customer Satisfaction The role of services in world economy has increased remarkably within past decades, particularly among emerging economies. During the period of development, services 152 Journal of Economic and Social Studies �The Role of Intercultural Communication Competence on Service Reliability and Customer Satisfaction have replaced goods and probability of choosing among various suppliers gives customers greater power (Kim et al., 2010). Retail service providers must create innovative, competitive and stable marketing orientation in multicultural emerging economies, due to the complicated customers’ attitudes and enlarged market share in new markets instead of saturated markets (Hutchinson et al., 2009; Ueltschy et al., 2007). Therefore, driven by recent growth pace of internationalisation of retailers, number of studies have examined and researched varying perceptions of SQ (Paswan and Ganesh, 2005), CS (Kuo et al., 2009; Reimann et al., 2008), purchase intention (Souiden and Pons, 2009; Teng and Laroche, 2007), loyalty (Omar and Musa, 2011), ISEs (Kong and Jogaratman, 2007; Sizoo et al., 2005) and related topics in unanimously context of culture. The rationale of these studies in various areas within context of intercultural marketing is analysing and improving applicable strategies for the retailers in the multicultural society (Chan and Wan, 2008). Cognitive deductions of several implementations in practical and/or theoretical fields of these studies have proposed that intercultural topics are becoming a significant construct in service marketing literature, specifically in emerging economies (Ihtiyar et al., 2014; Ahmad et al., 2014; Wang and Mattila, 2011; Souiden and Pons, 2009). Although service marketing literature that investigated impact of culture on CS, interrelationship among a construct of SQ, CS and IC has conventionally received relatively little examine consideration (Mueller and Lockshin, 2008). Moreover, when cultures or countries differ in behaviour, culture may be integrated into theoretical and empirical research of diffusion models so that it can be evidenced that different cultural settings create highly conspicuous differences in customer behaviour (Shekarchizadeh et al., 2011). In terms of these perspectives, present study conducts a research to relate intercultural communication competence, service reliability and its impact on customer satisfaction. Thus, following hypothesis are developed: Hypothesis 1. Service reliability is significantly and positively related to customer satisfaction. Hypothesis 2. Intercultural communication competence is significantly and positively related to service reliability. Hypothesis 3. Intercultural communication competence is significantly and positively related to customer satisfaction. Grocery Retail Industry of Malaysia Volume 5 Number 1 Spring 2015 153 �Ali Ihtiyar & Fauziah Sh. Ahmad According to the last census in 2010 (Statistics Department of Malaysia, 2010), Malaysia’s population was 28.3 million, and Malaysia was the 17th crowded country throughout Asia and the 42nd most crowded country in the World. Over 60 per cent of population is regarded as middle-income customers, and poverty has virtually been eliminated. Over 70 per cent of population now lives in urban areas (Cottrell, 2010). These figures might be a deductive and explicable reason for investing in food retail industry of Malaysia by global players (Moklish et al., 2009). However, the market has not been identified as “easy in or easy out”. Malaysia’s grocery retail industry has highly dynamic and competitive market structure. Furthermore, well-know global players such as Carrefour (26 Branches-cooperated with Aeon), AEON-JUSCO (19) and Tesco (45), have been challenging domestic brands such as Mydin (94) and Giant (147) etc. and they have been creating new strategies for increasing their market share against the domestics retailers in the market. According to (PWC, 2011), turnover of the sector has increased up to $54 billion dollars in 2010, from $48 billion in 2009. Furthermore, expected growth rate between 2010 and 2012 is between 5 per cent and 6 per cent, respectively. As in world, growth rate of retail industry in Malaysia will be represented an increase in coming years, and annual expected growth rate of the industry is 3.7 per cent and 3.8 per cent per annual in 2013-2014, respectively (PWC, 2011). Methodology The study examines the impact of intercultural communication competence on reliability and customer satisfaction in grocery retail outlets in Klang Valley, Malaysia. Empirical study was using self-administered questionnaires for collecting data from Malaysian respondents. From population, among the sample for the study was selected on convenience sampling (Huddleston et al., 2009). Several reminders were sent at monthly intervals to potential respondents, in order to improve the response rate. Only 227 usable feedbacks were received by before the deadline and about eight of returned surveys were not appropriate for further analysis. This represented about 73.24 per cent of total 299 invitations, which were sent by e-mail. Likert-type scale was applied in previous studies to the questionnaire design, running from 1 (very low) to 7 (very high) (Qin and Prybutok, 2009). Before distribution of the questionnaire, a pilot test was performed for normality check, readability, 154 Journal of Economic and Social Studies �The Role of Intercultural Communication Competence on Service Reliability and Customer Satisfaction accuracy, comprehensiveness and further item purifications appropriately. Based on pre-test feedbacks, few items were reworded for a comfortable length of time reading and answering the survey. The Cronbach’s α coefficient was used to determine the questionnaire service reliability, due to the items that were used to form a scale (Likert scale), construction at the group level and service reliability of each item at the individual level has to be evaluated. An exceeding 0.9 indicates high service reliability, α between 0.9 and 0.7 indicates acceptable level of service reliability, and α below 0.35 indicates low service reliability. Results Characteristics of the participants are as summarised in table 3; 72.7 per cent of participants were male. In terms of income, 46.3 per cent of them had a monthly income of more than $ 1,000, 75.1 per cent had a monthly income less than $1,333, and 75.3 per cent had a monthly income of less than $1,334. In terms of education, 90.4 per cent of them had a degree, 8.2 per cent of them had a diploma, and 1.30 per cent had a high school education. More than 58 per cent of them are Malay, 5.90 per cent of participants are Chinese, 7.3 per cent are Indian, and percentage of others was five. The participant who were represented 78.5 per cent of them purchase maximum five times in a month, and more than 41 per cent of them are paying between $34-$66 for purchasing at one time. Table 2. Demographic Indicators Gender Age Education Ethnicity Male 20-24 (72.7%) (16.9 %) Female (27.3%) 25-29 (46.1 %) 30-34 (19.2 %) High School (1.4 %) Diploma (8.2 %) Degree (90.4 %) Volume 5 Number 1 Spring 2015 Malay (58.9 %) Chinese (5.9 %) Indian (7.3 %) Middle East (5.5 %) Income <RM 1999 (11.0 %) RM 2000RM 2999 (42.5 %) Purchasing Frequency Amount at of One Time Purchasing <RM 99 0-5 (29.7 %) (78.5 %) RM100-RM 199 (41.1 %) RM200-RM 299 (20.1 %) RM 300< (9.1 %) 6-9 (16.5 %) 10-14 (3.2 %) 15< (1.8 %) 155 �Ali Ihtiyar & Fauziah Sh. Ahmad 35-39 (11.4 %) 40-44 (3.2 %) 45 and above (3.2 %) Author’s own work Europe (17.4.5 %) Others (5 %) RM 3000RM 3999 (21.9 %) RM 4000< (24.7%) The theory assessment of SEM analysis for the model is based on revised number of items, as in table 3, after removing those with weak factor loading scores from confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Table 3. Items and its Sources. Questions Service Reliability (R1) Performs the service right the first time. (R2) Providing services on time that it is promising to do so. (R3) Availability of merchandise. (R4) Error-free sales transaction and record. Consumer Satisfaction (CS1) This store has good quality merchandise. (CS2) This store offers products with excellent features. (CS3) This store has the right merchandise selection. (CS4) This store provides a good value for money. Sources Dabholkar et al. (1996) Huddleston et al. (2009); Moliner et al. (2007); Pappua and Questerb (2006) Intercultural Communication Competence (IC1) I am comfortable to staff who is of different Sharma, et al. (2012) ethnicity than mine. Briones et al. (2009) (IC2) I think the store is well associated and adapted to Dodd (1998) local culture. 156 Journal of Economic and Social Studies �The Role of Intercultural Communication Competence on Service Reliability and Customer Satisfaction (IC3) I usually handle culture transitions very well. (IC4) The store staffs behave accordingly within their expected role. The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) measure of sampling adequacy, Bartlett’s test of Sphericity and Cronbach α test for reliability are conducted and represented in table 4. Table 4. Factor Analysis and Cronbach α Constructs Bartlett’s Test Service Reliability χ2= 386,906 Customer Satisfaction χ2=424,800 Intercultural χ2=263,229 communication Overall df=6 df=6 KMO Cronbach α Sig.<0.001 0.776 0.839 Sig.<0.001 0.825 0.871 df=6 Sig.<0.001 0.787 0.748 0.887 Table 5 indicates the standardised loadings scores of each variable of the latent constructs and good fit indices for CFA analysis, to warrant the appropriateness to proceed with structural measurement. Comparative Fit Index (CFI) of 0.971 and Tucker Lewis Index (TLI) of 0.962 reveal good fit of incremental index for this analysis, while Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA) of 0.056 represents satisfactory absolute fit index. Volume 5 Number 1 Spring 2015 157 �Ali Ihtiyar & Fauziah Sh. Ahmad Table 5. Regression Weights and Other Statistics Items R <--CS <--CS <--R1 <--R2 <--R3 <--R4 <--IC1 <--IC2 <--IC3 <--CS1 <--CS2 <--CS3 <--CS4 <--IC4 <--Chi Square= 86.256 df=51 p=0.001 CFI=0.971 TLI=0.962 RMSEA=0.056 IC R IC R R R R IC IC IC CS CS CS CS IC Estimate S.E. C.R. P 0.729 0.220 0.725 1.000 0.987 0.881 0.873 1.000 1.109 0.908 1.000 1.032 0.940 0.873 0.968 0.116 0.071 0.117 6.296 4.122 6.188 *** *** *** 0.069 0.074 0.092 14.247 11.861 9.453 *** *** *** 0.128 0.122 8.689 7.444 *** *** 0.073 0.076 0.076 0.136 14.047 12.385 11.456 7.119 *** *** *** *** Structural Equation Modelling According to Hair et al. (2010), the fit analysis must include one incremental index and one absolute index in addition to chi-square χ2 value and the associated freedom degree. Figure 1 indicates the fitted research model that represents acceptable goodness-of-fit indices, estimates of standardised parameters and significant values. As indicated in the model, chi-square χ2 is significant with ratio of χ2 / df. The TLI incremental fit index, the CFI goodness of fit index and RMSEA absolute fit index also performed perfectly for structural model. 158 Journal of Economic and Social Studies �The Role of Intercultural Communication Competence on Service Reliability and Customer Satisfaction Figure 1. Structural Equation Model on Intercultural Communication Competence, Customer Satisfaction and Reliability The path coefficients in table 5 represent that intercultural communication competence has statistically a significant relationship with service reliability and customer satisfaction. Service reliability also remarkably affects customer satisfaction, while intercultural communication competence has significant relationship with customer satisfaction; therefore, H1, H2, and H3, were accepted. In this study, H1 where R was a positive determinant of CS with standardized coefficients as 0.246, meaning that when R goes up by one standard deviation, CS up by 0.246 standard deviations. For H2 IC was a positive determinant of R with coefficient is 0. 