298 10 3494 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/d931da9132c8809a2733ed750c02dd63.pdf e6da759af6e59abb347eb97ae0043945 PDF Text Text ______ The 5th International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ PROCEEDINGS ISSD 2014 THE USE OF NATURAL RENEWABLE MATERIALS IN THE SUPPORT OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT Isminur Aybek, Zedina Hujdur, Amar Dautović, Adnan Novalić, Sanela Klarić Department of Architecture - International Burch University Sarajevo ABSTRACT Architecture design today has become far more challenging then it traditionally used to be. On top of accustomed thermal insulation thickness and heating demand, architects need to design new or renovate existing structures in compliance with the primary energy demand, CO2 reductions, as well as ecological properties of the building materials. These properties are essential for a holistic assessment. Researches and demand for ecological building materials have been growing dramatically, particularly for insulating materials from renewable resources. Conventional design, constructions and conventional materials are still predominantly used in the world, particularly in BiH and Turkey. The aim of this paper is to present a comparison between the use of conventional methods, constructions and materials against alternative solutions of renewable insulations materials application in the wall constructions. The conventional walls are predominantly made of cement, bricks, Styrofoam, plaster and paint. For the innovative walls, materials used for a wall 1 are: brick, wood fibre insulation, plaster, coat render, and for wall 2: timber, sheep’s wool insulation, brick, OSB board and plaster. The tests results indicate the amount of primary energy and CO2 emission which could be saved if renewable materials are used not only for insulation but for the construction as well. Findings also show great demand for a new clean technology in brick production that will save energy and CO2 emission. Additionally, renewable materials have more ecological and fewer health damaging aspects. Keywords: wall construction, natural insulation materials, primary energy, global warming potential, health 273 | P a g e �ISSD 2014 The 5th International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ PROCEEDINGS 1. Introduction The production of the most of today’s building materials is a very high energy consuming process that includes very high CO2 emission. A lot of the wall patterns existed across the world are constructed by similar building methods or insulation materials. In BiH and Turkey, wall patterns in residential buildings are almost the same. In order to support better understanding of sustainable architecture needs and requirements for a building materials, this paper took one common wall pattern to examine and to compare with two innovative wall examples. Also, the new EU directives from 2010 have been requiring a more holistic approach to architectural design. That DIRECTIVE 2010/31/EU of the European Parliament and the European Council of 19 May, 2010 on the energy performance of buildings requires that “the energy performance certificate should also provide information about the actual impact of heating and cooling on the energy needs of the building, on its primary energy consumption and on its carbon dioxide emissions”[1] This paper deals with necessary information and drawings for resolving important questions regarding the wall constructions as well as for their insulation materials. What makes this paper special is its analysis of one of the newest innovative insulation material (wood fibre insulation, Styrofoam, sheep’s wool) that we could find on the market today. Additionally, the combination of these insulation materials with the one of the oldest brick materials as a commonly used material in all three case walls will be discussed in many aspects. Paper will achieve many tasks including the analysis of the material properties as well as their primary energy needs and environmental impact. Furthermore, it will provide methodology through historical and comparative analysis, together with an eco-balance of the materials. Results of the research could play a key role in future reduction of energy the demands of buildings as well as providing proposals for new investors considering innovative local materials in those two countries and wider. 2 Presentation of the examined wall's materials and dimensions The location of all examined walls is the same in all three cases. Examined walls are an element of a residential building, located on the first floor, on the north side of the building, as a wall without any openings. All examined walls contain the same base construction such as brick. Wall 1 presents the most common wall pattern in BiH and Turkey. Wall 2 and Wall 3 present the innovative approach that combine brick with natural materials such as a wood and sheep’s wool. Wall 1. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Exterior wall paint 0,05 cm Finishing coat with cement 0,1 cm Roughcast with cement 0,5 cm Horizontally perforated bricks (8,50x19,00 cm) 8,5 cm Styrofoam 10 density 3 cm Horizontally perforated bricks (8,50x19,00 cm) 8,5 cm Gypsum plaster 0,5 cm Satin gypsum plaster 0,1 cm Water based silicon interior wall paint 0,05 cm 274 | P a g e �PROCEEDINGS ______ The 5th International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 Figure 1. Wall 1 - 3D visualisation of study case external wall; Resource: Authors drawing Wall 2. 1. 15 mm plaster 2. 215 mm brickwork (0.75 W/mK) 3. 200 mm rigid wood fibre insulation(0.043 W/mK) 275 | P a g e �ISSD 2014 The 5th International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ PROCEEDINGS Figure 2. Wall 2 - 3D visualisation of study case external timber frame wall; Resource: Authors drawing Wall 3. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 103mm brick external leaf 50mm unventilated cavity 10mm OBS board Vapour permeable membrane 140mm timber frame fully filled with 140mm wool thermal Vapour control layer Internal finish of 12.5mm standard plasterboard 276 | P a g e �PROCEEDINGS ______ The 5th International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 Figure 3. Wall 3 - 3D visualisation of study case external timber frame wall; Resource: Authors drawing 3 Presentation of the examined wall's construction and insulation materials In order of better understanding of sustainable requirements of building materials, an assessment of the energy requirement and CO2 emissions has been made for the following materials: 3.1 Fired bricks Fired bricks were invented in 3500 BC and have become the world's most common form of masonry. They are made from the natural material, clay. Naturally drained bricks (čerpič/ kerpiç) are more sustainable but fired brick have a higher embodied energy because they are fired at temperatures of 900-1200 ºC with high level of the CO2 emissions. In that regard, the most environmentally friendly option is to recycle (buy reclaimed bricks), although it is essential to match the type of brick to its function: facing bricks for cladding, strong engineering bricks for structural walls, and common bricks, which are durable but not attractive, for foundations and internal walls. Also there are some researches that test combinations of clay with other natural materials like hemp, straw or sheep’s wool in order to find the optimal combination that could achieve similar characteristic as fired brick. Bricks come in a bewildering array of designs, shapes, textures and colours, and they can be laid in various patterns, called bonds. They can be used for cladding, framework, foundations and features such as chimneys. Roughly, 17 % of a brick wall is made up of mortar. Portland cement is the most common mortar material, but traditional lime mortar is increasingly being revived, as it is made from a natural non-toxic material and allows walls to breathe. 277 | P a g e �ISSD 2014 The 5th International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ PROCEEDINGS The advantages of those materials are as follows: they are made from natural material; most clay pits are carefully managed, and refilled and replanted after use, idly durable and lowmaintenance, combination with lime mortar, high thermal mass, they can be reused or recycled or are able to be used as a construction aggregate. Also this material has disadvantages such as: high embodied energy, most often laid with Portland cement, which is also a high-energy product, often used as exterior cladding on lightweight buildings which negates their thermal-mass properties, since any radiant heat escapes outwards into the atmosphere. [2] 3.2 Styrofoam Styrofoam, which also called EPS, is not a natural material. It is most common material that we could see on building construction site today. It is also one of the cheapest insulation material on the market. But the question about the embodied energy of this material is a part of the debate and discussion. “Debate on the choice of insulation materials tends to be related to environmental considerations, durability and build ability. If we first consider the environmental aspects (and keep in mind that it can be misleading to talk about an element out of context, i.e. insulation without considering the entire, say, wall construction) a principal concern for plastic insulations is ensuring that ozone-depleting chemicals are not used in their manufacture. The situation is in flux and so, individual manufacturers must be contacted on their products. [3] Because of these reasons, architects need to be cautious when they are choosing insulation materials taking into consideration their influence on nature. This insulation material could be used on or below sub-floor slabs, between timber joints, partial or full fill wallboards or flat or pitched roofs. Advantages of those material are: moisture resistance (low water vapour transmission, no capillary action, high resistance to moisture absorption), resistance to diluted acids and alkalis, cheap, variation of dimensions, recyclable. This material has also disadvantages such as: not being resistant to organic solvents, melts and shrinks away from small heat sources, ignites with severe flames and smokes heavily when exposed to a large heat source, has a high embodied energy and is expensive to recycle. 3.3 Wood fibre Wood fibre is a new insulation material which was introduced twenty years ago. It arises from inventing new ways of transforming timber waste from thinning and factories into insulation boarding. It is also a recyclable and reusable material that absorbs CO2 from the environment in a very sustainable way. Its significance lies in its range of functions including rigid insulation, sheathing and sharking for timber frames, roofs and flooring as well as flexible insulation for studs and rafters. The advantages of those material are: breathability which helps the regulation of moisture, material density (necessary for adding a degree of decrement delay that will be useful for hotter summer days), heating capacity (twice more than mineral wool), the capacity to both absorb and release moisture making it a breathable structure, manufactured from a renewable resource, reusable if it is in a suitable condition, recyclable, compostable or can be used in energy recovery, sequesters CO2 during tree growth, hygroscopic – provides a degree of humidity control and decrement delay 278 | P a g e �PROCEEDINGS ______ The 5th International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 Also this material has some disadvantages such as: high embodied energy, if imported from another country that could increase the embodied energy, rigid boards can be fragile and difficult to use on site. 3.4 Sheep’s wool Sheep wool is an easily renewable, easily recyclable and environmentally friendly source of raw material, which consists on average of 60 % animal protein fibres, 15 % moisture, 10 % fat, 10 % sheep sweat and 5 % impurities. [4] Sheep's wool is a hygroscopic fibre which meanıng that ıt absorbs, stores and releases moisture much faster than other materials. Wool can absorb over 35% of its own weight in moisture without having any significant changes to its thermal performance. Sheep’s wool insulation is well suited to timber frame structures making natural synergy with wood. Drawing out the moisture by sheep's wool fibres does the conditioning of the wood and as like that it protects the fabric of the whole building. Indoor air quality and maximal thermal efficiency are improved by natural insulation because it allows the structure to breath and at the same time to keep the thermal resistance. The benefits of sheep's wool include the durability and longevity. The importance of sheep's wool insulation lays also in the fact that sheep wool ensures the product durability throughout the life of the building. The compression tests proved that sheep wool insulation has an great recovery rate within the first 24 hours of its installation. Sheep wool insulation is resistant to compaction, unlike some alternatives that will compact over time and compromise thermal conductivity. This longevity of sheep's wool ensures that the insulation will continue to act by high standards throughout the whole building’s lifespan. This natural material ensures indoor air quality because sheep’s wool insulation has a unique ability to absorb noxious gases that are emitted from building products e.g. formaldehyde; a carcinogenic gas emitted from different man-made building materials. Wool deals with these gases by locking them up which helps protecting the residents from health risks. A lack of ‘breathability’ in buildings can cause different problems, including health issues as a result of mould and damp. Also this material reaches high fire standards. The wool has to be washed and treated in a specific way so it becomes fire safe. The sheep's wool is a comfortable material and easy to handle with. There is no risk to human health. Handling the sheep's wool can be done without any protective clothes. This natural material is easy to recycle and eco-friendly, it is biodegradable which means it can be composted into the ground to participate in Erath's natural cycle. Moreover sheep’s wool insulation can be recycled in a way to produce extra energy. 4. U-value calculations for three wall cases U-value - The heat transfer coefficient is about the flow of the heat U [W/m² K], through the single material or multiple materials in the construction. U-value is the essential characteristic of the outer structural element and plays a major role in the analysis of the total heat losses (kWh/m2), and thus the energy consumption for heating. When the heat transfer coefficient is decreased, the thermal insulation of buildings becomes better. 279 | P a g e �The 5th International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 PROCEEDINGS 4.1 Comparison of U-values for all three case walls (Wall1, Wall2, and Wall3) Below is presented the method of calculation of the U-value for the three types of wall presented with all of the materials that have been chosen. All walls are tested to reach passive house standards which are 0, 15 Wm²k. For that reason, all walls has been calculated with more insulation materials in order to reach those standards. The method of the calculation has been adopted by the TUW (Technical University in Vienna) as the official U value calculation method. This method will use following information for the materials: dimension, density, CO2 emission, water vapour permeability coefficient and basic dimensions. Wall 1. Table 1. Final result of U-value calculation (data resource: Baubook Richtwerte und Produkte, IBO, Gramitech, Naporo) Exterior wall reconstruction with 25 mm EPS Sandwich Brick Wall Potencial Acid Global Equivalent manner d l m Rsi+Rse r Warming CO2 (SO2(CO2Äq.) Äq.) [m] [W/mK] [1] [m2K/W] [kg/m3] [1] [kg C02] [1] Air SO2KEA Ekvivalent KEA Primary Energy [kg S02] [MJ/m3] [MJ/m2] [MJ/m3] 0.17 Satin Gypsum 0.01 0.3 50 plaster Gypsum 0.05 0.3 50 plaster Horizontally Perforated 0.085 0.55 7 Bricks Styrofoam 0.25 0.042 60 25 density Horizontally Perforated 0.085 0.55 7 Bricks Roughcast 0.005 0.7 50 with cement Finishing Coat with 0.001 0.7 50 cement 30 0.246 0.0738 0.00147 9,180 91.8 30 0.246 0.369 0.00147 9,180 459 1700 0.176 25.432 0.000553 4,233 359.805 25 4.169 26.05625 0.0149 1700 0.176 25.432 0.000553 4,233 359.805 1000 0.246 1.23 0.00147 9,180 45.9 1000 0.246 0.246 0.00147 9,180 9.18 3,288 822 U-Wert 0.15 W/m²K During the calculation of the U-value of Wall 1, results of the calculation showed that Uvalue for the common pattern (insulation only 30-80 mm of Styrofoam) is 0.71W/m²K, that is too high, and the only way to make the results better for an energy efficient wall was to decrease U- value, and that is done by increasing thickness of the Styrofoam insulation from 30 mm to 250 mm. With this move, the U-value is satisfying 0.15 Wm²k which enables good thermal performance of the building envelope. 280 | P a g e �PROCEEDINGS ______ The 5th International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 Wall 2. Table 2. Final result of U-value calculation (data resource: Baubook Richtwerte und Produkte, IBO, Gramitech, Naporo) Exterior wall reconstruction with 30 mm of wood fibre isolation Brickwork wall with rigid wood fibre insulation d [m] Potential Versaueglobal rungspoten- SO2Primarna l m Rsi+Rse r warming EkvivalentCO2 KEA KEA tial (SO2Ekvivalent energija (CO2Äq.) Äq.) [W/mK] [1] [m2K/W] [kg/m3] [1] [kg C02] [1] [kg S02] [MJ/m3] [MJ/m2] [MJ/m3] Air (i und e) 0.17 Lime mortar 0.02 0.2 10 1800 0.168 6.048 0.00049 3,222 64.44 Brick 0.215 0.55 7 1700 0.176 64.328 0.000553 4,233 910.095 Plaster 0.015 0.2 10 1300 0.128 2.496 0.00045 3,328 49.92 0.3 0.048 5 2300 0.128 88.32 0.00045 3,328 998.4 Rigid wood fibre insulation U-value 0.14 W/m²K During the calculation of the U-value of Wall 2, results of the calculation showed that the Uvalue is 0.20 Wm²k, which is also too high. In order to decrease U- value, the thickness of the wood fibre insulation has been increased from 200mm to 300mm. With this move, the Uvalue is satisfying 0.14 Wm²k which enables good thermal performance of the building envelope. 281 | P a g e �The 5th International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 PROCEEDINGS Wall 3. Table 3. Final result of U-value calculation (data resource: Baubook Richtwerte und Produkte, IBO, Gramitech, Naporo) Exterior wall reconstruction with 20 cm of sheep wool Exterior timber frame wall with 20 cm of sheep wool insulation Potential global warming (CO2Äq.) Acid SO2EquivalentCO2 manner(SO2KEA Equvalent Äq.) d l m Rsi+Rse r [m] [W/mK] [1] [m2K/W] [kg/m3] [1] [kg C02] [1] Air [kg S02] KEA [MJ/m3] [MJ/m2] Primary energy [MJ/m3] 0.17 Lime mortar 0.01 0.2 10 1800 0.168 3.024 0.00049 3,222 32.22 Brick 0.25 0.55 7 1700 0.176 74.8 0.000553 4,233 1058.25 OSB Board 0.012 0.13 200 610 -1 -7.32 0.00603 5,685 68.22 Vapour membrane 0.01 0.23 100000 980 2.55 24.99 0.0253 91,532 915.32 Timber frame 0.2 0.12 50 450 -1.26 -11.34 0.0341 3,618 72.36 Sheep wool 0.2 0.04 1 30 1.6 9.6 0.0103 3,495 699 Vapour membrane 1 0.01 0.23 100000 980 2.55 24.99 0.0253 91,532 915.32 0.13 W/m²K U-Wert During the calculation of the U-value of Wall 3, with dimensions of sheep’s wool and timber frame (140 mm) it showed that U-value is not allowable and is problematic, so to resolve this problem, the dimensions of the timber frame and wool were increased from 14 mm to 20 mm and the final U-value is 0.13 Wm²k, which is very satisfying. In each of three wall constructions it is possible to reach passive house standards by increasing the thickness of insulation materials. 282 | P a g e �PROCEEDINGS ______ The 5th International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 5. Natural material alternative resource and local existing materials Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) Considering material resources, it can be stated that most of them can be easily found locally. Production of brick can be found in the settlement of Rakovica which is near Sarajevo. The company “TOS” gives great opportunities for people who are willing to have their construction completed with brick material, offering them a wide range of choices of brick types. Alternatively, there is also a company in Visoko called “IGM” which deals with the production of brick. All production in BiH is fired brick. However, wood fibre production cannot be found in BiH, even though the wood industry is well-develop in BiH. Since this insulation material is new in the construction world, it is imported from the European companies such as “Agepan” from Germany and “Pro:Holz” from Austria. It is important to mention that this statement has led to the conclusion that there should be more investment in the wood products throughout BiH. This move would increase knowledge about the construction and usage of wooden materials as well as economic benefits to BiH. In BiH the availability of raw sheep’s wool is widely available with the country producing more than 1,5 million kg per year. There is currently one manufacturer of sheep’s wool insulation material in BiH. Unfortunately, the cleaning of the wool is still done by more traditional methods, so there is lot of space for reconstruction and improvement. Also the production company is under developed and the final product currently does not have any certification nor any accreditation by laboratory testing. This material is not yet widely seen on the local market. This industry provides a great economic development opportunity in BiH. Production of Styrofoam is readily available both locally or imported, and considering its wide production, it can be said that there is no problem in finding this material on the market in BiH. 5.1 Transport Transport accounts for nearly one-quarter of global energy-related CO2 emissions. To achieve the necessary extensive cuts in greenhouse gas emissions by 2050, transport must play a significant role. However, without strong global action, car ownership worldwide is set to triple to over two billion by 2050. Trucking activity will double and air travel could increase four-fold. These trends will lead to a doubling of transport energy use, with an even higher growth rate in CO2 emissions as the planet shifts toward high-CO2 synthetic fuels. How can we enable mobility without accelerating climate change.[5] “Transportation is one of the often forgotten factors affecting embodied energy. The further a material has to travel, the greater the energy that is used in its transport. The weight of a material will also affect the energy needed to move it.” [6] However, most of materials in these walls can be easily found in BiH. Furthermore, wood fibre, which is imported from Europe, does not represent a big impact to the energy that is used in its transport. Considering that the durability of materials makes a great impact on construction world, this is something which should be taken into account. That is why, on grounds of durability, an imported natural material may be more preferable than a local artificial one (e.g. polyester) and this is why importing natural material can have great benefits in the construction industry. On the other hand, they offer advantages in breathability, temperature regulation, water absorption, antimicrobial properties, etc. This leads to the conclusion that even material which is local, should be replaced by an imported one if it provides a more pleasant and healthy lifestyle until this material is a part of production in BiH. 283 | P a g e �ISSD 2014 The 5th International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ PROCEEDINGS 6. Primary energy consumption and embodied energy for three walls cases ‘Primary energy consumption (PEC) refers to the direct use at the source, or supply to users without transformation of crude energy, that is, energy which has not been subjected to any conversion or transformation process.’ [7] The primary energy used varies from product to product, but it is generally much lower for wood than other materials. However, there are exceptions that include wood-fibre which requires high processing temperatures. [8] Embodied energy gives us information about the entire life time of materials. According to definitions “it is also called life cycle assessment (LCA) and a useful tool for evaluating the relative environmental impact of various building materials because it takes production, transportation and disposal into account, all things that can have a pronounced environmental impact but are not necessarily reflected in the price.”[9] Thanks to embodied energy, people who has any interest can decide on which materials will be used in a structure. Considering long life materials and environmental impact low embodied energy is the best for energy efficiency. In this study there are three materials and their embodied energies; - EPS : 1126 kWh/m3 - Wood Fibre : 133 kWh/m3 - Sheep’s Wool : 31 kWh/m3 Potential global warming demonstrates the actual potential of materials for global warming. For all three walls, the potential global warming comparison for all materials has been made as well as a comparison between all materials from all three walls. That information will, once again, confirm advantages and benefits of natural materials as friendly products that have the ability to make a negative impact on the nature. Figure 4; potential global warming of wall materials for wall 1 284 | P a g e �PROCEEDINGS ______ The 5th International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 According to figure 4, it can be stated that Styrofoam has the highest level of potential global worming (4,169 CO2 Eq), followed by satin gypsum plaster, gypsum plaster, roughcast with cement and finishing coat with cement containing the same amount (0,246 CO2 Eq) then horizontally perforated bricks (0.176 CO2 Eq). Figure 5; Potential global warming of wall materials for wall 2 Potential global warming demonstrates the actual potential of materials for global warming. According to figure 5, brick has the highest level (0.176 CO2 Eq) followed by lime mortar (0.16 CO2 Eq). After these two materials is plaster with 0.12 CO2 Eq. The rigid wood fibre insulation has an amount of -0.8 CO2 Eq which represents that there is no potential for global warming considering the absorption of CO2. Figure 6; Potential global warming of wall materials for wall 3 285 | P a g e �The 5th International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 PROCEEDINGS According to figure 6, vapour membrane has the highest level (2,55 CO2 Eq) which is followed by sheep's wool (1,6 CO2 Eq). After these two materials, the next is brick with (0,176 CO2 Eq) then lime mortar (0,168 CO2 Eq). Finally, OSB board (-1 CO2 Eq) and timber frame (-1,26 CO2 Eq) represents that there is no potential for global warming considering the absorption of C02. Comparison of insulation materials in accordance to Potential global warming, Equivalent CO2 and Embodied energy COMPARISON BETWEEN INSULATION MATERIALS 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 -200 -400 -600 -800 1126 4.169 1.6 25.05625 133 9.6 31 -0.804 Potential Global Warming (CO2-Eq) -554.76 Equivelent CO2 (kg C02) Embodied Energy (kWh/m3) EPS 4.169 25.05625 1126 Wood Fibre -0.804 -554.76 133 Sheep Wool 1.6 9.6 31 EPS Wood Fibre Sheep Wool Figure 7; Potential global warming of wall materials for all three walls Equivalency of CO2 demonstrates how many kg of CO2 is produced per 1kg of materials shown in figure 7. According to the graph of equivalency of CO2, it can be seen that the wood fibre has conceivably the lowest level (-554,76) followed by sheep’s (9,6). the EPS (Styrofoam) contains the highest level of CO2. These statistics show that the CO2 of wood fibre has the best effect, which is absorbed and does not stay in the atmosphere which represents a perfect state when taking into consideration potential global warming. 7. Conclusions and Recommendations Today, when materials have been making an immense impact on the environment, all characteristics of the materials should be taken into account during the design of the residential buildings. A comparison between values and impacts of natural and synthetic materials is shown through the analyses of wall designs. The most important thing is to recognise the advantages of all materials and to maximise the use of those with a minimal impact on the environment. Styrofoam, a material that is not natural, is the most common in construction due to its durability, build ability and price. However, Styrofoam’s embodied energy, together with its inflammable characteristics and instability presents a great threat to the environment. Alternatively, modern natural wood fibre has a high embodied energy as well, but unlike Styrofoam, it provides a healthier life with benefits to the residents including breathability, heating capacity, material density, etc. Another natural material, sheep’s wool, is comfortable 286 | P a g e �PROCEEDINGS ______ The 5th International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 and easy to handle without potential risk to human health. Also, this material does not have a high embodied energy and could be sourced locally. Brick, the common material in all three cases, is made from clay, having a high thermal mass. Moreover, its enormous embodied energy is affecting the health of the environment, a disadvantage which should be a key point when thinking about selecting this material. The main advantage for the environment is having a unique ability to absorb noxious gases emitted from some building products and achieving a fire performance rating of Euro Class E which ensures that the material is flame retardant. The natural materials, sheep’s wool and wood fibre, show very good fire resistance performances compared with Styrofoam, which has different negative performance in flames. Concerning U-value, in all three wall constructions it is possible to reach passive house standards by increasing the insulation thickness. However, potential global warming is the true indicator which shows the true value of natural materials. During its analysis, it has been shown that Styrofoam clearly has the highest potential for global warming. Another important factor is the equivalency of CO2 in which wood fibre has shown the best value with a negative impact on environment. In BiH Styrofoam is very inexpensive, which is a great motivation for most investors when it comes to choosing insulation materials. In addition, wood fibre production cannot be found in this country. This could indicate that there is a great opportunity for investment in the wood products in Bosnia and Herzegovina. There is also great potential for local economic development and export for Sheep’s wool insulation materials productions which could be achieved by applications of EU standards and procedures. The analysis of the materials described above are the best supporters for natural materials and their value. The investors as well as architects should be careful when choosing material for construction, since it is becoming a part of our sustainable life approach. Most importantly, the health of the planet is something that people should keep in mind, and by all means implement ways to help keep the planet healthy. One way surely is through the use of natural materials, which will fulfil all requirements, for individuals and planet. 8. Acknowledgements Thanks to the Head of Department of Architecture Assist. Prof. Dr. Nermina Mujezinović for her support in designing of the curriculum for the master topic Energy Efficient Architecture. The authors would like to thank to Professors Thomas Bednar and Professor Azra Korjenić from the Technical University of Vienna for their technical support and advises. Also we would like to thanks to the colleagues Yaşar, Serdar and Ahmet Sencer, who provided some valuable data from Turkey for this research. 287 | P a g e �ISSD 2014 The 5th International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ PROCEEDINGS 10. References [1] DIRECTIVE 2010/31/EU OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 19 May 2010 on the energy performance of buildings, Official Journal of the European Union. [2] Strongman C. (2008) ‘The Sustainable Home’, Merrell, London, New York [3] Environmental design, an introduction for architects and engineers, Edited by Randall Thomas, Max Fordham LLP [4] A. Korjenic, T. Bednar, Developing a model for fibrous building materials, Energy and Buildings 43 (2011) 3189–3199. [5] International Energy Agency (IEA) 2014), http://www.iea.org/topics/transport [6] Roaf S., Fuentes m., Thomas s. (2001). “Ecohouse”: A design guide; Architectural Press, Oxford [7] https://stats.oecd.org/glossary/detail.asp?ID=2112 [8] Berge B. (2001). “Ecology of building materials”, Architectural Press, Oxford [9] https://stats.oecd.org/glossary/detail.asp?ID=2112 [10] http://buildingsdatabook.eren.doe.gov/TableView.aspx?table=Notes 288 | P a g e � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2535 Title A name given to the resource 273 | P a g e THE USE OF NATURAL RENEWABLE MATERIALS IN THE SUPPORT OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT Author Author AYBEK, Isminur HUJDUR, Zedina DAUTOVIĆ, Amar NOVALIĆ, Adnan KLARIĆ, Sanela Abstract A summary of the resource. Architecture design today has become far more challenging then it traditionally used to be. On top of accustomed thermal insulation thickness and heating demand, architects need to design new or renovate existing structures in compliance with the primary energy demand, CO2 reductions, as well as ecological properties of the building materials. These properties are essential for a holistic assessment. Researches and demand for ecological building materials have been growing dramatically, particularly for insulating materials from renewable resources. Conventional design, constructions and conventional materials are still predominantly used in the world, particularly in BiH and Turkey. The aim of this paper is to present a comparison between the use of conventional methods, constructions and materials against alternative solutions of renewable insulations materials application in the wall constructions. The conventional walls are predominantly made of cement, bricks, Styrofoam, plaster and paint. For the innovative walls, materials used for a wall 1 are: brick, wood fibre insulation, plaster, coat render, and for wall 2: timber, sheep’s wool insulation, brick, OSB board and plaster. The tests results indicate the amount of primary energy and CO2 emission which could be saved if renewable materials are used not only for insulation but for the construction as well. Findings also show great demand for a new clean technology in brick production that will save energy and CO2 emission. Additionally, renewable materials have more ecological and fewer health damaging aspects. Keywords: wall construction, natural insulation materials, primary energy, global warming potential, health Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014-05-15 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 978-9958-834-36-3 Q Science (General),QH301 Biology,QH426 Genetics https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/5d05cbd0d4bce9cc08aa2b0e027fdec3.pdf 231caaf8279ddca8595f3472db48ef9b PDF Text Text th PROCEEDINGS ______ The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY FOR COMPARING THE EFFECT OF THE MAGNETIC FIELD ON HUMAN HEALTH AROUND TRANSFORMERS IN SINUSOIDAL AND NON-SINUSOIDAL CURRENT CONDITIONS Ahmet Y. Arabul, Ibrahim Senol, Celal F. Kumru, Ali R. Boynuegri, Fatma Keskin Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey arabul@yildiz.edu.tr, senol@yildiz.edu.tr, cfkumru@yildiz.edu.tr, alirifat@yildiz.edu.tr, fkeskin@yildiz.edu.tr ABSTRACT It is known that high voltage transmission lines are used for energy transmission to decrease power losses and increase system efficiency. The energy, which is transmitted at high voltages for long distances, is distributed at medium voltages through a step-down transformer near residential areas. Then the energy is introduced to the end users by reducing the voltage to lower levels. Today, these transformer stations are planted as close as possible to living areas to enhance system efficiency. These transformer stations placed in urban areas cause magnetic fields to occur due to the reason of carrying high load currents. Especially due to the decreasing voltage level at these mentioned transformer substations, the load current increases significantly. Because of that, magnetic field strength is enhanced near these urban areas. Additionally, according to the developing technology, characteristic currents of electrical loads are changed at recent years. High penetration of power electronic loads in industrial applications cause a significant increase in high frequency components in the current drawn from electric grid. Similarly, these currents also generate magnetic fields which consists high frequency components. As known there may be some influences to people who is exposed to a magnetic field over a threshold value for quite a while. For this reason, some standards were published to limit the magnetic field strength and exposure time values. In this study, magnetic field variations around a transformer are analyzed for several loading conditions with and without harmonics. For this purpose a test system with electronic load bank, transformer and regulator is built on laboratory and tests are done in several loading conditions. The gathered results are analyzed for sinusoidal and non-sinusoidal current conditions considering the standards. Keywords: Human Health, Transformer, Harmonics, Magnetic Field 129 | P a g e �ISSD 2014 th The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ PROCEEDINGS 1. INTRODUCTION According to developing technology and population growth consumption of electrical energy is increasing. Especially high population zones like urban areas considerable power is demanded. Therefore high voltage transmission lines are used to decrease power losses while delivering the energy to urban areas. Because of this, big sized step-down transformers have to be placed near living spaces. As the voltage is low on the secondary side of the transformer, current is extremely high. And also the current characteristic of the electric loads are changing due to the developing technology. There is a significant increase on electric loads that consists power electronic devices. As known the current of mentioned electric loads contains high frequency components that is called harmonic. The non-sinusoidal current of these loads has several negative impacts on energy quality. There are lots of studies in the literature that examines these impacts (Gobba, Bargellini, Scaringi, Bravo, & Borella, 2008). As mentioned above high powered distribution transformers placed near living spaces and considerably high currents are drawn through secondary sides of these transformers. High magnetic field strength is occurred due to these currents (Röösli, Jenni, Kheifets, & Mezei, 2011). Because of this, possibility to be exposed to high magnetic field is increased (Ali, & Memari, 2010). There are known negative effects of magnetic field to human nervous, immune system (Gobba et al., 2008). Because of that for the protection of humans exposed to magnetic field in the low-frequency range (1 Hz to 100 kHz) of electromagnetic spectrum standards are published (ICNIRP, 2010). In literature lots studies done to show the effects of magnetic field on human health (Grellier, Ravazzani, & Cardis, 2014) also there are several studies that concentrated on especially transformers (Nicolaou, Papadakis, Razis, Kyriacou, & Sahalos, 2011). And very rare studies investigate the effect of harmonics on measuring magnetic field (Cortes, Brüggemeyer, Dib, Mombello, & Ratta, 2013) (Brandolini, D’Antona, Faifer, Lazzaroni, & Ottoboni, 2004). Different from the papers in literature, harmonic currents which are generally drawn from the grid in present time are taken into account in this study. By this way the measurements are done in high frequency range and the results are analyzed by using the ICNIRP standards. In following section the effects of the harmonics to magnetic field is proved by using mathematical equations. A representation of experimental test system is done in Section 3 and also results are presented. Discussion of the results and suggestion for the future studies is given on the last section. 2. SYSTEM AND METHODOLOGY Currents of conventional electric loads are generally sinusoidal. But due to the developing power electronic technology, there is a significant increase on electric loads which consist of power electronic components. These power electronic loads can draw non-sinusoidal currents from electric grid because they chop the load current to control energy flow. To analyze these, Fourier series expansion of the current waveform is used that shown in Eq. (1): In Eq. (1) A0 is the DC component of the current. n is the harmonic order which is an integer of fundamental frequency. For example, if the fundamental frequency is 60 Hz, 5th harmonic will be . Cn is the amplitude of the nth harmonic. As the same n is the phase angle of the nth harmonic current. Another parameter that is used to analyze non-sinusoidal currents is crest factor (CF) which is the ratio of the peak current to rms value. As seen on Eq. (2): 130 | P a g e �PROCEEDINGS th ______ The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 One of the most common load types in industrial applications is 6 pulse converters. These converters convert AC voltage to DC, at the same time controlling the amount of the converted energy. The current (ia) of the mentioned converter is given in Eq. (3) (Kocatepe, Uzunoglu, Yumurtacı, Karakaş, & Arıkan, 2003): Id is the DC current of the converter. A current waveform of a 6 pulse rectifier load is given in Fig. 1. Fourier expansion of this signal is given in Eq. (4): 150 Current (A) 100 50 0 -50 -100 -150 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 Time (s) 0.08 0.1 Fig. 1 Six Pulse Rectifier Current Waveform As seen in Eq. (4) this kind of loads generates high frequency components in current waveform. The root mean square (rms) current is given in Eq. (5) (Kocatepe et al., 2003): The rms value of the current waveform given in Eq. (4) is 125.53A as the current in fundamental frequency is 122 A. As seen high frequency components of the current increases the rms value. This current passes through the distribution transformers and according to the Ampere law as shown in Eq. (6), magnetic field strength (H) varies related to this current (Chapman, 2007). N is the number of winding, lc is the length of average magnetic field way. Similarly magnetic flux density (B) varies related to H as shown in Eq. (7) (Chapman, 2007): 131 | P a g e �ISSD 2014 th The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ PROCEEDINGS  is the magnetic permeability of the material. As seen on Eq. (6) and Eq. (7) high frequency currents generate high frequency magnetic flux densities. Similarly to rms value of the current, harmonics increase the magnetic flux density due to the high frequency components. These effects of the non-sinusoidal currents on magnetic field can be seen on the measurement results in the sections below. But the effect of the magnetic field strength to human health changes unlikely to rms value. As given in Eq. (8) exposure time to high frequency components of magnetic field strength is strictly limited (ICNIRP, 2010). Hj is the magnetic field strength at frequency j and HR,j is the magnetic field strength reference level at frequency j as given in Table 1 (ICNIRP, 2010). Table 1. Reference levels for occupational exposure to time-varying electric and magnetic fields (unperturbed rms values). Frequency range 1 Hz-8 Hz 8 Hz-25 Hz 25 Hz-300 Hz 300 Hz-3 kHz 3 kHz-10 MHz E-field strength E (kV m-1) 20 20 5 X 102/f 5 X 102/f 1.7 X 10-1 Magnetic field strength H (A m-1) 1.63 X 105/f2 2 X 104/f 8 X 102 2.4 X 105/f 80 Magnetic flux density B (T) 0.2/f2 2.5 X 10-2/f 1 X 10-3 0.3/f 1 X 10-4 In this paper, in order to specify the effect of the harmonics to exposure time limits of magnetic field; a sinusoidal and non-sinusoidal current drawn from grid through a transformer and magnetic flux density around the transformer is measured and the measured values analyzed according to International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) standard. In the section below, the experimental test system is clarified. 3. EXPERIMENTAL TEST SYSTEM AND RESULTS Distribution transformers has high secondary current, at the same time has lots of turns. So that the magnetic field strength around distribution transformers is extremely high. In order to protect human health exposure to time- varying electric and magnetic fields are limited by standards. Because of this, magnetic field exposure limits around the transformers has to be examined. For this purpose, a test system consists of a regulator, a test transformer and a programmable electronic load bank is built. General scheme of the test system is given in Fig. 2. 132 | P a g e �PROCEEDINGS th ______ The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 Fig. 2 General Scheme of the Test System In this system, voltage level is regulated to 200 V by a variac manually. As the load values don’t change dynamically, voltage is easily regulated. To measure the magnetic field around the transformer a magnetic field spectrum analyzer is used. As the magnetic field strength changes around the transformer significantly due to the distance, the magnetic field spectrum analyzer is fastened by a clamp as shown in Fig. 3 in order to avoid incorrect measurement. Fig. 3 Transformer and Magnetic Field Spectrum Analyzer In the tests perfomed the rms value of the current and the harmonic levels of the current can be stabilized with the electronic load bank. But idle current of the transformer may change due to the voltage fluctuations. To avoid these changes voltage level is stabilized to 200 V with a variac. Altough the voltage is stabilized, harmonic levels are increased because of the variac. At the same time the current and voltage quality parameters like harmonics, rms, power and energy values are measured and stored from primer side of the transformer. In this situation idle current of the isolation transformer consists harmonics. But these harmonics are measured and considered. After all as the idle current is considerably smaller than the load currents and also the magnetic field strength occurred due to the idle current can be neglected as seen on Table 2. 