297 10 3494 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/c0c0e02a13082395b44f606a971ea9d0.pdf f25e90f42bece44f598dbdc50b12b2d8 PDF Text Text 1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo The Perceptions of Individual Internet Users about E-Finance Applications Yusuf TOPAL Assist. Prof. Dr., Afyon Kocatepe University-TURKEY ytopal75@hotmail.com Cantürk KAYAHAN Assist. Prof. Dr., Afyon Kocatepe University-TURKEY ckayahan@aku.edu.tr Abstract: The Global Integration process, new regulations and the developments in the technology of internet have changed the nature and the structure of the financial services on a large scale. The fact that financial services have been carried out by using electronic communication and calculation has originated new field called e-finance. As a result of this, financial service suppliers have entered into a more active competition process in order to gain new customers. Technology, globalization, regulations, entrepreneurship, capital and competition have become the main components of the e-finance revolution. E-finance has focused on three main access fields. These are the access of electronic payments, the activities of the financial service activities and financial market activities. These services are used intensely by two sectors as individual and institutional. Institutional users are the companies and the other public and private sector firms. The individual users have also started to be important as at least the institutional users due to the increase of the competition. Therefore, the determination of the expectations, preferences, and advantageous components, which are the factors that incline internet users to e-finance, is very important for the financial institutions In conclusion, for the purpose of determining individuals’ perceptions about e-finance transactions, a face to face public survey has been conducted with the internet users and the results of this public survey have been tested in SPSS 11.5 programme in this study. Keywords: Perception, e-finance, internet Introduction The world is changing and developing very fast .Especially, the rapid developments in the information and the communication technologies have caused important structural changes in the financial system of many countries. The concept of change caused transforming by differentiating people and societies with the effects it has created . Technological change is continuously renewed in itself, but it has taken the entire world under its effect thanks to the internet technology. Internet has a process that was established for military purposes at the beginning and then that has taken the entire world under its effect. The developments in the technology of the internet have also changed the dimension and the operational format of the financial transactions. Thus, the prefix “e” which is very important in the e-world and which comes in front of each concept, has originated a new fact which is called e-finance with the beginning of the financial transactions on the internet. In this study, it has been aimed to find out the views and perceptions of individual internet users about the e-finance applications In this context, internet, e-finance concepts and development processes have been evaluated in the first part of the study; numerical determinations belonging to the e-finance outlook the World and Turkey have been carried out in the second part of the study. In the last part of the study, a face to face survey has been conducted with the people from different branches of business working in public sector in Turkey and One-way analysis of variance (Anova) has been tested in the SPSS 11.5 statistical programme to find out whether there is any difference in the perception of the e-finance transaction according to the individuals and their occupations. In addition, individuals’ perception levels about e-finance applications have been shown with the concentration maps. 1. Internet and e-Finance The worldwide and ever-growing global computer network is defined as internet (Akar and Kayahan, 2007:5). In this network, the communication among the computers is provided through high capacity telephone wires by means of a common language called internet protocol (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) and there is no central authority that directs, manages and controls the communication in the internet 291 �1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo environment. In addition to this, the importance of the internet today has arised from the common and easy access advantages stated below (Kınık, 2002: 2). • Providing common and immediate communication , • Providing low-cost communication, • Enabling interactive communication, • Allowing electronic links to other information • Not being able to control the communication from a certain central • Providing a flexible communication environment The history of the internet dates back to the access of the telegraph the patent of which was taken out by Cooke and Wheatstone in 1836.Another important development is the origination of the “Transatlantic Cable” which was laid from one side of the Atlantic Ocean to its other side between the years 1858-1866. The 1 origin of the internet has started with the activation of the ARPANET by DoD (U.S. Department of Defense).People started to communicate throughout a network in 1971. In this period, there were fifteen nodes 2 3 (15 node (23 host ) )in ARPANET.In 1973 the first international connection has occurred between University College of London and Royal Radar Establishment. In 1990s the number of hosts have become 300.000. In 1993 the revolution of www started and the access of internet started financially and also among the banks.1999s are the years in which the online banking transactions developed rapidly. Today, internet is the indispensable or the meaning of the life, shortly it is everything of the life. E-finance has not actually originated with the invention of the internet. In fact the first e-finance application dates back to the money transfer carried out to the far places by Western Union Corporation. Western Union applied the first consumer spending card in 1914.By the year 2006, this company achieved 147 million money transfer from consumer to consumer and 249 million money transfer from consumer to enterprise (Shahrokhi, 2008: 367). E-finance is defined as the provision of financial services by using electronic communication and computations (Allen, McAndrews ve Strahan, 2001: 5).In another definition e-finance can be defined as scatter of financial services by means of internet or online. E-finance operations mainly covers online intermediation ,insurance trade, banking and other financial activities (Shahrokhi, 2008: 366).In fact, e-finance applications are subheading of electronic trade applications. E-trade is the access of digital data processing technology and electronic communications to create ,to transform and to redefine relations in trade transactions in order to create value between two or more enterprises and between the individuals and enterprises(Andam, 2003: 32).As it can be seen in its definition, the concept and the applications of e-trade also covers the applications of e-finance. The main factors that formed the e-finance revolution have been stated to be technology, globalization, regulations, entrepreneurship, capital and competition by Shahrokhi (2008: 367). These factors are affected intensively by the fund providers, users, regulators, investors and the other components in the markets. The sector is divided into five categories in the e-finance model. These are: 1-Business to business (B2B), 2-Business to Consumer (B2C) 3-Consumer to consumer (C2C), 4-Technical infrastructure support for the e-Finance platform 5-Institutional and regulatory environment factor that facilitate growth of e-commerce and e-finance According to the categories and the contents given above ,it is seen that B2B includes reduction of application costs, unmediated or electronic intermediation, electronic transactions, integrated customer solutions and electronic fund system.B2C includes financial intermediation or online applications by means of portals ,ebanking or online banking, personal finance or wealth management and insurance fields.C2C includes online transactions and transactions cycle .In terms of technical infrastructure for the support of the e-finance platform, the relation between the financial services provided by financial technology partners and technology and service solutions has been shown in Table 1. As seen in the table, the developments in the –e-finance field have increased the competition while decreasing the financial service costs (Claessens, Glaessner ve Klingebiel, 2001: 7). As a result of this, there has been a more intensive competition, transaction speed and quality increase among the financial service suppliers. 1 Đnternet’in çıkış noktası, ABD Savunma Bakanlığı bünyesindeki “Đleri Araştırma Projeleri Ajansı” (ARPA – Advanced Research Projects Agency) nın 1969 yılında kurduğu ARPANET ağıdır. 1 The starting point of the internet is the network ARPANET established in 1969 by Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) within the structure of USA Ministry of Defence 2 a connection point or a device that is connected as a component a computer network 3 The word meaning of “host” is to provide housing for. In fact its meaning in the world of internet is just this. In other words , it means a company which hosts websites on the Internet . 292 �1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Table 1. The Realtoin Network fo Financial Technology Partners Resource: Shahrokhi, 2008: 378. Finally, all governments even most of the market managers need to regulate and control the financial sector for the reasons of competition, anti-trust relations, consumer protection, safety and accuracymaintainability. They need to analyze the last changes in the financial services and whether the existent applications are sufficient and they also need to analyze whether the traditional reasons are valid for regulation and control and in which fields the importance of competition policy and consumer protection has increased (Yörük, 2002. 11). Thus e-finance applications can be provided in more secure and more quality manner. 2. The Outlook of E-finance in the World and in Turkey Internet technology is certainly one of the primary components that are effective on the financial system change. Therefore, when we look at the scatter of the world internet access in Figure 1,before looking at the e-finance access rates, it is seen that Asia Region comes first with 41,2 %.Europe follows this region with 24,6 % and North America region comes after with 15,7 %. Figure 1. World Internet Users by World Regions Resource: www.internetworldstats.com/stats.htm (09.05.2009). It is seen that Turkey ranks number thirteen in terms of the internet users’ number with 26.500.000 people by the year 2008 when we look at the world internet statistics given in the Table 2. Turkey comes after Germany, England, France and Italy among the European countries. However, as this table has been prepared according to the population, some of the European countries have not been included. While Turkey is in the front ranks among the countries of which the number of users increasing between the period of 2000-2008, the leading countries in terms of users’ number according to the population are Canada, Australia, Japan, America, South Korea, Germany and Spain respectively. In addition, Pakistan, Iran, Turkey, India, Indonesia and China are the most noticeable countries in terms of the number of users between the period of 2000-2008. Among the countries and regions that are not seen in this table because of their population but that display the best performance, Iceland ranks first with its population of 299 thousand and the access rate of 86.3 % . Sweden which has 9.1 million population and 7 million active internet users is in the front ranks with the rate of 75,6 % and New Zealand which has 4.2 million population and 3.2 million internet users is also in the front ranks with the rate 74.9 %. In addition, it should be stated that the internet access rates of the countries like Portugal, Holland, Denmark, Hong Kong and Luxembourg are also much above most of the other countries. 293 �1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Table 2. 