569. The least significant path is at H3 where IC was a positive determinant of CS with a coefficient of 0.632. Table 6. Standardized Regression Weight Estimates Description Estimate 0.569 IC→ R 0.632 IC→CS 0.246 R→CS Volume 5 Number 1 Spring 2015 159 �Ali Ihtiyar & Fauziah Sh. Ahmad Conclusion The fundamental objective of this study is to present and examine relationships of theoretical model among intercultural communication competence, service reliability, and customer satisfaction. The integrated framework presented in the study postulated that intercultural communication competence effects on customer satisfaction directly. The model also assumed that intercultural communication competence has positive relationship with customer satisfaction and service reliability. According to results, represented relationships were provided in. Several studies have considered significance of cultural issues in service marketing context (Sharma et al., 2012; Baker et al., 2009; Reimann et al., 2008; Kong and Jogaratman, 2007). However, empirical examinations on role of intercultural communication competence in customers’ evaluations of service experiences remain limited in service marketing literature. This study has concentrated in sufficiency by proposing and testing a theoretical model of interrelationships among service reliability, customer satisfaction, and intercultural communication competence. Future studies could advance the knowledge regarding other dimensions of service quality by testing and refining the proposed model in other service settings. Furthermore, examining other dimensions may assist and encourage the model generalizability. The findings of the present study have several implications for forthcoming investigation in theoretical and managerial fields. First, as noted above, future studies could test both the direct and indirect influences of intercultural communication competence on service reliability and customer satisfaction in different service settings or industries. Second, it is apparent that the role of intercultural communication competence in service experience may create great interest to researchers and practitioners. Third, results of present study suggest that other dimensions of perceived service quality may be included in future studies, in terms of managerial and theoretical implications. The major managerial implication from present study is that, evaluations of service experience may include reference to intercultural communication competence of service experience in addition to the traditional cognitive evaluation (that is, “perceived service quality”). Majority of grocery retailers ask customers for cognitive feedback on a variety of service dimensions without recording positive and/or negative feelings that customers have experienced during their shopping in the store. Second, as practitioners are well aware, employees play a significant role in determining delivery of services during 160 Journal of Economic and Social Studies �The Role of Intercultural Communication Competence on Service Reliability and Customer Satisfaction interaction with their customers. Practitioners may improve level of education and sequence of training activities for their staff particularly frontline staff, such as cashiers, sales persons, to ensure that their staffs are completely and precisely aware of importance of monitoring and managing interaction properly in all service encounters. The study is also providing comprehensive outcomes for re-assessment of service quality with culture as a dimension in Malaysian retail industry. References Ahmad, F. S., Ihtiyar, A., & Omar, R. (2014). A comparative study on service quality in the grocery retailing: Evidence from Malaysia and Turkey. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 109, 763-767. Ahmad, F. S., Ihtiyar, A., Jing, W., & Osman, M. H. M. (2012). Integrating brand perception, culture dimension and social influence in predicting purchase intention in luxury brand market. 3rd International Conference on Business and Economic Research. Bandung, Indonesia Amin, M., & Isa, Z. (2008). 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Journal of Vacation Marketing, 8, 75-87. Zhao, X., Bai, C., & Hui, Y.V. (2002). An empirical assessment and application of SERVQUAL in a Mainland Chinese department store. Total Quality Management, 13, 241-254. 168 Journal of Economic and Social Studies � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2830 Title A name given to the resource The Role of Intercultural Communication Competence on Service Reliability and Customer Satisfaction Author Author Ihtiyar, Ali Fauziah, Sh. Ahmad Abstract A summary of the resource. Abstract: The article presents an inclusive framework on three major constructs namely intercultural communication competence, service reliability and customer satisfaction in the grocery retail settings in Malaysia. The constructs’ validity and reliability were examined based on structural equation modeling. Based on the proposed framework, a number of propositions were developed to facilitate empirical investigation on intercultural communication competences of the selected grocery retail outlets. This contributes to the development of a theory based path model that links the intercultural communication competence to service reliability and customer satisfaction. While numerous scholars have considered the extensive topics of service quality and customer satisfaction, however, none of those studies explored on the critical role of intercultural communication competence and incorporated the construct with perceived service quality and customer satisfaction. One of the most critical finding of the study is the dimension of perceived service quality and intercultural communication competence have positive relationship and it also progressive finding for further research on other dimensions of perceived service quality. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2015 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed HB Economic Theory https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/642c5034218a32f1bdaa92876dc8353c.pdf c600e455e56ab1cda630cb1bda03f835 PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Frazelle E. (2002) Supply Chain Strategy: The Logistics of Supply Chain Management, McGraw-Hill, New York. Kleindorfer, P.R., Singhal, K. and Van Wassenhove, L.N. (2005) Sustainable operations management, Production and Operations Management, 14(4), 482–492. 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(2001) Geographic information systems in warehouse site selection decisions, International Journal of Production Economics, 71 (1), 205-212. The Role Of Internal Auditing In Sustainable Development And Corporate Social Reporting Serpil Senal, Gaye Atilla, Burcu Aslantaş Ateş Süleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey E-mails:serduz@mynet.com, burcuatesaslantas@msn.com, gaisan@hotmail.com Abstract Sustainability means a lot more than just the economic, environmental, and social challenges an organization faces in its everyday and future operations: it means the ethics in these operations, touching on all the lives of those in the organization, its stakeholders, and the planet. The objectives of all sustainable development programs must be measured, and the 390 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo results are to be reported in and outside the organization. Stakeholders and society need to be assured independently in that such measures are recorded accurately and in timely fashion before being reported. There are opportunities for internal auditing to contribute to its independent and objective assurance services as an auditor as well as a consultant and teacher. Such a contribution can take best-practice internal auditing to a high level of added value. The internal auditor is a vital conduit to the creation of trust. The internal auditor contributes to a number of corporate social reporting (CSR) and sustainability issues by keeping management updated on the aspects of operational and compliance issues, which is part of their core function, as well as brand management audits and through participation in the stakeholder dialogue process. Furthermore, the increasing importance of CSR and sustainability and its impact on risk management bring additional challenges involving the control environment, including the provision and installation of effective management and reporting systems, which will provide clarity and transparency, and therefore trust. The internal auditor has an integral role in determining the materiality of the content of the CSR and sustainability report. This is a responsibility that can only increase with the burgeoning of CSR and sustainability reports, both in volume and size of content. Today, internal audit function that is the most important factor in creating sustainable value to improve the value of the company and firm performance is important to correct implementation and to be sustainable. Therefore, enterprises should assign enough importance to internal auditing and should pay attention to create a sustainable audit system. The aim of this study is to investigate the system of sustainable internal audit which is the essential element for sustainable development and corporate social reporting. Keywords: Corporate Social Reporting, Internal Auditing, Sustainable Development, Corporate Social Responsibility, Sustainable Management Systems. 1.INTRODUCTION Sustainable development process drawing attention of both public sector and private sector for decades have brought forward the concept of corporate sustainability. Particularly the belief that the sustainable development process cannot be achieved without the support of the entities has necessitated the consideration of sustainability process in the entities. In this regard, sustainable policy and strategies have been developed via sustainable management systems. Variation of management policies and strategies has led to variation in the risk areas that the entity will come across during its activities. Relevant variation have also created differences in the roles and responsibilities of internal auditing that supports (COSO, 2006) the designation of policies, procedures and strategies by the management and gives assistance to the management, board of directors and audit committee responsible for the operation of this 391 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo process with respect to review, assessment, reporting and increasing the effectiveness and adequacy of corporate risk management processes. In this study, the role and responsibilities of internal audit in corporate sustainability have been reviewed. In this perspective, particularly internal auditing and current structure of internal auditing has been reviewed and then new roles and responsibilities of internal auditing in the corporate sustainability have been searched. 