302 10 3494 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/807ff433e9b803058889677de5adfc78.pdf 863c36ad79d60bf99fb8a195bae874d2 PDF Text Text 1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo The Relationship Between Mobbing and Job Satisfaction: An Exploratory Study Hulusi DOĞAN Alanya Business Administarion Faculty, Akdeniz University Turkey hulusidogan@gmail.com Đlknur DOĞAN Salavatlı School, Sultanhisar Aydın-Turkey Đlknurd09@hotmail.com Abstract: The objective of this study is te examine the relationship between employees’ perceptions for workplace mobbing and job satisfaction by an applied research in a wheel manufacturer firm. A survey questionnaire was designed and used in this study. A total of 95 completed questionnaires were returned, representing a response rate of 95%. The study results indicate that there was a negative relationship between employees’ (downward and horizontal) workplace mobbing perceptions and job satisfaction. About 16.7% of the variance in employee job satisfaction could be axplained by the independent variables of downward mobbing and horizontal mobbing (Adjusted R²). Horizontal mobbing had the strongest impact on employee job satisfaction, and followed by downward mobbing. As a result, employee job satisfaction could be increased through eliminating workplace mobbing. Introduction Understanding and quantifying the process of mobbing is important because of its multiple consequences (Carnero, et al., 2008). At first, exposure to mobbing has severe mental and physical health poblems for those involved, variously manifesting itself in somatic symptoms, anxiety, and depression. In the most severe cases, exposure to mobbing may even produce symptoms resembling post-traumatic stress disorder (Hoel and Einarsen, 2009; Banafos et al., 2009). For example, Leyman and Gustafsson’s (1996) research results of the analysis of 64 patients subjected to mobbing showed a severe degree of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), with mental effects fully comparable with post-traumatic stress disorder from war or prison camp experiences. But, not only the victim is involved in this problem but also the firm and the society as being a target of mobbing frequently leads to absenteeism, increased employee turnover, and reduced productivity (Hoel and Einarsen, 2009). For example, a study for a sample of 6500 temporary disability cases showed that, during the year 2002, 52 million Euros were lost in work compensation as a consequences of mobbing behaviours in Spain (Carnero, et al., 2008). In other words, there is a strong societal dimension of “mobbing” problem and society is left to pick up many of the long-term costs, including medical treatment, work incapacity benefits, and costs associated with premature retirement (Hoel and Einarsen, 2009). So, there are legislative and organizational attempts to prevent mobbing. For example, some countries (Sweden, The Netherlands, Belgium, France, Quebec, South-Australia) enacted legal regulations to combat mobbing in last decades. But, in order to be successful, legal interventions must be accompanied by well-informed, trained, and motivated employers and trade unions who, in collaboration, are willing to deal with the problem proactively on an organizational level (Hoel and Einarsen, 2009). So, mobbing is not a marginal fact in today’s organications and this study aims to make a contribution to the literature and actual attempts to deal with mobbing problem by investigating the relationship between workplace mobbing and employee job satisfaction. Theoretical Grounding Mobbing Mobbing is accepeted as an extreme social stresser at workplaces (Leymann and Gustafson, 1996). And Vandekerckhove and Commers (2003) simply defined “mobbing” as repeated and systematic behavior of individuals or groups, which harms others with whom they work. But Browne and Smith (2008) uses an interesting example to explain “mobbing”: A flock of birds is gathered by the water, eating. A new bird approaches the established flock, hoping to gain entry. Instead of accepting the new bird, the flock of birds torments the new bird, stealing its food, driving it away. The group attack is known as “mobbing.” A group of employees gathers in the office break room, chatting and enjoying the lunch hour. A newly hired employee approaches, hoping to coin the conversation. Instead of accepting the new employee, the group ignores the employee, effectively ostracizing her. Upon returning to 265 �1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo work, the group of employees greets the new employee with insults to her intelligence, rumors about the reasons she was hired, and total ostracization from their social circle. The group attack is known as “mobbing,” In this type of conflict, the victim is subjected to a systematic stigmatization process and encroachment of his or her civil rights. Even, it may ultimately lead to the expulsion from the labour market if the individual in question is unable to find employement (Leymann and Gustafson, 1996). Because mobbing involves hostile and unethical communication towards an individual, who is pushed into a helpless and defenceless position. So, mobbing has been referred to different terms such as “workplace bullying,” “moral harrasment,” “psychological harassment,” “psychological terror”, and “victimization.” But, Leyman (1996) distinguishes bullying from mobbing in stating that the use of the bullying concept in research on workplace aggression stems from research on bullying at school, which is very often strongly characterized by physically aggressive acts. Mobbing on the other hand, is characterized by more sophisticated behaviors, which better describes the phenomenon found at work-places, and consists of harmful treatment of or putting harmful pressure on an employee (Vandekerckhove and Commers, 2003). Also Leyman (The Mobbing Encyclopaedia, http://www.leyman.se/English/frame.html) states that mobbing must occur very frequently (statistical definition: at least once a week) and over a long period of time (statistical definition: at least six months). Because of the high frequency and long duration of hostile behavior, this maltreatment results in considerable psychological, psychosomatic, and social suffering. The definitions stated above show that there must be four critical points to talk about mobbing; these are frequency, duration, reaction and power differencies. At first, the person who is exposed to mobbing must not have a power to defend himself. In other words, there must be a power difference in favour of mobber. So, the person exposed to mobbing is called as “victim.” Second, the hostile actions, behaviors towards the victim must occur in a systematic process. So, the repetitious nature of these behaviors (at least once a week) implies the frequency of mobbing. Third, negative behaviors must no face an interruption. Maltreatments must last in a long time, at least six months. And the last one, the individual exposed to mobbing must be aware of all these systematic actions and suffer from these hostile behaviors. If an individual do not suffer psychologically or socially from these multreatments, it is not possible to state about mobbing (Nield, 1996; Aydın ve Özkul, 2007). Moreover, the last point makes mobbing as the vital issue for all organizations. Because researches carried out in different organizations and different countries demonstrated that mobbing was an extreme social stresser and cretaed serious mental and psyhosomatic health problems as well as undesired organizational outcomes. The most outstanding consequences of workplace mobbing for mobbed persons are a loss of income due to being sacked or leaving the job, and health hazards such as severe anxiety, unable to concentrate, sleeplesness, depression, PTSD (post-traumatic stress disorder) (Vandekerckhove and Commers, 2003; Leymann and Gustafson, 1996; Quine, 1999; Vanderstar, 2004). For example, a study composed of self-reports of workplace mobbing and the resulting health problems from 1000 individuals who visited the Bullying Institute’s website and voluntarily filled out a questionnaire indicated that the most frequently reported symptoms were: anxiety, stress, excessive worry (reported by 76 percent of respondents); loss of concentration (71 percent); disrupted sleep (71 percent); feeling edgy, irritable, esily startled and constantly on guard (paranoia) (60 percent); stress headaches (55 percent); obsession over details at work (52 percent); recurrent memories, nightmares and flashbacks (49 percent); racing hearth rate (48 percent); needing to avoid feelings, thoughts, and situations that remind the victim of trauma or a general emotional “flatness” (47 percent); body aches-muscles or joints (45 percent); exhaustion, leading to an inability to function (41 percent); compulsive behaviors (40 percent); diagnosed depression (39 percent) (Browne and Smith, 2008; Namie, 2003). As European researchers have publicized the potentially devastating effects of mobbing in the workplace, legislators have taken action. Sweden was the first nation to pass anti-mobbing legislation, enacting the Ordinance on Victimization at Work in 1993 (Browne and Smith, 2008; Hoel and Einarsen, 2009). The second country to enact such legislation was France, passing the Modernization of Employment Act of 17 January 2002. Belgium, Quebec, and the United Kingdom have also passed workplace bullying legislation. The Swedish, French, and Quebecois approaches require employers to create a policy preventing mobbing and place the burden for preventing mobbing solely on the shoulders of the employers. The Belgian legislation goes one step further, requiring employers to hire a prevention advisor who is trained to mediate workplace relations, including recognizing, preventing, and resolving instances of both psychological and sexsual harrasment (Browne and Smith, 2008; Hoel and Einarsen, 2009). Researches on the causes of mobbing are also being carried out. For example, Einarsen (2000a; 2000b)) collected the causes of mobbing under three titles: personal traits (anxious, aggressive or touchy character of the victim; or a fair, successful, hardworking victim), interpersonal conflicts (stemming from fears, suspicions, angers, pessimism etc.), and social and organizational work environment (role conflicts, leadership style, excessive work-load, lack of job control etc.). And Leyman (1996) stated two basic reasons for the prevelance of work-place mobbing: extremely poorly organised production and/or working methods, and second, an almost helpless or uninterested management. On the other hand, Vandekerckhove and Commers (2003) collect the causes of mobbing under five titles: lack of communication, lack of job control, outside influences (especially pressure to produce good revenues for shareholders), dysfunctional organizational culture (confusion and no 266 �1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo clear line of authority, poor leadership, little or no recognition of achievement, work hours and work load, lack of management support etc) and fear related motives (fear of being made a fool, fear of being regarded as insufficiently informed, as ignorant or as stupid, fear of giving the impression of not being able perform the task etc.). And finally, it is talked about two forms of workplace mobbing in the literature: vertical mobbing and horizontal mobbing. In the vertical form of mobbing, an employee is mobbed by a superior/superiors (downward mobbing), or an employee or a group of employees harasses his/their superior (upward mobbing). And horizontal form of mobbing consists of mobbing by employees against a colleague (Carnero, 2008; Aydın ve Özkul, 2007; Vandekerckhove and Commers, 2003; Tutar, 2004; Çobanoğlu, 2005). Job Satisfaction Job satisfaction describes the feelings, attitudes or preferences of individuals regarding work (Chen, 2008). In other words, it is the degree to which employees enjoy their jobs (McCloskey and McCain, 1987). And researches indicated that dissatisfied employees are likely to leave their jobs. Thus, the understanding of employee job satisfaction and its contributing variables are important for any organization to exist and prosper (Mrayyan, 2005). And numerous researches have been going on job satisfaction for many years. It is common thought that job satisfaction influences organizational behavior, namely it positively affects employee working performance and organizational commitment, and negatively influences employee turnover (Agarwal and Ferrat, 2001; Poulin, 1994; Chen, 2008). Moreover, the relationships between job satisfaction and many variables such as motivation, stress, salary, promotion, role conflict, distributive and procedural justice, role ambiguity, autonomy, workload, leadership style, educational level, emotional intelligence are still being analyzed in different fields as an attractive and important subject of management literature (Ross and Reskin, 1992; Agho et al., 1993; Stordeur et al., 2001; Chu et al., 2003; Kafetsios and Zampetakis, 2008). For example, Sengin (2003), and Hinshaw and Atwood (1984) identify variables that influence employee job satisfaction as: (1) demographic variables: education, experience, and position in the hiererchy; (2) Job characteristics: autonomy, tasks repetetivenes, and salaries; and (3) organizational environment factors: degree of professionalization, type of unit. And Mrayyan (2005) says that the variables of encouragement, feedback, a widening pay scale and clear job description, career development oppurtunity, supportive leadership style, easy communication with colleagues and social interaction positively affect job satisfaction, whereas role stress has a negative influence on it. Similarly, the research made by Chu and his friends (2003) demonstrates that satisfaction is positively related to involvement, positive affectivity, autonomy, distributive justice, procedural justice, promotional chances, supervisor support, co-worker support, but it is negatively related to negative affectivity, role ambiguity, work-load, resource inadequacy and routinization. (-) Vertical Workplace Mobbing Employee Job Satisfaction (-) Horizontal Workplace Mobbing Figure 1: The Model For The Relationships Between Research Variables On the other hand, it is known that both horizontal and vertical form of mobbing create undesired consequences for organizations such as lower productivity due to sick leave and lower motivation. In other words, researches indicate that mobbing have a negative influence on employee motivation and triggers turnovers at a workplace (Zapf, 1999a; Vandekerckhove and Commers, 2003; Aydın ve Özkul, 2007; Yücetürk and Öke, 2005). As dissatisfied eployees have not a strong positive feelings and attitudes towards their works and are likely to leave, in this study (as seen from figure 1) we propose that: 267 �1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Hypothesis 1: There is a negative relationship between vertical (downward) mobbing and job satisfaction. Hypothesis 2: There is a negative relationship between horizontal mobbing and job satisfaction. Research Methodology Analyzing the relationship between employee job satisfaction and workplace mobbing was the main purpose of this study. Two forms of mobbing, horizontal and dawnward one were included in the analysis to measure their influences on employee job satisfaction. The target organization selected for this research was Turkey’s largest wheel manufacturer firm, established in 1977 and employed 400 (full-time and part-time) people. Company is located in Aydın, covering an area of 100.000 square meters where annual production capacity reaches 2.000.000 wheels, of which 75% are exported to over 80 countries worlwide. After having a written permission from the firm administration, an anonymous questionnaire was distributed to 100 full-time employees. Each questionnaire was accompanied by a letter explaining the purpose of the research, the voluntary nature of participation, and the confidentiality of the data. And a total of 95 completed questionnaires were returned (95 percent response rate) from 100 employees. The responses given by the employees were anonymous and confidential. All analyses described below are based on the data from these 95 subjects. The employees were handed a demographic and a field survey questionnaire designed for this study. Demographic survey part of the questionnaire was composed of 5 variables to control the effect on employee job satisfaction and workplace mobbing. And 29 variables existed on the second part of the questionnaire to measure the degree of workplace (horizontal and downward) mobbing perceived by employees and additionally 6 variables to measure their job satisfaction. The instrument consisted of these 35 items answered on a five-point Likert scale anchored by the terms “strongly disagree/very low” (1) and “strongly agree/very high” (5). In statistical analyses, SPSS pc + version 16.0 was used. Sequentially, factor analysis “varimax rotation” to condense condense the number of items, Cronbach’s alpha test for the internal consistency, Pearson rank correlation coefficient to calculate the correlation between the variables were used in the study. And multiple regression analysis was used because it provided estimates of net effects and explanatory power. The adjusted explained variance (the adjusted R2) was used in this research to measure explanatory power. Research Results Several demographic variables were used to measure or control the effect on job satisfaction and workplace mobbing perceived by employees. So, demographic statistics of the respondents were presented in Table 1. Table 1: Demographic Statistics of The Respondents Item Frequency Percent (%) Item Frequency Percent (%) Gender Male Female Missing Total 82 11 2 95 86.3 11.6 2.1 100 Age 18-30 51 53.7 31-40 35 36.8 Vocational Experience 1-5 years 6-10 years 11-15 years 16-20 years 21 years and over Total 32 30 24 6 3 95 33.7 31.6 25.3 6.3 3.2 100 41-50 51 and over Missing Total 7 0 2 95 7.4 0.0 2.1 100 Marital Status Married Single Total 69.5 30.5 100 34 29.5 32 1 95 35.8 66 29 95 Education Level Primary School High School 28 University Master Total 33.7 1.5 100 As can be seen from this table, the majority of our respondents were male employees (88.3%); and 11.6% were female. And 69.5 percent of the respondents were married, 30.5 percent were single. Employees were categorized by age: 18-30 years (53.7%), 31-40 years (36.8%), 41-50 years (7.4%), and 51 years and over (0.0%). Vocational experience was also assessed using categorical brackets. 33.7 percent (majority) of the respondents indicated they were between the experience of one to five; 31.6 percent indicated they were six to ten; 25.3 percent were eleven to fifteen; 6.3 percent were sixteen to twenty and only 3.2 percent were twenty-one and over. Also as presented in Table 1, 35.8 percent of the respondents held primary school degrees, 29.5 percent high school degrees, and 33.7 percent university degrees. Only 1.5 percent held master degree. 268 �1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Table 2: Factor Loadings and Reliability (Cronbach Alpha) Values of Research Items. Factor loading below 0.500 deleted. Variables and Factor Groups F1 F2 F3 Alpha Vertical (Downward) Mobbing X8 0.867 X10 0.861 X1 0.827 X4 0.827 X13 0.793 X11 0.787 X6 0.775 X5 0.731 X15 0.714 X2 0.711 X14 0.708 X7 0.612 X12 0.535 0.955 Horizontal Mobbing X17 X18 X23 X16 0.802 0.845 0.806 0.714 0.561 Job Satisfaction X33 X30 X34 X32 X35 0.829 0.853 0.734 0.728 0.687 0.525 The Results of Factor Analysis 35 items of the questionnaire were included in a factor analysis. At the end of the factor analysis, items of the questionnaire (prepared using from Carnero, et al., 2008: 1-11; Aydın ve Özkul, 2007: 169-186; Chen, 2008) were collected in three factor groups which were labelled as: vertical mobbing, horizontal mobbing, and job satisfaction. The results (presented in Table 2) of the factor analysis show that our factor groups were rather reliable and consistent. Because 13 items of the questionnaire were deleted as their factor loadings were lower than 0.500 and alpha coefficient values of all factor groups were higher than 0.800. Furthermore, alpha coefficients of three factor groups, namely downward mobbing, horizontal mobbing, and job satisfaction were satisfactory; 0.955, 0.802 and 0.829. Intercorrelations Among Research Variables Intercorrelations among reserach variables and demographic (control) variables are reported in Table 3. As seen from Table 3, there was a negative relationship between employee perceptions for downward mobbing and job satisfaction (rp = -0.353, p< 0.01). This result provided support for our hypothesis 1: There is a negative relationship between vertical (downward) mobbing and job satisfaction. Also, there was a (support for our hypothesis 2) negative relationship between employee job satisfaction and horizontal mobbing (= -0.386, p< 0.01). The results in Table 3 indicated that there were no significant relationships between research variables (vertical-horizontal mobbing) and control variables: age, gender, marital status, vocational experience, and educational level. Table 3: Means, Standard Deviations and Correlations Among Research Variables. *Correlation (Pearson) is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed). **Correlation (Pearson) is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed). 1. Job Satisfaction 2. Downward Mobbing 3. Horizontal Mobbing 4. Gender 5. Age 6. Educational Level 7. Vocational Experience 8. Marital Status (Mean) (SD) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 3.267 1.776 1.974 1.118 1.526 2.000 2.136 1.305 -0.353** -0.386** -0.108 0.037 -0.015 0.065 0.075 0.193 -0.003 0.177 -0.169 -0.060 0.000 0.216* 0.135 0.183 -0.125 0.128 -0.036 0.227* 0.042 0.041 -0.041 0.589** -0.451** -0.221* 0.107 -0.347 - 0.770 0.620 0.644 0.324 0.635 0.862 1.058 0.462 269 �1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Regression Analysis Results As can be seen from Table 4 (adjusted R2 = 0.167), 16.7 % of variance in employee job satisfaction could be explained by the set of research variables: sequentially horizontal mobbing and downward (vertical) mobbing. Horizontal mobbing had the strongest influence on employee job satisfaction (β = -0.277, p < 0.05), followed by downward mobbing (β =- 0.228, p < 0.05). Table 4: Model of Intention to Stay-Simultaneous Multiple Regression. †R2 = 0.186, adjusted R2 = 0.167; dependent variable: job satisfaction, F= 9.794, p< 0.05. Unstdandardized coefficients Model† (Constant) Horizontal Mobbing Downward Mobbing β SE 5.183 -0.318 -0.277 0.564 0,125 0.132 Standardized coefficients β t P-value 9.186 -2.539 -2.094 -0.277 -0.228 0.000 0.013 0.039 On the other hand, the contribution of each variable to employee job satisfaction, using stepwise multiple regression, is presented in Table 5. By itself, horizontal mobbing explained 13.4% of the variance in job satisfaction. Entering downward mobbing also added a 3.3% explanation to the variance. Consequently, all the results told above indicate that our two hypotheses were supported. Our first hypothesis (H1) expected a negative association between employee perception for vertical (downward) mobbing and job satisfaction. And Pearson correlation and regression analysis results confirmed that there was a negative association between employee perception for horizontal mobbing and job satisfaction. Moreover, the results of regression analyses (presented in Table 4 and 5) indicate that horizontal mobbing was the first major determinant of employee job satisfaction. Table 5: Model of Intention to Stay-Stepwise Multiple Regression. †R2 = 0.144, adjusted R2 = 0.134, dependent variable: Job satisfaction, F= 14.635, p< 0.05. ††R2 = 0.186, adjusted R2 = 0.167, dependent variable: Job satisfaction F= 9.794, p< 0.05. Unstdandardized coefficients Model† β SE Standardized coefficients β t P-value Model 1† (Constant) Horizontal Mobbing 4.485 -0.436 0.464 0.114 -0.379 9.667 -3.826 0.000 0.000 Model 2†† (Constant) Horizontal Mobbing Downward Mobbing 5.183 -0.318 -0.277 0.564 0.125 0.132 -0.277 -0.228 9.186 -2.539 -2.094 0.000 0.013 0.039 Conclusion The study results indicate that there is a negative, but not a strong, relationship between (horizontalvertical) workplace mobbing and employee job satisfaction. In other words, research findings show that mobbing is a non-rational organizational behavior for employee job satisfaction and also confirm many authors (for example, Zapf, 1999a; Mcmahon, 20000; Vandekerckhove and Commers, 2003; Aydın ve Özkul, 2007; Yücetürk and Öke, 2005) who state that workplace mobbing create undesired consequences for organizations such as lower productivity and lower motivation. Moreover, the study indicates that workplace mobbing is not a 270 �1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo marginal fact for today’s organizations as well as all organizations in Turkey. In this context, we can say that the issue of workplace mobbing needs to be come under academic, administrative and legislative review in Turkey. According to the study results, horizontal workplace mobbing is more prevalent than veritical form in the target organization. But, this result does not support previous researches. For example, Kirstner’s findings (1997) show 37% mobbing by superiors and 10% mobbing with superiors involved, 44% mobbing by colleagues, and 9% mobbing up the ladder. Similarly, downward workplace mobbing makes up for 81% of all workplace mobbing in USA; it is slightly lower in Europe, but the downward form is still the most prevalent: 57% (Vandekerckhove and Commers, 2003). So, our model and workplace mobbing issue need to be tested and examined in further researches. In other words, this finding can be attributed to some limitations exist in our study. For example, the study includes the analyses of only one organization’s employees and the results reflect the nature and character of this organization, not a trend for all organizations. And the model for employee job satisfaction and workplace mobbing was developed for this study, thus it requires continued validation and further applications. In other words, additional researches using the same or other instruments in other organizations or industries are needed to explore antecedents of research variables (job satisfaction and workplace mobbing) and compare all results. Because many researches indicate that the content or a level of workplace mobbing can change from sector to sector, or an organization to organization. For example, Hubert and Veldhoven (2001) found that mobbing victim percentages were 12.4% among employees of an industrial company, 4.4% among employees in the industrial/administrative organization, and only 1% among employees in the financial institution in The Netharlands. Einarsen and Skogstad (1996) determined industrial workers to be relatively more prone to mobbing, while Leymann (1993), Zapf (1999b), and Hubert and Veldhoven (2001) found that education sector was relatively more prone to mobbing. Consequently, our research results indicate that both scholars and practitioners should make periodical-researches in different sectors and organizations to explore the causes and preventions of workplace mobbing in Turkey and compare the results with all findings in the literature. References Agarwal, R. and Ferratt, T.W. (2001), “Crafting and HR strategy to meet the need for IT workers”, Communications of the ACM, 44 (7): 58-64. Agho, A.O., Mueller, C.W. and Price, J.L. (1993), “Determinants of Employee Job Satisfaction: An Emprical Test of a Causal Model”, Human Relations, 46: 1007-1027. Aydın, Ş. ve Özkul, E. (2007), “Đş yerinde Yaşanan Psikolojik Şiddetin Yapısı ve Boyutları: 4-5 Yıldızlı Otel Đşletmeleri Örneği”, Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, C. 7, S. 2: 169-186. Banafos, C., Jehel, L. and Bequet, C.A. (2009), “Specifity of the links between workplace harassment and PTSD: primary results using court decisions, a pilot study in France”, Int Arch Environ Health, 82: 663-668. Browne, M. N. and Smıth, M. A. (2008), “Mobbing in the Workplace: The Latest Illustration of Pervasive Individualism in American Law”, Employee Rights and Employment Policy Journal, 12 (1): 131-159. Carnero, M.A., Martınez, B., and Mangas, S.R. (2008), “Mobbing and its determinants: the case of Spain”, Applied Economics, 1-11. Chen, L.H. (2008), “Job satisfaction among information system (IS) personel”, Computers in Human Behavior, 24: 105-118. Chu, C.I, Hsu, H.M., Prıce, J.L. and Lee, J.Y. (2003), “Job satisfaction of hospital nurses: an emprical test of a causal model in Taiwan”, International Nursing Review, 50: 176-182. Çobanoğlu, Ş. (2005), Đşyerinde Duygusal Saldırı ve Mücadele Yöntemleri, Timaş Ya., Đstanbul. Einarsen, S. (2000a), “Harrasment and Bullying at Work: A Review of the Scandinavian Approach”, Aggression and Violent Behavior, 5 (4): 379-401. Einarsen, S. (2000b), “The Nature, Causes and Consequences of Bullying at Work: The Norwegian Experience”, International Journal of Manpower, 20 (1-2): 16-27. Hinshaw, A. And Atwood, J. (1984), “Nursing staff turnover, stress and satisfaction: models, measures, and management”, Annual Review of Nursing Research, 1: 133-155. Hoel, H. and Einarsen, S. (2009), “Shortcomings of antibullying regulations: The case of Sweden”, European Journal of Organizational Psychology, 1-21. Hubert, B.A. and Veldhoven, V.M. (2001), “Risk sectors for undesirable behaviour and mobbing”, European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 10 (4): 415-424. Kafetsios, K. and Zampetakis, L.A. (2008), “Emotional intelligence and job satisfaction: Testing the mediatory role of positive and negative affect at work”, Personality and Individual Differences, 44: 712-722. Kirstner, T. (1997), Mobbing, wo Andere leiden, hört der Spass auf (Industriegewerkschaft Metall), Frankfurt. 