20 Countries Using the Internet Most in the World Country or Region 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 China United States Japan India Germany Brazil United Kingdom France Korea, South Italy Russia Canada Turkey Spain Indonesia Mexico Iran Vietnam Pakistan Australia Internet Users 253,000,000 220,141,969 94,000,000 60,000,000 52,533,914 50,000,000 41,817,847 36,153,327 34,820,000 34,708,144 32,700,000 28,000,000 26,500,000 25,623,329 25,000,000 23,700,000 23,000,000 20,159,615 17,500,000 16,355,388 Penetration (Population) 19.0 % 72.5 % 73.8 % 5.2 % 63.8 % 26.1 % 68.6 % 58.1 % 70.7 % 59.7 % 23.2 % 84.3 % 36.9 % 63.3 % 10.5 % 21.6 % 34.9 % 23.4 % 10.4 % 79.4 % % of World Users 17.3 % 15.0 % 6.4 % 4.1 % 3.6 % 3.4 % 2.9 % 2.5 % 2.4 % 2.4 % 2.2 % 1.9 % 1.8 % 1.8 % 1.7 % 1.6 % 1.6 % 1.4 % 1.2 % 1.1 % Population 1,330,044,605 303,824,646 127,288,419 1,147,995,898 82,369,548 191,908,598 60,943,912 62,177,676 49,232,844 58,145,321 140,702,094 33,212,696 71,892,807 40,491,051 237,512,355 109,955,400 65,875,223 86,116,559 167,762,040 20,600,856 User Growth (2000-2008) 1,024.4 % 130.9 % 99.7 % 1,100.0 % 118.9 % 900.0 % 171.5 % 325.3 % 82.9 % 162.9 % 954.8 % 120.5 % 1,225.0 % 375.6 % 1,150.0 % 773.8 % 9,100.0 % 9,979.8 % 12,969.5 % 147.8 % Resource: http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats.htm (09.05.2009) When an evaluation has been carried out according to the statistic of Banks Association of Turkey about the access of internet for the field of e-finance, it is seen that the number of retail customers registered for internet banking and “ logged in” at least once is 11.222.126 by December 2008. The total number of customers “logged in” at least once in one-year period is 5.946.652.The number of customers using internet banking has been given in the Table 3.As it is seen from the table, from 2006 to 2008 although it is a very short time like two years, increases that reached the double in the number of users were seen .Therefore, it is expected that the rates will increase in the following years. The statistics of internet banking belonging to the data of March 2009 published by the Banks Association of Turkey support this expectation Table 3. Number of Customers Using Internet Banking According to the Years Number of retail customers Active (A) (that logged in at least once in the last three-month period) Registered (B) (that logged in at least once) Registered (C)(that logged in at least once in one-year period) Active(A) / Registered(B) Customer rate(percent) Number of Instuitional Customer Active (A) (that logged in at least once in the last three-month period) Registered (B) (that logged in at least once) Registered (C)(that logged in at least once in one-year period) Active(A) / Registered(B) Customer rate(percent) Number of Total Customer Active (A) (that logged in at least once in the last three-month period) Registered (B) (that logged in at least once) Registered (C)(that logged in at least once in one-year period) Active(A) / Registered(B) Customer rate(percent) December 2006 December 2007 December 2008 March 2009 2.605.673 3.795.627 4.613.670 4.838.000 15.510.826 17 8.908.956 4.920.907 43 11.222.126 11.793.000 5.946.652 6.344.000 41 41 380.390 478.737 555.459 581.000 812.314 1.131.302 588.211 1.358.545 687.737 1.459.000 710.000 47 42 41 40 2.986.063 4.274.364 5.169.129 5.419.000 16.323.140 10.040.258 5.509.118 43 12.580.671 13.252.000 6.634.389 7.054.000 41 41 18 Resource: BAT (TBB). According to the data of Banks Association of Turkey, the total number of financial transactions excluding the investment transactions carried out by using the internet banking is 57.942 thousand and the amount is 136.680 million TRY in the period of October-December 2008. The money transfer transactions covering EFT(electronic 294 �1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo fond transfer),money order and foreign exchange transfer comprise 84 % of the financial transaction volume excluding the investment transactions. Items Table 4 . The Outlook of Turkey’s Financial Transactions in Internet Banking December 2007 September 2008 December 2008 Number of Volume of Number of Volume of Number of Volume of transactions transactions transactions transactions transactions transactions (Thousand) (Million TRY) (Thousand) (Million TRY) (Thousand) (Million TRY) Money transfers Payments Credit card transactions Other financial transactions Total Resource: BAT 29.335 15.393 5.352 1.131 112.693 3.400 3.486 7.851 31.114 18.828 6.143 1.619 127.408 4.720 4.421 14.406 29.718 20.578 6.050 1.596 115.218 4.626 4.165 12.671 51.211 127.431 57.705 150.954 57.942 136.680 The total number of financial transactions performed by using the internet banking excluding the investment transactions increased by 6.731 compared to the same period of the year before and increased by 237 compared to the previous three-month period. While the total volume of transactions was increasing by 9.249 million TRY, it decreased by 14.274 million TRY compared to the previous three-month period. 3. The Perceptions of Individual Internet Users About E-Finance Application 3.1. The Aim and Content Of The Research In this study, it has been aimed to to determine the choices, expectations and perceptions of individual internet users’ who work in different duties and positions in public. The questionnaire was performed face to face on the public employees within the content of the study in Afyonkarahisar City. The first part of the questionnaire consists of the questions about the individual information of employees. Additionally, there are also some questions about work position and e-finance applications in public. In the last part, it is required from the employees to evaluate the e-finance applications with five point likert type questions.. In the evaluation of the results, aggregation and one-way variance analysis were performed by using SPSS 11.5 statistical programme. 3.2. The Findings and The Comments Of The Research It has been determined that Cronbach alpha reliability study supplies 0.8261 data reliability before mentioning the evaluations on research data. The results obtained from the formed frequency tables are summarized as follow: According to data, it has been determined that 57.7 % of those who filled the questionnaire is female and 42.3 % of them is male. It is seen that great majority of subjects are in the young and middle age group. According to data 38 % of them is in 25-35 age group, 32 % of them is in 35-45 age group and 15 % is in 45 and over 45 age group. The summarized results about the occupational and the educational states of those who filled the questionnaire are given in Table 5. It is understood that those who filled the questionnaire are predominantly civil servant and they have bachelor degree. These results show that this study aims at more conscious and educated audiences as it is proper for the aim of the study. On the other hand, it predominantly is determined that those who choose the other part in occupational choice are the academics. 295 �1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Table 5. Occupation and Education Status of the Participants Occupation Frequency Percent ( % ) worker 18 8,0 Civil servant 127 56,4 Director 37 16,4 Top Director 3 1,3 Retired 3 1,3 Other 37 16,4 Total 225 100,0 Education Status Frequency Percent ( % ) Primary school 2 ,9 Secondary School 30 13,3 Associate Degree 36 16,0 Licence 99 44,0 Master Degree 58 25,8 Total 225 100,0 Findings about personal internet access and its aims have been shown in Table 6. Accordingly, 99 % of the participants have stated that they connect to the internet. Furthermore, it has been found out that a large proportion as 70% of them connect to the internet everyday and above 90 % of them connect to the internet once a week. In terms of the internet access aim, it is concluded that large majority of them as 51,6 % use internet for the purpose of receiving news. The access of internet for the purpose of receiving news was also in the first rank with a large proportion as 76 % in the internet access study carried out by Turkish Statistical Institute(TSI) throughout Turkey. Therefore, it is understood that the result of this study is in harmony with the results throughout Turkey. The access of internet for the purpose of research has become in the second rank. The fact that there have been academician based participants in the study can be concluded to be one of the reasons of this choice to be effective. When we look at the other aims of the access, it is concluded that financial purposes like banking transactions bill payments comes after respectively. This result is an important indicator of that efinance access frequency is supported by public based individual users. Table 6. The Frequency and Purposes of Internet . Access of Internet Frequency Yes 223 No 2 Total 225 Frequency ıf Internet Access Frequency Everyday 159 Every three days 28 Once a week 20 Forthnightly 8 Once a month 9 Total 224 The Purpose of the Internet Frequency Access News 116 Game 4 Bill Payment 4 Bankacılık işlemleri 17 Messenger 7 Research 59 Exchange and fund pursuit 1 Others 17 Total 225 Percent ( % ) 99,1 ,9 100,0 Percent ( % ) 70,7 12,4 8,9 3,6 3,6 99,1 Percent ( % ) 51,6 1,8 4,8 10,6 3,1 20,2 ,4 7,6 100,0 The questions in the 5 point likert scale have been prepared to determine the assessments of the participants in the survey study about e-finance applications clearly, and they have been ranged from “1 most 296 �1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo important” to “5 have no importance” and between minimum 1 and maximum 5 values. The meaning of these values are: “2” important , “3” no difference “4” less important. The values on which that participants concentrated and the average and standard deviation values are shown in Table 7.According to this, it is concluded that the concreation among the participants is in the zones numbered 2 and 1 in terms of the necessity of internet for its contribution to financial transactions, payments, banking transactions and shopping while the concentration is in the zones numbered 1 and 2 respectively in terms of the use of time. Consequently, it has been determined that the necessity of internet in terms of financial transactions is perceived to be important by individual users on the concentration map prepared for perception level of e-finance transactions. Table 7. The Concentration Map for the Perception Level of E-finance Transaction Propositions The necessity of internet for financial transactions today The necessity of internet for payments The necessity and contribution of internet for banking transactions The necessity and contribution of internet for shopping The necessity and contribution of internet for the use of time N Average S.Deviation 1 2 3 4 5 225 1,7911 0,86907 74 115 19 11 6 225 2,1467 1,09821 60 116 22 10 17 225 2,0933 1,09185 70 105 22 15 13 225 2,2756 1,14353 54 109 24 22 16 225 1,7644 0,93187 105 87 20 7 6 One-way variance analysis has been carried out in Table 8 for the purpose of determining whether there is a meaningful difference among the individual internet users according to different occupations. Accordingly, it has been found out that there is 0,05 difference in the significance level among the individual internet users in terms of the first and third questions , but there is no significant difference in terms of the other three questions. Table 8. The Results of One-Way Analysis of Variance (Differences in Perceptions of E-finance according to Individual Participants’ Occupations ) Sum of Squares df Mean Square F ANOVA The necessity of the internet for financial transactions 2 The necessity of the internet for payments 3. The necessity of the internet for banking transactions 4. The necessity of the internet in terms of its contribution to shopping 5. The necessity of the internet in terms of the access of time Between Groups 7,119 5 1,424 Within Groups 162,063 219 ,740 Total 169,182 224 Between Groups 8,387 5 1,677 Within Groups 261,773 219 1,195 Total 270,160 224 Between Groups 19,354 5 3,871 Within Groups 247,686 219 1,131 Total 267,040 224 Between Groups 12,134 5 2,427 Within Groups 280,781 219 1,282 Total Between Groups 292,916 224 4,665 5 ,933 ,867 Within Groups 189,850 219 Total 194,516 224 Sig. 2,124 ,011 1,403 ,224 3,422 ,005 1,893 ,097 1,076 ,374 General Evaluation and the Result The study carried out forms an important substructure in terms of perceptions and awareness of the individuals in different occupations about e-finance applications. In addition, the differences among the perceptions of e-finance in terms of occupations can also be determined. Accordingly, the effectiveness of better banking, insurance or other online financial transactions and the closeness of them to consumers can show disparity. Today the more effective working of banking transactions depends on electronic substructure to be formed. In contemporary banking, e-finance applications and its transformation will multiply the efficiency; will lead to decrease in the general management expenses; will increase the financial security; will make the financial management activities more efficient; will become a bridge between rural and urban areas by facilitating the 297 �1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo communication; will form new and different job opportunities; will raise the ability of money access by increasing savings and therefore will provide the increase of general economic performance. Electronic operations and internet access in Turkey and in the world have been evaluated in the study. Especially in recent years crucial discrepancies have been seen in Turkey in the access of internet. This state has also affected the