2.Internal Auditing Internal auditing is an independent and objective activity of assurance and consulting aimed to develop the activities of an entity and add value to these activities (D. Pehlivanlı, 2010, 7). The purpose of internal auditing is to remedy each process to mitigate risks in the entity and increase operating income (M.A. Yousuf, 2010). Internal auditing is aimed to give assistance to the management, board of directors and audit committee in reviewing, assessing, reporting and increasing the effectiveness and adequacy of corporate risk management processes (COSO, 2006). A fair internal auditing process must be relevant to both management and application performance of the entity and auditing financial and operational risks of the entity. For this reason, internal auditing is an important instrument of the firm in maintaining its operations in a successful fashion. What is important is to use this instrument as required and in an efficient manner so that the results are reflected on the activities of the entity (G.Aras,2012,2). According to the Standard 2130 of the Institute of Internal Auditors (IIA), internal audit contributes to the progress of the entities in following dimensions (The Standard 2130 of IIA): _ Designation of organizational values and objectives and communication of these objectives and values to staff, _ Supervision of whether the objectives are achieved, _ Maintenance of accountability, _ Protection of organizational values. Reasons necessitating the existence of internal auditing can be enumerated as follows (D. Pehlivanlı, 2010, 19). _ Responsibility and accountability: Obligatory transfer of authority and responsibility due to the growth of enterprise; the need to search the effectiveness of the staff and the compliance of senior management with policies, 392 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo _ Agency theory: The need to employ salaried executives as a result of professionalism and growth of the entities and to determine to what extent these executives fulfill their responsibilities, _ Consulting and assistance to the management: The objective of internal auditing is not only to discover the errors and deceits but also to provide consulting in areas where the entity management needs advice. _ Savings need: Today, since costs are minimized in every field in order to survive intensive competition conditions, internal auditing units also help in finding areas to maintain savings for entities. _ Need to oppose fraudulent transactions: Internal audit is responsible for discovering fraudulent acts of entity owners, executives or staff. Internal audit also has roles and responsibilities for the corporate management which is the assurance of sustainability and a process assisting the entity in working efficiently, drawing human capital and financial capital and earning profits for all shareholders by balancing their interests (M. Ertuğrul, M. Sarıkaya, A.A. Özdemir, M. Kılıç, S. Yılmaz, 2009, 9) to operate efficiently. Within this framework, risk management, control and corporate management processes as well as independent and unbiased assurance and consulting activities of the entities and corporations are also under the responsibility of internal auditing. Making significant contributions to the establishment of administrative accountability process in entities, internal auditing creates added value for the entities with its opinions and recommendations about appropriate performance of the activities as well as the performance of appropriate activities (A.K. Uzun, 2012). 3. Corporate Sustainability Sustainable development is the process of preventing waste of resources and directing investments, technological innovations and industrial improvements in order to meet the needs and requests of persons today and in future (Brundland Commission, 1987). Everincreasing roles of the entities in society have resulted in the consideration of sustainable development concept more in business environment. As companies represent the productive sources of the economy today, it is accepted that the society cannot achieve sustainable development without the support of the companies. Therefore, private sector companies must work actively to create economic values and to mitigate environmental and social problems emerging from their activities as well as producing goods and services increasing living standards (M. Sarıkaya, F.Z. Kara, 2007, 225). This situation introduced the concept of corporate sustainability. Corporate sustainability is to satisfy the needs of direct and indirect shareholders of an entity without making concessions from the facilities in order to meet the requirements of future shareholders (M. Ertuğrul, M. Sarıkaya, A.A. Özdemir, M. Kılıç, S. Yılmaz, 2009, 9). 393 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 4. Role of Internal Audit in Corporate Sustainability Sustainability with environmental, social an economical dimensions necessitated the formation of consumer behaviors and other market dynamics within the framework of sustainability and designation of a sustainable management system by the companies. For this reason, risks and opportunities to emerge with respect to this process have also been inserted among the priorities that the companies must take into consideration (IMKB, 2011, 4-6). New function of the internal auditing is to define and understand the risks and opportunities created by the sustainability process as well as to determine how these opportunities and risks will affect the entity; to assess and report sustainability indicators and results of climate changes.( www.deloitte.com/.../Role%20of%20Int%2). Sustainable development has a very strong link with ethics. Companies must gain the trust of others not only for the financial resources, but also for all resources used in the organization in order to create value. Trust can be established only with transparency. In order to render the risks of company founders or management consistent and balanced, to supervise that the company comprehends the business field and competition conditions well and takes balanced decisions and to ensure sustainability of the company, internal audit assessments must be made in a prudential, fair and value increasing manner in line with ethical principles (http://www.deloitte.com/assets/Dcom-Turkey/Local%20Assets/Documents/turkeytr_fbs_kurumsallasma_051110.pdf). Corporate sustainability necessitated the designation of sustainable management systems. The advantage of the relevant management system is that the system is an auditable structure covering economic, environmental and social assumptions with a systematic, transparent, consistent and reliable understanding manner (H.Niveuwlands, 2006, 37). Internal audit is responsible for providing advisory services in this field with the senior management and must follow up the entire process related to sustainability in the organization (H.Niveuwlands, 2006, 49-66). Sustainable management process is consisted of (H.Niveuwlands, 2006, 37): _ Determination of sustainable policies and strategies, _ Information risk management and planning, _ Improvement and application, _ Control and correction, _ Management review and continuous improvement. Objective Traditional Management Understanding Sustainable Management Understanding Economic Growth and profitability Sustainability and standard of living Welfare of the shareholders Welfare of the stakeholders Products 394 Design based on function, style and price Design appropriate to the environment �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Environment Operating Functions Single use package product Packaging friendly to the environment Dominance on the environment In harmony with nature Air pollution and wastes are accepted as exteriority. Elimination and management of air pollution and wastes Financing for profit maximization in short term Financing for sustainable growth in long term Accounting for traditional costs Accounting focused on environmental costs Human resources management for labor force effectiveness Performance Measure Financial results Human resources management aimed to make the business meaningful and protect security and health in the work place Financial, economic, social and environmental results Figure 1: Differences in Management Understanding (N. Tökgöz, S. Önce, 2009, 253). As it is obvious from Figure 1, first step of sustainable management system is to issue sustainable policies. Internal auditing must review sustainable policies determined and determination process of these policies on a periodical basis. On the other hand, it is also responsible for reviewing whether sustainable policies are in compliance with strategic plans and other organizational policies. Furthermore, internal auditing must monitor and search all relevant laws, regulations, protocols and industrial standards (H.Niveuwlands, 2006, 49-66). For the sustainable management process to reach its objectives and targets, job descriptions of the staff should be made appropriately. Duties, roles and responsibilities of the staff must be clearly defined and it must be ensured that the staff has access to necessary sources in order to fulfill their duties and responsibilities. The role of internal auditing at this stage is to determine whether the staff appointed to the relevant duty is appropriate to the related job description. In this regard, internal audit may resort to personnel files as well as survey application. Another step of sustainable management process is risk management. Internal auditing assumes a key role in this field. Internal auditor must develop a risk management system covering sustainable perspective. In this process, internal auditor must give assistance to the management for improvement, consideration and identification of risk management methodologies by taking over a consultant’s role and collect evidence substantiating whether risk management process has achieved its objectives (H.Niveuwlands, 2006, 49-66). Corporate scandals unveiled in recent years, higher levels of information and awareness of investors, environmental, ethical and social performances of the enterprises which have become more important and sustainable development process have created differentiations in the role of internal auditing. Particularly the fact that traditional internal auditing does not represent risks related to sustainability process has been one of the essential factors affecting the role of internal auditing in the enterprise. ( http://www.cipfa.org.). 395 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo The risks which sustainable management system shall be exposed to may refer to environmental, health and security risks in addition to the risks which each enterprise may be exposed to. Nevertheless (H.Niveuwlands, 2006, 49-66), _ Organizational reporting structure, _ The possibility of causing environmental losses or fines, _ The possibility of causing injuries and deaths, _ The possibility of encountering adverse propaganda, _ Loss of reputation or image can also be described as the risk areas that the enterprises may come across in this process. From this perspective, International Professional Practices Framework (IPPF) Issued by International Institute of Auditors (IIA) enlists the risks related to the sustainability process (http://www.theia.org). 1. Strategic risk: Enterprises may go through changes in areas such as market placement, consumer preferences, strategic investments (such as renewable energy) and stakeholder communications along with sustainability and climate change. Therefore, senior management or board of directors of the enterprise must determine how they can make use of these changes in order to derive competition advantages. For example, manufacturing environment sensitive products (green products). 2. Compliance risk: Together with climate changes and sustainable development, regulations in many areas such as national, international and regional areas have become a current issue. The biggest risk in this field is related to the measurement of the results concerning regulations. The fact that the applications are in different fields which are health, security, human rights, labor acts, anti-bribery and environmental; and both their results and measurements of these results show variance are among the key risks that the enterprises experience. For instance, while environmental risks have direct impacts such as emission costs, they have also indirect impacts such as the increase in energy prices. 3. Financial risk: Climate changes and changes related to sustainable development may directly or indirectly affect share certificate values of the enterprises. For example, compliance to this process not only leads to new costs, but also new market losses. Furthermore, corporate ratings given at the end of sustainability performance may cause the enterprises to lose value in the eyes of the investors. All these developments may also be end up with customer losses in addition to market losses. 4. Reputation risk: Corporate reputation is a collective concept covering the opinions of all stakeholders about corporate reputation, internal identity and particularly the opinions of the customers about the corporation as well as external image. A strong reputation ensures sustainable competition advantage. Reputation risk is described as potential negative reputation about the business practices of corporations. It increases social and environmental roles of the sustainable enterprises. For this reason, failure in fulfilling these responsibilities increases reputation risk of the enterprise (E.Uzunoğlu,B.