271 �1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Leymann, H. (1993), Mobbing, Psychological terror at the workplace and how one can defend oneself, reinbek bei Hamburg, Germany. Leymann, H. (1996), “The Content and Development of Mobbing at Work”, European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 5 (2): 165-184. Leymann, H. and Gustafsson, A. (1996), “Mobbing at Work and the Development of Post-traumatic Stress Disorders”, European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 5 (2): 251-275. Mccloskey, J.C. and Mccaın, B. (1987), “Satisfaction, commitment, and professionalism of newly employed nurses”, Journal of Nursing Scholarship 19 (10): 20-24. Mcmahon, L. (2000), “Bullying and Harrassment in the Workplace”, International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 12 (6): 384-390. Mrayyan, M.T. (2005), “Nurse job satisfaction and retention: comparing public to private hospitals in Jordan”, Journal of Nursing Management, 13: 40-50. Namie, G. (2003), The Workplace Bullying http://bullyinginstitute.org/research/res/2003results.pdf. Institute Report on Abusive Workplaces, 12-17, Nield, K (1996), “Mobbing and Well-being: Economic and Personnel Development Implications, European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 5: 239-250. Poulin, J.E. (1994), “Job task and organizational predicators of social worker job satisfaction change: A panel study”, Administration in Social Work, 18 (1), 21-39. Quine, L. (1999), “Workplace Bullying in NHS Community Trust: Staff Questionnaire Survey”, British Medical Journal, 318: 228-232. Ross, C.E. and Reskın, B.F. (1992), “Education, control at work and job satisfaction”, Social Science Research, 21 (2): 134148. Sengin, K.K. (2003), “Work-related attributes of RN job satisfaction in acute care hospitals, Journal of Nursing Administration, 33 (6): 317-320. Stordeur, S., D’hoore, W. and Vandenberghe, C. (2001), “Leadership, organizational stress, and emotional exhaustion among hospital nursing staff”, Journal of Advanced Nursing, 35 (4): 533-542. Tutar, H. (2005), Đşyerinde Psikolojik Taciz, Platin Ya., Ankara. Vandekerckhove, W. and Commers, M. S. R (2003), “Downward Workplace Mobbing: A Sign of the Times”, Journal of Business Ethics, 45: 41-50. Vanderstar, E. S. (2004), “Workplace Bullying in the Healthcare Professions”, Employee Relations and Employment Journal, 8: 455-467. Yücetürk, E. and Öke, M. K. (2005), “Mobbing and bullying: legal aspects relating to workplace bullying in Turkey”, South East Europe Review, 8(2): 61-70. Zapf, D. (1999b), “Mobbing in Organisationen-Überlick zum Stand der Forschung”, Zeitschrift für Arbeits- Und Organisatios- psychologie, 43 (1): 1-25. Zapf, D. (1999a), “Organisational Work Group Related and Personal Causes of Mobbing/Bullying at Work”, International Journal of Manpower, 20: 70-85. 272 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 218 Title A name given to the resource The Relationship Between Mobbing and Job Satisfaction: An Exploratory Study Author Author DOĞAN, Hulusi DOĞAN, ilknur Abstract A summary of the resource. The objective of this study is te examine the relationship between employees’ perceptions for workplace mobbing and job satisfaction by an applied research in a wheel manufacturer firm. A survey questionnaire was designed and used in this study. A total of 95 completed questionnaires were returned, representing a response rate of 95%. The study results indicate that there was a negative relationship between employees’ (downward and horizontal) workplace mobbing perceptions and job satisfaction. About 16.7% of the variance in employee job satisfaction could be axplained by the independent variables of downward mobbing and horizontal mobbing (Adjusted R²). Horizontal mobbing had the strongest impact on employee job satisfaction, and followed by downward mobbing. As a result, employee job satisfaction could be increased through eliminating workplace mobbing. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2009-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed HB Economic Theory https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/cf8fdb59cdef5fdce008e24db992ea5f.pdf 4604917806c787c28f2caa6e1a69bf49 PDF Text Text 2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo The Relationship between Person-Organization Congruence, Person-Role Conflict and Job Outcomes of Salesperson: A Study in the International Medicine Company in Turkey Kemal Can KILIÇ Cukurova University, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences Adana, Turkey kcan@cu.edu.tr Ceyda KELEġ Osmaniye Korkut Ata University, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences Osmaniye, Turkey ceydakeles@osmaniye.edu.tr Levent GELĠBOLU Cukurova University, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences Adana, Turkey lgelibolu@cu.edu.tr Abstract: The purpose of this study was to appraise the relationship between person-organization congruence, person-role conflict and job outcomes of salesperson. Data were gathered from sales force of an international medicine company by using survey. Correlation analysis was employed to verify the hypotheses. The results of the analysis revealed that there was a relationship between organizational congruence and some of role conflict variables and job outcomes of salesperson as well. In addition, relationships also existed between some of role conflict variables and job outcomes of salesperson. The results of studies were discussed and recommendations were provided for managerial implications and future research. Introduction The congruence of organizational culture and employees‘ value preferences is a predictor of individual work behavior such as performance, motivation, commitment, satisfaction and turnover intention (O‘Reilly & Chatman 1986; Lauver & Kristof-Brown 2001; Cable & DeRue 2002; Sekiguchi 2004; Hoffman & Woehr 2006; Nelson & Billsberry 2007, Kilic et al, 2008). Although salespersons are generally work out side of organization they affected by organizational culture. Salespersons‘s different roles which take place inside or outside of organization are to be faced with diverse demands. When the salesperson encounters two or more incongruous job demands from his organizational superiors, customers, family members, or other role partners, role conflict takes place (Walker et al., 1975:32). Some research findings indicated role conflict did not significantly affect performance (Ingram and Lee, 1990). Some studies like Dubinsky and Mattson (1979) stated that salespersons role conflict is inversely related to job performance. On the one hand, Singh suggested that (1998) role conflict as a role stressor had a negative linear relationship with job performance. On the other hand, there are some studies whose results indicated that a positive relationship between role conflict and job performance (Babin and Boles, 1996; Behrman and Perreault, 1984). Singh (1998) notes that role conflict had a positive linear relationship with turnover intention. On the other side Rizzo et all (1970) pointed out that role conflict correlated weakly but positively with intention to leave organization. In literature mixed research results exist for relationship between role conflict and organizational commitment. Some findings indicated that role conflict was strong and negative (Numann et all 2000), and inverse (Dubinsky and Mattson,1979) related to organizational commitment. On the other side, some of the results represent role conflict positively related to organizational commitment (Ingram and Lee, 1990). Nevertheless, some findings suggested that diminishing salespeople role conflict was not likely to have a important direct impact upon their organizational commitment (Johnston et al., 1990: 341). Organizational behaviour literature indicates that there is a relationship between individual-organizational culture congruence and job outcomes. And there is a relationship between role conflict and some job outcomes. The aim of this study is to investigate the relationships of person-organization congruence, person role conflict and job 165 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo outcomes of salesperson in our research model. In this context the study was conducted a survey with 110 salespersons who work in Turkish sales team of an international medicine company. Conceptual Background Person-Organization and Person-Job Fit Person organization fit: Kristof (1996) defined concept of person organization fit as “ the compatibility between people and organizations that occurs when: (a) at least one entity provides what the other needs, or (b) they share similar fundamental characteristics, or both‖. The compatibility between personal and organization beliefs, individual and company goals, how well a firm fulfils their employee needs and how properly the personality of individual fits the company context can determine person-organization fit (Valentine et al, 2002:350). It is common that in the literature, lower levels of work-related stress have also been associated with high levels of P-O fit (Kristof, 1996:28). Because the role conflict is affirmed as one of the role stressors (Weeks, 2010; Singh, 1998), it may be expected that higher levels of P-0 fit, lower levels of role conflict. Studies done in recent years indicated that there is a positive correlation between person organization fit and organizational commitment (Kristof-Brown et al 2005; Valentine et al 2003; Kristof, 1996); performance and person-organization fit, as well (Kristof-Brown et al., 2005) and person organization fit has a positive direct effect on organizational commitment (Jaramillo et al., 2009). Also Silva et al (2010) proved that the higher the level of congruity between respondents‘ perceptions of their current organization‘s strategy with their ideal strategy was, the more the individuals got committed to their organization, more likely they were to stay with their organization. Person job fit: Person job fit is defined as the relationship between a person‘s characteristics and those of the job or task (Week, 2010:74). Whereas person-job fit occurs when the chance to deal with multiple tasks at the same time is compatible with person‘s preferences in that way, person-job misfit appears when the chance to deal with multiple tasks at the same time is different from person‘s preferences (Hecht and Allen,2005:157). KristofBrown et al (2005) predicated that person job fit had correlation with organizational commitment and performance. Role Conflict Role conflict is defined by Rizzo et al (1970) as a ―dimensions of congruency-incongruency or compatibility-incompatibility in the requirement of the role where congruency or compatibility is judged relative to a set of standards or conditions which impinge upon role performance‖. (Rizzo et al., 1970:155). Role conflict takes place when the salesperson encounters two or more incongruous job demands from his organizational superiors, customers, family members, or other role partners (Walker et al., 1075:32). In other words, if salespeople believe that their two or more role set‘s -such as boss and customer- expectations and demands are different from each other, role conflict will arise (Singh, 1998: 70). Many kinds of conflicts may result from incompatibility or incongruency as follows (Rizzo et al., 1970,155):  conflict between the focal person‘s internal standards or values and the defined behaviour.  conflict between time, resources or capabilities of the focal person and defined role behaviour.  conflict between several roles for the same person which require different or incompatible behaviours or changes in behaviour as a function of the situation.  conflicting expectations and organizational demands in the form of incompatible polices, conflicting requests from others, and incompatible standards of evaluations. Job Outcomes Performance: Performance is traditionally described in terms of salespeople behaviour which has been assessed from the aspect of their contributions to the organization goals (Ingram et al,1989:26-27). In sales management, job performance may be accepted as a key and critical main issue that provides information to management for managerial decisions such as compensating, training and improving performance (Jaramillo et al, 2005:706). However, the literature provides little empirical support for stress–performance relationships (Jones et al, 2007: 665), research findings in sales management concerning the association between role conflict and performance are mixed. Some research findings indicated role conflict did not significantly affect performance (Ingram and Lee, 1990). Some studies like Dubinsky and Mattson (1979) stated that salespersons role conflict is inversely related to job performance. On the one hand, Singh suggested that (1998) role conflict as a role stressor had a negative linear 166 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo relationship with job performance. On the other hand, there are some studies whose results indicated that a positive relationship between role conflict and job performance (Babin and Boles, 1996; Behrman and Perreault, 1984). Behrman and Perreault (1984) found role conflict was positively related to performance in their research. In the research authors pointed out it may be important to handle role conflict in order to perform effectively. Onyemah (2008) demonstrated that inverted-U relationship existed between role conflict and performance. Also author suggested that all levels of role stressor did not have destructive effect on salesperson performance. Role stressor can be useful for stimulating sales person performance if role stresser maintains at moderate levels. Because role conflict is the one of the role stressors (Weeks,2010; Singh, 1998) this suggestion can be true for role conflict. Intention to leave: Intention may be a good predictor to estimate actual turnover rate of employee (Choi,2006:326). Singh (1998) notes that role conflict had a positive linear relationship with turnover intention. On the other side Rizzo et all (1970) pointed out that role conflict correlated weakly but positively with intention to leave organization. Organizational commitment: Commitment is deemed as a partisan, affective loyalty to an organization‘s aims and values, to one‘s role in relations to goals and values, and to the organization for its own sake other than its purely instrumental worth. It consists of three components: identification: adoption as one‘s own goal and values of the organization; involvement: psychological immersion or absorption in the activities of one‘s work role; loyalty: a feeling of affection for and attachment to the organization (Buchanan, 1974.533). All firms and all functional areas within firms want their employees to be committed to their respective organizations. Committed subordinates are believed to dedicate more of their time, energy, and talents to the organization (Hunt et al.,1985:112-113). In literature mixed research results exist for relationship between role conflict and organizational commitment. Some findings indicated that role conflict was strong and negative (Numann et all 2000), and inverse (Dubinsky and Mattson,1979) related to organizational commitment. On the other side, some of the results represent role conflict positively related to organizational commitment (Ingram and Lee, 1990). Nevertheless, some findings suggested that diminishing salesperson‘s role conflict was not likely to have an important direct impact upon their organizational commitment (Johnston et al., 1990: 341). Research Model and Hypotheses In this research, person organization congruence was handled within two dimensions: person-organization (P-O) fit and person-job (P-J) fit. Source of role conflict consisted of five variables which were family, job, supervisor, customers and self. As job outcomes, three of job outcomes (performance, organizational commitment and intention to leave) were given places in this research. It was identified whether there was a relationship between organization congruence and job outcomes and variables of role conflict in this study. In this context research model was presented in Figure 1: CONGRUENCE JOB OUTCOMES  Person-organization fit  Performance  Organizational commitment ROLE CONFLICT  Person-job fit  Family  Job  Supervisor Figure Customer 1: Research Model  Self 167  intention to leave �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo The hypotheses expected to be tested through this study are as follows: H1 P-O fit will be related to H1a: all variable of salesperson role conflict positively. H1b: performance of salesperson positively. H1c: organizational commitment of salesperson positively. H1d: intention to leave behaviour of salesperson negatively. H2 P-J fit will be related to the H2a: all variable of salesperson role conflict positively. H2b: performance of salesperson positively. H2c: organizational commitment of salesperson positively. H2d: intention to leave behaviour of salesperson negatively. H3 Role conflict variable H3a: family will be positively related to the job performance of salesperson. H3b: job will be positively related to the job performance of salesperson. H3c: supervisor will be positively related to the job performance of salesperson. H3d: customers will be positively related to the job performance of salesperson. H3e: self will be positively related to the job performance of salesperson. H4 Role conflict variable H4a: family will be positively related to the salesperson organizational commitment. H4b: job will be positively related to the salesperson organizational commitment. H4c: supervisor will be positively related to the salesperson organizational commitment. H4d: customers will be positively related to the salesperson organizational commitment. H4e: self will be positively related to the salesperson organizational commitment. H5 Role conflict variable H5a: family will be negatively related to the intention to leave behaviour of salesperson. H5b: job will be negatively related to the intention to leave behaviour of salesperson. H5c: supervisor will be negatively related to the intention to leave behaviour of salesperson. H5d: customers will be negatively related to the intention to leave behaviour of salesperson. H5e: self will be negatively related to the intention to leave behaviour of salesperson. Method The data used in this study were collected by mail survey. Participants consisted of salesperson of an international medicine company in Turkey. Although totally 110 questionnaires were sent to salespersons, only 42 questionnaires were useable for analysis. Therefore, 42 questionnaires were utilized in this study. Scales used in previous research were employed to measure the study variables. 6 main scales were employed in the study: 1) person organization fit, 2) person-job fit, 3) organizational commitment, 4) job performance, 5) intention to leave and 6) role conflict. Person-organization fit was measured with a 3-item scale taken from Cable and Judge (1996), person-job fit was measured with a 6-item taken from Brkich et al. (2002), organizational commitment was measured with a 6-item taken from Mathews and Shepherd (2002), job performance was measured with a-9 item taken from Befford and Hattrup (2003), Borman and Motowidlo (1993) and intention to leave was measured with a-3 item taken from Seashore and et al. (1982). Role conflict scale was adapted from Chonko and et al.‘s (1986) which was in Handbook of Marketing Scales (Bearden and et al. 1993). Scale of role conflict consisted of five dimensions: job, family, supervisor, customer and self, and totally 30 items were used to measure role conflict. All instruments were rated on a 5- point scale comprised of 5 (strongly agree) and 1 (strongly disagree). 168 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo Analysis and Research Findings A summary of the sample characteristics is presented in Table 1. The sample included 8 females (%19) and 34 males (%81). %64.3 was between 32-38 years old. A majority of participants (%78.6) had university degree and percentage of tenure for 6-10 years was %40.5. Variable Gender Female Male Frequency Valid Percent 19.0 81.0 14.3 64.3 21.4 Age 25-31 32-38 39-45 8 34 6 27 9 Education College University Master 6 33 3 14.3 78.6 7.1 Tenure 1-5 years 6-10 years 11-15 years 16-20 years 12 17 12 1 28.6 40.5 28.6 2.4 Table I. Sample Characteristics Descriptive Statistics and Scale Reliabilities The descriptive statistics and reliabilities estimates are presented in Table II. As shown in the table each variable‘s mean scores were between 3 and 4, except for job performance and intention to leave. These results indicated that the respondents had medium P-O fit, P-J fit, organizational commitment, and role conflict. In addition, respondents presented high job performance and low intention to leave. Reliability analysis revealed that the measure had acceptable internal consistency and Cronbach‘s Alpha for the PO fit, PJ fit, organizational commitment, job performance, intention to leave, and role conflict variables; family, job, supervisor, customers and self measure were 0.93, 0.89,0.93, 0.95, 0. 97, 0.84, 0.87, 0.87, 0.82 and 0.74 respectively. P-O Fit P-J Fit Organizational Commitment Job Performance Intention to Leave Family Job Supervisor Customers Self Mean 3.7937 3.7222 3.6905 4.0344 2.1667 3.2202 3.2560 3.2619 3.7476 3.4714 Std. Deviation .73603 .76125 .83664 .73682 1.03135 .84860 .81616 .70452 .62946 .79978 Cronbach’s Alpha .93 .89 .93 .95 .97 .84 .87 .87 .82 .74 Table II. Descriptive Statistics and Reliability Statistics All items were rated on a 5 point scale anchored by 1:strongly disagree and 5: strongly agree. 169 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo Test of Hypotheses In the present study, the hypotheses were tested using correlation analysis in SPSS 15. Correlation analysis is used to fasten down whether a relationship exists and with determining its magnitude and direction. Its common characteristics are as follows: Two sets of measurement are obtained on the same individuals or on pairs of individuals who are on some basis. The values of the correlation coefficients vary between +1 and -1. Whereas a positive correlation (0< r <1) indicates that individuals obtaining high scores on one variable tend to obtain high scores on a second variable, a negative correlation (-1< r < 0) indicates that individuals obtaining low scores on one variable tend to obtain high scores on a second variable (Ho, 2006:183-184). The closer the correlation value is to +1 or/and -1, stronger is that tendency and the closer the correlation value is to 0, the weaker is that tendency (George and Maller,2003:124-125. Explanation of correlation coefficient between two variables may be presented as follows; 0.00- 0.25 very weak, 0.26-0.49 weak, 0.50- 0.69 medium, 0.70- 0.89 strong and 0.90-1.00 very strong (Kalaycı, 2006:116).The results of correlation analysis are presented in Table III. P-OFit P-JFit Organizatio nal Commitment Job Performance Intention to Leave Family Job Supervisor Customers Self POFit 1 .751 (**) P-JFit .783 (**) .836 (**) .765 (**) -.693 (**) .312 (*) .445 (**) .457 (**) .415 (**) -.019 .712 (**) -.778 (**) .393 (*) .510 (**) .477 (**) .329 (*) -.009 Organi Job zational Perform Commit ance ment -.805 (**) .274 .423 (**) .326 (*) .577 (**) -.052 .747 (**) -.829 (**) .408 (**) .592 (**) .569 (**) .356 (*) -.015 Intention to Leave Family Job Super visor Custo mers Self -.396 (**) -.554 (**) -.566 (**) -.362 (*) .303 .720 (**) .757 (**) .470 (**) -.088 .767 (**) .525 (**) .089 .518 (**) -.156 .155 1 Table III. Pearson Correlations ** Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed). * Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed). Hypotheses 1: P-O fit was positively related to the all variables of salesperson role conflict excepted from self. Therefore, H1a was supported partially. Nevertheless, all the relationships were weak which were supported, by the fact that all correlation coefficient were between 0.26- 0.49. Moreover, H1b (p<0.01), H1c (p<0.01) and H1d (p<0.05) were supported. Therefore, P-O fit was related to performance and organizational commitment of salesperson positively, and intention to leave behavior of salesperson negatively. On the one hand, the higher scores on P-0 fit, the higher scores on salesperson role conflict (job, family, supervisor and customers), organizational commitment and performance. On the other hand, the higher P-O fit, the lower intention to leave behavior of salesperson. In addition, relationship between P-O fit and performance (r= 0.765) and organizational commitment of salesperson (r= 0.783) was strong, relationship between P-O fit and intention to leave behavior of salesperson (r= 0.693) medium. Hypotheses 2: Outside the self, P-J fit was positively related to the all variables of salesperson role conflict. Consequently, H2a was supported partially. As shown in the correlation coefficient table, the relationships between P-O fit and family, supervisor and customers role conflict variables were weak, and job medium. Besides, there were relationships between P-O fit and organizational commitment and job performance of salesperson positively, and relationships were found between P-J fit and intention to leave behavior of salesperson negatively. Therefore, 2Hb, H2c and H2d were supported (p<0.01). On the one hand, the higher scores on P-J fit, the higher scores on 170 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo salesperson role conflict (job, family, supervisor and customers), organizational commitment and performance. On the other hand, the higher P-J fit, the lower intention to leave behavior of salesperson. Furthermore, all of the relationships between P-J fit and organizational commitment, performance and intention to leave behavior of salesperson were strong because of all the correlation coefficients were between 0.70- 0.89. Hypotheses 3: H3a and H3e were not supported (p>0.05) while, as a role conflict variable job, supervisor and customer were found to be related positively with job performance of salesperson, supporting H3b (p<0.01), H3c (p<0.05) and H3d (p<0.01). Therefore, obtaining high scores on role conflict variable job, supervisor and customer provides a tendency to obtain high scores on salesperson performance. In addition, positive relations were found weak for job (r=0.423) and supervisor (r= 0.326) but medium for customers (r=0.577). Hypotheses 4: There were positive relationships among all variables of role conflict without self and salesperson organization commitment. H4a (p<0.01), H4b (p<0.01), H4c (p<0.01) and H4d(p<0.05) were supported but H4e (p>0.05) not. Family (r=0408) and customers (r=0.356) variables of role conflict had a weak positive relation between salesperson organizational commitment whereas, job (r=0.592) and supervisor (r= 0.569) variables of role conflict had a medium positive relation. Intercalary, the higher scores on role conflict variables family, job, supervisor and customers, the higher scores on salesperson organizational commitment. Hypotheses 5: Our results indicated that variables of role conflict like family, job, supervisor and customers were related to the intention to leave behavior of salesperson negatively, supporting H5a(p<0.01), H5b (p<0.01), H5c (p<0.01) and H5d (p<0.05) but H5e (p>0.05) not. In addition, negative relations were medium for job and supervisor, and weak between customers- as role conflict variable- and the intention to leave behavior of salesperson. Conclusion The results of the analysis provided that there was a correlation between organizational congruence and some of role conflict variables and job outcomes of salesperson as well. In addition, relationships also existed between some of role conflict variables and job outcomes of salesperson. In this context, P-O fit was positively related to role conflict variables family, job, supervisor and customers, and performance, organizational commitment and intention to leave. P-J fit was related to family, job, supervisor, customers as a role conflict variable, and performance, organizational commitment and intention to leave positively. As a job outcome, performance was positively associated with role conflict variable, job, supervisor and customers. Moreover, there was a positive correlation between organizational commitment and role conflict variable family, job, supervisor and customers. Additionally, negative relation was found between intention to leave and family, job, supervisor and customers as role conflict variables. The results of this study offer several implications for sales management. For sales managers who wish to increase performance and organizational commitment and decrease intention to leave among sales force, several recommendations are suggested. Sales managers should consider salesperson‘s congruence with organization and job. This study‘s results provided that there is strong relationship between person-organization congruence and job outcomes. For instance, the higher P-O fit, the higher salesperson organizational commitment and performance and the lower intention to leave behavior of salesperson. Sales managers should also give serious weight to role conflict. Role conflict variables like family, job and supervisor may be useful to increase P-O fit, P-J fit organizational commitment and performance of sales person and decrease intention to leave. Nevertheless, managers should be careful when using role conflict as an indicator for job outcomes since there are some evidence that mixed relations exist between role conflict and job outcomes. This study has some limitations. Sample size and usage of only one sector are important considerations preventing from generalizing the results of the study. In addition in the study, not all types of job outcomes, role stressors and person- organization congruency were examined. Therefore, future studies could expand sample sectors like services sectors. It would be interesting to investigate the relationship between other job outcomes variables like job satisfaction and other types of person-environment fit. Furthermore, one potential research avenue is to examine relationship between role ambiguity as a role stressor and person-organization congruence, and job outcomes as well. 171 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo References Babin, Barry J. and James S. Boles (1996), ― The effects of perceived co-worker involvement and supervisor support on service provider role stress, performance and job satisfaction‖, Journal of Retailing, Vol:72, Is:1, p: 57-75. Behrman, Douglas N. and William D. Perreault( 1984), "A Role Stress Model of the Performance and Satisfaction of Industrial Salespersons‖, Journal of Marketing, Vol:48 (Fall), p:9-21. Bearden, William O., Richard G. Netemeyer and Mary F. Mobley (1993), Handbook of Marketing Scales, Sage Publications. Befort, Nancy and Keith Hattrup (2003) ‗Valuing Task and Contextual Performance: Experience, Job Roles, and Ratings of the Importance of Job Behaviors‘ Applied H.R.M. Research, 2003, Volume 8, Number 1, pages 17-32 Brkich, M., D. Jeffs, and S.A. Carless. (2002). ―A global self-report measure of person-job fit. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 18 (1): 43–51. Borman, W.C, & Motowidlo, S.J. (1993) ―Expanding the criterion domain to include elements of contextual performance. In N. Schmitt&W.C. Borman (Eds.), Personnel selection in organization. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Buchanan, Bruce (1974), "Building Organizational Commitment: The Socialization of Managers in Work Organizations‖, Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol:19 (December), p: 533-46. Cable, D. M., & DeRue, D.S. (2002). The convergent and discriminant validity of subjective fit perceptions. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87, 875–884. Cable, D., & Judge, T.A. (1996). Person-organization fit, job choice decisions, and organizational entry. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 67 (3), 294–311. Choi, Kyuhwan (2006), ―A Structural Relationship Analysis of Hotel Employees‘ Turnover Intention‖, Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, Vol. 11, No. 4, p:321-337. Dubinsky, A.J., Mattson, B.E. (1979), "Consequences of role conflict and ambiguity experienced by retail salespeople", Journal of Retailing, Vol: 55, p:70-86. George, Darren and Paul Maller (2003), SPSS for Windows Step by Step A Simple Guide and Reference, Pearson Educations, 4th Edition. Hecht ,Tracy D. and Natalie J. Allen (2005), ―Exploring links between polychronicity and well-being from the perspective of person–job fit: Does it matter if you prefer to do only one thing at a time?‖, Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, Vol:98, p: 155–178. Ho, Robert (2006), Handbook of Univariate and Multivariate Data Analysis and Interpretation with SPSS, Chapman&Hall/CRC Taylor&Francis Group. Hoffman, B.J., & Woehr, D.J. (2006). A quantitative review of the relationship between person-organization fit and behavioral outcomes. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 68 (3), 389–399. Hunt, Shelby D., Lawrence B. Chonko and Van R. Wood (1985), ―Organizational Commitment and Marketing‖, Journal of Marketing, Vol:49, p:112-126. Jaramillo, Fernando, Jay Prakash Mulki and Greg W. Marshall (2005), ―A meta-analysis of the relationship between organizational commitment and salesperson job performance: 25 years of research‖, Journal of Business Research, Vol:58, p:705714. Jaramillo, Fernando, Douglas B. Grisaffe, Lawrence B. Chonko and James A. Roberts (2009), ―Examining the impact of servant leadership on salesperson‘s turnover intention‖, Journal of Personal Selling & Sales Management, Vol:29, No:4, p:351-365. Johnston Mark W., A. Parasuraman, Charles M. Futrell and William C. Black (1990), ―A Longitudinal Assessment of the Impact of Selected Organizational Influences on Salespeople's Organizational Commitment during Early Employment‖, Journal of Marketing Research, Vol:27, No:3 , p: 333-344. 172 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo Jones, Eli, Lawrence Chonko, Deva Rangarajan and James Roberts (2007),―The role of overload on job intentions, and salesperson performance‖, Journal of Business Research, Vol: 60, p: 663–671. attitudes,turnover Kalaycı, ġeref (2006), SPSS Uygulamalı Çok DeğiĢkenli Ġstatistik Teknikleri, Asil Yayın Dağıtım, 2nd Edition. Kılıç, Kemal Can, Fatma Nur IPLIK ve Azmi YALCIN (2008) The impact of personorganization fit on organizational citizenship behaviors: a research on Turkish Academicians, Management and Educatıon vol. ıv(1) Kristof-Brown, A. L., Zimmerman, R.D.,&Johnson, E. C. (2005), ―Consequences of individuals' fit at work: A meta-analysis of person–job, person– organization, person–group, and person–supervisor fit‖, Personel Psychology, Vol:58, p:281−342. Kristof, Amy L. (1996), ―Person-Organization Fit: An Integrative Review of Its Conceptualizations, Measurement, and Implicatıons‖, Personel Psychology, Vol:49, p:1-50. Lauver, K.J., & Kristof-Brown, A. (2001). Distinguishing between employees‘ perceptions of person-job and person-organization fit. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 59, 454–70. Ingram, Thomas N. and Keun S. Lee (1990), ―Influence of role stres on Industrial salespeople‘s work outcomes in the United States, Japan and Korea‖, Industrial Marketing Management, Vol:19, p:149-154. Ingram, Thomas N., Keun S. Lee and Steven J. Skinner (1989), ― An Empirical assesment of Salesperson Motivation, Commitment and Job Outcomes‖, Journal of Personal Selling & Sales Management, Vol:9, p:25-33. Mathews, B.P., & Shepherd, J.L. (2002). Dimensionality of Cook and Wall's (1980) British organizational commitment scale revisited. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 75: 369−375. Naumann, Earl, Scott M. Widmier and Donald W. Jackson, Jr (2000), ―Examining the Relationship between Work Attitudes and propensity to Leave among Expatriate Salespeople‖, Journal of Personal Selling & Sales Management, Vol:20, No:4, p:227-241. Nelson, P., & Billsberry, J. (2007). Exploring the impact of person–organization fit on organizational performance. British Academy of Management Annual Conference, Warwick, 11–13 September, 1–6. Onyemah, Vincent (2008), ―Role Ambiguity, Role Conflict, and Performance: Empirical Evidence of an Inverted‑U Relationship,‖ Journal of Personal Selling & Sales Management, Vol:28, No:3 (Summer), p:299–313. O‘Reilly, C.A., & Chatman, J. (1986). Organizational commitment and psychological attachment: The effects of compliance, identification, and internalization on prosocial behavior. Journal of Applied Psychology, 71, 492–499. Rizzo.J., and Lirtzman, S.I. (1970), ―Role conflict and ambiguity in complex organizations‖, Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol: 15, p:150-163. Sekiguchi, T. (2004). Person-organization fit and person-job fit in employee selection: A review of the literature. Osaka Keidai Ronshu, March 2004, 54 (6), 179−196. Silva, Nancy Da, Jennifer Hutcheson and Gregory D. Wahl (2010), ―Organizational Strategy and employee outcomes: a personorganization fit perspective‖, The Journal of Psychology, Vol: 144(2), p:145-161. Singh, Jagdip (1998), "Striking a balance in boundary-spanning positions: An investigation of some unconventional influences of role stressors and job characteristics on outcomes of salespeople," Journal ofMarketing, Vol:62, p: 69-86. Valentine, Sean, Lynn Godkin and Margaret Lucero (2002), ― Ethical Context, Organizational Commitment, and PersonOrganization Fit‖, Journal of Business Ethics, Vol:41, No:4, p:349-360. Walker, O.C. Jr, Churchill, G.A. and Ford, N.M. (1975), "Organizational determinants of the industrial salesman‘s role conflict and ambiguity", Journal of Marketing, Vol:39, p:32-39. Weeks William A. And Christophe Fournier (2010), ―The Impact of Time Congruity on Salesperson‘s Role Stress: A Person–Job Fit Approach‖, Journal of Personal Selling & Sales Management, Vol:30, No:1, p: 73–90. 173 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo An Analysis of the Contents of the Studies Carried Out on the Relationship between the Strategy and the Performance of the Organization Orhan BATMAN Sakarya University, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences Department of Tourism Management orhanbatman54tr@hotmail.com Ġzzet KILINÇ Düzce University Akçakoca School of Tourism and Hotel Management izzetkilinc@duzce.edu.tr Muammer MESCĠ Düzce University Akçakoca School of Tourism and Hotel Management muammermesci@duzce.edu.tr Abstract: The aim of this research is to analyze the methodology used in the papers that deal with the relationship between strategy and business performance in the last decade. In this context; it is intended to determine the fields of study on which the papers focus, the research methods and data collection techniques used and the findings achieved, and to compare and contrast the findings obtained with the methods of research used. In this research, a qualitative research method was used and the data were acquired through literature review. The data acquired were put to content analysis and they were analyzed within the theoretical framework formed in accordance with the objectives of the research. The main restriction of the research is that the academic papers only in the data bases of Emerald and Sciencedirect were included in the research. Within this, 15 papers in both data bases mentioned were reviewed. The findings of the research indicate that the papers reviewed have been published in 10 different academic journals and they focus on 6 different fields. Furthermore, quantitative research methods were used in 11 of total 15 papers whereas qualitative research methods were used in 4 of them. Questionnaire technique was chosen to collect data in the papers in which quantitative research methods were used. On the other hand, while literature review was mainly preferred in the papers in which qualitative research methods were used, case method was used in one of them. The results of the research point out that the papers have similar findings although they have used different methods, and it has been found out that there is a positive relationship between strategy and business performance in the consequence of each paper. Key Words: Strategy, performance, methodology. Introduction Strategic management is an understanding which has focused on the organization‘s continuing its life and providing superiority in competition. Due to this, it is true and important to handle and explain the concepts of ―performance‖ and ―performance evaluation‖ with the approach of strategic management. The organizations should develop their strategies and evaluate to what extent they have fulfilled their strategies in order to continue their existence. The success measure in the market where the organizations operate is to obtain profitability above the average. Performance evaluation is an important means in finding out whether the organizations have achieved this profitability or not or to what extent they have achieved (Pongatichat & Johnston, 2008). Today the rapid and intensive environmental changes and uncertainties affect the sector structures and the dynamics of the organizations, the organizational process and functions, the market structures directly. These interactions may cause the organizations to disappear in the area they operate in by affecting their performance and profitability. Because of this, performance and performance evaluation systems are very important for the 174 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 140 Title A name given to the resource The Relationship between Person-Organization Congruence, Person-Role Conflict and Job Outcomes of Salesperson: A Study in the International Medicine Company in Turkey Author Author KILIÇ, Kemal Can KELEŞ, Ceyda GELİBOLU, Levent Abstract A summary of the resource. The purpose of this study was to appraise the relationship between person-organization congruence, person-role conflict and job outcomes of salesperson. Data were gathered from sales force of an international medicine company by using survey. Correlation analysis was employed to verify the hypotheses. The results of the analysis revealed that there was a relationship between organizational congruence and some of role conflict variables and job outcomes of salesperson as well. In addition, relationships also existed between some of role conflict variables and job outcomes of salesperson. The results of studies were discussed and recommendations were provided for managerial implications and future research. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed HB Economic Theory https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/16e98bc98de305af53c7e0f9b35f3640.pdf f95e117ef715b0c0bcc5172026a4e9e2 PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo The Relationship between Short Selling and Stock Market Liquidity: Evidence From İstanbul Stock Exchange H. Ali Ata University of Gaziantep, Gaziantep, Turkey ata@gantep.edu.tr S.Gül Reis University of Gaziantep, Gaziantep, Turkey greis@gantep.edu.tr M. Fatih Buğan University of Gaziantep, Gaziantep, Turkey mfbugan@gantep.edu.tr Short selling is an important strategy that investors take short position on stock with the expectation of gain. Having a short position in a stock is that selling borrowed stock on a particular date and buying the stock on a later date in order to give the stock back to the stock lender. After giving the stock to the lender, investor closes out the short position. Individual and institutional investors can have short position for speculation, hedging or arbitrage. Short selling is expected to contribute to the stock price formation and stock liquidity. The positive relation between short sale process and stock liquidity reduce transaction costs and contribute market efficiency. Stock prices have become more informative with short selling. This result affect investor’s behavior and investor’s short term and long term investment decisions about the stock. In reviewing the literature on short selling strategy, the relationship between short sale process and stock liquidity is two-way. However, it has been determined that there are a few studies which test the relationship between stock liquidity, trade in İstanbul Stock Exchange, and short sale process. The purpose of our study is to provide evidence whether short sale process affects stock liquidity. The sample consists of the firms from ISE30 index. ISE30 index comprises of the stocks with the highest liquidity due to the intensity of trading volume. For this reason, the relationship between the stock liquidity and the short sale process is expected to be explained better. In the study by making use of daily stock data with the number of trading days. Furthermore, our sample period covers trading days between 1 January, 2011 and December 31, 2011. In this study, regression analysis was used and determined a relationship between short selling and stock liquidity. Keywords: Short Selling, ISE, Stock Market Liquidity, Market Efficiency, Regression Analysis. 138 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1571 Title A name given to the resource The Relationship between Short Selling and Stock Market Liquidity: Evidence From İstanbul Stock Exchange Author Author ATA H., Ali S. GUL, Reis BUGAN M., Fatih Abstract A summary of the resource. Short selling is an important strategy that investors take short position on stock with the expectation of gain. Having a short position in a stock is that selling borrowed stock on a particular date and buying the stock on a later date in order to give the stock back to the stock lender. After giving the stock to the lender, investor closes out the short position. Individual and institutional investors can have short position for speculation, hedging or arbitrage. Short selling is expected to contribute to the stock price formation and stock liquidity. The positive relation between short sale process and stock liquidity reduce transaction costs and contribute market efficiency. Stock prices have become more informative with short selling. This result affect investor’s behavior and investor’s short term and long term investment decisions about the stock. In reviewing the literature on short selling strategy, the relationship between short sale process and stock liquidity is two-way. However, it has been determined that there are a few studies which test the relationship between stock liquidity, trade in İstanbul Stock Exchange, and short sale process. The purpose of our study is to provide evidence whether short sale process affects stock liquidity. The sample consists of the firms from ISE30 index. ISE30 index comprises of the stocks with the highest liquidity due to the intensity of trading volume. For this reason, the relationship between the stock liquidity and the short sale process is expected to be explained better. In the study by making use of daily stock data with the number of trading days. Furthermore, our sample period covers trading days between 1 January, 2011 and December 31, 2011. In this study, regression analysis was used and determined a relationship between short selling and stock liquidity. Keywords: Short Selling, ISE, Stock Market Liquidity, Market Efficiency, Regression Analysis. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-10 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-4564 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/3ab7001b81e61465879bcfbce10f03bf.pdf 192f49c411526ce79e4ccc6bed6be6dd PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo The Relationship between Social Media and Human Development: An Analyze on Transition Economies Mustafa Malkoç Yaşar Giresun University, Giresun Province, Turkey malkocyasar@gmail.com The Human Development Index which measures the average achievements in a country in three basic dimensions is a summary measure of human development as known. The Human Development Index is one of the tools for comparing countries. On the other hand the use of social media is getting more important nowadays, especially after the Arab Spring. Even the statistics of social media use is becoming an alternative way for comparing countries. In fact some of the previous studies have shown that gross domestic product which is a dimension of human development somehow affected by the social media. In this study the aim is to investigate possible relations between human development and social media in transition economies by using statistical methods. Keywords: Internet, Social Media, Facebook, Transition Economies, Development. 216 � https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/d8225798525da19759e35d9c61e24afa.docx 7464abbee7f88f987d5331d8c716174c https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/7c52475b2b93bb6510c9d8688c8b9c84.pdf d2533881f0caf06b11d960d3f2472b46 PDF Text Text The Relationship between Social Media and Human Development: An Analyze on Transition Economies Mustafa Malkoc Yasar Giresun University, Giresun, Turkey malkocyasar@gmail.com Abstract The Human Development Index which measures the average achievements in a country in three basic dimensions is a summary measure of human development as known. The Human Development Index is one of the tools for comparing countries. On the other hand the use of social media is getting more important nowadays, especially after the Arab Spring. Even the statistics of social media use is becoming an alternative way for comparing countries. In fact some of the previous studies have shown that gross domestic product which is a dimension of human development somehow affected by the social media. In this study the aim is to investigate possible relations between human development and social media in transition economies by using statistical methods. Keywords: Internet, Social Media, Facebook, Transition Economies, Development Introduction In early times countries had compared with their GDP values. It was not a fair situation for small populated countries. After that another comparison type has occurred. GDP per capita was calculated by dividing GDP to population. Today GDP per capita is not the only way for comparing countries. Human Development Index (HDI) is an alternative way for comparing countries. HDI is being affected from various variables. In this study the main aim is to investigate a possible relation between HDI and social media usage in transition economies. In this study only ex USSR countries will be examined as transition economies. Other transition economies will be ignored in this research. Social media usage is a relative concept. Facebook is the biggest social media website in social networks. In this study almost all statistics of Facebook will be used to measure social media. Firstly some explanations will be given about Human Development Index in section two. Secondly internet usage will be discussed in section three. Than effects of social media websites on development will be discussed in section four. Finally comparison will be done between social media and development in selected transition economies in section five. Results will be discussed in conclusion section. Explanation of Human Development Index The Human Development Index (HDI) is a summary measure of human development. It measures the average achievements in a country in three basic dimensions of human development: a long and healthy life (health), access to knowledge (education) and a decent �standard of living (income). The HDI sets a minimum and a maximum for each dimension, called goalposts, and then shows where each country stands in relation to these goalposts, expressed as a value between 0 and 1. The HDI was created to emphasize that people and their capabilities should be the ultimate criteria for assessing the development of a country, not economic growth alone. The HDI can also be used to question national policy choices, asking how two countries with the same level of GNI per capita can end up with such different human development outcomes. The education component of the HDI is now measured by mean of years of schooling for adults aged 25 years and expected years of schooling for children of school entering age. Mean years of schooling are estimated based on educational attainment data from censuses and surveys available in the UNESCO Institute for Statistics database and Barro and Lee (2010) methodology). Expected years of schooling estimates are based on enrolment by age at all levels of education and population of official school age for each level of education. Expected years of schooling are capped at 18 years. The indicators are normalized using a minimum value of zero and maximum values are set to the actual observed maximum value of mean years of schooling from the countries in the time series, 1980–2010, that is 13.1 years estimated for Czech Republic in 2005. Expected years of schooling are maximized by its cap at 18 years. The education index is the geometric mean of two indices. The life expectancy at birth component of the HDI is calculated using a minimum value of 20 years and maximum value of 83.4 years. This is the observed maximum value of the indicators from the countries in the time series, 1980–2010. Thus, the longevity component for a country where life expectancy birth is 55 years would be 0.552. For the wealth component, the goalpost for minimum income is $100 (PPP) and the maximum is $107,721 (PPP), both estimated during the same period, 1980-2011. (UNDP, 2012) After these explanations above components of HDI can be seen from the Figure 1. Figure 1:Components of the Human Development Index Source: UNDP (http://hdr.undp.org/en/statistics/hdi/) Internet Usage �In this section, internet usage around the world and internet usage in transition economies will be given respectively. 1 Internet Usage around the World Internet usage around the world is getting higher day by day. The ratio of internet users in developing countries is lower than the developed countries. However developing countries made a significant progress during the past ten years. Today more than two third of people on the earth can be count as an internet user. Internet usage statistics per 100 inhabitants can be seen from the Table 1. Table 1: Internet Usage per 100 Inhabitants Source: International Telecommunication Union (ITU), (http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/ict/statistics/material/ excel/20112/ictwebsite/Internet_users_01-11.xls) *Estimate Country Group/Year 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011* Developed Countries 29,4 37,7 41,5 46,3 51,3 53,5 59,1 61,3 64,7 68,8 73,8 Developing Countries Entire World 2,8 4,3 5,5 6,6 7,7 9,4 12,0 15,0 18,5 21,1 26,3 8,0 10,7 12,3 14,1 15,7 17,5 20,6 23,4 26,5 29,7 34,7 2 Internet Usages in Transition Economies As mentioned in the section 1, in this study only focus on ex USSR countries. Percentage of individuals using the internet in related countries for past ten years can be seen from Appendix I. Due to huge number of statics related to 15 countries, it is not able to seen as a table here. But it can be said that, Estonia is becoming first among the related countries for using internet with 74,1% Latvia comes second with 68,42% and finally Lithuania comes third with the ratio of 62,12% with 2010 stats. Turkmenistan is becoming last with the ratio of 3%. Effects of Social Media Websites on Development In this section a short history of social media websites and effecting channels of social media websites on development will be given respectively. 1 A Short History of Social Media Websites Actually users in internet in early times did not do different actions than today’s users. Most of the early users used internet for accessing information, chatting and sharing things via personal web pages (Yaşar, 2011). The main advantage of social media websites is getting these things easier. Because without social media websites, users have to know HTML language a bit for prepare a personal webpage. Today a internet user can do those things in seconds via social media websites without any knowledge of HTML or any computer language. So that is the answer of that question: “Why are social media websites popular?” Social media websites has started in 2002 with “Friendster”. Many other websites has followed the way which has opened by “Friendster” until today. Today, the most popular social media website is “Facebook” with more than 900 million members. 2 Effecting Channels of Social Media Websites on Development �In this section effect of social media websites will be given by dimensions of HDI respectively. 2.1 Life Expectancy at Birth Normally effect of social media websites on life expectancy is almost zero according to writer. Because of those effects of social media websites on this dimension was ignored even if exists more than zero. 2.2 Education Social media websites have some positive effect on education. People can attend some educational programs online. Even they can use social media websites for getting documents which is related to their education. That encourages education institutions to open new online programs. People also will be encouraged to attend these programs. Due to the fact that social media websites can make mean years of schooling higher. 2.3 Income First of all it must be underlined that social media websites have a big influence on GDP in various ways. Firstly the need of skilled labor which is well educated on technology is increasing with the parallel of technological development nowadays. Social media websites has become so popular that also brought new business fields. Today most of the companies are sold a large part of their campaign via Facebook and other social media websites. This case is bringing the new demand of labor that know Facebook Markup Language and other web languages that is valid for social media websites. At the same time with that “Social Media Consultancy” is another sector that has newly formed. These two sectors will increase the labor demand and employment which has a positive effect on GDP. Secondly social media will reduce the cost of companies. The reduction will increase aggregate supply (In AS-AD model, AS curve will shift to the right) that will cause an increasing on GDP. (Yaşar, 2011) Comparison on Selected Transition Economies In this section five of the ex USSR countries will be examined. These five countries have been selected due to their high ratio of internet usage. Because in these five countries at least one third of the people are using the internet. Comparison will be done by using HDI value and Facebook Penetration (FBP) value. Facebook Penetration value will be calculated by using Formula (1): Facebook Users In The Country (1) FBP  Countrys Population Data sets of FBP for each country wereprepared by writer by using various sources. HDI values for 2012 were published yet. Those values will be launched on March 14, 2013 in Mexico (UNDP, 2013). At the end of the analyze 2012 HDI values will be estimated for available countries. 1 1 Azerbaijan 1 Estimations will be done by using Ms Excel software. �Azerbaijan is one of the most growth country about internet on earth. From 2000 to 2010 numbers of internet users have increased from 12.000 to 3.7 million. She had 30642% growth rate since 2000. (Pingdom, 2010) Azerbaijan’s values of HDI and FBP can be seen from Table 2: Azerbaijan’s HDI and FBP Values Year 2009 2010 2011 2012 HDI Value No Data 0,699 0,700 Not Published FBP (%) No Data 1,66 3,73 9,54 Source: UNDP (for HDI values), and Various Sources 2 (for preparing FBP) Statistics for Azerbaijan is very limited. From 2010 to 2011 FBP grown 2,07% by the time HDI value has increased 0,14%. 2 Estonia Estonia is the most penetrated country about internet within those selected economies with the penetration rate of 74,1%. Naturally, she is also most penetrated country about Facebook. Statics for Estonia can be seen from Table 3. Table 3: Estonia’s HDI and FBP Values Year HDI Value FBP (%) 2009 0,828 4 2010 0,832 17 2011 0,835 27,31 2012 Not Published 35,79 Source: UNDP (for HDI values), and Various Sources3 (for preparing FBP) If we put three years of HDI and FBP values to correlation analyze, the correlation coefficient will be calculated as 0,999.That coefficient means that there is a very strong relation between HDI and FBP values for Estonia. HDI index of Estonia can be estimated by using FBP values as 0,837585 for 2012. 3 Latvia 2 FBP for all countries was calculated by using many sources. Those sources were given as footnotes in order to avoid interrupting text. All the webpages below was retrieved November 22, 2012. http://en.trend.az/capital/it/1934386.html http://www.rferl.org/content/how_azerbaijan_crushes_online_dissent/24515935.html http://xeberler.az/eng/2010/11/20/number-of-facebook-users-grows-in-azerbaijan/ http://www.socialbakers.com 3 All the webpages below was retrieved November 24, 2012 http://www.slideshare.net/arjantupan/fb-stats-201010v01-5631327 http://www-958.ibm.com/software/data/cognos/manyeyes/datasets/facebook-penetration-july-2010/versions/1 http://www.socialbakers.com �Latvia’s FBP rate is not very bright. Twitter has very big effect for this situation. Twitter is second biggest social media website among the social networks in Latvia. Azerbaijan’s values of HDI and FBP can be seen from Table 4. Table 4: Latvia’s HDI and FBP Values Year HDI Value FBP (%) 2009 0,798 1,4 2010 0,802 9 2011 0,805 11,29 2012 Not Published 15,82 Source: UNDP (for HDI values), and Various Sources 4 (for preparing FBP) The correlation coefficient for those two values is 0,97 for Latvia. HDI index of Latvia can be estimated by using FBP values as 0,807355 for 2012. 4 Lithuania Lithuania has caught an impressive growth on FBP from 2009 to 2010. Lithuania’s values can be seen from Table 5. Table 5: Lithuania’s HDI and FBP Values Year 2009 2010 2011 2012 HDI Value 0,802 0,805 0,810 Not Published FBP (%) 4,4 22 24,33 29,38 Source: UNDP (for HDI values), and Various Sources 5 (for preparing FBP) The correlation coefficient for Lithuania is 0, 84. Even the value of coefficient for Lithuania is lower than coefficients of Latvia and Estonia; it still shows the strong relationship between HDI and FBP values. If we try to estimate HDI value of Lithuania for 2012, we amount HDI value of Lithuania will be 0, 80958 in 2012. That can see as an unexpected result. Because, HDI values are growing for all selected countries year by year. But the analyze tells us HDI value of Lithuania will reduce or remain the same in 2012. 