efinance operation in the same way. It is seen that e-finance operations are largely perceived by the individuals and there have been individual awareness in terms of e-finance applications on the concentration map which is formed for the purpose of determining perception levels in the study. Therefore, it is expected that these applications will continue by increasing in progressive times. In addition, financial institutions, which perform efinance transactions, will be able to decide how they can approach to their costumers and how they can fulfill their costumers’ choices and expectations by looking at this studies. In the study, one-way variance analysis is carried out in order to determine whether there is difference between the individual occupations and the perception of e-finance applications. In this analysis, it has been determined that there are differences at the significance level of 00.5, between the necessity of internet in terms of financial operations and the necessity of internet in terms of banking operations. It is thought that this difference results from individual internet users’ occupational variety. In conclusion, performing the financial transactions by means of internet technology, which is accepted as e-finance revolution, will be one of the most important market developments in the future as it is today. Besides these developments, providing consumers’ allegiance depends on the formation of financial info and technological substructure in the direction of consumers’ needs and expectations. The success is very close for the financial institutions that can achieve this process. References Akar E. & Kayahan C., (2007), Elektronik Ticaret ve Elektronik Đş: uygulamalar, Modeller ve Stratejiler, Nobel Yayınevi, Ankara. Allen, F., McAndrews, J. & Stratran, P. (2002), ‘‘E-finance: an introduction’’, Journal of Financial Services Research, Vol. 22 Nos. 1-2, pp. 5-27. Andam Zorayda Ruth, (2003), E-Commerce and E-Business, May, e-ASEAN Task Force UNDP-APDIP, www.apdip.net/publications/iespprimers/eprimer-ecom.pdf (06.03.2007) Claessens S., Glaessner T. & Klingebiel D., (2001), E-Finance in Emerging markets: Is Leapfrogging Possible ?, Financial sector Discussion paper, No: 7, The World Bank. Kınık T., (2002), Elektronik Finansın Gelişimi Karşısında Aracı Kuruluşlar, SPK Yeterlilik Etüdü, Ankara. Shahrokhi M., (2008), E-finance: status, innovations, resources and future challenges, www.emeraldinsight.com/03074358.htm(09.05.20099. Yörük N., (2002), E-Finans: Finansal Görünümün Yeniden Biçimlenmesi, http://www.bilgiyonetimi.org/cm/pages/mkl_gos.php?nt=230(08.06.2005). http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats.htm (09.05.2009) http://www.tbb.org.tr/(09.05.2009). http://www.pcnedir.com/tag/arpanet/(09.05.2009) 298 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 228 Title A name given to the resource The Perceptions of Individual Internet Users about E-Finance Applications Author Author TOPAL, Yusuf KAYAHAN, Cantürk Abstract A summary of the resource. The Global Integration process, new regulations and the developments in the technology of internet have changed the nature and the structure of the financial services on a large scale. The fact that financial services have been carried out by using electronic communication and calculation has originated new field called e-finance. As a result of this, financial service suppliers have entered into a more active competition process in order to gain new customers. Technology, globalization, regulations, entrepreneurship, capital and competition have become the main components of the e-finance revolution. E-finance has focused on three main access fields. These are the access of electronic payments, the activities of the financial service activities and financial market activities. These services are used intensely by two sectors as individual and institutional. Institutional users are the companies and the other public and private sector firms. The individual users have also started to be important as at least the institutional users due to the increase of the competition. Therefore, the determination of the expectations, preferences, and advantageous components, which are the factors that incline internet users to e-finance, is very important for the financial institutions In conclusion, for the purpose of determining individuals’ perceptions about e-finance transactions, a face to face public survey has been conducted with the internet users and the results of this public survey have been tested in SPSS 11.5 programme in this study. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2009-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed HB Economic Theory Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 3448 Title A name given to the resource THE PERFORMANCE OF NATIVE AND NON-NATIVE SPEAKERS OF ENGLISH ON A UNIVERSITY ENTRANCE EXAM (GRE) Author Author BASTUG, Harun A Ahmad, sanna Abstract A summary of the resource. College entrance exams are known to be one of the most nerve-racking steps a student has to cross for a better future. These exams measure students’ collective knowledge in different skill areas and predict what potentials they have for future performances in different fields. This study will examine the differences in performance between native and non-native speakers of English in the English section of the Graduate Record Examination (GRE). It is the one test written in English that applicants from all around the world take on the same date and with the same copy, and this study aims to help the students in their preparation to predict what their weaknesses are, and find a common ground between each category in the GRE test. The results of the research are based on the case study of students' performance in the test and will involve 60 students, 30 native and 30 non-native speakers of English. The participants will be given the same written test in order to separate the mistakes found in different linguistic categories Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2016 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed PE English Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 938 Title A name given to the resource The Performance Tasks in Primary EFL Classrooms Author Author Yucel, Nilgun Abstract A summary of the resource. The aim of the study was to investigate if there was a match between 7th grade English Language Teaching Program and EFL (English as a Foreign Language) classroom practices concerning PTs (Performance Tasks) in terms of characteristics, evaluation and contribution of PTs to language learning. The participants of this study were 30 7th grade EFL students. The data were collected by means of a questionnaire and document analysis. The data were analyzed with the use of SPSS 15.00. Results did not show a significant difference between perceptions of the PTS and gender. Similarly, no correlation was found between perceptions of the PTs and mother and father education level. The analysis of the data indicated that although classroom practices meet moderately the curricular requirements in terms of characteristics, and evaluation and contribution of PTs to language learning, there are still some problems related to PTs in EFL classroom practices. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed P Philology. Linguistics https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/3ae883e9763007d7495d359b3b9953ad.pdf 843fc35934582f6618d250775b58fc40 PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo The Personal Expenditure Tax Proposal: In view of Impact of the Economic Crises Prevention Ferhat Başkan Özgen Adnan Menderes University, Aydın, Turkey fbaskanozgen@gmail.com The world has undergone many economic crises in the last century of our recent past. These economic crises (called inflation, deflation, or stagflation) have always been considered to be one of the most critical problems facing humanity. Crises change the lifestyles of individuals and lower their living standards, whereby they are deemed to be social problems. Since it is the duty of the state to regulate economic life, politicians feel themselves under greater pressure (especially in democratic countries) to moderate the impact of the economic crisis. However, our historical experience has shown us that governments (and the political measures they devise) are inadequate and unsuccessful in preventing the economic crisis from occurring in the first place, even though the primary goal of the state and politics should be the prevention of the crisis before its onset. This point precisely is the focus of this study. There have been attempts to revive the discussion of personal expenditure tax in the finance literature, an option which was proposed long ago as a method of preventing economic crises. In this new tax proposal, the subject of the tax is the portion of income that is not disposed. This “non-disposed” income becomes either consumption expenditure or investment expenditure. In this new tax proposal, the primary objective is to lay a mild progressive tax on consumption expenditure via a three-tiered tariff. The proposal for a personal expenditure tax has two versions, one radical and one moderate. Both versions envisage a wide range of reforms, which encompass the elimination of some fundamental taxes in current use. The radical proposal supports a comprehensive tax exemption to investment expenditure depending on time and conditions. The moderate proposal, due to the ambiguity between investment and consumption expenditure, supports that both kinds of expenditure must be subject to the tax thereby proposed. Scientists who support the personal expenditure tax do for a variety of reasons such as tax justice, simplifying the tax system, further 117 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo encouragement of savings and investment (as well as economic stability and growth), the improvement of income distribution justice, increasing the effectiveness of tax policy and the tax incentive system. The greatest practical obstacle to the implementation of the new tax is the difficulty of determining the income of the taxpayers. This is because in order to have the tax assessment, it would be necessary to list all cash input (regardless of the source), to calculate the cash sum, and to subtract from this sum all expenditure exempt from taxation (along with any investment expenditure). Those who are against the proposal generally do so because of the sheer size of the informal economy. The proposal becomes applicable and meaningful only when informal economy shrinks considerably. The primary hypothesis of this study is that in our digital age, this new tax proposal has become much more applicable, thanks to the expansion of formal economy and the increased role that the banking system plays in daily life – which in turn were brought about by developments in technology. A brand-new taxation infrastructure, which will encourage savings and investment without penalizing workers and laborers, will be one of the greatest hindrances to the onset of economic crisis. The first part of the study presents the aforementioned proposal for a personal expenditure tax in greater detail. The second part is on the discussion of the reasons which begin economic crises, and on this new tax proposal's expected role in the crisis prevention. The last part of the study will evaluate the preconditions relevant to the implementation of the personal expenditure tax proposal, as well as the applicability of the proposal itself. Keywords: Economic Crisis, Crisis Prevention, Personal Expenditure Tax, Tax Policy. JEL Classification : H12, G01, H20, H21, E64. 