Öksüz,2008,114-116). 396 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Due to this process, most of the enterprises prepare and issue sustainability reports, in other words, corporate social responsibility reports today for the following purposes (A.B. Başar, M. Başar, 2006, 216): _ To increase the possibility of monitoring process towards certain targets and facilitate the application of environmental strategies, _ To increase more awareness about environmental issues within the enterprise, _ To express enterprise message explicitly within and outside the enterprise, _ To increase credit rating due to transparency, to ensure increase in cost savings and efficiency, _ To increase the spirits of the staff, reputation of the enterprise and business development opportunities. Social responsibility or sustainability reporting is reporting of the activities and results of the activities that an enterprise conducts within the framework of the obligations emerging from its social responsibility (U. Kaya, A. Karakaya, 2008, 154). Together with this process, internal audit has assumed the obligation of creating opportunities to ripen sustainability program of the enterprise, maintaining reliability and appropriateness of integrated reporting process and control reports of this process in addition to giving assurance for operation activities. The biggest expectation of the enterprises from sustainable development and social reporting is satisfaction of their basic requirements. Internal auditing is responsible for transferring the objective, yield and risks of sustainability program causing an additional cost for the enterprises to the business management or board of directors. Enterprises generally think that this process brings nothing, but additional costs and show a proactive approach against the risks imposed by the process. In this respect, internal audit must state the importance of these risks to the enterprises and create certain plans in order to remove the risks. On the other hand, it must be ensured that senior management or board of directors also participate in the sustainability process (www.deloitte.com/.../Role%20of%20Int%2). Internal audit must be informed about the risks of corporate social responsibility process discussed together with sustainability process. Nevertheless, internal auditors must have sufficient information and capabilities in order to fully understand this process (J. Ridley, K. D’Silva, M. Szombathelyi, 2011, 482). Internal auditors must answer the following questions in order to turn the corporate social responsibility and sustainability process into an opportunity (J. Ridley, K. D’Silva, M. Szombathelyi, 2011, 483): _ Why should we pay attention to corporate social responsibility as an enterprise? _ What is corporate social responsibility and where are we in this corporate social responsibility? 397 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo _ Who are the interest groups of the enterprise and what are the needs of these groups? _ What are the enablers? _ What is triple bottom line? _ Which enterprises are close to sustainable development? _ Which managers report the results in the enterprise and give assurance to the report results? _ What is the role of internal audit in this process? The reporting system of the sustainable management system must issue the report related to environmental audit. However, the report must be issued in time and cover all results related to the enterprise. Internal audit must be held responsible for the control of this process. 5.CONCLUSION Internal auditing covering various audit activities such as compliance audit, activity audit and information systems audit has been one of the indispensable activities of the enterprises particularly with its function and scope for the reliability of financial reporting system in companies and institutions, compliance with laws and regulations, protection of operating assets, maintenance of economic, effective and efficient conditions of the activities, security and reliability of information systems (S. Selimoğlu, 2011). The differences emerging in the role of internal audit together with the corporate sustainability process defined (M. Ertuğrul, M. Sarıkaya, A.A. Özdemir, M. Kılıç, S. Yılmaz, 2009, 9) as the sustainability of an enterprise as a whole in terms of economic, ecological and social perspectives can be summarized as follows (The IIARF- Sustainability and Internal Audit): _ _ To design and improve sustainable management system, To raise awareness about the sustainability with the help of training programs organized for the staff, _ To coordinate audit activities of external auditors, _ To make suggestions related to the determination of external evaluators. _ To assure that the objectives of the enterprise are fulfilled on condition that all negative impacts related to all interest groups are minimized and the conditions to affect interest groups positively are maximized, _ To ensure compliance with rules and regulations related to the values with a sense of responsibility, _ To ensure that the resources are used at maximum level with a sense of responsibility and reliable records are kept for all interest groups including shareholders and staff of the enterprise, _ To preserve both internal assets of the enterprise and external assets (air, energy, nature etc.). 398 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo REFERENCES A. Banu BAŞAR, Mehmet BAŞAR, “Sosyal Sorumluluk Raporlaması ve Türkiye’deki Durumu”, Anadolu Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, Sayı:2, 2006. Ali Kemal UZUN, Kurumsal Yönetim http://www.icdenetim.net/denetim-komitesi ve İç Denetimin Rolü, Auditing In Emerging Markets”, Corporate Governance, Vol: 11, No: 4, 2011. COSO Kurumsal Risk Yönetimi Raporu, 2006, http://www.coso.org Davut PEHLİVANLI, Modern İç Denetim, Beta Yayınları, İstanbul, 2010. Ebru UZUNOĞLU, Burcu ÖKSÜZ, “Kurumsal İtibar Riski Yönetimi Halkla İlişkilerin Rolü”, Selçuk İletişim Dergisi, Vol: 5, No: 3,2008. Güler Aras, “İşletmelerde Sürdürülebilir Değer Yaratma ve İç Denetim”.p.2, http://www.denetimnet.net/UserFiles/Documents/isletmelerde%20Surdurulebilir%20Deger% 20Yaratma%20ve%20Ic%20Denetim.pdf. (15.03.2012). Hans NIVEUWLANDS, CIA, CCSA, CGAP, RA, Sustainability and Internal Auditing, The IIA Research Foundation, Florida, 2006. http://www.theia.org/guidance/standards-and-guidence/ippf/definition-of-internal-auditig Internal Audit Role, http://www.cipfa.org.Uk/regions/mid/dowland/An%20audit%20framework%20for%20CSR %20(CATS).ppt, ,(12.03.2012) ve İç Denetim Enstitüsü (The IIARF- Sustainability and Internal Audit). Jeffrey RIDLEY, Kenneth D’SILVA, Marta SZOMBATHELYI, “Sustainability Assurance and Internal. Mohammed Alamin YOUSUF, “The Role of Internal Auditor in Sustainable Development and Social Reporting”, Internal Audit Conference, 2010, www.aloulafas.com/en/.../d.m.elameen.pdf 399 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Muammer SARIKAYA, F.Zişan KARA, “Sürdürülebilir Gelişmede İşletmenin Rolü: Kurumsal Vatandaşlık”, Celal Bayar Üniversitesi İ.İB.F Yönetim ve Ekonomi Dergisi, Cilt: 14, Sayı: 2, 2007. Murat ERTUĞRUL, Muammer SARIKAYA, Aytül Ayşe ÖZDEMİR, Metin KILIÇ, Sinan YILMAZ, Kurumsal Sürdürülebilirlik, Beta Yayınları, 2009. Nuray TÖKGÖZ, Saime ÖNCE, “Şirket Sürdürülebilirliği: Geleneksel Yönetim Anlayışına Alternatif”, Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, C.XI, S.I, 2009. Seval SELİMOĞLU, Yeni Türk Ticaret Kanununda İç Kontrol ve İç Denetim, www.ankara.ymmo.org.tr/.../17.12.2011%20Seval%20SELİMOGLU. Institute of Internal Auditors (IIA),Performance, Standard (2130), Control. Sürdürülebilir Gelişme İçin Kurumsallaşma, http://www.deloitte.com/assets/DcomTurkey/Local%20Assets/Documents/turkey-tr_fbs_kurumsallasma_051110.pdf The Role Internal Audit www.deloitte.com/.../Role%20of%20Int%2 İn Integrated Reporting , Türkiye İş Dünyasında Sürdürülebilirlik Uygulamaları Değerlendirme Raporu, İstanbul Menkul Kıymetler Borsası, Eylül 2011. Uğur KAYA, Aykut KARAKAYA, “Sosyal Raporlama Anlayışının Muhasebe Meslek Mensupları Tarafından Algılanması Üzerine Ampirik Bir Çalışma”, Muhasebe Denetime Bakış, Yıl: 7, Sayı:24, Ocak,2008. World Commission on Environment and Development (Brundland Commission), 1987. 400 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1135 Title A name given to the resource The Role Of Internal Auditing In Sustainable Development And Corporate Social Reporting Author Author Serpil, Senal Abstract A summary of the resource. Sustainability means a lot more than just the economic, environmental, and social challenges an organization faces in its everyday and future operations: it means the ethics in these operations, touching on all the lives of those in the organization, its stakeholders, and the planet. The objectives of all sustainable development programs must be measured, and the results are to be reported in and outside the organization. Stakeholders and society need to be assured independently in that such measures are recorded accurately and in timely fashion before being reported. There are opportunities for internal auditing to contribute to its independent and objective assurance services as an auditor as well as a consultant and teacher. Such a contribution can take best-practice internal auditing to a high level of added value. The internal auditor is a vital conduit to the creation of trust. The internal auditor contributes to a number of corporate social reporting (CSR) and sustainability issues by keeping management updated on the aspects of operational and compliance issues, which is part of their core function, as well as brand management audits and through participation in the stakeholder dialogue process. Furthermore, the increasing importance of CSR and sustainability and its impact on risk management bring additional challenges involving the control environment, including the provision and installation of effective management and reporting systems, which will provide clarity and transparency, and therefore trust. The internal auditor has an integral role in determining the materiality of the content of the CSR and sustainability report. This is a responsibility that can only increase with the burgeoning of CSR and sustainability reports, both in volume and size of content. Today, internal audit function that is the most important factor in creating sustainable value to improve the value of the company and firm performance is important to correct implementation and to be sustainable. Therefore, enterprises should assign enough importance to internal auditing and should pay attention to create a sustainable audit system. The aim of this study is to investigate the system of sustainable internal audit which is the essential element for sustainable development and corporate social reporting. Keywords: Corporate Social Reporting, Internal Auditing, Sustainable Development, Corporate Social Responsibility, Sustainable Management Systems. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/fbd14867484520c2bdd5dcd4ec34199f.pdf 923d12ba95726934c074ed2727e8a55f PDF Text Text 1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo The role of language in the process of social integration: from the ancient Cena Trimalchionis to the contemporary world. Maria Elena Galaverna Università degli Studi di Parma, Italy mariaelena.galaverna@studenti.unipr.it Abstract: The Ancient World melting pot is not so different from the globalized contemporary society, in which various people and languages are constantly meeting each others. In particular, language still plays a leading part in the process of social redemption, integration and cultural identity formation. This fact provides us a prominent opportunity to compare these two backgrounds, noticing how the hic et nunc could help explaining the past, which, in turn, could improve our analysis of the present. The proposed contribution intends to apply some of the most known linguistic models on a Latin literary text, the famous Cena Trimalchionis in Petronius‘ Satyricon, in order to investigate its sociolinguistics implications. This system can frame a further understanding of the passage, which gives back the possibility to outline some evergreen rules about the relationship between the governing and the emerging class. As the Cena shows, freedmen, who accorded a high prestige to Latin, aimed to imitate it; yet, they were at the same time also bound to their mother tongue. Their linguistic choices reveal both their wishes and their limits. According to this view, a good use of language, with the consequent sense of being member of a group, granted – and still grants nowadays – a privilege path towards emancipation to foreigners and lower classes. This presentation aims to give some examples on the different levels of communication. Key words: immigration‘s sociolinguistics aspects, actuality of ancient culture, social redemption and integration, cultural identity formation, linguistic prestige and loyalty. Introduction A parallel reading of an ancient text with the contemporary society, although they are very far from each other, however, could offer many consonances on a linguistic level: the background changes, but the dynamics of a linguistic phenomenon remain unchanged. This type of reading helps to understand the present as well as the Ancient World, offering new guidelines to interpret the text. This working hypothesis is the starting point of the following contribution, which aims to study the role of language in the process of social integration, applying some of the most known linguistic models on a Latin literary text, the famous Cena Trimalchionis in Petronius‘ Satyricon. This is a sort of experimental first realistic representation – as Auerbach (1956) 33 notes – because the characters, who do not coincide neither with the author nor with the mock narrator, are talking about what they see and think and they do that using their slang. The Cena expresses a new subjectivity because Petronius describes a sort of objective popular everyday environment through the subjective process. Therefore, it presents sociolinguistic cues to investigate. Language patterns applied Communicative Competence Every freedmen‘s word and action will be considered as a communicative act. The assessment of each one will be coherently based on the model of Communicative Competence theorized by Freddi259and provided below. 259 The reproduced graph is sourced from Freddi (1999), but this model of communication had already been studied by the same author (Freddi 1979; 1994). 797 �1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo Ling = linguistic competence SocioLing = sociolinguistic competence ParaLing = paralinguistic competence ExtraLing = extralinguistic competence Communicative competence includes four integrated skills: linguistic, sociolinguistic, paralinguistic and extralinguistic. First of all, speakers must recognize and produce grammatically correct sentences and therefore master all the three levels of language (phonology, morphology and syntax, lexicon). Secondly, sociolinguistic competence concerns diatopic, diastratic, diaphasic and diachronic language varieties, because speakers must also use appropriate codes for the socio-cultural context. Finally, they must control the prosodic elements (fluency, speech rate, pitch, stress, use of pauses), which are not strictly relevant to the linguistic level but essential to the communication, and non-verbal codes, which are used along with language or as a replacement for it. The latter ones include kinesics (body motion, gesture and facial expressions), proxemics (distance or space), artifacts (clothing, jewels, cosmetic aids) and sensory skills. A good communication needs also two higher-level competences: the semiotic-cultural one, whereby the communicative act is effective and consistent with the cultural scene in which it takes place, and the textual one, because we communicate through texts, which are extended linguistic sequences with a specific purpose and a coherent internal structure. At last, there is an important subordinate competence, the metalinguistic one, whose object is the thinking on the language. Interlanguage According to the literary and epigraphic sources, the Roman Empire involved various people and languages and its social fabric was very complex. Despite the hierarchical structure, there was a real upward social mobility both in Rome and the provinces, as Alfôldy (1987) 206-207 shows. This opportunity of emancipation led foreigners and lower classes to imitate upper classes education and modes of speech: Latin was the language of the State and of the governing class and it became the most prestigious one260. However, the natural loyalty of the emerging class to their native language – most of all Greek – and their lack of liberal education produced an imperfect linguistic and cultural acquisition. The Cena, which probably took place in a provincial town in Campania261, offers a meaningful picture of this attitude staging some upstarts, whose names reveal a humble foreign origin262, opposed to the educated guests. The same situation characterizes the globalized contemporary world, in which speakers always need to find appropriate language forms and features to their purposes. Alongside conditions of bilingualism and diglossia, they often settle the mixture of languages taking on a new code: they leave the less influential language varieties in the context in which they live, using the one in which they recognize a cultural superiority263. They start a second language learning (L2), because of its favourite role in the process of social redemption, integration and cultural identity formation. Yet, they still remain bound to their first language (L1), the mother‘s one, and this implies many interferences. For these reasons, freedmen‘s language in Petronius‘ Satyricon reveals the same features of an interlanguage, which is a language developed by a speaker, who already has its own natural language, when he starts to learn a second language. The schema reported here is taken from Freddi (1994) 76. 260 About the spread of Latin in the Empire and its consequent learning as L2 see Banfi (1991) 84. 261 The exact place is controversial, but it is certainly a Graeca urbs – as it is defined in the text (81,3) – in southern Italy, probably in Campania. See Petersmann (2000) 84-86. 262 As Priuli (1975) 25 explains, all other freedmen have a non-Latin and typical of lower condition name, excepted Fortunata, Scintilla, Primigenius and Proculus, which are anyway Latin names of humble origin. 263 The relationship between language and power is well-defined by Heller (1995) 159. 798 �1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo L1 L2 Interlanguage It is a personal grammar, because it depends on the assumptions that the speaker has made about the operation of the L2; it is temporary, because he aims to achieve a full acquisition of the L2; finally, it is dynamic, because it is constantly modified on the line L1,L2. Chomsky‘s generative grammar, which provides, below the superficial differences, a universal grammar as a mental and biological equipment, allows us to identify universal mental processes in language learning. This implies that the elements of a second language learning are almost identical, regardless of the language. Most errors are due to the interference mechanism: second language learners compare it with their mother tongue and this fact can both help and damage the learning process distorting the marks of the L2. Most of them are morphosyntactic, but they can also concern the phonology and the lexicon. Others can be related to physiological and psycho-emotional factors, which are the subject of psycholinguistics. In general, the awareness of these errors can be an incentive to improve or cause a fall-back of speech on more familiar codes becoming a source of shame. Analogy, which appeals to well-known forms, is one of the main features of the interlanguage, since speakers are supported from a regular basis (Astori 2007-2008 118). In contrast, hypercorrectness is very common, because they try to use elegant forms, even when not required, to demonstrate their control over the language. Yet, code-switching, borrowing, calque and neologism are frequent. It is a very concrete language and often controls the micro-language, but not the conventional expressions. Simplification is usual, as evidenced by the frequent use of modal verbs and the decomposition of a word into its primitive constituents. Analysis of freedmen‘s acts In the Cena Trimalchionis, the master of the house, Trimalchio, and the other freedmen clash with the narrator Encolpius and the other educated characters. It becomes a show – with discussions, performances, dances, music, enormous dishes and unexpected twists – in which freedmen flaunt their wealth, their social redemption and their integration into the upper-classes of society. Their purpose involves every aspect of communication, but it always reveals its limits: they are parvenu and the scholastici laugh at them because of their imperfect use of the rules. Examples of their attempts will be shown according to the different levels of Communicative Competence.264 Linguistic level [58,7] «Athana tibi irata sit, curabo, et <ei> qui te primus ―deuro de‖fecit. Non didici geometrias, critica et alogas menias, sed lapidarias litteras scio, partes centum dico ad aes, ad pondus, ad nummum. [8] Ad summam, si quid vis, ego et tu sponsiunculam: exi, defero lamnam. Iam scies patrem tuum mercedes perdidisse, quamvis et rhetoricam scis. Ecce ―qui de nobis longe venio, late venio? Solve me‖. [9] Dicam tibi, qui de nobis currit et de loco non movetur; qui de nobis crescit et minor fit. Curris, stupes, satagis, tamquam mus in matella […]».265 The libertus Hermeros is talking, in an outburst of rage against Ascyltos and Giton, who are laughing at him and his colleagues. This is an advantaged communication context in order to analyze freedmen‘s language, because in those moments they lose the control and make many errors, which follow the interlanguage pattern outlined. In this case, according to the classification of Boyce (1991) 46-54, we can see phonological peculiarities, like the doric form Athana, typical of the south Italian speech, and one syncopated form, lamnam, which is widely used in colloquial popular language. From a morphosyntactic point of view, there are several irregularities. Indeed, instead of quis nostrum, he uses qui de nobis thrice: here the partitive genitive is replaced by a prepositional construction, according to the simplification of syntax of the cases, and the interrogative pronoun quis is confused with qui. Yet, according to the same tendency, there is the simpler use of indicative (currit, movetur, crescit, fit) in indirect questions, where the literary language employs the subjunctive, and the present defero is employed in place 264 The critical edition used is edited by Mùller (1995 4), the translation by Michael Heseltine (1913). 265 [«I will bring down the wrath of Athena on you and the man who first made a minion of you. No, I never learned geometry, and criticism, and suchlike nonsense. But I know my tall letters, and I can do any sum into pounds, shillings and pence. In fact, if you like, you and I will have a little bet. Come on, I put down the metal. Now I will show you that your father wasted the fees, even though you are a scholar in rhetoric. Look here: ―what part of us am I? I come far, I come wide. Now find me‖. I can tel l you what part of us runs and does not move from its place; what grows out of us and grows smaller. Ah! You run about and look scared and hustled, like a mouse in a pot»]. 