5 Russia Russia’s situation is very different among the selected countries. Top seven social media websites in Russia can be seen from the Figure 2. Figure 2: Top Seven Social Media Websites in Russia 4 All the webpages below was retrieved November 27, 2012 http://www.slideshare.net/arjantupan/fb-stats-201010v01-5631327 http://www.socialbakers.com 5 All the webpages below was retrieved November 27, 2012 http://www.slideshare.net/arjantupan/fb-stats-201010v01-5631327 http://www.socialbakers.com �Source: Stat Counter Global Stats (http://statcounter.com/ ) Facebook is not the most popular social media website in Russia. Vkontakte comes first with almost 60% usage. Facebook comes second with 24%according to Figure 2. Because of that fact the relationship between HDI and FBP values can not show the real situation. Statistics for Russia can be seen from Table 6. Table 6: Russia’s HDI and FBP Values Year HDI Value FBP (%) 2009 0,747 0,3 2010 0,751 0,9 2011 0,755 2,70 2012 Not Published 4,38 Source: UNDP (for HDI values), and Various Sources 6 (for preparing FBP) The correlation coefficient for Russia has calculated as 0,96. The estimation of HDI value of Russia for 2012 is 0,760. This estimation probably will not actualize due to Russia’s different situation than other countries. Probably 2012’s HDI value will be lower than 0,760 in Russia. 6 All the webpages below was retrieved June 21, 2012 http://www.slideshare.net/oreillymedia/active-facebook-users-by-country-region-june-2007 http://www.ideagitalmarketing.com/facebook-penetration-by-countries-january-2011.html http://www.insidefacebook.com/2010/07/06/europes-facebook-growth-moved-east-in-june-2010/ http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2010/jun/23/mark-zuckerberg-facebook-cannes-lions http://www.socialbakers.com �Conclusion Analysis has done for five countries. Correlation analyzesand estimation has not been done for Azerbaijan due to limited data. All correlation coefficients are higher than 0,84. That result shows that there is a very strong relationship between HDI and FBP values. So it can be said that increasing the social media penetration is another way for development. At the same time with that HDI values for 2012 has estimated for four countries. The next publication of Human Development Report which will be on March 14, 2013 in Mexicowill show the consistency of this research. It may be guessed that the estimation probably will be approximate for Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. On the other hand due to her special status, estimation for Russia will not be show real value as mentioned before. Internet usage is growing since the start of twenty first century. However social media websites are very popular among the internet user just a few years. Because of that, statistics for social media use are not quite enough even Facebook is heading 1 billion users. Especially marketers have become aware of the importance of those statics. Probably more social media statics will be used in more analysis in the future if they will be more possible to reach. References Balachere, B. (2011, February 2). Facebook Penetration by Country. Retrieved June 21, 2012 from http://www.ideagitalmarketing.com/facebook-penetration-by-countries-january2011.html Facebook Statistics by Country. (2012). http://www.socialbakers.com Retrieved November 27, 2012, from Facebook User Statistics Baltic States October 2010. (2010). Retrieved November 24, 2012, from http://www.slideshare.net/arjantupan/fb-stats-201010v01-5631327 Hatt, B. (2010, October 28). Facebook Penetration. Retrieved November 24, 2012 http://www-958.ibm.com/software/data/cognos/manyeyes/datasets/facebookpenetration-july-2010/versions/1 How Azerbaijan Goverment Crushes Online Dissent. (2012). Retrieved November 22, 2012, from http://www.rferl.org/content/how_azerbaijan_crushes_online_dissent/2451 5935.html ITU. (2012). Internet Users. Retrieved December 20, 2012, from http://www.itu.int/ITUD/ict/statistics/material/excel/20112/ictwebsite/Internet_users_01-11.xls ITU. (2013). Percentage of Individuals Using the Internet. Retrieved January 10, 2013, from http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/ICTEYE/Reports.aspx Lorica, B. (2009, June 17). Active Facebook Users by Country & Region. Retrieved June 21, 2012 from http://www.slideshare.net/oreillymedia/active-facebook-users-by-countryregion-june-2007 �Morrison, C. (2010, Jully 6). Europe’s Facebook Growth Moved East in June 2010. Retrieved June 21, 2012 from http://www.insidefacebook.com/2010/07/06/europes-facebookgrowth-moved-east-in-june-2010/ Number of Facebook Users Grows in Azerbaijan. (2010). Retrieved November 22, 2012, from http://xeberler.az/eng/2010/11/20/number-of-facebook-users-grows-inazerbaijan/ Stat Counter Global Stats (2012). Top Seven Social Media Websites in Russia. Retrieved April 28, 2012 from http://statcounter.com/ Sweney, M. (2010, June 23). The Guardian. Mark Zuckerberg: Facebook Almost Guaranteed to Reach 1 Billion Users. . Retrieved June 21, 2012 from http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2010/jun/23/mark-zuckerberg-facebook-canneslions Trend, H. V. (2011, September 20). Trend. Number of Facebook Users in Azerbaijan exceeds 500,000. Retrieved November 22, 2012, from http://en.trend.az/capital/it/1934386.html UNDP. (2012). Human Development Index (HDI). Retrieved October 20, 2012, from http://hdr.undp.org/en/statistics/hdi/ UNDP (2013). 2013 Human Development Report. Retrieved February 20, 2013, from http://hdr.undp.org/en/ Yaşar, M. M. (2011). Yeni Ekonomi Düzeninde Sosyal Bir Fenomen: Facebook. 9th International Conference on Knowledge, Economy and Management Proceedings, 449-460 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Appendix I Percentage of Individuals Using the Internet in Selected Transition Economies (From 2000 to 2010) Armen ia Belar us Esto nia Georgi a Kazak hstan Kyrg ystan Latvia Lithua nia Moldo va Russia Tajikis tan Turkm enistan Ukrain e Uzbekis tan 2000 Azer baija n 0,15 1,3 1,86 28,58 0,48 0,67 1,04 6,32 6,43 1,28 1,98 0,05 0,13 0,72 0,48 2001 0,31 1,63 4,3 31,53 0,99 1,01 3 7,22 7,18 1,49 2,94 0,05 0,18 1,24 0,6 2002 5 1,96 8,95 41,52 1,59 1,67 3 21,94 17,69 3,79 4,13 0,06 0,3 1,87 1,08 2003 No Data 4,58 No Data 45,32 2,56 2 3,91 26,98 25,91 7,41 8,3 0,06 0,43 3,15 1,91 2004 No Data 4,9 No Data 53,2 3,89 2,65 5,09 38,58 31,23 10,63 12,86 0,08 0,75 3,49 2,59 2005 8,03 5,25 No Data 61,45 6,08 2,96 10,53 46 36,22 14,63 15,23 0,3 1 3,75 3,34 2006 11,99 5,63 16,2 63,51 7,53 3,27 12,31 53,63 43,9 19,62 18,02 3,77 1,32 4,51 6,39 2007 14,54 6,02 19,7 66,19 8,26 4,02 14,03 59,17 49,9 20,45 24,66 7,2 1,41 6,55 7,49 2008 17,08 6,21 23 70,58 10,01 11 15,7 63,41 55,22 23,39 26,83 8,78 1,75 11 9,08 2009 27,4 15,3 27,43 72,5 20,07 18,2 17 66,84 59,76 27,5 29 10,07 1,95 17,9 17,06 2010 46 No Data 31,8 74,1 26,9 31,6 18,4 68,42 62,12 32,3 43 11,55 3 23,3 20 Source: ITU (2013) 10 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1667 Title A name given to the resource The Relationship between Social Media and Human Development: An Analyze on Transition Economies Author Author MALKOC YASAR, Mustafa Abstract A summary of the resource. The Human Development Index which measures the average achievements in a country in three basic dimensions is a summary measure of human development as known. The Human Development Index is one of the tools for comparing countries. On the other hand the use of social media is getting more important nowadays, especially after the Arab Spring. Even the statistics of social media use is becoming an alternative way for comparing countries. In fact some of the previous studies have shown that gross domestic product which is a dimension of human development somehow affected by the social media. In this study the aim is to investigate possible relations between human development and social media in transition economies by using statistical methods. Keywords: Internet, Social Media, Facebook, Transition Economies, Development. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-10 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 978-9958-834-23-3 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/7f391456d50561ddb5a0d23596003323.pdf 272a4a7990ab8c67c0efdd4ae4d8b115 PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo key in enabling Bosnia to attract foreign investments in this sector. Furthermore, NGOs and governmental agencies will need to educate themselves in order to be able to apply for various funds available in EU. Hundreds of millions of euros are available, but the projects proposal must be of high quality and skillful people are key in bidding for these funds. Overall, Bosnia and Herzegovina must continue the same way but should accelerate reforms and adjust its market to more easily accommodate foreign investments in green energy and sustainable development sector. REFERENCES 1. NRC (2001). Climate Change Science: An Analysis of Some Key Questions, National Academy Press, Washington, D.C., U.S.A. 2. Aleksandar Knezevic and Martin Tais (2007) Energetska efikasnost i obnovljivi izvori energije, Prioriteti energetske strategije u BiH, Fondacija Heinrich Boll, p 91,92,93. URL http://www.boell.ba/downloads/energetska_efikasnost_i_obnovljivi_izvori_energije_final.pdf , retrieved on April 23, 2012 3. Schneider, L. (2007), An evaluation of the CDM and options for improvement, URL http://wwf.panda.org/what_we_do/footprint/climate_carbon_energy/energy_solutions/resourc es/?118000/An-evaluation-of-the-CDM-and-options-for-improvement , retrieved on February 12, 2012 4. Energis (2010) Hydropower, URL http://energis.ba/?lang=bh&n1=3&n2=17&n3=0&c=16 , retrieved on February 2, 2012 5. Biomass Energy Centre (2011) What is biomass?, URL http://www.biomassenergycentre.org.uk/portal/page?_pageid=76,15049&_dad=portal&_sche ma=PORTAL retrieved on March 10, 2012 6. International Energy Agency (2011) Solar Energy Perspectives: Executive Summary, URL http://www.webcitation.org/63fIHKr1S , retrieved on January 15, 2012 7. Bloomberg New Energy Finance (2011) Global Trends in Renewable Energy Investment, 5, ISBN: 978-92-807-3183-5 8. UNDP (2011), Clean Development Mechanism Projects – Pathway to New Investments in BiH, URL http://www.undp.ba/index.aspx?PID=7&RID=723 , retrieved on January 18, 2012 9. The Carbon Neutral Company (2012) Climate change summary, URL http://www.carbonneutral.com/knowledge-centre/climate-change-summary/ , retrieved on February 25, 2012 The Relationship Between Tax Revenue And Economic Growth In Turkey: The Period Of 1975-2011 Yeşim Helhel,Yakup Demir Akdeniz University, Tourism Faculty, Antalya, TR Abstract In the study, the relationship between tax revenues and economic growth for the Turkish economy has been examined in the period of 1975-2011. Johansen Juselious cointegration test 32 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo and Granger causality test have been used in order to find long term and short term relationship, respectively. Impulse-response function and variance decomposition analysis have been applied via VAR model. The findings have shown that there is interaction between tax revenue types and the economic growth in the long term and is not such an interaction in the short term. The effect of the shock given to indirect tax revenue to economic growth rate has decline; the response of growth rate to shock given to direct tax revenue has been tendency to rise up towards the end of the period. In the variance decomposition method; direct tax revenue is more effective than indirect one. But, the growth rate that is expressed by GDP (gross domestic product) or other factors affecting growth rather than tax revenue has been appeared affected itself. Keywords: Direct tax, indirect tax, economic growth, granger causality test, co-integration test, VAR 1.INTRODUCTION Turkey has adopted foreign trade policy and strengthening of free market economy as an economic growth model with the beginning of 1980’s, and applied them so far as basic principles. In this model, increase of demand, encouragement of private sector and making the price policy more functional are acceptable principles of the free market. The government that has fiscal and monetary policy instruments is assumed as a catalyst instead of interference to economy. The major fiscal policy tools to have sustainable growth process by government are (Paksoy, S. and S. Bakan, 2010, p.154) ;  Expenditure  Income  Debt policies. Aside from expenditure and debt policies, tax revenue is the most important tool within the income policy. Tax is an economic value to finance public services taken by individual & corporation compulsorily according to their ability to pay ( Pehlivan, O., 2009: p.19). It is important that while government actualizes fiscal and non-fiscal services, tax burden should be delivered equitable, and the distribution of tax should balance the condition of stability. Moreover, tax should be taken in accordance with legal principles, and should increase the level of welfare. But these considerations are not enough alone. It’s also important that tax revenue must be used for society services and contribute the country’s economic growth and development, otherwise, the citizens of the country damage from that wrong policy. Economic growth is one of the macro variables related to tax revenues. Neo-classic growth models claimed that economic policies don’t have any impact for long term growth percentage and they also adverted that government’s interference by means of fiscal policy is unnecessary, moreover, damages optimal distribution of resources. In spite of these theories, endogenous growth models revealed that fiscal policy tools, such as public expenditures, taxation and subsidies etc. have strong impact on long term growth percentage. Many models have been constituted to prove this case (Yanpar, A., 2007, p.1). When the impact of taxes on economic growth has been analyzed, the distinction of direct and indirect taxes has been made in recent years. Due to the importance of that discrimination to shape tax system vigorously, the relationships between aforementioned tax types and economic growth have been evaluated by means of Vector Autoregressive Model (VAR) in our study. Although our study is similar to the other studies related to Turkish economy in 33 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo terms of analysis technique, it is different in terms of the analysis period. The focus of this study is that the effect of tax revenues to economic growth will be positive in developing countries in the case of legal regulations are made about tax policy. 2.DIRECT AND INDIRECT TAXES Direct taxes are taken from individuals and institutions according to their levels of revenue whose tax payer is also the same with payer on this subject, tax payer cannot transfer own tax burden to others. Income and corporation tax are both example of direct taxes. Indirect taxes arise from the use of services and goods. Everyone derived benefit from services or goods liable to tax has to pay it at the same rate regardless of income level. Tax payer and payer are different on this subject. Value added tax (VAT) and excise tax are both example of indirect taxes (Temiz, D. , 2008, p.3). Direct taxes which consist of income tax, property tax and corporation tax, indirect taxes which consist of taxes taken from both domestic and foreign trade have different function and impact on the economies. Direct taxes have the results for high income groups which have inclination to high savings and investment and also low marginal propensity to consume. On the other hand, indirect taxes have results for low income groups. The basic aim of the taxation is to create resources to cover expenses of public for both developed and developing countries. So, both tax types can also be used as a policy tool. However, the characteristics of the distribution of tax revenues are expected to impact upon economic growth and development line in the developing countries where indirect tax revenue is an important part of total tax revenues (Açıkgöz, Ş., 2008, p.93). Chart 1. The Percentage of Direct and Indirect Taxes (www.tcmb.gov.tr) The high ratio of indirect taxes is closely associated with economic growth & development. Since tax systems & policies are not fully settled in the developing countries, they focus on indirect taxes (Göçer, İ., M., Mercan et all, 2010, p.99). While the ratio of direct tax to the total tax revenue in the developed countries is high, it reverses for the developing countries. This reversal is a result of easier collection of indirect taxes, and that easiness comes from the unawareness of tax payers about statutory obligation. So, they do not respond to tax executives. When the progress of direct and indirect taxes have been examined, the composition of total tax revenue reversed from direct tax to indirect tax revenue after 1990s. The indirect tax percentage rose up to 67% from 48% between 1990 and 2011. Turkey distinguishes from developed countries with this tax structure. This deterioration is a result of increased value added tax rate like excise tax rate. Table 1 shows the distribution of indirect and direct tax revenue percentages between 1990-2011 years. 34 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 3.LITERATURE REVIEW Engen and Skinner (1996) shown that tax affects economic growth in moderate levels in the long-term. But this moderate effect may have large cumulative effect on living standards. Lee and Gordon (2005) shown that corporation tax rate has negative relationship with economic growth, and there is no relationship between tax rate associated with manpower income and economic growth by analyzing 27 years long data set of 70 countries between 1970- 1997. The relationship between economic growth and tax revenue in the period of 1965-2002 was tested in the study of Anastassiou and Dritsaki (2005) for Greek economy. According to their findings; there are relationships between total tax revenues, marginal direct tax rates, savingsincome rate and economic growth in the long term. They have reported that there is one-way causal relationship from total tax revenue and marginal direct tax rate to the economic growth in the short term. The relationship between tax revenue and economic growth was investigated for Turkey by Durkaya and Ceylan (2006), and they used Engle-Granger co-integration test in order to search long term relations between direct and indirect tax revenues and economic growth. Vector error correction model (VECM) and Granger causality test were used to investigate short-term relations between direct and indirect tax revenues and growth for the years of 1980-2004. The findings show that there is causal relationship between direct tax and growth. Temiz (2008) analyzed to find relationship between public tax revenues and economic growth for 1960-2006 years. Temiz used Johansen co-integration test to search long term relations and VECM to search short term relations. The findings show that there are two way causal relationships between total tax revenue and economic growth. Açıkgöz (2008) used causality analysis and impulse-response functions to determine causal relationships between tax types and economic growth. The findings are that the direction of casual relations is from economic growth rate towards the proportion of direct tax revenue in total tax revenue and the proportion of indirect tax revenue in total tax revenue. Additionally, one-way causal relationship from direct tax burden (proportion of direct tax revenues to GDP) toward growth rate has also been reported. Mucuk & Alptekin (2008) applied VAR analysis in order to investigate the casual relationship between tax types and economic growth for the period of 1975-2006 for Turkey. They determined the relationships among them by means of co-integration test for the long term duration, and the granger causality test shows that there is one way relation from direct tax revenue toward economic growth in the short term 4. DATA SET, METHOD AND FINDINGS In this study, the proportion of direct taxes to GDP (direct tax burden), proportion of indirect taxes to GDP and annual GDP have been used for the period of 1975-2011 by using annual data for Turkey. Annual data have been provided from Central Bank of Turkey and Revenue Administration of Turkey. “L” and “D” used in front of variables refer to the logarithm of that variable and first difference of that variable, respectively. ADF test has been applied to series for stationary of them in order to investigate the relationships between the variables, and Table1 indicates the ADF test results. Critical values have been evaluated by Eview-5 econometrical program and based on MacKinnon values. ADF test results have indicated that the levels of variables are not stationary, but first levels of variables are stationary. Johansen-Juselius test has been used in order to examine long-term relationships between variables, by then. In Johansen-Juselius test, two different tests called Trace and Max Eigen value statistics have been applied to determine the number of co35 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo integration vector and whether they are statistically significant or not. Before these tests have been applied, the length of optimal lag should have been determined under different criteria. Taking into account annual data usage and shortness of period, the maximum lag length has been determined as 3. As can be seen in Table 2, the lag length has been found as “0” according to the all criteria (Mucuk, M. V., Alptekin, 2008, p.165). Table 1: The Results of ADF Test of Values Unit Root Test Results Belong to Level of Variables Constant –Trend Constant Variables m ADF –t M ADF-t Ldtax 0 -2.028 (-2.611) 0 -2.051(-3.202) Lgdp 1 -1.623 (-2.622) 4 -2.822(-3.243) Lindtax 0 -0.128 (-2.611) 0 -2.951(-3.202) Unit Root Test Results Belong to First Level of Variables Constant Constant-Trend Variables m ADF –t DLdtax 0 -9.312 (-2.614) -9.228 (-3.207) DLgdp 0 -4.131 (-2.627) -4.327 (-3.229) DLindtax 1 -6.850 (-2.615) -6.731 (-3.209) M ADF-t Note: “m” given in the table shows dependent variable lag determined by Akaike Information Criteria the values within parenthesis show critical values of MacKinnon Table at the level of %10 statistical significance Table 2: The Criteria of Lag Length Determination (* shows lag length by ciriteria) Lag Length LogL LR FPE AIC SC HQ NA* 0 -21.36558 0.001529* 2.030465* 2.177722* 2.06953* 1 -14.42982 11.55959 0.001833 2.202486 2.791513 2.35875 2 -12.45725 2.794483 0.003437 2.788104 3.818901 3.06157 3 -4.74705 8.995233 0.004270 2.895588 4.368155 3.28626 36 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Johansen-Juselius co-integration test findings have been in Table 3 & Table 4 according to Trace & Max-Eigen statistics in the framework of determined optimal lag length. Trace statistics indicates “1” co-integration equation(s) at the (0.05) level. Max-Eigen statistics also indicates “1” co-integration equation(s) at the (0.05) level. This results show that the variables of both tax types and economic growth have been acted together in the long term. Table 3. Cointegration Test According to Trace Statistics Table 4. Cointegration Test According to Max Eigen Statistics %5 Hypothesi Eigenvalu Trace Critical s e Statistic Value %5 Hypothesi Eigenvalu Trace Critical s e Statistic Value None 0.642802 3.804.75 2.979.70 8 7 None 0.642802 2.470.71 2.113.16 6 2 At most 1 0.326940 1.334.04 1.549.47 1 1 At most 1 0.326940 950.209 1.426.46 0 At most 2 0.147796 383.831 At most 2 0.147796 383.831 384.146 384.146 Short term relations of variables have been evaluated with Granger causality test as shown in Table 5. There is no any relationship between economic growth and indirect or direct tax revenues in the short term. It should be pointed out that there should be other factors which may affect to the economic growth Table 5: Granger Causality Test Results Null Hypothesis Chi-sq Prob. Growth is not the granger cause of indirect tax 0.674505 0.7137 Growth is not the granger cause of direct tax 0.273824 0.8720 Indirect tax is not granger cause of growth 2.740258 0.2541 Direct tax is not granger cause of growth 2.503435 0.2860 5. VAR ANALYSIS TEST RESULTS Size of the effects of direct and indirect tax revenues to economic growth with the help of VECM has been presented in this part. Evaluation has been completed through impulseresponse functions and variance decomposition analysis. VECM model has been used instead of VAR models because of long term and consistent relationships among variables. Impulseresponse function (IRF) reflects the effects of one standard deviation shock in one of the random error terms to the present and future values of internal variables. Chart 2 shows the impact of the shocks that occur in the variables of direct and indirect tax revenues on variable of GDP for VECM. While the impacts of one standard error shock occurred in indirect tax revenue on the economic growth has increased till second term, it has decreased till fourth term and decreasingly lost its significance. While the impacts of one standard error shock occurred in direct tax revenue on GDP has decreased till third month and gradually increased. 37 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Response of GDP to INDTAX Inverse Roots of AR Characteristic Polynomial Response of GDP to DIRTAX .12 .12 1.5 .08 .08 1.0 .04 .04 .00 .00 -.04 -.04 -.08 -.08 0.5 0.0 -0.5 -1.0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Chart 2 : Impulse-response Functions Poly. 9 10 -1.5 -1.5 -1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 Chart 3 : IR of AR Characteristic It’s necessary to evaluate the variance decomposition results to determine the importance of potential random shock in any variable. Variance decomposition distinguishes one of the internal variable deviations affecting all internal variables as separate shocks so that it gives information about the dynamic situation of the system. Variance decomposition presents alternative approach to reveal dynamics of VAR system. The source of variance deviation of variables in the model can be decomposed, thus the percentage of changes resulted from itself and other variables can be understood easily (Özsoy, C., 2007, S.11). A change in GDP occurs in the 1st period is resulted from only itself (excluding tax revenues, other factors affecting growth). In this sense, tax revenues don’t affect GDP in the first period. The effect of it appears after 2nd period and shows an increase during periods. Direct tax has the most impact on GDP. Approximately 26% of the variance for GDP is explained by direct tax in 10th period and approximately 71% of it is affected by itself (or other factors affected). The effect of indirect tax to change is remained at 3%. It is necessary to test the model whether it has stationary or not. The stationary of model depends on eigenvalue of coefficient matrix. If eigenvalues of coefficient matrix are within the unit circle, the system is stationary or stable. If at least one eigenvalue is out of the unit circle or on the unit circle, the system is not stationary and it indicates expanding characteristics (Mucuk and Alptekin, 2008, p.168). The position of inverse roots of AR characteristics polynomial shown below proves that presented model is stationary as shown in Chart 3. Table 6 : Variance Decomposition PERIOD SE GDP INDTAX DIRTAX 1 0.110236 100.0000 0.000000 0.000000 2 0.115645 96.31835 3.667978 0.013668 3 0.125720 81.65548 3.526506 14.81801 4 0.129691 76.96164 3.674209 19.36416 38 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 5 0.132262 75.07070 3.797569 21.13173 6 0.138779 76.11258 3.588492 20.29893 7 0.142982 76.10009 3.608613 20.29130 8 0.146186 73.90997 3.494080 22.59595 9 0.149230 71.74413 3.359454 24.89641 10 0.151868 70.68551 3.244468 26.07003 6. CONCLUSION In this study, an interaction between tax revenue types and the economic growth in the long term has been proved by co-integration test, and Granger causality test does not indicate any interaction in the short term. In other words, the effects of tax policies applied do not appear in the short term, but can appear in the long term. In according to IRF; the effect of the shock given to indirect tax revenue to economic growth rate has declined; the response of growth rate to shock given to direct tax revenue has been tendency to rise up towards the end of the period. In the variance decomposition method; direct tax revenue is more effective than indirect one. But, the growth rate, which is expressed by GDP (gross domestic product) or other factors affecting growth rather than tax revenue, has been appeared affected itself. If tax revenue has been channeled to incentives for investment, it can lead to the economic growth. Since Turkey experienced the national and global crises in between 1975-2011, governments in preparing their budgets were not investment-oriented, but they were oriented to overcome the crises. The budget was performed to meet the deficit and scale up tax ratio. Moreover, a stable tax policy was not applied in Turkey, the policy prevailed by a government was removed or lessened effectiveness of it by subsequent governments. Although the ratio of indirect tax has been increased over the years, its impact on economic growth remains weak. Despite being a relationship between direct tax and economic growth in the long period, this relationship is weak. The other factors affecting GDP growth rather than tax revenue have gained weight. Acknowledgement: This paper has been supported by Akdeniz University, Scientific Research and Projects Supporting Unit (BAPB). REFERENCES Açıkgöz, Ş.(2008), “Tax Revenue, Taxation Mix and Economic Growth Relationship in Turkey: 1968-2006”, Ekonomik Yaklaşım,V:19, N.68, p.91-113. Anastassiou, T. and C., Dritsaki (2005), “Tax Revenues and Economic Growth: An Empirical Investigation for Greece Using Causality Analysis”, Journal of Social Sciences, 1(2), 99-104. Demircan, Siverekli, E.(2004), “Vergilendirmenin Ekonomik Büyüme ve Kalkınmaya Etkisi”, Erciyes Üniversitesi, İİBF Dergisi, N.21. Engen, E.M and J., Skinner (1996), “Taxation and Economic Growth”, National Tax Journal, 49 (4), 617-642 39 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Durkaya, M., S., Ceylan, “Tax Revenues and Economic Growth”, Maliye Dergisi, N.150, p.79-89. Ekici, M.Sena (2009), “The Determinants of Tax Revenue & Its Economical-Social Side”, Electronic Journal of Social Sciences, V.8, ISSN : 1304-0278, p.200-223 Göçer, İ., M., Mercan, et all (2010), “Ekonomik Büyüme İle Vergi Gelirleri Arasındaki İlişki: Sınır Testi Yaklaşımı”, Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi. Güriş, S, E.