118 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1569 Title A name given to the resource The Personal Expenditure Tax Proposal: In view of Impact of the Economic Crises Prevention Author Author BASKAN OZGEN, Ferhat Abstract A summary of the resource. The world has undergone many economic crises in the last century of our recent past. These economic crises (called inflation, deflation, or stagflation) have always been considered to be one of the most critical problems facing humanity. Crises change the lifestyles of individuals and lower their living standards, whereby they are deemed to be social problems. Since it is the duty of the state to regulate economic life, politicians feel themselves under greater pressure (especially in democratic countries) to moderate the impact of the economic crisis. However, our historical experience has shown us that governments (and the political measures they devise) are inadequate and unsuccessful in preventing the economic crisis from occurring in the first place, even though the primary goal of the state and politics should be the prevention of the crisis before its onset. This point precisely is the focus of this study. There have been attempts to revive the discussion of personal expenditure tax in the finance literature, an option which was proposed long ago as a method of preventing economic crises. In this new tax proposal, the subject of the tax is the portion of income that is not disposed. This “non-disposed” income becomes either consumption expenditure or investment expenditure. In this new tax proposal, the primary objective is to lay a mild progressive tax on consumption expenditure via a three-tiered tariff. The proposal for a personal expenditure tax has two versions, one radical and one moderate. Both versions envisage a wide range of reforms, which encompass the elimination of some fundamental taxes in current use. The radical proposal supports a comprehensive tax exemption to investment expenditure depending on time and conditions. The moderate proposal, due to the ambiguity between investment and consumption expenditure, supports that both kinds of expenditure must be subject to the tax thereby proposed. Scientists who support the personal expenditure tax do for a variety of reasons such as tax justice, simplifying the tax system, further encouragement of savings and investment (as well as economic stability and growth), the improvement of income distribution justice, increasing the effectiveness of tax policy and the tax incentive system. The greatest practical obstacle to the implementation of the new tax is the difficulty of determining the income of the taxpayers. This is because in order to have the tax assessment, it would be necessary to list all cash input (regardless of the source), to calculate the cash sum, and to subtract from this sum all expenditure exempt from taxation (along with any investment expenditure). Those who are against the proposal generally do so because of the sheer size of the informal economy. The proposal becomes applicable and meaningful only when informal economy shrinks considerably. The primary hypothesis of this study is that in our digital age, this new tax proposal has become much more applicable, thanks to the expansion of formal economy and the increased role that the banking system plays in daily life – which in turn were brought about by developments in technology. A brand-new taxation infrastructure, which will encourage savings and investment without penalizing workers and laborers, will be one of the greatest hindrances to the onset of economic crisis. The first part of the study presents the aforementioned proposal for a personal expenditure tax in greater detail. The second part is on the discussion of the reasons which begin economic crises, and on this new tax proposal's expected role in the crisis prevention. The last part of the study will evaluate the preconditions relevant to the implementation of the personal expenditure tax proposal, as well as the applicability of the proposal itself. Keywords: Economic Crisis, Crisis Prevention, Personal Expenditure Tax, Tax Policy. JEL Classification : H12, G01, H20, H21, E64. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-10 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-4564 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 3465 Title A name given to the resource THE PHILOLOGICAL APPROACH Author Author Osborn, Katarina Abstract A summary of the resource. DO ORIGINS MATTER? Can awareness of these serve in the English-learning process? Modern English has evolved through the last 1500 years as a hybrid language (Crystal, D. 2004). The Angles the Saxons and the Danes all made important contributions as well as the Normans. Due to this amalgam of linguistic ingredients, the English language taught round the world presents considerable learning obstacles that are directly related to these original components. This paper will highlight some of these obstacles with a view to demonstrating how effective knowledge of these origins can be for the learner in many areas of English acquisition. The first step is to outline some areas of difficulty in English that are directly linked to the parts that make up this hybrid language that has become a world lingua-franca. These are elements such as, the huge vocabulary bank, spelling problems, pronunciation difficulties, grammar and structural challenges. It is the mammoth task of getting to grips with this amalgam that could be rendered somewhat easier by insights into origins (Crystal, D. 2011). Often students ask questions about the seemingly illogical, idiosyncratic grammar, spelling or pronunciation rules involved in English. Perhaps teachers should be prepared to give some reasonable explanations. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed PE English https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/49d5f65879e198af400473679fc38173.pdf b4de420b850e4833a922e8e71e909463 PDF Text Text The Photographic Message: Common people Images in Contemporary Ads Mirza Džanić University of Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina Abstract: The use of common people and objects as persuasive tools is an advertising strategy focuses on the assumption that common man can easily be identified with the masses i.e. target group for an advertiser. The ads feature people who appear to be average and typical ant thus lead the reader to believe that the product is for everyone (Howe and Edelstein 2000: 24). As Goddard (2005: 81-82) points out, ‘symbolic representation can be a powerful source of meaning in texts of all kinds. Symbols are much more about associations of ideas than about any literal or straightforward equation, and much more about group convention than about individual personalized meaning’. Accordingly, the semiotic analysis in this paper contains what Barthes (1977: 33) explained as follows: ‘…if the image contains signs, we can be sure that in advertising these signs are full, formed with a view to the optimum reading: the advertising image is frank or at least emphatic’. Keywords: semiotics, images, ads, common people, denotation, connotation. 1. Introduction As an attention-drawing tool, advertisers exploit people’s desires, fears, wishes, guilts and other motions and needs in general. In doing so, they encourage consumers to think that particular products can satisfy their desires (whatever they may be: for social status, belonging, sexual attractiveness etc.), alleviate their fears and calm their guilt. This strategy produces results despite the fact that people mostly know, on a conscious level, that most of products advertised will not satisfy their needs to such an extent. Companies, which spend a lot on advertising, count on the assumption that people are ‘subconsciously more susceptible then they would like to admit’ (Solomon 2001: 47). Advertisers presume that people have a number of unfulfilled urges and motives in their minds. As Fowles (2001: 62) points out, ‘mental forces such as lust, ambition, tenderness, vulnerabilities are constantly bubbling up, seeking resolution. Kress and Leuween (2006: 175) emphasize that ‘images represent the relations between the people, places and things they depict, and the complex set of relations that can exist between images and their viewers’. Each image contains a number of representational relations. In a consumer society common objects are transformed into signs of all the things that people covet most. In other words, special brands convey special status that one is striving for. From a semiotic point of view, these special brands send a signal which is a sign of some sort of power. A typical example of that power i.e. social distinction is ‘owning a country estate and enjoying the peace and privacy that attend it’ (Solomon 2001: 50). Accordingly, ads for cars such as Mercedes-Benz or Jaguar usually feature drivers �‘motoring quietly along a country road, presumably on their way to or from their country houses’ (Solomon 2001: 50). Any ad is placed within a circuit of a certain culture, as Matheson (2005: 44) puts it, and people are identifying meaning within it. In other words, ‘communication works because it draws on shared cultural resources in familiar social situations - something which becomes apparent when people who speak the same language but live in different cultures manage to misunderstand each other’ (Gumperz; cited in Matheson 2005: 35). 2. Plain Folks Advertising What is most noticeable in these examples is the phenomenon called plain folks advertising. (Howe and Edelstein 2000: 24) The use of common people as a persuasive tool is an advertising strategy, which, unlike the one exploiting the images of celebrities, focuses on the assumption that common man can easily be identified with the masses (i.e. target group for an advertiser, in this context). The ads feature people who appear to be average and typical ant thus lead the reader to believe that the product is for everyone (Howe and Edelstein 2000: 24). Furthermore, the appeal to the need for autonomy is characterized by the use of the second person pronoun - you. It is the individuality of the reader i.e. a potential customer that is in focus here: possibilities are made for you - you need to think of them and you must decide which one suits you best. Generally, what the examples below say is that ‘You can have it the way you want it’ as Fowles (2001: 71) puts it. As for the common objects exploited in the ads, the reader is challenged to decode the message, taking connoted meaning into consideration in order to comprehend what message the advertiser is conveying by, for example, employing illumination of the green light in the ad. Such examples illustrate the importance of connoted message in the process of decoding a message. As Goddard (2005: 81-82) points out, ‘symbolic representation can be a powerful source of meaning in texts of all kinds. Symbols are much more about associations of ideas than about any literal or straightforward equation, and much more about group convention than about individual personalized meaning’. 3. Analysis The messages these ads convey deal with common human problems as well, whether they are considered as the most fundamental such as the issues of health, employment, life insurance, or more consumerist issues (which, on the other hand, for some people are fundamental ones) such as how to afford to buy a new car etc. In other words, everything that makes one’s life miserable if not properly (and in time) taken care of. Accordingly, the faces and gestures of common people in question suggest the problem (directly stated or implied, enhanced by the textual part of the message), while the advertised product or service promise to solve the problem in question, just as it happens to common people shown in the picture. 3.1. Example 1 �Figure 1 The key persuasive element in the textual part of this ad is the notion of the American dream, which can be justified as follows. The American way of life or the way of doing business upholds the individual and their right to make their own decisions autonomously. Therefore, they are more or less ‘going it alone in their lives’ (Fowles 2001: 66), trying to achieve the American dream of rising above the crowd, ‘of attaining a social summit beyond the reach of ordinary citizens’ (Solomon 2001: 47). In addition, the need for advertisers to use affiliation as an appeal presents something contrary to that deeply-funded stereotype, which probably occurs because people privately lack something. As a result, such a situation makes a fertile ground for advertisers to send the messages like this one. The promotion of solitary way of the American life, which stands for a virtue in terms of achieving the American dream on one’s own, often shows its contradictory nature. Namely, such a way of life has led to developing an estranged society with many categories of citizens (e.g. senior citizens, the sick, the poor etc.) ending up alone and helpless. The focus of this appeal is on what people lack, miss or look forward to. This is why the companies advertised usually do not mention their performances or qualities as being the best, fastest or whatever by which they outperform the competition. Instead of that, the reader is offered the phrases like: there before you need us, caring more about you, most friendly airline, a smile in the sky, friendliness, the smiling faces of our friendly staff, smiles that are unmistakable. Affiliation as a need used as the main persuasive and manipulative tool in the language of advertising stands for the human need to be looked after, as far as advertisers are concerned and as far as they assume what the reader’s need is. What we have in this message in particular is a story of three firefighters who work hard for us so they need to be appropriately awarded via proper retirement plans and life insurance once they are retired. Pragmatically analyzed, from this notion, an implicature can be drawn that the consulting company advertised needs to be hired in order to get such quality service and care, otherwise there is no American dream fulfilled. As for the pictorial part of the ad, i.e. the semiotic part of the analysis, the three firefighters in the picture symbolize gender and race equality (featuring a white man, a black man and a woman), by which the advertiser sends the message that anyone is capable of achieving the American dream, regardless of their sex or race. Connotative meaning of �heroism is also involved here as a persuasive tool, as firefighters are generally perceived in the public as heroes. Thus everyone admires them and is ready to support them because, among other things, they are crawling on their hands and knees through flames and heat approaching 200 degrees. From the above, it can be noted that the advertiser here exploits an empathy-based persuasive technique, placing the emphasis on the image rather than on the textual part of the message. According to Barthes (qtd. in Beasley and Danesi 2002: 45), ‘the notion of connotation is of great importance for the study of advertisements because it constitutes a fund of knowledge of a particular culture into which a sign taps’. Therefore, as we have to take any ad within the appropriate social, historical and cultural setting, the picture of firefighters is ultimately iconic, especially in the USA after the September 11 attacks, even though the cult of firemen as heroes dates back to the 19th century. The images of firefighters in all possible situations have become commonplace in mass media and frequently exploited by advertisers. What is additionally employed here is the necessity for those heroes to be taken care of when they retire. Naturally, it applies to all other profession. The firefighters in the picture are only a sign that even superheroes need what, as the advertiser puts it, individuals and groups, companies and partnerships need: …the same quality service and care. Again, equality is implicated here again this time through the means of a presupposition. The advertiser’s message is that everyone, being offered the same freedom of choice, can achieve the American dream. Finally, this image contains is what Barthes (1977: 33) explained as follows: ‘…if the image contains signs, we can be sure that in advertising these signs are full, formed with a view to the optimum reading: the advertising image is frank or at least emphatic’. 