799 �1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo of the future. About the lexicon, there are a diminutive, sponsiacula, which is common in vulgar speech, and a code  arrived in that Greek city when he was a young slave and he served there forty years, as he tells us; Greek has obviously an heavy influence on his speech. Finally, the form geometrias used in the plural form could represent an incorrect use of a word he has learned, whose specific meaning remains unknown to him. In fact, ―he contrasts his business education and practical literacy with the liberal education of the scholastici‖ (Boyce 1991 91), in order to affirm again he is proud of his gained status. Sociolinguistic level It is very difficult to choose a passage in order to demonstrate the sociolinguistic valence of freedmen‘s words, because every character has different origins, status and ambitions, which are unavoidably revealed by his language, which changes according to the context. The following example, a part of the consideration about the present time of the poor old clothes dealer, Echion, is indicative of the will to speak classical Latin, but also of the unsatisfactory result. [45,5] «Et Titus noster magnum animum habet et est caldicerebrius: aut hoc aut illud, erit quid utique. Nam illi domesticus sum, non est mixcix. [6] Ferrum optimum daturus est, sine fuga, carnarium in medio, ut amphitheater videat. Et habet unde: relictum est illi sestertium trecenties, decessit illius pater. Male! Ut quadringenta impendat, non sentiet patrimonium illius, et sempiterno nominabitur. [7] Iam Manios aliquot habet et mulierem essedariam et dispensatorem Glyconis, qui deprehensus est, cum dominam suam delectaretur. Videbis populi rixam inter zelotypos et amasiunculos. [8] Glyco autem, sestertiarius homo, dispensatorem ad bestias dedit. Hoc est se ipsum traducere. Quid servus peccavit, qui coactus est facere? Magis illa matella digna fuit quam taurus iactaret. Sed qui asinum non potest, stratum caedit. [9] Quid autem Glyco putabat Hermogenis filicem umquam bonum exitum facturam? Ille milvo volanti poterat ungues resecare; colubra restem non parit. Glyco, Glyco dedit suas; itaque quamdiu vixerit, habebit stigmam, nec illam nisi Orcus delebit. [10] Sed sibi quisque peccat. Sed subolfacio, quia nobis epulum daturus est Mammea, binos denarios mihi et meis. Quod si hoc fecerit, eripiet Norbano totum favorem. Scias oportet plenis velis hunc vinciturum. [11] Et revera, quid ille nobis boni fecit? Dedit gladiatores sestertiarios iam decrepitos, quos si sufflasses cecidissent; iam meliores bestiarios vidi. Occidit de lucerna equites, putares eos gallos gallinaceos; alter burdubasta, alter loripes, tertiarius mortuus pro mortuo, qui habe<ba>t nervia praecisa […]».266 As Boyce (1991) 82 notes, ―he is an opportunist and frustrated social climber: while he does not hesitate to attack the wealthy and famous such as Glyco and Norbanus in the most rabid and venomous fashion once they have been disgraced and their fortunes have declined, he displays a cloying obsequiousness and even affects to be on intimate terms with those who are currently in power, such as Titus and Mammea‖. Therefore, he wants to hide his lower-class origin and, with regard to language, he uses hyperurbanisms, like neuter in place of masculine (nervia) and deponent in place of active (delectaretur). However, as his political judgment is based only on popular materialistic opinions about gladiatorial combats, banquets and money (Ciaffi 1955 139), from a linguistic point of view, ―in an attempt to compensate for the popular tendencies in his speech, he commits solecisms of the opposite sort‖ (Boyce 1991 83). Moreover, despite the effort, his language is characterized by a high number of vulgarisms (Boyce 1991 4654), which reveal once again his origin and upbringing, marking his exclusion from the upper circles: the 266 [«And our good Titus has a big imagination and is hot-blooded: it will be one thing or another, something real anyway. I know him very well, and he is all against half-measures. He will give you the finest blades, no running away, butchery done in the middle, where the whole audience can see it. And he has the wherewithal; he came into thirty million when his father came to grief. If he spends four hundred thousand, his estate will never feel it, and his name will live for ever. He has already col lected some clowns, and a woman to fight from a chariot, and Glyco‘s steward, who was caught amusing Glyco‘s wife. You will see the crowd quarrel, jealous husbands against gallants. A twopenny-halfpenny fellow like Glyco goes throwing his steward to the beasts. He only gives himself away. It is not the slave‘s fault; he had to do as he was told. That filthy wife of his rather deserved to be tossed by the bull. But a man who cannot beat his donkey, beats the saddle. How did Glyco suppose that a sprig of Hermogene‘s sowing would ever come to a good end? He was one for paring the claws of a kite on the wing, and you do not gather figs from thistles. Glyco? Why, Glyco has given away his own flesh and blood. He will be branded as long as he lives, and nothing but death will wipe it out. But a man must have his faults. My nose prophesies a good meal from Mammaea, twopence each for me and mine. If he does, he will put Norbanus quite in the shade. You know he will beat him hands down. After all, what has Norbanus ever done for us? He produced some decayed twopenny-halfpenny gladiators, who would have fallen flat if you breathed on them; I have seen better ruffians turned in to fight the wild beasts, He shed the blood of some mounted infantry tha t might have come off a lamp; dunghill cocks you would have called them: one a spavined mule, the other bandy-legged, and the holder of the bye, just one corpse instead of another, and hamstrung»]. 800 �1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo pronunciation with o of the diphthong au (plodo); the morphological change of gender of stigma, treated as a first declension feminine noun, and of amphiteater, whose transformation from a neuter noun to the masculine does not surprise, if we advert to the universal language principles; vinciturum (from vinco) for victurum, which could be confused with the past participle of vivo, according to the tendency to simplify irregularities using analogical formations; quos si sufflasses, where the intransitive verb is used with the accusative; many syntactic errors, similar to those seen before in Hermeros language (occidit de lucerna equites; subolofacio, quia nobis epulum daturus est; eripiat; vixerit); neologisms, like the compounds burdubasta and loripes, and a borrowing, zelotypos <   (Cavalca 2001 181-182). Finally, he frequently uses proverbial expressions (qui asinum non potest, stratum caedit; ille milvo volanti poterat ungues resecare; colubra restem non parit) and some insults, like Glyco‘s wife as a filix and a matella, which represents an emotional outburst which is typical of the Lateinische Umgangssprache (Hofmann 19852 220). Paralinguistic level Few information come from the work about paralinguistic elements, because this is a written text and therefore fluency, speech rate, pitch, stress and use of pauses cannot be directly investigated, as in reverse it can be done with the spoken language. However, there are some narrator‘s remarks and some speeches which would seem to provide such an opportunity. For example, the following joke is very useful: [41,7] Ad quem sonum conversus Trimalchio «Dionyse» inquit «liber esto». Puer detraxit pilleum apro capitique suo imposuit. [8] Tum Trimalchio rursus adiecit: «non negabitis me» inquit «habere Liberum patrem. Laudavimus dictum [Trimalchionis] et circumeuntem puerum sane perbasiamus ».267 In this passage, the ambiguity of non negabitis me habere Liberum patrem can be understood only by assuming an intonation, which would highlight the word Liberum with appropriate pauses. In fact, it is both the adjective of patrem, with reference to Trimalchio as ingenuus, and the appellative of the Italic Dionysus Pater, whose figure is drawn from the action: the freedman has just freed his slave, Dionysus, who was miming the different epithets of the god (Bromius, Lyaeus, Euhius) (Gaide 1993 251-253). Extralinguistic level Also the non-verbal communication is governed by a sort of ―grammar of acts‖, which should be observed. The following example concerns the use of clothes: [32,2] Pallio enim coccineo adrasum excluserat caput circaque oneratas veste cervices laticlaviam immiserat mappam fimbriis hinc atque illinc pendentibus. [3] Habebat etiam in minimo digito sinistrae manus anulum grandem subauratum, extremo vero articulo digiti sequentis minorem, ut mihi videbatur, totum aureum, sed plane ferreis veluti stellis ferruminatum. [4] Et ne has tantum ostenderet divitias, dextrum nudavit lacertum armilla aurea cultum et eboreo circulo lamina splendente conexo. 268 Thus Trimalchio introduces himself to his guests, when he is entering for the first time in his triclinium: he wears gaudy clothes and some jewels, exhibited to show his wealth. Indeed, all the freedmen believe that richness is the main way to be admitted to the upper classes. Trimalchio reveals he knows the rules to use those objects: instead of the golden ring on the ring finger of his left hand, which he could not use, because it was distinctive of the knights, he wears surrogates with the same value. He finds gimmicks to mask his diversity, like the enormous gilt ring on the little finger, the precious bracelet and the little ring against the evil eye on the ring finger. Semiotic-cultural level [71,12] «[…]‖C. Pompeius Trimalchio Maecenatianus hic requiescit‖ […]».269 267 [Trimalchio turned round at the noise and said, «Dionysus, rise and be free». The boy took the cap of freedom off the boar, and put it on his head. Then Trimalchio went on: «I am sure you will agree that the god of liberation is my father». We applauded Trimalchio‘s phrase, and kissed the boy heartily as he went round]. 268 [His head was shaven and peered out of a scarlet cloack, and over the heavy clothes on his neck he had put on a napkin with a broad strip and fringes hanging from it all round. On the little finger of his left hand he had an enormous gilt ring, and on the top joint of the next finger a smaller ring which appeared to me to be entirely gold, but was really set all round with iron cut out in little stars. Not content with this display of wealth, he bared his right arm, where a golden bracelet shone, and an ivory bangle clasped with a plate of bright metal]. 269 [―Here lieth Caius Pompeius Trimalchio, freedman of Maecenas‖]. 801 �1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo In this part, Trimalchio is giving the instructions for his testament, tomb and epigraph, and he is using a rather high-flown language, because of the importance of these things in Roman society, according to Magnani (19972) 138. The sentence provided above is the actual inscriptio, which should have been engraved on his tomb and it aims to be perfectly appropriate to the socio-cultural background. He takes on the tria nomina, which from Caesar‘s age identified the Romans free citizens, but he adds a second famous cognomen to increase the feeling of nobility and greatness, betraying the expectations. Also the entire inscription meets the same goals: it is traditionally included in an architectural structure with a figurative element, it remembers Trimalchio‘s office of sevir in absentia and his Roman values of pietas, fortitudo and fidelitas. At the end, it presents the address to the viator, so that the dead will live in his memory. Textual level A text must respect the seven standards of textuality to be correct. According to De Beaugrande – Dessler (1984), those are cohesion, coherence, intentionality, acceptability, informativity, situationality and intertextuality. If one or more of them fail, the communication can be compromised. This happens several times during the Cena, as the following example shows. [59,3] […] Mox silentio facto «scitis» inquit «quam fabulam agant? Diomedes et Ganymedes duo fratres fuerunt. [4] Horum soror erat Helena. Agamemnon illam rapuit et Dianae cervam subiecit. Ita nunc Homeros dicit quemadmodum inter se pugnent Troiani et Tarentini. [5] Vicit scilicet et Iphigeniam, filiam suam, Achilli dedit uxorem. Ob eam rem Aiax insanit et statim argumentum explicabit». 