133 | P a g e �th ISSD 2014 The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ PROCEEDINGS Table 2 Harmonic and Magnetic Field Strength Values for Idle Current Harmonic Order 1 (50 Hz) 3 (150 Hz) 5 (250 Hz) 7 (350 Hz) 9 (450 Hz) 11 (550 Hz) 13 (650 Hz) 15 (750 Hz) Magnetic Field Strength 1,525 T 205 nT 136 nT 22 nT 45,6 nT 20,6 nT 9,5 nT 8,3 nT Hn%f of the Current 100 26.8 9.7 3.1 1.0 0.4 0.3 0.3 As the rms value of the current in full load is 4 A which is much more greater than 0.168 A in idle condition. The values of the harmonic components are very smaller so that the effect of these small values doesn’t have to be considered. An electronic load bank is used to control the current that drawn from grid through the transformer. It is connected to transformers secondary side to measure the magnetic field strength around the transformer in a linear (without harmonics) and two different nonlinear loading conditions. In first condition, 4 A sinusoidal current is drawn through the transformer. The measured values with this 4 A current without harmonic are given in Table 3. Table 3 Harmonic and Magnetic Field Strength Values for Sinusoidal Current Harmonic Order 1 (50 Hz) 3 (150 Hz) 5 (250 Hz) 7 (350 Hz) 9 (450 Hz) 11 (550 Hz) 13 (650 Hz) 15 (750 Hz) Magnetic Field Strength 26.76 T 317 nT 760 nT 69 nT 59 nT 59 nT 50 nT 74 nT Hn%f of the Current 100 1.1 2.5 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 It is clearly seen that magnetic field strength values at the frequencies except the fundamental one are considerably low. When the transformer fully loaded with a sinusoidal current, the harmonic rates decreased as it is compared to idle condition as mentioned before. 5th and 15th harmonic orders are more than the near frequencies as seen on Table 3. It shows that there is a resonance in those harmonic levels. The increase on the magnetic field strength at 250 and 750 Hz frequencies depends on that. After measuring the values in sinusoidal current condition, the electronic load bank is configured to drawn non-sinusoidal current with a crest factor 2 which is 1.414 in sinusoidal condition. Rms value remains 4 A as same as the sinusoidal current but the peak value of the current increases from 5.6 to 8 A. Because of that changes the THD value of the current increased from 2.8 (THD value of the current given in Table 3) to 58.9. For that condition harmonic and magnetic field strength values are shown on Table 4. 134 | P a g e �PROCEEDINGS th ______ The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 Table 4 Harmonic and Magnetic Field Strength Values for Non-Sinusoidal Current (CF:2) Harmonic Order 1 (50 Hz) 3 (150 Hz) 5 (250 Hz) 7 (350 Hz) 9 (450 Hz) 11 (550 Hz) 13 (650 Hz) 15 (750 Hz) Magnetic Field Strength 21.96 T 13.86 T 3.63 T 1.408 T 1.067 T 497 nT 563.5 nT 221 nT Hn%f of the Current 100 56.5 14.3 6.2 4.6 2.2 2.5 1.1 Increasing the high frequency components of the load current and remaining the rms at the same value causes decrease on fundamental frequency current as it can be seen on Eq. (5). But there is a significant increase on high frequency components of the current as it is also reflected to magnetic field strength values. High frequency currents generates high frequency magnetic fields. To test the results with a diffirent harmonic distortion crest factor of the current increased to 2.5 so peak value of the current increases up to 10 A. In this condition THD value of the current increases to 94.5. In the same way high frequency magnetic field strength values increases similiarly to current values as seen in Table 5. Table 5 Harmonic and Magnetic Field Strength Values for Non-Sinusoidal Current (CF:2.5) Harmonic Order 1 (50 Hz) 3 (150 Hz) 5 (250 Hz) 7 (350 Hz) 9 (450 Hz) 11 (550 Hz) 13 (650 Hz) 15 (750 Hz) Magnetic Field Strength 14.34 T 11.93 T 7.903 T 3.84 T 0.985 T 607 nT 670 nT 222 nT Hn%f of the Current 100 76.2 49.8 22.9 3.9 6.1 6.3 2.7 In the next section these results are analyzed in order to see the effects of the harmonics to exposure limits for the human health. Results are discussed and future studies are given. 4. CONCLUSION The results that given in the section above are used to examine the effect of magnetic field on human health by using ICNIRP standarts. To clarify the diffirence between non-sinusoidal and sinusoidal currents, the exposure time for both conditions are analyzed. The measured magnetic field strengths for sinusoidal current that given in Table 3 and for non-sinusoidal current that given in Table 4-5 are used with the constants (BR,j) that given in Table 1 to calculate the limit parameter that shown in Eq. (8). The results of the mentioned equation is given in Table 6: Table 6 Calculated Results for Magnetic Field Exposure Limit Parameter Sinuosidal 0.02840746 Non-Sinusoidal CF=2 0.04511666 Non-Sinusoidal CF=2.5 0.04324993 135 | P a g e �ISSD 2014 th The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ PROCEEDINGS It can be easily comprehend from the results that non-sinusoidal currents even the same rms value with sinusoidal one have significantly more risk to exceed the limits for human health. In the mentioned standard this parameter has to be below 1. As we used small sized transformer at low currents, this values are considerably low. But the aim of the study is to show the effect of the diffirences between non-sinusoidal and sinusoidal currents. If a big size distribution transformer is used the effect will be similarly to this results. As it can be seen from Eq. (8) and Table 1 the magnetic field strengths with high frequency are strictly limited than low frequency ones. So that high frequency components increased limit parameter more. For this reason, limit parameter for non-sinusoidal current with CF 2 is 1.5 times higher than the one for sinusoidal current. But limit parameter for non-sinusoidal current with CF 2.5 is less than the one with CF 2. The harmonic orders more than 15 (750 Hz) are not considered in this study because of the power quality analyzers limits. This maybe the reason of the limit parameter of the current with CF 2.5 is calculated less than the one with CF 2. In the future studies, measurements can be done for high power distribution transformers in non-sinusoidal current conditions. As these transformers placed to basement flat in the skyscrapers, measurements can be done from several points by changing the distance of the measurement point. And also the effect of the winding connection of the transformer to magnetic field strength can be examined. 5. REFERENCES Gobba, F., Bargellini, A., Scaringi, M., Bravo, G., & Borella, P., (2008), Extremely Low Frequency-Magnetic Fields (ELF-EMF) occupational exposure and natural killer activity in peripheral blood lymphocytes, Science of The Total Environment, 407(3), 1218–1223. Röösli, M., Jenni, D.,Kheifets, L., & Mezei, G., (2011). Extremely low frequency magnetic field measurements in buildings with transformer stations in Switzerland. Science of The Total Environment, 409(18), 3364–3369. Ali, E., & Memari, A.R. (2010). Effects of magnetic field of power lines and household appliances on human and animals and its mitigation. Antennas and Propagation (MECAP), 1-7. ICNIRP Publication (2010). ICNIRP Guidelines, For limiting exposure to time varying electric and magnetic fields (1 Hz – 100 kHz), Health Physics 99(6), 818-834. Grellier, J., Ravazzani, P., & Cardis, E. (2014). Potential health impacts of residential exposures to extremely low frequency magnetic fields in Europe. Environment International, 62, 55–63. Nicolaou, C.P., Papadakis, A.P., Razis, P.A., Kyriacou, G.A., & Sahalos, J.N. (2011). Simplistic numerical methodology for magnetic field prediction in open air type substations. Electric Power Systems Research, 81(12), 2120–2126. Cortes, C.A., Brüggemeyer, H., Dib, R., Mombello, E., & Ratta, G. (2013). Performance of low frequency magnetometers to non-sinusoidal magnetic fields. Measurement, 46(1), 747–763. Brandolini, A., D’Antona, G., Faifer, M., Lazzaroni, M., & Ottoboni, R. (2004). Low frequency magnetic flux density measurements based on navigation agents. Sensors for Industry Conference, 86-90. Kocatepe, C., Uzunoglu, M., Yumurtacı, R., Karakaş, A., & Arıkan, O. (2003). Elektrik Tesislerinde Harmonikler. Birsen Yayınevi. Chapman, S.J. (2007). Electric Machinery Fundamentals. McGraw-Hill. 136 | P a g e � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2498 Title A name given to the resource AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY FOR COMPARING THE EFFECT OF THE MAGNETIC FIELD ON HUMAN HEALTH AROUND TRANSFORMERS IN SINUSOIDAL AND NON-SINUSOIDAL CURRENT CONDITIONS Author Author ARABUL, Ahmed Y. SENOL, Ibrahim KUMRU, Celal F. BOYNUEGRI, Ali R. KESKIN, Fatma Abstract A summary of the resource. It is known that high voltage transmission lines are used for energy transmission to decrease power losses and increase system efficiency. The energy, which is transmitted at high voltages for long distances, is distributed at medium voltages through a step-down transformer near residential areas. Then the energy is introduced to the end users by reducing the voltage to lower levels. Today, these transformer stations are planted as close as possible to living areas to enhance system efficiency. These transformer stations placed in urban areas cause magnetic fields to occur due to the reason of carrying high load currents. Especially due to the decreasing voltage level at these mentioned transformer substations, the load current increases significantly. Because of that, magnetic field strength is enhanced near these urban areas. Additionally, according to the developing technology, characteristic currents of electrical loads are changed at recent years. High penetration of power electronic loads in industrial applications cause a significant increase in high frequency components in the current drawn from electric grid. Similarly, these currents also generate magnetic fields which consists high frequency components. As known there may be some influences to people who is exposed to a magnetic field over a threshold value for quite a while. For this reason, some standards were published to limit the magnetic field strength and exposure time values. In this study, magnetic field variations around a transformer are analyzed for several loading conditions with and without harmonics. For this purpose a test system with electronic load bank, transformer and regulator is built on laboratory and tests are done in several loading conditions. The gathered results are analyzed for sinusoidal and non-sinusoidal current conditions considering the standards. Keywords: Human Health, Transformer, Harmonics, Magnetic Field Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014-05-15 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 978-9958-834-36-3 Q Science (General),QH301 Biology,QH426 Genetics https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/433af0f49486ea9f3389d71be57ab7fe.pdf 2194256d498ce4cb4c34f8813f5afc66 PDF Text Text PROCEEDINGS th ______ The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 QUALITATIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF INTRODUCED PEACH VARIETIES IN HERZEGOVINA Jasmina Aliman1, Ahmed Džubur1, Semina Hadžiabulić1, Azra Skender2, Dinko Bećirspahić2, Fikreta Behmen3 1 “Dzemal Bijedic” University in Mostar, Agro Mediterranean faculty, USRC «Midhat Hujdur Hujka», 88000 Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina (E-mail: jasmina.aliman@unmo.ba) 2 Biotechnical faculty, University of Bihac, Pape I. Pavla II, Bihać, Bosnia and Herzegovina 3 University in Sarajevo, Faculty of agriculture, Zmaja od Bosne 8, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina Summary The paper presents three year research on qualitative characteristics of introduced peach varieties: Maycrest, Spring Lady, Rich Lady and Elegant Lady, and standard variety Springcrest in Herzegovina. The varieties were described according to the method of the International Board for Plant Genetic Resources (IBPGR), including subjective assessment. The highest marks for attractive fruit were given to the varieties Rich Lady and Elegant Lady, that are characterized by extremely large fruit, attractive blush colour, and easy stone adherence. Early and medium ripening varieties (Maycrest and Springcrest) are characterized by extremely firmness of flesh which provides greater transportability. The highest stone cracking was found for variety Maycrest, the lowest was noticed for Elegant lady, while the other varieties have medium stone cracking (mark 5). Concerning stone adherence, clingstone was found for the varieties Maycrest and Springcrest, semi-freestone was noticed for the variety Spring Lady, while varieties Rich Lady and Elegant Lady had free stones, actually it is completely free from flesh, characteristic which is highly appreciated by consumers. Key words: peach, fruit, flesh, stone 1 “Dzemal Bijedic” University in Mostar, Agromediterranean faculty 63 | P a g e �ISSD 2014 th The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ PROCEEDINGS Introduction Taking into account the total fruit production in the world, peach is in eight place and it is in third place in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Total world production of peach in 2012, was 21.083.151 t (FAOSTAT 2014), and out of that number China has production of 12.000.000 t or 56,92%. Modern market trends that define production parameters of this fruit type are globalization and need for supply with fruit through the year, big variety of products and integral concept of production of healthy safe food, large diversity of products and integral concept of production of healthy safe food. Such market demands are putting tasks before breeding programmes aiming creation of new varieties that would offer longer harvest season of fruits of higher quality with controlled use of plant protection. Special attention is on diversification of pomological features, better fruit storing and modifications of crown architecture in order to adjust trees in programmes to grow in dense plantings. As a result of breeding activities, a variety was created which has perfects fruit features and technological deelopmen that provide realization of its full genetic potential. Today, fruit quality has fundamental value for acceptance of peach and nectarine varieties by consumers due to big market competition (Crisosto & Crisosto 2005, Crisosto et al. 2006b, Iglesias & Echeverría 2009). Skin appearance (colour and without damages), texture, taste and content of sugar and acids are key factors which determine quality of fresh peach and nectarine (Badenes et al. 2006). All these parameters may act independently of each other, therefore they have to be studied as whole and their relation between each other in order to improve selection of production goals. Previous researches carried out for peach (Byrne et al. 1991, Génard et al. 1994, Esti et al. 1997, Génard et al. 1999) revealed connection between some pomological features that refer to fruit quality. Material and method Research was carried out at three the most important locations of peach cultivation in Bosnia and Herzegovina (Mostar, Čapljina and Stolac) during three vegetative seasons: 2009, 2010 and 2011. Materials used for research were newly introduced peach varieties: Maycrest, Spring lady, Elegant lady, Rich lady, and standard variety Springcrest. Rootstock for examined varieties is GF 677. Highly intensified agro-technical and pomotechnical treatment has been carried out in the examined orchards (soil cultivation, fertilization, plant protection). The experiment was set in the accordance to the "Method of randomized block experiment", with 5 trees for every variety, at every location, actually 75 trees in total. Planting distance was 4 x 2,5 m, teee for was slender spindle. Total fruit analyses in examined varieties were carried out on random sample of 50 fruits for every particular parameter. The following quality parameters were examined: fruit attractiveness, ground and red over colour, skin pubescence, skin cracking suspectability. The following flesh features were analysed: colour, firmness, texture and taste. Stone analyses comprehended: form, cracking and stone adherence to flesh. International peach descriptor “Descriptor list for peach“ IBPGR, by Bellini et al. (1984) was used for determination of qualitative fruit features. 64 | P a g e �PROCEEDINGS th ______ The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 Results and discussion Fruit appearance Peach fruit quality is determined by a collection of internal and external features that are mutually complemented in their expression, and they significantly influence on satisfaction and acceptance of some varieties by their consumers. Fruit attraction is collection of external features which leaves visual effect on consumer. From external features fruit attractiveness is influenced by a shape and size of fruit, ground and red over skin colour, skin pubescence, and from internal factors flesh firmness, texture and taste. Through ripening of peach fruit, additional skin colour is developed over the ground colour, and it can vary from blush to red colour of various intensity (Byrne et al., 1991; Delwiche & Baumgardner, 1985). These changes are happening probably due to chlorophyll degradation (green), unmasking of carotenoids (yellow, orange) (Cory & Schlimme, 1988) and synthesis of anthochyanin (red, purple) in fruit skin. Red colour is determined with the influence of genetic and ecological factors. Intensity of red colour is under the influence of light availability within the crown (Bible & Singha, 1993; Correlli Grappadelli & Coston, 1991; Day et al., 1989; Erez & Flore, 1986; Marini, 1985). Results of the fruit assement of examined varieties of peach is presented in the Table 1. Table 1. Appearance of fruit of examined cultivars of peach, IBPGR, 2009-2011. Variety Fruit attractiveness Maycrest Springcrest Spring Lady Rich Lady Elegant Lady 5 5 7 7 9 Ground colour of skin 5 5 5 6 5 Red over colour Skin pubescence Skin cracking susceptibility 6 6 6 9 7 5 5 5 3 3 5 3 3 7 7 Analysing marks given for fruit attractiveness, presented in the table 1. It may be concluded that all the examined varieties have high marks and it goes from fair (5) for varieties Maycrest and Springcrest, good (7) for Spring Lady and Rich Lady, and excellent (9) for variety Elegant Lady. Based on the presented classification, it may be seen that the most of examined varieties have yellow (5) as skin ground colour, except the variety Rich-Lady which has yellow-orange (6) as skin ground colour. Table 1., also shows that varieties of early and mid season harvest maturity (Maycrest, Springcrest and Spring Lady) have medium red – red over colour (6), variety Elegant Lady has mostly red (7), while Rich Lady has red-wine (9) colour. Further checking of IBPGR results, shows that varieties Maycrest, Springcrest and Spring Lady have intermediate pubescence (5), while the varieties Rich Lady and Elegant Lady have poor pubescence (3). Varieties Springcrest and Spring Lady have low skin cracking susceptibility, variety Maycrest medium, and varieties Rich Lady and Elegant Lady high degree of skin cracking susceptibility, which has to be taken into consideration during determination of harvet time and the way of transport. 65 | P a g e �th ISSD 2014 The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ PROCEEDINGS Skin colour is the one that mostly attract attention of consumers, and it is caused by pigments located in cells of epidermis and parenchyma. Yellow and amber colour originates from products of changed chlorophyll, carotene and their derivates. Pink and all tones to red colour originate from anthocyan dissolute in cell fluid. Skin ground colour may be yellow, greenish, green-yellow, yellow-greenish and orange cover with redness on certain parts or on the entire surface. Concerning the red colour is dominant over the yellow and white colour. Features of fruit flesh Flesh analyses comprehended: colour, firmness, texture and taste is presented is by table 2. Ground colour of flesh may go from light greenish to less or more intensive yellow, white or red in tones. The most of peach varieties are divided to white and yellow in the accordance with colour of fruit flesh. White and yellow colour of peach fruit flesh is the most popular and they are basic criteria for classification of peach varieties due to extreme significance of this feature. White colour of flesh is monogenic and dominant comparing to yellow. Red colour around a stone is dominant. Table 2. Features of fruit flesh of examined peach varieties, IBPGR, 2009-2011 Variety Colour of flesh Maycrest Springcrest Spring Lady Rich Lady Elegant Lady 4 5 5 6 5 Firmness of flesh 7 7 5 7 5 Texture of flesh 5 5 7 5 7 Taste of flesh 5 7 9 9 9 Reviewing the results presented in the table 2., it may be concluded that all examined peach varieties have yellow-greenish to yellow-orange flesh colour. Maycrest variety yellowgreenish ground colour of flesh, Rich Lady has yellow-orange, while the other varieties have yellow ground colour of flesh. Table 2., also presents that varieties Maycrest, Springcrest and Rich Lady have fine flesh, while varieties Spring Lady and Elegant Lady have intermediate flesh firmness. Varieties Maycrest, Springcrest and Rich Lady have intermediate texture, while varieties Spring Lady and Elegant Lady have fine texture. Based upon the classification of examined varieties presented in the table 2., it is obvious that variety Maycrest has fine taste (5), variety Springcrest good (7), while varieties Spring Lady, Rich Lady and Elegant Lady have excellent taste (9). Various tones of red colour of skin and flesh of fruit of peach come from anthocyan. Peach fruit, besides table use, is also used a lot for processing into different juices, jams,.... Dark colour of these products is appearing due to the activity of phenoloxidase and anthocyan degradation (Tešović et al., 1996). Stone fetaures of examined peach varieties Size and shape of stone may be used as descriptive characteristic of varieties (Jakubowski & Lewandowska 2004). Shape of fruit stone is ovoid and it varies from variety to the variety. (Quilot et al., 2004). 66 | P a g e �PROCEEDINGS th ______ The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 Table 3. presents stone features in the accordance with the International descriptor IBPGR. Table 3: Stone features of examined peach varieties Variety Maycrest Springcrest Spring Lady Rich Lady Elegant Lady Shape of stone 4 4 4 4 4 Cracking of stone 7 5 5 5 1 Stone adherence 3 3 2 1 1 It is visible in the Table 3., that all the examined varieties have elongated shape, as classified by IBPGR with 4. It can also be concluded, that variety Elegant Lady has very low cracking predisposition, and actually inconsiderable number of cracked stones were registered for this variety. Medium cracking predisposition was noticed for varieties Springcrest, Spring Lady and Rich Lady, while high level of cracked stone has been registered for the variety Maycrest at all the location within the researched period. Checking the classification results, it is obvious that clingstone was registered for the varieties Maycrest and Springcrest, semi-freestone for the variety Spring Lady, while varieties Rich Lady and Elegant Lady have freestones, completely free from flesh, characteristic appreciated by consumers. Conclusion Analysing assessments of qualitative features of fruit of the examined peach varieties, it may be concluded that all the examined peach varieties have high assessment for fruit attractiveness. Especially variety Elegant Lady has excellent marks for its extremely attractive fruit. (9). Through the results of IBPGR classification of examined varieties, it is obvious that all the varieties have high marks related to flesh features. (colour, texture, firmness and taste). According to the stone cracking susceptibility, variety Elegant Lady has extremely low susceptibility, varieties Springcrest, Spring Lady and Rich have a low susceptibility, while medium was registered for the variety of Maycrest, at all the locations within the examined period. Based upon the conducted research, it may be concluded that all the examined varieties were adapted to the specific conditions of sub-mediterranean Herzegovina and by their qualitative-quantitative characteristics they fulfil required demands of modern market, therefore they may be recommended to famers to be used in practice. References 1. Badenes M.L., LLácer G., Crisosto C.H. (2006): Mejora de la Calidad de Frutales de Hueso. In: Llácer G., Díez M.J., Carrillo J.M., Badenes M.L. (eds) Mejora genética de la calidad en plantas. Sociedad Española de Ciencias Hortícolas y Sociedad Española de Genética, Valencia, p 551-578 2. Bellini E., Watkins R., Pomarici E. (1984): Descriptor list for Peach, IBPGR Secretariat, Rome, CEC Secretariat, Brussels. 3. Bible, B.B. and S. Singha. (1993): Canopy position influences CIELAB coordinates of peach color. HortScience 28:992–993. 67 | P a g e �ISSD 2014 th The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ PROCEEDINGS 4. Byrne, D.H., Nikolic, A.N., Burns, E.E. (1991): Variability in sugar, acids, firmness and color characteristics of 12 peach genotypes. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci., 116: 1004–1006. 5. Corelli-Grappadelli, L. and D.C. Coston. (1991): Thinning pattern and light environment in peach tree canopies influences fruit quality. HortScience 26:1464–1466. 6. Cory, K.A. and D.V. Schlimme. (1988): Relationship of rind gloss and groundspot color to flesh quality of watermelon fruit during maturation. Scientia Hort. 34:211–218. 7. Crisosto C.H., Crisosto G.M. (2005): Relationship between ripe soluble solids concentration (RSSC) and consumer acceptance of high and low acid melting flesh peach and nectarine [P. persica (L.) Batsch] cultivars. Postharvest Biology and Technology 38:239-246 8. Crisosto C.H., Crisosto G.M., Neri F. (2006b): Understanding tree fruit quality based on consumer acceptance. Acta Horticulturae 712:183-189 20 9. Day, K.R., T.M. DeJong, and A.A. Hewitt. (1989): Postharvest and preharvest summer pruning of ‘Firebrite’ nectarine trees. HortScience 24:238–240. 10. Delwiche, M.J. and R.A. Baumgardner. (1985): Ground color as a peach maturity index. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 110:53–57. 11. Erez, A. and J.A. Flore. (1986): The quantitative effect of solar radiation on ‘Redhaven’ peach fruit skin color. HortScience 21:1424–1426 12. Esti, M., Messia, M.C., Sinesio, F., Nicotra, A., Conte, L., Notte, E., Palleschi, G. (1997): Quality evaluation of peaches and nectarines by elektrochemical and multivariate analyses: relathionships between analitical measurements and sensory atributes. Food Chemistry, 60: 659–666. 13. FAOSTAT. 2014 http://www.faostat.fao.org. 14. Genard, M., Souty, M., Holmes, S., Reich, M., Breuils, L. (1994): Correlations among quality parameters of peach fruit. J. Sci. Food Agric., 66: 241–245 15. Génard M., Reich M., Lobit P., Besset J. (1999): Correlations between sugar and acid content and peach growth. 542 Journal of Horticultural Science & Biotechnology 74:772-776 16. Iglesias I, Echeverría G (2009): Differential effect of cultivar and harvest date on nectarine colour, quality and consumer acceptance. Scientia Horticulturae 120:41-50 17. Jakubowski, T., Lewandowska, G. (2004): Evaluation of fruit size and quality of plum seedlings (Prunus domestica L.), Acta Hort. (ISHS) 663:309-312. 18. Marini, R.P. (1985): Vegetative growth, yield, and fruit quality of peach as influenced by dormant pruning, summer pruning, and summer topping. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 110:133–139 19. Quilot, B., Kervella, J., Génard, M., (2004): Shape, mass and dry matter content of peaches of varieties with different domestication levels, Scientia Horticulturae, Volume 99, Issues 3-4, 387-393 20. Tešović Ž., Nidžović S., Plazinić R., Mitrović M. (1996): Antocijani ploda breskve, abstrakti, X kongres voćara Jugoslavije, Čačak Uvodni referati i Jasmina Aliman received her graduate degree from the University of Sarajevo in 1988. MA degree, she gained at the Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences University of Sarajevo in 2008. Doctoral thesis “Pomological characteristics some peach varieties (Prunus persica L.) in ecological condition Submediterranean Herzegovina” was done at Agomediterranean Faculty of Dzemal Bijedic University of Mostar in 2012. Her research and scientific activities are in field of fruit growing. She is an author and co-author in 23 scientific works and 5 research studies, and she was participating in several projects funded by EU and by various Ministries in BiH. 68 | P a g e � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2478 Title A name given to the resource QUALITATIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF INTRODUCED PEACH VARIETIES IN HERZEGOVINA Author Author ALIMAN, Jasmina DŽUBUR, Ahmed HADŽIBULIĆ, Semina SKENDER, Azra BEĆIRSPAHIĆ, Dinko BEHMEN, Fikreta Abstract A summary of the resource. Summary The paper presents three year research on qualitative characteristics of introduced peach varieties: Maycrest, Spring Lady, Rich Lady and Elegant Lady, and standard variety Springcrest in Herzegovina. The varieties were described according to the method of the International Board for Plant Genetic Resources (IBPGR), including subjective assessment. The highest marks for attractive fruit were given to the varieties Rich Lady and Elegant Lady, that are characterized by extremely large fruit, attractive blush colour, and easy stone adherence. Early and medium ripening varieties (Maycrest and Springcrest) are characterized by extremely firmness of flesh which provides greater transportability. The highest stone cracking was found for variety Maycrest, the lowest was noticed for Elegant lady, while the other varieties have medium stone cracking (mark 5). Concerning stone adherence, clingstone was found for the varieties Maycrest and Springcrest, semi-freestone was noticed for the variety Spring Lady, while varieties Rich Lady and Elegant Lady had free stones, actually it is completely free from flesh, characteristic which is highly appreciated by consumers. Key words: peach, fruit, flesh, stone Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014-05-15 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 978-9958-834-36-3 Q Science (General),QH301 Biology,QH426 Genetics https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/2b47897783ea9db16262e1132fd5adaa.pdf ee605be309b6bf5e2338a2ab17d72bc3 PDF Text Text PROCEEDINGS th ______ The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 DIN V 18599-4 STANDARD-BASED BUILDING ENERGY EVALUATION PERFORMANCE IN TERMS OF ILLUMINATION Ahmed Said Akardas, Mugdesem Tanrioven Yildiz Technical University, Faculty of Electrical & Electronics, Department of Electrical Engineering, Istanbul, Turkey E-mails: saidakardas@hotmail.com, tanriov@yildiz.edu.tr Abstract The deficiency of energy resources which is a result of the increase in world population and the rapid development of technology impels the human being to use the available resources in an efficient way. From this point, Berlin-based DIN issued a standard with the name DIN V 18599 Energy Efficiency in Buildings. In this study,a building in Istanbul, TURKEY is considered to evaluate the energy need for lighting requirements based on the related standard. Study was conducted on an actual structure. The annual amount of energy required for lighting the entire plaza is calculated. The most important result of this study is that there are many parameters like as type of the use of space, façade direction, and slope of the roof, which affect the result of the energy needed for lighting in the buildings. These parameters must be considered for attentive and in-depth analysis, otherwise significant errors can occur in the results. The results showed that energy consumption of the spaces, that are illuminated by daylight and not illuminated by daylight, can be different from each other. Keywords: Building energy performance, illuminating energy performance, Matlab GUI application, energy efficiency formula algorithm, DIN V 18599 formulas. 121 | P a g e �ISSD 2014 th The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ PROCEEDINGS 1. INTRODUCTION Energy efficiency is defined as doing the same work using less energy. While Turkey's primary energy demand has been increasing 4-5% per year and the demand for electrical power has also been increasing %8 per year for the last decade. Besides, energy demand growth rate has exceeded the official estimates in the last two years and a deficit in energy has occurred. As a result of the importance of energy efficiency in buildings, energy identity certificate has become fairly supported in recent years also by the government in Turkey. According to a survey made in 2008, the share of lighting consumption within the total electricity consumption in Turkey was approximately calculated as 23%. Energy efficiency which holds a significant place in the World agenda, have also been discussed by the International standard institutes and certain standards have been published. Increasing energy consumption have pushed states to take some measures and these standards are considered as the guide. The ‘NuOffice’ which was built in Munich, Germany and has the LEED Platinum certification is one of the example offices with energy efficiency. The most significant difference of the NuOffice from a traditional office is its 90% energy efficiency. In Turkey, there are around 50 buildings with LEED certification. 75% of these certificates are in gold class. In terms of energy identity certification in Turkey, the national building energy performance calculation method BEP-TR which was prepared in accordance with the EN 15193 standard, provides a calculation model that suits the conditions in Turkey. Calculating the energy performance of buildings can be made with this method. This paper is based on the standard DIN V 18599. This standard provides a calculation methodology and guides in order to determine energy requirements in buildings for heating, cooling, air conditioning, ventilation, domestic hot water and lighting. This paper covers the energy requirement for lighting. In the first part of this paper, the lighting criteria of the standard is explained. The calculation methodology is described in the second part. In the third part, an application to a sample building is analyzed and is simulated. Finally, conclusions and recommendations are discussed. 2. LIGHTING CRITERIA IN DIN V 18599 STANDARD Efficient usage of daylight in buildings is important for saving energy. The required value of energy for lighting is calculated according to the variables such as the amount of daylight, lighting systems in the office, control systems, geographic location. With the developing technology, variety of new lighting techniques have been found in order to ensure maximum use of daylight. Contemporary lighting systems such as light shelves and light tubes are not taken into consideration in this paper. There are four types of control systems that keep the consumption of lighting systems minimum. Among them, manual and dimmer control systems have been taken into consideration. 122 | P a g e �PROCEEDINGS th ______ The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 3. CALCULATION METHODOLOGY Total energy requirement for lighting of a building or space is calculated according to Equation 1. Q= p x [ATL x (teff,Tag,TL + teff,Nacht) + AKTL x (teff,Tag,KTL + teff,Nacht)] (1) pj : electrical evaluation power (W/m2) ATL : area which is illuminated by daylight (m2) AKTL : area which is not illuminated by daylight (m2) teff,Tag,TL : the effective operating time of the lighting system, during the day-time, which is illuminated by daylight (h) teff,Tag,KTL : the effective operating time of the lighting system, during the day-time, which is not illuminated by daylight (h) teff,Nacht : the effective operating time of the lighting system, during the night-time (h) The calculation flowchart of energy needed for lighting is showed in Figure 1. Figure 1. Flowchart showing calculation of the energy need for lighting 123 | P a g e �ISSD 2014 th The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ PROCEEDINGS Following parameters are involved in the calculation of p that is used in equation 1. Electrical evaluation power (p) is calculated with Equation 2. p = plx x Ēm x kA x kL x kR (2) plx : specific electrical evaluation power (W/m2) Ēm : maintained illuminance, lx kA : reduction factor to account for the proportion of the task area kL : the correction factor taking into account the type of lamp kR : the correction factor taking into account the type of space Operating times, the partial-operation factor to account for illumination by daylight and the partial-operation factor to account for the presence of persons, contribute to the calculation of effective operation time of lighting system teff,Tag,TL = tTag x FTL x FPra (3) teff,Tag,KTL = tTag x FPra (4) teff,Nacht = tNacht x FPra (5) TTag : is the operating time during the day-time tNacht : is the operating time during the night-time FTL : is the partial-operation factor to account for illumination by daylight FPra : is the partial-operation factor to account for the presence of persons (occupancy) Calculation of partial-operation factor to account for the presence of persons (FPra) depends on (CPra,kon) values which depend on the relative absence (CA) and the lighting control. CA value is determined according to the usage type of the building that is being measured, while CPra,kon value is obtained according to whether there is presence sensor as shown in the following table. FPra = 1 – (CA x CPra, kon) (6) Table.1 Factor CPra, kon to account for the efficiency of presence detection systems Space CPra, kon Without presence sensors 0,5 With presence sensors 0,95 In order to caculate FTL, CTL,Vers and CTL, kon values must be known. FTL = 1 – (CTL,Vers x CTL,kon) FTL : partial operation factor to account for illumination by daylight CTL, Vers : daylight supply factor CTL, kon : factor representing the effect of the daylight-responsive lighting control system Calculation of daylight supply factor is made through a detailed process of operations. Shortly, parameters such as types of façade components, daylight class, glazing type effect daylight 124 | P a g e �PROCEEDINGS th ______ The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 supply factor. The values for CTL,kon is provided in Table 2 based on daylight class and whether artificial lighting control system is manual or dimmed. Table.2 Correction factor CTL,kon, j Classification of Daylight Type of control Medium Strong 300 lx 500 lx 750 lx 300 lx 500 lx 750 lx 300 lx 500 lx 750 lx 0,50 0,47 0,44 0,55 0,52 0,49 0,60 0,57 0,54 No total switch off 0,65 0,70 0,73 0,70 0,73 0,75 0,73 0,75 0,76 Total switch off 0,71 0,74 0,76 0,77 0,78 0,79 0,81 0,81 0,81 Manual Dimmed Low 4. SAMPLE BUILDING APPLICATION The simulation is applied to a plaza structure in Istanbul, Turkey. Building has seven independent parts which includes two basement floors, a ground floor, three normal floors and an attic. Each independent section has been considered as a zone. Each zone was separated into evaluation areas within itself. Energy requirement for lighting of each evaluation area is calculated individually. Basements are considered as car parking space. The ground floor has one store, one personal office and two toilets. Normal floors have one workgroup office, one personal office and two toilets. In the attic, there is a space of about 150 m2, that can be considered as living area. There are 4555 hours of daytime, and 4205 hours of night time in a year in Istanbul. At the times daylight is long, the buildings that benefit from daylight can save energy. In this paper each usage type is calculated separately for day and night time. Table.3 Properties of zones Building Condition New Building Illumination Type Direct Type of Lamp Tubular Fluorescent Type of Balast Electronic Type of Control Dimmed Type of Dimmer Total switch off Presence Sensor Available As an example, characteristics of NF2 zone evaluation areas which is called 2. Normal floor zone are shown in Table.4. After calculating the amount of energy required for lighting with the data available, the same procedure is repeated for all other zones. The results obtained are provided in Table 5. 125 | P a g e �th ISSD 2014 The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ PROCEEDINGS Table.4 Characteristics of evaluation areas for the usage of calculating energy requirements for lighting Evaluation Areas NF2_1 NF2_2 Depth Width Height Type of Space Façade Direction 11,18m 11,70m 3,00 m Workgroup Office North 3,60m 3,30m 3,00 m Personal Office West 1,5m 1,0m 3,00 m Toilets East 1,5m 1,0m 3,00 m Toilets East 1,25m 2,30m 3,00 m 5,80m 3,50m 3,00 m NF2_toi1 NF2_toi2 NF2_hol NF2_ups Auxiliary Space Circulation Area Type of Glass Type of Façade Component Double Glazing Double Glazing Double Glazing Double Glazing Solar Protection Glazing Solar Protection Glazing Solar Protection Glazing Solar Protection Glazing * * * East Double Glazing Solar Protection Glazing * Type of glazing, façade component and façade direction are not given any value, since the building do not has daylighting and they do not have effect on the results. Table.5 Total monthly and annual energy requirement for lighting for all zones Zones Month Monthly Total B2 B1 GF NF1 NF2 NF3 Roof Jan 57,228 63,989 172,899 190,459 190,459 190,459 129,380 994,87 Feb 57,228 63,989 151,266 174,683 174,683 174,683 125,889 922,42 Mar 57,228 63,989 134,902 162,735 162,735 162,735 123,174 867,49 Apr 57,228 63,989 123,806 154,613 154,613 154,613 121,234 830,09 May 57,228 63,989 116,595 149,355 149,355 149,355 120,071 805,94 June 57,228 63,989 114,652 147,923 147,923 147,923 119,683 799,32 July 57,228 63,989 117,978 150,319 150,319 150,319 120,071 810,22 Agu 57,228 63,989 125,188 155,577 155,577 155,577 121,234 834,37 Sep 57,228 63,989 137,667 164,662 164,662 164,662 123,174 876,04 Oct 57,228 63,989 155,134 177,341 177,341 177,341 125,695 934,06 Nov 57,228 63,989 178,149 194,080 194,080 194,080 129,186 1010,79 Dec 57,228 63,989 204,769 213,449 213,449 213,449 133,259 1099,59 Annual Total 686,73 767,87 1733,00 2035,19 2035,19 2035,19 1492,04 10785,24 Total energy requirement for lighting of the building is 10.785,24 kwh as shown in Table.5. The lowest consumption is in summer times, particularly with 799,320 kwh in June, the highest consumption is in winter particularly with 1099,591 kwh in December. The results indicated that the amount of sun light in summer is more compared to the winter months. 126 | P a g e �PROCEEDINGS th ______ The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 5. CONCLUSION This paper is based on DIN V 18599 standard of the energy efficiency which is issued by German Standards Institute. Energy requirement for lighting of a new building that is built in Istanbul is calculated. The most significant conclusion of this paper is that there are several parameters that effect the result of energy requirement for lighting in buildings such as usage type of space, façade direction, slope of roof. For a cautious and in-depth analysis, these parameters should be considered, otherwise significant errors may occur in the results. Results also show that there is a major gap in energy consumption between basements without daylight and floors with daylight. REFERENCES Gorgulu, S., Kocabey, S., Yuksek, I. and Dursun, B., (2010). “Enerji Verimliliği Kapsamında Yapılarda Doğal Aydınlatma Yöntemleri: Kırklareli Örneği”, International II.Thrace Region DevelopmentEntrepreneurship Symposium, October 1-2,2010, Kirklareli BEP-TR Binalarda Enerji Performansı Ulusal Hesaplama Yöntemi, Ek 05-Aydınlatma, December 7, 2010, Official Gazette, Number: 27778, 2010. Yıldırım Unnu, S., Sener, F. ve Yener, A.K., (2011). "Binalarda Aydınlatma Enerjisi Performansının Belirlenmesinde Kontrol Sistemlerinin Rolü", 6th National Lighting Symposium, November 25-26,2011, Izmir Toparlar, E., (2011). “Aydınlatma Kontrol Sistemlerine Genel Bakış”, II. National Congress of Electrical Installations, November 24 – 27,2011, Izmir DIN V 18599,(2011). Energy Efficiency in Buildings, DIN, Berlin Akardas, A.S., (2013). “Din V 18599-4 Standardı Esas Alınarak Matlab Gui Aydınlatma Tasarımı ve Örnek Binada Uygulanması”, Master Thesis, Yıldız Technical University Science Institute, Istanbul. Ahmed Said Akardas was born in 1986 in Istanbul, Turkey. He received the B.S. degree from Fatih University in 2010 and M.S. degree from the Technical University of Yildiz in 2013. His research areas include renewable energy and energy efficiency. He is currently Ph.D. student in the Electrical Engineering in the Yildiz Technical University. In addition, he is working for a renewable energy company in Istanbul. Mugdesem Tanrioven was born in 1970 in Kayseri, Turkey. He received the B.S., M.S. and Ph.D. degrees from the Technical University of Yildiz in 1993, 1996 and 2000, respectively. His research areas include renewable energy, power systems, power quality and reliability. He was at the University of Liverpool and at Univessity of South Alabama as a post-doctoral resercher for a total of three year. He is currently Professor and Head of the Electrical Engineering Department in the Yildiz Technical University. 127 | P a g e � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2497 Title A name given to the resource DIN V 18599-4 STANDARD-BASED BUILDING ENERGY EVALUATION PERFORMANCE IN TERMS OF ILLUMINATION Author Author AKARDAS, Ahmed Said TANRIOVEN, Mugdesem Abstract A summary of the resource. The deficiency of energy resources which is a result of the increase in world population and the rapid development of technology impels the human being to use the available resources in an efficient way. From this point, Berlin-based DIN issued a standard with the name DIN V 18599 Energy Efficiency in Buildings. In this study,a building in Istanbul, TURKEY is considered to evaluate the energy need for lighting requirements based on the related standard. Study was conducted on an actual structure. The annual amount of energy required for lighting the entire plaza is calculated. The most important result of this study is that there are many parameters like as type of the use of space, façade direction, and slope of the roof, which affect the result of the energy needed for lighting in the buildings. These parameters must be considered for attentive and in-depth analysis, otherwise significant errors can occur in the results. The results showed that energy consumption of the spaces, that are illuminated by daylight and not illuminated by daylight, can be different from each other. Keywords: Building energy performance, illuminating energy performance, Matlab GUI application, energy efficiency formula algorithm, DIN V 18599 formulas. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014-05-15 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 978-9958-834-36-3 Q Science (General),QH301 Biology,QH426 Genetics https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/5f67c5b19d71278e30a4bbcf8926bbc1.pdf bb6f696d7a8a075ab6decfb0ad0b5590 PDF Text Text BİLDİRİ ÖZETLERİ - UTEK 2014 justifying its existence. Literature plays an important role because of its ability to influence a large number of people in the creation of the ideological baggage. Nihal Atsız’ ideas; the myths and symbols he presented or created have shaped and completed the Turkish rightist nationalist ideology. This paper focuses on the image of the Turk, the concepts of enemy, and state in Atsız’ novels of Bozkurtlar Diriliyor, Bozkurtların Ölümü and Deli Kurt. KİLİSLİ ZİHNÎ DİVANI’NDAKİ KERBELA MESİYELERİ Hasan ŞENER Fırat Üniversitesi, Elazığ / Türkiye Anahtar Kelimeler: Kilisli Zihnî, Kerbelâ, Mersiye. ÖZET Kilisli Zihni, 19. Yüzyılda Kilis’te yaşamış son dönem klasik Türk edebiyatı şairlerindendir. Asıl adı, Mehmet’tir. Babası Çermik müftüsü Abdullah Efendi’dir. Vasfi Mahir Kocatürk, Türk Edebiyatı Tarihinde onun 19.yy.da Tanzimat’tan sonra, İstanbul dışında yetişmiş en güçlü şahsiyetlerden birisi olduğunu söyler. Bir Nakşibendi tekkesi olan Kilis’teki Baytazoğlu tekkesine bağlı olup, Abdullah Sermest Efendi’ye intisap etmiştir. Abdullah Sermest Efendi ve Hacı Abdünnafi Efendi, onun çok sevdiği ve saydığı kimselerdendir. Abdullah Sermest Efendi’nin ölümü üzerine Zihni Efendi, büyük bir boşluğa düşmüş ve 1889 Birecik’e göçmüş ve 1893 yılında vefat etmiştir. Zihni Efendi, edebi üslubu itibariyle güçlü bir şairdir. Üslubu; sade, fikirleri açıktır. Rint- Meşrep bir kişiliği vardır. İslam tarihinin en hazîn olaylarından biri Kerbelâ hadisesidir. Kerbelâ’da Hz. Peygamber’in torunu Hz. Hüseyin’in ve ailesinin elîm bir şekilde şehit edilmesi, İslam âlemini derinden etkilemiştir. Türk edebiyatında birçok şair bu olay karşısındaki hislerini dile getirmek için mersiyeler kaleme almıştır. Hz. Hüseyin’in Kerbela’da şehit edilmesine duyduğu derin üzüntüyü mersiye yazarak dile getiren şairlerden biri de, yukarıda hakkında kısaca bilgi verdiğimiz, XIX. yüzyıl divan şairlerinden Kilisli Zihnî’dir. Bildirimizde, Kilisli Zihnî 153 �BİLDİRİ ÖZETLERİ - UTEK 2014 hakkında kısaca bilgi verildikten sonra onun Kerbelâ mersiyeleri şekil ve muhteva özellikleri açısından incelenecektir. SEZAİ KARAKOÇ’UN ŞİİRLERİNDE TOPRAK UNSURU Ayşe A.DİNÇ International Burch University / Bosna Hersek Anahtar Kelimeler: Sezai Karakoç, şiir, tabiat, toprak unsuru. ÖZET Sezai Karakoç, 1950’lerden itibaren dȃhil olduğu şiir dünyamızda şairliği ve mütefekkir kimliği ile kendine has bir yer edinmiştir. Karakoç’un diriliş düşüncesi Allah’a inanma etrafında örgülenmiş ve Karakoç şiirini bu temel üzerinde yükseltmiştir. Kelimeyi güçlü bir silah gibi kullanarak kurduğu şiirlerinde her kelime ayrı bir öneme sahiptir. Bu bağlamda Karakoç’un şiirlerinde yer alan toprak ve toprakla ilgili kelimeler belli bir dünya görüşünün ifadesidir. Sezai Karakoç’un şiirlerinde tabiata ait unsurlara sıkça rastlamak mümkündür. Karakoç, yoğun bir şekilde eleştirisini yaptığı modernizmin karşısına tabiîliği, tabiatla iç içe olma durumunu koyar. Modernizmin karşısında yenilmiş, kendini ve aslını kaybetmiş olan insan ancak tabiatla yeniden buluştuğu, onunla iç içe olduğu zaman gerçek kimliğine geri dönebilecek ve olması gereken yerde durabilecektir. Kȃinatı meydana getiren dört ana unsurdan biri olan toprak ise Karakoç’un şiirine zaman zaman insanın aslını temsil eden bir öz yahut da tabiîliğe ait bir unsur olarak doğal ortamdaki haliyle yansımıştır. Bu çalışmada Sezai Karakoç’un şiirlerinde yer alan toprak unsuru incelenmiş ve şiirin iç realitesi etrafında oluşturduğu anlam dünyası bakımından irdelenmiştir. 154 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2676 Title A name given to the resource KİLİSLİ ZİHNÎ DİVANI’NDAKİ KERBELA MESİYELERİ Author Author ŞENER, Hasan Abstract A summary of the resource. Kilisli Zihni, 19. Yüzyılda Kilis’te yaşamış son dönem klasik Türk edebiyatı şairlerindendir. Asıl adı, Mehmet’tir. Babası Çermik müftüsü Abdullah Efendi’dir. Vasfi Mahir Kocatürk, Türk Edebiyatı Tarihinde onun 19.yy.da Tanzimat’tan sonra, İstanbul dışında yetişmiş en güçlü şahsiyetlerden birisi olduğunu söyler. Bir Nakşibendi tekkesi olan Kilis’teki Baytazoğlu tekkesine bağlı olup, Abdullah Sermest Efendi’ye intisap etmiştir. Abdullah Sermest Efendi ve Hacı Abdünnafi Efendi, onun çok sevdiği ve saydığı kimselerdendir. Abdullah Sermest Efendi’nin ölümü üzerine Zihni Efendi, büyük bir boşluğa düşmüş ve 1889 Birecik’e göçmüş ve 1893 yılında vefat etmiştir. Zihni Efendi, edebi üslubu itibariyle güçlü bir şairdir. Üslubu; sade, fikirleri açıktır. Rint- Meşrep bir kişiliği vardır. İslam tarihinin en hazîn olaylarından biri Kerbelâ hadisesidir. Kerbelâ’da Hz. Peygamber’in torunu Hz. Hüseyin’in ve ailesinin elîm bir şekilde şehit edilmesi, İslam âlemini derinden etkilemiştir. Türk edebiyatında birçok şair bu olay karşısındaki hislerini dile getirmek için mersiyeler kaleme almıştır. Hz. Hüseyin’in Kerbela’da şehit edilmesine duyduğu derin üzüntüyü mersiye yazarak dile getiren şairlerden biri de, yukarıda hakkında kısaca bilgi verdiğimiz, XIX. yüzyıl divan şairlerinden Kilisli Zihnî’dir. Bildirimizde, Kilisli Zihnî hakkında kısaca bilgi verildikten sonra onun Kerbelâ mersiyeleri şekil ve muhteva özellikleri açısından incelenecektir. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014-05-23 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-582X P Philology. Linguistics,PA Classical philology,PI Oriental languages and literatures,PN Literature (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/74a84cc74aea06607f6ee09efb85a213.pdf 34b3881f68ba78750f6e6180b9829725 PDF Text Text BİLDİRİ ÖZETLERİ - UTEK 2014 ABSTRACT The difference between Turkish and Bosnian language is obvious at all linguistic levels, and the category of passive voice is not an exception. This paper deals with morphological and syntactical-semantic characteristics, differences and similarities within the passive category in Turkish and Bosnian language. The paper consists of three parts, and the first unit involve the morphological structure of passive voice in Turkish and Bosnian language. In this part of the research, the characteristics, differences and similarities within the passive constructions in these two languages are analyzed. The second part analyzes passive sentences, and the manner of translating passive in Turkish with explicitly defined general agent, as well as examples of passive where general agent is implicitly pointed to, but is completely anonymized. The third part of research deals with Turkish noun sentences with predicates var and yok, which open up space for grammatical subject with the role of patient, and their translational equivalents in Bosnian language are analyzed. It will also attempt to offer translational equivalents of passive constructions in Turkish. Two methods were employed in the research: analytical-descriptive method in the introductory part and contrastive method in elaboration. “GEBERMEK” FİİLİ NEREDEN GELİYOR Serkan ŞEN Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi, Samsun / Türkiye Anahtar Kelimeler: Gebermek, gebe, köken bilgisi, Eski Türkçe, Türkiye Türkçesi. ÖZET Türkiye Türkçesinde, sevilmeyen insanlar ile değer verilmeyen hayvanların ölümünü anlatan gebermek fiilinin oluşumu hakkında değişik görüşler öne sürülmüştür. Bu görüşler iki noktada yoğunlaşmaktadır. İlki, geber-’in “şişkin, kabarık; hamile” manasındaki kébe / kebe ~ gebe sözünden geldiğidir. İkinci görüş ise sözcüğün kabar- fiilinin ikili biçimi olduğudur. Bildirimizde sözcüğün türeyişi üzerinde duran araştırmacıların yaklaşımları zikredildikten 51 �BİLDİRİ ÖZETLERİ - UTEK 2014 sonra bunların eleştirileri yapılacaktır. Eski Türkçede kéber- ~ képer- fiilini ölüm haliyle ilgili olarak değişik metinlerde tanıklamak mümkünken kébe sözcüğüne hiç rastlanılmamasına dikkat çekilecektir. Türev (képer-), defalarca tespit edilebilirken tabana (kébe-) ancak XIV. yüzyıldan sonra rastlanılmasının çelişki olduğu ifade edilecektir. képer- > geber- fiilini Eski Türkçede saymaca olarak nitelendirebileceğimiz képe ~ kébe sözü yerine kép “biçim, tarz” köküne götürebileceğimiz dile getirilecektir. kép “biçim, tarz” kökü ile kébermek türevi arasındaki ilişkide kép+er- şeklinde bir genişlemenin söz konusu olduğu vurgulanacaktır. Anlam boyutunda ise “(bilinenin dışında) bir biçim almak” ile bedenin şişmesinin kastedildiği ifade edilecektir. kép’in Eski Türkçede kapalı e (é) ile uzun ünlülü oluşunun geber- fiiline taban teşkil etmesini imkân sağladığı eldeki bulgularla desteklenecektir. Anlam geçişlerini göstermek üzere örnek bağlamlardan olabildiğince yararlanılacaktır. WHERE DOES THE VERB “GEBER-” COME FROM Key words: To die, pregnant, etymology, Old Turkish, Turkey Turkish. ABSTRACT There are different opinions about formation of “geber-” verb that is described unloveble people and animals’ death in Turkey Turkish. These opinions focuse on two points. First opinion is that geber- “to die” comes from kébe / kebe ~ gebe “swollen, puffy, pregnant”. Second opinion is that geber is kabarverb’s binary format. In this paper, after it will be mentioned opinions of researchers that research this word’s etymology, it will be criticized them. It will be pointed it’s possible to prove that in Old Turkish kéber- ~ képer- is about death case in different texts, it is not encountered kébe. It will be refered to the contradiction that altough derivative (képer-) can be determined recurrently, base (kébe-) was seen only after XIV. century. It will be mentioned that képer- > geber- can be come from kép “style, form” base not from képe ~ kébe that can be described as a conventional in Old Turkish. It will be underlined there is opening like kép+er- in relatonship with base of kép “style, form” and derivative of kébermek. In the meaning dimension, it will be expressed that “(known outside) get a form” means that swelling of the body. It will be supported that kép is base of geber- because of there are closed vowel e (é) and long wovel in kép in Old Turkish by available evidence. It 52 �BİLDİRİ ÖZETLERİ - UTEK 2014 will be utilized for showing meaning semantic changes by context examples as much as possible. YABANCI DİL OLARAK TÜRKÇE ÖĞRETİMİNDE ORTAK YÖNTEM YA DA YÖNTEMLERİN ARAYIŞINDA KARŞILAŞILAN ENGELLER ÜZERİNE Mustafa ÇETİN İpek Üniversitesi, Ankara / Türkiy Anahtar Kelimeler: Yabancılara Türkçe öğretimi, yöntem sorunu, yabanci dil Türkçe. ÖZET Geçmişe uzanan tarihine rağmen yabancılara Türkçe öğretimi ya da yabancı dil olarak Türkçe öğretimi son yirmi beş yılda özellikle de son on yılda özel bir ilgi alanı haline gelmiştir. Başlangıçta her dilin öğretiminde olduğu gibi klasik denilebilecek yöntemler, özellikle de dilbilgisi tercüme yöntemi kullanılırken sonraları yeni arayışlara, daha yeni yöntemlere yönelinmiştir. Dil öğrenimi ve öğretimi denilince genel anlamda Avrupa dillerinin öğrenimi ve öğretimi esas alındığından ve yöntem, teknik, program diğer unsurlar bir Avrupa dilini bir başka Avrupalının öğreneceği teziyle şekillendirildiği için bu yöntemlerin olduğu gibi Türkçeye uyarlanması ve kullanılması mümkün görünmemektedir. Bu ve benzeri durumlara bağlı olarak genelde tercih edilen karma yöntemler kadar bir ya da iki yöntemin uyarlanması gibi yollara başvurulduğu görülmektedir. Yöntemler hakkında yapılan çalışmaların da hemen hemen hepsinin teorik kalmasına bağlı olarak yabancılara Türkçe öğretimi sahasında pek çok problemin yanı sıra bir de yöntem sorunu ortaya çıkmaktadır. Yöntem konusunu ikinci dereceye iten önemli etkenlerden biri de Avrupa Ortak Dil Ölçütü Çerçevesinin, dilin nasıl öğretileceğini değil neyin öğretileceğini benimseyen konu bazlı yaklaşımı da etkili olmuştur. İkinci önemli etken kullanılan kitap ve malzemeye bağlı bir öğretim yolunun şekilleniyor olmasıdır. Üçüncü önemli etken ise gerçekten etkin bir yöntem bulunmamasına da bağlı olarak bireysel yolların sıklıkla tercih ediliyor olmasıdır. 53 �BİLDİRİ ÖZETLERİ - UTEK 2014 ABSTRACT Despite the history dating back the old times, teaching Turkish to foreigners or teaching Turkish as a foreign language has been a field of interest for 25 years, particularly for 10 years. Initially, classical methods which were used in other languages teaching, especially Grammar-translation method was used; then search for new methods came to the agenda. As the first languages are European languages when it comes to language teaching, the methods, techniques and programmes are fixed for European language teaching to a European, it is not possible to teach Turkish using the same methods. Within this frame, it is seen that applying one or two methods is preferred while eclected methods are also used. There occurs many problem of method, beside other problems in the area of teaching Turkish stemming from sticking to theorical limitations of researchs. One of the most important factors that makes method second problem is caused by Common European Language Framework of Reference’s approach toward adopting what to teach, rather than how to teach. Second important factor is that a teaching method based on book and material is taking shape. Third important factor is that individual methods are highly preferred because there is no really valid method. CANDAN ERÇETİN'İN MİLYONLARCA KUŞTUK ŞİİRİNİN MUHTEVASI VE KAYNAKLARI Gencay ZAVOTÇU Univerzitet U Tuzla /Bosna Hersek Anahtar Kelimeler: Kuşlar, uçmak, yolculuk, yedi vâdi, Kâf Dağı. ÖZET Sanatçı,söz yazarı ve eğitimci Candan Erçetin tarafından yazılıp seslendirilen Milyonlarca Kuştuk şiiri edebî, tasavvufî, ahlâkî, felsefî, hikemî v.d. alanlarda geniş yelpazeli kültürel birikim yansıtan bir şiirdir. Bu şiir, zengin ve çok yönlü bir kültürel birikimden beslenmenin yanında geçmiş ile bugün arasında kültür aktarıcısı bir metin işlevine de sahiptir. Şiirin, görsel ve işitsel iletişim 54 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2717 Title A name given to the resource “GEBERMEK” FİİLİ NEREDEN GELİYOR Author Author ŞEN, Serkan Abstract A summary of the resource. Türkiye Türkçesinde, sevilmeyen insanlar ile değer verilmeyen hayvanların ölümünü anlatan gebermek fiilinin oluşumu hakkında değişik görüşler öne sürülmüştür. Bu görüşler iki noktada yoğunlaşmaktadır. İlki, geber-’in “şişkin, kabarık; hamile” manasındaki kébe / kebe ~ gebe sözünden geldiğidir. İkinci görüş ise sözcüğün kabar- fiilinin ikili biçimi olduğudur. Bildirimizde sözcüğün türeyişi üzerinde duran araştırmacıların yaklaşımları zikredildikten sonra bunların eleştirileri yapılacaktır. Eski Türkçede kéber- ~ képer- fiilini ölüm haliyle ilgili olarak değişik metinlerde tanıklamak mümkünken kébe sözcüğüne hiç rastlanılmamasına dikkat çekilecektir. Türev (képer-), defalarca tespit edilebilirken tabana (kébe-) ancak XIV. yüzyıldan sonra rastlanılmasının çelişki olduğu ifade edilecektir. képer- > geber- fiilini Eski Türkçede saymaca olarak nitelendirebileceğimiz képe ~ kébe sözü yerine kép “biçim, tarz” köküne götürebileceğimiz dile getirilecektir. kép “biçim, tarz” kökü ile kébermek türevi arasındaki ilişkide kép+er- şeklinde bir genişlemenin söz konusu olduğu vurgulanacaktır. Anlam boyutunda ise “(bilinenin dışında) bir biçim almak” ile bedenin şişmesinin kastedildiği ifade edilecektir. kép’in Eski Türkçede kapalı e (é) ile uzun ünlülü oluşunun geber- fiiline taban teşkil etmesini imkân sağladığı eldeki bulgularla desteklenecektir. Anlam geçişlerini göstermek üzere örnek bağlamlardan olabildiğince yararlanılacaktır. WHERE DOES THE VERB “GEBER-” COME FROM Key words: To die, pregnant, etymology, Old Turkish, Turkey Turkish. ABSTRACT There are different opinions about formation of “geber-” verb that is described unloveble people and animals’ death in Turkey Turkish. These opinions focuse on two points. First opinion is that geber- “to die” comes from kébe / kebe ~ gebe “swollen, puffy, pregnant”. Second opinion is that geber is kabarverb’s binary format. In this paper, after it will be mentioned opinions of researchers that research this word’s etymology, it will be criticized them. It will be pointed it’s possible to prove that in Old Turkish kéber- ~ képer- is about death case in different texts, it is not encountered kébe. It will be refered to the contradiction that altough derivative (képer-) can be determined recurrently, base (kébe-) was seen only after XIV. century. It will be mentioned that képer- > geber- can be come from kép “style, form” base not from képe ~ kébe that can be described as a conventional in Old Turkish. It will be underlined there is opening like kép+er- in relatonship with base of kép “style, form” and derivative of kébermek. In the meaning dimension, it will be expressed that “(known outside) get a form” means that swelling of the body. It will be supported that kép is base of geber- because of there are closed vowel e (é) and long wovel in kép in Old Turkish by available evidence. It will be utilized for showing meaning semantic changes by context examples as much as possible. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014-05-23 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-582X P Philology. Linguistics,PA Classical philology,PI Oriental languages and literatures,PN Literature (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/e588738d892e9bcc931c15e504fda7e0.pdf da9118b56e78d30262f9f1cb13164724 PDF Text Text BİLDİRİ ÖZETLERİ - UTEK 2014 MECMUA-İ MUHAMMED ENVERİ KADIZADE Gülsüm ŞAHİN International Burch University / Bosna Hersek Ali Rıza ÖZUYGUN International Burch University / Bosna Hersek Anahtar Kelimeler: Bosna Hersek, mecmua, Muhammed Enveri Kadızade, yazma eserler. ÖZET Bosna, Osmanlı idaresinde kaldığı 1463-1878 yılları arasında Osmanlı kültürüyle tanışmış ve bu dönemde Boşnak şair ve yazarlar Türkçe, Arapça ve Farsça öğrenerek Klasik Türk Edebiyatının örneklerini vermişlerdir. Bugün Saraybosna’daki Gazi Hüsrev Bey Kütüphanesinde muhafaza edilen binlerce Türkçe yazma eserde, bunun örneklerini görmekteyiz. Klasik Türk Edebiyatının örneklerinden seçmelerle düzenlenen mecmualar, düzenleyenin zevkine göre şekillenmektedir. Bir şiir defteri niteliğinde olan mecmualar, yazıldıkları döneme ait tarihi ve toplumsal olaylara ışık tutması açısından da önemlidir. Bu çalışmamızda Saraybosna’da bulunan Gazi Hüsrev Bey Kütüphanesindeki Türkçe yazma eserler arasından Muhammed Enveri Kadızade’ye ait bir mecmua incelenecektir. 1855-1931 yılları arasında yaşayan Muhammed Enveri Kadızade, 1871 yılından itibaren arşivde çalışmaya başlamış ve bu sırada bulduğu her bilgi ve belgeyi kaydetmiştir. Şiir ve nesrin bir arada bulunduğu bu küçük çaplı mecmuada Saraybosna camileri için tanzim edilen tarihler ve çeşitli mersiyeler bulunmaktadır. 163 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2685 Title A name given to the resource MECMUA-İ MUHAMMED ENVERİ KADIZADE Author Author ŞAHİN, Gülsüm ÖZUYGUN, Ali Rıza Abstract A summary of the resource. Bosna, Osmanlı idaresinde kaldığı 1463-1878 yılları arasında Osmanlı kültürüyle tanışmış ve bu dönemde Boşnak şair ve yazarlar Türkçe, Arapça ve Farsça öğrenerek Klasik Türk Edebiyatının örneklerini vermişlerdir. Bugün Saraybosna’daki Gazi Hüsrev Bey Kütüphanesinde muhafaza edilen binlerce Türkçe yazma eserde, bunun örneklerini görmekteyiz. Klasik Türk Edebiyatının örneklerinden seçmelerle düzenlenen mecmualar, düzenleyenin zevkine göre şekillenmektedir. Bir şiir defteri niteliğinde olan mecmualar, yazıldıkları döneme ait tarihi ve toplumsal olaylara ışık tutması açısından da önemlidir. Bu çalışmamızda Saraybosna’da bulunan Gazi Hüsrev Bey Kütüphanesindeki Türkçe yazma eserler arasından Muhammed Enveri Kadızade’ye ait bir mecmua incelenecektir. 1855-1931 yılları arasında yaşayan Muhammed Enveri Kadızade, 1871 yılından itibaren arşivde çalışmaya başlamış ve bu sırada bulduğu her bilgi ve belgeyi kaydetmiştir. Şiir ve nesrin bir arada bulunduğu bu küçük çaplı mecmuada Saraybosna camileri için tanzim edilen tarihler ve çeşitli mersiyeler bulunmaktadır. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014-05-23 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-582X P Philology. Linguistics,PA Classical philology,PI Oriental languages and literatures,PN Literature (General) Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2641 Title A name given to the resource Romanya Eğitim Sisteminde Azınlıklar ve Türk Dili ve Edebiyatı Öğretimi Author Author ŞAHİN, Esin Yağmur ÇELİK, Erhan Abstract A summary of the resource. Bu çalışma, Romanya eğitim sistemi içinde azınlıklara verilen haklardan yola çıkarak Romanya’da yaşayan Türk azınlığın eğitimini ve eğitim kurumlarını, tarihi ve bugünü ile ortaya koymaya yönelik kuramsal bir araştırmadır. Araştırmada “doküman tarama” deseni kullanılarak konu ile ilgili kaynaklar taranmış ve elde edilen bilgiler belirli bir sistem ile orta koyulmuştur. Öncelikle Romanya’nın coğrafi, tarihi; demografik, siyasi ve idari yapısı ele alınmış ve Romanya’da yaşayan azınlıklardan bahsedilmiştir. Romanya’da yaşayan azınlıklar içinde Türk azınlığın tarihi ve şu anki durumu hakkında bilgiler verilmiştir. Romanya eğitim sistemi hakkında genel bilgiler verildikten sonra Romanya’da yaşayan Türk azınlığın eğitim durumu ve eğitim kurumları tarihi bir süreç içinde ele alınarak bugünkü durum belirlenmeye çalışılmıştır. Sonuç bölüme Türk azınlığın eğitimi ile ilgili sorunlar tespit edilmeye çalışılmıştır. Bu sorunların şu ana başlıklar altında toplandığı görülmüştür: Materyal eksikliği, öğrencilerden kaynaklanan sorunlar, öğretmenden kaynaklanan sorunlar. Tartışma bölümünde ise bu sorunların çözümüne yönelik öneriler dile getirilmiştir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Romanya, azınlık, Türk azınlık, eğitim, Türk Dili ve Edebiyatı. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014-05-23 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-582X P Philology. Linguistics,PA Classical philology,PI Oriental languages and literatures,PN Literature (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/e32641fd5ef72b8bfa3b5c73ec8c8d9e.pdf 8f0395f1ec06d05074159e988f15b804 PDF Text Text BİLDİRİ ÖZETLERİ - UTEK 2014 survive in the literary world as a “female writer” at the same time, due to which she experienced “a double otherness”. In addition, it is not possible to know exactly whether Sevim Burak, who had a Jewish identity coming from her mother, was able to adopt this Jewish identity or to what extent, or was her reflecting the female characters in her literary works influenced by her hatred towards her mother or her pity for her? Briefly, the purpose of this proceeding is to read Sevim Burak’s biography with the help of her fictions such as her stories, novels, and plays as well as her letters and interviews, and her life and relationship with her mother, and to look at the traces of the lives that she constructed in her works keeping her mother in mind on her real life, and, while doing all these, to witness the minor language that she created in the major language as “the other”. GAZAVÂTNÂMELERDE DİL VE ÜSLUP Kürşat Şamil ŞAHIN Bartın Üniversitesi, Bartın / Türkiye Anahtar Kelimeler: Gazavâtnâme, dil, üslup. ÖZET Manzum, mensur veya karışık olarak yazılan ve düşmanla yapılan savaşları konu alan gazavâtnâmeler Türk edebiyatında XV. yüzyıldan sonra gittikçe artan bir gelişme göstermiştir. Osmanlı devletinin gerilemeye başlayıp akınların durmasıyla gazavâtnâmeler azalmış, gazâ geleneğinin ortadan kalkmasıyla da bu türün devamlılığı sona ermiştir. Ele alınan savaşlar zaferle veya yapılan bir sefer fetihle sonuçlanmışsa müellif çoğu zaman eserini zafernâme, fetihnâme diye isimlendirmiştir. Bir padişahı merkeze alarak onun gazâlarını ele alanlar ise padişahın adından mülhem eserlerine Selimnâme, Süleymannâme gibi isimler vermişlerdir. Genel görünüş itibariyle bu eserler padişahlardan birinin hayatını merkez alarak onun zamanındaki belli başlı olayları tasvir edenler, önemli kumandan ve devlet adamlarından birinin gazâlarını tasvir edenler ve sadece belli bir sefer ya da kalenin alınmasını tasvir edenler olmak üzere üç kısımda gruplandırılabilir. Genelde gazâyı gerçekleştiren şahıs ön plana çıkarılır ve olaylar bu şahıs etrafında gelişir. Bu 47 �BİLDİRİ ÖZETLERİ - UTEK 2014 tür bize Arap edebiyatından geçmiştir. Peygamberin gazâlarını ve İslam büyüklerinin yaptıkları savaşları aktarmak isteyen yazarlar zamanla müstakil eserler vücuda getirdiler. İlmî ve edebî açıdan değerlendirilmesi gereken gazavâtnâme türüne ait pek çok eser vardır. Bunların edebî yönünün ihmal edildiği görülür. Türk dili ve tarihi açısından önemli bilgiler barındıran bu eserlere dair dil ve üslup bakımından genel anlamda yapılmış fazla bir çalışma yoktur. Çalışmada, özellikle Türk edebiyatı dairesinde XV. ve XVI. yüzyıllarda yazılmış olan gazavâtnâmelerden hareketle türe dair genel bir dil ve üslup değerlendirmesi yapıldı. Bu eserlerin hangi yönleriyle öne çıktığı, benzerlik ve farklılıkları nelerdir gibi hususlar açıklandı. LANGUAGE AND STYLE GHAZATNAMAHS Key Words:Ghazatnamah, language, style. ABSTRACT Whether written in verse and prose, or in mixed type, Ghazavatnamahs, which are about the battles against the enemy, have shown an increasing development after 15th century in Turkish literature. They have decreased with the decline of the Ottoman Empire and the stop of raids, and the continuity of this genre has ended by the disappearance of the tradition of ghazas (holy war). If a discussed war resulted in victory or an expedition in conquest, the author often entitled his work as zafernamah or fetihnamah. Those authors, who took a sultan at the centre and dealt with his ghazas, entitled their works such as Selimnamah or Süleymannamah -inspired from the name of sultan. By outlook, these works can be grouped as three parts: those which take one of the sultans at the centre and depict the major events of his time; those which depict the ghaza(s) of one of an important commanders and statesmen; and those which depict a certain expedition or a fall of a castle. In general, the person who performs a ghaza is brought to the fore and the event revolves around this person. This genre has passed to us from the Arabic literature. The authors who want to narrate the ghazas of the Prophet and other great Islamic figures have gradually embodied detached works of art. There are many works belonging to the genre of ghazavatnamah which should be evaluated in terms of science of literary. It is particularly seen that the literal side of these are neglected. There are not many studies that have been done in 48 �BİLDİRİ ÖZETLERİ - UTEK 2014 terms of language and style regarding these works which have important information of Turkish language and the history. It will be generally evaluated in this study through language and style in the ghazavatnamahs which are written in 15th and 16th centuries. It will be tried to explain how these works stand out and what similarities and differences they have.) DOBRUCA TATAR TÜRKÇESİNDE HAYVAN ADLARIYLA KURULMUŞ ATASÖZLERİ ÜZERİNE BİR DEĞERLENDİRME Sinan UYĞUR Artvin Çoruh Üniversitesi, Artvin /Türkiye Anahtar Kelimeler: Dobruca Tatar Türkleri, Dobruca Tatar Türkçesi, Atasözleri. ÖZET Asya’nın ortalarından gelip Dobruca’yı yurt tutan Tatar Türkleri, beraberlerinde kültürlerini ve kültürlerinin yansıması dillerini de bu coğrafyaya getirmiş ve kültürlerini ve dillerini burada geliştirip yaşatmaya devam etmişlerdir. Tatar Türklerinin sözlüklerindeki her bir kelime onların geçmişini aydınlatacak bir fener hükmünde olduğu gibi, onların çeşitli mevzularda anlamı güçlendirmek, ifadeyi canlandırmak için kullandıkları deyimler ve özellikle de atasözleri milletin geçirmiş olduğu safahatı gözler önüne sermede yararlanılacak öncelikli kaynaklardan biridir. Bunlardan hayvan isimleri ile kurulmuş atasözleri ise mazide milletin hayvanlar ile olan münasebetini, milletin yaşantısını bunanla birlikte müşahede becerisini yansıtması bakımından önemlidir. Daha da önemlisi bunların Tatar Türklerinin çeşitli kavramlara karşılık bulmada soyutlama becerilerinin ne denli olduğunu ortaya koymasıdır. Bu bildiride Dobruca Tatar Türklerinin atasözleri taranarak elde edilen hayvan isimleriyle kurulmuş atasözleri ve hayvan isimleri çeşitli açılardan değerlendirilecektir. 49 �BİLDİRİ ÖZETLERİ - UTEK 2014 TÜRKÇEDEKI EDİLGEN CÜMLENİN ÖZELLİKLERİ VE BU TÜR CÜMLELERİN BOŞNAKÇA KARŞILIKLARI Mirza BASİC Tüzla Üniversitesi / Bosna Hersek Anahtar Kelimeler: edilgen çatı, Türkçe, Boşnakça, tercüme olanakları. ÖZET Türkçe ile Boşnakça arasındaki farklılıklar dil bilgisinin tüm dallarında görülür. Bunun için bu iki dilin edilgen çatıları arasında pek çok farklılık da vardır. Üç bölümden oluşmakta olan bu çalışmada Türkçede ve Boşnakçada kullanılan edilgen çatının morfolojik, sentaktik ve semantik özellikleri ele alınır. Türk ve Boşnak dillerindeki edilgen çatının morfolojik yapısını konu alan birinci bölümde bu iki dilin edilgen çatıları arasındaki farklılıklar ve benzerlikler incelenir. İkinci bölümde edilgen cümleler sentaktik ve semantik açısından tahlil edilir. Bunun yanısıra, bir cümlede gösterilen iş, oluş veya hareketi yapan ve ''agent'' denilen unsurun açık bir şekilde yer aldığı edilgen cümlenin Boşnakçaya nasıl çevrilmesi gerektiği tespit edilmeye çalışılır. Bununla birlikte, agentin dolaylı olarak belirtildiği veya yapısında hiç yer almadığı edilgen cümlelerin tercüme çeşitleri de incelenir. Cümlede yapılan işten etkilenen ve ''patient'' olarak adlandırılan unsur, var, yok sözcükler ile kurulan bazı isim cümlelerinde özne görevini alabilir. Üçüncü bölümde ise bu tür isim cümlelerinin nasıl çevrilmesi gerektiği ele alınır. Bu çalışmanın ana amacı Türkçede ve Boşnakçada kullanılan edilgen çatılarının benzer ve farklı yönlerinin tespit edilmesiyle edilgen cümlelerin tercüme olanaklarının araştırılmasıdır. Çalışmada iki metod izlenmiştir. Giriş kısmı için analitiktanımlayıcı, diğer bölümler için ise karşılaştırmalı metot kullanılmıştır. THE PASSIVE SENTENCE IN THE TURKISH LANGUAGE AND ITS EXPRESSION IN TRANSLATION INTO BOSNIAN LANGUAGE Key words: passive construction, translational equivalent, the Turkish language, the Bosnian language. 50 �BİLDİRİ ÖZETLERİ - UTEK 2014 ABSTRACT The difference between Turkish and Bosnian language is obvious at all linguistic levels, and the category of passive voice is not an exception. This paper deals with morphological and syntactical-semantic characteristics, differences and similarities within the passive category in Turkish and Bosnian language. The paper consists of three parts, and the first unit involve the morphological structure of passive voice in Turkish and Bosnian language. In this part of the research, the characteristics, differences and similarities within the passive constructions in these two languages are analyzed. The second part analyzes passive sentences, and the manner of translating passive in Turkish with explicitly defined general agent, as well as examples of passive where general agent is implicitly pointed to, but is completely anonymized. The third part of research deals with Turkish noun sentences with predicates var and yok, which open up space for grammatical subject with the role of patient, and their translational equivalents in Bosnian language are analyzed. It will also attempt to offer translational equivalents of passive constructions in Turkish. Two methods were employed in the research: analytical-descriptive method in the introductory part and contrastive method in elaboration. “GEBERMEK” FİİLİ NEREDEN GELİYOR Serkan ŞEN Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi, Samsun / Türkiye Anahtar Kelimeler: Gebermek, gebe, köken bilgisi, Eski Türkçe, Türkiye Türkçesi. ÖZET Türkiye Türkçesinde, sevilmeyen insanlar ile değer verilmeyen hayvanların ölümünü anlatan gebermek fiilinin oluşumu hakkında değişik görüşler öne sürülmüştür. Bu görüşler iki noktada yoğunlaşmaktadır. İlki, geber-’in “şişkin, kabarık; hamile” manasındaki kébe / kebe ~ gebe sözünden geldiğidir. İkinci görüş ise sözcüğün kabar- fiilinin ikili biçimi olduğudur. Bildirimizde sözcüğün türeyişi üzerinde duran araştırmacıların yaklaşımları zikredildikten 51 �BİLDİRİ ÖZETLERİ - UTEK 2014 sonra bunların eleştirileri yapılacaktır. Eski Türkçede kéber- ~ képer- fiilini ölüm haliyle ilgili olarak değişik metinlerde tanıklamak mümkünken kébe sözcüğüne hiç rastlanılmamasına dikkat çekilecektir. Türev (képer-), defalarca tespit edilebilirken tabana (kébe-) ancak XIV. yüzyıldan sonra rastlanılmasının çelişki olduğu ifade edilecektir. képer- > geber- fiilini Eski Türkçede saymaca olarak nitelendirebileceğimiz képe ~ kébe sözü yerine kép “biçim, tarz” köküne götürebileceğimiz dile getirilecektir. kép “biçim, tarz” kökü ile kébermek türevi arasındaki ilişkide kép+er- şeklinde bir genişlemenin söz konusu olduğu vurgulanacaktır. Anlam boyutunda ise “(bilinenin dışında) bir biçim almak” ile bedenin şişmesinin kastedildiği ifade edilecektir. kép’in Eski Türkçede kapalı e (é) ile uzun ünlülü oluşunun geber- fiiline taban teşkil etmesini imkân sağladığı eldeki bulgularla desteklenecektir. Anlam geçişlerini göstermek üzere örnek bağlamlardan olabildiğince yararlanılacaktır. WHERE DOES THE VERB “GEBER-” COME FROM Key words: To die, pregnant, etymology, Old Turkish, Turkey Turkish. ABSTRACT There are different opinions about formation of “geber-” verb that is described unloveble people and animals’ death in Turkey Turkish. These opinions focuse on two points. First opinion is that geber- “to die” comes from kébe / kebe ~ gebe “swollen, puffy, pregnant”. Second opinion is that geber is kabarverb’s binary format. In this paper, after it will be mentioned opinions of researchers that research this word’s etymology, it will be criticized them. It will be pointed it’s possible to prove that in Old Turkish kéber- ~ képer- is about death case in different texts, it is not encountered kébe. It will be refered to the contradiction that altough derivative (képer-) can be determined recurrently, base (kébe-) was seen only after XIV. century. It will be mentioned that képer- > geber- can be come from kép “style, form” base not from képe ~ kébe that can be described as a conventional in Old Turkish. It will be underlined there is opening like kép+er- in relatonship with base of kép “style, form” and derivative of kébermek. In the meaning dimension, it will be expressed that “(known outside) get a form” means that swelling of the body. It will be supported that kép is base of geber- because of there are closed vowel e (é) and long wovel in kép in Old Turkish by available evidence. It 52 �BİLDİRİ ÖZETLERİ - UTEK 2014 will be utilized for showing meaning semantic changes by context examples as much as possible. YABANCI DİL OLARAK TÜRKÇE ÖĞRETİMİNDE ORTAK YÖNTEM YA DA YÖNTEMLERİN ARAYIŞINDA KARŞILAŞILAN ENGELLER ÜZERİNE Mustafa ÇETİN İpek Üniversitesi, Ankara / Türkiy Anahtar Kelimeler: Yabancılara Türkçe öğretimi, yöntem sorunu, yabanci dil Türkçe. ÖZET Geçmişe uzanan tarihine rağmen yabancılara Türkçe öğretimi ya da yabancı dil olarak Türkçe öğretimi son yirmi beş yılda özellikle de son on yılda özel bir ilgi alanı haline gelmiştir. Başlangıçta her dilin öğretiminde olduğu gibi klasik denilebilecek yöntemler, özellikle de dilbilgisi tercüme yöntemi kullanılırken sonraları yeni arayışlara, daha yeni yöntemlere yönelinmiştir. Dil öğrenimi ve öğretimi denilince genel anlamda Avrupa dillerinin öğrenimi ve öğretimi esas alındığından ve yöntem, teknik, program diğer unsurlar bir Avrupa dilini bir başka Avrupalının öğreneceği teziyle şekillendirildiği için bu yöntemlerin olduğu gibi Türkçeye uyarlanması ve kullanılması mümkün görünmemektedir. Bu ve benzeri durumlara bağlı olarak genelde tercih edilen karma yöntemler kadar bir ya da iki yöntemin uyarlanması gibi yollara başvurulduğu görülmektedir. Yöntemler hakkında yapılan çalışmaların da hemen hemen hepsinin teorik kalmasına bağlı olarak yabancılara Türkçe öğretimi sahasında pek çok problemin yanı sıra bir de yöntem sorunu ortaya çıkmaktadır. Yöntem konusunu ikinci dereceye iten önemli etkenlerden biri de Avrupa Ortak Dil Ölçütü Çerçevesinin, dilin nasıl öğretileceğini değil neyin öğretileceğini benimseyen konu bazlı yaklaşımı da etkili olmuştur. İkinci önemli etken kullanılan kitap ve malzemeye bağlı bir öğretim yolunun şekilleniyor olmasıdır. Üçüncü önemli etken ise gerçekten etkin bir yöntem bulunmamasına da bağlı olarak bireysel yolların sıklıkla tercih ediliyor olmasıdır. 53 �BİLDİRİ ÖZETLERİ - UTEK 2014 ABSTRACT Despite the history dating back the old times, teaching Turkish to foreigners or teaching Turkish as a foreign language has been a field of interest for 25 years, particularly for 10 years. Initially, classical methods which were used in other languages teaching, especially Grammar-translation method was used; then search for new methods came to the agenda. As the first languages are European languages when it comes to language teaching, the methods, techniques and programmes are fixed for European language teaching to a European, it is not possible to teach Turkish using the same methods. Within this frame, it is seen that applying one or two methods is preferred while eclected methods are also used. There occurs many problem of method, beside other problems in the area of teaching Turkish stemming from sticking to theorical limitations of researchs. One of the most important factors that makes method second problem is caused by Common European Language Framework of Reference’s approach toward adopting what to teach, rather than how to teach. Second important factor is that a teaching method based on book and material is taking shape. Third important factor is that individual methods are highly preferred because there is no really valid method. CANDAN ERÇETİN'İN MİLYONLARCA KUŞTUK ŞİİRİNİN MUHTEVASI VE KAYNAKLARI Gencay ZAVOTÇU Univerzitet U Tuzla /Bosna Hersek Anahtar Kelimeler: Kuşlar, uçmak, yolculuk, yedi vâdi, Kâf Dağı. ÖZET Sanatçı,söz yazarı ve eğitimci Candan Erçetin tarafından yazılıp seslendirilen Milyonlarca Kuştuk şiiri edebî, tasavvufî, ahlâkî, felsefî, hikemî v.d. alanlarda geniş yelpazeli kültürel birikim yansıtan bir şiirdir. Bu şiir, zengin ve çok yönlü bir kültürel birikimden beslenmenin yanında geçmiş ile bugün arasında kültür aktarıcısı bir metin işlevine de sahiptir. Şiirin, görsel ve işitsel iletişim 54 �BİLDİRİ ÖZETLERİ - UTEK 2014 araçlarında musîkî eşliğindeki görsel sunumu ise toplum üzerinde yapacağı etkiyi artıran sebepler olarak nitelenebilir. Milyonlarca Kuştuk şiirinin sözlerinin ilk mısraları yargı içerikli hikemî sözler içerir. Bu sözlerde kişilik yapısı ve karakter tahlili ile ilgili bildirimlere de yer verilir. Yargı içerikli mısra ve dörtlüklerin arkasından şair bu kez kuşların ağzından konuşur, Biz milyonlarca kuştuk kaf dağına kanat açtık Acı çektik yaralandık bilmiyorduk aldandık Kimimiz yollarda kaldık dünya malına kandık Kimimiz sebat ettik yedi vadiyi aştık diyerek Ferîdüddîn Attâr'ın Mantıku't-tayr'da anlattığı kuşların yolculuğuna atıfta bulunur. Vahdet yolculuğuna çıkan kuşların bir kısmının başlangıçta, bir kısmının ise ilerleyen safhalarda dünya sevdâsı, mâl mülk edinme telâşı, yılgınlık, yorgunluk ve farklı sebeplerle vaz geçmesi sebebiyle istek, aşk, ma'rifet, istignâ, tevhîd, hayret ve fakr u fenâ adlı Yedi Vâdi'yi ancak 30 kuş aşar, Kâf Dağı'na ve Sî-murg'a ulaşır. Attâr'dan sonra Gülşehrî'nin Mantıku'ttayr ve Alî Şîr Nevâî'nin Lisânü't-tâyr adlı eserlerinde de konu işlenmiş, gül ve bülbül konulu eserlerde ise kısmî olarak ele alınmıştır. Şiirdeki hikemî söz ve mısralar ise nasîhat-nâme ya da pend-nâme içerikli metinlerle ilişkilendirilebilir. Her kim ki ayrılık vadisinde duru Bilsin ki ne ararsa kendinde bulur gibi ve benzeri mısralar ise "Ne ekersen onu biçersin, eden bulur, İyilik yapan iyilik, kötülük yapan kötülük bulur" benzeri atasözü ve özlü sözlerden esinlenmiş izlenimi verirler. Hakikat ormanı, inkar limanı, ayrılık vâdisi gibi ifadeler ise edebiyattaki, özellikle de divan şiirindeki teşbîhleri hatırlatırlar. 55 �BİLDİRİ ÖZETLERİ - UTEK 2014 ÖĞRETİCİ METİN OLARAK PEND-NÂMELER (NASİHATNÂMELER) VE AHMED MÜRŞİDÎ EFENDİNİN PEND-NÂMESİNİN BİLİNMEYEN BİR NÜSHASI Müzahir KILIÇ Ağrı İbrahim Çeçen Üniversitesi, Ağrı / Türkiye Anahtar Kelimeler: Klasik Türk Edebiyatı, Pend-nâme, nâsihat-nâme, Ahmed Mürşidî Efendi, Yazma nüsha. ÖZET Nasihat, ya da pend öğüt demektir. Edebiyatta, din, ahlâk, toplumsal yaşam, meslekler, yönetim hizmetleri konularında öğüt verici veya iyi insan olma ve yaşamda başarılı olmanın yollarını gösteren eserlere (BL:8548)nasihatname denir. Nasihatnameler, öğüt kitaplarıdır. İslam dininin emir ve yasakları doğrultusunda insan hayatına yön veren, toplum içinde iyi insan olmanın sınırlarını çizen kurallardır. Bu kuralla, dinin emirleri doğrultusunda oluşmuş, bir bakıma uyulması gerekenler ve yasaklar bütünüdür. Klasik Türk edebiyatında bu tür eserlerin hemen her dönemde yazıldığı görülmektedir. İslâmi edebiyatın ilk ürünleri olan Kutadgu Bilig, Atabetü’l-Hakâyık ve Divan-ı Lügati’t-Türk işlediği konular ve mesajlar bakımından birer nasihat kitabıdır. Hatta Göktürk yazıtları bile içerdiği mesajlar açısından tarihi bir tecrübenin nasihatleri niteliğindedir. Bu alanın iki özel eseri; Güvahi ve Ahmed Mürşidî Efendinin pend-nâmeleridir. Bu eserler; atasözü, deyim, fıkra ve masalların yanında kelam-ı kibar örneklerinin sıkça kullanıldığı için dil malzemelerinin önemli kaynaklarıdır. Pendname şairi olarak bilinen Ahmed Mürşidî Efendi’nin eserinin birçok yazma ve baskı nüshaları mevcuttur. Bu eserin yazma bir nüshası bir öğrencimiz sayesinde tespit edilmiştir. 201 yk 7265 beyitten müteşekkil olan bu nüsha Burdurlu Muhammed Nuri Efendi tarafından istinsah edilmiştir. Burdurd’a bir esnafın elinde bulunmaktadır. 56 �BİLDİRİ ÖZETLERİ - UTEK 2014 YEKTA KOPAN'IN ÖYKÜCÜLÜĞÜ: MODERN ZAMANLARDA İNSANLIK HALLERİ Sibel YILMAZ Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi, Ankara / Türkiye Anahtar Kelimeler: Yekta Kopan, öykü, birey, monolog. ÖZET 2000'li yılların başından bu yana Türk öykücülüğünde önemli bir gelişim gözlenmektedir. Bu gelişime yazdığı nitelikli eserlerle katkıda bulunan yazarlardan biri de Yekta Kopan (1968-)'dır. Bugüne kadar yedi öykü kitabı yayımlayan yazar, Sait Faik Hikâye Armağanı ile Haldun Taner ve Yunus Nadi Öykü Ödülleri'ni kazanmıştır. 2000 yılında yayımlanan ilk öykü kitabı Fildişi Karası ile sonraki yıllarda geliştireceği öykü anlayışının ana çizgilerini ortaya koymuş; öykülerinde günümüz insanının yaşam tarzını ve iç dünyasını kendine özgü dili ile anlatmıştır. Her eserinde öykülerini farklı anlatım teknikleri ile kurgulayarak yeni söylem tarzları bulmaya çalışmış, Türkçenin imkânlarından sonuna kadar yararlanarak özgün bir dil anlayışı oluşturmuştur. Bu çalışmada "yapı-tema-anlatım" başlıkları altında yazarın eserlerine geniş bir açıdan bakılacak, eserleri arasındaki bağlantılar tespit edilecek ve günümüzün en çok tanınan yazarlarından biri olan Kopan'ın öykücülüğümüzdeki yeri üzerinde durulacaktır. 57 �BİLDİRİ ÖZETLERİ - UTEK 2014 BOSNAVÎ MEHMED NECÎB’İN SÜBHA-YI SIBYÂN ŞERHİ HEDİYYETÜ'L-İHVÂN'ININ ÜSLÛB VE METOD AÇISINDAN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ Atabey KILIÇ Erciyes Üniversitesi, Kayseri / Türkiye Muhammet KAYA Erciyes Üniversitesi, Kayseri / Türkiye Anahtar Kelimeler:Klâsik Türk Edebiyatı, manzum sözlük,Sübha-yı Sıbyân,Hediyyetü’l-İhvân. ÖZET Manzum sözlükler genellikle bugünkü ilköğretim seviyesine denk gelen çocukların Türkçe kelimelerin Arapça ve Farsça karşılıklarını öğrenebilmeleri için kaleme alınmış eserlerdir. Bu eserlerin faydaları arasında çocukların aruz bilgisini pekiştirmeleri de bulunmaktadır. Klâsik Türk Edebiyatı alanında tespit edebildiğimiz kadarıyla 50’den fazla manzum sözlük vardır. Yakın zamana kadar yapılan çalışmalara baktığımızda manzum sözlük şerhlerinin göz ardı edildiğini görmekteyiz. Hâlbuki Klâsik Türk Edebiyatı’nda manzum sözlük şerhleri ayrıca ilgilenilmesi gereken eserlerdir. Bizim bu çalışma ile amacımız şârihin bir manzum sözlük şerhi olan Hediyyetü’l-İhvân’daki üslûbu ve metodu hakkında bilgi vermek olacaktır. Çalışma çerçevesinde manzum sözlüklerden söz edilecek, bunların Klâsik Türk Edebiyatı’ndaki yeri ve önemi üzerinde durulacaktır. Ardından Hediyyetü’l-İhvân ve şârihi ile ilgili bilgiler verilecek, Hediyyetü’l-İhvân üslûb ve metod yönünden değerlendirilecektir. Hediyyetü’l-İhvân manzum sözlüklerimizden Sübha-yı Sıbyân’ın şerhidir. Türkçe-Arapça manzum sözlüklerimizden Sübha-yı Sıbyân özellikle 19.yy.da sıbyân mekteplerinde ders kitabı olarak okutulmuştur. Sübha-yı Sıbyân şerhi olan Hediyyetü’l-İhvân Bosnavî Mehmed Necîb tarafından yazılmış ve 18401903 yılları arasında 6 kez basılmıştır. Eserde yazar geleneksel şerhlerde olduğu gibi önce metni vermekte, ardından metinle ilgili gramer bilgilerini sıralamakta ve bu konu ile alâkalı söyleyebileceği başka türlü ne varsa onları eklemektedir. Key words: Classical Turkish Literature, verse dictionary, Sübha-yı Sıbyân, Hediyyetü’l- İhvân. 58 �BİLDİRİ ÖZETLERİ - UTEK 2014 ABSTRACT Verse dictionaries were written for primary school students to teach meaning of Turkish words in Arabic and Persian. This work utilities for children is giving more prosody knowledge. We saw that the number of verse dictionaries in Classical Turkish Literature is more than 50. If we look at sources we see that verse dictionaries’ commentaries are not studied. However, in Turkish Literature it is important to study verse dictionaries’ commentaries. Our aim with this study is giving information about Hediyyetü’l-İhvân its author’s working and method in it. In this study we will be mentioned about verse dictionaries, we will focus on their places and significance in Classical Turkish Literature. Then will be given the information about Hediyyetü’lİhvân and its author, Hediyyetü’l-İhvân will be evaluated in terms of wording and method. Hediyyetü’l-İhvân is the commentary or verse dictionary Sübhayı Sıbyân. It is an Turkish- Arabic verse dictionary and used as a text book at primary schools especially in 19th century. Hediyyetü’l-İhvân, commentary of Sübha-yı Sıbyân was written by Bosnavî Mehmed Necîb and it was published 6 times between 1840-1903. Writer gives text as in traditional commentary books then gives information about text grammar knowledge and adds every thing about this subject. OSMANLI DEVLETİ VE ORTA ASYA HANLIKLARI ARASINDA YAZMA ESERLER TAKASI: SÖMÜRGECİ GÜÇLERE KARŞI MANEVİ MİLLİ BİRLİK Dilorom HAMROEVA Özbekistan Bilimler Akademisi, Dil ve Edebiyat Enstitüsü/Özbekistan Anahtar Kelimeler: Osmanlı Dönemi Yazma Eserleri, Orta Asya ile alakalar, kitap takası. ÖZET Özbekistan’daki Anadolu sahasına ait yazma eserler ve bazı tercümelerin çoğunluğu XVIII-XX. Yüzyıllar arasında Osmanlı Devleti Sultanları ve Orta 59 �BİLDİRİ ÖZETLERİ - UTEK 2014 Asya Hanlıkları Hükümdarları tarafından sömürgeci güçlere karşı manevi milli birleşme, bütünleşme amacıyla talep ve takas edildiği bilinmektedir. Özbekistan İlimler Akademisi Yazma Eserler kütüphanesi ve çeşitli bölge kütüphanelerinde yer alan mezkür kitapların büyük bir kısmı XIXXX.Yüzyıllarda istinsah edilmiş olup, özellikle Harezm Hanı Muhammad Rahim-Han Firuz talebiyle çoğaltılmıştır.Kardeş Halklar ortasındaki manevi yakınlığı sağlamak üzere yayğınlaştırılmış kitaplar sırasında Türk Divan Edebiyatı ustaları İsa Necati Bey, Fitnat-Zübeyde Hanım (Şeyhu’l-İslam Muhammed Es‘ad kızı), Bâkî Çelebi, Garîbî Çelebi Seyyid Ebu Bekr, Hâtif Ahmed Efendi, Hâşim (Seyyid Mustafa Hâşim el-Üsküdârî), Hayâlî, Kânî, Kâimî, Kuddûsî (Ahmed Kuddusi), Leyla Hanım, Mâhir, Mustafa Bey, Sâmî, Nedim Ahmed Efendi, Nebî Efendi, Niyâzî Şeyh Muhammed Efendi, Pertev Paşa, Yahya, Zâtî Şeyh Süleyman, Zîver vs. şairlerin divanlarının farklı nüshaları rastlanmaktadır. Bunun yanı sıra, sonraki yüzyıllarda Orta Asya’ya getirilen “Târîh-i Feth-i Rûm”, “Şerh-i Mesnevî” gibi mensur, ”Garip-name”, ”Mevc-ul Bahreyn” gibi nadir eserler de bilinmektedir. Fakat Sovyet Rusyası döneminde düzenlenmiş olan Yazma Eserler Kataloğlarında söz konusu olan yüzden fazla yazmanın, sadece sekiz tanesi yer almış olup, diğerleri Türk Halkları arasındaki milli manevi hareketlerin dile getirilmemesi amacıyla ihmal edilmiştir. Mezkur bildiride, Orta Asya ve Osmanlı Devleti arasındaki sosyal ve kültürel alakalar, özellikle Sultanlar ve Hanlar tarafından talep ve takas edilmiş yazmalar, onların kardeş halklar manevi medeni hayatına etkisi üzerinde durulacaktır. 60 �BİLDİRİ ÖZETLERİ - UTEK 2014 SOFRACI DİVANI VE NÜSHA TANITIMI Adem BALABAN Hëna e Plotë "Bedër" University / Arnavutluk Bünyamin ÇAĞLAYAN Hëna e Plotë "Bedër" University / Arnavutluk Anahtar Kelimeler: Sofracı divanı, Uşşakî, nüsha, yazma eser. ÖZET Dil, kültür ve tarihimizin hazineleri olan Türkçe yazma eserler, yurt içi ve dışında birçok kütüphane bulunmaktadır. Bunlardan birçoğu incelenmiş olsa bile bazıları hala bilinmemekte ve gün ışığına çıkmayı beklemektedir. Bu eserlerden biri de Arnavutluk Milli Kütüphanesi Dr. 7. D. 19 numarada kayıtlı olan Sofracı Divanı’dır. Eserin Uşşaki tarikatına bağlı Sofracı mahlaslı biri tarafından yazıldığı anlaşılmakla beraber, Sofracı’nın kim olduğu hakkında herhangi bir bilgi yoktur. İçindeki şiirlerden Sofracı’nın Uşşaki olduğu ve Uşşaki şeyhi Cemâleddin Uşşâkî (ö. 1750) döneminde ya da ondan sonra yaşadığı anlaşılmaktadır. Şiirlerinde sade bir dil kullanan şair dini tasavvufi şiirler yazmıştır. Bu çalışmamızda Sofracı Divanı’nın nüsha tanıtımı ve içindeki şiirler hakkında bilgi verilecektir. Kaynaklarda adı veya mahlası zikredilmeyen Sofracı’nın bu çalışmamız ile edebiyat dünyasında bir değerlendirmeye tabi tutulacağına inanıyoruz. SOFRACI’S DİVAN AND ITS DESCRIPTION Keywords: Sofracı’s Divan, Uşşakî, manuscripts, copy. ABSTRACT Turkish manuscripts are treasures of our language, culture and history. These works are found at many libraries in Turkey and abroad. Many of them have been studied even though some of them still wait to be known. One of these works is Sofracı’s Divan. This book was registered at Dr. 7. D. 19 number at the National Library of Albania. Sofracı who is a member of Uşşaki Cult wrote this work. There is no information about him in his book or in any other sources. According to his poems, Sofracı lived during sheikh Jamaluddin 61 �BİLDİRİ ÖZETLERİ - UTEK 2014 Uşşâkî (d. 1750) period or after him. He used plain language in his poems and wrote religious mystical poems. In this study, we will present Sofracı’s Divan and will give information about the content of the book. We belive that our study will contribute to the literary by introducing Sofracı’s Divan to the world. POSTMODERN ANLATILARI OKUMA GÜÇLÜKLERİ Sevim Nilay IŞIKSALAN Ahi Evran Üniversitesi, Kırşehir / Türkiye Anahtar Kelimeler: Üstkurmaca, postmodern anlatılar, okuma güçlükleri. ÖZET Bu araştırma, üniversitemizin Türkçe Eğitimi Bölümünde yüksek lisans yapan 15 öğrencinin postmodern anlatıları okuma güçlüklerini irdelemek amacıyla hazırlanmıştır. Nitel araştırma deseni ile tasarlanan çalışmada, öğrencilerin postmodern anlatıları okurken hangi düzlemlerde, niçin zorlandıkları üzerinde durulmuştur. Araştırmada iki aşamalı bir çalışma yöntemi izlenmiştir. İlk olarak çalışma grubundaki öğrencilere, postmodern anlatıları ortaya çıkaran koşullar hakkında (4 saatlik) önbilgi verilmiştir. 20. yüzyılın fizikbilimindeki gelişmeleri - Max Planc’ın quantum, Einstein’ın görelilik kuramı ile Heisenberg’in belirsizlik ilkesi- anlatılarak zaman ve uzam algısındaki köklü değişimler vurgulanmıştır. Ruhbilimindeki yeni yaklaşımlar ve kuramlar Freud’un bilinçaltı, Jung’un kolektif bilinçaltı, Adler’in bireysel psikolojisi, Bergson’un sezgicilik hakkındaki görüşlerine değinilmiştir. Bireyin öznel ve toplumsal yaşamını kuşatan ve onda farklı değerler dizgesi oluşturan teknolojik yenilikler anlatılmıştır. Yeni dünya gerçeği karşısında insanın varoluş sorunsalı üzerinde durulmuştur. Söz konusu köklü değişimlerin, edebiyat düzleminde yansımalarına, eskisinden çok farklı yeni bir edebiyat estetiğinin doğuşuna dikkat çekilmiştir. Yeni estetik anlayış, Ulysses (James Joyce) ve Dönüşüm (Franz Kafka) romanlarıyla örneklendirilmiştir. Araştırmanın ikinci aşamasında; öğrencilerden Türk Edebiyatında ilk modernist eser olan Tutunamayanlar ile postmodern anlatılar olan Kara Kitap 62 �BİLDİRİ ÖZETLERİ - UTEK 2014 ve Suskunlar romanlarını okumaları ve okurken zorlandıkları hususları, yarı yapılandırılmış görüşme formu yardımıyla, beş temel düzlemde yazmaları istenmiştir: 1. Üstkurmaca. 2. Metinlerarasılık. 3. Tarih/Zaman ve Uzam Algısı. 4. Polisiye /Dedektif Kurgu. 5. Anlatı Teknikleri. Araştırma bulguları, öğrencilerin belirtilen romanları okurken, üstkurmaca düzlemindeki özgün imgeleri bulup açımlamada zorlandıklarını, metinlerarasılık düzleminde ise bilgi ve birikim eksikliği nedeniyle arkaik metinlerle ilişkilendirme sorunu yaşadıklarını ortaya koymuştur. Öğrenciler, ayrıca polisiye kurgudan hoşlandıklarını belirtmişlerdir. Anahtar Sözcükler: Üstkurmaca, postmodern anlatılar, okuma güçlükleri. READING DIFFICULTIES IN POSTMODERN NARRATIVES ABSTRACT This research is prepared in order to analyse the reading difficulties in postmodern fiction of fifteen master degree students of Turkish Language Teaching Department of our university. In this study designed qualitatively, it has been examined that in which level and why the students have had difficulty. This research was conducted in two stages. In the first stage, general information about the backgrounds of postmodern literary works was expressed (for 4 hours). Mentioning about the developments of physical science in the 20th century such as the quantum theory by Max Planc, the relativity theory by Einstein, the uncertainty principle by Heisenberg, it was focused on radical changes on time and space perception. The new approaches and theories of psychology, namely unconsciousness term by Freud, collective unconscious by Jung, personal pscyhology by Adler, intuitionism by Bergson were clarified. Technological innovation which surrounds individual’s personal and social life and creates different value systems was explained. Human being’s existence problematic against the new world reality was emphasied. It was pointed out that these radical changes have effects on literature and they have created a new literature aesthetic. This new aesthetic perception was exemplified with two different novels: Ulysses (James Joyce) and The Metamorphosis (Franz Kafka). In the second stage of the research, students were asked to read the first modernist novel in Turkish Literature, Tutunamayanlar and the postmodern novels Kara Kitap and Suskunlar, then to note down the difficulties while they were reading these works in five labels of a semi structured interview form. 63 �BİLDİRİ ÖZETLERİ - UTEK 2014 These labels were the followings: 1.Metafiction. 2. Intertextuality. 3. Date/Time and Space Conception. 4. Detective / Crime Fiction. 5. Narrative Techniques. The findings of this research indicated that while students were reading these novels, they had experienced difficulties in finding and explaining the authentic images on the label of metafiction; in making associations among things they read and archaic texts due to the lack of information and background on the label of inter textuality. Students also indicated that they enjoyed the detective fiction. Key words: Metafiction, postmodern narratives, reading difficulties. DİLÂVER CEBECİ'NİN HİKÂYELERİNDEKİ ŞAHIS KADROSU Emel HİSARCIKLILAR Gaziosmanpaşa Üniversitesi, Tokat / Türkiye Anahtar Kelimeler: Dilâver Cebeci, hikâye, şahıs kadrosu. ÖZET Türk edebiyatında özellikle Türk milletinin millî ve manevî değerlerini, karşı karşıya olduğu problemleri dile getirdiği şiirleriyle tanınan Dilâver Cebeci (1943-2008), bu şekilde, içinden geldiği topluma yabancı kalmamış, söz konusu değerleri manzumeleri dışındaki diğer eserlerinde de benzer biçimde ifade etmiştir. Onun “Mavi Türkü” adlı eserinde yer alan hikâyelerinde de, şiirlerindeki gibi bir dünya görüşü göze çarpmaktadır. Cebeci, milletinin tarihine dönerek bu tarihin meydana getirdiği medeniyeti yüceltmekte, bu milletin mücadele ettiği sıkıntıları dile getirmektedir. Bu hikâyeler konusunu Türk tarihinin hem İslam öncesi hem de İslam sonrası döneminden aldığı gibi, şahıs kadrosu bakımından da oldukça zengin bir kadroya sahiptir. Bu metinlerdeki kahramanların gözü pek, cesaretli, inandığı değerler uğruna sonuna kadar mücadele etmekten çekinmeyen, maneviyatı güçlü, ideal karakterler olduğu görülmektedir. Dilaver Cebeci, meydana getirdiği bu ideal kahraman modeliyle, hikâyelerinde ele aldığı konuyu daha etkili bir şekilde okura iletmeye çalışmıştır. Bu çalışmada da söz konusu hikâyelerde yer alan kahramanlar, işlenen konuyla bağlantılı olarak değerlendirilmeye çalışılacaktır. 64 �BİLDİRİ ÖZETLERİ - UTEK 2014 CHARACTERS IN DİLÂVER CEBECİ’S STORIES Key Words: Dilâver Cebeci, story, characters. ABSTRACT Dilâver Cebeci (1943-2008), who is known with his poems reflecting the national and spiritual values of Turkish nation and the problems encountered, had not become estranged to his society, and had mentioned these values in his other works apart from his poems. In his stories, gathered in “Mavi Türkü”, his worldview is apparent as it is in his poems. Cebeci turns into the history of his nations, and glorifies the civilization which arose from this history, and frequently mentions the distresses his nation has fought. Apart from taking their themes from both pre-Islamic and post-Islamic eras of Turkish history, they also have rich and diverse sets of characters. It can be seen that the characters in his texts are ideal characters who do not abstain from struggling to the end for the values they have faith in, with strong spirituality; who are intrepid and courageous. Dilâver Cebeci pursued to convey the themes in his stories to the readers more efficiently via this ideal protagonist character model. This study aims at analysing the protagonists in the aforementioned stories, with reference to the themes of the stories. YAKUP KADRİ KARAOSMANOĞLU'NUN YABAN ADLI ROMANINDAKİ ULUS İNŞA ETME AMACI Faruk DUNDAR University of Glasgow / Birleşik Krallık Anahtar Kelimeler: Yakup Kadri Karaosmanoğlu, Yaban, ulus inşa etme, ulusal bilinç. ÖZET Yakup Kadri Karaosmanoğlu, Osmanlı Devleti’nin son dönemlerine ve Türkiye Cumhuriyeti’nin kuruluş yıllarına şahitlik etmiş bir Türk aydınıdır. Karaosmanoğlu, Yaban adlı eserinde Türk Kurtuluş Savaşı ile ilgili 65 �BİLDİRİ ÖZETLERİ - UTEK 2014 gözlemlerini yazmıştır. Yazar bu eserinde, toplumun aksak yönlerini göstererek, bir ulus inşa etme amacı gütmektedir. Ona göre, toplumdaki aydın insanlar ulus inşa etmede önemli bir role sahiptir ve aydınlar ulus bilincinden yoksun insanlara öncülük etmelidir. Karaosmanoğlu Yaban’da, Ahmet Celal isimli Türk aydını ile Anadolu köylüleri arasında yaşanan kültür ve fikir çatışmasını anlatır. Ahmet Celal, bir yandan Türk Kurtuluş Savaşı ile ilgili haberleri takip ederken, diğer yandan yaşadığı köyde, ulusal bilinç oluşturmaya çalışır. Fakat bu amacına ulaşamaz. Romanın sonunda, köy düşmanlar tarafından işgal edilir ve köylüler acı bir felaketle karşı karşıya kalırlar. Bu çalışmada, Yaban’da toplumun aksak yönleri anlatılarak yapılmaya çalışılan ulus inşa etme amacı irdelenecektir. Ulus inşa etme süreci, köylülerin yaşam şekillerini, düşmana verdikleri desteği ve Türk askerleri hakkındaki düşüncelerini eleştirilerek, onları eğitmekten ibarettir. THE AIM OF NATION-BUILDING IN YAKUP KADRI KARAOSMANOĞLU’S NOVEL “YABAN” Keywords:Yakup Kadri Karaosmanoğlu, Yaban, nation-building, national consciousness. ABSTRACT Yakup Kadri Karaosmanoğlu who witnessed late Ottoman period and foundation of the Republic of Turkey was a Turkish intellectual. Karaosmanoğlu wrote a novel whose name was Yaban and he told about his observation in the Turkish Independence War. In this novel, he intends nationbuilding by showing the disadvantages of the society. He thinks that intellectuals have an important role for nation-building and they should lead to the people who have no national consciousness. Karaosmanoglu tells about the conflict of cultures and ideas between Ahmet Celal who is a Turkish intellectual and peasants in Anatolia in Yaban. On the one hand, Ahmet Celal follows the news about the Turkish Independent War. On the other hand, he wants to build national consciousness of the peasants. However, he cannot achieve the purpose. At the end of the novel, the village is occupied by enemy soldiers and this becomes a disaster for the peasants. This study will examine the depiction of nation-building in Yaban by showing disadvantages of the society. The nation-building process consists of education of the peasants by 66 �BİLDİRİ ÖZETLERİ - UTEK 2014 criticizing their lifestyle, supports of the enemy soldiers and thoughts about Turkish army. MEHMET AKİF VE TEVFİK FİKRET’İN ŞİİRLERİNDE MAZİNİN KİMLİK İNŞASINDAKİ YERİ ÜZERİNE MUKAYESELİ BİR DEĞERLENDİRME Sümeyye Dinler KÖKSAL İnönü Üniversitesi, Malatya / Türkiye Anahtar Kelimeler: Mehmet Akif, Tevfik Fikret, kimlik, kimlik inşası. ÖZET Osmanlı’nın çöküşüyle ortaya çıkan medeniyet karmaşası sorunu dönemin aydınlarınca üzerinde çokça durulan bir konudur. Aidiyet probleminin yaşandığı bu dönemde Türk milletine diriliş ruhunu aşılayacak ve Batı ile uyum sağlayacak kurtarıcı reçetelere ihtiyaç vardır. Kimliksel bir bunalımın yaşandığı yeni Türkiye’nin oluşumu döneminde Mehmet Akif ve Tevfik Fikret kimlik inşasını sorun edinmiş şairlerdir. Değişen dünya düzeninde oluşacak kimlik adına titiz birer fikir işçisi gibi çalışan bu iki şahsiyet şiirlerine ele aldıkları temalar vasıtasıyla görüşlerini yansıtma gayreti içinde olmuşlardır. Dünya görüşleri farklı olan Mehmet Akif ve Tevfik Fikret toplumda sağlanacak ideal birliğe dikkat çekmiş, şiirleriyle ideal dünya ve gelecek tasarımı sunmuşlardır. Çalışmanın amacı farklı ideolojiye sahip bu iki şairi yeni bir ülke düzeni kurma noktasında birleştiren ve ayrıştıran noktaları ortaya çıkarmaktır. 67 �BİLDİRİ ÖZETLERİ - UTEK 2014 A COMPERATIVE İNTERPRETATION ON PLACE IN ‘DEVELELOPMENT IDENTITY’ OF THE PAST IN POEMS OF MEHMET AKIF AND TEVFIK FIKRET Key Words: Mehmet Akif, Tevfik Fikret, Identity, develelopment identity. ABSTRACT By the collapse of Ottoman Empire, the issue of complexity of civilization has become the most popular issue to emphasize on by the intellectuals. Early periods of Turkiye were the stage of identical crisis. Mehmet Akif and Tevfik Fikret are poets who were ready and willing to be part of delelopment of new nation`s identity. During the formation of new world order, these two figures were very meticulous to contribute for the identity of nation when it is taking its shape. The themes of their poems were an effort to reflect their ideas. Despite having different worldview and philosophy of life Mehmet Akif and Tevfik Fikret they both emphasized on ideal unity of the community and they introduced a dream world and future designs with their poems. The aim of this study is to investigate similarities and dissimilarities of these two different philosophies on the point of building process of the new order of the nation. AHMET MİTHAT EFENDİ'NİN "PARİSTE BİR TÜRK" ROMANINDA ORYANTALİST VE OKSİDENTALİST İZLER Zeliha ÖZTÜRK Bilecik Şeyh Edebali Üniversitesi, Bilecik / Türkiye Anahtar Kelimeler: Ahmet Mithat Efendi, Avrupa, oryantalizm, oksidentalizm. ÖZET Medeniyetlerin birbirini tanıması ve anlamlandırması sürecinde ortaya atılmış olan "oryantalizm" ve "oksidentalizm", sanat eserleri için verimli temalar sunmuştur. Sanat eserleri kadar sosyal bilimleri de meşgul eden bu anlayışlar, hem tematik hem de bakış açısı bakımından “medeniyet” ile ilgili birtakım tezler ortaya atmıştır. Bu tezler, tek taraflı bakış açılarına sahip olmak ya da 68 �BİLDİRİ ÖZETLERİ - UTEK 2014 yanlış tezler sunmak gibi sorunsallarıyla sanatın ve bilimin uğraş alanına dahil olmuşlardır. Osmanlı Devleti'nin son dönemlerindeki "medeniyet" ile ilgili problemlerine ayna tutan isimlerin başında "gazeteci", "romancı" ve "hoca(hace-i evvel)" kimlikleriyle Ahmet Mithat Efendi gelir. Onun bu problemler üzerine düşündüğü romanlarından biri "Pariste Bir Türk" adlı romanıdır. "Pariste Bir Türk" 1876 tarihinde yayımlanmıştır. İstanbul’dan Fransa'ya giden bir Türk'ün yaşadıklarını konu edinen roman, bir Doğulunun hem Batı'yı tanımasının hem de "Doğu"yu "Batı"ya tanıtmasının serüvenidir.Doğulunun -Osmanlı Devletinin– Batılı gözündeki imajı üzerinden yola çıkan “Pariste Bir Türk” romanı, “oryantalizm” ve "oksidentalizm" bakımından oldukça zengin malzemeler içeren bir roman olarak dikkat çeker. Biz bu bildirimizde “oryantalizm” ve “oksidentalizm”e değinerek bu anlayışın yansımalarını Ahmet Mithat Efendi’nin “Pariste Bir Türk” adlı romanında aramaya ve bulgularımızı dönemin koşulları bağlamında anlamlandırmaya çalışacağız. TÜRK NASİHAT GELENEĞİNDEN BİR ÖRNEK: GİRİTLİ AŞKÎ’NİN RİSÂLE-İ PEND-İ ÂŞIKÂN ADLI ESERİNİN DİL VE ÜSLÛB ÖZELLİKLERİ Kadir ALPER Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi, Isparta / Türkiye Anahtar Kelimeler: Klasik edebiyat, tasavvuf, pend, Giritli Aşkî, Dil ve Üslup. ÖZET Klasik edebiyatımızda; pend-nâmeler tecrübe ve bilgi aracılığı ile öğüt verme, bilinçlendirme amacı güden manzum, mensur ya da manzum-mensur karışık türlerdir. Tasavvuf hayatı içerisinde de nasihat kavramı önemli bir yer tutmaktadır. Pîr-mürid ilişkisinin önemli bir kısmını oluşturan öğütler, edebiyat vasıtasıyla birtakım tasavvufî yorum ve öğretileri içermektedir. Kâdirî tarikatına mensup olan ve XIX. Yüzyıl başlarına kadar hayatta olan Giritli Aşkî’nin; 8 varaktan oluşan Risâle-i Pend-i Âşıkân adlı eserinde; 69 �BİLDİRİ ÖZETLERİ - UTEK 2014 müellifin tasavvufî yoluna girişin şartları, pîre bağlanmanın önemi ve nihâyetinde tasavvufî eğitimin amacı ifade edilmeye çalışılmıştır. Müellif, bu açıklamaları yaparken âyet-hadis ve bazı önemli şahısların sözlerinin yanında, kendi şiirlerinden (nutuklarından) misaller vererek, bazı kısımlarda ilginç denilebilecek söz tasarruflarında bulunarak, manzum-mensur bir anlatım biçimi tercih etmiştir. GÜLTEN DAYIOĞLU ROMANLARINDA GENÇ KIZ TİPLERİ VE GENÇ KIZLARA YÖNELİK İLETİLER Yasemin ALPER Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi, Isparta / Türkiye Anahtar Kelimeler: Gülten Dayıoğlu, Roman, Genç Kızlar, Tip, İleti. ÖZET İçinde bulunduğumuz bilgi çağında edebiyatın, özellikle onun bir dalı olan romanın çocuk ve gençlerin eğitiminde önemli bir işlevi yerine getirdiği gözlemlenmektedir. Dünyada, özellikle çocuklara ve gençlere yönelik olarak kaleme alınmış romanlar yoluyla sözü edilen yaş grubundaki bireyler; insan ilişkilerini, çevreyi, toplumu, hayatı, kısacası dünyayı tanıma olanağı bulurlar. Türkiye’de de çocuklara ve gençlere yönelik hikâye ve roman kaleme alan yazarlar bulunmaktadır. Bu yazarlardan biri olan ve verimli kalemiyle alanında büyük bir boşluk dolduran Gülten DAYIOĞLU son yıllarda giderek artan bir ilgiyle dikkatleri üzerine çekmektedir. Yazarın kurgusal gücünün ve akıcı üslubunun eseri olan romanlarında bireysel ve sosyal yaşamlar iç içe verilmektedir. Bir biri içine geçmiş bu yaşam dairelerinde, yazarın sözcüklerle çizdiği roman karakterleri ya da tipler önemli bir işlev görmektedirler. Söz konusu tipler üzerinden Dayıoğlu, bireysel ve sosyal gözlemlerini somutlaştırırken adeta toplumun ortak duygularını ve düşüncelerini dile getirir. Yazar; bazen de yerleşmiş birtakım bağnazlıkları, çağdışılıkları, kahramanlarının yaşadıkları sıkıntılar ışığında gözler önüne serer. Biz bu çalışmamızda Dayıoğlu’nun gençlik dizisi eserlerindeki genç kız tiplerini 70 �BİLDİRİ ÖZETLERİ - UTEK 2014 araştırdık. Bu romanlardaki genç kız tiplerini, gösterdikleri karakteristik özelliklere göre sınıflandırdık. BU BÖYLEDİR” HİKÂYESİNDE METAFİZİK ARKA PLÂN Murat TURNA Dumlupinar Üniversitesi, Kütahya / Türkiye Anahtar Kelimeler: Mustafa Kutlu, Hikâye, Metafizik ÖZET Mustafa Kutlu, son dönem Türk edebiyatının önemli isimlerinden biridir. Hikâyeleri ile tanınan yazarın hatırı sayılır bir okuyucu kitlesi bulunur. Kutlu’nun hikâyeleri metafizikten ve gelenekten beslenir. Bu yönü itibariyle de Türk edebiyatında özgün bir yeri vardır. O, metafiziği hayatın algılanış ve yorumlanışı için zengin ve verimli bir kaynak olarak görür. Mamafih sanatına elverişli bir estetik fon oluşturması itibariyle de metafiziğe önem verir. Kutlu’nun hikâyelerinde görünen dış âlem, fizik algılayış metafizik ile modern olan ise gelenekle kimi zaman çatışır kimi zaman harmanlanır. Kimi zaman zıt unsurların mukayesesi okuyucunun zihni gelişmişliğine bırakılır. Mustafa Kutlu’nun hikâyeciliğinde muayyen bir yeri olan “Bu Böyledir”, metafiziğin yoğun biçimde temayüz ettiği bir eserdir. Tematik ve estetik açıdan Kutlu’nun sanatına metafiziğin ne denli katkı sağladığını gösterir niteliktedir. Bu yönü itibariyle onun sanatını anlamaya da yardımcıdır. Bu kısa hikâyede metafiziğin tuttuğu yere dair yapılacak inceleme yazarın diğer hikâyelerini, onlardaki fikrî derinliği kavramak için de anahtar rolü üstlenebilir. 