3.2. Example 2 Figure 2 What characterizes this ad is the look of the people in it, they appear happy and content, which has a calming effect on a potential customer and serves as a persuasive tool. In this light, this advertising message is similar to the message conveyed in the previous example in �the sense of using the stereotypical image of a happy family as a persuasive tool. Accordingly, the similar iconicity is exploited here. Therefore, in this example we have an image and the accompanying text that underline the above mentioned notion as, apart from the fact that you have insurance on your house and car, what really matters is we can help cover the things that mean most. Pragmatically seen, it is presupposed that most people insure their houses and cars. However, it is their own lives and the lives of their dearest ones that seem to be neglected in this context. By the phrase We can help cover the things that mean most it is implicated that our lives are above everything else (…the economy that means most: yours!). Accordingly, the linguistic message is complemented by the image of a typical family, looking happy and satisfied. This image is a sign that works as a signifier for the concept of what means most. By employing such an image, the advertiser makes sure that the phrase what means most is not misinterpreted or misunderstood, as it could have been, provided that there is no pictorial element involved. 4. Conclusion According to Jhally (2003: 251), advertising does not work by ‘creating values and attitudes out of nothing but by drawing upon and rechanneling concerns that the target audience (and the culture) already shares’. In addition, affiliation as a need used as the main persuasive and manipulative tool in the language of advertising stands for the human need to be looked after, as far as advertisers are concerned and as far as they assume what the reader’s needs are. Here it is the need to feel secure and safe, and the desired feeling can only be satisfied if the advertised service is used. Among the things that make people happy, and this is what advertisers use a lot when appealing to human emotions, are a happy family life, loving relations, control of your own life, friendship etc. In a word, what matters, as the core of perceived happiness, is something that is rather social life than material possessions. Therefore, according to most quality of life surveys that ask people what they are seeking in life, commodities are ‘only weakly related to these sources of satisfaction’ (Jhally 2003: 251). However, what advertisers do in such cases is connecting goods, which are not the locus of perceived happiness, with the things that are perceived to bring us satisfaction. References: Barthes, R. (1977). Image Music Text. London: Fontana Press. Fowles, J. (2001). Advertising’s Fifteen Basic Appeals. In Petracca, M. and M. Sorapure (eds.), Common Culture. 3rd Edition. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Goddard, A. (2005). The Language of Advertising. London: Routledge. Howe, K. and J.Edelstain (2000).Understanding Advertising: History, Persuasion, Techniques, Mass Media, Target Audiences, Ad Creation.San Luis Obispo, CA: Dandy Lion Publications. �Jhally, S. (2003). Image-Based Culture: Advertising and Popular Culture. In Gender, Race, and Class in Media. London: Sage Publications. Kress, G. and T. van Leeuwen (2006). Reading Images: The Grammar of Visual Design. London: Routledge. Matheson, D. (2005). Media Discourses. New York: Open University Press. Petracca, M. and M. Sorapure (eds.) (2001). Common Culture. 3rd Edition. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Solomon, J. (2001). Masters of Desire. In Petracca, M. and M. Sorapure (eds.), Common Culture. 3rd Edition. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 3279 Title A name given to the resource The Photographic Message: Common people Images in Contemporary Ads Author Author Džanić, Mirza Abstract A summary of the resource. The use of common people and objects as persuasive tools is an advertising strategy focuses on the assumption that common man can easily be identified with the masses i.e. target group for an advertiser. The ads feature people who appear to be average and typical ant thus lead the reader to believe that the product is for everyone (Howe and Edelstein 2000: 24). As Goddard (2005: 81-82) points out, ‘symbolic representation can be a powerful source of meaning in texts of all kinds. Symbols are much more about associations of ideas than about any literal or straightforward equation, and much more about group convention than about individual personalized meaning’. Accordingly, the semiotic analysis in this paper contains what Barthes (1977: 33) explained as follows: ‘…if the image contains signs, we can be sure that in advertising these signs are full, formed with a view to the optimum reading: the advertising image is frank or at least emphatic’. Keywords: semiotics, images, ads, common people, denotation, connotation. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2016-05-17 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed PE English Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 3529 Title A name given to the resource THE PICTURE OF ORIENTALISM COLORED BY THE CHARACTERS IN T HE B U D DHA O F S U B U R B I A Author Author Pektaş, Rümeysa Sümeyra Pektaş, Havva Abstract A summary of the resource. This study exhibits how orientalist view reveals itself in The Buddha of Suburbia by Hanif Kureishi. Many of the subjects represented in the novel are still relevant in today’s society. One of the most important one is “Orientalism” which is portrayed by the author throughout the novel. We search for answer why orientalism has essential place in the plot. In the novel we feel that the author aims to arouse attention of the readers in orientalism experienced by immigrants from non-Western backgrounds. In order to obtain a deep understanding of the theme “orientalism”, definition and historical background of the term is presented in this paper. The analysis of the novel’s genre and characters are examined in detail by quotations from the novel. The novel has many autobiographical traits therefore we give a place to author’s biography to establish a connection. It can be clearly understood that the author reflects his own identity with the protagonist Karim like most of the characters in the novel who have connection to his real life. The author addresses orientalism in the novel through these characters’ lives. In this respect, it becomes relevant to elaborate character analysis. In conclusion, in the novel the theme orientalism is analysed from a postmodern perspective and it is aimed to shed light on the issue that it shouldn’t be underestimated the role of the characters chosen in the novel on this subject. Keywords: Orientalism, postmodernism, Bildungsroman, otherness. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed PE English https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/ef75c98b8d8bb5795ff7176a4469657a.pdf 04e1034a9e33fe135cdd793bcbff1050 PDF Text Text The Place and Importance of Cooperative Learning in the Globalizing World. Ufuk Şimşek Atatürk Üniversitesi Kazım Karabekir Faculty of Education Social Sciences Education Ümit Şimşek Ağrı İbrahim Çeçen University Faculty of Education Science Education M.Fatih Esen International Burch University, Faculty of Education , English Language and Literature Abstract:The aim of education in the globalising world is to cultivate individuals who believe in the supremacy of the law and democracy and can think freely, who possesses a sense of personal responsibility and who has developed his skills of utilizing the attained knowledge and competences all through his life. In order to equip the students with the implied knowledge and skills, educators are using various methods. Among these methods, the latest and the most perennial one is the cooperative learning method. In this article, ample information will be given on the method itself and its critical characteristics, and its role on ensuring social competence and democratic attitude will be discussed. Key Words: cooperative learning, globalization,social competence, democratic attitude Introduction Like many others, the term globalization doesn’t have a clear cut definition . Having said that, it is also a fact that the term globalization represents something. This term, which has become well known after M. McLuhan’s work called Understanding the media, can be understood from economical, social, psychological, political even philosophical and further different points of view. Ulrich Beck, in the analysis of the term Globalization, distinguished three different terms which are globalisation, globalism and globality. According to this, globalisation is a multidimensional and international process. This process includes the formations in areas of ecology, culture, economy, politics and civil society side to side, but in an irreducable way to eachother and it indicates that no longer the nation-states but international actors are in the foreground. Whereas the term globality describes that the countries are connected to eachother through a network of multidimensional relationship within the framework of “world community”concept. And what is implied by “Globalism” is that it is an imposition to provide the content of the phenomenon of globalisation to be perceived within the framework of the world market economy (Sarıbay,2004:38). Therefore, when globalization is discussed, not only a process led by international actors and the role of nation-states are undermined but also a political-ideological trend and a social formation, mentioned as “ world community”,which networks of mutual commitment of societies bring into existence, are described(Sarıbay,2004:38). Thus, it is obvious that globalisation can not be evaluated as impartially evolving and as a fact always yielding positive outcomes. Many globalisationists and neoliberal theoreticians claim that globalisation is a positive progress since it provides capital, business oppotunities, political freedom and freedom of choice to the consumer. To the opposing opinion, on the other hand, it is a negative process breeding inequality and indigence(Sasaki,2004:72). Schaeffer argues that globalisation does not create a one-dimensional process or a more homgeneous world an thus different results drawn may be positive for some and negative for the others(Schaeffer,2003:11akt Sasaki,2004:72). The vast majority is in agreement with the inevitability of globalisation eventhough it is disputable whether it creates a homogeneity or not. One of these inevitable areas is education. 