270 Trimalchio‘s speech is clearly cohesive, coherent, informative and it has a situational relevance, because he is translating the lines of Homeristae Graecis. His intent is also proper, because he wants to compare the mythic Ajax with the chef Ajax, who soon after will slice a boiled calf. But it fail in acceptability and intertextuality, because the recipients have a more correct cultural heritage and they will find incomprehensible deformations of the mythical tradition. Metalinguistic level There are two moments in which the freedmen make some remarks about their language, opposed to the Latin of the educated characters, and in both of them they feel the same sense of inferiority. However, the reactions are different: [46,1] «Videris mihi, Agamemnon, dicere: ―quid iste argutat molestus?‖. Quia tu, qui potes loquere, non loquis. Non es nostrae fasciae, et ideo pauperorum verba derides. Scimus te prae litteras fatuum esse […]».271 Against the rhetorician Agamemnon, Echion admits to speak incorrectly (as the active form of loquor and argutor, the change of pauperorum from the third to the second declension and prae with accusative show), but this perception lead him to attempt a classical Latin learning. Later, indeed, his aggression is attenuated and his tongue tries again to imitate them, qui possunt loqueri, to be part of their group. Niceros, on the contrary, refuses to stand against the educated characters and tells them a popular folktale, with a lower-class Latin: [61,4] «[…] Itaque hilaria mera sint, etsi timeo istos scholasticos, ne me [de]rideant. Viderint: narrabo tamen; quid enim mihi aufert qui ridet? Satius est rideri quam derideri».272 Conclusions 270 [Soon there was silence, and then he said, «you know the story they are doing? Diomede and Ganymede were two brothers. Helen was their sister. Agamemnon carried her off and took in Diana by sacrificing a deer to her instead. So Homer is now telling the tale of the war between Troy and Parentium. Of course he won and married his daughter Iphigenia to Achilles. That drove Ajax mad, and he will show you the story in a minute»]. 271 [«Now, Agamemnon, you look as if you were saying, ―what is this bore chattering for?‖. Only because you have the gift of tongues and do not speak. You do not come off our shelf, and so you make fun of the way we poor men talk. We know you are mad with much learning»]. 272 [«Well, it shall be pure fun then, though I am afraid your clever friends will laugh at me. Still, let them; I will tell my story; what harm does a man‘s laugh do me? Being laughed at is more satisfactory than being sneered at»]. 802 �1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo This work is intended as a further example of the fruitful dialogue between classicism and the present. In fact, according to the modern sociolinguistic and cognitive studies, we can analyze the language shift of the Ancient together with the contemporary World in the process of social integration. The former studies 273 prove that the mechanisms are the same over time, the latter that they are universal, regardless of the language. As the analysis of the text shows, on one hand the language of the freedmen can be interpreted as an interlanguage which tends to the upper-class Latin but contains a lot of errors due to the interference mechanism and to the creativity of the speakers. On the other hand, their attempt to integrate themselves shows evergreen rules: outcast people try to imitate every kind of feature of the governing class in order to emancipate themselves, but they end up exaggerating or damaging them. Their communicative acts often mark the difference and reveal what they want to hide. However, their perceptions, their aims and their motivations can improve the outcome. According to this view, a good use of language still plays a decisive role. 273 See Giacalone Ramat (2000) 60 in her consideration about William Labov‘s statement ―use the present to explain the past‖. 803 �1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo References Adams, J.N. (2003), Bilingualism and the latin language, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Alfôldy G. (1987), Storia sociale dell‘antica Roma, Bologna: il Mulino. Astori, D. (2007-2008), Sulle antinomie di ‗incipit‘… ovvero, del potere dell‘analogia, in La torre di Babele. Rivista di letteratura e linguistica 5, Parma: MUP Editore, 115-120. Auerbach, E. (1956), Mimesis. Il realismo nella letteratura occidentale, Torino: Einaudi, 30-57. Banfi, E. (1991), Alloglotti in Roma imperiale: per una definizione della storia linguistica del latino come L2, in F. Aspesi – M. Negri (a cura di), Studia linguistica amico et magistro oblata. Scritti di amici e allievi dedicati alla memoria di Enzo Evangelisti, Milano: Edizioni Unicopli, 1991, 79-105. Boyce, B. (1991), The Language of the freedmen in Petronius‘ Cena Trimalchionis, Leiden - New York – Kôln: E. J. Brill. Cavalca, M. G. (2001), I grecismi nel Satyricon di Petronio, Bologna: Pàtron Editore. Ciaffi, V. (1955), Intermezzo nella Cena petroniana (41,10-46,8), in Rivista di Filologia classica 33, 113-145. De Beaugrande, R.A. – Dressler, W.U. (1984), Introduzione alla linguistica testuale, Bologna: il Mulino. Freddi, G. (1979), Didattica delle lingue moderne, Bergamo: Minerva Italica. Freddi, G. (1994), Glottodidattica. Fondamenti, metodi e tecniche,Torino: UTET. Freddi, G. (1999), Psicolinguistica, sociolinguistica, glottodidattica. La formazione di base dell‘insegnate di lingue e di lettere, Torino: UTET. Gaide, F. (1993), L‘ambiguïté linguistique dans la Cena Trimalchionis: de la grammaire antique a l‘intuition du sens pragmatique?, in Revue de philologie, de littérature et d‘histoire anciennes 67, 251-256. Giacalone Ramat, A. (2000), Mutamento linguistico e fattori sociali: riflessioni tra presente e passato, in P. Cipriano – R. D‘Avino – P. Di Giovine (a cura di), Sociolinguistica e linguistica storica, Atti del convegno della società italiana di Glottologia, Roma: Il Calamo, 45-78. Heller, M. (1995), Code-switching and the politics of language, in L. Milroy – P. Muysken, One speaker, two languages, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 158-174. Heseltine, M. (1913), Petronius, with an English translation by Michael Heseltine, Loeb Classical Library, London: Heinemann. Hofmann, J.B. (19852), La lingua d‘uso latina, introduzione, traduzione italiana e note a cura di L. Ricottili, Bologna: Pàtron Editore. Magnani, L. (19972), Paura della morte, angoscia della vita di gente comune in Petronio, in N. Criniti (a cura di), Gli affanni del vivere e del morire. Schiavi, soldati, donne, bambini nella Roma imperiale, Brescia: Grafo, 131-149. Mùller, K. (19954), Petronii Arbitri Satyricon reliquiae, edited by K. Mùller, Stuttgart-Leipzig: Teubner. Petersmann, H. (2000), La latinizzazione dell‘Italia meridionale e il Satyricon di Petronio, in J. Herman – A. Marinetti (a cura di), La presistoria dell‘italiano, Atti della tavola rotonda di linguistica storica (Università Ca‘ Foscari di Venezia 11-13 giugno 1998), Tùbingen: Max Niemeyer Verlag, 81-92. Priuli, S. (1975), Ascyltus. Note di onomastica petroniana, Collection Latomus 140, Bruxelles: Latomus. 804 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 117 Title A name given to the resource The role of language in the process of social integration: from the ancient Cena Trimalchionis to the contemporary world. Author Author Galaverna, Maria Elena Abstract A summary of the resource. The Ancient World melting pot is not so different from the globalized contemporary society, in which various people and languages are constantly meeting each others. In particular, language still plays a leading part in the process of social redemption, integration and cultural identity formation. This fact provides us a prominent opportunity to compare these two backgrounds, noticing how the hic et nunc could help explaining the past, which, in turn, could improve our analysis of the present. The proposed contribution intends to apply some of the most known linguistic models on a Latin literary text, the famous Cena Trimalchionis in Petronius‘ Satyricon, in order to investigate its sociolinguistics implications. This system can frame a further understanding of the passage, which gives back the possibility to outline some evergreen rules about the relationship between the governing and the emerging class. As the Cena shows, freedmen, who accorded a high prestige to Latin, aimed to imitate it; yet, they were at the same time also bound to their mother tongue. Their linguistic choices reveal both their wishes and their limits. According to this view, a good use of language, with the consequent sense of being member of a group, granted – and still grants nowadays – a privilege path towards emancipation to foreigners and lower classes. This presentation aims to give some examples on the different levels of communication. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2011-05 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed P Philology. Linguistics Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 929 Title A name given to the resource The Role of Learner’s Culture in EFL Textbooks Author Author Gurbanov, Meretguly Abstract A summary of the resource. Language is used both as a means of communication as well as a carrier of culture. Language without culture is unthinkable, so is human culture without language (Wei, 2005). Moreover, linguistic competence alone is not enough for learners of a language to be competent in that language (Krasner, 1999). That is, learners need to be aware of the culturally appropriate ways to address people, disagree with someone, express gratitude or make requests (Peterson and Coltrane, 2003). Teaching a foreign language by means of culture has become increasingly widespread nowadays. As an English teacher, we should try to keep students interested in the classroom. Culture is one of the best ways of motivation and it also provides students with useful models of authentic use of the language in the classroom. Universally accepted cultural –moral values may more motivate the ELT classrooms while learning a foreign language. Among the scholars of the field there are two widely spread and opposing views regarding the relationship between culture and English language teaching (ELT). One is that, since culture and language are inseparable, English cannot be taught without the culture (or rather, one of the cultures) in which it is embedded. The other one is that English language teaching should be carried out independently of its cultural context. But the researcher suggests that, instead of the context of the target culture, the content of ELT and ELT materials should be familiar to language learners. And the researcher hopes that culturally friendly ELT materials will motivate and accelerate the learning of English. Taking this argument as a starting point, this study reports on a research carried out at different educational institutions in Turkmenistan investigating students’ and teachers’ attitudes to the cultural content of the Turkmen EFL courses. The findings of this study are hoped to have implications for teaching and learning culture and moral values in English as a Foreign Language classrooms in Turkmenistan. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed P Philology. Linguistics Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 984 Title A name given to the resource The Role of Learning Styles on the Performance of Learners in ICT embedded Language Teaching Author Author Gucuyener Ulucay, Seda Celikcevik, Barbaros Abstract A summary of the resource. Information Communication Technologies (ICT) has generated a huge difference in last the few decades in industry, commerce, transportation and obviously everyday life. It is an undeniable fact that education was undergone a great change by the use of information communication technologies in class environment. Traditional teaching methods have far been replaced by tools provided by computers and it now became a wonder if the roles of teachers would ever stay the same in the following year as ICT embedded language teaching came to be widely used. Though information communication technologies provide students with the opportunity to visualize the content they have been exposed to, it is questionable if learners really have the equal chance to get the utmost benefit of this content as they are exposed to the same activities or the same materials paying the least attention to learners own learning styles. This study aims to explore the extent to which the learners can take benefit from the content information communication technologies provide, whether the kinesthetic learners are left out of the circle of this opportunity as the content is more likely to support visual and audio learners. The study is conducted among eighty adult learners of English as a foreign language at a language course in Istanbul. The findings of the study have not only given the researchers the chance to evaluate the materials and the technologies used but also provided an insight on the process for the betterment of these materials as learning styles were found to play the key role on the performance of the students with the materials they were being exposed to. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed P Philology. Linguistics https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/c6f4dfe17872bea1414dfc903294aebe.docx d90e50ae34430ceb47c1b75a3b40d17c https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/0f9a50e175fff71a5f46959de0096a46.pdf 558f60a4ccfc89cd6be9541c0bb6ca53 PDF Text Text The Role of Local Authority in Tourism Development in Vlora Landsite Mukluk Epoka University Albania linditamukli@gmail.com Abstract: Economic and social opening of Albania after 1991, gave a new momentum to the country's tourism development particularly the one to the coastal areas, using individual private investment, which structured small-scale tourism, coupled with cleavage to extreme local landscape. Governments after 1991, rightly considered tourism development as a big opportunity on developing the country in a short term.Local authorities have many direct and indirect mechanisms at their responsibility and disposal to influence the development of tourism as they are providers of public goods and services, supervisory bodies of economic activities, builders of public infrastructure, responsible for economic development and accountable for the natural environment. The local authorities have focused on the distinctive challenges of governance for sustainable developments. This article discusses the development of the tourism industry in Albania and Vlora. It calls for both local and national agencies, and respective stakeholders to support the idea where tourism is an important sector in the process of economic development. The study is based on a structured survey which was developed in Vlora. The questionnaires were structured in such a way that it contains the information needed to answer a hypothesis: “The Local Authority play an important part on tourism development in Vlora”.For processing questionnaires, SPSS software (descriptive Statistics, Frequencies, Compare Means, and Independent Samples T-test) and Mega Stat (Hypothesis Test, Compare Two independents Groups) were used.In Vlora, tourism is one of the many driving forces promoting the directions and opportunities for local developments. The research question of this article is whether tourism can be sustainable. The true proof of “sustainable tourism” will be the sustainable development of local communities which are tourist destinations as the time is right for more focus on this challenge. Keywords:Vlora, Albania, tourism, sustainable tourism, local authorities, local developments, policy making. 73 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2508 Title A name given to the resource The Role of Local Authority in Tourism Development in Vlora Author Author MUKLUK, Landsite Abstract A summary of the resource. Economic and social opening of Albania after 1991, gave a new momentum to the country's tourism development particularly the one to the coastal areas, using individual private investment, which structured small-scale tourism, coupled with cleavage to extreme local landscape. Governments after 1991, rightly considered tourism development as a big opportunity on developing the country in a short term.Local authorities have many direct and indirect mechanisms at their responsibility and disposal to influence the development of tourism as they are providers of public goods and services, supervisory bodies of economic activities, builders of public infrastructure, responsible for economic development and accountable for the natural environment. The local authorities have focused on the distinctive challenges of governance for sustainable developments. This article discusses the development of the tourism industry in Albania and Vlora. It calls for both local and national agencies, and respective stakeholders to support the idea where tourism is an important sector in the process of economic development. The study is based on a structured survey which was developed in Vlora. The questionnaires were structured in such a way that it contains the information needed to answer a hypothesis: “The Local Authority play an important part on tourism development in Vlora”.For processing questionnaires, SPSS software (descriptive Statistics, Frequencies, Compare Means, and Independent Samples T-test) and Mega Stat (Hypothesis Test, Compare Two independents Groups) were used.In Vlora, tourism is one of the many driving forces promoting the directions and opportunities for local developments. The research question of this article is whether tourism can be sustainable. The true proof of “sustainable tourism” will be the sustainable development of local communities which are tourist destinations as the time is right for more focus on this challenge. Keywords:Vlora, Albania, tourism, sustainable tourism, local authorities, local developments, policy making. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014-04-24 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-4564 H Social Sciences (General) Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 3567 Title A name given to the resource THE ROLE OF MACROECONOMIC VARIABLES ON THE YIELD CURVE MODEL: CASE OF ALBANIA Author Author LAÇI, Besjana RYSKULOV, Urmat Abstract A summary of the resource. Albania is a country which has passed through a difficult transition period and surely this period has lead to some inevitable effects on the Albanian economy. The high inflation and the rapid decline of the economy contributed to the crisis which happened in 1997. After 1998 the economic progress and the inflation reduction were enabled by the fiscal and monetary policy strengthening. Much progress is made and this is seen in the continuous increase of gross domestic product growth rate. This research paper will analyze the relationship between term structure of interest rate and the two key variables which are inflation rate and GDP growth rate. The challenging correlation of these variables has been discussed by many economists. Some of the authors could introduce their yield curve model without the intervention of macroeconomic variables, while some others considered macroeconomic factors such as inflation rate and GDP growth rate in explaining the model. The focus of this paper is how the two key variables affected the interest rate. From the regression analysis, it is found that the macroeconomic variables explain about 16.3 % of the variation in the interest rate which is not a high percentage. These variables are not statistically significant and they can be drop out of the regression line. Keywords: interest rate, inflation rate, GDP growth rate. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/dc9c6cfd2e2ec507e2e728b208c5f6d3.docx 0d27bdf5dab17b1bf478ce29288ad456 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/abe7be95163cd3567b92a84b604733e3.pdf 807bb0fc041553988e0c57d9c4a1beb6 PDF Text Text The Exchange Rate in Albania and its Connection with Import-Export Alba Cani Epoka University Albania acani10@epoka.edu.al Abstract: Recently, trade agreements among different countries are becoming more and more important. Exchange rate and its volatility are important elements taken into consideration when these trade agreement and exchanges are done. The history of Albania has had crucial developments in different periods. These changes and developments have had an impact not only in policy making process but also in the way how economic policies are compiled. Among the most important economic actions undertaken in the transition period is the adoption of flexible exchange rate. This paper is an attempt to explain the relationship that exists through the exchange rate and import-export as this is one of the traditional methods for long-term analysis taken into consideration in studying this connection. The aim of this research paper is to analyze the way how these variables are connected to each-other and to explain which factors have influenced in the volatility of exchange rate in these years in Albania. This study examines the effect of exchange rate volatility in imports and exports by using multiple regression analysis with exchange rate as dependent variable and trade balance, remittances, government spending as independent variables. Thus, an empirical method is used in order to prove whether there is a relationship between the exchange rate and its variables and import-export. Moreover, a detailed analysis of exchange rate volatility on trade balance connection is included. All the data are taken by Bank of Albania, Instat and World Bank and all the values of variables are in million Albanian Leke. The analysis is based on respective values of above mentioned variables for the period from 1996-2010 for Leke-Dollar exchange rate and from 1999-2010 for Leke-Euro exchange rate. The findings of this study conclude with the result that exchange rate volatility does not have significant impact on import because some of the products that Albania imports are basic products regarding the inelastic demand of these products. On the other hand, exchange rate volatility affects exports as exports are directly related with exchange rate volatility. Keywords:Exchange Rate, Volatility, Import, Export, Regression Analysis, Trade Balance, Government Spending. 86 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2520 Title A name given to the resource The Role of Macroeconomic Variables on the Yield Curve Model: Case of Albania Author Author LAÇI, Besjana RYSKULOV, Urmat Abstract A summary of the resource. Albania is a country which has passed through a difficult transition period and surely this period has lead to some inevitable effects on the Albanian economy. The high inflation and the rapid decline of the economy contributed to the crisis which happened in 1997. After 1998 the economic progress and the inflation reduction were enabled by the fiscal and monetary policy strengthening. Much progress is made and this is seen in the continuous increase of gross domestic product growth rate. This research paper will analyze the relationship between term structure of interest rate and the two key variables which are inflation rate and GDP growth rate. The challenging correlation of these variables has been discussed by many economists. Some of the authors could introduce their yield curve model without the intervention of macroeconomic variables, while some others considered macroeconomic factors such as inflation rate and GDP growth rate in explaining the model. The focus of this paper is how the two key variables affected the interest rate. From the regression analysis, it is found that the macroeconomic variables explain about 16.3 % of the variation in the interest rate which is not a high percentage. These variables are not statistically significant and they can be drop out of the regression line. Keywords: interest rate, inflation rate, GDP growth rate, level, slope, curvature. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014-04-24 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-4564 H Social Sciences (General)