Çağlayan and B.Güriş (2011), Eviews İle Temel Ekonometri, Der Yayınları, İstanbul, ISBN: 9789753533706 Lee, Y., R.Gordon (2005), “Tax Structure and Economic Growth”, Journal of Public Economics, 89, p.1027-1043. Mucuk, M. and V., Alptekin (2008), “The Relationship Tax and Economic Growth in Turkey: VAR Analysis (1975-2006)”, Maliye Dergisi, N.155, p.159-174 Paksoy, S. and S, Bakan (2010), “Tax Policies Which are Applied in Turkey & Effects of Them on Economic Growth: (After 1980)”, Journal of Social Sciences, V.9, ISSN : 13040278, p.150-170 Pehlivan, O.(2012), Vergi Hukuku, Genel İlkeler ve Türk Vergi Sistemi, Murathan Yayınevi, Trabzon, ISBN: 9786055451219 Temiz, D.(2008), “The Relationship Between Tax Revenues and Economic Growth in Turkey : The Period of 1960-2006”, 2.National Economy Congress, İzmir, Özsoy C.(2009), "Türkiye'de Eğitim ve İktisadi Büyüme Arasındaki İlişkinin VAR Modeli İle Analizi", The Journal of Knowledge Economy & Knowledge Management, Vol:IV, , 71-83. Turan, T.(2008), “Maliye Politikası Araçlarının Ekonomik Büyüme Üzerindeki Etkileri: Bir Literatür İncelemesi”, Sayıştay Dergisi, S.69, p. 17-36 Yanpar, Atila (2007), Master Degree Thesis, Gelişmekte Olan Ülkelerde Büyüme Yönelimli Vergi Politikası, Yılmaz, Ö., V.Kaya(2007), “İhracat, İthalat ve Reel Döviz Kuru İlişkisi: Türkiye İçin Bir VAR Modeli”, İktisat İşletme ve Finans Dergisi, p.250, 69-84. The Effect of Exchange Rate Volatility on Import Demand: Evidence from Turkey Demirgil Hakan1, Keskin Hidayet1, Karaöz Murat2,Şentürk, Canan1 1Süleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey 2Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey, Abstract Since 2001 financial crisis, Turkey has adopted fluctuating exchange rate regime in order to make the economy stronger against external shocks. This has lead to a high volatility of Turkish lira against to foreign currencies. Therefore, it became essential for policy makers to evaluate the potential effects of exchange rate volatility on international trade. The purpose of this study is to provide new evidence on the effects of exchange rate volatility on the import 40 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1311 Title A name given to the resource The Relationship Between Tax Revenue And Economic Growth In Turkey: The Period Of 1975-2011 Author Author Yeşim , Helhel Abstract A summary of the resource. In the study, the relationship between tax revenues and economic growth for the Turkish economy has been examined in the period of 1975-2011. Johansen Juselious cointegration test and Granger causality test have been used in order to find long term and short term relationship, respectively. Impulse-response function and variance decomposition analysis have been applied via VAR model. The findings have shown that there is interaction between tax revenue types and the economic growth in the long term and is not such an interaction in the short term. The effect of the shock given to indirect tax revenue to economic growth rate has decline; the response of growth rate to shock given to direct tax revenue has been tendency to rise up towards the end of the period. In the variance decomposition method; direct tax revenue is more effective than indirect one. But, the growth rate that is expressed by GDP (gross domestic product) or other factors affecting growth rather than tax revenue has been appeared affected itself. Keywords: Direct tax, indirect tax, economic growth, granger causality test, co-integration test, VAR Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General),HB Economic Theory,HG Finance,HJ Public Finance https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/6df7581a6372588bd33ad9beaef13b53.pdf 96e4c1d222c2fa2c4707ee9b4702c87c PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo The Relationship between the Content of Lifelong Education for Sustainable Development and the Needs of the Educational Environment Muharem Dautovid Elči Ibrahim Pašina Medresa, Travnik, Bosnia And Herzegovina muharemdautovic@yahoo.com The sustainable development as a fundamental is certainly one of the biggest challenges global society is facing. Parallel to this, a need for an adequate response to the challenges of sustainable development, which can be recognized only in the certain time and quality education of new generations is required. Thus, learning and teaching is an imperative together with its requirements such as the need to educate young people through the institutions of the system, organized through school systems at all levels, through non-formal and informal education. The most important are aims, objectives and content of education for sustainable development. They should be compatible with the needs of the environment, the economic, the political, educational, cultural, etc. (external aims of education), actually the demands of social reality, innovated methods in educational system and forms of work for sustainable development, as well as the relationship between a curriculum and content. Keywords: Educational Policy, Lifelong Learning, Sustainable Development. 211 � https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/d879f83b2a94b66b031c89483a0ac986.docx 521ff8d1e8fa4b10c29de44181226e96 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/216a6a3491f8fc0ba84254bf1a08a274.pdf 09f935419227cf4a89cad7a86c3439ea PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo The Relationship between theContent of LifelongEducation for SustainableDevelopment and Needs ofthe Educational Environment Muharem Dautović Elči Ibrahim pašina medresa, Travnik, Bosnia and Herzegovina muharemdautovic@yahoo.com Abstract Of the manychallengesfacing aglobal societythe fundamental one is related to sustainable development. Parallel with this, there is a need for an adequate response to the challenges of sustainable development that can be recognized only in the timeliness and quality of education of new generations. Thus, teaching and learning becomes an imperative and what is recognizable in these requirements is the need to educate young people through the institutions of the system, organized by the school system at all levels. Aims, objectives and content of education for sustainable development should be compatible with the environmental, economic, political, educational, cultural and other needs (external aims of education), and demands of social reality, whilst innovative methods of education should be in line with education for sustainable development, as well as with the curriculum. Key words: education policy, lifelong learning, sustainable development Introduction The concept of lifelong learning within which lies the concept of lifelong education, has emerged as a result of increasing demands for a greater amount of knowledge, because the existing knowledge became insufficient or outdated. It is based on a continuous approach to teaching and learning in terms of acquiring new knowledge which is needed in new social conditions, and new positions at work and in the society of knowledge, which implies participation in society. Considering and reviewing the given topic, along with the construct lifelong learning there is also an expression which implies permanent (continuous) education, which according to Pastuović, is not the same. Differences between lifelong learning and lifelong education is that “lifelong education refers to education throughout life (from birth to death) while continuous education (permanent) refers to education since the end of a degree of formal education (usually after compulsory education) until death, or until the end of their working life. While lifelong learning and education encompasses and coordinates the education and upbringing of children, adolescents and adults (according to the principle of vertical connectivity), the continuous education, on the other hand, adjusts only forms of formal, non-formal and informal adult learning (according to the principle of horizontal integration)”. (Pastuović, 1999:53) UN Decade of Education for Sustainable Development The period 2005-2014 the United Nations through UNESCO have declared as Decade of Education for Sustainable Development, which aims to implement educational values, which are important for sustainable development, into all educational facilities and educational curriculum that will support changes in behavior and lead to a sustainable society. The very choice of UNESCO, as the implementer of this project, represents (along 1 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo with the Program on Climate Change for Sustainable Development and Program of Education for all) the key to sustainable development. In order for Decade to achieve its goals and satisfies its creators (UN and UNESCO), as well as society and community, it is necessary to create the curriculum so that it will integrate previous experiences of social and emotional (emotional, moral) context with the addition of willing (connotative) component. For education policy-makers the most complex issue of the Decade is the question of how to design services and develop curriculum (curricula) that will be able to train young people for social development in the future, in the society of knowledge, in order to cope with many challenges, as well as problems carried by globalization processes. Only the contents of education for sustainable development in the curricula that are on the trail of the unity of science and the teaching process can meet the needs of young people through formal education to acquire the necessary competencies for sustainable development. As the curriculum must align according to the Bologna Process, which means that three year, or four-year cycle is expected to provide students with the academic skills and professions according to the standards of the Bologna Declaration. It is important to ensure the cooperation of the management of institutions providing educational services (education for sustainable development) and the educational environment as external educational objectives to the educational process and the content customized needs (development), the needs of local communities (regions) to the development needs of the community at the national level. In addition to teaching content in the curriculum, it is essential to provide high-quality services through the scientific research in institutions of higher education, including services for sustainable development to a greater number of young people qualified for sustainable development. Curriculum content for Sustainable Development Curriculum contentincludingeducationfor sustainable developmentwhich will be adopted byeducationalproductions(graduates of all educationallevels) andtransmititto end usersin theenvironment, needs toraisethe quality of lifeof future generations. Educationalproduction coming from teachers' collegeshave a special responsibilitybecause they havethe most experiencewhen it comes toactivitiesthat arein line withlifelong learningfor sustainable development. Changes are necessary. They shouldstart from thehighereducation systemforthe educationaloutputshavethe strongestinfluence on theinputs tosegments ofeducationalenvironment(economic, social, cultural, and environmental). In order for graduates, especially those from teachingfaculties, to acquiremoreskills, throughfacilities forsustainable development, it is necessary toeducate theuniversityteachersthrough workshops andprojectswhich along withthegeneralcivicawarenessandstrengthening of thenecessary knowledge, skills, and capabilities(competencies) for each individual, it can be a guaranteefor successfulpreparationof futureeducatorsto teachyoung peopleof all educationallevelsfor sustainable development.So far,thissystemhas not been solved, and the teachers 2 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo aregenerallysatisfied withtheirknowledge in the fieldof ecology anddemocracy, which is definitely notenough. Learning objectivesasinternalgoals of education representtrainingfor a specific typeof behavior.The aim is to meetuniversalhuman needswhich include, apart fromthe existential, social andself-actualization. Learning objectives, according to Gagne, serve as a selection oflearning content, provide the prerequisitesto learningandimplementthem, and conduct a review ofoutcomes. Components oflearning objectivesGagne(1988) identifiedas: 1. type of learned proficiency, 2. description ofthe situation in whicha learned behavior is performed, 3. objecton which thebehavioris applied, 4. description of the specificactivitiesthatstudentsuse in the executionof learned behavior, 5. Funds, restrictions and special conditionsgoverning thelearned behavior. (Gagne, et.al. 1988:23) Learning objectivesfor sustainable development In order forthe educationaloutputs (educational production) to acquire the necessarycompetencies(knowledge, abilities, skills, habits, values, attitudes, etc.) in formal education(institutions at all levels ofoccupation andlevel of education), and particularlyfor sustainable development, it is necessary for teachingfacilities,plans and programs(curriculum), to be adapted to the needsof the educationalenvironment(external educational objectives). Learned behaviors (competencies) acquired through internal learning objectives are divided into the areas of cognitive (strategy, intellectual skills and information), psychomotor (psychomotor skills) and affective behavior (attitudes, habits, values). Learning objectivesin taxonomyobjectives (Bloom) are composed of moregroups of goals andare divided into: 1. Cognitivegoals(goalsrelated to knowledgeandthe development ofintellectualskills necessary forthe application of knowledge), (Bloom, 1970:35): knowledge, comprehension,application, analysis, synthesis and evaluation. 2. Affectivegoals(goals related to the values, attitudesand assessment) (Krathwohl et al1964:78): receiving,responding, valuing, organization values,characterization ofpeoplewithvalue system. 3. Psychomotorobjectives (motor skills). (Bloom, 1970:35) Forourdiscussionit is importantthat wedefinesocial developmentand outof manyof itsdefinitions we optedfor the following: social development is the system of changes within theman and hisenvironmentthat leads tosatisfyinghis needs(not justexistential) whichinfluencethe qualityof his life. Thedevelopment of man isnot and should notbe limited toonlymeetits basicneeds;it includesmoreneeds,goals andothervalues such asthe need forrelationships with other people, the needfor arelationshipwith his owndevelopment(self-actualization). The higher need for achievement makes the qualityof lifeof each individualhigher.Quality of lifeof the individualas amember of societymakessocietymore developed. The meaningof social developmentisto improveall aspects ofhuman life, meaning thatman shouldsatisfy theuniversalhuman needs,includingsocial andself-actualization(to satisfy the motivesfor thegrowth and development andnotonly theexistential). 3 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo In the processof social development, education plays an important role; therefore, it contributes tothe development of society, so we can saythat the purposeof educationsupportsquality of lifeof allmembers of the community. As a result, there is theneedfor educationas generators ofqualityof life andsocial development. The question of educational needscan be analyzedat three levels: (Bahtijarević-Šiber, 1999)  individual,  work, and  institutional level. Educational needscan beviewed throughits fourlevels:  educational needsaimed at trainingemployeesfor jobsthatawait them(trainingfor the currentjob),  educational needsrelated to theexpansion ofindividualknowledge and skills(the expansion and deepening ofknowledge and skillsto adaptto changesin business andtechnology),  educationalneeds related tothe development ofindividual careerandtraininggraduate ofa certaineducational level(educational production) to performcomplex tasks(preparing for acareerprogressionandperformanceismore complex and demandingtasks),  educationalneeds related tothe future(educationand preparationfor future changesandjobsandeducationfor the future, and flexibility). (Bahtijarević-Šiber, 1999:741) Figure 1Levels ofeducational needs(Bahtijarević-Šiber, 1999:741) Lifelong Educationfor Sustainable Development: Economic Development Technological developmentis strongly influenced bythe necessity of itssequence, because scienceandscientific advancesare changingdailyand, as a result a need forlife-long education(full day) becomes a requirement. Thus, old knowledgeexpires, so there is a needfor new knowledge, whicheducational policy"forces" to create acurriculum that willinclude asystemof lifelong learningwhichwillacquirecompetencies thatwill be able tomeet the challengesof technological development. Strengtheningof human resourceswill strengtheninteractionandinclusion of educationand the economy. Economicpart of the educationalenvironment(external goals of education) is in theinterdependentrelationship witheducation and learning(internalgoals of education) andsinceeducation isstrongly influenced by theeconomy(through educationalinputs: 4 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo facilities, equipment,staffsalaries), it can be said that educationand the economyinfluence the economic development. Neglectingthe economicaldimensionof the interaction, the lack ofinvestmentin educationandthe labor market will be felt simply because theinsufficient investmentin training and developmentof employeesdirectly affects theloss ofmarket share(Bahtijarević-Šiber, 1999).1 Thisinteraction ofeducationand economicsis based onthe theory ofhuman capital(health, knowledge, motivation) which strengthens through education and directlyinfluences allpartsof itsquality(Fagerlind andSaha, 1989). Economic development, in question, is to strengthen theefficiency ofthe economy, which is again aconsequence oflinks between educationand the economy, which is treatedas the ratioof primary, secondaryandtertiary levelof formal educationandthe growth rate ofgross domestic product (Psacharopoulos, 1985 inObralić, H. 2012). Economic development, as a powerfulfactor inthe educational environment, as itsmain developmental elementsseesscience, education and upbringing becausethey define thequality of human capital(the greatest wealth andinvestment ineducationa priority), which is directly dependenton the quality ofthe use of financial(and other) resourcesof a country. Lifelong Educationfor Sustainable Development: Political Development Political developmentinour circumstancesis almost alwaysin the contextof developmentof political parties, though political developmentis based onthe process thatneeds to improvecitizens' participation(political) and political integration. Processesshould be seenas a consequence ofpoliticalsocialization, such as understanding thepolitical values, opinions, attitudes, habits, which should encourageall actorsinthepolitical community onintegrationandparticipation (Saha andFagerlind, 1994). (Meyer andRubinson, 1975)Politicalsocialization issimplyimpossible withouteducationanditis gearedtowardsthe survival ofthe currentpolitical situation. Besides havingsignificant impactonpolitical socialization, educationplays significant role in theidentity formation(especiallynational)andnational integration. This is especially trueindeveloping countries,thenthe countries in transition, andfinallyinthe newentities as isthe example ofthe former Yugoslav republicsthat formedtheir own states. Particularly important istheconstruction ofnational identity, as it isan essentialaspect ofnational identityon the one hand political, and on the other, cultural development. Political integrationcannot bewithout anational identity, and it is built byconsensusof all politicalactors inbuildingpolitical rights, a uniquepolitical systemandbasicrecognizablesymbolsof the state andstatehood, such as the constitution,national anthem,flag, and coat of arms). Relation between educationand political developmentis not unidirectional. Politics is asegmentof the educationalenvironmentandit is subject to the influence of education throughexternaleducational goals, whereas apolitical systemand importantpolitical values stronglyinfluence theeducation, which results inan interactive relationshipof these two elements of external goalsof education, whichis accomplishedin the following manner: 1. initialoperationof society(politics) has the strongest influence on education (programs, system structure, evaluation, funding, teacher education), which is 1 Bahtijarević-Šiber, 1999. Management ljudskih potencijala, Golden marketing,Zagreb 5 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo expressed in theeducationreformsundertakenafter theradicalpolitical changes, such as those in post-communist(transition) countries, 2. reformededucation and upbringingaffectthe stabilization anddevelopment of the existingsocial order(politics) 3. further social(political) development generates newneedsfor change(development) of the existingeducationalsystem(Saha andFagerlind1994,1655inObralić, H. 2012). Lifelong Educationfor Sustainable Development: CulturalDevelopment Integrativepart of the educationalenvironment(and it's an important part of) is culture. Culture,as a system ofvalues thatis manifestedin thepracticesof social behaviorin attitudes andhabitsdirectlyaffect thequality of life, human rights, and human values. Educational productionaffects theenvironment(economic, political, cultural), and thenwe talkabout the work ofeducation inparts of theenvironment, as well as the culture, thatthroughall forms of education(youth through formal -educationandadultformaland informal-learning) affects values, attitudes andhabits. Educationalproduction(graduates of variouseducational levels),with allits knowledge, skills, and habits(competencies) strongly affectsall segments ofthe educationalenvironment-outereducation goals (desirable educationaleffects)as well as the culture,whichboth directlyand indirectly affectthe development of society(the economic, socialand political development, ofwhichlargelydependsrationaluseof human resources)what is in the scientificdiscourseexplained throughthe theoryof modernization(Inkeles andSmith,1974). Modernizationis seenas atrendof strengthening theknowledge anduseofrational, in caring forthe environment so as that man cancontrol(natural, cultural, political) superviseand manage it. Here,education playsan important rolebecause itstronglyinfluences themodernityof attitudes, values, family,as well as the choiceand durationof formal education. According to Pastuović (1999), modern valuesand attitudesaffectsocial behavior, if they lead to desirable outcomesfor the person, i.e. desiredmaterial, social, and self-actualizing effects. It depends on themodernity ofthe societyorof itsaspectsin whichthe individual acts(Pastuović, 1999, 408,409). Scientificdiscourseunreservedlyrecognizes thatsocial developmenthas no groundingand sustainabilitywithoutits citizensas the creatorof universal valuesthat carry theattributeof modernity. Manyhave definedmodernitythroughpersons whoare considered to bemodern,and such descriptions of modernpeoplein works ofInkelesand Smith(1974) contain a confirmation of what was said before: a) readiness forsocial change, b) awareness of thediversityof views and opinionsof othersand the ability todesign andmaintain own opinions, c) determinationin collectingdata and factswhicharethe basis ofthe thought process, d) temporalorientation towardthe present and thefutureinstead ofthepast, e) feelingof successor beliefthat onecan influencetheir ownenvironment, f) orientation towardslong-term planningin public affairsand privatelife, g) fundamentalconfidence inthe predictability ofthe surrounding world, and confidence thattheinstitutions and individuals will meettheir obligations, h) highevaluation oftechnical skillsand their acceptance ascriteriafor the distribution ofprizes, i) highvaluationof formal educationand training, and highexpectations foreducationaland workachievements, 6 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo j) understandingof manufacturing and industry. (Inkeles andSmith,1974: 1925inObralić, H. 2012). Finally, throughcurriculathat aresupported by Bologna process, throughcourses, workshops andprojects,it is necessary toallow students todevelopsocial,economic, environmental andpolitical competencies (knowledge, abilities, skills and habits) in order to resolve the problemsof society andthe developmentofsocietyfor sustainable development, for life,for the coexistenceof nature, society and each individual. References Bahtijarević-Šiber, F. (1999), Zagreb Management ljudskih potencijala, Golden marketing, Bloom, S. B. (1970). Taksonomija ili klasifikacija obrazovnih i odgojnih ciljeva Knjiga I, Jugoslovenski zavod za proučavanje školskih i prosvetnih pitanja, Beograd Fagerling, I. and Saha, L. J. (1989). Education and National Development. Oxford: Pergamon Press Gagné, R., Briggs, L., & Wager, W. W. (1988). Principles of instructional design. New York, NY: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc. Inkeles, A. & Smith, D.H. (1974). Becoming Modern – Individual Change in Six Developing Countries, Cambridge: Harvard University Press Krathwohl, David R., Benjamin S., Bloom, and Bertram B. Masia. (1964). Taxonomy of educational objectives. Book 2: Affective domain. Longman, New York Meyer, John W. and Richard Rubinson (1975). ―Education and Political Development‖. Review of Research in Education Obralić, H: (2010) Vrednovanje obrazovnih efekata kao vanjskih ciljeva obrazovanja, Univerzitet „Džemal Bijedić“, Mostar Pastuović, N. (1999), Edukologija, Znamen, Zagreb 7 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1668 Title A name given to the resource The Relationship between the Content of Lifelong Education for Sustainable Development and the Needs of the Educational Environment Author Author DAUTOVIĆ, Muharem Abstract A summary of the resource. The sustainable development as a fundamental is certainly one of the biggest challenges global society is facing. Parallel to this, a need for an adequate response to the challenges of sustainable development, which can be recognized only in the certain time and quality education of new generations is required. Thus, learning and teaching is an imperative together with its requirements such as the need to educate young people through the institutions of the system, organized through school systems at all levels, through non-formal and informal education. The most important are aims, objectives and content of education for sustainable development. They should be compatible with the needs of the environment, the economic, the political, educational, cultural, etc. (external aims of education), actually the demands of social reality, innovated methods in educational system and forms of work for sustainable development, as well as the relationship between a curriculum and content. Keywords: Educational Policy, Lifelong Learning, Sustainable Development. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-10 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 978-9958-834-23-3 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/3bbdc798e02681ee59eda1555251159e.pdf da08e04612bd4e3aa8f94a5116534d3a PDF Text Text 2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo The Relationship between the Religiosity and the Ethical Attitudes of Managers: An Empirical Study Muzaffer AYDEMĠR Associate Prof. Dr., Bilecik University, FEAS, Department of Business Administration muzaffer.aydemir@bilecik.edu.tr Özüm EĞĠLMEZ Research Assistant, Bilecik University, FEAS, Department of Business Administration Abstract: In this study, we aimed to explore the relationship between religiosity and business ethics. Two dimensions of religiosity – intrinsic an extrinsic- were studied. We mainly tested one hypothesis: whether ethical attitudes are affected by religiosity. However, we also explored the relationship between ethical attitudes, intrinsic and extrinsic religiosity and various demographic measures of the participants.In our study, we surveyed 510 managers and white-collar workers from 6 different organizations in Turkey. Our survey instruments have three parts. First part included 24-vignette ethics scale of Barnett and Brown (1994). Second part included 14-item religiosity scale of Allport and Ross (1967). Third part contained various demographic measures. Findings of the study show that intrinsic religiosity is partly and negatively correlated with ethical attitudes and extrinsic religiosity is positively related to the ethical attitudes. In other words, intrinsically motivated people are more prone to behave ethically than extrinsically motivated people are. Key Words: Religiosity, ethical attitudes, business ethics. Introduction Ethics has been one of the principal issues confronting businesses for many years. While they are responsible for maximizing long-term value for the shareholders, they are also expected to adequately monitor their employees‘ performance, and to enforce and adhere to certain ethical standards. Business ethics have been the subject of controversy and debate for many years among researchers and practitioners. Not surprisingly, frequent scandals have fostered considerable interest and scholarly work in the business ethics area. Recently, interest in this area was intensified due to widespread media accounts of outbreaks of ethical failing and questionable practices by corporations and corporate executives. Events such as the collapse of Enron, the destruction of documents at Arthur Andersen, questionable CEO compensation packages and other practices at Tyco, and charges of fraud at WorldCom have shaken public confidence in business world. In accordance with these ongoing discussions, scholars and practitioners are wondering what has to be done to assure ethical behaviors in the business environment. Some scholars debate whether religious belief should be an appropriate grounding for business ethics. Madigan (2005) criticizes the popular assumption that ―religion and morality are synonymous‖ and then he claims that this assumption is incomplete because religion is not the sole determinant of our morality. Calkins (2000) states that business ethic has recently neglected its religious traditions and become construed more narrowly as an applied philosophy and social science. Fort (1997) claims that rather than excluding religion from business ethics, business ethics ought to consider religion as a healthy ground. He claims that there is no good reason for us to restrict people from relying upon religion in making and justifying economic judgments. This means that theology ought to be a participant in debates about public matters, including business ethics. Theology‘s contributions will be as varied as the philosophical alternatives for business ethics. McMahon (1986) argues that religions make valuable contributions to business ethics. Religions‘ values, principles, and practices give sense of responsibility, and guidance to the people of business world. This current paper presents the results of a study that explored the roles of the managers‘ and the whitecollar workers‘ religiosity play in determining their ethical attitudes regarding questionable business practices. 247 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo Literature Review Religion and Religiosity The impact of religion on our social and economic lives is an historical debate. Nowadays, some scholars pay closer attention to the subject and aim to explore the relationship between religious beliefs and business ethics. Meanwhile we should clarify what we mean by ―religion‖. As Bernardin (2006) noted that definition of religion should include God and/or supernatural, otherwise when we remove God, the supernatural, and specific beliefs from religion, what we have got but a secular activity by another name. Cornwall et al. (1986) examined the dimensions of religiosity and found six core and seven peripheral dimensions. Core dimensions of religiosity are traditional orthodoxy, spiritual commitment, religious behavior, particularistic orthodoxy, church commitment, religious participation. Peripheral dimensions are religious knowledge, religious experience, personal community relations, personal well-being, marital happiness, physical health, and spiritual well-being. Clark and Dawson (1996) highlighted the importance of the religiousness construct as an influence on ethical judgments and, possibly, on behavioral intentions. They stress that personal religiousness is a potential source of ethical norms, and consequently, an influence in ethical evaluations. Allport (1950) perceived religious motivation as differentiated by intrinsic religiosity and extrinsic religiosity. The ‗‗extrinsically motivated person ‗uses‘ his religion whereas the intrinsically motivated person ‗lives‘ his religion‘‘ (Allport and Ross, 1967: p. 434). In this study, we preferred and used Allport‘s classification. The Relationship between Religiosity and Ethical Attitudes Findings of the scientific researches about the relationship between religiosity and ethical attitudes generally show positive relationship. Some of researches and their findings can be summarized as follow: Religiosity is one of the factors that significantly influence values and ethical judgments (Huffman, 1988; Hunt and Vitell, 1993). For example, religiosity influences people‘s ethical and social responsibilities (Ibrahim et al., 2008). People who have high level of religiosity consider tax fraud less acceptable than who have low level of religiosity (Stack and Kposowa, 2006). In other words, religiosity has an influence both on human attitudes and behavior (Weaver and Agle, 2002). Religiosity is an important determinant of the ethical behavior. Religious beliefs provide an important basis for social integration and the prevention of deviant behavior (Stack and Kposowa, 2006). Nevertheless, other factors or the circumstances are also important. Therefore, affects of religiosity on people‘s ethical attitudes are situational (Saat et al., 2009) or high religiosity does not always mean high ethical values (Rashid and Ibrahim, 2008). Practicing religious beliefs or attending religious activities are positively related to the ethical attitudes. People who practiced their religion tend to consider themselves more ethically minded (Pahu and Kea, 2007); are less likely to cheat (Bloodgood et al., 2008), and are more likely to be honest (Perrin, 2000) than those who do not practice their religion. Some studies support the idea that religiosity in general has a positive impact on ethical attitudes. (Kennedy and Lawton, 1998; Singhapakdi et al., 2000; Siu et al., 2000; Conroy and Emerson, 2004). Some other studies focus on the relationship between dimensions of religiosity and ethical attitudes. These studies show that generally there are positive correlations between intrinsic religiosity and ethical attitudes. In other words, people who have higher intrinsic religiosity have more positive ethical attitudes than participants who have lower intrinsic religiosity. For example, Aydemir et al. (2009) found a statistically significant relationship between intrinsic religiosity and ethical attitudes of the participants. In several scientific studies, Vitell and his colleagues found that intrinsic religiosity was a determinant of ethical beliefs. In other words, an intrinsic religious orientation significantly explains one‘s ethical beliefs for the questionable business activities. As expected, the stronger a respondent‘s sense of intrinsic religiosity, the more likely he/she was to find various ‗‗questionable‘‘ business activities as wrong. (Vitell et al. 2005; Vitell and Muncy, 2005; Vitel et al. 2006; Vitell et al. 2007) As previous researches showed that there is a statistically significant relationship between religiosity and business ethics in general. Based upon the previously cited theoretical and empirical literature, we proposed the following hypotheses involving religiosity to test here: H1: There is a negative correlation between intrinsic religiosity of managers/white-collar employees and their ethical attitudes towards questionable marketing practices. H2: There is a negative correlation between intrinsic religiosity of managers/white-collar employees and their ethical attitudes towards questionable management practices. H3: There is a negative correlation between intrinsic religiosity of managers/white-collar employees and their ethical attitudes towards questionable management directives. 248 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo H4: There is a negative correlation between intrinsic religiosity of managers/white-collar and their ethical attitudes towards questionable independent actions in the workplace. H5: There is a positive correlation between extrinsic religiosity of managers/white-collar and their ethical attitudes towards questionable marketing practices. H6: There is a positive correlation between extrinsic religiosity of managers/white-collar and their ethical attitudes towards questionable management practices. H7: There is a positive correlation between extrinsic religiosity of managers/white-collar and their ethical attitudes towards questionable management directives. H8: There is a positive correlation between extrinsic religiosity of managers/white-collar and their ethical attitudes towards questionable independent actions in the workplace. employees employees employees employees employees Methodology This paper presents the results of a study that investigated the roles that managers / white-collar employees‘ religiosity play in determining their ethical attitudes regarding questionable business practices. Two dimensions of religiosity – intrinsic and extrinsic religiosity – were studied. Sample The data is collected from six organizations which are located in northwestern part of Turkey. Approximately 1000 questionnaire sent to the managers and white-collar workers in these organizations and 550 questionnaires returned. 510 of these questionnaires are used. Participants distribution is as follow: %25,3 employed by a state organization, %24,7 employed by a private education company, %16,1 employed by SMEs, %13,7 employed by a utility company, %10,6 employed by a manufacturing company, and %9,6 employed by a bank. 34.7% of the participants are in managerial position and 65.3% are in professional white-collar workers position. 45.9% of the sample was female and 54.1% of the sample was male. About 2.4% of the sample were younger than 20, 17.5% were between 21 and 25 years of age, 24.7% were between 26 and 30 years of age, 18.8% were in between 31 and 35, 13.3% were in between 36 and 40, 13.1% were between 41 and 45, 7.3% were between the ages of 46 and 50 and 2.9% were older 50; 3.1% had a high school degree, 25.1% had twoyear college degree, 17.1% had a university degree, 45.5% had MBA or PhD and 9.2% mentioned as other. 16.1% were working in a company with less than 10 employees, 24.7% were working in between 151 and 200 employees, 9.6% were in between 201 and 250 employees and a major as 49.6% were working in companies over 250 employees. As last demographic variable as marital status, 57.8% were married, 38.4% were single and 3.7% were divorced or widowed. Measures The survey consists of three parts. The first part included 24-vignette ethics scale of Barnett and Brown (1994), included employee theft, lying to customers, taking advantage of customers, using company services and whistleblowing among others. The second part included 14-item religiosity scale of Allport and Ross (1967). We used the adopted version of the scale by Vitell et al. (2007). The third part contained various demographic measures such as age, sex, marital status, educational level, occupational category and employed sector. The dependent construct in the analysis was managers‘/ white-collar employees‘ ethical attitudes as measured by the 24-vignette ethics scale of Barnett and Brown (1994). The respondents were asked to rate each vignette on a five-point scale from – strongly believe that it is unethical (1) to strongly believe that this is ethical (5). It is important for the readers to note that a low score on this scale indicates that managers / white-collar employees have stronger belief that these behaviors are wrong or more unacceptable. Overall reliability score of the ethics scale is 0.833. Extrinsic and intrinsic religiosities were measured by using the adopted version of Allport and Ross (1967), using a five-point Likert type scale anchored by ―1 = I strongly disagree‖ and 5 = I strongly agree‖. In the response format, higher scores indicate higher degree of religiousness. Overall reliability score of religiosity scale is 0.741. The intrinsic dimension has 8 items and is exemplified by items such as, ‗‗I try hard to live my life according to my religious beliefs.‘‘ This dimension exhibited a reliability of 0.771. The extrinsic dimension includes 6 items and has a reliability of 0.698. It is exemplified by items such as, ‗‗I go to religious services because it helps me make friends.‘‘ 249 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo Results Religiosity scale has two dimensions; intrinsic religiosity and extrinsic religiosity. Reliability of coefficient (Cronbach‘s Alpha) of religiosity scale is 0,741. Ethics scale has four dimensions; marketing, management, employee following management directives and employees independent actions. Reliability coefficient (Cronbach‘s Alpha) of ethics scale is 0,833. Descriptive statistics of these dimensions are given in Table 1. Factors Intrinsic Religiosity Extrinsic Religiosity Mean 3,43 2,70 Std. Deviation C. Alpha 0,75 0,77 0,74 0,70 Factors Marketing Scenario Management Scenario Employee Following Management Directions Employees' Independent Actions Mean 2,20 1,70 1,97 1,76 Std. Deviation 0,54 0,66 0,72 0,67 C. Alpha 0,73 0,57 0,49 0,72 Table 1: Descriptive Statistics Correlation and multiple regression analysis were used to test the hypothesis. There is negative and statistically significant relationship between ―intrinsic religiosity‖ dimension and ―management‖ dimension and ―employee following management directives‖ dimension of ethics scale. These correlations mean that people who have high intrinsic religiosity consider questionable business practices more unethical than people who have low intrinsic religiosity. There is positive and statically significant relationship between extrinsic religiosity and all the dimensions of the ethics scale. These correlations mean that people who have high extrinsic religiosity consider questionable business practices more ethical than people who have low extrinsic religiosity. Results of the correlation analyses are given in Table 2. Marketing Scenario Management Scenario Employee Following Employees' Management Independent Directives Actions -0,034 (p = 0,440) -,090* (0,042) -,094* (0,034) -0,058 (0,191) ,160** ,246** ,130** (0,000) (0,000) (0,003) *Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2- tailed). **Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2- tailed). ,295** (0,000) Intrinsic Religiosity Extrinsic Religiosity Table 2: Correlation Results For Factors Multiple regression analysis was also used to analyze the data and test the hypothesis with intrinsic and extrinsic religiosity as the independent variables and the four dimensions of the ethics scale as the dependent variables. In order to examine the relation between the independent variable and each of the four dependent variables, four separate multiple regression analyses were conducted. The results of these multiple regression analyses appear in Table 3. According to the regression analysis, extrinsic religiosity positively explains the questionable marketing practices (beta 0,170), the questionable management practices (beta 0,266), the questionable management directives (beta 0,148), and the questionable independent actions (beta 0,311). Regression analysis show that intrinsic religiosity negatively explains the questionable management practices (beta -0,132) and questionable management directives (beta -0,117), and questionable independent actions (beta -0,106). It can be easily seen from the correlations and regressions tables that (although statistically significant) correlation coefficients, beta values and R2 values are low. This means that there are more important factors that affect ethical attitudes of the participants other than religiosity. This is the subject of another study. We can speculate that these factors might be personal such as personality, and personal motivations etc.; organizational factors such as culture, climate etc., and social, economical, and political factors etc. 250 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo According to the t-test and ANOVA, there are no statistically significant differences among participants‘ religiosity and ethical attitudes in terms of demographic measures, such as age, education, position etc.. Model (a) Dependent variable: marketing dimension Constant Intrinsic Religiosity Extrinsic Religiosity R² = 0,029 Adjusted R² = 0,025 Standardized beta -0,061 0,170 F- value = 7,640 Significance = 0,001 (b) Dependent variable: management d imension Constant Intrinsic Religiosity -0,132 Extrinsic Religiosity 0,266 R² = 0,077 F- value = 21,265 Adjusted R² = 0,074 Significance = 0,000 (c)D ependent variable: following directives Constant Intrinsic Religiosity Extrinsic Religiosity R² = 0,030 Adjusted R² = 0,026 -0,117 0,148 F- value = 7,857 Significance = 0,000 (d) Dependent variable: independent actions Constant Intrinsic Religiosity Extrinsic Religiosity R² = 0,098 Adjusted R² = 0,094 -0,106 0,311 F- value = 27,550 Significance = 0,000 t - value Significance 15,356 -1,369 3,830 0,000 0,172 0,000 9,280 -3,047 6,169 0,000 0,002 0,000 11,277 -2,636 3,335 0,000 0,009 0,001 8,363 -2,493 7,294 0,000 0,013 0,000 Table 3: Regression Analyses According to the correlation and regression analysis, we rejected hypothesis H1, and accepted hypothesis H2, H3, H5, H6, H7, H8, and partly accepted H4 (because, results of the regression analysis support this hypothesis). Conclusion In this study, we explored the relationship between religiosity and ethical attitudes of the managers / white-collar employees. The findings of the study show that there are significant and meaningful correlations between the dimensions of religiosity and attitudes towards questionable business practices. That is, an intrinsic religious orientation appears to explain, in part, one‘s attitude toward questionable business practices. People who have a stronger intrinsic religious orientation tend to be more likely to believe that questionable business activities were wrong or unethical. Furthermore, people who have stronger extrinsic religious orientation tend to be more likely to believe that questionable business activities were less unethical. It is perhaps not surprising that someone who has high extrinsic religious orientation might be inclined to support these kinds of activities. Our findings related to the intrinsic religiosity are consisted with the findings of Vitell et al. As expected, the stronger a respondent‘s sense of intrinsic religiosity, the more likely he/she was to find various ‗‗questionable‘‘ business activities as wrong. (Vitell et al. 2005; Vitell and Muncy, 2005; Vitel et al. 2006; Vitell et al. 2007) It is interesting to note that people who have high extrinsic religious orientation consider questionable business practices more acceptable than people who have low extrinsic religious orientation. As Allport (1967) put the word ―uses‖ to differentiate the intrinsic religiosity and extrinsic religiosity, extrinsically motivated 251 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo people approach religion as a tool or instrument to reach some personal goals, such as making friends etc. In other words, they are not sincere enough. We believe that this study is an important step toward understanding the relationship between religiosity and ethical attitudes of people in the workplaces. However, factors like personality, motives etc. should be included into the analysis. Because, correlation coefficients, R2 and beta values are low. Intrinsic and extrinsic religiosity are explaining only small amount of the managers/white-collar employees‘ ethical attitudes towards questionable business practices. In summary, the field of business ethics, religiosity, and the relationship between business ethics and religiosity require further empirical studies. References Allport, G. W. (1950). The Individual and Religion (Mac Millan, New York). Allport, G. W. and Ross, J. M. (1967). Personal Religious Orientation and Prejudice. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 5, 432-443. Aydemir, M.; Göksu, A.; Obralic, M. (2009), ―The Impacts of Religiosity on the Ethical Attitudes of the Prospective Managers‖, 1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development - ISSD ‘09, June 9-10, 2009, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Volume 1, pp.100-104. Barnett, T. and Brown, G. (1994). The Ethical Judgments of College Students Regarding Business Issues. Journal of Education for Business, 69, 333-339. Bernardin, Andrew (2006). Religion and Behavior, Skeptic, Volume 12, Number 3, pp.22-25. Bloodgood, James M., Turnley, William H. and Mudrack, Peter (2008). The Influence of Ethics Instruction, Religiosity, and Intelligence on Cheating Behavior, Journal of Business Ethics, 82:557-571. Calkins, M. (2000). Recovering Religion‘s Prophetic Voice for Business Ethics. Journal of Business Ethics, 23: 339-352. Clark, J. W. and Dawson, L. E. (1996). Personal Religiousness and Ethical Judgements: An Empirical Analysis. Journal of Business Ethics, 15: 359-372. Conroy, S. J. and Emerson, T. L. N. (2004). Business Ethics and Religion: Religiosity as a Predictor of Ethical Awareness among Students. Journal of Business Ethics, 50: 383-396. Cornwall, Marie and Albrecht, Stan L. (1986). The Dimensions of Religiosity: A Conceptual Model With and Empirical Test, Review of Religious Research, Vol. 27, No. 3, pp.226-243. Fort, T. L. (1997). Religion and Business Ethics: The Lessons from Political Morality. Journal of Business Ethics, 16, 3, 263273. Hunt, S. D. and Vitell, S. J. (1993), The General Theory of Marketing Ethics: A Retrospective and Revision, in N. C. Smith and A. John (eds.). Ethics in Marketing, Quelch (Irwin Inc., Homewood, IL), 775–784. Ibrahim, N. A.; Howard, D. P. and Angelidis, J. P. (2008). The Relationship between Religiousness and Corporate Social Responsibility Orientation: Are there Differences between Business Managers and Students? Journal of Business Ethics, 78: 165-174. Kennedy, E. J. and Lawton, L. (1998). Religiousness and Business Ethics. Journal of Business Ethics, 17: 163-175. Madigan, Tim (2005), The Basis of Morality, Philosophy Now, June/July, pp.36-39. McMahon, T. F. (1986). Creed, Cult, Code and Business Ethics. Journal of Business Ethics, 5: 453-463. Perrin, Robin D. (2000). Religiosity and Honesty: Continuing the Search for the Consequential Dimension, Review of Religious Research, Volume 41:4, pp.534-544. Phau, I. and Kea, G. (2007). Attitudes of University Students toward Business Ethics: A Cross-National Investigation of Australia, Singapore and Hong Kong. Journal of Business Ethics, 72: 61-75. Rashid, Md. Zabid and Ibrahim, Saidatul (2008). The Effect of Culture and Religiosity on Business Ethics: A Cross-cultural Comparison, Journal of Business Ethics, 82: 907-917. Saat, Maisarah Mohamed, Porter, Stacey, and Weedbine, Gordon (2009). Does Religiosity Influence Ethical Sensitivity? An Investigation on Malaysian Future Accountants, Malaysian Accounting Review, Vol. 8, No. 2, 17-41. 252 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo Singhapakdi, A.; Marta, J. K.; Rallapalli, K. C. and Rao, C. P. (2000). Toward and Understanding of Religiousness and Marketing Ethics: An Empirical Study. Journal of Business Ethics, 27: 305-319. Siu, N. Y. M; Dickinson, J. R. and Lee, B. Y. Y. (2000). Ethical Evaluations of Business Activities and Personal Religiousness. Teaching Business Ethics, 4: 239-256. Stack, Steven and Kposowa, Augustine (2006). The Effect of Religiosity on Tax Fraud Acceptability: A Cross-National Analysis, Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 45(3) : 325-351. Vitell, Scott J., Paolillo, Joseph G. P., and Singh, Jatinger J. (2005). Religiosity and Consumer Ethics, Journal of Business Ethics, 57: 175-181. Vitell, S. J. and Muncy, J. (2005). The Muncy–Vitell Consumer Ethics Scale: A Modification and Application. Journal of Business Ethics 62(3), 267–275. Vitell, S. J.; Paolillo, J. G. P. and Singh, J. J. (2006). The Role of Money and Religiosity in Determining Consumers‘ Ethical Beliefs. Journal of Business Ethics, 64: 117-124. Vitell, S. J.; Singh, J. J. and Paolillo, J. (2007). Consumers‘ Ethical Beliefs: The Roles of Money, Religiosity and Attitude toward Business. Journal of Business Ethics, 73: 369-379. Weaver, G. R. and Agle, B. R. (2002). Religiosity and Ethical Behavior in Organizations: A Symbolic Interactionist Perspective. Academy of Management Review, 27(1), 77–98. 253 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 169 Title A name given to the resource The Relationship between the Religiosity and the Ethical Attitudes of Managers: An Empirical Study Author Author AYDEMİR, Muzaffer EĞİLMEZ, Özüm Abstract A summary of the resource. In this study, we aimed to explore the relationship between religiosity and business ethics. Two dimensions of religiosity – intrinsic an extrinsic- were studied. We mainly tested one hypothesis: whether ethical attitudes are affected by religiosity. However, we also explored the relationship between ethical attitudes, intrinsic and extrinsic religiosity and various demographic measures of the participants.In our study, we surveyed 510 managers and white-collar workers from 6 different organizations in Turkey. Our survey instruments have three parts. First part included 24-vignette ethics scale of Barnett and Brown (1994). Second part included 14-item religiosity scale of Allport and Ross (1967). Third part contained various demographic measures. Findings of the study show that intrinsic religiosity is partly and negatively correlated with ethical attitudes and extrinsic religiosity is positively related to the ethical attitudes. In other words, intrinsically motivated people are more prone to behave ethically than extrinsically motivated people are. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed HB Economic Theory https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/57762c977ea511e21cc6015744fd2df6.pdf 88225623e1db2920276fb8aa6c66c929 PDF Text Text 1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo The Relationship Between The Sustainable Development and the Vision of Nations: The Sample of Ottoman Empire Hasan ĐBĐCĐOĞLU Süleyman Demirel University, Çünür/Isparta hibici@iibf.sdu.edu.tr Belma AK Süleyman Demirel University, Çünür/Isparta bak@iibf.sdu.edu.tr Münire ÇĐFTÇĐ Süleyman Demirel University, Çünür/Isparta munire@iibf.sdu.edu.tr Đbrahim Yaşar GÖK Süleyman Demirel University, Çünür/Isparta yasargok@iibf.sdu.edu.tr Seher DERYA Süleyman Demirel University, Çünür/Isparta seher@iibf.sdu.edu.tr Abstract: A global, rapidly changing and advancing world of information age, states in terms of standing and resources to be effective, efficient and people have to use it to live in prosperity, especially in a state that is not strong in the universal space is a problem. Using resources effectively and efficiently be transferred to future generations to improve the quality of life with modern standards, requires a solid and consistent work. This study is one of the sustainable development of future generations to meet their own needs against the needs of our time while not restrict the ability. The conscious of joint action to ensure sustainable development has played a significant role. Individual interests and rant fight are the greatest obstacles in front of the sustainable development. This energy and expectations of individual should be canalized to common area. This area is the requests and the ideals of the nations. In terms of sustainable development, a picture of national requirements should be drawn and this picture is coherent and realistic, must be shown to the nation. That is; a nation vision should be created. Because nations are respected and strong at the rate of their national aims. The national aims are the dynamic power, the reason of unity and the resource of courage for nations. In this study, indicating mission and vision of the nations according to the sustainable development, it is highlighted from Ottoman Empire to the Turkish Repuclic by explaining the created visions and the mission perception that shaped the visions and achieved points in the end. With this study, we can conclude that there is a relationship between the mission perception of nations and visions which are improved by this perception and the mission perception with vision factor are the dynamics of the sustainable development. Key Words: Sustainable development, Vision, Ottoman Empire Introduction The The Holy War (Gaza) thought boost after having been accepted of the Islam by the Turks and ‘the fighting for religion’ phenomenon lying under this thought did not come against warrior structure of the Turks. The Ottomans, the last empire of the Turks continued this ‘gaza policy’ . The Gaza policy continued as a chain from Ertuğrul Bey to Osman Bey and Osman Bey to Orhan Bey didn’t base on only thought of having large territory that was targeted by many states. The vision of ‘dissseminating the Islam and its impact seemed clearly on the Ottomans, was providing directions to this idea. The Ottomans never assimilated people in the conquered places after realized conquest and they approached tolerant to the public and in many places, after some time from the conquest, people adopted and accepted the Otoman Empire. This an evidence to that the idea that the gaza thought didn’t base on domination phenomenon. With the famous historian Gibbon’s phrase: ‘While the Jews was killed totally and the inquisition was spreading death, people with several religion were living in peace and harmonization under the rule of the 337 �1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Ottomans. The famous profesor and the historian C. Brockelmann says that The Muslim Turks had the power and opportunity to alter the Christianity during their conquest but their religion doesn’t allow this. During the transition process to the Otoman Empire ‘’to disseminate the Đslam’ vision was accepted by all parts and it became an ideal. This vision directs the government to govern the people with justice moral and stability and directs people to trust and like the government and thus there is a strong tie between people and government. The reason for this strong tie is the Islamic thought that orders to like the government and to be fair in governing. The Ottomans who approaches the people with the same thoughts enable people to choose the Islam with their own decision. The mission of thinking the citizens that is formed through the vision of disseminating Đslam develop the Otoman Empire and each victory accelarated the this development process. Development, is a social phenomenon and should be evaluated within the social structure. Social structure also houses many problems. When this issue is taken into consideration today’s analysis are inadequate for development. Whether the formation of resources, or use, or the distribuition phase factors other than economic directly influence development process. This fact makes it essential that all these mentioned factors required to be included in the analysis. In order to analyse such a social problem, there are limitations to reach a result and these results can only be overcome when it is supported by other factors. (Yavilioğlu :116) From this perspective vision has been handled as an affect on the development. The relationship between the Ottoman vision and the development has been questioned by taking account of the development in the Ottoman Empire. In this work, first of all the literature is analyzed and the frame of the vision and the sustainable development have been mentioned. In the process of Ottoman Empire all the beneficial activities from establishment to standstill with the vision of Otoman Empire has been analyzed by taking into account the progress. Conceptual Literature People know, while doing something, what the society expect him/her to do by making use of existing institutional system and he/she does the expected behaviour Institutional system which shapes the human behaviour has some identifier. These identifiers takes place in the literature as designs of life. Designs of life are shared: most of the people are reconciled on the designs of life. They are not dependent on the judgement of any people. Designs of people happens with enthusiasm. People does self sacrifice and even die for the holy values. They are taken seriously. People regard these values together with the meeting of social requirements and saving of the mutual prosperity. (Yivilioğlu:117). When we take into consideration the characteristics of designs of life, it is possible t o say that vision is one of these designs of life. The etimological roots of the vision derives from “seeing” . A simple definition of vision is: 'a picture or view of the future. Something not yet real, but imagined (Thornberry:28). Vision is a mental journey from the known to the unknown, creating the future from a montage of current facts, hopes, dreams, dangers and opportunities (Manasse:1). Warren Bennis ve Burt Nanus say that the most critical point of the vision is to show the realist thought, credibility an attractive future for organisation and most problems better than the current situation in a very clear way. Kotter argued that the content of the vision must be sensible and clearly understood by organizational members; content without clarity is ineffective. Likewise, Collins and Porras advised that “vision must be translated from words to pictures with a vivid description of what it will be like to achieve your goal” (Cole:354). The vision that is expressed by a mutual Picture is adopted by the whole organization. To coincide the aim of the organization and the aim of the members is done. In this point of view vision is the tool that enables organisation to act for the mutual aim. Goldberg (1997) says that in order to have a strong vision, the vision that is developed by the supervisor and the managers should help the development and change of the company.(Eren) According to Peter Senge a shared vision is not only an idea it is a strength that motives people. A shared vision is an answer to the question “What do we want to do?” In his book Fifith Discipline he defines vision a shared vision as an hologram. Because when the hologram is cut it reflects the whole with each angle and when it is united it makes the whole.(Senge 226-239) Nations as well as the organizations need to follow the change and adjust the new developments. National vision is the roots of the National developments. National vision enables the economical social political and cultural aims to happen. That constitutes the development. Development is a social phenomenon and must be analyzed in the social structure. Social structure takes socio cultural political psyhological and economic whole in itself. In other words the social structure is a complex of economy, politic, culture and the family. 338 �1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo The first popularly accepted definition of sustainable development arose from the report of Norwegian Gro Harlem Brundtland who, with her Commission members, suggested in 1987 that the world should be “meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs” (Lawrence:3). In early 2007, Donald Kennedy, a Harvard-trained biologist, former president of Stanford University, and since June1, 2000 the editor-in-chief of Science, wrote that ‘‘sustainability would require that a resource be technically managed in such a way that its contribution to human welfare is conserved or improved for succeeding generations.’’Sustainable development -meeting the needs of people alive today without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs - will be one of the key forces guiding public policy development in the years ahead. (Brauer:7). In a country sustainable development can only be done by social economic and ecological sustainability that means the phenomenon of the social development is an economical development which does not consume the national sources and save balance between the eco system and the economy. (Alagöz:3-4). Vision of Ottoman Empire and Sustainable Development Vision of “fighting for religion” (spreading Islam) appearing with Turks’ acceptance Islam was depending on an idea to establish Islam to the places that don’t know Islam. The Holy War (Gaza) policy, that was considered in accordance with this policy, was realized efficiently on these years and holy wars revealed development and development revealed holy wars respectively. This eventual development continued until 1700’s and Ottomans lived a progress from seigniory to state and state to empire. Policies realizing in accordance with vision of fighting for religion provided the development of Ottomans and caused the long-year continuence of this. Ottoman State, that reached a three-continent structure with this vision until years 1700, afterwards entered a term meaning some changes in perception and declinations in the vision of fighting for religion. Ottoman state going far from the basic vision took the state to an unstable condition. A lethargy term started to occur with the increases of the wealth of public and maximum level of growth at managerial level specially palace administration. Soltans who led every wars during the process of transition from seigniory to state, not joining the wars after the years 1700 and not leading the army with the title of khalif is the result of going far from the basic vision perception. With this alienation from the idea of gaza lost its importance, administration of the army was damaged and fiscal structure of the state went worse. All of these advancements lasted with the collapse of the empire. But a probing point is that the public didn’t go far from this basic vision during the collapse of state. Because an existence challenge was performed with limited opportunities against huge forces just against collapse period. Actually Ottoman State, that didn’t loose the First World War, has been acceppted as looser with the missings of allied countries. Acting with the vision of “fighting for religion” until the discontinuance period caused Ottomans to develop and performing some efforts for the wealth of public. Below table, composed in accordance with the information given by Öztuna, (p:17-265) show that frontiers of Ottoman state expanded with every new Soltans. Ottomans, which had a development economically with the expanding of lands, had a stable condition at income and expense at the budget. There was no difference between incomes and expenses in treasury at the term of Kanuni (Soleman The Magnificient). However incomes of treasury reached to 1830 loads namely 183.000.000 golds and expenses reached to 3000 loads namely and in 1597 incomes reached to 3000 loads and expenses reached to 9000 loads. (Seyithanoğlu: 1993) Socio-cultural structure developed with the economical development and some evidences occured supporting sicence and cultural activities at many provinces and districts. Many mosques and moslem theological school (medrese) and chams in Anatolia and Balkans from Süleymaniye to Selimiye and Ecyad Castle, collapsing in Arabia, may be given as examples. Foundation system was established to prevent the poverty and compensate the needs of public. In this sense every foundation has a land and incomes of the land belongs to foundations and conpensating the needs of the public has importance. 2860 foundations were established in Đstanbul during the years 1519-1596. (Barkan XXXI) 339 �1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Table 1. Frontiers of Ottoman Empire During the Administration Period of Ottoman Soltans Soltans Before After Administration Administration ( km 2 ) ( km 2 ) Asia ( km 2 ) Europe ( km 2 ) Africa ( km 2 ) Ertuğrul Bey 1000 ila 2000 4800 4.800 *** *** Osman Bey 4800 16000 16.000 *** *** Orhan Bey 16000 98000 98.000 *** *** I. Murat Yıldırım Beyazit 98000 500.000 208.000 291000 *** 500.000 942.000 500.000 441.000 *** Çelebi Mehmed 942.000 872.000 *** *** *** II. Murat Fatih Sultan Mehmed 872.000 950.000 *** *** *** 950.000 2.214.000 511.000 1.703.000 *** II. Beyazit Yavuz Sultan Selim Kanuni Sultan Süleyman 2.214.000 2.373.000 596.000 1.777.000 *** 2.373.000 6.557.000 1.905.000 1.702.000 2.950.000 6.557.000 14.893.000 4.169.000 1.998.000 8.726.000 III. Murat 14.893.000 23.000.000 5.729.285 3.543.662 13.725.464 According to the 953/1546 dated Đstanbul Foundations Census Records, “public” foundations in Đstanbul had more than 4000 houses, 5717 shops, 28 caravansaries, 19 khans, 38 canvas factories, 18 cisterns, 14 basements, 68 bakehouses, 199 villages, 40 hamlets and 228 mills for income. Capital of the 1150 cash foundations reached 21.385.786 golds between the years 1456-1546. (Barkan XXXI) Some foundations were composed in the subjects of equipment of poor girls, arrangement of streets (social), treatment of ill and disabled storks, giving meat to cats and dogs (environmental), paying the debts of people in the prison because of debts (social). Also foundations provided funds for the establishment of many monuments contributing social life. Mosque, masjids, foundations, schools, cultivations, hospitals, baths, caravansaries, khans also social complexes, public fountain, water-tank with fountain, roads, domes, markets, wells, hot springs, squares, libraries, bridges, ports, beacons, channel, water channels, dams are some examples of these monuments. Suggestions and Conclusion Settlement at economical, social and environmental target and policies with the vision of “spreading Islam” developed Ottomans and made it sustainable by extending over a long time. Ottomans composing economical (extending the limits of economical progress, gaza idea), social (fair wealth disturbance, efforts to prevent poverty), environmental (efficient usage of natural resources) targets in accordance with this vision is the sign of sustainable development. The vision of “spreading Islam” is one of the most important factors of sustainable development which was in progress until the end of rising term of Ottomans. Many factors as prince training before acceding, foundation policies developed by government, renewal movements at army, administration policies of bureaucracy were developed in accordance with this basic vision. State continued development during the application of this vision and every soltan developed the country than older soltans. Respective acceptance of this basic vision without refusal is an important reason. There have been economical, sociological, political and cultural developments paralel to this vision. Development of treasury, state getting a stronger condition to help other countries, trade moving around the lands and ports of Ottoman state can be shown as the signs of economical developments. Gladness of Ottoman public from the administration, Ottoman state being respectful to different beliefs and not assimilating different nations may be examples for social aspect of development. Ottoman state being super power of the world, a state administering nations in three continents and other countries not developing policies without considering Ottoman state and composing an effect area between India and England and Africa and Russia may be stated as the political aspects of development. Finally a direct relationship can be mentioned between the vision of nations and sustainable development. Realizing the development with national visions embracing the public in spite of specific visions of leaders. Because this conditions appropriates development to public and development becomes a routine life 340 �1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo vision in spite of realizing in a specific term. But declinations ,as just seen in Japans and perivously in Ottomans, at the national visions causes development to access in a decreasing process and is a major obstacle on sustainable development. Because of this not lowering the visions and keeping them alive has a big importance. Vision which is one of the factors that people may devote theirselves to make changes in the direction of national development, both is social and another aim –whether having different ideas- should be considered. References Akgemci T, Çelik, A.and Ertuğrul, Ü.G., (2006). “Vizyon Sahibi Örgütlerin Özellikleri: Konya Sanayi Đşletmelerinde Yapılan Bir Araştırma”, Selçuk Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, Sayı 11, ss:1-29 Alagöz, M.,(2004), “Sürdürülebilir Kalkınmada Çevre Faktörü:Teorik Bir Bakış”, Akademik Bakış Uluslararası Hakemli Sosyal Bilimler E-Dergisi, Sayı 11. Barkan, Ö. Lütfi –Ayverdi, E Hakkı (1972). Đstanbul Vakıfları Tahrir Defteri 953 (1546) Tarihli, Đstanbul. Akt. Nazif Öztürk “Sosyal. Siyaset Açısından Osmanlı Dönemi Vakıfları”, <http://www.sosyalsiyaset.com/documents/osmanli_vakiflari.htm>. (01.04.2009). Brauer, J. (2008), “International Security and Sustainable Development, Contributions to Conflict Management, Peace” , Economics and Development, Book volume:6. Cole M. S., Harris S. G. and Bernerth J. B. (2006). “Exploring the implications of vision, appropriateness, and execution of organizational change”. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, Vol. 27 No. 5, pp. 352-367. Cole, M. S., Haris, S. G. and Bernerth, J. B., (2006), “Exploring the implications of vision, appropriateness and execution of organizational change” Leadership & Organization, Development Journal, Vol. 27 No. 5, pp. 352-367. Çetin, M. (2006), “Teori ve Uygulamada Bölgesel Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma”, C.Ü. Đktisadi ve Đdari Bilimler Dergisi, Cilt 7, Sayı 1. Döğüş S., (2008), “Avrasya Steplerinde Đlk Gaziler”, Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, Sayı 20 Eren, E., Alpkan L. And Ergün, E., (2003). “Kültürel Boyutlar Olarak Đşletmelerde Đçsel Bütünleşme ve Dışsal Odaklanma Düzeylerinin Performansa Etkileri”, Doğuş Üniversitesi Dergisi, 4 (1) , 55-70. Lawrence G., (2006), “Promoting Sustainable Development: The Question of Governance”, Research in Rural Sociology and Development, Book volume:11 Lin C.-C., Luh D.-B. (2009), “A Vision-Oriented Approach For Đnnovative Product Design”, Advanced Engineering Informatics, 23, 191–200. Manasse A. L., (1985), “Vision and Leadership: Paying Attention to Intention”, Peabody Journal of Education, Vol. 63, No. 1, pp. 150-173 Özdemir Đ., Osmanlı Toplumunda Çevre Anlayışı, Türkler, edt. H.C. Güzel-K. Çiçek, Ankara: Yeni Turkiye Yayınları, c. 10. Öztuna Y.,(2004). Osmanlı Devleti Tarihi, Ötüken Yayınları, 2004, s.168 Senge, P.M.(2006), Beşinci Disiplin, 13. Baskı. (Çev.A. Đldeniz ve A. Doğulkan), Yapı Kredi Yayınları, Đstanbul. Seyithanoğlu K., Büyük Đslam Tarihi, Çağ Yayınları, 1993 Thornberry N.(1997). “A View About Vision”, European Management Journal, Vol. 15, No. 1, pp. 28-34,. Yavilioğlu C.,“Ekonomik Kalkınma ve Motivasyon Arasındaki Đlişki” C.Ü. Đktisadi ve Đdari Bilimler Dergisi, Cilt 2, Sayı , 109-130. 341 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 244 Title A name given to the resource The Relationship Between The Sustainable Development and the Vision of Nations: The Sample of Ottoman Empire Author Author iBiCiOĞLU, Hasan AK, Belma ÇiFTÇi, Münire GÖK, ibrahim Yasar DERYA, Seher Abstract A summary of the resource. A global, rapidly changing and advancing world of information age, states in terms of standing and resources to be effective, efficient and people have to use it to live in prosperity, especially in a state that is not strong in the universal space is a problem. Using resources effectively and efficiently be transferred to future generations to improve the quality of life with modern standards, requires a solid and consistent work. This study is one of the sustainable development of future generations to meet their own needs against the needs of our time while not restrict the ability. The conscious of joint action to ensure sustainable development has played a significant role. Individual interests and rant fight are the greatest obstacles in front of the sustainable development. This energy and expectations of individual should be canalized to common area. This area is the requests and the ideals of the nations. In terms of sustainable development, a picture of national requirements should be drawn and this picture is coherent and realistic, must be shown to the nation. That is; a nation vision should be created. Because nations are respected and strong at the rate of their national aims. The national aims are the dynamic power, the reason of unity and the resource of courage for nations. In this study, indicating mission and vision of the nations according to the sustainable development, it is highlighted from Ottoman Empire to the Turkish Repuclic by explaining the created visions and the mission perception that shaped the visions and achieved points in the end. With this study, we can conclude that there is a relationship between the mission perception of nations and visions which are improved by this perception and the mission perception with vision factor are the dynamics of the sustainable development. Key Words: Sustainable development, Vision, Ottoman Empire Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2009-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed HB Economic Theory https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/6bf540aa8842c470fe271f60216e36a7.pdf 1d9e0e54dd9b8cf1157fd0b6f0c1843f PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo The Relationship of Destination Image with the Principle of Sustainable Tourism: A Case of Alanya Unguren Engin1 ,Yetkin Murat1, Mut Mustafa2, Kuntbilek,Kerime3 1Akdeniz University, Alanya, Turkey, 2Alanya Chamber Of Commerce And Industry, 3Baskent University Alanya Hospital, E-mails: enginunguren@akdeniz.edu.tr, mourhorse@gmail.com, altso@altso.org.tr,kerimek@hotmail.com Abstract The purpose of this paper is to monitor how the destination image of Alanya is perceived by tourists as well as by local people and to examine the relationship of the findings with the principles of sustainable tourism. Alanya is one of the most mature touristic destination in Turkey and although it is relatively small district with a population of 250.000 people, hosts 6,5 % of the total foreign arrivals of Turkey which is over 31 Million in 2011. Particularly, the priority of the economic dimension of sustainability of a destination like Alanya, heavily dependent on tourism, is continuity rather than growth. This paper aims to contribute to tourism literature since there is no past research to measure destination image of Alanya has been conducted. Keywords: Sustainable tourism, destination image, Alanya, sustainable development, sustainability. 1. INTRODUCTION Tourism is one of the fastest growing sectors in the global economy considering especially last two decades. The major difference of tourism compared to other sectors is that tourism has been steadily growing regardless to general economic conditions with the exception of periods of security crisis and natural disasters. Therefore, although the economic crisis which started in 2008 particularly in EU and USA and its effects still continue, the international tourist arrivals and tourism receipts of Turkey have shown uninterrupted growth. Countries and even different destinations of the same country are in a severe competition in order to take a bigger share from 920 billion USD tourism expenditures worldwide realized in 2010. Destination image, quality, perceived value and the level of satisfaction of the expectations are gaining importance in the competition. Number of academic studies on tourism have also been increasing in line with these developments and as conclusion the conceptualization of sustainable tourism, destination, carrying capacity, destination life cycle have been added into the tourism literature. 112 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 2. ALANYA AS A TOURISM DESTINATION Alanya is a resort in Antalya, and it’s situated in the 135 km east coast of Antalya Gulf on the Anatolian Peninsula. Apart from the beach and the sea, there are a number of caves of interest to visitors. Following the arrivals of Germans in the late 1950s, Alanya met with tourism (Aktas et al., 2007). Today, Alanya has become one of the most important tourism destinations of Turkey with its 6.5% share in total, approximately 150.000 beds in 668 hotels and annual tourism receipts exceeding $1 billion in 2009. Moreover, there is a steady increase in tourist number of Alanya, Antalya and Turkey, except 2006 and 2009. Due to global crisis, Antalya met with a decrease of 3,55% in tourist numbers. At present, Germans, Russians, Dutch, Swedish and Ukranian are some of the largest groups visited Antalya and Alanya. Contrary to Germans, there is a steady increase in the number of Russians visiting Antalya and Alanya for last five years (Doğan et al., 2010; Directorate of Antalya Culture and Tourism, 2009; Economics Report of Alanya Chamber of Commerce and Industry, 2008). Moreover, some tourists from different countries have bought real estate, after that, get residence permits in the Alanya. Therefore, Alanya is one of the famous destinations for the European tourists. 3. DESTINATION IMAGE AND SUSTANAIBLE TOURISM By simplest saying, destination image concept is the individual’s cognitive / perceptual and affective evaluation of a place positively or negatively. (Baloglu and McClearly, 1999). As commonly agreed, psychological factors, such as values, motivations, personality, demographic factors and stimulus factors such as organic and induced information sources and previous experience influence the image formation. Destination image is not only the key factor in previsit destination selection process but also influence after-visit tourist behavior like recommending the place or willingness to revisit. Sustainable tourism contains three main principles of its parental concept; sustainable development that affects mechanism of global economy and changes behavioral forms, customs and perceptions of individuals since worldwide awareness of the concept has grew by the report called ‘’Our Common Future’’ prepared by WCED and released in 1987. These principles can be summarized as the planning and realization of economic development can only be achieved by taking environmental and socio-cultural factors into account dynamically. However, some important differences especially in priorities may arise between sustainable tourism and sustainable development. Particularly, the priority of the economic dimension of sustainability of a destination like Alanya, heavily dependent on tourism, is continuity rather than growth. 4. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY The purpose of this paper is to monitor how the destination image of Alanya is perceived by tourists as well as by local people and to examine the relationship of the findings with the principles of sustainable tourism. In this study, the image of Alanya has been analyzed from the 113 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo point of view of local people and examined the relationship between sustainable tourism and the image of Alanya. In this study, the pilot survey results are given which is done on the local communities. This study is going to continue on both local residents and tourists until end of the year. This paper aims to contribute to tourism literature since there is no past research to measure destination image of Alanya has been conducted and also to determine the conjunction of destination image perceived both locals and tourists. The importance of the latest is that, as the perceived image is the identity of a brand, the finding may play a key role as a component of a sustainable marketing mix by destination marketers. Following to literature review, it was decided to apply a structured and unstructured survey in the pilot test since the destination image consists of two main component which are attribute based and holistic. The data were collected through a questionnaire designed by the authors (Ilban, 2007; Cakici ve Aksu, 2007; Guzel, 2007;) and 40 questionnaires were answered in the face to face survey. The data analysis utilizes the 40 usable surveys from the study. Demographic survey part of the questionnaire is composed of 6 variables. On the second part of the questionnaire, there are 33 variables to measure the destination image of Alanya. And finally one unstructured questions were asked. The instrument consisted of the perceptions of image of Alanya questions answered on a 1-5 likert scales labeled “strongly disagree” (1) and “strongly agree” (5). SPSS 16.0 was used for statistical analysis. Frequency and percentage analyzes were used. In order to determine the the dimensions of image of a destination, the data, has been applied factor analysis (Principal Component Analysis). 5. RESEARCH FINDINGS 60 questionnaires were analyzed with using SPSS program. Table 1 presents characteristics of the sample. Among 60 respondents, 28,3% were Female, 71,7% were male. The participants were examined according to marital status and almost equal distribution (% 53,3 married, % 46,7 single) is observed. As to the monthly regular income, the majority of respondents is clustered in the second group which may be considered poor living standards. Education level of pilot test respondents are mainly high school and university (51% and 31,7 % in a row). The relation of their employment with the tourism is distrusted equally as directly related to tourism sectors 33 %, indirectly related to tourism is 31.7 % and not related at all is 35 %. Table 1: Demographic Findings 114 Gender n % Marital Status n % Female 17 28,3 Maried 32 53,3 Male 43 71,7 Single 28 46,7 Total 60 100,0 Total 60 100,0 Age n % Education n % �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 18-25 years 11 18,3 Primary education 7 11,7 26-32 years 18 30,0 High school 31 51,7 33-40 years 20 33,3 University 19 31,7 41 years and over 11 18,3 Master’s Degree 3 5,0 Income n % Status of working in the tourism sector n % Minimum wage 14 23,3 To direct 20 33,3 751-1500 TL 24 40,0 To indirectly 19 31,7 1501-2500 TL 17 28,3 Diffrent sectors 21 35,0 2501 TL and over 5 8,3 Unstructured part of the survey is to define Alanya with 3 words. Alanya is most identified with the sea, tourism and sun by participants. 3S (sea, sand and sun) constitute the basic components of mass tourism. In this context, it could be said that natural attributes is the mainstream of tourism in Alanya. Table 2: Mentioned in Alanya comes first thing to mind 115 Statements N % Sea 17 28,3 Tourism 12 20,0 Sun 8 13,3 Antalya Castle 4 6,7 Banana 3 5,0 Natural Beauties 2 3,3 Entertainment 2 3,3 History 2 3,3 Other 10 16,8 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo According to vast majority of respondents, Alanya has developed through tourism as indicated in table 3. On the hand, 43,4 % of respondents has no idea or disagree that the total income generated through tourism is fairly distributed in the society. According to sustainable tourism principles, tourism income shall serve to develop totally the welfare of the host people. Another missing point from sustainability point of view is the consideration of society and all stakeholders while realization of tourism planning. 50 % of respondents (30 % disagree and 30% no idea) indicates that only a part of the stakeholders define the planning of tourism activities and the concerns and ideas of the others are not taken into account. On the other hand, 60% of participants responded as tourists are satisfied and their expectations from Alanya visit are fulfilled. This finding is also in line with another survey conducted in 2010 (Doğan vd. 2010) that indicates 62 % of German and 35% of Russian tourists have visited Alanya more than one time for touristic purposes. Participants of the survey believe that tourists who visit to Alanya belong to low income group and the total expenditure realized by tourists is low compared to what is offered. Table 3: Reflections of Tourism Phenomenon to Alanya: From the point of view of Local People Disagree Undecided Agree Statements n % n % n % 1. Alanya has developed through tourism. 2 3,3 2 3,3 56 93,4 2. The revenue of all segments of the population has increased through tourism. 22 36,7 4 6,7 34 56,6 3. Alanya meets holiday expectations of tourists. 15 25,0 9 15,0 36 60,0 4. Tourists are satisfied with their destination choice. 12 20,0 12 20,0 36 60,0 5. Spending of tourists which come to Alanya is high.. 36 60,0 11 18,3 13 21,7 6. High income earning tourists come to Alanya. 40 66,7 12 20,0 8 13,3 7. The tourism strategies is generated by taking ideas of all stakeholders into account. 30 50,0 12 20,0 18 30,0 8. Alanya reflects its cultural characteristics on the tourism 19 31,7 14 23,3 27 45,0 116 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo In order to determine the the dimensions of image of a destination, the data, has been applied factor analysis (Principal Component Analysis). Thus, the data reduction was provided. The principle component analysis was performed to identify the dimention of destination. The 25 destination image statements were subjected to factor analyzed with varimax rotation. It has been decided that factor analysis is interpreted by looking of KMO and Bartlett's test results. The minimum item loading of 0,35 was selected to interpret variables considered significant. After the application of factor analysis, six factors was identified. These factors were named as follows. Tourist Facilities and Infrastructure (Factor 1), Natural Environment and Its Protection (Factor 2), Destination Identity (Factor 3), Local People (Factor 4), Social and Physical Security (Factor 5) and Cultural Enrichment (Factor 6). Table 4: Dimensions/Attributes Determining the Perceived Destination Image Factors Disagree Undecided n % n % n % Accommodation facilites of Alanya are sufficient. 5 8,3 8 13,3 47 78,3 There are a variety and quality entertainment facilities in Alanya. 8 13,3 11 18,3 41 68,3 Transportation facilities within the city of Alanya is sufficient. 11 18,3 10 16,7 39 65,0 Alanya has a rich and quality leisure facilities. 10 16,7 13 21,7 37 61,7 Shopping facilities of Alanya is sufficient. 17 28,3 10 16,7 33 55,0 Infrastructure of Alanya is sufficient. 18 30,0 17 28,3 25 41,7 n % n % n % Alanya has an unexcelled natural beauty. 7 11,7 7 11,7 46 76,7 The environment of Alanya is orderly, clean and hygienic. 12 20,0 14 23,3 34 56,7 In Alanya, Sea and beaches are well protected 29 48,3 10 16,7 21 35,0 In Alanya, natural environment is protected in a good way. 26 43,3 14 23,3 20 33,3 Alanya has a pristine and original nature. 33 55,0 9 15,0 18 30,0 n % n % n % Vacation in Alanya is relaxing 7 11,7 9 15,0 44 73,3 Alanya is a global brand in tourism. 14 23,3 8 13,3 38 63,3 Alanya is a cheap region 16 26,7 14 23,3 30 50,0 Tourist Facilities and Infrastructure Natural Environment and Its Protection Destination Identity 117 Agree �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Tourism in Alanya is well planned. 24 40,0 16 26,7 20 33,3 n % n % n % Locals of Alanya are helpful and hospitable 12 20,0 13 21,7 35 58,3 Locals welcome tourists in good manner. 12 20,0 14 23,3 34 56,7 Alanya has well educated and skilled population. 24 40,0 13 21,7 23 38,3 n % n % n % Alanya is a safe town. 6 10,0 13 21,7 41 68,3 Shops in Alanya are trustful and offers good quality products 22 36,7 16 26,7 22 36,7 Tradespeople of Alanya are customer oriented 24 40,0 18 30,0 18 30,0 Cultural Enrichment n % n % n % Alanya offers historical and cultural attractiveness. 5 8,3 6 10,0 49 81,7 Alanya has a wide variety of local food and beverage 12 20,0 11 18,3 37 61,7 Local People Social and Physical Security The determinants of destination image is surveyed by having categorized in six dimensions. According to the findings indicated in table 4, majority of participants believe that accommodation and entertainment facilities are sufficient in Alanya. The local transportation is also found satisfactory although general infrastructure is not considered sufficient. Shopping facilities is one of the weakest point in the tourist facilities and infrastructure dimension. As the confirmation of the unstructured part of the survey, participants believe that Alanya has a natural beauty but this is not well protected. The locals perceive Alanya as a clean place as well as relaxing place but the problem in tourism planning subject is re-confirmed by the participants. Although it is agreed by 58,3 %, we may consider this number low in a touristic destination. Another threat to sustainable tourism is the lack of educated and skilled population. 6. CONCLUSION The early findings indicate that, the core elements of tourism in Alanya which are sea and beaches must be well preserved and further plans and politics of tourism shall focus on this issue rather than expansion. Shopping facilities, quality of products in the shops and manners of retailers shall also improve. Perceived manners of local people towards tourista are not in line with the past researches, it may be caused of the participants are from low income group and does not benefit from tourism so this point shall be re-measured. 118 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo REFERENCES Aktas, A., Cevirgen, A, and Toker, B. (2009), “Assessing Holiday Satisfaction of German and Russian Tourists Visiting Alanya”, Tourism and Hospitality Management 15 (1): 1-12. Baloglu, S., McClearly K. (1999), “Model of Destination Image Formation” Annals of Tourism Research, Vol. 26, No. 4, pp. 868-897. Cakici, A. C. and Aksu, M. (2007). “Investigating Group Influence on Destination Choice: a Study on Domestic Visitors” (In Turkish), Anatolia: Journal of Tourism Research, 18(2), pp.183194. Directorate of Antalya Culture and Tourism (2009) Retrieved from http://www.kultur.gov.tr/ on March 23, 2011. Doğan, H., Barutçu, S., Üngüren, E. (2010) “Russian and German Tourist Potential and Satisfaction in Sustainable Competitive Advantage of Alanya Destination”, 6th International Strategic Management Conference, Proceeding, July 8-10, St-Petersburg, Russian Federation, 997-1006. Economics Report of Alanya Chamber of Commerce and Industry (2008) Retrieved from http://www.altso.org.tr on March 23, 2011 Guzel, F.O. (2007). “The Role Of Professional Tourist Guides On Developing The Image Of Turkey (A Study On German Tourists)”, Master Thesis, (In Turkish), Tourism Management and Hotel Hospitality Department, Balıkesir. Ilban, M.O. (2007). “Brand Image In Destination Marketing And Study On Travel Agents”, Ph.D. Thesis (In Turkish), Tourism and Hotel Management Department, Balıkesir. The Role Of Tourism In Regional Development Oğuztürk Bekir Sami1, Şeker Hilal2, Ertan Adnan1 1Suleyman Demirel University, Faculty of Economic and Administrative Sciences 2Vocational School of Amasya University. E-mails: bekiroguzturk@sdu.edu.tr ,hilalyanik05hotmail.com ,adnanertan@sdu.edu.tr Abstract Along with the acceleration of the globalization phenomenon, the level of development among the countries has been showing substantial differences. Developed countries have performed their development levels because they have a number of economic advantages and they have slightly minimized the imbalance between the regions. One of the most important problems of developing countries involves the development and underdevelopment. One of the ways to cope with this problem is to identify the priority sector for development of these countries. Performing the 119 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1370 Title A name given to the resource The Relationship of Destination Image with the Principle of Sustainable Tourism: A Case of Alanya Author Author Unguren, Engin Abstract A summary of the resource. The purpose of this paper is to monitor how the destination image of Alanya is perceived by tourists as well as by local people and to examine the relationship of the findings with the principles of sustainable tourism. Alanya is one of the most mature touristic destination in Turkey and although it is relatively small district with a population of 250.000 people, hosts 6,5 % of the total foreign arrivals of Turkey which is over 31 Million in 2011. Particularly, the priority of the economic dimension of sustainability of a destination like Alanya, heavily dependent on tourism, is continuity rather than growth. This paper aims to contribute to tourism literature since there is no past research to measure destination image of Alanya has been conducted. Keywords: Sustainable tourism, destination image, Alanya, sustainable development, sustainability. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/144eb42a3d0a3b8995bcf49091302fa6.pdf dd170e55a7942ee6c5ec37713688b1c5 PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo The Relatıonship between Energy Consumption and Economic Growth: Turkey Case İbrahim Örnek Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam University, Kahramanmaraş, Turkey ornek@ksu.edu.tr This study investigates the relationship between energy consumption and economic growth. Especially energy resources are most crucial input for developing countries. Also energy resources are not balanced distribution around the countries. The direction of causation of this relationship is controversial. Because, the energy consumption affect the economic growth but also economic growth leads to the energy consumption. Empirically this paper tries to find the direction of causality between energy consumption and economic growth for Turkey. For the empirical analysis is used to be co-integration analysis. Keywords: Economic Growth, Turkey, Energy Consumption. 166 � https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/b9d8f15a683d53b5d91d14962b145d85.docx a53a9615af9ba1b6902b76c6bae9772a https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/dc06e9c7996cc55f9f3baee1d78f5b3a.pdf e375c12769984eae16befb686f06663d PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo The Relationship between Energy Consumption and Economic Growth: Turkey Case İbrahim Örnek Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam University, Kahramanmaraş, Turkey ornek@ksu.edu.tr Abstract This study investigates the relationship between energy consumption and economic growth. Especially energy resources must crucial input for developing countries. Also energy resources are not balanced distribution around the countries. The direction of causation of this relationship is controversial. Because, the energy consumption affect the economic growth but also economic growth leads to the energy consumption. Empiricallythis paper tries to find the direction of causality between energy consumption and economic growth for Turkey. For the empirical analysis is used to be co-integration analysis. Key words: economic growth, Turkey, energy consumption. Review of Literatures Empirically some papers have been investigated direction causality between energy consumption and economic growth in the literature. So thesepapers’ results are mixed. For example, Kraft’s (1978) found that unidirectional causality from growth to energy consumption for USA. Yet, Yu, et. (1988), found no relationship between growth and energy consumption in case of USA. Yu and Chai, (1985), also found causality from energy consumption to economic growth. For Taiwan was found bi-directional causality between energy and growth (Aqeel and Butt, 2001, 202). MucukandUysal (2009), in Turkey,the causal relationship betweenenergyconsumption and economic growthexaminedusingco-integrationand Grangercausality tests. In their study,the results obtainedwithstationaryseriesare co-integratedin the long termsothat they move togetherfound. Akan,Doğan andIşık(2010),studiesof economic growthand energyconsumption variablesare examinedfor the period1970-2007. As a result ofresearchin Turkeybetweeneconomic growth andenergy consumptionhave revealedthata twowaycausal relationship. Alptekin and Güvenek(2010),studiesthe causalrelationshipbetween economic growth andthe finalenergy consumptionfor25OECD member countrieshas beenestimated usingPanelDataAnalysis. The result of analysisofenergy consumption andeconomic growthin these countriesis a remarkablerelationship between variables. KerimoğluandYanar(2011), examined to the between Turkey's energyconsumption, economic growth and the current account deficitwith usingthe co-integrationtest. As a result ofanalysis, increase inenergy consumptionaffects thehigh rate ofGDP. Alsoin this study was found bi-directional causality growthand current account deficitbut correlation was weak. 1 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Yapraklı andYurttançıkmaz(2012), studiesin Turkeyfor the period1970-2010, the relationship between total electricity consumption and economicgrowth have been analyzed with theco-integration and errorcorrectiontest. As a result ofanalysis,bidirectional causalitybetweenelectricity consumption and economicgrowthhas been concluded. Turkey’s Energy Profile and Strategy Turkey is a developing country so energy needs to be increases. The relative insufficiency of the domestic resources of our country especially in terms of oil and natural gas in proportion to the rising energy demand in our country brings about the importation of oil and natural gas. In the year 2008 the total primary energy consumption of our country has been 106,3 million Ton Equivalent Petroleum (TEP), and its production has been 29,2 million TEP (EB, 2010:12). Table 1 Energy Supply and Demand of Turkey (2008) (Keskin, 2010: 14) Resources Coal Oil Wood, Waste 4.814 Hydro Wind Geothermat Sun 31.784 Natural Gas 33.807 2.861 73 1.011 420 Total (TEP) 106.273 Primary Energy Demand (000 Tep) Share of Total Demand (%) Primary Energy Supply (000 Tep) Share of Total Supply (%) Ratio of production to demand (%) 31.391 29.5 29.9 31.8 4.5 2.7 0.1 1.0 0.4 - 16.674 2.268 1014 4.814 2.861 73 1.011 420 29.192 57.1 7.8 3.2 16.5 9.8 0.2 3.5 1.4 - 53.1 7.1 2.8 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 27.5 In the year 2008 the total primary energy consumption of our country has been 106,2 million Ton Equivalent Petroleum (TEP), and its production has been 29,1 million TEP. The relative insufficiency of the domestic resources of our country especially in terms of oil and natural gas in proportion to the rising energy demand in our country brings about the importation of oil and natural gas. Currently, Total energy dependence of our country is 73 pct. Oil and natural gas dependence are higher, 90 % and 98 % respectively. In this context, great importance is given to the improvement of the diversification of resources, technologies and infrastructure (EB, 2010:13). Graph 1 Rate of Foreign Dependence 2000-2008 (%) (EB, 2010: 13) 2 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo As Turkey, EU-27 dependency on energy imports increased to reach 54.1 % by 2010. The highest energy dependency rates in 2010 were recorded for crude oil (85.2 %) and for natural gas (62.4 %) (Eurostat, 2013). The energy supply security, which sets the basis for the debates on the energy sector both across the world and for Turkey. Within the context of the energy supply security of Turkey, in recent years, the legal and technical studies have been intensified for the purpose of restructuring our energy market with a market understanding that is based on competition and transparent, detecting and using our domestic and renewable resources potential, integrating the nuclear energy into the electricity production, and utilizing the new energy technologies. For this reason, the oil and natural gas exploration operations both at home and abroad have been intensified in the recent years(EB, 2010;12). With the moves of investment in the exploration works both at home and abroad that have been accelerated in 2003, the exploration and drilling operations have been improved. In line with the changing exploration strategy and the rising exploration investments, the exploration works at home in the land as well as the hydrocarbon explorations in the seas abroad are given much importance. In line with this strategy, especially in the Black Sea, from 2004 to 2009, an intensive seismic program was implemented in our waters and the studies will be sustained increasingly. The graphics on the oil and natural gas drilling amounts conducted in the period from 2000 to 2009 are given below (EB, 2010: 13). Graph 2Oil and Natural Gas Drilling Total Amount 2000-2009 (1,000 meters) (EB, 2010: 14) In 2011, As a result of oil and natural gas drilling, in total 201 wells being as 101 exploration wells, 35 appraisal wells, 60 production wells and 5 natural gas storage wells were drilled. So 2.4 million tonnes of oil and 793 million m³ natural gas was produced in 2011 and totally 137.9 million tonnes of oil and 12.8 billion m³ natural gas were produced by now (TP, 2011:26). Furthermore, through new production wells drilled in old fields and new natural gas explorations conducted and partnerships in Thrace since 2002; gas production that declined in 2001 started to increase again and reached its peak level in 2008 with production rate of 1,014 million m3. In 2011 natural gas production recorded as 793 million m3(TP, 2011:26). By the year 2011, recoverable oil reserve reached 310.4 million barrels (45.43 million tonnes) and in case of no new exploration; estimated R/P ratio of domestic crude oil is 19.2 years with the current production level. Also, domestic natural gas reserves were 7.17 billion m3. In case of no new discovery and with the current production level, estimated R/P ratio of domestic natural gas reserves is 9 years (TP, 2011:26). 3 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Graph 3 Crude Oil Productions in Turkey (2002-1012) (TP, 2011:28) Graph 4 Natural Gas Productions in Turkey (2002-2012) (TP, 2011:28) In the last decade, crude oil supply of Turkey has decreased by 15%, whereas natural gas supply has increased by 121%. But, 9.5% of crude oil demand and 2% of natural gas demand have been met by local supply in 2011(TP, 2011:28). The exploration and drilling operations have been improved by the years, production of primary energy very less. Especially, there are very high foreign dependence on oil and natural gas for Turkey. 4 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Graph 5 Crude Oil Supply in Turkey (2002-2011) (TP, 2011:30) Graph 6 Natural Gas Supply in Turkey (2002-2011) Graph 7 shows us dependence of energy ratio of EU27. EU-27’s net imports of energy have been greater than its primary production; in other words, more than half of the EU27’s gross inland energy consumption was supplied by net imports. Denmark was the only EU-27 Member State in 2010 with a negative dependency rate. Among the other Member States, the lowest dependency rates were recorded by Estonia, Romania, the Czech Republic and the United Kingdom, but Cyprus, Malta and Luxembourg were almost entirely dependent on primary energy imports. Graph 7 EU-27 Energy Dependency Rate (Eurostat, 2013) 5 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Turkey has become one of the fastest growing energy markets in the world. Turkey has been experiencing rapid demand growth in all segments of the energy sector for decades. Now Turkey has been the second country, after China, in terms of natural gas and electricity demand increase. Turkey is expected to become one of the most dynamic energy economies of the world in terms of increase in energy demand.The limits of Turkey’s domestic energy sources in light of its growing energy demand have resulted in dependency on energy imports, primarily of oil and gas. At present, around 26 % of the total energy demand is being met by domestic resources, while the rest is being provided from a diversified portfolio of imports (DB,2013). The primary aim of Turkey is to realize its own energy security. To this end, Turkey has for objective to (DB,2013). - diversify its energy supply routes and source countries, increase the share of renewables and include the nuclear in its energy mix, take significant steps to increase energy efficiency, Turkey’s role as a reliable transit country on the East-West as well as North-South energy axis Turkey is geographically located in close proximity to more than 70% of the world’s proven oil and gas reserves so the importance of Turkey is getting increasing for energy corridor to carry the energy resources to the world market. Especially, considerations that have gained increased significance in today’s Europe. The purpose of forming a natural energy bridge between the source countries and consumer markets that was initiated construction of pipeline projects in Turkey. Turkey’s Role as a Pipeline Projects 1 Oil Pipeline -Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan (BTC) pipeline The transportation of oil produced in Caspian Region, especially from Azeri-ChiragGuneshli (ACG) Project in Azerbaijan to a terminal at Ceyhan on the Mediterranean coast of Turkey,, in a safe, secure, reliable and environmentally friendly way is continuing through the BTC Project which is the first step of East-West Energy Corridor. BTC pipeline, which has a capacity of 1 million barrels per day, and at 1760 kilometers is the second longest of its kind in the world. The first cargo of oil, which had travelled through the BTC pipeline to Ceyhan, has been loaded onto a tanker on 4 June 2006. As of 15 October 2012, over 1.5 billion barrels of Azeri oil was loaded to tankers from Ceyhan and shipped to international markets (DB,2013). -Iraq - Turkey (Kirkuk – Yumurtalık) Crude Oil Pipeline It transports the oil produced in Kirkuk and other areas of Iraq to the Ceyhan Marine Terminal. The pipeline system is with an annual transport capacity of 35 Million tons in 1976. The capacity of the line was increased to 46.5 Million tons/year in 1984. With the completion of the second pipeline, parallel to the first one, the annual capacity reached 70.9 million tons as of 1987. Turkey has concluded the negotiations with the Iraqi side 6 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo aiming at extending the duration of the transportation agreement via this pipeline on 19 September 2010 (DB,2013). 2 Natural Gas Pipeline - Blue Stream Gas The Blue Stream gas pipeline is designed to supply Russian gas directly to Turkey via the Black Sea. The Blue Stream supplements the gas transportation corridor from Russia to Turkey. Pipeline’s construction was completed and natural gas supplies through Blue Stream began in February 2003. The total length of the Blue Stream pipeline is 1213 km, design capacity 16 billion cubic meters of gas a year. At the end of 2010 the total volume of gas delivered through Blue Stream exceeded 54.5 billion cubic meters of gas (GASPROM, 2013). - South Caucasus Natural Gas Pipeline (SCP) Project Within the scope of SCP Project, Shah Deniz natural gas is being transported to GeorgianTurkish border. The SCP passing through the same corridor with BTC is about 690 km in length. After commencement of the construction of the pipeline physically in 2004, construction activities have been completed. In parallel with the production activities of Shah Deniz, continuous gas transportation was started on March 7th, 2007. The pipeline having an investment cost of 1.4 billion USD, is transporting natural gas through Azerbaijan, Georgia, Türkiye and BTC’s pump stations in Azerbaijan and Georgia. The pipeline has a transportation capacity of 9 billion m3 of natural gas to Turkish border with one compressor station in Sangachal Terminal in line with the terms of AGSC-BOTAŞ Sales and Purchasing Agreement (SPA). However, it is possible to expand this capacity up to 22 billion m3 in a year by adding new compressor stations and/or looping. In 2010, totally 6.8 billion m3 natural gas was transported and 4.4 billion m3 of this amount was sold to BOTAŞ (TP, 2013) - Baku-Tbilisi-Erzurum (BTE) Natural Gas Pipeline, It has become operational as of 3 July 2007. Designed to transport natural gas from the Shah Deniz field in the Azerbaijan sector of the Caspian Sea, through Georgia to Turkey, it is envisaged that the pipeline will export 6,6 billion cubic meters a year according to the Agreement between our country and Azerbaijan for Shah Deniz Phase I. As for Phase II, a common understanding was reached between the parties on 7 June 2010 in Istanbul in terms of both Azeri natural gas amount to be exported by Turkey, and Azeri natural gas amount to be exported to Europe via Turkey, and also price and transit tariffs. Methodology and Data The time series analyses have suggested some improvements in the standard Granger test. The first step is to check for the stationary of the original variables and then test cointegration between them. According to Granger (1986), the test is valid if the variables are not co-integrated. Second, the results of Granger causality are very sensitive to the 7 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo selection of lag length. We chose lag length is used to the Akaike’s Final Prediction Error (Aqeel and Butt, 2001,103). The basic model relates economic growth to energy consumption. The model is: log Y = f(log Xi) (1) Y is GDP and X is primary energy consumption. All the variables are in per capita log form. The relevant data were available for the period 1975-2011 from Republic of Turkey Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources. The procedures to estimate the model are discussed below. - Engle-Granger Test The aim is to explore the existence of a long-run relationship between the variables namely, trade openness and income inequality. To do so, we use Engle-Granger’s (1988) two step procedure. First, co-integrated regressions are estimated by the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) method (Örnek and Elveren,2010:66): X t  0  0Yt  t (2) Yt  1  1 X t   ' t (3) Where  0 and 1 are constants, and  t and  are error terms. In the paper, first, it is tested whether the series are co-integrated or not, and then, in the second step, using the Error Correction Model (ECM) we apply the Granger Causality Test for variables based on the significance of coefficients of the error terms. The ECM can be formulized as following ' t m n i 1 j 1 X t  a0  b0  t 1   c0 i X t i   d 0 Yt  j  et Yt  a1  b1 ' t 1 q r i 1 j 1   c1i Yt i   d1i X t  j  et' (4) (5) In equations  t 1 and  t' 1 the lagged residuals are estimated by the co-integrated regressions of equations of (3) and (4). “  ” shows that we make the variables stationarybydifferencing variables. If b0 and b1 are statistically significant a time series X is said to be Granger-cause Y and Y is said to be Granger-cause X. The ECM states that if two variables are co-integrated there is at least one-way causality between variables. In this paper, the causality relationship between growth (gdp), primary energy consumption (cons) and secondary (electricity) energy consumption (elec) is examined. The investigation of stationary is closely related to the tests for unit roots. We employ Dickey-Fuller (DF) and Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) to test the stationary. The results of DF and ADF unit roots tests are provided in Table 2. 8 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Table 2 DF and ADF Unit Roots Analysis cons gdp elec Test Statistics Level Value First Difference -0.53 9 -5.77 9  -0.039 9 1.74 9 Critical Values %5 -2.95 %1 -3.63  -6.20 9 5.80 9 %10 -2.61 -3.63 -2.95 -2.61 -3.63 -2.95 -2.61  1 Number of Lagged Residuals with respect to the Schwarz Information Criterion In Table 2 the results of DF and ADF tests shows that the levels of variables are nonstationary. Applying the same tests to first differences to determine the order of integration, it is concluded that series are stationary in first differences. That is, the series are integrated order of one, I(1). Therefore, the co-integration test can be applied in order to investigate the existence of a long-run relationship between variables. Table 3 shows result of the Engle-Granger (1988) co-integration test. The absolute values of the calculated test statistics for all the residuals are less than its critical value at the 5 per cent level. So, it’s mean that there is no relationship between growth and primary energy consumption. Table 3 Two-way Co-integrations Analysis Co-integrated Regressions gnp = f (cons) cons = f(gdp) Calculated ADF Residuals 7 -2,62 7  -2,62 Critical Value %5 %10 Results -2,99 -2,63 Non-Co-integrated -2,99 -2,63 Non-Co-integrated  1 Number of Lagged Residuals with respect to the Schwarz Information Criterion We made other analysis that causality relationship between the growth and secondary (electricity) energy consumption is examined for Turkey. As Table 4 shows, there is a twoway log-run relationship between gdp and electricity energy consumption. Table 4 Two-way Co-integrations Analysis Co-integrated Regressions gdp = f (elec) cons = f(gdp) Calculated ADF Residuals 7 -3,32 7  --3.32 Critical Value %5 %10 Results -2,94 -2,61 Cointegrated -2.94 -2,61 Cointegrated However, existence of a long-run relationship does not necessarily imply a short-run relationship. Therefore, an error-correction mechanism as in equations (4) and (5) is needed. 9 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Table 5 Error Correction Models and Granger Causality Test Dependent Variable ∆gdp Wald Test ∆elec  (2)=164,70(0,0000) 2 Wald Test ECM-1(t-test) ( Delec, ECM-1) *** -0,014 (2,70) 2 (3)=165(0,0000) *** ( gdp, ECM-1) ∆gdp ∆elec  (2)=268(0,0000) 2 -0,16 (-3,18) ***  (3)=178(0,0000) 2 *** *,** and ***, show 10%, 5% and 1% level of significances, respectively. In Table 5 “Δ” shows first differences of variables and values in parenthesis show p-value. Number of lags for variables was chosen by the Schwartz Criterion. The Error Correction Model (ECM) shows the strength of adjustment toward equilibrium in the short-run. As shown in Table 5, the sources of causality are examined in three ways. All these tests show a significant causality between economic growth and electricity energy consumption inequality. The signs of coefficients of error correction terms of both variables are negative and t-value is statistically significant. Therefore, there is a strong two-way causality between variables in question. Conclusion In this study we attempt to provide some empirical evidence on the relationship between economic growth, primary and secondary energy consumption for Turkey for the period of 1975-2011. Our analysis shows that there is no causality growth and primary energy consumption but we found that there is a strong two-way causality between growth and electricity energy consumption. Consequently, in the progress of growth of Turkey need to the energy demand increasingly. Also, within the context of the energy supply security of Turkey should be make the legal and technical studies, thus Turkey have been intensified for the purpose of restructuring our energy market with a market understanding that is based on competition and transparent, detecting and using their domestic and renewable resources potential, integrating the nuclear energy into the electricity production, and utilizing the new energy technologies. References Aqeel A, Sabihuttin Butt, (2001). The Relationship Between Energy Consumption and Economic Growth in Pakistan”, Asia-Pasific Development Journal, Vol. 8, No.2, 101-110. Akan, Y., Doğan, E. M. ve Işık, C. (2010). “The Causality Relationship Between Energy Consumption and Economic Growth: The Case of Turkey”, Enerji, Piyasa ve Düzenleme, 1(1), 101-120. 10 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Alptekin, V. ve Güvenek, B. (2010). “Enerji Tüketimi ve Büyüme İlişkisi: OECD Ülkelerine İlişkin Bir Panel Veri Analizi”, Enerji, Piyasa ve Düzenleme, 1(2), 172-193. Dış İşleri Bakanlığı, (2013). Turkey’s Energy Strategy, http://www.mfa.gov.tr/turkeysenergy-strategy.en.mfa (23.04.2013) Enerji ve Tabi Kaynaklar Bakanlığı, Energy and Natural Resources Strategıc Plan (20102014). EUROSTAT, (2013). Energy Production and Imports, http://epp.eurostat.ec.europ a.eu/statistic (20 April 2013). GASPROM, (2013). Blue Stream, http://www.gazpromexport.ru/en/projects/1/, (24April 2013). Kerimoğlu, G. ve Yanar, R. (2011). “Türkiye’de Enerji Tüketimi, Ekonomik Büyüme ve Cari Açık İlişkisi” Ekonomi Bilimleri Dergisi, 3(2), 191-201. Kraft, J. And A. Kraft (1978). “On the Relationship between Energy and GNP”, Journal of Energy and Development, 3, pp. 401-403. Mucuk, M. ve Uysal, D. (2009). “Türkiye Ekonomisinde Enerji Tüketimi ve Ekonomik Büyüme”, Maliye Dergisi (157), 105-115. Örnek, İ., and A.Y. Elveren(2010). “Trade liberalization and income inequality in Turkey: An Empirical –Analysis” ´Çukurova Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 19, no. 2: 62–70. Turkish Petroleum Corporation (TP), (2011). Oil and Natural Gas Sector Report. Yapraklı, S. ve Yurttançıkmaz Z. Ç. (2012). “Elektrik Tüketimi İle Ekonomik Büyüme Arasındaki Nedensellik: Türkiye Üzerine Ekonometrik Bir Analiz” C.Ü. İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 13(2), 195-215. 11 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1665 Title A name given to the resource The Relatıonship between Energy Consumption and Economic Growth: Turkey Case Author Author ORNEK, Ibrahim Abstract A summary of the resource. This study investigates the relationship between energy consumption and economic growth. Especially energy resources are most crucial input for developing countries. Also energy resources are not balanced distribution around the countries. The direction of causation of this relationship is controversial. Because, the energy consumption affect the economic growth but also economic growth leads to the energy consumption. Empirically this paper tries to find the direction of causality between energy consumption and economic growth for Turkey. For the empirical analysis is used to be co-integration analysis. Keywords: Economic Growth, Turkey, Energy Consumption. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-10 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 978-9958-834-23-3