107 �What is understood from globalisation of education is the education method, process and integration with the countries which are advanced in their government systems. However, this integration process in education is not competent to overcome the problems brought by globalisation. Education is a means to deal with not only the matters of adaptation or integration to globalisation but also the problems resulting from globalisation itself. Education will raise the type of individual who will overcome the globalisation issues. Societies and individuals are required to have the ability to take preventive measures against the possible consequences brought forth by globalisation and to benefit from the changes it brings (http://yayim.meb.gov.tr/dergiler/159/akcay.htm, 2006). The type of person that globalisation requires has changed. Not the person who stores information but who uses it has come forward now. Getting hold of information has become easier and cheaper in the globalising world, therefore, interpreting it has gained actual importance rather than just having it.(http://yayim.meb.gov.tr/dergiler/159/akcay.htm, 2006). It is essential for the teacher of this globalisation process to be qualified to educate the individual of this quality and to be well equipped with the parallel characteristics. It is important for the teachers to make learning available to students with various cultural backgrounds and weak social abilities, to help them to resolve existing conflicts through peaceful means, to respect eachother’s personalities and cultural backgrounds and to become citizens bearing social responsibility. It is possible to say that classical approaches on education are gradually losing their influence. There is a necessity of model implementations which will ensure the training of individuals who are sensitive about the lives of students which come from different social and cultural backgrounds, who believe in the continuity of learning, meaning that it is life long , who have tendency towards cooperation and groupwork ,and who view learning as a deep personal activity(Yurdabakan,2002:62). Knowing how to learn, learning how to learn, learning individually, learning as a team and as an organization are considered as the dominant elements of education. UNESCO Education Commission has added another element which is “ learning together”. Four principles are discussed in educational globalisation. These are;knowing to learn, learning to learn, individual learning,and learning how to live together(Doğan,2002:91;Unesco,1996’dan naklen). Groupwork is a method which improves individual’s ability to discuss, to agree, to convince and to communicate with the group and in relation to these it also supports and encourages individual’s managemnet skills. 1. Cooperative Learning In order an effective teaching process to take place, today’s concept of education brings against the educators the responsibility of determining the teaching method that will maximize learning and of implementing it. In addition to this, it is also known that most teachers, within the framework of textbooks in primary education institutions, are using the traditional teaching method which is based on the participation of the students as passive listeners. Some teachers, on the other hand, are using the printing method with which they suppose that they are activating the students(Şimşek, Doymuş, Kızıloğlu 2005). However, the students tend to adopt the “ cooperative learning method” which provides the teaching-learning environments to be more effective, efficient and fast, in which the students can express personal opinions freely,discuss matters and listen to eachother with mutual respect(Doolittle 1997). 1.1. Definition of the Cooperative Learning Method: The cooperative learning method has been defined in various ways by different scholars of education. Cooperative learning method is student-centered rather than teacher-centered and defined as a method where the stundent undertakes the active role (Cooper and Mueck 1990), ..... as a class learning method used to increase motivation and participation, to help students to develop a positive image related with themselves and their friends, to improve the power of problem solving and critical thinking and to encourage them in cooperation and social skills(Gömleksiz 1993)...as a class learning environment where students work in mixed small groups(Watson 1992)... as a learning approach according to which students, in a class environment, form mixed small groups having a shared purpose,to help eachother learn on an academic subject and group success is awarded in different ways (Delen 1998)... as a method considered as the realization process of learning in which students work in small groups helping eachother learn(Açıkgöz 2003)....as a learning method basing on cooperative work of students in mixed small groups helping eachother learn (Johnson and Johnson 1992). 108 �Cooperative learning as a concept includes teaching methods where students work in small groups,usually groups of 4-6, and the efficiency is awarded in different ways(Slavin 1988). Taking into consideration the definitions above, cooperative learning can be defined as a learning approach according to which the satudents both in class and in other environments form mixed small groups, help eachother learn on an academic subject through a common purpose, and by which self-confidence of individuals improves, their communicative skills develop, the competence of problem solving and critical thinking accelerates and the student takes part in learning-teaching process in the most active way. (Doymuş, Şimşek, Bayrakçeken 2004) 1.2Critical Features of Cooperative Learning Methods Here are the principles that distinguish the cooperative learning from the rest and its essential components: a. positive commitment b.face to face interaction c.individual responsibility d.social skills e.the evaluation of the group process These principles of the cooperative learning method are considered to be the five basic elements which enable the understanding of cooperative learning and the formation of cooperation among the members (Sharan 1990; Johnson et al. 1998; Sharan 1999; Schultz 1999; Barken 2001) These five elements should be taken into consideration and rearranged while implementing the cooperative learning method. 1.3. Benefits of Cooperative Learning Method Benefits of cooperative learning method are categorized as academic benefits and social benefits. 1.3.1. Academic Benefits In the process of application of cooperative learning method, as a result of numerous activities which are held either in the classroom or out of the classroom, various academic developments and changes take place. Researches carried out on cooperative learning method have put forward that; it cultivates student’s thinking skills (Webb 1980; Smith et al. 1981; Slavin 1992), it encourages critical thinking and helps the students to express their opinions throughout the discussion sessions(Peterson and Swing 1985; Nelson-Legall 1992), it increases student’s abilities and practical skills both in and out of the classroom and it improves theirs skills of processing information(Johnson et al. 1986; Webb et al. 1986; Male 1990; Brufee 1993; Tannenberg 1995), it improves students’oral communication skills(Yager et al. 1985-b; Bershon 1992), discussions being held throughout learning activities help students remember the content of the context(Johnson and Johnson 1979; Ames and Murray 1982; Dansereau 1985), it increases the responsibility of learning and creates an efficient and exploratory environment (Slavin 1980; Baird and White 1984; Leikin and Zaslavsky 1997) it provides the teacher candidates with the training of effective teaching strategies (Johnson and Johnson 1990; Artut and Tarim 2007) it prevents the teachers from being seen as the only source of information(Felder 1997), it encourages the learning-based rather than race-based approach and it also improves the rate of attendace and the rate of researches carried out by the students (Janke 1980; Cooper 1984; Davis et al. 1990) 1.3.2 Social Benefits The cooperative learning method provides a basis for the formation of social experiences of the individual and the increase of their courage for these experineces. Teacher, in order to form and improve social skills, plays an active role in students’ interaction with eachother and in fecilitation of the process. Administrators, school personnel and families form the complementary components of the cooperative learning process. Through this formation, students who have economic and emotional problems and problems concerning the family are provided support(Kessler et al. 1985; Carpenter 2003). Cooperative learning, by means of social support systems and social interaction methods(Cooper 1984; Johnson et al. 1998; Doymuş vd 2004, 2005; Şimşek 2005)builds and environment that assures positive attitudes towards the solution of problems and resolution of controversies(Messick and Mackie 1989; Sherman 1991).This method,in the context of 109 �interpersonal relations, improves students’ responsibilities towards eachother and helps to clear away misinterpretations(Bonoma et al. 1974; Webb 1980; Jonhnson and Johnson 1985; Stahle 1986; Johnson et al. 1998) strengthens empathising and enables viewing events from different perspectives(Swing and Peterson 1982; Slavin et al. 1984; Deutsch 1985; Yager et al. 1985-a; Hooper and Hannafin 1988; Felder 1997) while maintaining personal responsibility,it helps forming a team by actualising certain approaches to solve problems. In this process, students put into practice work and community models regarding the roles in their groups(Slavin 1983; Sandberg 1995; Johnson et al. 1998). Implementations of cooperative learning enhances the leadership skills for both male and female students (Bean 1996) This method makes it possible for the students both individually and in classroom environments to develop better communication skills and establish academic relations. (Tinto, 1997). Cooperative learning method, in connection with its above mentions features, helps to attain a democratic attitude(Şimşek vd 2006;) References Açıkgöz, K.Ü., 2003. Aktif öğrenme, Eğitim Dünyası Yayınları, Kanyılmaz Matbaası, 172 s,İzmir. Ames, G.J. and Murray, F.B., 1982. When two wrongs make a right: promoting cognitive change by social conflict. Developmental Psychology, 18(6), 894-897 Artut, P.D. and Tarim, K., 2007. The Effectiveness of Jigsaw II on prospective elementary school teachers. AsiaPacific Journal of Teacher Education, 35(2), 129-141 Aydın Mehmet S., “Küreselleşmeye Genel Bir Bakış”, Siyasi, Ekonomik ve Kültürel Boyutlarıyla Küreselleşme, Ufuk Kitapları, İstanbul, 2002, s.11. Baird, J. and White, R., 1984. Improving learning through enhanced metacognition: a classroom study. Paper Presented at The Annual Meeting of The American Educational Research Association, New Orleans. Barken, J.E., 2001.The Use Cooperative Learning Techniques in a Community College Course. Master Thesis. Saint Francis Xavier University, Antigonish, Nova Scotia. Bean, J., 1996. Engaging ideas, The Professor's Guide to Integrating Writing, Critical Thinking, and Active Learning in the Classroom. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. Bershon, B.L., 1992. Cooperative Problem Solving: a Link to Inner Speech, in Hertz-Lazarowitz (eds.) Interaction in Cooperative Learning. 36-48, Ny: Cambridge Press. Bonoma, J., Tedeschi, J. and Helm,B., 1974. Some effects of target cooperation and reciprocated promises on conflict resolution. Sociometry, 37(2), 251-261. Brufee, K., 1993. Collaborative Learning: Higher Education, Interdependence and the Authority of Knowledge. Baltimore. Md: Johns Hopkins University Press. U.S.A. Carpenter, S.R., 2003. Incorporation of a cooperative learning technique in organic chemistry. Journal of Chemical Education, 80(3), 330-332. Cooper, J. and Mueck, R., 1990. Student involvement in learning: Cooperative learning and college instruction. Journal on Excellence in College Teaching, 1(1), 68-76. Cooper, J., Prescott, S., Cook, L., Smith, L., Mueck, R. and Cuseo, J., 1984. Cooperative Learning and College Instruction- Effective Use of Student Learning Teams. California State University Foundation Publication, 41-65. Dansereau, D.F., 1985. Learning Strategy Research, in Chipman and Glaser (Eds). Thinking and Learning Skills: Relating Instruction to Basic Research. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Davis, R. B., Maher, C.A. and Noddings, N. (Eds)., 1990. Constructivist Views on the Teaching and Learning of Mathematics. Journal for Research in Mathematics Education by National Council of Teachers of Mathematics. Delen, H., 1998. Temel eğitim beşinci sınıf sosyal bilgiler dersinde kubaşık öğrenme yönteminin akademik başarıya etkisi, Yüksek Lisans Tezi ,Adana Doğan Elife, “Eğitimde Küreselleşme”, Eğitim Araştırmaları, Sayı:6, Ocak 2002 Doolittle P., 1997. “Vygotsky's Zone of Proximal Development as a Theoretical Foundation for Cooperative Learning”, Journal on Excellence in College Teaching; 8(1), 83-103. Doymuş, K., Şimşek, Ü., ve Bayrakçeken, S., 2004. İşbirlikçi öğrenme yönteminin fen bilgisi dersinde akademik başarı ve tutuma etkisi, Türk Fen Eğitimi Dergisi, 1(2), 103-115. Felder, R.M., 1997. e-mail Communication from Felder@eos.ncsu.edu www page http://www.ncsu.edu/unity/lockers/users/felder/public/rmf.html Gömleksiz, M., 1993. Kubaşık öğrenme yöntemi ile geleneksel yöntemin demokratik tutumlar ve erişiye etkisi, Doktora Tezi, Çukurova Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Adana. Hooper, S. and Hannafin, M.J., 1988. Cooperative CBI: The effects of heterogeneous homogeneous grouping on the learning of progressively complex concepts. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 4(5) ,413424. 110 �http://yayim.meb.gov.tr/dergiler/159/akcay.htm, 2006 Janke, R., 1980. Computational errors of mentally-retarded students. Psychology in the Schools, 17(1), 30-32. Johnson, D.W., and Johnson, R.T., 1992. Approaches to implementing cooperative learning in the social studies classroom, cooperative learning in the social studies classroom: An Invitation Social study ,R.J., Stahl and R.L., Vansicle Editor : Washington National Council for the social studies. Bulletin No: 87, 44-51. Johnson, D.W., Johnson, R.T. and Holubec, E., 1998. Cooperation in the Classroom. Interaction Book Company.100, Edina, Minnesota, USA. Johnson, D.W., Johnson, R.T. and Stanne, M., 1986. Comparison of computer assisted cooperative, competitive and individualistic learning. American Educational Research Journal, 23(3), 382-92. Johnson, R.T. and Johnson, D, W., 1985. Relationships between black and white students in intergroup cooperation and competition. The Journal of Social Psychology, 125(4), 421-428. Johnson, R.T. and Johnson, D,W., 1990. Using Cooperative Learning in Math. Chapter in Cooperative Learning in Math, Ed Neil Davidson Johnson, R.T. and Johnson, D. W., 1979. Conflict in the classroom: Controversy and learning. Review of Educational Research, 49(1), 51-70. Kessler, R., Price, R. and Wortman, C., 1985. Social factors in psychopathology stress, social support and coping processes. Annual Review of Psychology, 36, 351-372. Leikin, R. and Zaslavsky, O., 1997. Facilitating student interactions in mathematics in a cooperative learning setting, 350. Journal of Research in Mathematics Education, 28(3), 331-359. Masamıchı Sasaki, “Globalization and National Identity in Japan”, International journal of Japanese Sociology, 2004, Number:13, (69–87),p.70 Messick, D.M. and Mackie, D.M., 1989. Intergroup relations. Annual Review of Psychology, 40(1), 45-81. Nelson-Legall, S., 1992. Children's Instrumental Help-Seeking. It's Role in the Social Acquisition and Construction of Knowledge. In Lazarowitz Ed. Interaction In Cooperative Groups: Theoretical Anatomy of Group Learning,120-141, NY,NY: Cambridge University Press Peterson, P. and Swing, S., 1985. Students cognitions as mediators of the effectiveness of small-group learning. Journal of Educational Psychology, 77, 299-312 Robert K. Schaeffer, Understanding Globalization: The Social Consequences of Political, Economic And Environmental Change. Lanham, 2003,p.11 Sandberg, K.E., 1995. Affective and Cognitive Features of Collaborative Learning in Review of Research and Developmental Education. Gene Kierstons (Ed.) 6,4, Appalachian State Univ, Boone, NC. Sarıbay Ali Yaşar, Global Toplumda Din ve Türkiye, Everest Yayınları, İstanbul, 2004, s.38 Schultz, S.E., 1999. To Group or Not to Group: Effects of Group Work on Students’ Declarative and Procedural Knowledge in Science. Doctoral Dissertation, the Scholl of Education, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California. Sharan, Y., 1990. Cooperative Learning Theory and Research. Praeger Publishers, Westport, 20,USA. Sharan, Y., 1999. Handbook of Cooperative Learning Methods. Praeger Publishers, Westport, 20,USA. Sherman, L.W., 1991.Cooperative learning in post secondary education: implications from social psychology for active learning experiences. Presented At The Annual Meeting of The American Educational Research Association, Chicago, II, April 1991. Slavin, R. E., 1980. Cooperative learning. Review of Education Research, 50(2), 315-342. Slavin, R. E., 1983. When does cooperative learning increase student achievement? Psychological Bulletin, 94, 429-445 Slavin, R. E., Leavey, M.B. and Madden, N.A., 1984. Combining cooperative learning and individualized instructions: Effects of student mathematics achievement, attitudes and behaviors, Elementary School Journal, 84(4), 409-422 . Slavin, R.E., 1988. Small group methods, The International Encyclopedia of Teaching and Teacher Education, Oxford: Pergamon pres. Smith, K., Johnson, D.W. and Johnson, R.T., 1981. Can conflict be constructive: Controversy versus concurrence seeking in learning groups. Journal of Educational Psychology, 73, 651-663 . Şimşek U., Doymuş K., Şimşek Ü., Özdemir Y., "Lise Düzeyinde Eğitim Gören Öğrencilerin Demokratik Tutumlarına İşbirlikçi Öğrenme Yönteminin Etkisinin İncelenmesi", Atatürk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, Yıl:2006,Cilt.7, Sayı:1,s.165-173 Şimşek, Ü., 2005. İşbirlikli Öğrenme Yönteminin Fen Bilgisi Dersinin Akademik Başarı ve Tutumuna Etkisi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi , Erzurum. Şimşek, Ü., Doymuş ,K. ve Kızıloğlu N., 2005. Lise düzeyinde öğrenim gören öğrencilere grupla öğrenme yönteminin kazandırdığı bilgi ve beceriler. Kastamonu Eğitim Dergisi, 13(1), 67-80. 111 �Tannenberg, J., 1995. Using cooperative learning in the undergraduate computer science classroom. Proceedings of The Midwest Small College Computing Conference, Available http://Phoenix.Isub.Edu/Josh/Coop/Papers/Mwscc95.Html Tinto, V., 1997. Enhancing learning via community, thought and action. The NEA Higher Education Journal, 6(1), 53-54. Watson, S. B., 1992. The essential elements of cooperative learning, The American Biology Teacher, 54(2), 84-86. Webb, N. M., 1980. An analysis of group interaction and mathematical errors in heterogeneous ability groups. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 50(3), 266-276. Webb, N., Ender, P. and Lewis, S., 1986. Problem solving strategies and group process in small groups learning computer programming. American Education Research Journal, 23(3), 243-262. Yager, S., Johnson, R., Johnson, D.W. and Snider, B., 1985-b. The effect of cooperative and individualistic learning experiences on positive and negative cross-handicap relations contemporary. Educational Psychology, 10(2),127-138 . Yurdabakan İrfan, “Küreselleşme Konusundaki Yaklaşımlar ve Eğitimi”, Eğitim Araştırmaları, Sayı:6, Ocak 2002 112 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 659 Title A name given to the resource The Place and Importance of Cooperative Learning in the Globalizing World. Author Author Şimşek, Ufuk Şimşek, Ümit Esen, M.Fatih Abstract A summary of the resource. The aim of education in the globalising world is to cultivate individuals who believe in the supremacy of the law and democracy and can think freely, who possesses a sense of personal responsibility and who has developed his skills of utilizing the attained knowledge and competences all through his life. In order to equip the students with the implied knowledge and skills, educators are using various methods. Among these methods, the latest and the most perennial one is the cooperative learning method. In this article, ample information will be given on the method itself and its critical characteristics, and its role on ensuring social competence and democratic attitude will be discussed. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2009-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed L Education (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/db50917493ddfbaaab05365d693c6132.pdf 38c35c3281ca5bb17a4982fa1137dedb PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo The Plus Value In Health Sector: Total Quality Management Aynur Toraman1, Hasan Yüksel2, Yasemin Tarcan1 1 Süleyman Demirel University, Rektörlük Özel Kalem Müdürlüğü, Isparta, Turkey, 2Süleyman Demirel University, Rektörlük Dış İlişkiler Ofisi, Isparta, Turkey E-mails: atoraman@yahoo.com, hasanyuksel37@gmail.com, yasemintarcan@sdu.edu.tr. Abstract Total Quality Management (TKY) is a method which aims to obtain correct product and service initially and at the beginning of the process and to repeat this process over and over, to activate the organization as a whole, to make the organization gain the flexibility and competitive power. Total Quality Management brings the processes appealing to all activities under control and provides the continuation of service quality in each level. Hence, the hospital managements as they take humans into account as their first priority are to put the system of Total Quality Management into practice so that they can render this service as a value. This system will enable the hospitals to have more productive, efficient and competitive structure. The criterion that separates health sector from the others is the fact that it is directly related to the human life based service area. So, the health sector services are to be given utmost care and the service quality is to be as high as possible. That the service which is in the framework of Total Quality Management will make the hospitals institutionally successful and competitive is an undeniable fact. The objective of the study is to lay an emphasis on the importance of Total Quality Management for hospitals, and to create awareness, and to reveal the implicational differences with the other sectors as well. Keywords: Quality, Total Quality Management, Perceptional Service Quality 1.INTRODUCTION The businesses must strive hard to compete with the other ones and to develop sustainability. Therefore, the firms must develop perpetually, search for perfection, and compete with zero error. Within this context, the term quality occurs as a concept to be laid emphasis. The term quality is the philosophy that makes all the employees potentials higher than expected and embraces the needs and the expectations of the customers with the organization. Total Quality Management is tried to be implemented in the hospital management rapidly as a service sector. The health services are an area of service which is crucial and which does not accept any error and which is directly related to the human life itself. When compared to many other state services, the health services are to be given utmost care than the others and 46 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo it is inevitable responsibility to suggest it with the highest quality (Yüksel, Sadaklıoğlu, 2007). Health services consist of a great many multidimensional and comprehensive processes including its offer, financial issues, providing processes all which is to be analyzed by shareholders elaborately as well. So, the assessment of the services quality of health institutions can be achieved only through examining all these procedures holistically (Zerenler, Öğüt, 2011). 2.The Quality in Health Sector The hospitals where the health services are provided are the organizations in which all types of health services are produced economically and constantly as well as educational, research and community health care services are carried out without any concern for profit, and they are as complex institutions in which various types of inputs are converted into useful outputs (Sevin,1999:181). In this context, Total Quality Management is based upon the idea to meet the needs and expectations of the patients on time. Therefore, from the perspective of Total Quality Management, both the employees and patients are of great significance and the organizations are to take into account this issue (Gurnani, 1999). The elements of quality in health sector can be regarded as “patient happiness” and can defined as the whole procedures that include correct diagnose, correct treatment, the services with smiling face, clean hospital, fresh atmosphere, convenient price and so forth and that aim to the happiness of the patients (Morgil ve Küçükçirkin, 1995: 33). The implementations of the total quality management that initiated in 1980s, patient satisfaction is taken into account the important dimension of quality in providing health services and the feedbacks of patients in this process gained importance too. The perceptions and the assessments of patients on service quality depend upon not only their own preferences but also their friends’ impact on the choice of hospitals and their advices which is demonstrated through the researches (Pres, 2002:88). Currently today, in parallel to the increase in the educational, cultural, and social level of the communities, the questioning of the health services come to the fore. In the past, the patient profile as a customer who accepts the pill and the decision of a doctor without any hesitation is replaced by those who want more information about his health, who search, and who consider the other alternatives to be treated by other doctors. This case actually makes the hospitals’ job more difficult as the days pass on the basis of satisfying the patients as customers (Yanmaz, 2005). Bringing the quality upon the agenda frequently on health services has various reasons. Among these, the three of them are preliminary. On account of the fact that the health services are the ones which are mostly provided by state, the state itself play a very effective role in this process. Secondly, customers and