71 �BİLDİRİ ÖZETLERİ - UTEK 2014 METAPHYSİCAL BACKROUND IN “BU BOYLEDIR” STORY Keywords: Mustafa Kutlu, Story, Metaphysics. ABSTRACT M. Kutlu is one of the most important figures of the last period of Turkish Literature. Known by his stories, he has a significant amount of reader audience. Metaphysics and tradition is the source of Kutlu’s stories. From this aspect he holds an unique place in Turkish Literature. He regards metaphysics as a productive resource for perception and interpretation of life. Because it creates an favorable aesthetic background, he pays importance to metaphysics. The outer universe, physical perception and modern elements in Kutlu’ stories sometimes conflict with metaphysics and tradition but sometimes they blend together. From time to time the comparison of contrasting elements is left to the reader's sophisticated mind. “Bu Böyledir”, which clutches a prominent place in Mustafa Kutlu’s storytelling, is a work that metaphysics is heavily seen. It shows how metaphysics contributes to Kutlu’s art from thematic and aesthetic aspect. In regarding this aspect, it is also conducive to comprehend his art. In this short story, analysis made concerning metaphysics’ spot can carry a key role to understand his other stories and their intellectual depths. ADLARIN ÇAĞDAŞ MOĞOLCA VE TÜRKİYE TÜRKÇESİ’NDE KARŞILAŞTIRILMASINA GENEL BİR BAKIŞ Yasin TUNÇ İpek Üniversitesi, Ankara / Türkiye Anahtar Kelimeler: Türk-Moğol dil birliği, Çağdaş Moğolca, Türkiye Türkçesi, adlar. ÖZET Bu çalışmada, Çağdaş Moğolca ve Türkiye Türkçesi’nde adların morfoloji ve söz dizimi bakımından karşılaştırmalı işlevlerine değinilecektir. Çağdaş Moğolca ve Türkiye Türkçesi Altay Dil ailesinin: Çağdaş Moğolca Ana 72 �BİLDİRİ ÖZETLERİ - UTEK 2014 Moğol dilinin bir koluna, Türkiye Türkçesi ise Türk dillerinden Oğuz grubuna mensuptur. Eklemeli diller grubuna dâhil olan bu dillerin dil akrabalığına dayanan ortak sözcüklerin ve ortak gramer yapısının varlığı, Türk-Moğol dil birliği düşüncesini ortaya çıkarmıştır. Adlar, gramer yapısı olarak morfoloji ve söz dizimi yönlerinden dil akrabalığı ilişkilerinin benzerliklerini ve farklılıklarını karşılaştırmalı olarak göstermek için ele alındı. Adlar, her iki dilde gramer yapısı olarak çokluk, aitlik, belirlilik/belirsizlik, adlarda çekim durumu ve adlarda cins olarak şekil yapısına ayrılmıştır. Adlar, sözdiziminde cümle içerisinde özne, yüklem, nesne ve tümleç vazifesini üstlenmektedirler. AN OVERVIEW OF THE COMPARATIVE NOUNS IN MONGOLIAN AND TURKISH LANGUAGES Keywords:Turkish-Mongol language communion, Modern Mongolian, Turkey Turkish, nouns. ABSTRACT An Overview Of The Comparative Nouns In Mongolian And Turkish Languages In this study, usage of nouns in contemporary Mongolian and Turkish will be discussed comparatively with regard to morphology and syntax. Mongolian and Turkish belong Altaic language family: Mongolian is a branch of Mongolic group, Turkey Turkish is a branch of Turkic languages and it belongs to Oguz subgroup. They are classified as agglutinative and language kinship which is called as Turkic-Mongolian communitiy has appeared on account of existence of similarities based on common words and common grammatical structure. Nouns as in grammatical structure have similarities and differences in morphology and syntax in comparative aspects. Nouns as grammatical structures in both languages are divided into following noun categories: plurality, possession, definiteness, indefiniteness, cases and the meaning of gender. Nouns are undertaking tasks in syntax as subject, predicate, object and attribute. 73 �BİLDİRİ ÖZETLERİ - UTEK 2014 BOŞNAKÇA VE TÜRKÇE ATASÖZLERİ ARASINDAKİ İRTİBAT, SOSYO-KÜLTÜREL VE EDEBİ YAKLAŞIM Nadira ŽUNİĆ Tuzla Üniversitesi / Bosna Hersek Melinda BOTALIĆ Tuzla Üniversitesi / Bosna Hersek Anahtar Kelimeler: sözlü edebiyat, atasözleri, kültürel miras, arketiplerin hareketliliği. ÖZET Atasözleri, lirik şiirler, destanlar, kısa hikaye, bilmece, retorik ve orta oyunu gibi türler ile birlikte en eski ve en uzun soluklu ifade sanatı olan sözlü edebiyatın bir parçasıdır. Bu kısa ve özlü sözler, dilde oluşup zamanla gelişerek edebi sanat biçimine dönüşür. Atasözü, zamansal ve mekansal niteliğe sahip bir kavram değildir, yani tek bir zaman veya mekanla sınırlı olduğunu düşünmek yanlış olur. Bu yüzden dünyanın birçok, bazen de oldukça farklı kültürlerin atasözleri arasındaki benzerlik şaşırtıcı olmamalıdır. Bildirimizde, Bosna Hersek atasözleri, ve Boşnaklar, Hırvatlar ve Sırplar başta olmak üzere eski ortak devlet olan Yugoslavya halkları atasözleri ile diğer milletlerin sözlü geleneğini, özellikle Türk kültürünü yansıtan atasözleri, ortak fikir ve şekil açısından ele alarak değerlendireceğiz. Atasözleri toplumsal manevi faaliyetlerinin bir ifadesidir, öte yandan Bosna Hersek ile Türkiye'nin arasında tarihsel ve kültürel bağ ilişkileri olduğu açıktır. Bu bağlamda iki ülkenin sözlü miras hazinesini aynı anda değerlendirmek çalışmamız için çok ilginç olacaktır. Bu nedenle, tahlilimiz, her iki dilde içerik ve ifade bakımından aynı olan, denkliği tam atasözleri ile kelimeleri farklı, anlamları aynı olan, denkliği işlevsel nitelikteki atasözleri olmak üzere iki atasözü grubu çerçevesinde genel denklik kriterlerine göre yapılacaktır. 74 �BİLDİRİ ÖZETLERİ - UTEK 2014 THE COMMUNICATION BETWEEN BOSNIAN AND TURKISH PROVERBS, SOCIO-CULTURAL AND LITERARY APPROACH Keywords: Oral literature, proverbs, cultural heritage, travel of archetypes. ABSTRACT Proverb is a component part of the oldest and longest running forms of artistic expression - oral literature, along with lyric and epic poems, short stories, riddles, rhetoric and drama. These short, simple forms, first come into existence in language, and transform themselves into literary expressions afterwards. The fact is that proverbs are non-historic and non-geographic, i.e., they cross the boundaries of time and space, so one should not be surprised by their similarities in many, sometimes quite different cultures of the world. This paper discuss proverbs of folks in Bosnia and Herzegovina, i.e., the people who lived in former common state of Yugoslavia, primarily Bosniaks, Croats and Serbs, through the prism of analogy in creative thought and forms between them and the proverbs of other nations, in particular, the Turks. Since proverbs are expressions of collective social spiritual activities, and Bosnia and Herzegovina and Turkey are connected with historical and cultural links, it will be interesting for our research to consider treasures of oral heritage of the two countries simultaneously. Therefore, the analysis will be carried out according to the generally accepted criterias of equivalence, especially regarding two types of proverbs: Proverbs of full equivalence – full analogy of content and words in both languages; and proverbs of functional equivalence – partial analogy, words are different, the meaning is the same. 75 �BİLDİRİ ÖZETLERİ - UTEK 2014 LEVAYIH-I HAYAT"A KUŞAKLAR ÜZERİNDEN BAKMAK Hülya BULUT Boğaziçi Üniversitesi, İstanbul / Türkiye Anahtar Kelimeler: Fatma Aliye, mektup-roman, kuşaklar. (Fatma Aliye, letter-novel, generations. ÖZET Fatma Aliye Hanım’ın 1898 yılında yayımladığı Levayih-i Hayat mektuproman türünde yazılmış bir eserdir. Bu eser, üçü evli ikisi bekâr olan beş kadın anlatıcının birbirlerine yazdıkları toplam 11 mektuptan oluşur. Yazar bu eserinde, dönemin eğitimli kadınlarını “evlilik meselesi” üzerinde tartıştırır. Mehabe’nin anlatıcı olduğu mektuplarda evliliğin olumlu tarafları okuyucuya aktarılır. Bu mektupların muhatabı olan Fehame ise romanın mutsuz kahramanlarındandır. Fehame bu mutsuz evliliğe çocukları için katlanan fedakâr bir annedir de . Başka bir mutsuz kadın kahraman olan Sabahat’se Fehame gibi fakir olmadığı için sorunlu giden evliliğini sürmek istemeyecektir. Bu iki kadın kahraman mektuplaşırken, evliliklerde maddiyatın önemi ve mutsuzluğun çeşitleri okuyucuya aktarılır. İlerleyen sayfalarda roman, iki bekâr kadın olan Nebahat ve İtimad’ın mektupları çerçevesinde eğitim ve evlilik kurumunun tartışıldığı bir alana dönüşür. Kahramanlar iyi eğitimi kimin için almaları gerektiği sorusuna yanıt bulmaya çalışırlar. Buradaki önemli noktaysa, her bir mektubun bir muhatabı olmasına rağmen İtimat’ın yazdığı son mektubun herhangi bir muhatabının olmayışıdır. Bu çalışmanın merkez noktası da muhatapsız son mektup üzerine yoğunlaşmayı planlamaktadır. Artık muhatap, roman içinde karakterlerden biri olmaktan çıkmış ve okuyucu hedef alınmıştır. Bu hedef seçilirken İtimat gibi genç bir karakterin sonda kurgulanmış olmasının stratejik olarak nasıl bir önemi vardır? Fatma Aliye, İtimat üzerinden okuyucuya neler söylemeyi planlamaktadır? Ayrıca iki kuşak (orta yaşlılar ve gençler) arasında evlilik düşüncesi bağlamında ne tür farklar mevcuttur? Bildiri, yukarıdaki sorulara roman merkezli yanıt verirken, romanı oluşturan sosyal ortam da değerlendirme içine alınacaktır. Keywords: Fatma Aliye, letter-novel, generations. 76 �BİLDİRİ ÖZETLERİ - UTEK 2014 ABSTRACT Levayih-i Hayat was first published in 1898 by Fatma Aliye Hanım. It was written as a letter-novel type of work. The novel includes 11 letters exchanged between 3 married and 2 single women. The writer ignites a discussion on marriage among educated women. Mehabe, the story-teller character, explains advantages of marriage. Fehame, the respondent, is the disappointed character of the novel. Fehame is a altruistic mother who continues her marriage for her children. Sebahat, on the other hand, was another disappointed character who, unlike Fehame, doesn’t want to sustain her marriage since she is wealthy enough to take care of her own. Letters of these two female characters focus on the importance of materiality and the types of unhappiness in marriage. On the following pages, the letters between the single characters, Nebahat and İtimat, concentrate on education and marriage relation. The characters seek an answer to the reason for education. All letters within this frame are exchanged between these two except the last letter written by İtimat. The main message of the novel is hidden on this very last letter. Last letter targets the readers instead of the fictional characters. What is the importance of focusing on the last letter ofİtimat who is the youngest character among all women in the novel? What does Fatma Aliye want to tell readers throughİtimat? What are the perception differences between young and middle aged women about marriage? This presentation will answer the aforementioned questions by taking social environment into respect with a novel-centric approach. KIRGIZ EDEBİYATINDA “CAZGIÇ” AKINLAR Halit AŞLAR Kırgızistan-Türkiye Manas Üniversitesi / Kırgızistan Anahtar Kelimeler: Kırgız sözlü edebiyatı, Kırgız akınları, Cazgıç akınlar ÖZET Kırgız sözlü edebiyatı, Kırgız kültürünü besleyen çok önemli ve zengin bir kaynaktır. Örneğin dünyanın en büyük destanı olma özelliğine sahip Manas 77 �BİLDİRİ ÖZETLERİ - UTEK 2014 destanının dışında Kurmanbek, Canış-Bayış, Er Töştük, Kococaş, Er Tabıldı gibi irili ufaklı birçok destan Kırgız Türklerine aittir. Destan geleneğinin dışında sözlü edebiyatı zenginleştiren bir diğer unsur ise akınlık/ırçılık geleneğidir. Kırgız akınları „Tökmö“ ve „Cazgıç“ olmak üzere iki ana guruba ayrılırlar. Cazgıç, yazan anlamına gelir. XIX. yüzyılın ikinci yarısı Kırgızların sosyal, ekonomik ve siyasi hayatlarında çok önemli değişimlerin yaşandığı bir dönem olmuştur. Bir yandan Orta Asya hanlıkları arasındaki mücadelelerin ortasında kalan Kırgızlar diğer yandan Rus Çarlığının baskısı altında kalmış ve 1860’lı yıllarda Rus Çarlığı egemenliğini kabul etmek zorunda kalmışlardır. Bu dönemlerde yaşayan Kırgız akınlarının bazıları edebi faaliyetlerini sadece sözlü olarak icra etmemiş, eserlerini kağıda dökerek „Cazgıç“ sıfatıyla anılmışlardır. Cazgıç akınlar Togolok Moldo, Isak Şaybekov, Abılkasım Cutakeyev ve Toktoraalı Talkanbayev’dir. Bu akınların dışında Cazgıç akınlar gurubunda yer almasa da Zamana akımı temsilcilerinden Moldo Kılıç (1866-1917) da eserlerini yazılı olarak icra etmiştir. Bu akınlar folklordan modern edebiyata geçiş sürecinde önemli rol oynamışlar, çağdaş Kırgız edebiyatının ilk şairlerini etkilemişlerdir. Cazgıç akınların içinde Togolok Moldo (Bayımbet Abdırahmanov) özel bir yere sahiptir. Bildirimizde Cazgıç akınların Kırgız kültürü ve edebiyatındaki önemi irdelenecektir. CUMHURİYET DÖNEMİ TÜRKÇE ÖĞRETİM PROGRAMLARININ YAZMA BECERİSİ BAKIMINDAN İNCELENMESI Ali Fuat ARICI Dumlupınar Üniversitesi, Kütahya /Türkiye Hikmet DEGEÇ Dumlupinar Üniversitesi, Kütahya / Türkiye Anahtar Kelimeler: Türkçe-öğretim programları- yazma eğitimi. ÖZET 1924 yılında hazırlanan program, cumhuriyet döneminin ilk Türkçe programı olma özelliği taşımaktadır. Bu programın adı 1340 “Lise Birinci Devre 78 �BİLDİRİ ÖZETLERİ - UTEK 2014 Müfredat Programı” olarak belirlenmiştir. Programda yer alan “lise birinci devre Türkçe” ibaresi, cumhuriyet döneminin başlangıç yıllarında ortaokul ve liselerin tek bir yapı altında birleşmiş olmasından kaynaklanmaktadır. Bu yapının ortaokul devresi birinci devre; lise devresi ise ikinci devre olarak adlandırılmıştır. Bu nedenle Türkçe programı da lise programı ile birlikte yayınlanmıştır. Türkçe eğitimi ve öğretimi dinleme, konuşma, okuma, yazma becerileri ile dil bilgisi etkinlikleri üzerine temellendirilmiştir. Bu ayrım, uygulamalarda kolaylık olması açısından yapılmıştır. Bu etkinlik alanları, kendi içinde bir bütünlük taşıdığından Türkçe dersleri işlenirken buna uyulmaz. Yeri ve zamanına göre bir etkinlikten diğerine, derste herhangi bir kopukluk olmamasına dikkat ederek geçişler yapılır. Türkçe öğretiminin en önemli ilkelerinden birisi de değişik dil çalışmaları, etkinlikleri arasında sıkı bir iş birliğinin bulunması gerektiğidir. 1924 Türkçe programında Türkçe öğretimine bir bütün olarak yaklaşılmadığı görülmektedir. Türkçe dersi kendi içinde kıraat, sarf ve nahiv, kitabet… gibi alanlara bölünmüştür. Programda belirtilen dersler yoluyla öğrencilere okuma, yazma, konuşma becerileri kazandırılmaya, dil bilgisi konuları öğretilmeye çalışılmaktadır. Yeni alfabenin kabulü ile birlikte 1929 yılında yeni bir Türkçe programı hazırlanarak 1930 yılında uygulanmaya başlamıştır. Ancak bu programda da Türkçe derslerine bir bütün olarak yaklaşılmamıştır. Programda Türkçe dersleri gramer, tahrir ve kıraat alanlarına ayrılmış ve bunların her biri için farklı ders saatleri belirlenmiştir. RESEARCHING OF WRITING SKILL OF THE REPUBLIC PERIOD TURKISH TEACHING PROGRAMMES ABSTRACT The programme which was arranged in 1924, is the first Turkish programme of republic period. The name of this programme has been determined as “the first period curriculum programme of high school”). The clause of “the first period curriculum” which is in the programme shows that secondary school and high school were associated in the same system at the beginning of the republic period. The secondary school period of this structure has been named as the first period and high school period has been named as the second period. For this reason, Turkish programme was published with high school programme. Turkish education was based on listening, speaking, reading, 79 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2714 Title A name given to the resource GAZAVÂTNÂMELERDE DİL VE ÜSLUP Author Author ŞAHIN, Kürşat Şamil Abstract A summary of the resource. Manzum, mensur veya karışık olarak yazılan ve düşmanla yapılan savaşları konu alan gazavâtnâmeler Türk edebiyatında XV. yüzyıldan sonra gittikçe artan bir gelişme göstermiştir. Osmanlı devletinin gerilemeye başlayıp akınların durmasıyla gazavâtnâmeler azalmış, gazâ geleneğinin ortadan kalkmasıyla da bu türün devamlılığı sona ermiştir. Ele alınan savaşlar zaferle veya yapılan bir sefer fetihle sonuçlanmışsa müellif çoğu zaman eserini zafernâme, fetihnâme diye isimlendirmiştir. Bir padişahı merkeze alarak onun gazâlarını ele alanlar ise padişahın adından mülhem eserlerine Selimnâme, Süleymannâme gibi isimler vermişlerdir. Genel görünüş itibariyle bu eserler padişahlardan birinin hayatını merkez alarak onun zamanındaki belli başlı olayları tasvir edenler, önemli kumandan ve devlet adamlarından birinin gazâlarını tasvir edenler ve sadece belli bir sefer ya da kalenin alınmasını tasvir edenler olmak üzere üç kısımda gruplandırılabilir. Genelde gazâyı gerçekleştiren şahıs ön plana çıkarılır ve olaylar bu şahıs etrafında gelişir. Bu tür bize Arap edebiyatından geçmiştir. Peygamberin gazâlarını ve İslam büyüklerinin yaptıkları savaşları aktarmak isteyen yazarlar zamanla müstakil eserler vücuda getirdiler. İlmî ve edebî açıdan değerlendirilmesi gereken gazavâtnâme türüne ait pek çok eser vardır. Bunların edebî yönünün ihmal edildiği görülür. Türk dili ve tarihi açısından önemli bilgiler barındıran bu eserlere dair dil ve üslup bakımından genel anlamda yapılmış fazla bir çalışma yoktur. Çalışmada, özellikle Türk edebiyatı dairesinde XV. ve XVI. yüzyıllarda yazılmış olan gazavâtnâmelerden hareketle türe dair genel bir dil ve üslup değerlendirmesi yapıldı. Bu eserlerin hangi yönleriyle öne çıktığı, benzerlik ve farklılıkları nelerdir gibi hususlar açıklandı. LANGUAGE AND STYLE GHAZATNAMAHS Key Words:Ghazatnamah, language, style. ABSTRACT Whether written in verse and prose, or in mixed type, Ghazavatnamahs, which are about the battles against the enemy, have shown an increasing development after 15th century in Turkish literature. They have decreased with the decline of the Ottoman Empire and the stop of raids, and the continuity of this genre has ended by the disappearance of the tradition of ghazas (holy war). If a discussed war resulted in victory or an expedition in conquest, the author often entitled his work as zafernamah or fetihnamah. Those authors, who took a sultan at the centre and dealt with his ghazas, entitled their works such as Selimnamah or Süleymannamah -inspired from the name of sultan. By outlook, these works can be grouped as three parts: those which take one of the sultans at the centre and depict the major events of his time; those which depict the ghaza(s) of one of an important commanders and statesmen; and those which depict a certain expedition or a fall of a castle. In general, the person who performs a ghaza is brought to the fore and the event revolves around this person. This genre has passed to us from the Arabic literature. The authors who want to narrate the ghazas of the Prophet and other great Islamic figures have gradually embodied detached works of art. There are many works belonging to the genre of ghazavatnamah which should be evaluated in terms of science of literary. It is particularly seen that the literal side of these are neglected. There are not many studies that have been done in terms of language and style regarding these works which have important information of Turkish language and the history. It will be generally evaluated in this study through language and style in the ghazavatnamahs which are written in 15th and 16th centuries. It will be tried to explain how these works stand out and what similarities and differences they have.) Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014-05-23 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-582X P Philology. Linguistics,PA Classical philology,PI Oriental languages and literatures,PN Literature (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/082a62a25d330525d96683dfe2119ffb.pdf 3f35de0bece57b951b60362e23412bd1 PDF Text Text BİLDİRİ ÖZETLERİ - UTEK 2014 EXAMINATION OF NATIONAL VALUES IN TURKISH TEXT AND WORKBOOKS OF 7TH GRADE Key words: national values, Turkish textbooks, Turkish workbooks. ABSTRACT One of the aims of Turkish lessons for individuals is to gain national and universal values. Therefore, the mostly utilized source in Turkish lessons in textbooks should be given sufficient importance to national and universal values. National values are defined as nation, government, territory, army, republic, national symbols (natioanl anthem, national monuments, national holidays, flag), heroism, language, traditions. The aim of this study is to determine how and to what extent the national values are given place in the7th grade textbooks and workbooks. Descriptive method is used in the study. The 7th grade Turkish text and workbooks published by MEB and private publishers and being taught in 2013-2014 academic year, are the universe of this study. Texts and activities in Turkish textbooks and workbooks are evaluated in terms of existence of national values with the approach of document analysis. Research results have been discussed in the light of literature and recommendations has been expressed. TÜRKÇE'DEN ÇEVİRİLERDE ÖZEL İSİMLERİN CİNSİYET SORUNSALI Alena ĆATOVİĆ University of Sarajevo / Bosna Hersek Edina NURİKİĆ University of Sarajevo / Bosna Hersek Anahtar Kelimeler: özel isimler, toplumsal cinsiyet, çeviri ÖZET Türk kültürüne yabancı olanların Türk özel isimleri ile ilk karşılaştıklarında cinsiyetlerin ayırımı konusunda zorluk çektikleri gözlemlenmektedir. Bu 39 �BİLDİRİ ÖZETLERİ - UTEK 2014 sorun özellikle cinsiyet ayrımının (eril/dişil kavramının) belirgin olduğu dillere Türkçeden çeviri yapılması sırasında ortaya çıkmaktadır. Özellikle öz Türkçe ve Farsça isimlerde bu sorun daha fazla göze çarpmaktadır. Öte yandan, bir yabancı Türkçe isimlerin anlamlarına hakim olduktan sonra görecektir ki bu isimler cinsiyetlere toplumsal olarak yüklenen roller ve vasıflarla paralellik göstermektedir. Örneğin erkek ismi Yiğit bir erkeklik vasfı olarak ya da kadın ismi Narin bir kadınlık vasfı olarak bu isimlere tipik birer örnek teşkil ederler. Bu çalışmada özel isimler cinsiyet perspektifi bakımından değerlendirilecektir. MANİSA İLİNDE YERLEŞİK ‘BALKAN GÖÇMENLERİ’ AĞIZLARINDA FİİL ÇEKİMLERİ İLE İSİMLERE GETİRİLEN “ -çi, -ci, -cu ; -çìk; -sı,-si, -su; -sım,-sim,-süm; -sık,-sik, -suk, -sıg,-sig; -zık; -go ” EKLERİ VE YAPISI ÜZERİNE Senem AKYOL Celal Bayar Üniversitesi, Manisa / Türkiye Anahtar Kelimeler: Manisa, Balkan göçmenleri, ağız, pekiştirme ekleri. ÖZET Manisa’da yerleşik Makedonya, Kosova ve Bulgaristan göçmen ağızlarıyla ilgili derleme çalışmalarımız esnasında hem fiiller hem de isimlerle kullanılabilen birtakım eklerle karşılaştık. Bu ekler, Sarıova, Köprülü, Usturmica’da ‘-çi, -ci/-cu’; Sarıova’da ‘çìk’; Koçana, Köprülü, Debre, Usturmica, Sarıova’da ‘sı/si,-su’; Debre, Radoviş, Koçana, Köprülü, Manastır, Sarıova, Usturmica’da ‘-sık/-sik, -suk, -sıg/sig’; Köprülü’de ‘-zık’; KosovaPrizren’de ‘-sık’; Kırcaali’de ‘-sım/-sim/-süm;-sık’; Koçana’da ‘-go’ şekilleriyle fiil çekimlerinden sonra yaygın olarak kullanıldığı gibi ayrıca Debre, Koçana, Radoviş, Köprülü’de ‘-çi, -çu’; Koçana, Köprülü’de ‘-sı/-si’ ve Bulgaristan-Şumnu ile Omurtag’ta ‘-si’; Sarıova, Koçana’da ‘-sık,-sig’; Koçana’da ‘-go’ biçimleriyle isimlerden sonra da geniş bir kullanım alanına sahiptir. Batı Rumeli ağızlarında 1. çokluk şahısta -sık/-suk eklerinin yaygın olarak kullanıldığını literatür taramalarımızdan biliyoruz. Biz de Manisa Balkan göçmeni ağızlarında bu yaygın kullanımın şahidi olduk ve ilaveten Bulgaristan-Kırcaali’de duyulan geçmiş zamanın 1.teklik şahsında ‘-sım,-sim,süm’ eklerinin kullanıldığını tespit ettik. Köprülü-Köseler’de gördüğümüz 40 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2708 Title A name given to the resource TÜRKÇE'DEN ÇEVİRİLERDE ÖZEL İSİMLERİN CİNSİYET SORUNSALI Author Author ĆATOVIĆ, Alena NURİKİĆ, Edina Abstract A summary of the resource. Türk kültürüne yabancı olanların Türk özel isimleri ile ilk karşılaştıklarında cinsiyetlerin ayırımı konusunda zorluk çektikleri gözlemlenmektedir. Bu sorun özellikle cinsiyet ayrımının (eril/dişil kavramının) belirgin olduğu dillere Türkçeden çeviri yapılması sırasında ortaya çıkmaktadır. Özellikle öz Türkçe ve Farsça isimlerde bu sorun daha fazla göze çarpmaktadır. Öte yandan, bir yabancı Türkçe isimlerin anlamlarına hakim olduktan sonra görecektir ki bu isimler cinsiyetlere toplumsal olarak yüklenen roller ve vasıflarla paralellik göstermektedir. Örneğin erkek ismi Yiğit bir erkeklik vasfı olarak ya da kadın ismi Narin bir kadınlık vasfı olarak bu isimlere tipik birer örnek teşkil ederler. Bu çalışmada özel isimler cinsiyet perspektifi bakımından değerlendirilecektir. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014-05-23 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-582X P Philology. Linguistics,PA Classical philology,PI Oriental languages and literatures,PN Literature (General)