the other shareholders have demands on health quality. Lastly, the interest occurs as a result of the priorities of hospitals. The role of the state as a service provider has increased the interest in the studies of quality. Initially, many 47 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo governments take over the financial issues, today they are concerning with organization, management, and quality and many countries also take over responsibility on quality amendment (Kunst ve Lemmink, 2000: 1124). The studies on quality in health services have differences with the other businesses for the characteristics of the service itself. The health businesses have characteristics as stated below (Kiymir, 1995:15): Each patient has strikingly different from one another in terms of diagnostic and treatment procedures. The demand for particular times to hospitals cannot be estimated correctly. The hospitals cannot adapt themselves to the changes in the demand in a short of time. The production of the services cannot be stocked up. They are consumed when it is produced. The division of labour and specialization brings about an increase in the labour cost. The certificate given to guarantee the quality of the services in terms of all the procedures included is named after ISO 9000 quality security system. The ISO 9000 certificate is composed of these features as mentioned below (Efil, 1999: 218). Table 1. The Series of ISO The Name of The Explanation Standard 48 ISO 9000 Quality management and quality assurance standard choice and user manual ISO 9001 Quality systems-design / development, production and a model for quality assurance ISO 9002 Quality systems, and a quality assurance model for production and in the business ISO 9003 Quality assurance model in the latest treatments and experiments ISO 9004 The manual for quality management and quality systems ISO 9004-2 The quality guide dictionary for services ISO 9005 Quality dictionary ISO 10011-1 The quality systems scrutiny, guidebook and scrutiny ISO 10011-2 The quality systems scrutiny, the criteria for quality system scrutiny �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo ISO 10011-3 The quality systems scrutiny, guidebook and scrutiny programs management Source: EFİL, İ., Toplam Kalite Yönetimi ve ISO 9000 Kalite Güvence Sistemleri, Alfa Basım Yayın Dağıtım, İstanbul, 1999. By means of forming a system compatible for ISO 9001 quality assurance system, its management enables more systematic and controllable way of working. And this implementation makes the institution gain respect due to the fact that it has the most well known standard all over the world (http://www.standartkalite.com/saglikta_kalite_akreditasyonu.htm). 3.CONCLUSION Total quality management is on the fore owing to patient rights, ethics, the implementation of health services in plan, the motivation of the employees, the following of service takers’ and shareholders’ full satisfaction and assessment, taking into account the results, the assessment of the services in regards to quality is possible to be achieved only through quality management perception. The increasing knowledge level of the patients as well as their expectations paves the way for an increase in the importance of Total Quality Management (http://www.saglik.gov.tr Retrieved: 01.02.2012). The Total Quality Management studies are directly related to the diagnosis, treatment and treatment procedures. The health systems are to apply diagnostic and treatment procedures in line with scientific norms and standards on the one hand; on the other hand, the expectations and the wishes of the patients are not to be ignored in the service providing processes. In spite of the fact that it is not reached certain definition on the health service quality, in the discussions, it is ascertained that it is focused on the fulfillment of the customers in terms of social, cultural, and economic ways. (Devebakan, Yağcı, 2005). The researchers conducted reveal that the customers share their satisfaction with a minimum number of 6 while they share their dissatisfaction with 25 people. The main idea that lies behind the customer satisfaction is to satisfy the customers and to make them loyal to the institutions for their further needs. The privatization of the state hospitals which is on the agenda today, the main basis of customer satisfaction in both state and private hospitals is to overlap the customers’ expectations and the services of the institutions provided. 49 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo The implementations of Total Quality Management in Health Services are the set of procedures through which the hospitals get familiar with their deficiencies and define them and determine the policies and strategies for the improvement of service quality which will direct the feedbacks of the patients (Songür, 1998). It is strategically important to give all the employees in the hospitals the educations of total quality management for them to carry out the responsibilities, to qualify the general service of hospitals and to satisfy the patients as well. In this context, it is actually of great importance to give education considering the factors that create dissatisfaction among the patients. The utmost care given to the patients, giving necessary information to them depending upon their expectations, being patient and kind to them will go up the service quality that the patients perceive (Zerenler, Öğüt, 2007). Moreover, the implementation of the Total Quality Management will stem in positive results such as the effective use of the insufficient hospital resources, the decrease of the financial issues, the increase the rivalry capacity of the employees, the increase in the satisfaction of the patients and employees. Through quality in service providing, the motivation and the job satisfaction of the employees, the modernization of the management and organizational procedures, the rationalism in the decision making mechanisms, the documentation of information systems, and lastly the operability of the communicational mechanisms are expected. In addition to these, via quality, it is aimed at patient satisfaction, the development of team spirit with team work and more than anything else “Common Good” (Aslantekin ve diğerleri, 2007). The important thing to be concerned about Total Quality Management is the fact that these procedures will not bare results in a short of time. The study conducted in 1991 by American General Accounting Office, it was put forward that the implementations of the Total Quality Management will result in its usefulness after 2.5 years on average (Terziovski and et al., 1999:916). The managers of the health institutions can only increase their institutions’ power of competition and performance only when they are aware of the patients’ expectations and the performance of the service given. To sum up, providing reachable and continually renovated health service will increase the level of satisfaction of both employees and customers, in other words, patients. REFERENCES ASLANTEKİN, F., GÖKTAŞ, B., UULUŞEN, M., EERDEM, R., (2007). ‘‘Sağlık Hizmetlerinde Kalite Deneyimi: Dr. Ekrem Hayri Üstündağ Kadın Hastalıkları ve Doğum Hastanesi Örneği’’, Fırat Sağlık Hizmetleri Dergisi, cilt 2, sayı 6, pp.55-71 50 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo DEVEBAKAN, N., YAGCI, K. (2005). “Sağlık İşletmelerinin Algılanan Hizmet Kalitesi Düzeylerinin Karşılaştırılmasında Servqual Yöntemi” Sağlık ve Hastane Yönetimi 2. 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Sustainable Security: The Role of Promoting Democracy and Protecting Human Rights Selim Kanat1, Bahadır Eser2 1Vise Chairman of Dept. of International Relations. Suleyman Demirel University. I.I.B.F Oda no. 210 Isparta/Turkey 2Dept of Public Administration Suleyman Demirel University. I.I.B.F Oda no. 209 Isparta/Turkey Abstract Today’s security threats are more complex than traditional ones, such as HIV, climate change, human rights violations, anti-democratic laws and measures forced us to think about the definition and the context of security again. With the effect of these new threats, sustainable security concept emerged from a post- Cold War multi-disciplinary understanding of security. Sustainable security redefines how we think about national security in today's shifting, after Cold War era. Struggling with these new threats, especially struggling with 52 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1097 Title A name given to the resource The Plus Value In Health Sector: Total Quality Management Author Author Aynur, Toraman Abstract A summary of the resource. Abstract Total Quality Management (TKY) is a method which aims to obtain correct product and service initially and at the beginning of the process and to repeat this process over and over, to activate the organization as a whole, to make the organization gain the flexibility and competitive power. Total Quality Management brings the processes appealing to all activities under control and provides the continuation of service quality in each level. Hence, the hospital managements as they take humans into account as their first priority are to put the system of Total Quality Management into practice so that they can render this service as a value. This system will enable the hospitals to have more productive, efficient and competitive structure. The criterion that separates health sector from the others is the fact that it is directly related to the human life based service area. So, the health sector services are to be given utmost care and the service quality is to be as high as possible. That the service which is in the framework of Total Quality Management will make the hospitals institutionally successful and competitive is an undeniable fact. The objective of the study is to lay an emphasis on the importance of Total Quality Management for hospitals, and to create awareness, and to reveal the implicational differences with the other sectors as well. Keywords: Quality, Total Quality Management, Perceptional Service Quality Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/cf262cec0d768f9f07ed3e3a5e8a44f4.docx df1ccfa859cebcbbe1c5e4316eabe2b8 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/def3e771c84bbfb0af3a0e1221a2f298.pdf 6cf0f5cbb23d0f143f3b8c3ffe7a80f3 PDF Text Text The Polarization between 'Us' And 'Them' From The Perspective Of Immigrant Women In Germany: An Analysis Of Feridun Zaimoğlu's Kafa Örtüsü Huseyin Uysal & Selcuk Bilgin Ankara University, Hasan Kalyoncu University/ Turkey Key words: metaphor, immigrant, in-group, out-group, polarization ABSTRACT In this paper, the main purpose is to attempt to analyze how the metaphors of IMMIGRANTS ARE ANIMALS, IMMIGRANTS ARE DEBASED PEOPLE and IMMIGRANTS ARE ALIENS are employed within Feridun Zaimoğlu’s book Kafa Örtüsü in order to address ‘the Other’. And the result of the study highlights that the writer makes use of these metaphors to create a negative image for immigrants, which is a reflection of the thoughts of an immigrant character about how s/he is perceived by the dominant society. One of the most salient and central metaphors in the book, as has been revealed, is IMMIGRANTS ARE ALIENS metaphor, by which the ‘exoticness’ meaning is attained to the immigrant it refers to. It can be premised that metaphors are used implicitly, but are potentially instrumental within the genre to attain meaning of any sort to a certain party, and the investigation of them can give various clues about the polarization between in-group and out-group. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1802 Title A name given to the resource The Polarization between 'Us' And 'Them' From The Perspective Of Immigrant Women In Germany: An Analysis Of Feridun Zaimoğlu's Kafa Örtüsü Author Author UYSAL, Huseyin BILGIN, Selcuk Abstract A summary of the resource. Key words: metaphor, immigrant, in-group, out-group, polarization ABSTRACT In this paper, the main purpose is to attempt to analyze how the metaphors of IMMIGRANTS ARE ANIMALS, IMMIGRANTS ARE DEBASED PEOPLE and IMMIGRANTS ARE ALIENS are employed within Feridun Zaimoğlu’s book Kafa Örtüsü in order to address ‘the Other’. And the result of the study highlights that the writer makes use of these metaphors to create a negative image for immigrants, which is a reflection of the thoughts of an immigrant character about how s/he is perceived by the dominant society. One of the most salient and central metaphors in the book, as has been revealed, is IMMIGRANTS ARE ALIENS metaphor, by which the ‘exoticness’ meaning is attained to the immigrant it refers to. It can be premised that metaphors are used implicitly, but are potentially instrumental within the genre to attain meaning of any sort to a certain party, and the investigation of them can give various clues about the polarization between in-group and out-group. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available IBU Publishing Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-03 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed