296 10 3494 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/984bb7f06b65d0fe958a68cc3dcebebf.pdf 28b6b9b3aa9b3ffa5309598c63e025aa PDF Text Text PROCEEDINGS th ______ The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 GENOFUND OF NATIVE FRUIT IN THE UNA - SANA CANTON Azra Skender1, Dinko Bećirspahić1, Aida Mujagić-Pašić1, Senad Joldić1, Berin Kulelija2, 1 2 Biotechnical faculty, University of Bihać Faculty of Agriculture and Food Science, University of Sarajevo E-mail: skenderharun@yahoo.com ABSTRACT A high-quality genofund of fruit species and varieties, which are the result of centuries-long adaptation and selection, characterises the Una – Sana Canton. Therefore, this work has included research on the thirty-one sites in eight municipalities (Bihać, Bosanska Krupa, Bosanski Petrovac, Bužim, Cazin, Sanski Most, Velika Kladuša) of the Una- Sana Canton. The aim is primarily to protect and preserve endangered fruit trees and genofund, whereby the first step in meeting these goals is the inventory of native species and varieties. The total of 275 native fruit accessions has been found at these sites, apples and pears being dominant. Most native fruit accessions are not commercially significant varieties. However, local inhabitants mainly use them in the processing and preparation of traditional products. Also, a high degree of tolerance of these accessions for particular diseases and pests was recorded, whereby these accessions represent an exceptional source of starting material for future breeding steps. Key words: Native fruit, genofund, Una-Sana Canton, inventory, accession 69 | P a g e �ISSD 2014 th The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ PROCEEDINGS INTRODUCTION Preserving biodiversity is one of the key concerns of the world community, one of the most important issues for the protection of the environment. The conservation of plant genofund is essential for each country. While the genofund of agricultural species plays an important role in agricultural production of a country, genofund of wild species plays an important role in preserving the environment and preserving biodiversity. Domestic varieties are all those varieties which originate from our country or which are grown for a long time here and are of unknown origin, but according to their economic characteristics are very important, and have a national significance. Domestic varieties are often similar in some basic features, because they originate from the same environmental conditions. They usually have more important agricultural and biological, as well as pomological characteristics, which make them suitable as starting material for selection (Šoškić, 1994). According to Kowarik & Seitz (2003), indigenous varieties are those natural populations spontaneously formed in a certain area, and varieties that have directly or indirectly come to a particular area thanks to a man, and it is not known from which area. The history of our indigenous fruits varieties is very long. Balkan Peninsula is one of the most important and richest centres of genetic diversity of fruit species in Europe. Many fruit species during domestication came in contact with their wild relatives, and the crossing of genetic material and adaptation to environmental conditions resulted in enriching the biodiversity of the area (Vukojević et al., 2012). As it is pointed out by Milenković and Lukić (2008), indigenous varieties are donors of genes that are responsible for specific traits: resistance to the causes of diseases and pests, colouring, flavour, resistance to abiotic factors of the environment, storage properties. Specialisation in terms of choice of breeding of certain species and varieties towards which a modern fruit production strives, the choice of intensive breeding systems, market demands, and striving for the realization of greater financial gain, are the reasons of genetic uniformity, i. e. permanent reduction of genetic variability of cultivated fruit trees, which may have disastrous consequences. These effects generally manifest as outbreaks of plant diseases, a significant reduction in yield or total absence of production of certain species or varieties (Jarebica & Kurtović, 1997). As stated by Fischer (2002), an intensive production of new highly productive varieties makes agrobiodiversity susceptible to diseases, pests and weeds, which in turn demands the use of pesticides. The solution to this problem in the fruit growing can be found in the genetic variability of indigenous varieties, therefore the conservation and use of genetic resources of indigenous species and varieties. Indigenous varieties of fruit, although very present and widespread in the Balkans, were rarely studied. However , today more and more authors conduct research of indigenous fruit species and varieties, which indicates ever increasing importance of conservation of fruit trees genetic resources (Milenković & Lukić, 2008; Skender, Jahić, Hadžiabulić & Kurtović, 2008; Ognjanov 2005; Begić-Akagić et al., 2011; Gaši et al., 2010, 2011, 2013 etc.). According to Begić - Akagić et al. (2011), indigenous varieties in Bosnia and Herzegovina are valuable sources of desirable genetic material for important pomological, nutritional and technological properties of fruit. As Klještanović stated (2012), clonal selection of native apple varieties and their application in hybrid combinations yielded visible results in Serbia. The north-western part of Bosnia and Herzegovina, i. e. the Una-Sana Canton, is characterized by high quality resources fruit species and varieties, which are the result of centuries-long adaptation and selection. Given that these are very old high trees (indigenous 70 | P a g e �PROCEEDINGS th ______ The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 varieties) in the system of extensive planting, the survival of these resources is questionable. As in other parts of Bosnia and Herzegovina, commercial fruit varieties were dominant in the 20th century. This resulted in neglecting of old genotypes which, apart from representing our natural and cultural heritage, are species and varieties highly resistant to diseases and pests. In north-western Bosnia and Herzegovina, the presence of a large number of very old trees of different varieties of apple, pear, plum, cherry, walnut and chestnut is evident. These genotypes represent a reservoir of genes which should serve as the basis for the breeding of these fruit species in the future. Therefore, the survival and preservation of these varieties is the issue of the overall biodiversity of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The existing genetic diversity can be preserved by establishing in situ, on farm and ex situ collection plantations. METHOD Research, i. e. inventory of native species and varieties of fruit was carried out over the period July – December 2012, in north-western Bosnia and Herzegovina, i. e. the Una - Sana Canton. The study included thirty–one sites in eight municipalities (Bihać, Bosanska Krupa, Bosanski Petrovac, Bužim, Cazin, Sanski Most and Velika Kladuša). During the inventory, standard research methodology and data collection of a large number of data from the field was used. A survey was conducted on the field, regarding the data on the variety and age of a tree, basic pomological characteristics, use value, resistance to disease and frost. The exact address has been recorded for each tree. Every tree has been photographed, and very rare varieties have been especially noted. Collection of fruits was done at the time of their full maturity, whereby basic characterization and description of fruit have been conducted, and photographs taken. Some of the identified varieties have not yielded fruit in the studied vegetation season. It is assumed that the reason for this is low temperatures in the spring months, which damaged flowers and led to their sterility and lack of birth. It was also observed that some of the varieties have a characteristic of alternative birth (bear fruit every other year), so this is one of the reasons why the fruits of all varieties found have not been collected. All collected data are summarized in a working manual. RESULTS It is known that the inventory represents the first step in determining and rescuing rare plant species and genotypes. Based on the inventarisation of indigenous fruit species and varieties in the Una - Sana Canton, we established the actual condition and position which they take on these sites. During the war period, but in the post-war years as well, many individual trees have been cut down in order to build residential buildings, and old trees were dying out. The specialization in terms of choice of individual species and cultivated varieties, then intensive cultivation system, as well as market requirements and striving for greater financial gain led to the gradual disappearance of autochthonous assortment. The results showed that the studied area of the Una-Sana Canton today has an enviable genofond of native species and varieties, but we also noted the disconcerting regression in breeding them. It was noted that almost every municipality has a large number of varieties of apple trees Petrovka and Tuskača (which possesses various synonyms in different areas, and is referred to as Čupa and Rapava). Also, many varieties of apple trees Gavranuša (Garvanuša), Senabija, Zvečac (Zvečarka), varieties of pear Kolatuša, Barliman, and Black Pear were found. In some locales, there are many fruits of Požegača plum, which is still trying to resist its greatest disease, Plum pox virus, in some parts of the Una-Sana Canton. 71 | P a g e �ISSD 2014 th The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ PROCEEDINGS DISCUSSION The greatest attention should be focused on the assortment that has the smallest number of trees on our sites, which is the most vulnerable and which we might lose in the near future. Those are apple varieties Đulabija, Delbašinka, Muškinja, Šarenika, Stambolka, Zukva, Prutulja, the varieties of pear Karupnjača, Medika, Vodenjača (Jeribasma), and plum Zambelija. Currently, this assortment listed has the smallest number of individual trees and represents the most endangered varieties in the area of the Una-Sana Canton, and especially those with trees older than 100 years. The age of catalogued trees usually ranges between 50 and 70 years, although there are trees older than 100 years. The encouraging fact is that there are trees between the ages of 15 and 30, which means certain indigenous varieties will be kept in this area for some time. Inventoried trees are mainly grown in extensive conditions, without the use of any agrotechnics, and no significant attack of pests and diseases was noticed, which suggests that these varieties are resistant to pests and diseases in poor growing conditions. Because of that, the preserved indigenous genofund of these endangered varieties can be used in breeding purposes, because they have characteristics which new varieties mainly lack. Those are resistance to frost, disease and pests, late blossoming, and some have good organoleptic properties. Skender, Jahić, Hadžiabulić, and Kurtović (2008) have conducted tests of pomological characteristics of some of these indigenous varieties of apples from the area of the Una-Sana Canton, and the results showed that certain indigenous varieties in this region have highquality varieties regarding their pomological traits, where the variety of Kisela apple is particularly prominent and still enough represented. Drkenda et al. (2007) have conducted similar research when it comes to technological properties of some indigenous apple genotypes in the area of Goražde, and came to the conclusion that the tested genotypes have satisfactory values of important technological parameters, and the fruits of these genotypes can be recommended for direct consumption and for processing. In the municipalities of Velika Kladuša, Cazin and Bužim, there are large natural populations of chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.), which are the largest natural habitats of European edible chestnut in our country. These populations can be used to select suitable material for genetic selection and conservation of natural populations of chestnut in Bosnia and Herzegovina. During this study, a chestnut tree estimated to be about 300 years old was found in Rošići near Pećigrad. In the end, it can be concluded that 275 indigenous varieties of fruit trees have been found and photographed in 31 investigated sites in the eight municipalities of the Una - Sana Canton. Many of the varieties found are similar in phenotype, but they may have different synonyms at different locations. Indigenous varieties are similar in some of its properties, as they occurred in the same environmental conditions. To draw attention to preserving our native varieties, both through counselling of small farmers and raising awareness of all our country's citizens to protect and preserve our agrobiodiversity is of utmost importance. 72 | P a g e �PROCEEDINGS th ______ The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 CONCLUSION Based on the inventory of indigenous varieties of fruit in the Una-Sana Canton, the following conclusions can be drawn:  Despite large regression of indigenous varieties in the last twenty years, the area of the Una - Sana Canton still has a considerable number of indigenous varieties of fruit.  The most common indigenous varieties of apple in this area are Petrovka, Tuskača, Čupa, Gavranuša, Senabija , Zvečac, pears Kolatuša, Barliman, and Black Pear, while the most common plum variety is Požegača.  The most vulnerable indigenous varieties which could be extinct soon are varieties of apple Đulabija, Delbašinka, Muškinja, Šarenika, Stambolka, Zukva, Prutulja, and pears Karupnjača, Medika, and Jeribasma, while the most vulnerable plum variety is Zambelija.  When it comes to the age of trees of the indigenous varieties, it usually ranges between 50 and 70 years, although there are trees that are older than 100 years, and those younger than 30 years. Since inventory is the first, but very important step in preservation of indigenous fruit varieties, it is necessary to intensify research in the field of indigenous varieties of fruits and preserving them in the near future, because they represent a valuable natural and cultural heritage of the area, as well as the genetic material for breeding purposes. One of the ways to preserve and protect indigenous species and varieties in the Una - Sana Canton is the raising of the first ex situ collection planting of those indigenous varieties which have been found to be most vulnerable. This planting would, apart from conservation of these species and varieties, provide an opportunity for detailed studies of their properties, and would serve to obtain starting material for further propagation and breeding. Also, raising the ex situ plantations would enable us to find native species and varieties of this region in one place, which would raise the awareness of local people about the importance of preserving indigenous genofund and values that these varieties have. REFERENCES Begić - Akagić, A., Spaho, N., Oručević, S., Drkenda, P., Kurtović, M., Gaši, F., Kopjar, M., & Piližota, V. (2011). Influence of cultivar, storage time, and processing on the phenol content of cloudy apple juice. Croatian Journal of Food Science and Technology 3 (2), 1 – 8. Drkenda, P., Kurtović, M., Čaušević, E., Begić-Akagić, A., Gaši, F., & Kanlić, K. (2007). Tehnološka evaluacija autohtonih genotipova jabuke na području Goražda. Zbornik sažetaka, 42nd Croatian & 2nd International Symposium on Agriculture, 271. Fischer, M. (2002). Bilanz 10-jahriger Arbeit. Genbank Obst Dresden-Pillnitz. Jarebica, Dž., & Kurtović, M. (1997). Oplemenjivanje voćaka i vinove loze. Edis, Sarajevo. Klještanović, L. (2012). Izbor sorti jabuke u funkciji zaštite agroekosistema. Aktuelni savetnik, Očuvanje i unapređenje biološke i genetičke raznovrsnosti 10, 12 – 15. Kowarik, I., & Seitz, B. (2003). Perspektiven fur die Verwendung gebietseigener „autochtoner“ Geloze. Institut fur Okologie der TU Berlin. Milenković, S., & Lukić, M. (2008). Autohtone i novostvorene sorte jabuke u organskoj proizvodnji. Zdravo – Organic, II. Simpozijum. 73 | P a g e �ISSD 2014 th The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ PROCEEDINGS Skender, A., Jahić, S., Hadžiabulić, S., & Kurtović, M. (2008). Evaluacija pomoloških karakteristika autohtonih sorti jabuke Cazinske krajine. Savremena poljoprivreda 1 – 2, 124 – 129. Šoškić, M. (1994). Oplemenjivanje voćaka i vinove loze. Papirus, Beograd. Vukojević, D., Simić, J., Dragišić, N., Sevo, D., Misimović, M., Zavišić, N., Bolić, E., & Radanović, B. (2012). Evaluation of the qualiti of autochthonous plum cultivars in the area of Bosanski Petrovac. Agrosym Jahorina, 161 – 166. Azra Skender PhD., assistant proffesor. Theme of doctoral dissertation: Genetic and Pomological Variability of Chestnut Population in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Research inerests: plant breeding an genetics in agriculture. Dinko Bećirspahić MSc., assistant. Research interests: Modern technology of growing fruit, Pomotechnics in fruit growing, Fruit breeding. Aida Mujagić-Pašić MSc, assistant. Research interests: Biosystematics of plants, Biodiversity and variability of plants. Bsc. Senad Joldić. Young researcher in the field of Modern technology of growing fruit. Msc. Berin Kulelija. Research interests: agro-food trading sector with emphasis on agroeconomy. 74 | P a g e � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2483 Title A name given to the resource GENOFUND OF NATIVE FRUIT IN THE UNA - SANA CANTON Author Author SKENDER, Azra BEĆIRSPAHIĆ, Dinko MUJAGIĆ-PAŠIĆ, Aida JOLDIĆ, Senad KULELIJA, Berin Abstract A summary of the resource. A high-quality genofund of fruit species and varieties, which are the result of centuries-long adaptation and selection, characterises the Una – Sana Canton. Therefore, this work has included research on the thirty-one sites in eight municipalities (Bihać, Bosanska Krupa, Bosanski Petrovac, Bužim, Cazin, Sanski Most, Velika Kladuša) of the Una- Sana Canton. The aim is primarily to protect and preserve endangered fruit trees and genofund, whereby the first step in meeting these goals is the inventory of native species and varieties. The total of 275 native fruit accessions has been found at these sites, apples and pears being dominant. Most native fruit accessions are not commercially significant varieties. However, local inhabitants mainly use them in the processing and preparation of traditional products. Also, a high degree of tolerance of these accessions for particular diseases and pests was recorded, whereby these accessions represent an exceptional source of starting material for future breeding steps. Key words: Native fruit, genofund, Una-Sana Canton, inventory, accession Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014-05-15 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 978-9958-834-36-3 Q Science (General),QH301 Biology,QH426 Genetics https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/18074c76058fa6024ba1edde23a0ab8d.pdf 5ed8d687115f098a100ccd10651089d4 PDF Text Text PROCEEDINGS th ______ The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 CONNECTION OF NEW GENERATORS IN THE ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEM OF KOSOVO Rexhep Shaqiri1, Bogdanov Dimitar2 1 Technical University - Sofia, E-mail: rexhep_shaqiri@hotmail.com). 2 Technical University - Sofia, 8 st. Kliment Ohridski Blvd., 1756 Sofia, Bulgaria E-mail: dbogdanov@tu-sofia.bg Abstract The power system of Kosovo is a compact and integrated structure in hierarchical aspect. It plays an important role in the process of transmission and distribution energy to the consumers. Based on this importance analysis is necessary in order to estimate the medium and long term plans of production of electric energy and development of the power generation plants. Object of study in this article is the project for connection of generators to the substation in Decani. This article describes the simulations of the power system of Kosovo (on date 21.01.2014 at 19.00h when the load in the system is 996.978 MW) in order to emphasize the importance of the connections of generators in Decani substation. Decani substation is an important node point with specifics of the power flow distribution. The analysis of the Kosovo electric power system by means of ETAP software and using as a reference the standards applied in Kosovo, the created models aim to justify if the plans for improvement of Kosovo grid are appropriate and what kind of changes in the voltage levels and short circuits values can be expected. Keywords: Connection, Hydro Power Plant, Voltage profile, Synchronous generator, Improvement, Power System, Operation 241 | P a g e �ISSD 2014 th The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ PROCEEDINGS 1. Introduction The task of the electric power system is to supply the customers with qualitative electric power, with a high degree of reliability, but economically accepted. The generation, transmission and distribution are three main components of the electric power system. Kosovo power system consists of power plants, the main grid, regional networks, distribution networks, and consumers of electricity. The main grid serves power producers and consumers, enabling electricity trade throughout Kosovo and also across Kosovo borders. Electrical power system of Kosovo mainly operates power plants using coal resources for electricity production, thus has lack of energy of renewable resources. In result of this there is increased interest of investment in the field of the alternative resource, such as hydro power plants. The impact of the connection of generators to the distribution system, respectively in the substation Decani, substation will be studied in details. In the distribution system different cases may appear when new generators are connected, because the system in this particular case was not designed as transmission structure, but aimed for energy distribution to consumers. The connection of the new generators can affect the stability of the system, quality of the energy and the reliability of the system. 2. Effects of new generators connected to the existing network The connection of a generation to an electricity network has impact on the operation and performance of that network. The connection of a generator to the system will result in some changes to the characteristics of the network. There are some cases when generators can enhance the performance of the network. New and existing generators connected to the network have to fulfil the requirements: frequency stability, voltage deviation, voltage waveform, voltage symmetry, power factor, operational and earthing and insulation level of detail defined in Kosovo network (www.kostt.com). The Kosovo companies (Transmission system and market operator) are responsible for the operational planning and supervision of the main grid, for grid maintenance and grid development. The main grid in Kosovo includes approximately 188,49 km of 400kV transmission lines, 231,88 km of 220kV transmission lines, 803 km of 110kV transmission/distribution lines, 400/220 kV -1 substation, 400/110 kV –2 substations, 220/110 kV – 3 substations, and 110/35 kV, 110/10 kV - 29 substations. The Kosovo system is connected to the Macedonia, Serbia and Albania transmission systems on 400kV, 220 kV and 110 kV by overhead power lines. In the electric power system of Kosovo the generation units are: Thermo power plant in Kosovo A (A3-150 MW, A4-150 MW, and A5- 150 MW) is in total 450 MW and Kosovo B (B1-300 MW and B2- 300 MW) is in total 600 MW, generator A1 and A2 are not in operation. While hydro power plants in electric power system are: Ujman (U1, U2) is 32 MW, Lumbardh (B1 and B2) is 8 MW. There are also several sources of small hydro power plants with capacities such as: Burim (G1 and G2) 0.47 MW, Dikance (G1 and G2) -1, 32 MW, Radavc (G1 and G2) - 0.28 MW. In electrical power system of Kosovo, substation Kosovo B 400/220 kV has three transformers with tap changers, where the tap changers are in middle position and they do not change position with load, so are static, in other substations, the transformers have tap changers that working on the load. 242 | P a g e �th PROCEEDINGS ______ The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 Presented below is a part of electrical power system when load in system is 996.978.MW (Figure 1). Figure 1. Voltage profile at some busbars in electrical power system of Kosovo when load is 996.978 MW. Profile voltage at busbars in electrical power system of Kosovo 1 sh tr i 2 Vu tr r i sh Vi tia Vu ep ça da Tr an er Th de ra j c ve Sk en 1 i 2 ho ja Ra Pe ja Pe an pj Ly Kl in a 2 va ko ja G G ja ko va ni ça i De rim Bu 1 111 110 109 108 107 106 105 104 103 102 Figure 2.Voltage profile at some busbars in electrical power system of Kosovo. According to code of the electrical equipment in Kosovo system voltage limits are permitted according to the table shown below (Transmission , system and market of operator of Kosovo) (www.kostt.com). 400 kV 220 kV 110 kV Voltage in normal conditions Min. Max. Voltage voltage 380 kV 420 kV 209 kV 231 kV 99 kV 121 kV Voltage in extreme conditions Min. Max. voltage voltage 360 kV 440 kV 198 kV 242 kV 88 kV 130 kV Table1. Voltage tolerances in Kosovo system. 243 | P a g e �th ISSD 2014 The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ PROCEEDINGS In the electrical power system of Kosovo there are some important substations which do not fulfil criteria N-1 such as Peja 3-400/110 kV and Ferizaji 2-400/110 kV, these two substations have a transformer with power 300 MVA. In the development plan for electrical power system of Kosovo for these two substations shall be provided with additional transformers with power 300 MVA. Greater impact in Decani substation has any change in Peja 3 substation, because is close to Decani substation. In the current situation, when the line 164/1 is out of operation, busbar voltage profile of the system is presented (Figure 3). Figure 3. Voltage profile in electrical power system of Kosovo when the line 164/1 is out of operation. Profile voltage in electrical power system of Kosovo when the line 164/1 is out of operation sh tr i 2 1 Vu tr r i sh Vi ti a Vu da ça ep Tr an j ra de er Th c en Sk ho ve ja 2 Ra Pe ja 1 Pe ni p ja Ly in a Kl ak ov ça ov a1 Gj ni ak Gj i De ri m Bu a2 115 110 105 100 95 90 85 Figure 4. Voltage profile in electrical power system of Kosovo when the line 164/1 is out of operation. The chart shows that the profile of voltage in every substation is in the permissible range for the value of 110kV except substation Gjakova 1, which is considered according to the grid network of Kosovo, as substation that not allowed being in operation, except in extreme conditions. 244 | P a g e �th PROCEEDINGS ______ The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 Figure 5. Voltage profile at electrical power system of Kosovo when the transformer is out of operation. In the current situation, when the transformer is out of operation in Peja 3 substation, busbar voltage profile of the system is presented (Figure 5). Profile voltage in electrical power system of Kosovo when the transformer is out operation in Peja 3 substation i1 r iz aj tr i 2 Fe 1 sh Vu tr r i tia sh Vi Vu ep an ça da Tr j er Th de ra c ve en Sk 1 i 2 ja ho Ra Pe ja Pe an in a pj Ly Kl 2 va G ja ko va ni G ja ko ça i De ri m Bu 1 112 110 108 106 104 102 100 98 96 94 Figure 6. Voltage profile in electrical power system of Kosovo when the transformer is out of operation. The chart shows that the profile of voltage in every substation is in the permissible range for the value of 110kV except substations as: Peja 1, which is considered according to the grid network of Kosovo, as substations that are not allowed to be in operation. 245 | P a g e �ISSD 2014 th The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ PROCEEDINGS 2.1. New energy sources The connection of new generation sources in the power system changes the power flow, customer’s voltage conditions and the requirements of the utility equipment. In a fault situation, distributed generators modify the current contribution to fault, and therefore it influences the behaviour of network protection. The influence will depend on the number, type, location and size of generators. The distributed generators are mainly designed to be connected directly to the distribution network near load centers. Regarding the utilization of alternative renewable energy sources, Kosovo is not in the appropriate levels. Approximately only 3% of the electricity produced in Kosovo is from renewable energy sources. As Kosovo has signed the treaty for electricity and according to Directive 2009/28/EC1 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources (the "Renewable Energy Directive") established mandatory targets to be achieved by 2020 for a 20% overall share of renewable energy in the EU and a 10% share for renewable energy in the transport sector. Based on this, as well as the duty of fulfilment the standards of EU for the renewable energy, hydro power plants are under construction, such as the Decani river cascade with installed power about 35 MW. Other small HPP along Decani river are: HPP Lumbardhi (8.3 MW, 22 GWh annual production), HPP Decani (14.3 MW annual productions 41.9 GWh), HPP Belaja (8.1 MW annual productions 24.8 GWh), HPP Lumbardhi 2 (4.8 MW annual 17 GWh). Presented below is the configuration of the connection of these generators in the power system of Kosovo (Decani substation) (Figure 7). Figure 7. Connection of new generators in electrical power system of Kosovo (Substation Decani). It is known that connection of the generators affects the voltage profile, the power flow and the losses in power system, the stability of the system and the short circuit currents. 246 | P a g e �PROCEEDINGS th ______ The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 2.2. Voltage profile of electrical power system of Kosovo Profile of the load in 24 h profile in Decani substation is present the following chart (Figure 8). Load in Decani substation (MW ) 25 Load in Decani substation (MW) 20 15 10 5 21:00 22:00: 23:00 23:30: 20:00 19:00 18:00 15:00 16:00 17:00: 14:00 13 :00 12:00 11:00 10:00 08:00 09:00 07:00 06:00 04:00 05:00 03:00 02:00 00:00: 01:00 0 Figure 8. Depending on the time, loads in Decani substation. Graphically are presented the bus bar voltage changes that occur when generators are connected to the power system. In this case, when the generators are connected, the voltage level is increased at the nodes which are part of the analysis. The expected values of voltage approach the nominal value. Figure 9. Voltage profile at some busbars when are connected generators (35 MW) in Decani substation. 115 114 113 112 111 110 109 108 107 106 105 104 103 102 101 100 Profile voltage at some busbars when are connected generators (35 MW ) in Decani substation. tr i 2 i1 sh tr r Vu sh Vi ti a Vu ça ep Tr da er an j de en Th ra c ve Sk ho Ra ja 2 Pe ja 1 Pe ni p ja Ly in a Kl a2 ov ak Gj Gj ak ov ni De ça i rim Bu a1 Profile voltage at busbars in electrical power system of Kosovo Figure 10. Variation of the voltage at busbars in the substations in Kosovo 247 | P a g e �th ISSD 2014 The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ PROCEEDINGS Therefore, when the generators are connected the voltage level is increased at all bus bar system in Kosovo. In case, when transformer in Peja 3 substation is out of operation, the voltage profile at the substation buses of the electrical power system of Kosovo is presented (Figure 11). Figure 11. Transformer while out of operation in Peja 3 substation, but generators are connected (35 MW) in Decani substation. Profile voltage in some busbars when transformer is out of operation in Peja 3 substation, but generators are connected (35 MW) in Decani substation. tr i 2 1 sh Vu tr r i tia sh Vi Vu da ça Tr ep Th er an ra j c Sk en de 2 i 1 ve ja ho Ra Pe ja Pe an in a pj Ly 2 va G ja ko ko Kl 1 i va ça n G ja rim Bu De i 112 110 108 106 104 102 100 98 Figure 12. Voltage profile in some busbars when transformer is out of operation in Peja 3 substation, but generators are connected (35 MW) in Decani substation. The chart shows that the profile of voltage in every substation is in the permissible range for the value of 110kV according to the grid network of Kosovo. In case when line 164/1 is out of operation, profile voltage at the substation buses of the electrical power system of Kosovo is presented (Figure 13). 248 | P a g e �PROCEEDINGS th ______ The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 Figure 13. Voltage profile at some busbars when line 110 kV - 164/1 is out of operation. Profile voltage at some busbars when line 110 kV - 164/1 is out operation V itia Vu sh tr r i1 Vu sh tr i 2 Ra ho ve c Sk en de ra j Th er an da Tr ep ça Pe ja 2 Pe ja 1 Ly pj an i in a Kl Bu rim i De ça ni G ja ko va 1 G ja ko va 2 112 110 108 106 104 102 100 98 Figure 14. Profile of voltage at electrical power system of Kosovo when the line 164/1 is out of operation. 249 | P a g e �th ISSD 2014 The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ PROCEEDINGS Presented below is the case when line 126/5 is out of operation (Figure 15). Figure 15. Profile of voltage at some busbars when line 110 kV- 126/5 is out of operation. Profile voltage at some busbars when line 110 kV - 126/5 is out operation Vi tia Vu sh trr i1 Vu sh tr i 2 Ra ho ve c Sk en de ra j Th er an da Tr ep ça Pe ja 2 Ly pj an i Pe ja 1 Kl in a Bu rim i De ça ni G ja ko va 1 G ja ko va 2 111 110 109 108 107 106 105 104 103 Figure 16. Profile of voltage at electrical power system of Kosovo when the line 126/5 is out of operation. The worst case is when lines 126/5 and 164/1 are out of operation (Figure 17). 250 | P a g e �PROCEEDINGS th ______ The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 Figure 17. Profile of voltage at some busbars when lines 126/5 and 164/1 are out of operation. Profile voltage at some busbars when lines 110 kV - 164/1 and 126-5 are out operation 1 tr r i sh tr i 2 Vu tia sh Vu Vi ça Tr ep da Th er an ra j c de ve Sk en 1 i 2 ho ja Ra Pe ja Pe an pj Ly in a Kl ko ja G ja ko va va 2 1 i ça n G De Bu rim i 112 110 108 106 104 102 100 98 96 94 92 90 Figure 18. Profile of voltage at electrical power system of Kosovo when the line 164/1 and 125/5 are out of operation In this case substation Decani, Peja 2 and Gjakova 1 are not allowed to be in operation. The chart shows that the profile of voltage in every substation is in the permissible range for the value of 110kV except substations as: Peja 1, Peja 2, Decani and Gjakova 1, which are considered according to the grid network of Kosovo, as substations that are allowed to be in operation just for short time. 251 | P a g e �ISSD 2014 th The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ PROCEEDINGS 3. Conclusions In this paper the impact of the distributed generators connected to the electrical network system of Kosovo was analysed. From the presented simulation results a conclusion can be made that the distributed generators can greatly influence the node voltages. The results show that new generators to be connected to substation Decani will have a great impact on network voltages. Voltage profile problem in the presence of distributed generation is much prominent than in the case without them. Based on the current energy situation in Kosovo, the installation of hydro generators plays a significant role in increased security besides the supply of customers, as well as to meet the criteria for the share of alternative (renewable) energy in the energy mix of Kosovo. Connection of new generators in Decani substation has impact on the voltage profile of the electrical power system of Kosovo, especially in substations Decani, Gjakova 1, Peja 1 and Peja 2. Also, if any of the elements of the electrical power system such as lines 126/5,164/1, 1805, 164/2 or transformer in Peja 3 substation are out of operation, connection of new generators in Decani substation has impact that the profile of voltage in every substation is in the permissible range for the value of 110kV according to the grid network of Kosovo. The construction of the particular new plants with hydro generators will play a significant role, including security of the power system, the quality of voltage, increase generating capacity, as well as more secure in the supplying of customers. Also, the connection of generators is important as an option as grid reserve and grid restoration generation in cases of commutations, outage of grid components and as well as in case of planned outages of other generation facilities in the power system. 4. References Government of Kosovo. (2014). Transmission system and market operator of Kosovo Power Network Analysis for Wind. Power Integration Publication, April 2014, (page 17). Li, Kam W.& A. Paul Priddey. 1985. Power Plant System Design. New York. Lausterer, G. K., H. Weber, and E. Welfonder. 1993. Control of Power Plants and Power Systems. New York and London. Wood, Allen J.& Bruce Wollenberg. 1996. Power Generation, Operation and Control. New York. P.M. Anderson & A.A. Fouad, 2003 Power System Control and Stability. 252 | P a g e �PROCEEDINGS th ______ The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 Rexhep Shaqiri was born in Gjilan, Kosovo. He received the engineer electrical from the Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer, Prishtina, and received Master degree from the same university in 2009. His field of interest includes electrical networks, planning, renewable energy sources of energy to grid, evaluation of grid short circuit levels. He has excellent experience on coordination engineering feasibility studies, developing alternatives for proposed capital projects, developing and updating facilities and system master plans. Rexhep Shaqiri is PhD Student in the Technical University - Sofia, also assistant in the Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer, Prishtina (rexhep_shaqiri@hotmail.com). Dimitar Bogdanov was born in Sofia, Bulgaria. He graduated from the Technical University - Sofia, and received Master degree from the same university in 1998. He has received a PhD degree from Technical University - Sofia in 2009 in Electrical Power Engineering. His field of interest includes electrical relay protections and automation, electrical networks, nuclear power plants (electrical systems, control and safety aspects), renewable energy sources. Currently he is associate professor in the Faculty of Electrical Engineering of the Technical University – Sofia, dpt. head of chair “Electrical power engineering”. He works on studies related to improvement of the protection schemes for connection of renewable sources of energy to the grid, evaluation of grid short circuit levels and grid control. Dimitar Bogdanov is with the Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Technical University of Sofia, 8, st. Kliment Ohridski Blvd., 1756 Sofia, Bulgaria (e-mail: dbogdanov@tu-sofia.bg). 253 | P a g e � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2532 Title A name given to the resource CONNECTION OF NEW GENERATORS IN THE ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEM OF KOSOVO Author Author SHAQIRI, Rexhep BOGDANOV, Dimitar Abstract A summary of the resource. The power system of Kosovo is a compact and integrated structure in hierarchical aspect. It plays an important role in the process of transmission and distribution energy to the consumers. Based on this importance analysis is necessary in order to estimate the medium and long term plans of production of electric energy and development of the power generation plants. Object of study in this article is the project for connection of generators to the substation in Decani. This article describes the simulations of the power system of Kosovo (on date 21.01.2014 at 19.00h when the load in the system is 996.978 MW) in order to emphasize the importance of the connections of generators in Decani substation. Decani substation is an important node point with specifics of the power flow distribution. The analysis of the Kosovo electric power system by means of ETAP software and using as a reference the standards applied in Kosovo, the created models aim to justify if the plans for improvement of Kosovo grid are appropriate and what kind of changes in the voltage levels and short circuits values can be expected. Keywords: Connection, Hydro Power Plant, Voltage profile, Synchronous generator, Improvement, Power System, Operation Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014-05-15 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 978-9958-834-36-3 Q Science (General),QH301 Biology,QH426 Genetics https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/2085a3409cb317a506f7d56022c718fe.pdf c3a0b2bb1ea871c130e61290ae61db9b PDF Text Text PROCEEDINGS th ______ The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 REAL-TIME FACE RECOGNITION WITH ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK TRAINED BY PARTICLE SWARM OPTIMIZATION Musa Peker1, Huseyin Guruler2* 1 Department of Information Technologies, Samandira Vocational and Technical High School, Istanbul, Turkey 2 Department of Information Systems Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Mugla Sitki Kocaman University, Mugla, Turkey *Corresponding Author pekermusa@gmail.com, hguruler@mu.edu.tr ABSTRACT Face recognition is one of the widely used biometric method. Verification and recognition of individuals is possible via the features obtained from desired face image and compared with the facial image by various methods. Automatic face recognition which is a fundamental research area in the scope of pattern recognition, is applied in many civil, military and commercial areas for the purpose of authentication and identification. In this study a real-time face recognition system was developed. It is aimed that identification of individuals who entering any field observed with a camera. After detecting the important facial points, they are presented as input data to feed-forward neural network. Particle swarm optimization was used as learning algorithm in the network. As a result, a novel real-time face detection method, which provide high accuracy has been developed. Keywords: Real time face detection, pattern recognition, neural network, particle swarm optimization. 175 | P a g e �ISSD 2014 th The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ PROCEEDINGS INTRODUCTION Face detection and face recognition on images is one of the important subjects in computer vision applications. Previously saved images of each person are used in face recognition of persons. Faces to be recognized can be obtained from the images obtained in controlled conditions (images on passport, credit cards, ID, etc.), may also be obtained from real time video recordings (Peker & Zengin, 2010). Face recognition problem contains finding the faces in images, determining of limits, finding of attributes and classification of faces using attributes (Peker & Zengin, 2011). In recent years, the issue of face recognition systems has been investigated from many aspects. Variety of techniques for different aspects and details of the subject and efficient algorithms and methods have been proposed (Turk & Pentland, 1991; Swets & Weng, 1996; Chen et al., 2000, Yu & Yang, 2001). Face recognition is a difficult process. Although numerous applications related to facial recognition has been developed, studies are ongoing. The reason for this, factors such as 3D exposure differences, different facial expressions, lighting differences, makeup, hair style, background differences and noise make face recognition quite difficult. The purpose of this study is to accurately perform face detection and face recognition process as real time. A new approach is presented in this context. After face recognition, important attributes of face on images are determined automatically by Gabor wavelet transform. These attributes are presented as an input to the neural network trained with particle swarm algorithm. As a result of the operation of neural network, the owner of the face is determined. The most important feature of the study is the ability to find and recognize multiple faces simultaneously. The results were obtained are promising. METHODS a. Skin color identification algorithm In this study, skin color based two algorithms were used in order to ideally detect human face region. These algorithms are and code techniques. Because red and green color tones are more in skin color according to RGB code technique, the following equations are used. ; (1) With using RGB code technique, different skin colors were examined and the most appropriate value range was attempted to be determined in order algorithm to detect skin color region ideally. Accordingly, ( ) and ( ) ranges were determined as the optimum value ranges to detect skin color regions. According to code technique, in color space represents the brightness information, and represent color information. Thus, the brightness information is easily obtained. RGB color space can be converted into color space by equation (2). (2) 176 | P a g e �PROCEEDINGS th ______ The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 and values are used in skin color region finding process. By calculating the maximum and minimum values of and components, the pixels between these values are marked as skin color. Minimum and maximum values of and components are calculated as shown in equation (3) (Kurt et al., 2007). (3) Minimum and maximum values of and components are determined according to the average value and standard deviation of these components (Kurt et al., 2007). b. Gabor Wavelet Transform (GWT) Wavelet transform with Gabor main function is expressed as Gabor Wavelet Transform. Gabor wavelets show great similarities with the human visual system according to the frequency and orientation characteristics. These wavelets are used in computer vision applications, face recognition, fingerprint recognition and classification algorithms (Acar & Özerdem, 2012). Gabor wavelets constitute an excellent filter for both spatial localization and orientation. A complex Gabor wavelet (filter) is defined as multiplication of a complex sinusoid with Gaussian kernel. A two-dimensional Gabor wavelet transform is expressed by convolution of the image of I(x,y) (Acar & Özerdem, 2012; Buciu & Gacsadi, 2009): (4) function represents Gabor filter: (5) (6) (7) The above-described parameters and , represent the wavelength factor of the cosine (scale) and the direction of Gabor function (angular orientation), respectively. indicates offset value of phase, and indicates spatial visual angle. Parameters calculated from GWT (Acar & Özerdem, 2012): Assume that the matrix obtained from each GWT matrix regarding gray tone images is an -dimensional matrix. Accordingly: Mean : (8) Standard deviation : (9) Entropy : (10) 177 | P a g e �ISSD 2014 th The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ PROCEEDINGS c. Artificial Neural Network Artificial neural networks (ANN) are mathematical systems consisting of many processing units weighted and connected to each other (Sen & Peker, 2013). This processing unit receives signals from other neurons; combines them, transforms, and reveals a numerical result. In general, the processing units roughly correspond to the actual neurons and interconnected in a network; this structure constitutes neural networks. In this study, feed forward neural network of the neural network models was used. There are basically three different layers in feed forward neural networks. These layers, respectively; the input layer that holds data going into artificial neural network, hidden layer or layers on which processes are done and train itself according to desired result, and finally output layer which shows output values. d. Particle Swarm Optimization In particle swarm optimization, each solution is called as particle in the search space. All the particles have relevancy value evaluated by the relevancy function to be optimized and particle velocity information directing their movements. Particles follow the existing optimum particles in the problem space (Bakbak & Peker, 2013). PSO is initialized with random particle swarm and the optimum value is searched with update. In each iteration, each particle is updated according to the best two values. One of them is the best relevancy value found by the particle so far called pbest. This value is kept in memory for later use. Second best value is the best relevancy value found by any particle in swarm so far called gbest. It is the best global value in the swarm (Yalcin et al., 2013). Figure 1. The velocity and position updating of a particle at kth generation (Yalcin et al., 2013). 178 | P a g e �PROCEEDINGS th ______ The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 Swarm matrix with D swarn dimension and n particle size is described as follows.  x11 x  21 x   x31   ...  xn1 x12 ... x1D  x22 ... x2 D   x32 ... x3 D   ... ... ...  xn 2 ... xnD  nxD (11) According to the swarm matrix ith particle is described with xi  xi1 , xi 2 , xi3 , , , , xiD  and the (12) , best relevancy value found by the particle so far, is pbesti   pi1 , pi 2 , pi3 , , , , piD  global good within the population gbest   p1 , p2 , p3 , , , , p D  (13) (14) ith is described as a velocity vector indicating the amount of change in each position of the particle. vi  vi1 , vi 2 , vi 3 , , , , viD  (15) Particle’s velocity and position is updated according to the following equations, respectively. vik 1  vik  c1.rand1k .( pbestik  xik )  c2 .rand2k .( gbestik  xik ) xik 1  xik  vik 1 (16) Where is the number of iterations and is the number of particles. If the particle swarm matrix consists of rows, it means that . line is being mentioned. and values which are the learning factors, pull the particle to and values. and usually selected as equal and in [0,4] range. allows particle to move according to the particle’s own experience, allows particle to move according to the experience of other particles in the swarm. APPLICATION AND EVALUATION e. Face Detection The biggest problem encountered in face detection is the existence of the areas with a color close to skin color outside the human face area (Ikizler & Duygulu, 2005). System detects these areas as a part of the face. After converted to gray level, image is converted to blackand-white picture in order to provide a fast and accurate work on color image. Equation (17) was used in the conversion of the image to gray level. (17) 179 | P a g e �th ISSD 2014 The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ PROCEEDINGS Thresholding method was used to convert the image to black and white picture. According to this method; pixels of skin area determined by skin color algorithms are transformed into white color, while other areas are transformed to black. Thus, the image is transformed into binary level. In binary system, 0 refers to black while 1 refers to the white color. Binary format of the image is seen on Figure 2.a. After the image is converted to binary format, the image is filtered and ensured that image is not affected by unnecessary noises. (Figure 2). As a filter, median filter, which aims to soften the image, was used as a 3x3 matrix. Median filter is a nonlinear filter that protects the edges and eliminates random noises (Umbaugh, 1998). As shown in Figure 2.b, although picture was filtered, noise cleaning cannot be fully ensured. Therefore, the image was passed through a scanning filter which has 3x3 matrix. This filter determines the area with maximum skin color by scanning the display screen. Figure 2. (a) Picture with noise (b) Noise-free picture As stated earlier, in this study and code techniques, which are skin color based algorithms, were used. In this study, results of algorithms using these code techniques were compared and it was found that the algorithm in which code technique is used provided more successful outcome. The reason for this, the algorithm in which code technique is used, is less affected from the factors such as ambient brightness, dust, etc. In Figure 3, the difference between these two algorithms is seen more clearly. Figure 3. (a) detection of the areas with skin color using code technique (b) detection of the areas with skin color using code technique. f. Feature Extraction Gabor based feature vector related to an image was obtained with statistical values of each of the 8 wavelet matrix (2 scales and 4 orientations) related to an image. These values are combined in a vector and feature vector is obtained. From each wavelet transform matrix, standard deviation, mean and entropy values were calculated respectively. As a result, statistical values of 8 wavelet transform matrix related to each image were calculated and feature vector with 8x3 = 24 data length in total was obtained by adding these values consecutively. The resulting attributes were applied to the input of the classifier. 180 | P a g e �PROCEEDINGS th ______ The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 g. Face Recognition with Neural Networks Trained by PSO For the realization of learning in artificial neural networks, weight values between the layers must be appropriately updated. In this study, unlike classical training algorithms, the PSO, a powerful optimization algorithm was preferred. In figure 4, a flow chart in which testing and training of ANN with PSO took place is presented. In the learning phase, primarily, the weights that hold the numerical value of connections between layers, take random values. These weight values represent particle values for PSO. Number of connections between the layers denotes the size of particles (Yalcin et al., 2013). Network is established according to each particle and training examples are respectively sent to the network. After the example is presented to the network, the difference (error) between the actual value should be and the value obtained as output is calculated. After all the samples submitted to the network, total error (MSE) is calculated and the obtained value is regarded as the particle's relevancy value. In the first step, this relevancy value is assigned as pbest value of the particle; the best relevancy value among the particles is assigned as the gbest value (Yalcin et al., 2013). If relevancy value (error) is not in an acceptable level, particles are updated with pbest and gbest values. Network is re-established according to the new particle values, examples are given to the network again and the relevancy value calculation is performed. These processes continue until the best relevancy value obtained so far (gbest) reaches to the desired value or the maximum iteration (Yalcin et al., 2013). If the error in an acceptable level, the testing process begins. This time, network is established according to the gbest particle values. Test samples are sent respectively to the input layer of the network and the resulting values is given as output of the example. If any threshold is not applied to the output of the network, last obtained gbest value gives the classification performance of the network (Yalcin et al., 2013; Yalcin, 2012). Figure 4. Flowchart for training and testing of PSONN 181 | P a g e �th ISSD 2014 The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ PROCEEDINGS 24 attribute values obtained in feature extraction step are presented as an input to the neural network structure. With PSO algorithm, network parameters are updated and training of network is carried out. Example of test result is presented in Figure 5. When the figure is considered, it is seen that the amount of error is decreased depending on the increase in the value of iteration. Test 0 MSE 10 -1 10 -2 10 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 Iteration Figure 5. Iteration-error graph The face detection performance of the developed software was investigated under various conditions. Primarily, the success of the application was evaluated as real-time. There is no change in the success of face recognition in case of an increase in the number of faces in the image. System is able to find more than one face within the field of view of the camera with success. Considering the results of the analyses presented in Table 1, the success of the face recognition process is increase when the image taken frontally and in adequate light conditions. This is observed that performance is decreased when viewing angle move away from the front. Face recognition performance of the system decreases in low light conditions. In order to solve this problem, using of quality and multiple cameras and providing of sufficient light conditions are proposed. Table 1. Performance analysis of face detection under different conditions. Light Condition Sufficient Sufficient Sufficient Insufficient Insufficient Insufficient Angle From the front line From the front line 30 degrees From the front line 30 degrees 90 degrees Distance 1,5 m 2m 1,5 m 1,5 m 1,5 m 1,5 m Success Level High High High Medium Medium Medium Face recognition experiments were conducted in two stages. In the first stage, experiments were performed real-timely. In the second stage, experiments were performed on ORL database (The Database of Faces, 2014). Experiment 1: Experiments have been tried on 150 people. In experiments conducted by one person, number of faces recognized as incorrect was two. In this case, success rate was found as % 98.6. In multi-person applications, depending on the number of different person (2, 3, 4 and 5), number of faces recognized as incorrect was six. In this case, success rate was found as % 96. The results have shown in Table 2. 182 | P a g e �PROCEEDINGS th ______ The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 Table 2. Performance analysis for 150 people with the recommended method (real time application). Number of people One person Multi person (2, 3, 4 and 5) The number of faces 150 150 Wrong number 2 6 Success rate 98.6 % 96 % Figure 6 presents an example of the real-time implementation of this application. (a) (b) (c) (d) Figure 6. Real-time face recognition and detection a) Three people b) Four people c) Five people d) Six people Experiment 2: Table 3 shows the analysis of the success of face recognition carried out in different conditions. ORL database were used in performance analysis. Analyzes of success were performed by changing the total number of images, size of the images and the number of images received from each person. An image set consisting of 300 people was created with 10 different pictures (taken from various fronts) of 30 different people. A database was created with 30 people by taking one picture of each person in the cluster. Using the remaining 270 pictures, face recognition was performed in different image sizes. Then, performance analyses were carried out by taking 2, 3 and 5, different image of each person, respectively. 183 | P a g e �ISSD 2014 th The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ PROCEEDINGS Table 3. Performance analysis for 300 people with the recommended method. Number of image 270 270 270 240 240 240 210 210 210 150 150 150 Number of images per person 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 5 5 5 Database image number 30 30 30 60 60 60 90 90 90 150 150 150 Image size 16x14 27x24 40x30 16x14 27x24 40x30 16x14 27x24 40x30 16x14 27x24 40x30 Accuracy rate (%) 76.5 77.3 78.4 86 86.7 88.5 90 91 94 97 97.5 98.5 In the obtained analyses, it was observed that as the number of samples taken from the same individual increased, performance of the system also increased. It was also observed that when the image size is increased, performance slightly increased but, face recognition process took a long time. RESULTS Face detection and analysis are often used in different fields. Face recognition is used in a wide range such as defense industry, security systems, robotics industry, for commercial purposes. Face recognition problem is one of the up-to-date, important and difficult problems. Many scientists have been working on this issue for a long time. However, due to the difficulty of the problem, face recognition systems which have the success for solving real-life problems have not been developed yet. In this study, software which performs real time face recognition and face detection has been developed. After face detection was performed in images, important features of the face were detected. Gabor wavelet transform was preferred for attribute determination. Obtained attributes were presented as input to the neural network trained with particle swarm algorithm. In performance tests carried out with face recognition system, it was observed that the system performance is in the acceptable quality. REFERENCES Acar, E., & Özerdem, M.S. (2012). Kızıltepe tarımsal alan imgelerinin gabor dalgacık dönüşümü ile sınıflandırılması, IEEE 20. Sinyal İşleme ve İletişim Uygulamaları Kurultayı (SİU2012), Fethiye, 2012. Bakbak P.O., & Peker, M. (2013). Particle swarm optimization design of optical directional coupler based on power loss analysis. International Journal of Intelligent Systems and Applications in Engineering, 1(2), 29-33. Buciu, I., & Gacsadi, A. (2009). Gabor Wavelet Based Features for Medical Image Analysis and Classification”. Applied Sciences in Biomedical and Communication Technologies (ISABEL 2009), (pp. 1-4). Chen, L.F., Liao, H.Y.M, Ko, M.T., Lin, J.C., & Yu, G.J. (2000). A new LDA-based face recognition system which can solve the small sample size problem. Pattern Recognition, 33, 1713-1726. 184 | P a g e �PROCEEDINGS th ______ The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 Ikizler, N., & Duygulu, P. (2005). Haber videolari icin yüz bulma yöntemlerinin.iyilestirilmesi, In Proceedings of IEEE 13. Sinyal Isleme ve Iletisim Uygulamalari Kurultayi (SIU 2005), Kayseri, (pp. 1-4). Kurt, B., Nabiyev, V., & Bekiroglu, Y. (2007). Yüz ifadelerinin tanınması. Elektrik-Elektronik-Bilgisayar Mühendisliği 12. Ulusal Kongresi, (pp. 1-5). Peker, M., & Zengin, A. (2010). Real-Time Motion-Sensitive Image Recognition System. Scientific Research and Essays, 5 (15), 2044-2050. Peker, M, & Zengin, A. (2011). A Real-Time and Motion-Sensitive Security Application with Face Recognition. 6th International Advanced Technologies Symposium (IATS’11), Elazığ, Turkey, (pp. 92-97). Sen, B., & Peker, M. (2013). Novel approaches for automated epileptic diagnosis using FCBF feature selection and classification algorithms. Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering & Computer Sciences, 21, 2092-2109. Swets, D. L., & Weng, J. (1996). Using discriminant eigenfeatures for image retrieval. IEEE Transaction on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 18(8), 831-836. The Database of Faces, “The ORL database research/dtg/attarchive/facedatabase.html, Access time: 01.01.2014. of face”, http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/ Turk, M., & Pentland, A.P. (1991). Eigenfaces for recognition. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 3(1), 71-86. Umbaugh, S. (1998). Computer vision and image processing fundamentals. Computer Vision and Image Processing. Prentice Hall PTR, Bernard Goodwin. Yalçın, N. (2012). Heuristic algorithm basis artificial neural networks for epilepsy detection. The Graduate School of Natural and Applied Science of Selçuk University, MS Thesis, Konya. Yalçın, N., Tezel, G., & Karakuzu, C. (2013). Epilepsy Diagnosis Using Artificial Neural Network Learned by PSO. Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering & Computer Sciences, online, DOI: 10.3906/elk-1212-151. Yu, H., & Yang, J. (2001). A direct LDA algorithm for high-dimensional data with application to face recognition. Pattern Recognition, 34, 2067-2070. Musa Peker graduated from Zonguldak Karaelmas University in 2007. Received his master’s degree in 2009 from Sakarya University. He received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering from Karabuk University in 2014. Currently working in Istanbul Samandira Vocational High School as IT teacher. His interests are biomedical signal processing, image processing and artificial intelligence applications. Huseyin Guruler is academic staff in the Department of Information Systems Engineering in Mugla Sitki Kocman University, Turkey. His bachelor's degree is in the field of electronics and computer from Marmara University. MSc is in the field of statistics and computer in Mugla Sitki Kocman University. PhD is in the field of electronics and computer in Sakarya University. PhD thesis is about diagnosing sleep apnea using ECG signals. His research interests merge in data mining and knowledge discovery besides dealing with computational biology and multi-user computers architecture. 185 | P a g e � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2526 Title A name given to the resource REAL-TIME FACE RECOGNITION WITH ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK TRAINED BY PARTICLE SWARM OPTIMIZATION Author Author PEKER, Musa GURULER, Huseyin Abstract A summary of the resource. Face recognition is one of the widely used biometric method. Verification and recognition of individuals is possible via the features obtained from desired face image and compared with the facial image by various methods. Automatic face recognition which is a fundamental research area in the scope of pattern recognition, is applied in many civil, military and commercial areas for the purpose of authentication and identification. In this study a real-time face recognition system was developed. It is aimed that identification of individuals who entering any field observed with a camera. After detecting the important facial points, they are presented as input data to feed-forward neural network. Particle swarm optimization was used as learning algorithm in the network. As a result, a novel real-time face detection method, which provide high accuracy has been developed. Keywords: Real time face detection, pattern recognition, neural network, particle swarm optimization. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014-05-15 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 978-9958-834-36-3 Q Science (General),QH301 Biology,QH426 Genetics https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/bbcb56b6e888efb12d0b98b25e746f7c.pdf b980fefcd93e8c29a16d394f35eb1ca7 PDF Text Text PROCEEDINGS th ______ The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 THERMODYNAMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF A WIND TURBINE SYSTEM Abbas Alpaslan KOCER1, Yunus Emre YUKSEL2, Murat OZTURK3 1 Uluborlu Selahattin Karasoy Vocational School, Suleyman Demirel University, 32260, Isparta Turkey, alpaslankocer@sdu.edu.tr 2 Department of Science and Education, Education Faculty, Afyon Kocatepe University, 03200, Afyon, Turkey, yeyuksel@aku.edu.tr 3 Department of Mechatronics Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Suleyman Demirel University, 32260, Isparta Turkey, muratozturk@sdu.edu.tr Abstract The wind turbine system is one of the most competitive sources in the field of renewable energy technologies. In many possible applications, a small power plant based on a renewable energy can be a good solution under both the environmental and economic point of view. Vertical axis wind turbine types have an important role in small-scale power development. This wind power plant would allow the reduction of electric energy consumption from the grid and the increase of the amount of renewable energy use. The large wind turbine market is mature and it is the product of several extensive researches. Wind turbine market is being developed to improve the efficiency, performance, and cost effectiveness of the turbines. The end goal of this development is to gain a position for wind power as a competitive alternative to fossil fuels. Among all renewable energy technology of different kinds, wind energy technology has many advantages such as extensive distribution, high efficiency, low cost, low maintenance, environmental friendliness, economic improvement and environmental characteristic that it stands for the most popularized and potentially applicable type of green energy. In many applications, wind is already competitive with conventional options for generating electricity. In this paper, thermodynamic analysis consisting of energy and exergy terminology and environmental impact factors for wind turbine systems are investigated, and parametric studies for efficiency of wind turbine system are given for different ambient conditions such as wind speed and huge tower high. The relationship between the actual energy generated from the wind turbine and the wind speed characteristics are investigated for sustainability of wind turbine system. Also, important outputs for wind turbine system, such as maximum relative output useful energy and optimal rotational speed corresponding to different wind speeds, are estimated to improve the system performance. By multiplying normalized power by maximum relative output power for the wind turbine system, the relative output power is calculated. Keywords: Renewable energy, wind energy, thermodynamic analysis, environmental analysis, efficiency. 219 | P a g e �ISSD 2014 th The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ PROCEEDINGS 1. Introduction It is expected that by 2050 the world energy demand will be significantly increased. In addition, due to global problems caused by greenhouse gas emissions, the world also needs low emission and low-carbon energy suppliers to eliminate air pollution. Therefore, a lot of countries in the world have expressed their views on alternative energy resources, such as sustainable solar energy, safe nuclear energy, clean hydrogen economy, ground source heat pumps and geothermal energy, bio-energy, wind energy, hydro-power and wave energy. Suitable renewable energy policies need to be developed for effective use of available alternative sources. Wind energy is a prime example of a sustainable energy resource. Because it is a non-polluting source of energy during power generation, it has no emissions or residues to burden society. The dominant type of modern wind turbine is the upwind, horizontal, 3-blade turbine variety, where the rotor axis is parallel to the wind direction and the blades are arranged perpendicular into the wind direction [Manwell et al., 2011]. The wind turbine system consists of a foundation, a tower, nacelle and three rotors attached to a hub. The three blades are attached to the hub, which is attached to the shaft, which is eventually connected to the generator. The blades are shaped like aircraft propellers, but are considerably larger, and hollow; an absolute premium is placed on the strength to weight ratio and flexing properties of the blades [Veers et al, 2003]. The type of wind turbine selected for installation at the sites examined should be designed for moderate wind speeds, have as tall a tower is as practical, and as large a blade diameter as is possible. Entropy production based on design and exergy analysis of the wind turbine system is shown to identify the maximum theoretical capability of system performance in power production applications. Exergy analysis is very useful for improving a wide range of energy conversion systems. Exergy analysis also provides a design tool for increased accuracy and more efficient performance. However, there are few examples in past literature [Sahin et al., 2006(a); Sahin et al. 2006(b); Ozturk, 2011] that pertain to wind exergy. Through an energy and exergy analysis of the characteristics of wind energy, it was found that differences between energy and exergy efficiencies are approximately 20-24% at low wind speeds and approximately 10 - 15% at high wind speeds [Sahin et al., 2006(a)]. Sahin et al. [Sahin et al., 2006(b)] have developed a useful exergetic analysis technique for determining the exergetic efficiency of a wind turbine. The technique utilizes the wind chill temperature associated with wind velocity to predict the entropy generation of the process. Better turbine design and location selection can be achieved with the aid of such exergy analysis. Ozturk [2011] have estimated wind power potential for Turkey, and provided suitable data for evaluating potential wind power production by using the wind data collected at 23 different wind-monitoring stations in Turkey. The author has used the energy and exergy analyses of wind power for estimating of the wind power potential in these areas. Exergy analysis of wind power has been investigated according to air temperature and pressure at inlet and outlet of wind turbine; energy generated and heat loss from wind turbine. Also, energy and exergy analyses of wind power and capacity factor, energy and exergy efficiencies at 10, 25 and 50 m have been calculated for these wind-monitoring stations. 220 | P a g e �PROCEEDINGS th ______ The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 In this paper, some results of the application methods of the thermodynamic analysis based on the second law of thermodynamics for reducing the exergy losses in the wind turbine system are investigated for better system design. In addition that, some parametric studies for produced energy, exergy destruction, energy efficiency and exergy efficiency of the wind turbine system are investigated for varying wind speeds. The other outputs of this paper should be given as follows;  To develop an advanced Engineering Equation Solver (EES) software code and carry out parametric studies for wind energy system components.  To calculate the exergy content of the proses including the physical or flow exergy for the system.  To determine the exergy destruction rate and exergy efficiency of each system component.  To perform a complete parametric study and the performance assessment of the system. 2. Thermodynamic Analysis General thermodynamic assessments involving the energy and exergy balance equations, and energy and exergy efficiencies are given to analyze wind turbine improvement potentials. In the most general viewpoint, a balance equation for a given quantity in a process should be written as follows; (1) Eq. (1) is supposed to as the quantity balance for the process, and should be given as quantity accumulated in a process is equal to the difference between the net quantity transfer through the system boundary plus the quantity generated and the quantity consumed within the system boundaries. 2.1 Energy Analysis Wind turbine blades capture a fraction of the kinetic energy from the air passing the turbine blades and convert this into electric energy [Manwell et al., 2002]. The mass flow of air moving past the blades should be given as follows; (2) where  is density of the air (kg/m3), A is the swept rotor area (m2) and Va is the velocity of the air flowing past the rotor disk (m/s). The air density changes with both ambient temperature and altitude, and should be calculated by the specific air gravity viewpoint as follows; (3) where s is the standard air density, and taken as 1.225 kg/m3 for ambient temperature and pressure at 15 °C and 1 atm, respectively, TR and TS are the absolute reference temperature (15 °C) and space average air temperature, respectively, PR and PS are the absolute reference pressure (1 atm) and space average air pressure, respectively. The space average air pressure varies inversely with height above the sea level, and should be calculated as follows for altitudes less than 5000m [Manwell et al., 2002]; 221 | P a g e �ISSD 2014 th The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ PROCEEDINGS (4) The kinetic energy of flowing air can be calculated as; (5) The kinetic energy per unit time through the rotor disk is the power of the air flow, and should be given as; (6) Also, it can be calculated as follows using the Eq. (2); (7) This is the basic law that applies to extracting power from moving air. Also, Eq. (7) should be given in terms of the rotor radius (R). (8) Air is a compressible fluid. Therefore, all of the kinetic energy cannot be extracted from the air passing the turbine blades. The maximum quantity of the produced energy which can be extracted through a wind turbine system from moving air is represented using the Betz limit, which has a value of 16/27 or nearly 59.26% [Spera, 1994]. But in practical application, the best that the most blade designs can achieve is nearly 50%, and this performance usually changes with wind speeds [Walker and Jenkins, 1997]. Also, this performance indicator is given as the rotor power coefficient (Cp). Eq. (7) can be written as follows by incorporating Cp ; (9) At high wind speeds, the effect of Cp usually is determined by changing the pitch of the turbine blades. Therefore, the turbine blades become less performance at converting moving air into rotary motion. When the wind speeds are too high, the turbine rotation is stopped by adjusting the blade angles to an aerodynamic braking position. Capacity factor (CF) can also easily be found as the ratio of the annual average power generated and the rated power of a turbine as follows; (10) where Ereal and Erated are total energy generated and maximum annual rated energy by the wind farm, respectively, and they can be given as follows; (11) and 222 | P a g e �PROCEEDINGS th ______ The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 (12) where Prated is maximum rated power of a turbine, Nturbine is number of turbines in the farm and ttotal is number of operational hours in a year. 2.2 Exergy Analysis Exergy analysis based on the second law of the thermodynamics can support to create the strategies and managements for more economical and effective use of energy sources, and is utilized to study wind energy system. The sources of the irreversibility and proposed approaches to increase the whole efficiency of the given system should be considered by using exergy analysis. Exergy content of matter is generally divided into four parts which are physical exergy (exph), chemical exergy (exch), kinetic exergy (exk) and potential exergy (exp). Therefore, general exergy balance equation per unit mass should be given as follows; (13) where exke, expe, exph and exch are the kinetic, potential, physical and chemical exergy, respectively. In this paper, kinetic, potential and chemical exergies are negligible, as the elevation differences are low, speeds in the process are small and there is no chemical reaction. In general, physical exergy is represented the maximum effective work available as a process interacts with the environment. Any substance of which the temperature, pressure or composition is different from the thermodynamic equilibrium with the surroundings (thermal, mechanical and chemical) has the possibility to produce a change. The physical exergy or general flow exergy of the flow is given as; (14) where subscripts i and o show the ith flow rate and reference condition flow rate, respectively, h is the specific enthalpy and s is the specific entropy, respectively. Enthalpy difference can be given as follows; (15) where Cp,a is the air specific heat in (kJ/kgK), T1 and T2 are the wind chill temperature at the input and output to the wind turbine blades, respectively. Wind chill temperature for the turbine can be given as follows [Nelson et al., 2002]; (16) where Ti,wind-ct is the wind chill temperature °C and V is the wind speed in km/h at 10 m elevation from the ground level. Output wind speed (V2) should be calculated as follows [Abed, 1994]; (17) The entropy changes for the wind turbine system are consisting of the total entropy of the system and surround entropy difference [Szargut, et al., 1988]. 223 | P a g e �ISSD 2014 th The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ PROCEEDINGS (18) or (19) Heat losses per unit mass from the rotor blade of the turbine system should be given as follows; (20) From Eq. (15), the total exergy of wind power can be expressed as; (21) Total exergy of the wind turbine system should be written as follows; (22) Also, exergy destruction rate for the wind turbine system can be given as; (23) 2.3 Thermodynamic Efficiencies The thermodynamic efficiencies of the design system should be considered through the first law of thermodynamics (energy efficiency) and both the first and second laws of thermodynamics (exergy efficiency). Energy and exergy efficiencies of the system components and whole system should be given for detailed thermodynamic analysis. The energy efficiency ( ) of the system should be given as the ratio of useful energy produced by the system to the total energy input. The useful produced energy represents the desired results produced by the system components. The energy efficiency for the single production should be written as follows: (24) The exergy efficiency ( ) of the process should be defined as the divided of exergy output rate ( ) that is created by the considered system to the overall exergy inlet rate ( ) that is cross the boundaries of the system, as follows; (25) The exergy efficiency for the process should also be given in terms of exergy destruction rate as the following; 224 | P a g e �PROCEEDINGS th ______ The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 (26) Using the derived equations, a model is generated by using Engineering Equation Solver (EES). With the help of this model, the system performance and emissions are investigated by varying a series of input conditions. 3. Results and discussion The main production characteristics of the wind turbine system are given in Table 1. In this paper, the ambient temperature and pressure are given as 25 °C and 1 atm, respectively. For the useful energy production from the chosen wind turbine system, wind speeds from 10 m to 50 m above the ground level are from 5 to 12 m/s. Higher wind speeds create axial forces which are liable to damage the wheel, the transmission and support of the machine. This is very important to take special protective measures in the design of the wind wheel sub-system. Table 1. ENERCON E-40/6.44 product specifications Model Rated Power Hub height Rotor Diameter Type Direction of rotation Number of blades Rotor swept areas Blade materials Rotor speed Generator Generator Braking system Cut-in speed Rated wind speed Wind Turbine Product Specifications ENERCON E-40/6.44 600 kW 46 m on tabular steel tower 44 m Upwind Clockwise 3 1662 m2 Fiberglass (reinforced epoxy) with light protection Variable, 18-34 rpm Gearless-no oil required 3 independent systems with emergency supply Rotor brake Rotor lock for service and maintenance 2.5 m/s 13.0 m/s Thermodynamic analysis and environmental assessment of the wind turbine system are very important in terms of the view for sustainable developments. To achieve for these aims, measured and calculated parameters according to the average values of the wind turbine system are shown in Table 2. These design parameters are measured wind speed (ms-1), measured time in a year (hyear-1), wind speed percent (%), capacity factor (Cp), mass flow rate (kgs-1), available power (kW), useful power (kW) and produced power (kWh/year). For this paper, using the energy analysis which given in this paper, available power and useful power for the wind turbine system are calculated as 1364 and 1603 kW respectively for 11.5 ms-1 wind speed. But, produced maximum power from the wind turbine system is calculated as 47739 kWh/year at 6.5 ms-1 wind speed. The maximum and minimum capacity factors of the wind turbine system are obtained as 0.35 for 7.5 ms-1 and 0.18 for 2.5 ms-1 wind speed, respectively. This indicates that capacity factor is depended on the measured time in a year and wind speed. Also, high mass flow rate for the wind system produces high available power and useful power, respectively. The electricity produced is zero below the 2.5 ms-1 cut-in wind velocity. 225 | P a g e �th ISSD 2014 The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ PROCEEDINGS Table 2. Measured and calculated parameters for the wind turbine system Measured wind speed Vr (ms-1) 2.5 3.5 4.5 5.5 6.5 7.5 8.5 9.5 10.5 11.5 Measured time in a year ttotal (hyear-1) Wind speed percent (%) Capacity factor Cp Mass flow rate (kgs-1) Available power Pa (kW) Useful power Pu (kW) Produced power Po (kWh/year) 4028 1202 1674 1023 637 104 72 11 7 2 45.99 13.73 19.10 11.68 7.28 1.18 0.83 0.12 0.07 0.02 0.18 0.21 0.28 0.30 0.32 0.35 0.33 0.30 0.25 0.21 4.486 6.28 8.074 9.868 11.66 13.46 15.25 17.05 18.84 20.63 14.02 38.46 81.75 149.3 246.4 378.5 550.9 769.2 1039 1364 16.24 45.2 99.08 182.4 303.4 471.3 681 939.8 1243 1603 0 9229 36425 43544 47739 13096 12444 2413 1728 544.7 8000 0.35 7000 0.3 6000 0.25 5000 0.2 4000 0.15 Poutput (kW) 3000 hWT (%) 2000 1000 2.5 3.5 4.5 5.5 6.5 7.5 8.5 9.5 10.5 h (%) Poutput (kW) The results of the energy and exergy analysis, including the energy and exergy efficiency, and exergy destruction rate for the wind turbine system are reported. It is shown that, the inlet and outlet exergy flows of the system are mainly attributed to the wind speeds. Produced energy (kW) and energy efficiency of the wind turbine system based on the measured wind speeds are given in Figure 1. It is seen that, produced energy and energy efficiency for the system changes between 1364 to 7729 kW and 0 to 26.72%, respectively, at different measured wind speed, and maximum energy efficiency is obtained for 6.5 ms-1 wind speed, considering inlet and outlet pressure differences for the system. 0.1 0.05 0 11.5 v r (ms -1) Figure 1. Variations with wind turbine of the produced energy (kW) and energy efficiency for the wind turbine Exergy analysis of the system has an important role in evaluating wind energy technology. Also, the exergy destruction rate is another important matter to be emphasized because the study of irreversibility can help to identify where the work or energy lost during the operation. Various factors identified in the design section can influence both the energy and exergy efficiencies of the wind turbine system. 226 | P a g e �PROCEEDINGS th ______ The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 Exergy destruction rate (kW) and exergy efficiency of the wind turbine system based on the measured wind speeds are given in Figure 2. Increasing of the measured wind velocity decreases the energy and exergy efficiencies because the net energy inlet to the wind turbine increases. Furthermore, maximum produced energy and exergy destruction rate are produced as 272.4 and 1331 kW, respectively, at 11.5 ms-1 wind speed. Higher exergy destruction refers high inefficiencies or irreversibilities occur in this system. Exergy efficiency of the system is more meaningful than the energy efficiency since it gives right magnitudes for the losses to be determined. It is suggested that exergy efficiency should be used for wind energy evaluations and assessments, so as to allow for more realistic modeling. In the general manner, the exergy efficiency of the wind turbine system is based on the turbine type, such as horizontal or vertical, rotor radius hub height and local wind speed. 8000 0.3 0.2 y WT (%) ExD-WT (kW) 6000 4000 ExD-WT (kW) 2000 0 2.5 y 3.5 4.5 5.5 6.5 7.5 8.5 WT 0.1 (%) 9.5 10.5 0 11.5 v r (ms -1) Figure 2. Variations with wind turbine of the exergy destruction rate (kW) and exergy efficiency for the wind turbine 4. Conclusions Wind turbine system can make significant supports for energy production due to their potential for high efficiency as well as low operating costs and greenhouse gas and pollution emissions. Environmental problems such as fossil fuel depletion and climate change upgrade the advantages and significance of wind turbine system performance. In this study, energy and exergy analyses are carried out for the wind turbine system to evaluate the system performance and exergy destruction rates. Exergy analysis of a wind turbine system is given based on the thermodynamic quantities, such as enthalpy and entropy productions. Therefore, exergy analysis has a significant role in evaluating wind turbine system. The differences between the energy and exergy efficiency is very important for analyzing of the energy conversation. It is suggested that, exergy efficiencies can be used for wind energy evaluation and assessment, so as to allow for more realistic modeling, evaluation and planning for wind turbine system. Exergetic assessments of wind power system provide more meaningful and useful data than energetic assessments for engineers and wind energy companies before making decisions. 227 | P a g e �ISSD 2014 th The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ PROCEEDINGS 5. References Abed, K. A. (1994). Variable Speed Operation of Small Scale Wind Turbines. World Renewable Energy Congress, Reading University, UK. Manwell, J., Burton, T., Sharpe, D., Jenkins, N., Bossanyi, E. (2011). Wind Energy Handbook. Second Edition, John Wiley & Sons. Manwell, J., McGowan J., & Rogers, A. (2002). Wind Energy Explained. John Wiley & Sons. Nelson, C. A., Tew, M., Phetteplace, G.E., Schwerdt, R., Maarouf, A., Osczevski, R., Bluestein, M., Shaykewich, J., Smarsh, D., Derby, J.C, Petty, R.C., Berger, M., Quayle, R.G, Santee, W.R., O’Lenic, E., Lupo, A.R., & Browne, K. (2002). Review of the Federal Interagency Process Used to Select the New Wind Chill Temperature (WCT) Index. Preprints, 18th International Conference on Interactive Information and Processing Systems (IIPS) for Meteorology, Oceanography, and Hydrology, Orlando. Sahin, A. D., Dincer, I., & Rosen, M. A. (2006a). Development of new spatio-temporal wind exergy maps. Proceedings of ASME2006 Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. November 5-10, Chicago, Illinois, USA. Sahin, A. D., Dincer, I., & Rosen, M. A. (2006b). Thermodynamic analysis of wind energy. International Journal of Energy Research. 30, 553-566. Spera, A. D. (2009). Wind Turbine Technology: Fundamental Concepts in Wind Turbine Engineering. Second Edition, ASME Press. Szargut, J., Morris, D. R., & Steward, F. R. (1988). Exergy Analysis of Thermal, Chemical and Metallurgical Process. Hemisphere publishing corporation. Ozturk, M. (2011). Energy and exergy assessments for potential wind power in Turkey. International Journal of Exergy. 8(2), 211-226. Veers, P., Ashwill, T., Sutherland, H., Laird, D., Lobitz, D., Griffin, D., Mandell, J., Musial, W., Jackson, K., Zuteck, M., Miravette, A., Tsai, S., & Richmond, J. (2003). Trends in the design, manufacture and evaluation of wind turbine blades. Wind Energy, 6, 245-259. Walker, J. F., & Jenkins, N. (1997). Wind Energy Technology. John Wiley & Sons. 228 | P a g e � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2530 Title A name given to the resource THERMODYNAMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF A WIND TURBINE SYSTEM Author Author OZTURK, Murat YUKSEL, Yunus Emre KOCER, Abbas Alpaslan Abstract A summary of the resource. The wind turbine system is one of the most competitive sources in the field of renewable energy technologies. In many possible applications, a small power plant based on a renewable energy can be a good solution under both the environmental and economic point of view. Vertical axis wind turbine types have an important role in small-scale power development. This wind power plant would allow the reduction of electric energy consumption from the grid and the increase of the amount of renewable energy use. The large wind turbine market is mature and it is the product of several extensive researches. Wind turbine market is being developed to improve the efficiency, performance, and cost effectiveness of the turbines. The end goal of this development is to gain a position for wind power as a competitive alternative to fossil fuels. Among all renewable energy technology of different kinds, wind energy technology has many advantages such as extensive distribution, high efficiency, low cost, low maintenance, environmental friendliness, economic improvement and environmental characteristic that it stands for the most popularized and potentially applicable type of green energy. In many applications, wind is already competitive with conventional options for generating electricity. In this paper, thermodynamic analysis consisting of energy and exergy terminology and environmental impact factors for wind turbine systems are investigated, and parametric studies for efficiency of wind turbine system are given for different ambient conditions such as wind speed and huge tower high. The relationship between the actual energy generated from the wind turbine and the wind speed characteristics are investigated for sustainability of wind turbine system. Also, important outputs for wind turbine system, such as maximum relative output useful energy and optimal rotational speed corresponding to different wind speeds, are estimated to improve the system performance. By multiplying normalized power by maximum relative output power for the wind turbine system, the relative output power is calculated. Keywords: Renewable energy, wind energy, thermodynamic analysis, environmental analysis, efficiency. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014-05-15 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 978-9958-834-36-3 Q Science (General),QH301 Biology,QH426 Genetics https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/5a6220379fdbb063f4036eb11f77ebd2.pdf 3c35b51e209db25e4d76aff6984ce7d6 PDF Text Text PROCEEDINGS th ______ The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 BIOINFORMATICS TOOLS FOR GENE LIST ANALYSIS Imer Muhović*, Larisa Bešić, Adna Ašić, Serkan Dogan, Osman Doluca International Burch University, Department of Genetics and Bioengineering *Corresponding author: imer91@gmail.com ABSTRACT The advent of the era of high-throughput sequencing has brought a wealth of biological data to researchers, but the vastness of the available data has created a demand for tools that could be used to analyze it. One such type of tools are gene set analysis tools, that take a list of genes that were found to be up or down regulated during an experiment. For the sake of simplicity this review focuses solely on freely available web based tools that have been published or have undergone significant updates in the last 5 years. This review is meant to assist tool developers to better understand the needs of the end-users, and in it we look at the currently available gene list analysis tools, their strengths and weaknesses, and offer suggestions for their improvement. Key words: microarray, gene set, systems biology, enrichment, gene ontology 29 | P a g e �ISSD 2014 th The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ PROCEEDINGS INTRODUCTION Many modern molecular biology experiments result in the production of a list of important molecules. These molecules may be up/down regulated genes obtained from microarray or RNA-seq experiments, or a list of SNP – containing genes. The issue that is created by such lists is in the length of them. Your average co-expression experiment results in a list of hundreds or thousands of „interesting“ genes, and determining the biological significance of such a list is very difficult, as it requires either significant knowledge about the metabolic process being investigated, or it requires the researcher to conduct an extensive literature search to answer questions such as „What does this gene do? Where is it expressed? Does it interact with other genes? Is it linked to a particular disorder?“ Manually performing such a task would be time consuming and tedious, costing the researcher precious time and resources. To save the time and sanity of researchers undertaking such experiments various tools for annotation enrichment (also known as pathway analysis) have been developed. These tools map genes and proteins to their associated biological annotations (gene Ontology terms, or pathway membership) and then compare the frequency of such terms in the given gene list, with a background list to identify the over expressed, or under expressed terms in the list, following the assumption that such terms are important to the metabolic process that is being studied. As an example, imagine that in a list obtained by a microarray experiment, 20% of the genes are tumor suppressor genes, while in a „normal“ tissue only 5% are. By using standard statistical method we can determine that tumor suppressor genes are enriched in this list, and therefore play an important role in the biological process we are investigating. Most review articles in this field divide tools according to the statistical method that they use. There are three most common ones: Singular Enrichment Analysis (SEA), Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA), and modular enrichment analysis (MEA).(Huang, Sherman, & Lempicki, 2009) SEA – compares annotation terms one by one with a list of interesting genes for enrichment. A p-value for enrichment is obtained by comparing the frequency of an annotation term with the frequency of that term appearing by chance. All terms that are beyond the cut-off value are said to be enriched. The drawback of this approach is that it ignores the hierarchical relationship between GO terms, and results in large lists of enriched terms due to the fact that it treats similar terms as though they were unique. GSEA – these methods take as an input not only the list of interesting (up or down regulated genes) but all of the genes obtained by an experiment. It functions best in experiments in which two tissue types are compared, because it requires a quantitative value (change in differential expression) for each gene in order to rank them by significant enrichment. A so called maximum enrichment score (MES) is calculated from the ranked list of genes in an annotation category, and enrichment p-values are determined by comparing the MES of the term to a randomly generated MES distribution. To put it in simpler terms, GSEA determines if genes that share a biological annotation (for example belong to the same pathway) are randomly distributed in the gene list (and therefore not significantly attributing to a change in phenotype), or if they are overrepresented in a part of the list (top or bottom, according to fold change, or differential expression), which would indicate that they play a role in the pathway that is being studied.(Subramanian et al., 2005) 30 | P a g e �PROCEEDINGS th ______ The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 MEA – seeks to use the relationships between different annotation terms to remove the redundancy, or underrepresentation of important terms that may be caused by SEA and GSEA methods. They seek to improve sensitivity and specificity by using composite annotation terms. The issue with them may be found if they use only a single information source, usually GO. Most current tools seem to have switched to using MEA as opposed to SEA, as the link between different levels of annotation has become clearer, and the integration of different databases has become easier. Molecular interaction network present the easiest, most intuitive way of representing such large and complex datasets, and several curated databases already exist that link all known binary protein interactions, as well as enrichment data, whether extracted from literature of HT experiments. DATABASES To better study and keep track of all known pathway data several databases have been constructed. A key difference between databases lays in their data acquisition methods. We can separate curated databases from automatic ones; by the way the data are added in the database, either by trained experts or via automatic methods. Each has its own advantages, shallow curated databases have larger network coverage, while curated ones have higher quality of data, but still data capture errors such as false positives in the data still can't be excluded. Another difference is the data source, as some databases take their data from peer reviewed literature, while secondary databases look to integrate primary databases and thus become a one-stop shop for all your protein interaction needs. One we have a list of PPI interactions we need methods to visualize this data and extract the useful data from them. Due to the large number of PPIs in a possible network the results usually look like a giant ball of yarn that is difficult to interpret so visualization techniques offered by the tool play an important role. H-InvDB (http://www.h-invitational.jp/) is a human gene database first published in 2004.It contains 244,709 human DNA sequences, and provides the user with a broad variety of tools for genome analysis. According to the authors analysis 19,309 annotated genes were found to be specific to H-InvDB and not to be found in RefSeq or Ensembl.(Takeda et al., 2012) PINA (The Protein Interaction Network Analysis) is an integrative resource that combines data from six manually curated public databases, and offers a set of tools for network construction, filtering, analysis and visualization. It offers protein-protein interaction (PPI) network construction, by clustering approaches from an interactome constructed for six available model organisms. All identified terms are annotated using GO terms, KEGG pathways, Pfam domains and MsigDB data.(Cowley et al., 2011) 31 | P a g e �ISSD 2014 th The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ PROCEEDINGS STRING is a database that seeks to provide biologists with a global perspective on as many interactions from as many organisms as possible. It scores both known and predicted interactions, and offers the users tools for statistical analysis and enrichment analysis of queried terms.(Franceschini et al., 2012) GeneSigDB (http://www.genesigdb.org or http://compbio.dfci.harvard.edu/genesigdb/) is a database of gene signatures collected manually from published literature, focusing on cancer studies, as well as immune cells, stem cells and lung disease. It is an excellent tool for prognostic analysis of cancer and related diseases, or use as an gene set enrichment tool. The visualization of enriched terms is performed via heatmap that provides us with publicationquality images, and GeneSigDB allows us to download data in .gmt file format that can be later used for additional gene set enrichment analysis.(Culhane et al., 2011) IntAct is an open-source, molecular interaction database that contains data manually curated from literature or raw depositions. It has two levels of curation, and contains around 275 000 interactions, collected from over 5000 publications. A recent upgrade has brought it a visual display of data, which are downloadable in multiple formats.(Kerrien et al., 2011) The MetaCyc database (http://metacyc.org/) is a freely accessible resource that contains data from metabolic pathways and enzymes from all domains of life. MetaCyc pathway data is obtained experimental and small-molecule metabolic pathways and are curated from the primary scientific literature. Currently there are more than 1800 pathways derived from over 30 000 publications, making MetaCyc the largest curated collection of metabolic pathways. (Caspi et al., 2011) IPAVS (Integrated Pathway Resources, Analysis and Visualization System) is a manually curated database of known protein pathways. It combines several publicly available pathway databases, and provides the tools to filter search and analyze biological pathways. It is freely available, interactive and integrated pathway database which is designed to address the needs of bench biologists, computational biologists and physicians. It offers biologists a single point of access to several manually curated pathway resources, in addition to its own expert-curated pathways that are in standard format. (Sreenivasaiah, Rani, Cayetano, Arul, & Kim, 2011) NETWORK CLUSTERING Proteins are usually represented as nodes, and interactions as vertices, giving us a ball and stick model of interactions. One of the main aims of pathway analysis strategies is to discover clusters of proteins that perform a similar function. This is mostly done by network topology as highly interconnected nodes form clusters, and the basic assumption is that clusters identify proteins that share a common function. Issues that may arise from analyzing pathways in this fashion is that large networks tend to resemble balls of yarn, due to having hundreds of nodes and vertices, thus making the inference of biological data from them very hard, and confusing. 32 | P a g e �PROCEEDINGS th ______ The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 NETWORK ANNOTATION Annotation of nodes and edges is usually needed to make some sense of the information found in PPINs. The annotations may include info about the method by which the interaction was detected, some confidence scores and similar parameters. Gene Ontology project is the most widely used source of extra information that can be used in network analysis. It's creates a hierarchical list of terms called Ontologies that covers three independent biological domains: 1 - Cellular Components 2 - Biological Processes 3- Molecular Function.(Ashburner et al., 2000) This enables us to highlight the proteins that perform the same function, thus allowing a functional representation of a network, usually GO is combined with cluster detection to provide greater interpretation of a network. GENE LIST ANALYSIS TOOLS Enrichr: interactive and collaborative HTML5 gene list enrichment analysis tool Enrichr is a web based tool that takes in as an input a list of differentially expressed genes, and produces lists of enriched terms. The authors have solved the issues that arise when using only one source of enrichment data, by using 35 gene set libraries split into six groups, with each containing different data about different enrichment terms. It uses 1) ChEA (The ChIP-x Enrichment Analysis Database), it’s own resource of putative transcription factor targets created from publications that report experiments of profiling mammalian DNA binding transcription factors. ; 2) position weight matrices (PWMs) from TRANSFAC and JASPAR ; that were used to scan all promoter regions (-2000 to +500 from the start of transcription) of all human genes, they kept all 100% matches to the consensus sequence between a factor and a target gene. 3) target genes generated from PMWs downloaded from the UCSC genome browser , because it produces different results compared to the ones mentioned above 4) transcription factor targets extracted from the ENCODE project . In addition, the two other gene-set libraries in the transcription category are gene sets associated with: 5) histone modifications extracted from the Roadmap Epigenomics Project ; and 6) microRNAs targets computationally predicted by TargetScan . It provides three different statistical measures of the results, of which one is the Fischer exact test, the other an in-house variation and last a combination of the two. The authors performed a quality evaluation of these methods in their original paper. Enrichr provides many different options for visualizing the data, one of which is a grid of squares, with the most enriched elements being colored more brightly when compared to the rest. It also allows the visualization in the form of a list of enriched terms, bar graph, network and table. An advantage of Enrichr over other programs of the same type is it’s availability and modern design, it’s available as a mobile application for smartphones and tablets, and the webinterface is clear, and intuitive. The authors tested the software by comparing nine cancer cell lines and found an upregulation in the PRC2 polycomb group target genes.(Chen et al., 2013) 33 | P a g e �ISSD 2014 th The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ PROCEEDINGS Network2Canvas is a network visualization program that makes it easier to visualize large protein-protein interaction networks, and enrichment terms. The most common issue with using ball and stick models of PPI networks is that larger networks tend to end up looking like balls of yarn, making it very difficult to visually analyze the properties of the network. Network2Canvas works around this issue by placing the nodes on a square toroidal canvas, the nodes are then clustered on the canvas via simulated annealing in order to have the maximum number of local connections, and their brightness is set to correspond to the local fitness of the node. This software takes as input a list of differentially expressed genes, or a list of drugs and outputs a set of enriched terms including drug side effects, common pathways etc. The website is accompanied by a video tutorial on how to use the program, and offers a variety of possible canvases, for example Kinase Enrichment Analysis or KEGG pathways, and more. Overall N2C is a very useful and intuitive tool for molecular data analysis, especially for larger lists of genes or drugs.(Tan, Chen, Dannenfelser, Clark, & Ma’ayan, 2013) Genes2FAN: Proteins interaction studies are mostly done by analyzing binary protein interactions, but these are not the only ways two genes, or their protein products can interact. The authors of this program used knowledge on the shared properties of genes from diverse sources to create functional association networks (FANs), to allow researchers to identify additional interactions between groups of genes, which are not immediately obvious from PPI networks. G2F uses a database of 14 FANs, and large scale PPI networks to create subnetworks that can connect lists of human and mouse genes. Lists of genes are taken as an input to produce a subnetwork, using a ranked list of intermediate genes that connect the genes from the queried list. This web application offers a powerful new approach to analyzing gene associations, as it can find the intermediate parts of a pathway, and thus allow us to observe a greater, clearer picture of a molecular process.(Dannenfelser, Clark, & Ma’ayan, 2012) Sets2Network is a tool created to allow the creation of interaction networks by analyzing the co-occurrence of entities in related sets. It gives us a general method for inferring networks by repeated observation of sets of related terms. It interprets the frequency of the occurrence of the link as the probability that it is present in the real-world network. This tool has usages outside the realm of biology, as it can create a network from any file given in the GMT (Gene Matrix Transpose) format, for example it can be used to create a network of co-authorship by taking in a GMT file of publications and authors, or predict direct PPI from HT MS data. (Clark, Dannenfelser, Tan, Komosinski, & Ma’ayan, 2012, p. 2) S2N can output the data in various formats, so subsequent analysis can be performed on the data, using additional visualization tools such as yEd. DAVID (Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery, available at http://david.abcc.ncifcrf.gov/) is one of the oldest and most well-known web-based bioinformatics resources for the functional interpretation of gene/protein lists. It has been cited over 6000 times since its initial publication. It takes inputs in list form and allows the user to perform gene-term enrichment analysis, visualization of the gene-term relationships, search for related genes, pathway analysis and much more. They have recently published DAVID-WS (Web service) an API (application programming interface) which allows for the programmatic automation of requests to DAVID, and thus the easier automation of tasks, without the need for human interactions.(Jiao et al., 2012) 34 | P a g e �PROCEEDINGS th ______ The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 EnrichNet is a web-based tool created in order to address the current limitations of gene set analysis tools. Most GSA tools use the over-representation-based enrichment analysis method which uses the overrepresentation of a gene list of interest in a reference list via a statistical test (usually Fisher’s exact test) as proof of biological significance. The issue with this approach is that it low power of discrimination, and significant variance with changes in overlap size, among others. EnrichNet uses an graph-based statistic approach to analyze gene sets, via exploiting information from molecular network structures of, and offers interactive visualization of network sub-structures. It offers integrated data sources (molecular interaction data, pathway and tissue-specific gene expression data) and uses graph-based statistical analysis and forced – directed layout generation to provide a clearer and more detailed understanding of the gene set interactions. It uses a minimalist interface, with clear output, and we refer the reader to the paper for more information.(Glaab, Baudot, Krasnogor, Schneider, & Valencia, 2012) GeneCodis is a tool for enrichment analysis, available since 2007, its newest version offers a more concise output and removes some redundancy, via summarizing of significantly enriched terms, they also expanded the original application, by adding new sources of information, such as genetic diseases, gene-drug interactions and PUBMED information. GeneCodis offers a very customizable input, as it integrates data from several organisms, which is rather rare as most of the enrichment analysis tools focus only on humans. Its capable of filtering the output.(Tabas-Madrid, Nogales-Cadenas, & Pascual-Montano, 2012) GeneMANIA (http://www.genemania.org) is a web-app for gene list analysis. Given a list, it will extend it with functionally similar genes, obtained from genomics and proteomics databases. It’s capable of finding genes of similar function, and those that are most likely to interact with the ones in the list. It supports multiple organisms, and integrates hundreds of datasets from GEO, BioGRID, IRefIndex and I2D.(Zuberi et al., 2013) Graphite Web: A new web-app for pathway analysis and visualization, that takes as input gene lists from microarray or RNA-seq experiments. It combines topological methods with multivariate pathway analyses and provides a clear network visualization tool, for efficient interpretation of expression experiment results. It works with three model organisms, and integrates two pathway databases.(Sales, Calura, Martini, & Romualdi, 2013) CONCLUSION While new tools are constantly arriving they individually don’t see too much use or recognition, this may be due to low popularity, or just being hard to find. This lack of visibility makes it hard for researchers to test out new tools, as they rarely know that they even exist, and this leads to a lack of feedback for the tool makers, which in turn leads to a lack of improvement in the available tools. The usage of targeted internet marketing to possible users should be considered by future tool makers as a way of reaching out to new users, and obtaining feedback on their work. The current focus of enrichment analysis should probably be turned over to better visualization of datasets, as the ball and stick models are prone to looking like a ball of yarn if the input list is too large. Better visualization of data will allow for much easier analysis, and comprehension of experimental results. API support is another issue, as most of the tools listed in this review rely on manual input of data, DAVID-WS is a nice exception to the rule. APIs could allow for easier testing and automation of enrichment analysis tools, thus simplifying and speeding up a biologist’s workflow. 35 | P a g e �ISSD 2014 th The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ PROCEEDINGS Standardization is another issue encountered in the use of these tools, as few of them support multiple formats of output files, while exception do exist, they are few and mostly consist of older, more established tools. While some tools do offer advantages over others, there exists no gold standard for enrichment analysis, with labs using whichever tools they prefer, this makes it hard to gauge the effectiveness of an approach, as only by repeat usage do the advantages of a tool become clearly apparent. While we have covered some integrative tools, none of them offers the full package, a modern enrichment analysis tool should offer a customizable input, output, network visualization, different scoring systems, multiple output formats, and allow for publication quality images. The closest we have come to this are the tools from Maya’an Labs (Enrichr, S2N, N2L etc.), which provide a wide array of functionality, but still aren’t seeing much use. REFERENCES Ashburner, M., Ball, C. A., Blake, J. A., Botstein, D., Butler, H., Cherry, J. M., … others. (2000). Gene Ontology: tool for the unification of biology. Nature Genetics, 25(1), 25–29. Caspi, R., Altman, T., Dreher, K., Fulcher, C. A., Subhraveti, P., Keseler, I. M., … Karp, P. D. (2011). The MetaCyc database of metabolic pathways and enzymes and the BioCyc collection of pathway/genome databases. Nucleic Acids Research, 40(D1), D742–D753. doi:10.1093/nar/gkr1014 Clark, N. R., Dannenfelser, R., Tan, C. M., Komosinski, M. E., & Ma’ayan, A. (2012). Sets2Networks: network inference from repeated observations of sets. BMC Systems Biology, 6(1), 89. Cowley, M. J., Pinese, M., Kassahn, K. S., Waddell, N., Pearson, J. V., Grimmond, S. M., … Wu, J. (2011). PINA v2.0: mining interactome modules. Nucleic Acids Research, 40(D1), D862–D865. doi:10.1093/nar/gkr967 Culhane, A. C., Schroder, M. S., Sultana, R., Picard, S. C., Martinelli, E. N., Kelly, C., … Quackenbush, J. (2011). GeneSigDB: a manually curated database and resource for analysis of gene expression signatures. Nucleic Acids Research, 40(D1), D1060–D1066. doi:10.1093/nar/gkr901 Dannenfelser, R., Clark, N. R., & Ma’ayan, A. (2012). Genes2FANs: connecting genes through functional association networks. BMC Bioinformatics, 13(1), 156. Franceschini, A., Szklarczyk, D., Frankild, S., Kuhn, M., Simonovic, M., Roth, A., … Jensen, L. J. (2012). STRING v9.1: protein-protein interaction networks, with increased coverage and integration. Nucleic Acids Research, 41(D1), D808–D815. doi:10.1093/nar/gks1094 Glaab, E., Baudot, A., Krasnogor, N., Schneider, R., & Valencia, A. (2012). EnrichNet: network-based gene set enrichment analysis. Bioinformatics, 28(18), i451–i457. doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/bts389 Huang, D. W., Sherman, B. T., & Lempicki, R. A. (2009). Bioinformatics enrichment tools: paths toward the comprehensive functional analysis of large gene lists. Nucleic Acids Research, 37(1), 1–13. doi:10.1093/nar/gkn923 Jiao, X., Sherman, B. T., Huang, D. W., Stephens, R., Baseler, M. W., Lane, H. C., & Lempicki, R. A. (2012). DAVID-WS: a stateful web service to facilitate gene/protein list analysis. Bioinformatics, 28(13), 1805–1806. doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/bts251 Kerrien, S., Aranda, B., Breuza, L., Bridge, A., Broackes-Carter, F., Chen, C., … Hermjakob, H. (2011). The IntAct molecular interaction database in 2012. Nucleic Acids Research, 40(D1), D841–D846. doi:10.1093/nar/gkr1088 Sales, G., Calura, E., Martini, P., & Romualdi, C. (2013). Graphite Web: web tool for gene set analysis exploiting pathway topology. Nucleic Acids Research, 41(W1), W89–W97. doi:10.1093/nar/gkt386 36 | P a g e �PROCEEDINGS th ______ The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 Sreenivasaiah, P. K., Rani, S., Cayetano, J., Arul, N., & Kim, D. H. (2011). IPAVS: Integrated Pathway Resources, Analysis and Visualization System. Nucleic Acids Research, 40(D1), D803–D808. doi:10.1093/nar/gkr1208 Subramanian, A., Tamayo, P., Mootha, V. K., Mukherjee, S., Ebert, B. L., Gillette, M. A., … Lander, E. S. (2005). Gene set enrichment analysis: a knowledge-based approach for interpreting genome-wide expression profiles. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 102(43), 15545– 15550. Tabas-Madrid, D., Nogales-Cadenas, R., & Pascual-Montano, A. (2012). GeneCodis3: a non-redundant and modular enrichment analysis tool for functional genomics. Nucleic Acids Research, 40(W1), W478–W483. doi:10.1093/nar/gks402 Takeda, J. -i., Yamasaki, C., Murakami, K., Nagai, Y., Sera, M., Hara, Y., … Imanishi, T. (2012). H-InvDB in 2013: an omics study platform for human functional gene and transcript discovery. Nucleic Acids Research, 41(D1), D915–D919. doi:10.1093/nar/gks1245 Tan, C. M., Chen, E. Y., Dannenfelser, R., Clark, N. R., & Ma’ayan, A. (2013). Network2Canvas: network visualization on a canvas with enrichment analysis. Bioinformatics, 29(15), 1872–1878. doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btt319 Zuberi, K., Franz, M., Rodriguez, H., Montojo, J., Lopes, C. T., Bader, G. D., & Morris, Q. (2013). GeneMANIA Prediction Server 2013 Update. Nucleic Acids Research, 41(W1), W115–W122. doi:10.1093/nar/gkt533 Imer Muhović is a MSc student at the International Burch University. His main interests lie in bioinformatics and systems biology, and he is currently in the process of constructing a novel bioinformatics tool for sequence analysis, which will form his Master’s thesis. 37 | P a g e � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2450 Title A name given to the resource BIOINFORMATICS TOOLS FOR GENE LIST ANALYSIS Author Author MUHOVIĆ, Imer BEŠIĆ, Larisa AŠIĆ, Adna DOGAN, Serkan DOLUCA, Osman Abstract A summary of the resource. The advent of the era of high-throughput sequencing has brought a wealth of biological data to researchers, but the vastness of the available data has created a demand for tools that could be used to analyze it. One such type of tools are gene set analysis tools, that take a list of genes that were found to be up or down regulated during an experiment. For the sake of simplicity this review focuses solely on freely available web based tools that have been published or have undergone significant updates in the last 5 years. This review is meant to assist tool developers to better understand the needs of the end-users, and in it we look at the currently available gene list analysis tools, their strengths and weaknesses, and offer suggestions for their improvement. Key words: microarray, gene set, systems biology, enrichment, gene ontology Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014-05-15 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 978-9958-834-36-3 Q Science (General),QH301 Biology,QH426 Genetics https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/57511de7d445d5d0d98a45649f3521a0.pdf b9cda18f0d0d1f44fdaa11e2ba5697cc PDF Text Text PROCEEDINGS th ______ The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 INVESTIGATION OF A BIOMASS GASIFICATION SYSTEM BASED ON ENERGY AND EXERGY ANALYSIS Abbas Alpaslan Kocer1, Yunus Emre Yuksel2, Murat Ozturk3 1 Uluborlu Selahattin Karasoy Vocational School, Suleyman Demirel University, 32260, Isparta Turkey, alpaslankocer@sdu.edu.tr 2 Department of Science and Education, Education Faculty, Afyon Kocatepe University, 03200, Afyon, Turkey, yeyuksel@aku.edu.tr 3 Department of Mechatronics Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Suleyman Demirel University, 32260, Isparta Turkey, muratozturk@sdu.edu.tr Abstract Biomass gasification procedure is a very complex process and it is influenced by many physical and chemical factors such as biomass gasification temperature and gasifier type. Thermodynamic assessment methodology based on the energy and exergy analysis can be used to evaluate the system performance and environmental impacts. In this paper, thermodynamic analysis of the biomass gasification system is given for the whole system and its components. The parametric studies reveal the effects of design and operating indicators on the exergy efficiency and exergy destruction rate. The result shows that the gasification temperatures for the biomass gasification system change significantly with the type of the gasifying medium. Keywords: Biomass gasification, energy analysis, exergy analysis, parametric study. 187 | P a g e �ISSD 2014 th The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ PROCEEDINGS 1. Introduction Energy is a key indicator for social, cultural and economic development of any country, and also is evaluated as an important aspect for sustainable development. It has been clearly seen that the energy production and consumption rate of a country is proportional to its economic status. By extension, the development of a country can be quantified as a ratio of its energy consumption per capita. Fossil energy sources, such as crude oil and natural gas, have been and refined to serve a dramatic growth in world population especially since the 1970s. Nevertheless, it is usually indicated that fossil energy sources are not sufficient to meet the constantly expanding needs of humanity. Conventional energy sources are non-renewable; they draw on finite sources that will finally dwindle, becoming more expensive or environmentally damaging to retrieve. Actually, at the nowadays consumption rate, conventional energy sources are reaching a natural discharge limitation with ongoing depletion [Ozturk et al., 2008]. Moreover, having relied merely on conventional energy sources has exhibited different significant environmental damages. Renewable energy sources are one of the most promising solutions for this energy demand. Alternative energy sources should preferentially be more environmentally and economical than conventional fossil energy sources in order to present wide scale applications. On the other hand, global warming, air pollution, acid precipitation, ozone depletion, forest destruction, and emission of radioactive substances are among the significant environmental problems [Ozturk et al., 2009]. Clean energy conversion and production variations with lower environmental concern should be obtained by considering all mentioned issues simultaneously [Dincer, 2000]. The usage of alternative energy sources provides a clean way to reduce the emissions of poisonous gases, such as CO, CO2, NOx and SOx. As an important example, in Turkey, approximately 25% of greenhouse gas emissions can be reduced by usage of renewable energy sources. Many developed and developing countries installed intensive search plans in the before 1970s to install renewable energy technologies and change fossil energy sources [Ozturk et al., 2011]. The renewable energy technologies are the flat-plate solar panel installation for roofs of the residential and commercial building for heating and hot water production applications; photovoltaic (PV) system, wind turbine and ocean system for the electricity production; water splitting for hydrogen output; and biomass or bio-waste for conversion to gaseous fuel sources via gasification system for heat, steam or electricity generation. Biomass is a large potential renewable energy sources, supplied from plants and animal wastes. It is one of the oldest renewable energy sources and has been used by humankind for daily needs since centuries [Toonssen et al., 2008]. To produce energy from biomass, the most preferred method is conventional combustion of biomass. This technique is not only valid in Turkey but also throughout the World. According to method which produces energy from biomass, biomass techniques are classified as classic and modern biomass. Classic biomass is the most popular method until now and this procedure consists of burning biomass such as wood, plant residues, and animal dung. Modern biomass technologies are new relative to classic ones and modern biomass is still on the development stages. In modern biomass technique, biomass is converted into solid, liquid or gas fuels by means of bio-chemical and thermo-chemical processes. Investigations of the thermodynamic system are complex processes and involve consideration of the system components and their characteristic, chemical reaction and thermodynamic loss. Energy conversion technologies such as biomass gasification system should be investigated for their performance by using the first and second laws of thermodynamic (or energy and and exergy analysis). The use of exergy analysis should allow the determination of the processes 188 | P a g e �PROCEEDINGS th ______ The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 having the greatest irreversibilities, as well as the causes and locations of the irreversibilities. Exergy analysis also would allow exergy efficiencies to be determined for whole system and its components. These important indicators should be used in design or retrofit of the process for increasing system performance. In this paper, energy and exergy analysis of the biomass gasification system and energy and exergy efficiencies of the system components are investigated for better system design. The simulations have been performed using Engineering Equation Solver (EES) software program. The following is a general outline of the present study;  To investigate the effects of temperature and pressure of the gasifier, and biomass concentration variation on the biomass gasification system.  To develop a theoretical model based on the thermodynamic laws performed in order to study in greater detail the effect of process flows on gasification system and investigate its performance.  To calculate the exergy content for the system components including the chemical exergies for the biomass gasification plant.  To investigate the performance assessments of the gasification system. 2. Properties of Biomass Each biomass fuel has significantly different fuel properties, and the gasification chamber properties should be designed by using fuel properties. The specific properties of biomass sources are given in Table 1. Generally, biomass energy sources have less carbon, more oxygen and moisture contents than coal sources. Because of higher moisture and oxygen content, the lower heating values (LHV) and higher heating values (HHV) of biomass fuels are significantly lower than coal sources. The LHV and larger particle size of biomass sources cause storage difficulties. But, biomass sources have lower nitrogen and sulphur contents than coal sources, which are clearer, based on greenhouse gas emissions. The HHV of biomass sources is calculated from the following equation [Loo and J. Koppejan, 2008]; (1) where subscript B is biomass fuel, C, H, S, N, O and A are the carbon, hydrogen, sulphur, nitrogen, oxygen and ash content of biomass sample in weight %, respectively. Proximate and ultimate analysis (wt%) of biomass examples are given in Table 2. Table 1. Specific properties of biomass sources Specific properties Density (kg/m3) Particle size (mm) SiO2 Contents (wt% of dry ash) K2O (wt% of dry ash) Fe2O3 (wt% of dry ash) Al2O3 (wt% of dry ash) Lower Heating Value (kJ/kg) Values ~480-520 ~2.8-3.2 ~23-49 ~4-48 ~1.5-8.5 ~2.4-9.5 ~14,000-21,000 189 | P a g e �th ISSD 2014 The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ PROCEEDINGS Table 2. Proximate and ultimate analyses (wt%) of biomass sources Beech bark Oak wood Sawdust Switch Grass Straw Almond shell Proximate analysis (received basis) VM FC M A 67.5 17 8.4 7.1 73 20 6.5 0.3 55.1 9.3 34.9 0.7 70.8 12.8 11.9 4.5 64.3 13.8 12.4 9.5 69.5 20.2 7.2 3.1 Ultimate analysis (dry ash free basis) C O H N S 51 41.8 6 0.7 0.11 50 42.9 6.1 0.3 0.10 49 43.4 6.1 0.7 0.11 49 43.4 6.1 0.7 0.11 48 44.5 5.6 1 0.13 50 42.5 6.2 1 0.05 CI 0.11 0.01 0.08 0.54 0.06 3. System Design Figure 1 shows a schematic of the biomass gasification system, modeled for the theoretical investigation. Both air and the biomass fuels enter the gasifier at the environment temperature and pressure. Gasification takes place in the gasification chamber and the flue gases after exchanging the heat with the feed water exit through the stack at 155 °C. The most of the ash, which is assumed approximately as 80% fly ash, exits the gasifier with the flue gases by the chimney. Gasification technology converts biomass fuels into product gases that should be used in energy conversation technology as an input gas fuel. The product gases are generally consists of CO, CO2, CH4 and H2, and combusted to generate heat and shaft work. The produced gasses are also used as feedstock for the production of synthesis gas, liquid fuels and different chemicals. The lower heating values of the produced gases should be determined via the gasses composition data. The outputs of the biomass gasification chamber also include unused materials, such as particulars, tar, ammonia and hydrogen sulfide. Produced Gases, T=TR Biomass fuels Biomass gasifier (Tbg) Particular, tar, ammonia and hydrogen sulfide T=T0 Air T=T0 Figure 1. Schematic diagram of the biomass gasification system The biomass gasification reaction for 1 kg dry biomass source should be written as follows; (2) Here, c, h, o and n values are used as kmol/kg, and mass fraction. 190 | P a g e �PROCEEDINGS th ______ The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 4. Thermodynamic Analysis Thermodynamic analysis of a biomass gasification system and its components requires special consideration of multiple aspects, such as fluid dynamics, gasifier design, gas-dynamics and thermodynamics of expanding flows with non-linear behavior and heat transfer. The proposed mathematical model for a biomass gasification system includes the conservation of mass, energy and exergy. To mathematically describe the biomass gasification system, a comprehensive knowledge of physical and chemical exergy content for processes is required. Mass, energy, entropy and exergy balance equations should be written for system components and for the whole system under the assumption of steady state operation. This is done in regard to a selected working fluid in a given cycle configuration and imposed operating conditions of source. A general balance equation for any quantity in a system can be written as [Dincer and Rosen, 2013]; Input + Generation – Output- Consumption = Accumulation The general mass, energy, entropy and exergy balance equations for system thermodynamic analysis on control volumes of process components are written as follows, respectively; Mass balance equation; (3) Energy balance equation; (4) Entropy balance equation; (5) where T is the temperature at where heat transfer cross the system boundary. Exergy balance equation; (6) where is the exergy destruction rate. Exergy analysis should be given as the highest content of work that should be derived by investigating processes that bring the system into equilibrium [Szargut et al., 1988; Rosen, 1986]. 4.1 General efficiency equations The energy efficiency ( ) of the investigated system should be given as the ratio of useful energy produced by the process to the total energy input. The useful produced energy represents the desired results produced by the system components, such as electricity, heating and cooling, hot water, hydrogen and other chemicals. The energy efficiency for steady-state processes should be written as follows: 191 | P a g e �ISSD 2014 th The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ PROCEEDINGS (7) Exergy efficiency of the system components and whole system give the main effectiveness of each process of the system. The exergy efficiency ( ) of the investigated system can be given as the divided of exergy output rate ( ) that is created by the considered system to the overall exergy inlet rate ( ) that is cross the boundaries of the system. The exergy efficiency for steady-state processes should be written as follows: (8) 5. Assumptions The chosen assumptions for this paper are given as follows:  All the system components and whole system operate at steady state conditions.  All the proses gases are considered as ideal gases.  References ambient temperature and pressure are chosen as 25 oC and 1 atm, respectively.  Ambient reference air considerations are considered as 21% oxygen and 79% nitrogen on the volume basis.  Heat loss via radiation and convection from the gasifier to the environment is 1-2% of fuel energy input [Basu et al., 2000; Fauklker and de Saouza-Santos, 2010].  Kinetic and potential energy impacts are neglected. 6. System Analysis The exergy contents of flowing material have two indicators, such as physical exergy part and chemical exergy part. In the gasification system, both physical and chemical exergy indicators should be required because chemical reactions take place in the gasifier while only physical exergy is combined by the steam process elements. The specific exergy for an investigated state should be written as follows; (9) The physical exergy or specific flow exergy should be given as follows; (10) The chemical exergy contents of ideal gas should be given as follows; (11) where, zi is the mole fractions of the ith components and is the molar chemical exergy at the given reference temperature and pressure, and should be given as follows [Kotas, 1980]; (12) 192 | P a g e �PROCEEDINGS th ______ The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 where , and T are standard molar chemical exergy of ith chemical composition, formation enthalpy and gasifier temperature, respectively. The specific values of standard molar chemical exergies of the various substances given in the theoretical investigation are given in Table 3 [Cengel and Boles, 2006]. Table 3. Standard enthalpy and chemical exergy of various substances Substance O2 (g) N2 (g) CO2 (g) H2O (g) H2O (l) SO2 (g) NO (g) NO2 (g) Standard enthalpy (MJ/mol) 0 0 -393.52 -241.82 -285.83 -297.10 90.59 33.72 Standard chemical exergy (MJ/mol) 3.97 0.72 19.87 9.5 0.9 313.40 88.90 55.60 The exergy balance equation of the gasification chamber should be given as follows; (13) where , , , and are exergy rate of biomass fuels, air, heat, hot product gases and exergy destruction rate of gasifier, respectively. Biomass fuels and air enter the gasifier at reference temperature and pressure, therefore their physical exergies equal zero. In this paper, specific chemical exergies of biomass fuels are calculated using the method which proposed by Szargut [2005], and this methology should be given as follows; (14) where w is weight percent (w%) of moisture in fuel and is the specific chemical exergy of water at ambient temperature and pressure. The coefficient f is derived from experimental results, and should be calculated as follows; (15) The chemical exergy of the air should be determined as follows; (16) where Aa is air molar flow rate, nitrogen, respectively. and are specific chemical exergy of oxygen and 7. Results and Discussion In this paper, Engineering Equation Solver (EES) software program utilized to investigate the modeling biomass gasification system based on the thermodynamic assessment methodology. 193 | P a g e �th ISSD 2014 The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ PROCEEDINGS Also, EES contains built in library of thermodynamic data for many chemical substances. Exergy destruction rate, energy efficiency and exergy efficiency of the biomass gasification system components are investigated in the present paper, besides the assessment of system components performance. Heat is lost from the gasifier to the environment during the process that has been approved in many papers. Heat transfer through the temperature difference always increases the entropy generation or exergy destruction rate. In order to investigate the gasifier efficiency, analysis results of exergy destruction rate can help to identify the defect within the gasification plant, and the system efficiency should be improved via modification of the biomass gasification plant from considering reduction of heat losses in the further system design. Energy contents of matters are the measure of quantity, but exergy contents of matters are measure of both quantity and quality of energy contents. Exergy values of biomass fuels are approximately 20% greater than energy values by exergetic indicator (). In addition to that, exergetic indicators of biomass fuels are higher than coal samples. The system performances have been investigated in terms of key indicators. Gasifier temperature, ambient temperature and pressure, work output, exergy destruction rate and main losses are used for efficiency analysis of the biomass gasification system. It is also observed that moisture contents of biomass fuels have more important effects on the decrease of gasifier outlet temperatures than ash contents. The effects of varying ambient temperature from 10 °C to 30 °C on the exergy destruction rate and exergy efficiency of the biomass gasification system are given in Figure 2. According to the Figure 2, the exergy destruction rate of the biomass gasification system decreases with rising ambient temperature. On the other hand, exergy efficiency of the biomass gasification system increases with increasing ambient temperature. 0.462 340.5 0.4618 340 0.4616 339.5 0.4614 339 0.4612 y gasifier (%) ExD,gasifier (MW) 341 Ex D,gasifier 338.5 338 10 0.461 y gasifier 14 18 22 26 0.4608 30 T0 (oC) Figure 2. Variations with ambient temperature of the exergy destruction rate and exergy efficiency for the biomass gasification system Figure 3 shows that, the exergy destruction rate of the gasifier decreases with increasing gasifer temperature from 625 °C to 850 °C, but its exergy efficiency increases. The variations of exergy destruction rate and exergy efficiencies of gasifer remain almost linear depending on the ambient and gasifier temperature. These results are expected since the exergy destruction rate and exergy efficiency of the process are usually inversely proportional properties. 194 | P a g e �th PROCEEDINGS ______ The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ 326 ISSD 2014 0.502 0.5 0.498 0.496 325 0.494 0.492 324.5 ExD,gasifier 0.49 y gasifier 324 625 y gasifier (%) ExD,gasifier (MW) 325.5 650 675 700 725 750 775 800 825 0.488 850 o T gasifier ( C) Figure 3. Variations with gasifier temperature of the exergy destruction rate and exergy efficiency for the biomass gasification system 8. Conclusions The main objective of the present study is to investigate the biomass gasification system operating characteristics that provide power for various operating conditions by using parametric analyses. The parametric analyses compare the system components and their responses to variations in selected operating conditions, such as ambient temperature and gasifer temperature. In addition to that, exergy efficiency of the biomass gasification is investigated to indicate how the gasification process reaches the real operating conditions. The main conclusions of the present paper should be given as follows;  Mass, energy and exergy balance equations for the system components and whole system are necessary to investigate the gasification system performance.  The parametric studies are very useful to investigate the variations of system efficiency for changing operating indicators.  Decreasing the exergy destruction rate of biomass gasification system components and whole system, and increasing the energy and exergy efficiency result in decreased greenhouse gas emissions, less environmental impacts and increased sustainability.  Important cause for higher exergy destruction rate or lower exergy efficiency in the present paper is highly irreversible chemical reaction in the biomass gasifier. 9. References Basu, P., Kefa, C., & Jestin, L. (2000). Boilers and Burners: Design and Theory. Springer, New York. Cengel, Y. A., & Boles, M. A. (2006). Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach. Fifty Edition, Boston: McGraw Hill. Dincer, I. (2000). Renewable energy and sustainable development: a crucial review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 4,157-175. Dincer I., & Rosen M. A. (2013). Exergy, Energy, Environment and Sustainable Development, First ed.: Elsevier. 195 | P a g e �ISSD 2014 th The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ PROCEEDINGS Fauklker, L., & de Saouza-Santos, M. L. (2010). Solid Fuels Combustion and Gasification. Second Edition, CRC Press. Kotas, T. J. (1980). Exergy concepts for thermal plant: First of two papers on exergy techniques in thermal plant analysis. International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow, 2(3);105-114. Loo, S. V., & Koppejan, J. (2008). The Handbook of Biomass Combustion and Co-firing. London: Earthscan. Ozturk, M., Bezir, N. C., & Ozek, N. (2008). Energy Market Structure of Turkey. Energy Sources Part B. 3, 384-395. Ozturk, M., Bezir, N. C., & Ozek, N. (2009). Hydropower-Water and Renewable Energy in Turkey: Sources and Policy. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 13, 605-615. Ozturk, M., Ozek, N., & Yuksel, Y. E. (2011). Energetic and Exergetic Performance Assessment of Some Coals in Turkey for Gasification Process. International Journal of Exergy, 8(3), 297-309. Rosen, M. A. (1986). The development and application of a process analysis methodology and code based on exergy, cost, energy and mass, Toronto: University of Toronto. Szargut, J. (2005). Exergy Method: Technical and Ecological Applications, Southhampton, U.K: WIT Press. Szargut J., Morris D.R., & Steward F.R. (1988). Exergy Analysis of Thermal,Chemical, and Metallurgical Processes, New York: John Benjamins Publishing Co. Toonssen, R., Woudstra, N., & Verkooijen, A. H. M. (2008). Exergy Analysis of Hydrogen Production Plants Based on Biomass Gasification‖, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 33, 4074–4082. 196 | P a g e � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2527 Title A name given to the resource INVESTIGATION OF A BIOMASS GASIFICATION SYSTEM BASED ON ENERGY AND EXERGY ANALYSIS Author Author KOCER, Abbas Alpaslan YUKSEL, Yunus Emre OZTURK, Murat Abstract A summary of the resource. Biomass gasification procedure is a very complex process and it is influenced by many physical and chemical factors such as biomass gasification temperature and gasifier type. Thermodynamic assessment methodology based on the energy and exergy analysis can be used to evaluate the system performance and environmental impacts. In this paper, thermodynamic analysis of the biomass gasification system is given for the whole system and its components. The parametric studies reveal the effects of design and operating indicators on the exergy efficiency and exergy destruction rate. The result shows that the gasification temperatures for the biomass gasification system change significantly with the type of the gasifying medium. Keywords: Biomass gasification, energy analysis, exergy analysis, parametric study. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014-05-15 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 978-9958-834-36-3 Q Science (General),QH301 Biology,QH426 Genetics https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/907cbbd3e58985ca628d546b743f6a56.pdf 551d693419df73ca402b797eabfe0349 PDF Text Text PROCEEDINGS th ______ The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 ANALYSIS OF MAGNETIC FIELD EFFECTS OF UNDERGROUND POWER CABLES ON HUMAN HEALTH Celal Kocatepe, Celal Fadil Kumru, Eyup Taslak Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey kocatepe@yildiz.edu.tr, cfkumru@yildiz.edu.tr, etaslak@yildiz.edu.tr ABSTRACT Transmission and distribution lines of electrical energy are generally used to plant far from residential areas. But today, due to the growing population, the cities considerably expanded and electrical network have to lie within the living spaces. Especially, uses of medium voltage underground cables for distribution systems become widespread in such areas. The voltage levels of these cables are not too high and the electric field caused by the voltage is fairly shielded by the cable’s screen. However, by the reason of flowing load current through the cable’s conductor, low frequency magnetic fields occur around the cable. It is known that this magnetic field strength becomes greater with increasing current. Basically, shielding of low frequency magnetic fields is quite harder than shielding the electric fields. In case of being exposed to this kind of magnetic fields by people may lead to crucial health problems. Therefore, some limit values are introduced by the “International Commission On Non‐Ionizing Radiation Protection” (ICNIRP) and “The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers” (IEEE). For this reason, it has importance of measuring magnetic fields caused by high voltage cables (HVC) in urban areas and the required shielding measures should be taken if needed. In this study, magnetic field strengths at different points above a 12/20 kV, 150 mm2 (Al), single core HVC are measured for different current values. According to the results obtained, even at low currents, the magnetic field strength values could exceed the limiting values for certain distances. Keywords: Magnetic Field, Underground Power Cable, Human Health 137 | P a g e �th ISSD 2014 The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ PROCEEDINGS 1. INTRODUCTION Electrical energy is one of the most important sources in our age. The need for electrical energy is rapidly growing with developing technology and increasing population. Generated energy is supplied for the end users through transmission and distribution lines to meet this energy demand. Resulting from expanding of residential areas and increasing energy demand, especially distribution lines penetrate in living spaces [1]. While energy is distributed with overhead lines in the beginning, today underground power cables are being used especially for human safety and clear visual pollution. These cables are widely used for supplying distribution transformers in thickly populated places [2,3]. Underground power cables used in distribution systems cause electric field because of being operated at medium voltage. All underground power cables, which operate at medium voltage, consist a screen layer made of copper or lead [4]. This screen is grounded in practice and can shield almost all electric field arise from conductor. However, this screen layer cannot totally shield low frequency magnetic fields arise from load current. Current carrying capacity of underground power cables, which generally used in residential areas, is quite high. Therefore, magnetic field exposure risk occurs for humans. In literature, there several studies about the effects of magnetic field exposure on human health [5-8]. Thus, analysis of magnetic fields arise from underground power cables has an importance. Limiting magnetic field values for different frequencies are introduced by ICNIRP [9]. In this study, magnetic field measurements of an underground power cable are carried out for different currents at certain distances. The results obtained are analyzed by using ICNIRP standard. In the following section, for magnetic field calculation for, fundamental formulas of a current carrying conductor are given and limit values by ICNIRP are presented. In the third section, measurement setup and results are presented. Consideration of results and suggestions are given in the last section. 2. BASIC THEORY In power systems, magnetic fields occur around the conductors which carry currents. When the current increases, the magnetic field is also strengthen proportionally. Magnetic field induced a voltage in conductors and dielectric materials placed within the field [10]. This induced voltage cause to flow current in object which harms the livings. Limiting values are defined to keep human health in safe. It is important to consider these values while designing a system which consist current carrying conductors. At a specified distance, magnetic field value of a current carrying conductor can be calculated by Bio-Savart equation given in Eq. (1). H I 2   r [A/m] where, H = Magnetic Field Strength [A/m] I = Current [A] r = Distance [m] 138 | P a g e (1) �th PROCEEDINGS ______ The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 As it is known that magnetic field strength (H) is a vectorial magnitude. So, a current carrying conductor at point K causes to occur both horizontal and vertical magnetic field component. With vectorial sum of these components, resultant magnetic field (H) at point P is acquired as shown in Fig. 1 [10]. Figure 1 Magnetic field strength of a conductor (K) at point P According to the Figure 1, horizontal and vertical components of magnetic field strength (H) at point P can be calculated with formulas given in Eq. (2) and (3) respectively. Hx  y j  yi I  2  r2 (2) Hy  x j  xi I  2  r2 (3) Here, xi and yi are the coordinates of point K and xj and yj are the coordinates of point P. r is the distance from the current source defined as, r x  xi    y j  y i  2 j 2 (4) To calculate resultant magnetic field strength, horizontal and vertical components are vectorially added. If there are n conductors in a system, resultant magnetic field strength can be calculated with the Eq. (5). 2  n   n  H    H xi     H yi   i 1   i 1  2 (5) Magnetic flux density (MFD) can be calculated by multiplying the magnetic field strength (H) and magnetic permeability of vacuum or air (  0  4    10 7 [H/m] ) as given in Eq. (6). B  0  H (6) In Eq. (6), B is the magnetic flux density or magnetic induction in Wb/m2 or Tesla. Several studies have been published about the effects of magnetic field on human health. Magnetic field exposure levels depend on many factors such as distance from the magnetic field source, exposure duration, strength and frequency of the magnetic field. Therefore, limit 139 | P a g e �ISSD 2014 th The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ PROCEEDINGS values for magnetic fields at different frequencies are specified by the ICNIRP [9]. These values are given in Table 1 for occupational and general public exposure. Table 1 Reference levels for occupational exposure to time varying magnetic fields (unperturbed rms values). Exposure Occupational General Public Frequency Range 1 Hz – 8 Hz 8 Hz – 25 Hz 25 Hz – 300 Hz 300 Hz – 3 kHz 3 kHz – 10 Mhz 1 Hz – 8 Hz 8 Hz – 25 Hz 25 Hz – 50 Hz 50 Hz – 400 Hz 400 Hz – 3 kHz 3 kHz – 10 MHz Magnetic Field Strength H (A/m) 1.63 x 105/f2 2 x 104/f 8 x 102 2.4 x 105/f 80 3.2 x 104/f2 4 x 103/f 1.6 x 102 1.6 x 102 6.4 x 104/f 21 Magnetic Flux Density B (T) 0.2/f2 2.5 x 10-2/f 1 x 10-3 0.3/f 1 x 10-4 4 x 10-2/f2 5 x 10-3/f 2 x 10-4 2 x 10-4 8 x 10-2/f 2.7 x 10-5 In this study, 50 Hz power system frequency is considered. Measured MFD values at this frequency should be under 1 mT for general public exposure and 0.2 mT for occupational exposure. 3. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP AND RESULTS In the measurement, 12/20 kV, 150 mm2, single core high voltage underground cable is used. The technical specifications of the cable sample are given in Table 2 [11]. Table 2 Technical specifications of the cable sample Parameter VDE Code Nominal voltage (kV) Nominal cross-section (Al/Cu Tape) (mm2) Value NA2XSY 12 / 20 1x150/16 Conductor DC resistance (at 20°C) (ohm/km) 0.198 Operating inductance (mH/km) Operating capacitance (µF/km) Current carrying capacity (in air) (A) Cable length (m) Overall diameter (mm) 0.63 0.25 425 12 33.5 The cross-sectional area of the sample cable is given in Fig. 2. The underground power cable consists of a few layers. The conductor is the main part which transfers energy. The main insulation material of the cable is cross linked polyethylene (XLPE). There are semiconductor layers around the copper conductor and insulation. Semi-conductor layer is used for smoothing the field distortion caused by stranded structure of conductor and roughness of the sheath. The role of the screen is shielding of electric and magnetic fields. For this reason, lead is generally used as screen material for cables which have high current carrying capacity. The outer sheath is made of PVC and it protects cable from environmental effects. 140 | P a g e �PROCEEDINGS th ______ The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 Figure 2 Cross-sectional area of underground power cable The measurement setup given in Fig. 3 is arranged for flowing current through the cable conductor. The conductor of the cable is connected to the secondary windings of a 220V/5V and 5 kVA high current transformer. This transformer is supplied with a 220V/0-220V, 5 kVA variac. So the desired current value is obtained by varying the secondary winding voltage of the variac. A 1000 A clamp meter with ±1.5% sensitivity is used to measure the cable current. Additionally, the screen of the cable is grounded as in practice. Figure 3 The experimental setup In the measurement, a magnetic field measurement device Spectran NF-5035 is used. The measurements are realized for certain distances (5, 10, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 cm) above the upper side of cable. The minimum load current for measurement is specified as 50 A. The measurements are carried out up to 450 A with 50 A steps. The results obtained are given in Table 3. Table 3 Measured magnetic flux density values Distance From Upper Side (cm) 5 10 20 40 60 80 100 Magnetic Flux Density [µT] 50 A 135.5 70.27 39.65 18.98 16.54 14.79 12.04 100 A 150 A 200 A 250 A 300 A 350 A 400 A 450 A 262.5 142.5 75.05 40.81 23.45 19.55 19.05 371.3 210.9 113.8 60.37 40.6 27.31 21.1 471.6 267 149.8 78.37 50.51 36.59 27.81 559.1 333.6 182 97 65.9 46.97 33.5 693.7 384.4 215.4 113.9 75.08 54.67 42 794.2 449.9 247.7 131.2 87.94 63.56 50.72 914 504.2 283 151.2 102 75.46 56.27 1010 567.2 312.9 170.3 112.8 83.29 63.89 141 | P a g e �th ISSD 2014 The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ PROCEEDINGS As seen in Table 1, MFD is increasing with the increased current. Also, it reaches the highest values for all current levels when it gets closer to the cable surface. The highest MFD is obtained as 1010 µT for 450A current and 5 cm distance. The weakest MFD value is acquired as 12.04 µT for 50 A current and 100 cm distance. Additionally in Table 1, some values, which exceed the limit values in ICNIRP for general public exposure, are given in bold. Especially for the currents from 300 A up to 450 A and 20–30 cm distance, it is clearly seen that the measured MFD values are unsafe for general public. 1100 Magnetic flux density (µT) 1000 900 occupational exposure 800 700 600 100A 200A 300A 400A 450A 500 public exposure 400 300 200 100 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 Distance (cm) Figure 4 The relation between distance and magnetic flux density The relation between the distance and MFD for all current levels is given in Fig. 4. It seen from the Fig. 4 that, MFD is exponentially increasing with decreasing distance from the source for all current levels. Additionally, the difference between MFDs obtained for certain current levels show difference according to the distances. When it gets closer to the cable such as 5 cm distance, the difference is quite high for different current levels. In contrast with this change, the difference is quite small when it goes far from the cable. 4. CONCLUSION In this study, magnetic field measurements of a 12/20 kV, 1x150/16 mm2 underground power cable is realized for particular current and measurement distances. The results showed that magnetic field is increasing with the increased current and decreased distance. Especially for 450 A current, the MFD value exceed the limit value for general public at 35 cm distance. In addition, underground power cables are commonly installed 80 cm below the ground surface. So approximate distance value, that the people can be exposed to magnetic field, is over 80 cm distances from the cable. Therefore, the MFD values obtained in this study seem safe for human health. However in practice, there are at least three cables in the cable route for three phase systems. In this situation, each magnetic field strength value is vectorially added together as in Eq. (5). Thus, the magnitude of MFD can be reach to considerable high values which can be unsafe for human health. Additionally, there underground cables whose sectional area and so the current carrying capacity is higher from the one in this study. So, the cables which have high current carrying capacities are bigger threads for human health. 142 | P a g e �PROCEEDINGS th ______ The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 Consequently, magnetic field strength caused by an underground power cable can be at dangerous levels for human health. To get over this problem, magnetic field measurements around the underground power cables should be done carefully. In the case of existing high magnetic field values, the whole cable system could be shielded by a ferromagnetic material or the cable route could be further from the ground. Thus, generated magnetic field can be decreased down to required limit values. 5. REFERENCES [1] Kalenderli, O., Kocatepe, C., Arikan, O., (2011). High Voltage Technique with Solved Problems, Vol.1, Birsen Press, Istanbul, Turkey. [2] Gobba, F., Bargellini, A., Scaringi, M., Bravo, G., & Borella, P., (2008), Extremely Low FrequencyMagnetic Fields (ELF-EMF) occupational exposure and natural killer activity in peripheral blood lymphocytes, Science of The Total Environment, 407(3), 1218–1223. [3] Ali, E., Memari, A.R., (2010). Effects of Magnetic Field of Power Lines and Household Appliances on Human and Animals and its Mitigation, IEEE Middle East Conference on Antennas and Propagation (MECAP),Cairo, Egypt, 1-7. [4] Gudmundsdottir, U. S., De Silva, J., Bak, C. L., Wiechowski, W., (2010). Double Layered Sheath in Accurate HV XLPE Cable Modeling, IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting, 1-7. [5] A. S. Safigianni, A. I. Spyridopoulos and V. L. Kanas, (2011), Electric and magnetic field measurements in a high voltage center, 10th International Conference on Environment and Electrical Engineering (EEEIC), 1-4. [6] Takebe, H., Shiga, T., Kato, M., Masada, E., (2001). Biological and Health Effects from Exposure to Power Line Frequency Electromagnetic Fields – Confirmation of Absence of Any Effects at Environmental Field Strength, IOS Press, ISBN 158 603 1058. [7] M. Maslanyj et al., Investigation of the sources of residential power frequency magnetic field exposure in the UK Childhood Cancer Study, (2007). Journal of Radiological Protection Vol. 27, 41–58. [8] World Health Organization (WHO), (2007). Extremely Low Frequency Fields Environmental Health Criteria Monograph No. 238, Chapter. 2, p. 48. [9] ICNIRP Publication (2010). ICNIRP Guidelines, For limiting exposure to time varying electric and magnetic fields (1 Hz – 100 kHz), Health Physics 99(6), 818-834. [10] Guclu, G., Kaypmaz, A., Kalenderli, O., (2011). Calculation of Magnetic Field Around 34,5 kV Power Lines, Electromagnetic Fields and Effects Symposium, 270-273. [11] Demirer Cable, Low, Medium and High Voltage Cables Catalogue, (2012). 143 | P a g e � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2501 Title A name given to the resource ANALYSIS OF MAGNETIC FIELD EFFECTS OF UNDERGROUND POWER CABLES ON HUMAN HEALTH Author Author KOCATEPE, Celal KUMRU, Celal F. TASLAK, Eyup Abstract A summary of the resource. Transmission and distribution lines of electrical energy are generally used to plant far from residential areas. But today, due to the growing population, the cities considerably expanded and electrical network have to lie within the living spaces. Especially, uses of medium voltage underground cables for distribution systems become widespread in such areas. The voltage levels of these cables are not too high and the electric field caused by the voltage is fairly shielded by the cable’s screen. However, by the reason of flowing load current through the cable’s conductor, low frequency magnetic fields occur around the cable. It is known that this magnetic field strength becomes greater with increasing current. Basically, shielding of low frequency magnetic fields is quite harder than shielding the electric fields. In case of being exposed to this kind of magnetic fields by people may lead to crucial health problems. Therefore, some limit values are introduced by the “International Commission On Non‐Ionizing Radiation Protection” (ICNIRP) and “The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers” (IEEE). For this reason, it has importance of measuring magnetic fields caused by high voltage cables (HVC) in urban areas and the required shielding measures should be taken if needed. In this study, magnetic field strengths at different points above a 12/20 kV, 150 mm2 (Al), single core HVC are measured for different current values. According to the results obtained, even at low currents, the magnetic field strength values could exceed the limiting values for certain distances. Keywords: Magnetic Field, Underground Power Cable, Human Health Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014-05-15 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 978-9958-834-36-3 Q Science (General),QH301 Biology,QH426 Genetics https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/14da713495539293b340e52c90cb2f90.pdf c39e16c8fad2d65920ed3860eaf64407 PDF Text Text PROCEEDINGS th ______ The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 TORQUE-FLUX PLANE BASED SWITCHING TABLE IN DIRECT TORQUE CONTROL M Ozgur Kizilkaya1, Tarik Veli Mumcu2, Kayhan Gulez2 1 Electronics Engineering, Aeronautics and Space Technologies Instıtute, Turkish Air Force Academy, Istanbul, Turkey 2 Control and Automation Engineering, Faculty of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey mkizilkaya@hho.edu.tr, tmumcu@yildiz.edu.tr, gulez@yildiz.edu.tr Abstract Direct Torque Control (DTC) is a preferred method for its fast torque response and easy implementation in induction motor (IM) applications. However varying switching frequency and current harmonics are the drawbacks of the method. There are many industrial applications already using DTC. In this study, a novel switching table is proposed to reduce current harmonics based on torque-flux plane that can be applied to current motor drives with software modification, rather than a hardware advancement. The study is illustrated with Simulink model and motor output results. Keywords: Direct Torque Control, Torque-Flux Plane, Total Harmonic Distortion, Vector Selection Table. 165 | P a g e �ISSD 2014 th The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ PROCEEDINGS INTRODUCTION Today Field Oriented Control (FOC) and Direct Torque Control (DTC) are the preferred vector control method to drive Induction motor (IM) among industrial applications (Farid, Sebti, Mebarka, & Tayeb 2007; Mumcu, Aliskan, Gülez, & Tuna, 2013). The most wellknown superiority of DTC over FOC is, it has fast torque and flux control property even with its simplicity. Other advantages of DTC are being precise and free from rotor parameters. The basic DTC algorithm aims to control both torque and stator flux linkage of motor by selecting appropriate voltage vector and use stator resistance as motor parameter, voltage and current measurement as feedback, that’s how it works independent of rotor parameters and without need for speed or position feedback. (Takahashi, & Noguchi, 1986, Depenbrock, M. 1988). One disadvantage of this method is high harmonic distortion causing acoustic noise and EMI interference. In order to enhance DTC method, there are several methods proposed in the literature. Kenny & Lorenz (2003) used deadbeat control, Ahammad, Beig & Al-Hosani (2013) preferred sliding mode control, Kumar, Gupta, Bhangale and Gothwal (2007) studied neural network based DTC. Hafeez, Uddin, Rahim & Hew (2013) used self-tuned neuro-fuzzy control. While, all these methods improves side effects of the DTC, they also lead the control technique become more complicated and cause a longer adaptation time delay to adopt to the current motor drive systems. Some of the developed control methods can be expressed with switching tables with the purpose of easy implementation (Casadei, Serra, Tani, & Zarri, 2013; Ludtke, & Jayne, 1995; Gulez, Adam, & Pastaci, 2007). Switching table based DTC (ST-DTC) is not complicated to apply which leads less application time delay on motor drive systems. Regarding the phase of developing new algorithms for DTC, induction motor voltage vectors, which are in three phase system, is transformed to α, β plane as in Fig. 1, so as to illustrate the voltage vector selection in a two dimensional plane. In this plane, the stator flux linkage is defined as a vector and the variation of it is defined as the flux ripple. And, the torque is visualized with the magnitude of both rotor and stator flux vector and the angle between them. In order to decrease the torque ripple, it is aimed to move the stator and rotor flux vector more harmoniously and smoother. Fig. 1 Voltage vector representation on α-β plane (Buja, & Kazmierkowski. 2004). 166 | P a g e �PROCEEDINGS th ______ The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 The existing voltage vectors, which are necessary to drive the inverter in DTC algorithm, can be seen in α-β plane in Fig.1. In this study, the main focus is to define motor operating point on torque-flux plane, instead of α-β plane, which gives the designer a different perspective in order to develop/consider different design options for a control concept. In the following sections, ST-DTC algorithm and our proposed method which is basically a new interpretation of the switching table will be compared; the simulations and the comparison of the simulation results will be discussed respectively. BASIC ST-DTC SCHEME DTC is a feedback control method where the voltage vectors and phase currents applied to the induction motor are required as feedback signals. Stator flux linkage and motor torque are calculated so that they can be applied in the next time interval to the motor in algorithm. Voltage vector selection as the stator flux linkage is determined by the equation (1). In DTC algorithm, defining inverter control signals is basically the main core in order to keep the motor torque and the flux linkage around the control reference points given by the user. d  s  Vs  rs I s (1) dt Rotor and stator flux vectors are interrelated in induction motor, that a change in stator flux is followed with a delay by the rotor flux, both are crucial to control motor torque. Thus, torque at the induction motor output is determined as a function of both flux magnitudes in equation (2). Te  L 3 P m  s r sin  2  Ls Lr (2) In equation (2) the terms are expressed as: Te: the induction motor output torque, ψS: stator flux magnitude, ψr: rotor flux magnitude, γ: torque angle between stator and rotor flux, P: Number of poles, Ls: Stator inductance, Lr: Rotor inductance, Lm: Mutual inductance, σ: leakage factor. Conventional ST-DTC scheme is depicted in Fig.2. In this method, the difference between reference and calculated flux linkage are processed by a two level hysteresis comparator. Similarly, the difference between reference torque and the calculated torque values are processed by a three level comparator. The outcomes of these are inputs for voltage vector selection function. In conventional ST-DTC method, voltage vector selection is determined by table I on which present stator flux linkage sector (Fig.1), digitized torque and stator flux linkage error are the inputs. As the vector selection table I denotes, when torque values reach to hysteresis comparator set values, in order to keep torque and flux around the reference points and to prevent violation of limits, voltage vectors are changed between V0 and V7. Thus, all possible voltage vectors regarding DTC algorithm can be seen on Fig. 1. 167 | P a g e �ISSD 2014 th The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ PROCEEDINGS Fig. 2 Conventional ST-DTC scheme. TABLE 1. DTC VOLTAGE VECTOR SELECTION TABLE [12] dDψ dTe 1 -1 S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 1 V2 V3 V4 V5 V6 V1 0 V7 V0 V7 V0 V7 V0 -1 V6 V1 V2 V3 V4 V5 1 V3 V4 V5 V6 V1 V2 0 V0 V7 V0 V7 V0 V7 -1 V5 V6 V1 V2 V3 V4 To understand the conventional ST-DTC algorithm, table I can be explained in detail. S1-S6 determines the sector number of the stator flux linkage. Likely, V0-7 determines the voltage vector numbers which are needed to bring the motor outputs around the reference point. V0 and V7 are zero voltage vectors. dψ and dTe defines the digitized flux and the torque errors on controller side. ‘+1’ illustrates that torque or flux parameter need to be increased, ‘-1’ illustrates the parameters which are processed by the controller need to be decreased and ‘0’ is to define the control parameters are already around the reference point. NOVEL ST-DTC SCHEME The proposed method does not use hysteresis controller as depicted in Fig.3. Instead, stator flux linkage and torque output is traced and compared with the reference magnitudes continuously instead of using hysteresis controller. Motor stator flux linkage and torque outputs are defined as an operating point in torque-flux plane. Voltage vector selection is done in order to move the operating point of motor inside a hypothetical region in torque-flux plane. In this study, It is aimed to keep the motor operating point in rectangular shaped region, that size of the rectangular is defined as allowed torque and stator flux linkage error as in Fig.4. In that manner, torque-flux plane is divided into nine zones. Selected voltage vector forces the motor operating point to a different direction as in Fig.4. For instance, if motor torque and flux linkage values are both below the defined error limit, this express that motor is operating in zone 7. Similarly, if both values are in limits, 168 | P a g e �PROCEEDINGS th ______ The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 motor is operating in zone 5. When the motor is in zone 7, and if the stator flux linkage sector number is `k`, then `k+1`th voltage vector needs to be applied so that motor operating point can be forced towards zone 5. Fig. 3 Proposed ST-DTC scheme. Fig. 4 Effect of voltage vectors to operating point in torque flux plane. THE PROPOSED VECTOR SELECTION TABLE The basis of this study is to reduce current harmonic distortion without any lack of control for an induction motor output parameters such as torque and flux linkage errors. For this purpose, an implementation of a new vector selection table based DTC algorithm is designed based on torque flux plane to define the selection of the voltage vectors which will be applied to. After the torque and flux hysteresis band are determined as shown in Fig.4, one has to decide the related action for the nine zones in the torque-flux plane. After trails among different choices, the vector selection table in Table II is determined so as to decrease the phase current harmonics. TABLE 2. VOLTAGE VECTOR SELECTION TABLE Zone Vector 1 k+2 2 0/7 3 0/7 4 k+1 5 NC 6 0/7 7 k+1 8 k+1 9 k-1 169 | P a g e �ISSD 2014 th The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ PROCEEDINGS Table II can be explained in detail as, if the motor is operating in zone 1 and the stator flux linkage is in sector ‘k’ apply ‘k+2th’ voltage vector till motor operating point moves to a different zone. When the motor comes to zone 5, do not change the voltage vector as NC states ‘No Change’. For zones 2/3 and 6 apply zero voltage, V0 or V7 in a manner to keep the switching frequency lower. In the simulation, while using the texture in Fig.4, one problem with the method is high frequency swinging of motor operating point between zone 4 and 2, and between zone 8 and 6, Thus, the result is inevitable with high frequency switching while still keeping the torque and flux linkage in the limit. To overcome this issue, texture is adjusted to avoid swinging while keeping the motor in zone 5. The texture after adjustment is as shown in Fig.5. Zone 1 is expanded as 0.8 times flux band by experience. Mathematical expressions for torque flux plane are a future work. Fig. 5 Modified motor operating zones in torque flux plane. This adjustment is an example to show how the design can be visualized clearly. SIMULATION RESULTS To show the effectiveness of the proposed method, a test scheme is constructed using a predetermined induction motor model in the Simulink environment using the motor parameters below. 4kW, 50 Hz, 1430 Rpm, Squirrel Cage IM Stator Resistance : 1.405 Ohm Stator Inductance : 0.005839 H Rotor Resistance : 1.395 Ohm Rotor Inductance : 0.005839 H Mutual Inductance : 0.1722 H Pole Pair :2 170 | P a g e �PROCEEDINGS th ______ The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 To compare the both method, control parameters and input voltage are assigned same. Simulation parameters are: DC link Voltage Torque error limit Flux error limit Torque reference Flux linkage reference : 400 Volt : ±0.5Nm : ±0.01 Wb : 10 Nm : 0.5 Wb. Then, a model is formed for induction motor drive system with the principle of conventional ST-DTC scheme by Matlab/Simulink. The conventional ST-DTC algorithm is compared with the proposed algorithm for new voltage vector selection table. The simulation results shows lower phase current harmonics, lower total harmonic distortion (THD), better flux trajectory follow as compared to the conventional ST-DTC scheme. Fig. 6 Conventional ST-DTC Stator flux linkage variation in time. Fig. 7 Proposed ST-DTC Stator flux linkage variation in time. When the two method is compared by means of flux linkage, both method achieves to keep the flux linkage in the set band at the steady state. However at the start up, the fluxlinkage of the conventional ST-DTC needed more duration to settle in the band than proposed method as shown in Fig. 6 and Fig 7. That is because conventinal DTC aims to keep the torque in the band as a priority, while the proposed method does not assign a priority between torque and flux linkage determined by the proposed switching table. 171 | P a g e �ISSD 2014 th The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ PROCEEDINGS Fig. 8 Conventional ST-DTC phase current and phase current THD. Fig. 9 Proposed ST-DTC phase current and phase current THD. The flux linkage of the motor is controlled with lower distortion than conventional ST-DTC thus leading a better total harmonic distortion in phase current. THD value for the conventional method is %6.17 as in Fig. 8 while it is %5.31 for the proposed method as in Fig 9. Fig. 10 Conventional ST-DTC torque variation in time 172 | P a g e �PROCEEDINGS th ______ The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 Fig. 11 Proposed ST-DTC torque variation in time. The torque response of the both method are similar. The proposed method achieved a better flux linkage results while preserving torque response characteristic of the motor as can be depicted in Fig 10 and Fig 11 respectively. CONCLUSION In this study, the switching table based DTC application of Induction motor in torque-flux plane is explained. The proposed torque-flux plane achieved a visual platform to construct a switching table which is defined by the operation point of induction motor. Motor fluxlinkage and torque output is traced continuously, instead of using flux and torque controller in a hysteresis band manner. An improvement in the phase current total harmonic distortion is achieved without any degradation in the torque and flux band. The proposed method can be applied to the current motor drives by software upgrade. The study is carried on rectangular shaped torque and flux band, thus different band approaches can be investigated for improved THD values and reduced switching frequency as a future work. REFERENCES Ahammad, T., Beig, A.R. & Al-Hosani, K. (2013) “An improved direct torque control of induction motor with modified sliding mode control approach, IEEE International Electric Machines & Drives Conference (IEMDC), 166-171, doi: 10.1109/IEMDC.2013.6556249 Buja, G.S. & M.P. Kazmierkowski M.P. (2004). Direct torque control of PWM inverter-fed AC motors - a survey. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics. 51, 4,744-757. Casadei, D., Serra, G., Tani, A. & Zarri, L. (2013). Direct Torque Control for induction machines: A technology status review. IEEE Workshop on Electrical Machines Design Control and Diagnosis (WEMDCD). 117-129, Depenbrock, M. (1988). “Direct Self-Control (DSC) of Inverter-Fed Induction Machine”, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 3,. 4, 420-429 Farid, N., Sebti, B., Mebarka, K. & Tayeb, B. (2007). Performance analysis of field-oriented control and direct torque control for sensorless induction motor drives. in Proc. IEEE, Mediterranean Conference on Control & Automation, 1-6 Gulez, K., Adam, A.A., & Pastaci, H. (2007). A Novel Direct Torque Control Algorithm for IPMSM With Minimum Harmonics and Torque Ripples" IEEE/ASME Transactions on Mechatronics, 12,.2, 223-227 173 | P a g e �ISSD 2014 th The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ PROCEEDINGS Hafeez, M., Uddin, M.N., Rahim N.A &, Hew W.P. (2013). Self-Tuned NFC and Adaptive Torque Hysteresis based DTC Scheme for IM Drive, IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications,99. Kenny B. & Lorenz, R. (2003). Stator- and rotor-flux-based deadbeat direct torque control of induction machines. IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., 39, 4, 1093–1101. Kumar, R., Gupta, R.A., Bhangale, S.V. & Gothwal, H. (2007). Artificial neural network based direct Torque Control of Induction Motor drives," IET-UK International Conference on Information and Communication Technology in Electrical Sciences, 361-367 Ludtke, I. & Jayne, M.G (1995). A new direct torque control strategy. IEE Colloquium on Advances in Control Systems for Electric Drives,5/1-5/4,Available: 0.1049/ic:19950758 Mumcu T.V., Aliskan I., Gülez, K. & Tuna, G. (2013). Reducing Current and Moment Fluctuations of Induction Motor System of Electrical Vehicles by Using Adaptive Field Oriented Control. Elektronika Ir Elektrotechnika, 19, 2, 21-24, http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.eee.19.2.3464 Takahashi, I. & Noguchi, T. (1986). A New Quick-Response and High-Efficiency Control Strategy of Induction Motor, IEEE Transaction on Industrial Applications, 22, 5, 820-827. M. Ozgur KIZILKAYA was born in Burdur, Turkey. He received his B.S. degree from Gazi university in 1998, M.S degree from Middle East Technical Universtiy in 2002. He is currently PhD candidate in Turkish Air Force Academy, both in electronics engineering. He is interested in nonlinear control of electrical machines. Traık V. MUMCU was born in Ankara, Turkey. He received his B.S. and M.S. degrees in Electrical engineering in 2002 and 2005 respectively, Ph.D. in Control and Automation Engineering in 2013 all from Yıldız Technical University. He is interested in control of UAVs. Kayhan GULEZ was born in İstanbul, Turkey. He is an Associate Professor of Control and Automation Engineering at the Yıldız Technical University. He received his B.S., M.S., and Ph.D. degrees all in Electrical Engineering from Yıldız Technical University. His major research interests are Electrical Vehicle and Unmanned Air Vehicle Applications, Intelligent based Control Systems, Sensor Network Control Problems, EMC and EMI Control Methods, Active, Passive and EMI Filter Design Methods and Applications for EMI Noise and Harmonic Problems on which he has over 200 scientific papers and technical reports in various journals and conference proceedings. 174 | P a g e � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2524 Title A name given to the resource TORQUE-FLUX PLANE BASED SWITCHING TABLE IN DIRECT TORQUE CONTROL Author Author KIZILKAYA, M Ozgur MUMCU, Tarik Veli GULEZ , Kayhan Abstract A summary of the resource. Direct Torque Control (DTC) is a preferred method for its fast torque response and easy implementation in induction motor (IM) applications. However varying switching frequency and current harmonics are the drawbacks of the method. There are many industrial applications already using DTC. In this study, a novel switching table is proposed to reduce current harmonics based on torque-flux plane that can be applied to current motor drives with software modification, rather than a hardware advancement. The study is illustrated with Simulink model and motor output results. Keywords: Direct Torque Control, Torque-Flux Plane, Total Harmonic Distortion, Vector Selection Table. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014-05-15 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 978-9958-834-36-3 Q Science (General),QH301 Biology,QH426 Genetics https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/307b42c3cef861414e1001eb3eebaf07.pdf 3746e6851ad3367f90753ff42b7cf43b PDF Text Text PROCEEDINGS th ______ The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 MULTI-RESOLUTION WAVELET ANALYSIS FOR FAULT DETECTION Zeynep Kara1, Serhat Seker2 1 International Burch University, Bosnia and Herzegovina 2 Istanbul Technical University, Turkey Abstract In this study, a multi-resolution wavelet analysis technique is applied to simulation data for fault detection. Data is simulated at the MATLAB environment. For this purpose, a sinusoidal wave form is generated at around 1 kHz sampling frequency and then a faulty case is simulated between 250- 500 Hz using a random process under the band-pass filtering. Hence data and its noisy form are used to show healthy and faulty cases of any physical system respectively. In order to show the fundamental properties of the data set, power spectral density variations are shown to indicate the availability of the data. After that Multi– Resolution Wavelet Analysis (MRWA) is applied to each case. In general, wavelet transform is a time-scale analysis technique which can be accepted as an alternative method to the Fourier transform. However, in this study, MRWA approach is considered. MRWA is a kind of the discrete wavelet transform and it uses filter banks approach. Hence, the time domain properties are shown in the sense of the statistical parameters. Also, calculating the power spectral densities, this comparison is done in frequency domain. With this way, a faulty case and its some properties can be determined at both of the time and frequency domains. Key Words: Wavelets, Filtering, Sub-band analysis, Fault detection 255 | P a g e �ISSD 2014 th The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ PROCEEDINGS Introduction Anomaly is an unwanted transient case in the system which occurs in very short time in the signal and can be detected from the signal characteristics. Anomalies in data can be translated to significant information in a wide variety of application domains for this reason; this translation method can be named as anomally detection in general. Detection of outliers or anomalies were started to be studying in the 19th century (Edgeworth, 1887). And its results can be very important in terms of the system reliability and economical operation of the some critical systems related with energy production, space applicatons and so on. Anomalies might be caused because of such a terrorist activity, credit card fraud, cyberterrorism, malicious threats or breakdown of a system, e.g. Noise removal (Teng, Chen and Lu, 1990) and noise accommodation (Rousseeuw and Leroy, 1987) are deal with unwanted noise and related with anomaly detection(Chandola, Banerjee and Kumar, 2009). Noisy data considered is as an obstacle to analysis and that is the reason why it is of interest to analysts, meaning that they are responsible to clean the data before analysis in order to get useful information out of them. Noise reduction is necessary before any data analysis is performed on the data to wipe out the unwanted objects. Towards anomalous observations, noise accommodation mentions about self-defense of a new model of estimation (Huber, 1974). Novelty detection (Markou and Singh, 2003; Saunders and Gero, 2000) whose goal is to detect previously unrealized (emergent, novel) patterns in the data, is also related with anomaly detection. Not being added into the initial model after detection is the main difference of novel patterns and anomalies. Another research on signal and noise separation in time series is studied by Khelifa, Kahlouche and Belbachir (2012). Two approaches are used to check the noises which are the wavelet transform in the frequency space and the Singular Spectrum Analysis (SSA) in the phase space. By this process the main goal is extracting the noise from signals and wavelet analysis is found as more rapid and direct for the determination of noise. In this paper we dealed with these problems and it is prepared to provide a structured and comprehensive overview of the research on anomaly detection with the artificial data generation in MATLAB environment. There are various methods to detect the anomaly according to the signal in the data. Under the assumptions to be considered in this paper: The Linear sytems provide the super-position principle and most simple case of the signals/ sytems can be accepted as linear time-invariant signals. Deterministic signals can be defined by analytical functions, Random Signals can be defined by means of the probability distribution functions using the random variable concept. Any anomally case, which will occur in the system, can be detected from the signal characteristics.For this purpose, there are so many mathematical approaches. In this area, several methods can be shown by the following items : 1. 2. 3. 4. Statistical Calculations Spectral Analysis methods like FourierTransform Time-Frequency analysis like Short-Time Fourier Transform Time-Scale analysis like Wavelet transform. 256 | P a g e �PROCEEDINGS th ______ The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 In this study, we considered linear, deterministic/Random, non-stationary signal types and we used short-time fourier transform based on time frequency domain and wavelet analysis as an anomaly detection techniques. Wavelet methods facilitate to zoom into the details and draw a comprehensive picture of the time series in different scales. It provides to detect and isolate the anomalies. The failure or fault detection methods are similar with the anomaly detection methods, and also, they can be described as a transient case which occurs in very short time in the signal. For this reason, it can be named as anomally detection in general. For this purpose, we will produce deterministic signal like pure sinosoidal or any signal with harmonics. In terms of the simulation of the anomaly case, we used random signal characteristics and we produced random number in standard normal distribution. After that changing the statistical parameters or statistical properties of the randomness, we considered the different random signal characteristics. Also, in terms of the frequency domain properties, we used the bandpass filters to generate the data in a special frequency band. In this paper, there are two important aproaches. These are as folows: 1. 2. Detection of the anomally Isolation of the transient case. From this view point, for the detection case, we considered the Fourier Transform based applications like Short-Time Fourier Transform. In this manner, we tried to find the most suitable technique for the non-stationary signals. Then the anomaly case was isolated from the data by the Multi-Resolution Wavelet Analysis (MRWA). In this study we used Wavelet analysis but a thorough presentation of Fourier analysis is provided as well. Because the Fourier methods are an alternative for the wavelet methods and although there are different methods of wavelets, all of them are based on Fourier analysis (Mallat, 1999). Wavelet Transforms and Multi Resolution Analysis Wavelets are functions are used to represent data or functions and satisfy certain mathematical requirements. Thus the Wavelet transform can be used to decompose a signal into different frequency components and then present each component with a resolution matched to its scale. In the signal analysis framework, the Wavelet transform of the time varying signal depends on the scale that is related to frequency and time. Hence, the Wavelets provide a tool for timefrequency localization. The main idea behind wavelets is to analyze according to scale. Therefore, wavelet algorithms can process data at different scales or resolutions. This concept of signal analysis is termed Multi-Resolution Analysis (MRA) and it makes the Wavelets interesting and useful. Wavelet Transforms In 1909, Haar first mentioned about the wavelets which had a compact support means that itvanishes outside of the finite interval, but Haar wavelets are not continuously differentiable. Later wavelets are considered with an effective algorithm for numerical image processing by an earlier discovered function that can vary in scale and can conserve energy when computing the functional energy (Gabor, 1946). Between 1960 and 1980, mathematicians such as Grossman and Morlet (1985) defined wavelets in the context of quantum physics. Mallat (1989) gave a boost to digital signal processing by inventing the pyramidal algorithms, and 257 | P a g e �th ISSD 2014 The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ PROCEEDINGS orthonormal wavelet bases. Later Daubechies (1990) used Mallat’s work to construct a set of wavelet orthonormal basic functions that are the cornerstone of wavelet applications today. The class of functions that present the wavelet transform are those that are square integrable on the real time. This class is denoted as L2 ( R ) (1) The mother wavelet is scaled and translated in the wavelet analysis to generate the set of functions. The wavelet function ψ (x) ∈ L2 (R) consists of two parameters which vary continuously, they are known as dilation (a) and translation (b). A wavelet basic functions  a ,b ( x) is given as  a ,b ( x )  1 a ( x b ) a a , b  R; a  0 (2) Here, the location of the wavelet in time is measured by the translation parameter, “b”. The “narrow” wavelet can attain high frequency information, while the more widened wavelet can attain low frequency information. Hence the parameter “a” differs for different frequencies. The continuous wavelet transform is defined by  Wa ,b ( f )  f , a,b   f ( x) a ,b ( x)dx. (3)  The wavelet coefficients are assigned as the inner product of the function that is transformed with each basis function. Daubechies (1990) conceived one of the most sophisticated families of wavelets, named Compactly Supported Orthonormal Wavelets, and are used in Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT). The scaling function is used to calculate the ψ in this approach. It is defined by: N 1  ( x)   ck (2 x  k ) (4) k 0 And its corresponding wavelet ψ (x) is defined by: N 1  ( x)   (1)k ck (2 x  k  N  1), (5) k 0 Here N corresponds to an even number of wavelet coefficients ck, k = 0 to N-1. Dilation and translation of signal function  ( x) provides the discrete representation of a wavelet basis of L2 ( R ) which is orthonormal compactly supported. If we assume that to dilation parameters “a” and “b” are assigned only discrete values: where k , j  , a0  1, and b0  0. a  a0 j , b  kb0 a0 j , Than the wavelet function could be written as follows:  j ,k ( x )  a0  j / 2 ( a0  j x  kb0 ) 258 | P a g e (6) �th PROCEEDINGS ______ The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 And we have the Discrete-Parameter Wavelet Transform (DPWT) to be:  DPWT ( f )  f , j ,k  f ( x )a0 j / 2 (a0 j x  kb0 )dx  (7)  In order to make the analysis efficient and accurate, the choice between dilations and translations is made on the basis of the power of two. The frequency axis is divided into band by using the power of two for the scale parameter ˝a˝ . Considering samples at the dyadic values, we have b0  1 and a0  2 , so, the discrete wavelet transform is  DPWT ( f )  f , j ,k   f ( x) 2 j /2 (2 j x  k ) dx (8)  and  j ,k ( x ) is defined as  j , k ( x )  2  j / 2 (2  j x  k ), j, k  (9) Multi-resolution Analysis (MRA) An efficient algorithm is introduced in1989 by Mallat which perform the DPWT known as the Multi-Resolution Analysis(MRW).It is well known in signal processing area as the TwoChannel Sub-Band Coder.The MRA of L2 ( R ) consists of successive approximations of the space V j of L2 ( R ) .A scaling function  ( x)  V0 exists such that  j , k ( x)  2 j / 2  (2 j x  k ); j, k  Z (10) For the scaling function  ( x )  V0  V1 , there is a sequence hk  ,  ( x)  2 hk (2 x  k ) (11) k This equation is known as the two-scale difference equation. Furthermore, let us define W j as  a complementary space of V j in V j 1 , such that V j 1  V j  W j and  W j  L2 ( R ). Since the j   ( x) is a wavelet and it is also an element of V0 , a sequence  gk  exists such that  ( x)  2 g k (2 x  k ) (12) k It is concluded that the multiscale representation of a signal f ( x) may be achieved in different scales of the frequency domain by means of an orthogonal family of functions  ( x) .Now, let us see how the function in V j is computed.The projection of the signal f ( x )  V0 on V j defined by Pv f i ( x ) is given by Pv f i ( x)   c j ,k j , k ( x) (13) k 259 | P a g e �th ISSD 2014 The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ PROCEEDINGS Here, c j , k  f ,  j , k ( x )  . Similarly, the projection of the function f ( x) on the subspace W j is also defined by Pv f i ( x)   d j ,k j ,k ( x) (14) k where d j,k  f , j ,k ( x )  . Because V j  V j 1  W j 1 , the original function f ( x )  V0 can be rewritten as J 1 f ( x)   c j ,k j ,k ( x)   d j ,k j ,k ( x) , J  j0 k j (15) k The coefficients c j 1,k  2  hi  2 k c j , k (16) and d j , k  2  g j 2 k c j ,k (17) i j The multiresolution representation is linked to Finite Impulse Response (FIR) filters. The scaling function  and the wavelet  are obtained using the filter theory and consequently the coefficients are also defined by the last two equations. If at x  t / 2, F  ( x) is considered and     (18) ( x)  H      2 2 As  (0)  0, H (0)  1, this means that H ( ) is a low-pass filter. According to this result  (t ) is computed by the low-pass fitler .The mother wavelet  (t ) is computed by defining the function G ( ) so that H ( )G * ( )  H (   )G * (   )  0 .Here, MRA solution. G ( )   exp(  j ) H * (   ). and G ( ) are quadrature mirror filters for the (19) Substituting H (0)  1 and H ( )  0, it yields G (0)  0 and G ( )  1, respectively. This means that G ( ) is a high-pass filter.As a result, the MRA is a kind of Two-Channel SubBand Coder used in the high-pass and low-pass filters, from which the original signal can be reconstructed. Wavelet Application on a Generated Data In this paper, the artificial data generation in MATLAB environment is considered and deterministic signal like pure sinosoidal is generated. Here we covered the Fourier Transform based applications like Short-Time Fourier Transform and the Wavelet analysis in details. Randomly chosen 10000 numbers (N=10000) are generated according to standard normal distribution and we used Matlab for this purpose. Randomly selected numbers are used to simulate the noisy signal. A sinusoid wavelet was generated as an artificial data that is formed of the harmonics. The main frequency is 50 Hz, second and third frequencies are assigned respectively as 100 Hz and 150 Hz. The signal, generation of these three frequency compound, is expressed as the sum of sinus and a, b, c coefficients. The generated signal in this manner is (5.1) y  A sin  2 f1t   B sin(2 f 2t )  C sin  2 f 3t  , 260 | P a g e �PROCEEDINGS th ______ The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 where f1 represents main frequency, f 2 and f 3 are respectively second and third harmonics. A signal generation with noisy is carried out. The noisy signal, represented with randomly numbers, is added with a known proportion (g coefficient) to the sinusoid signal that is generated for this purpose. The sinusoid signal containing noise is represented with random numbers, with a known proportion (g coefficient). Fourier Transform is used for the spectral analysis of the generated noisy signal. Fourier Transform is represented at PSD (Power Spectrum). Here the sampling frequency is selected to be 1000 Hz (1 kHz). Figure 1 illustrates the changes on the PSD. Using a Short Time Fourier Transform (STFT) the same noisy signal is calculated and illustrated in a Figure 2. The STFT illustrates the signal compounds on the frequency plane. The time- frequency plane is illustrated in Figure 2; the frequency plane is a normalized plane and half of the sampling frequency 500Hz is symbolized by unit value. In Figure 2 frequency components of the signal 50, 100, 150 Hz are illustrated as spread over time plane. Power SpectralDensity-PSD 90 80 70 Amplitude 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 Frequency [Hz] 350 400 450 500 Figure 1: Spectral Analysis using PSD 1400 10 1200 0 1000 Time -10 800 -20 600 -30 400 -40 200 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 Normalized Frequency ( rad/sample) 1 Figure 2 : Spectral Analysis using STFT After this process, an anomaly signal is generated at random process and added to the noisy signal that is generated previously. In the application a Butterworth band pass filter. İs used and the bandwidth is taken between 200 and 250 Hz.. PSD for filter output is illustrated on figure 3. As shown on the figures the generated anomaly case contains a random signal with 200-250 Hz. The signal at the output of the filter is the anomaly case between 200-250 Hz, on the time-frequency plane it is illustrated on figure 4. 261 | P a g e �ISSD 2014 th The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ PROCEEDINGS Power SpectralDensity-PSD for filter output 1.5 Amplitude 1 0.5 0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 Frequency [Hz] 350 400 450 500 Figure 3: PSD for filter output 0 1400 -10 -20 1200 -30 1000 Time -40 800 -50 -60 600 -70 400 -80 -90 200 -100 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 Normalized Frequency ( rad/sample) 1 Figure 4 : Signal of anomaly (STFT of Filter Output) After this step the anomaly case generated by the filtration is added on the previously generated y signal (sinusoidal waveform) in order to generate another new noisy signal. The difference between new noisy signal and the previous one is the anomaly case which is generated by first band pass filter is illustrated on figure 5 and anomaly between 200-250 Hz could be easily recognized. Power SpectralDensity-PSD forfiltered noisy signal 70 60 Amplitude 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 Frequency [Hz] 350 400 450 500 Figure 5 : PSD for Noisy Signal under the Anomally 262 | P a g e �PROCEEDINGS th ______ The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 Conclusion In this paper, a Multi-Resolution Wavelet Analysis is used to detect the anomaly inside of the signal and then to isolate that transient case from the signal. Here we covered the Wavelet analysis in details as well as we did for the Fourier analysis. Main reason for covering both of the methods is that Fourier methods are considered as an alternative for the wavelet methods. For the detection case, we considered the Fourier Transform based applications like ShortTime Fourier Transform. It is a reperesentation of the signals in the time-frequency domain. Hence the anomally case is shown in the time-frequency plane. In terms of the isolation of the anomally case, we consiredered the multi-resolution wavelet analysis (MRWA). In this method, time-scale reperesentations of the signals are used and scales are presented by the low-pass filters (LPF) and High-Pass Filters (HPF) sequences. By sub-band analysis the anomaly case is shown in a special sub-band and it is isolated from the other sub-bands. After this isolation, the power spectral density (PSD) of the isolated sub-band is calculated and all frequency domain properties are identified as well as its statistical properties. References Chandola V., Banerjee A. & Kumar V. (2009), Anomaly Detection, University Of Minnesota Edgeworth, F. Y. 1887. On discordant observations. Philosophical Magazine 23, 5, 364{375. Daubechies, L.,1990. The Wavelet Transform, Time-Frequency Localization and Signal Analysis. IEEE Trans. on Information Theory, 36 Gabor, D., 1946. Theory of Communications. J.IEEE, 93, 3, 429. Huber, P. 1974. Robust Statistics. Wiley, New York. Khelifa S., Kahlouche S., Belbachir M. F., 2012 Signal and noise separation in time series of DORIS station coordinates using wavelet and singular spectrum analysis, Elsevier Masson SAS. Mallat, S., 1989. A Theory for Multiresolution Signal Decomposition of the Wavelet Representation. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. and Machine Intelligence, 31,679-693. Mallat, S., 1999. A Wavelet Tour of Signal Processing. 2nd Edn., Academic Press, San Diego, California,USA.. Markou, M. and Singh, S. 2003. Novelty detection: a review-part 1: statistical approaches. Signal Processing 83, 12, 2481{2497. Rousseeuw, P. J. and Leroy, A. M. 1987.Robust regression and outlier detection. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, NY, USA. Saunders, R. and Gero, J. 2000. The importance of being emergent. In Proceedings of Artificial Intelligence in Design. Teng, H., Chen, K., and Lu, S. 1990. Adaptive real-time anomaly detection using inductively generated sequential patterns. In Proceedings of IEEE Computer Society Symposium on Research in Security and Privacy. IEEE Computer Society Press, 278{284. 263 | P a g e � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2533 Title A name given to the resource MULTI-RESOLUTION WAVELET ANALYSIS FOR FAULT DETECTION Author Author KARA, Zeynep SEKER, Serhat Abstract A summary of the resource. In this study, a multi-resolution wavelet analysis technique is applied to simulation data for fault detection. Data is simulated at the MATLAB environment. For this purpose, a sinusoidal wave form is generated at around 1 kHz sampling frequency and then a faulty case is simulated between 250- 500 Hz using a random process under the band-pass filtering. Hence data and its noisy form are used to show healthy and faulty cases of any physical system respectively. In order to show the fundamental properties of the data set, power spectral density variations are shown to indicate the availability of the data. After that Multi– Resolution Wavelet Analysis (MRWA) is applied to each case. In general, wavelet transform is a time-scale analysis technique which can be accepted as an alternative method to the Fourier transform. However, in this study, MRWA approach is considered. MRWA is a kind of the discrete wavelet transform and it uses filter banks approach. Hence, the time domain properties are shown in the sense of the statistical parameters. Also, calculating the power spectral densities, this comparison is done in frequency domain. With this way, a faulty case and its some properties can be determined at both of the time and frequency domains. Key Words: Wavelets, Filtering, Sub-band analysis, Fault detection Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014-05-15 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 978-9958-834-36-3 Q Science (General),QH301 Biology,QH426 Genetics https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/7324bad9a16b4b70a427bb9766ef51ee.pdf b5f13e0e906d367b98795b97b4a90c2f PDF Text Text PROCEEDINGS th ______ The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 EFFECTS OF VEGETABLE AND ANIMAL FAT ENRICHMENT IN BROILER FEED ON CONTENT OF FATTY ACIDS IN WHITE AND RED MEAT Suzana Jahić , Halid Makić, Mirsad Veladžić Biotehnical Faculty, University of Bihac, Bihac, Bosnia and Herzegovina e-mail: halid_btf@yahoo.com ABSTRACT In order to gain a more complete insight into the effects of vegetable and animal fat enrichment in broiler feed on content of fatty acids in meat, an experimental research has been conducted on 240 Cobb 500female broilers, divided into four separate treatments of 60 broilers each. The experiment was conducted in the period of 42 days. During that period, the first group of broilers was fed with 3% pork fat enriched feed – treatment 1, second group was fed with 3% soy oil enriched feed – treatment 2, third group with 3% bovine tallow – treatment 3, and fourth group with 3% sunflower oil – treatment 4. The content of fatty acids in red and white broiler meat was determined by the gas chromatography method. The content of saturated fatty acids in the red meat was not of statistical significance (p>0.05), the content of monounsaturated fatty acids was of statistical significance (p<0.05), while the content of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the red broiler meat was of high statistical significance (p<0.01) with reference to the applied feeding treatments. The content of saturated fatty acids in the white meat was not of statistical significance (p>0.05), while the content of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids in white broiler meat was of high statistical significance (p<0.01) with reference to the applied feeding treatments. The n-6/n-3 fatty acids ratio in red broiler meat was determined as follows: treatment 1 - 19.3:1; treatment 2 - 16.0:1; treatment 3 - 20.5:1; treatment 4 - 12.9:1. The n-6/n-3 fatty acids ratio in white broiler meat was: treatment 1 - 20.3:1, treatment 2 –16.1:1, treatment 3 –17.6:1 and treatment 4 –12.2:1. Keywords: broiler meat, sunflower oil, vegetable fat, animal fat, fatty acids content 87 | P a g e �ISSD 2014 th The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ PROCEEDINGS INTRODUCTION Birds generally have a high capacity for lipid biosynthesis (Klasing, 1998) including modern broilers or meat of chickens that have a tendency to accumulation of excess fat. This accumulation of body fat in broiler chickens, which is also an important source of fats in the human diet, has a significant impact on human health. Many studies connected the selection of chickens with the tendency of reduction of accumulation of triacylglycerol as well as the ability to produce changes in the composition in triacylglycerol due to a modification in the dietary intake of lipids (Leskanich & Noble, 1997). The aim of the current studies was to improve the intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids through diet in order to achieve favorable ratio n-6 fatty acids towards n-3 fatty acids. Nutritional studies on humans have shown that we can manipulate with composition of body fats with changing of intakes of the polyunsaturated fatty acids towards saturated fatty acids in the diet, especially with intakes of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in the diet (Field at al. 1990, Pan at al. 1994, Luo at al. 1996, Couet at al. 1997). The enrichment of chicken meat with the essential linoleic and linolenic acid is possible when as a food additive sunflower oil and soya oil are used instead of lard (Božić, 1997). Mehmet et al. (2005) analyzed the effects of different sources of fats such as soybean oil, chicken fat, tallow on fatty acid content of abdominal fats and content of fatty acids in white and red meat in broiler chickens. They found low content of total monounsaturated fatty acids in the white meat in broilers that they were feeding with supplemented soybean oil. Linoleic acid C18: 2n-6 was concentrated in the red meat, in the abdominal fat and in the white meat in broilers that they were feeding with supplemented soybean as well as in the red meat in broilers that they were feeding with supplemented chicken fat. Crespo & Esteve-Garcia (2001) used in the nutrition of female broilers addition of beef tallow, olive oil, sunflower oil and flaxseed oil. Broilers, being were fed with diet adding beef tallow, had high values of saturated acids, mainly of myristic, palmitic and stearic acid as compared to broilers were fed with the addition of olive oil, sunflower oil or linseed oil. They found higher levels of arachidonic acid C20: 4n-6 and of the fatty acids of the n-6 series in broilers that were fed with the addition of sunflower oil, except in abdominal fat. A higher level of eicosapentaenoic acid C 20:5 n-3 and docosahexaenoic acid C22: 6 n - 3 were found in the red and white meat of broiler chickens that were fed with an addition of flaxseed oil, whereas in abdominal fat these fatty acids were not measurable. Veladžić et al. (2010) determined a statistically significant difference (p <0.01) for the cholesterol content in blood plasma between the observed treatments, therewith the higher cholesterol content was determined for the treatments in which were added animal fats in relation to treatments in which were added vegetable fats. Kirshgessner at al. (1993) have found the enhancement contents of crude fat in the white meat of broilers which received in their nutrition higher percent of linoleic acid. Chickens fed with low-protein food (18% crude protein) supplemented with the oil enriched with 2% or 4% conjugated linoleic acid had low triglycerides of liver, a relatively high concentration of saturated fatty acids and relatively low concentration of monounsaturated fatty acids in lipids of liver and adipose tissue than chickens fed without the addition of conjugated linoleic acid. Chickens fed with low-protein food without the addition of conjugated linoleic acid had higher concentrations of triglycerides in the liver than chickens fed with high-protein food (23% crude protein) without the addition of conjugated linoleic acid (Aletor et al. 2003). 88 | P a g e �PROCEEDINGS th ______ The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 MATERIAL AND METHODS The experiment was set up and implemented in the facilities for the production of chicken meat “Koka – Sana” from Sanski Most. Laboratory samples of chicken meat were performed at the Biotechnical Faculty, University of Bihać. Day-old Cobb 500 broiler hybrid was placed in four separate boxes (treatments), and there were 60 broilers in each of them. All chickens were held on the floor in facilities fitted for broiler breeding. During the experiment, which lasted for 42 days, temperature, humidity and lighting were regularly controlled. Chicken breeding was split in two periods. From day one to day 15, chickens were bred with the initial mixture containing approximately 23% of proteins. From day sixteen to 42, they were bred with the final mixture containing approximately 20% of proteins, so the final mixtures were isoproteinic and isoenergetic. In chickens’ nutrition, there was increased content of fats by 3% (treatment I – lard, treatment II – soybean oil, treatment III – tallow, and treatment IV – sunflower oil). The chickens consumed food and water ad libitum. Having turned 42 days of life, chickens were marked with rings, for each treatment separately, and after 12 hours of fasting were killed at slaughterhouse facilities. After slaughter and meat packing processing of chicken carcasses, the carcasses are chilled to a temperature of 0-4 ° C and then frozen at -18 °C until the moment of analysis, and on the day of analysis thawed to room temperature. We used six broilers per each treatment for the determination of fatty acids in the red and white meat. Meat samples were analyzed in the laboratory BiotechLab, Sremska Kamenica, Serbia. Preparation of fatty acid methyl esters was performedby the method EN ISO550:2007, and determination of fatty acid methyl esters was performed by gas chromatography method: JUSISO5508:2002. The results obtained in the experiment were analyzed by ANOVA test and found differences were analyzed using Tukey’s test. Table 1. shows the contents of nutrients in the broilers’ feeding. Table 1. Contents of the mixtures used for feeding broilers from 0. to 15.days of their lives and from 16. to 42.days of their lives Nutrients % Experimental group I/lard Corn Soybean shot Sunflower shot Lard Soybean oil Tallow Sunflower oil Premix/s-starter, f- finisher II/soybean oil III/tallow IV/sunflower oil 0-15 15-16 0-15 15-16 0-15 15-16 0-15 15-16 53.5 38.0 1.5 3.0 4.0s 58.5 33.0 1.5 3.0 4.0f 53.5 38.0 1.5 3.0 4.0s 58.5 33.0 1.5 3.0 53.5 38.0 1.5 3.0 4.0s 58.5 33.0 1.5 3.0 4.0f 53.5 38.0 1.5 3.0 4.0s 58.5 33.0 1.5 3.0 4.0f 4.0f Premix of starter: lysine 2.34 %; methionine 4.17%; methionine + cystine 4.17%; robenidine 825 mg/kg, vitamin A 275000.00 IU/kg; vitamin D3 125000.00 IU /kg; Vitamin E 1250.00 IU/kg; Premix of finisher: methionine 3.36%; methionine + cystine 3.36%; Vitamin A 314600.00 IU/kg; vitamin D3 114400.00 IU /kg; Vitamin E 1430.00 IU/kg 89 | P a g e �ISSD 2014 th The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ PROCEEDINGS RESULTS AND DISCUSSION In the Tables 2. and 3. are shown the contents of fatty acids in the red and in the white meat. Table 2. Contents of fatty acids in the red meat of broilers C 14:0 X SD CV C 16:0 X SD CV C 16:1 X SD CV C 18:0 X SD CV C:18n9c X SD CV C18:2 n6c X SD CV C18:3n3 X SD CV C20:0 X SD CV Treatment 1 0.75B Contents of fatty acids (%) Treatment 2 Treatment 3 0.60D 0.77A F value Treatment 4 0.67AC 0.05 0.07 Treatment 1 24.83 0.08 0.14 Treatment 2 23.78 0.02 0.03 Treatment 3 25.92 0.08 0.12 Treatment 4 24.91 0.56 0.02 Treatment 1 6.15 8.94 0.38 Treatment 2 4.23 1.17 0.05 Treatment 3 5.67 0.36 0.01 Treatment 4 4.84 1.73 0.28 Treatment 1 6.42 0.86 0.20 Treatment 2 7.16 0.18 0.03 Treatment 3 6.81 0.35 0.07 Treatment 4 6.78 0.74 0.12 Treatment 1 37.98 0.73 0.10 Treatment 2 34.26 0.02 0.003 Treatment 3 38.47 0.29 0.04 Treatment 4 34.82 0.73 0.02 Treatment 1 22.55AB 0.73 0.02 Treatment 2 28.07D 2.81 0.07 Treatment 3 23.21AC 0.72 0.02 Treatment 4 25.82A 1.36 0.06 Treatment 1 1.17DA 1.70 0.06 Treatment 2 1.75BC 1.13 0.05 Treatment 3 1.21CA 0.99 0.04 Treatment 4 1.99ABD 0.07 0.06 Treatment 1 0.23ADC 0.15 0.08 Treatment 2 0.15DB 0.11 0.09 Treatment 3 0.20B 0.19 0.10 Treatment 4 0.16C 0.02 0.11 0.02 0.13 0.05 0.23 0.04 0.25 17.000** 2.680 NS 2.306 NS 0.971 NS 2.640 NS 11.442** 30.750** 28.571** Treatment 1-addition of 3% lard; Treatment 2-addition of 3% soybean oil; Treatment 3addition of 3% tallow; Treatment 4-addition of 3% sunflower oil F – values of Fisher test, X - mean value, SD – standard deviation, CV – coefficient of variation, NS – Inside examined treatments did not establish significant difference (p>0.05) ** Highly significant difference (p<0.01) between treatments, *significant difference (p<0, 05) between treatments 90 | P a g e �PROCEEDINGS th ______ The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 Table 3. Contents of fatty acids in the white meat of broilers C 14:0 X SD CV C 16:0 X SD CV C 16:1 X SD CV C 18:0 X SD CV C:18n9c X SD CV C18:2 n6c X SD CV C18:3n3 X SD CV C20:0 X SD CV Contents of fatty acids (%) Treatment 1 Treatment 2 Treatment 3 1.04ADC 0.63DB 0.93B Treatment 4 0.69C F value 0.10 0.10 Treatment 1 26.19b 0.04 0.07 Treatment 2 25.34c 0.14 0.15 Treatment 3 28.28ad 0.05 0.07 Treatment 4 24.18d 1.62 0.06 Treatment 1 5.71BA 1.30 0.05 Treatment 2 5.10CA 0.83 0.03 Treatment 3 7.74AD 1.33 0.06 Treatment 4 4.92D 0.72 0.13 Treatment 1 6.80 0.44 0.09 Treatment 2 6.83 0.31 0.04 Treatment 3 5.87 0.49 0.10 Treatment 4 6.92 0.81 0.12 Treatment 1 36.53ad 0.18 0.03 Treatment 2 34.36db 0.27 0.05 Treatment 3 36.11b 0.20 0.03 Treatment 4 35.44c 0.16 0.004 Treatment 1 20.52C 0.51 0.01 Treatment 2 25.98AD 0.47 0.01 Treatment 3 17.13DB 1.03 0.03 Treatment 4 25.58B 2.36 0.11 Treatment 1 1.01CBA 0.38 0.01 Treatment 2 1.61BDA 0.63 0.04 Treatment 3 0.97DA 1.83 0.07 Treatment 4 2.09A 0.06 0.06 Treatment 1 2.53BDC 0.09 0.06 Treatment 2 0.16DA 0.07 0.07 Treatment 3 2.96AC 0.15 0.07 Treatment 4 0.17C 0.52 0.21 0.01 0.06 0.19 0.06 0.04 0.25 19.661** 5.366* 18.280** 3.756 NS 7.482* 21.894** 99.651** 96.145** Treatment 1-addition of 3% lard; Treatment 2-addition of 3% soybean oil; Treatment 3addition of 3% tallow; Treatment 4-addition of 3% sunflower oil F – values of Fisher test, X - mean value, SD – standard deviation, CV – coefficient of variation, NS – Inside examined treatments did not establish significant difference (p>0.05) ** Highly significant difference (p<0.01) between treatments, *significant difference (p<0, 05) between treatments The content of saturated fatty acids in the red meat was not of statistical significance (p>0.05), the content of monounsaturated fatty acids was of statistical significance (p<0.05), while the content of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the red broiler meat was of high statistical significance (p<0.01) with reference to the applied feeding treatments. The content of saturated fatty acids in the white meat was not of statistical significance (p>0.05), while the content of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids in white broiler meat was of high statistical significance (p<0.01) with reference to the applied feeding treatments. The n-6/n-3 fatty acids ratio in red broiler meat was determined as follows: treatment 1 - 19.3:1; treatment 2 - 16.0:1; treatment 3 - 20.5:1; treatment 4 - 12.9:1. The n-6/n-3 fatty acids ratio in white broiler meat was: treatment 1 - 20.3:1, treatment 2 –16.1:1, treatment 3 –17.6:1 and treatment 91 | P a g e �ISSD 2014 th The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ PROCEEDINGS 4 –12.2:1. Mehmet et al. (2005) added to broilers feeding 6% fats in the period from 21.to 41.days of their lives. They found the levels of 42.14%, 29.66%, 24.15%, saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids respectively in the red meat of chickens feeding with addition of soybean oil and the levels of 48.02%, 24.61%, 22.11% saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids respectively in the red meat chickens feeding with the addition of beef tallow. In the white meat of broilers feeding with addition of soybean oil, they found 43.58%, 20.03%, 30.58%, saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids respectively and in the white meat of chickens feeding with addition of beef tallow 48.02%, 24.61%, 30.58% saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids respectively. Popescu and Criste (2003) used addition of soybean oil in broiler’s feeding and found the content of fatty acids in the red meat of broiler’s at the end of the fattening period: 26.29% saturated fatty acids, 73.41% monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids. CONCLUSION The dietary treatments used in feeding broilers can significantly affect the amount of fatty acids in the red and white meat of broilers. The highest contents of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the red broiler meat were achieved with the addition of soybean oil in the mixture of food. The highest contents of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the white broiler meat was achieved with the addition of sunflower oil in the mixture of food and it was shown that the addition of soybean oil and sunflower oil affects the increasing of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the meat of broilers.Therefore the recommendation would be that in the nutrition of broilers vegetable supplements should be used, especially sunflower oil, because it considerable reduces the ratio n-6 fatty acids towards n-3 fatty acids in the meat and thus it has more favorable effect on the human body. REFERENCES 1. Aletor, V.A., Eder, K., Becker, K., Paulicks, B.R., Roth, F.X. and Roth-Maier, D.A. (2003). The effect of conjugated linoleic acids or an alpha glycosidase inhibitor on tissue lipid concentrations and fatty acid composition of broiler chicks fed a low-protein diet. Poult Sci. 82:796-804. 2. Božić, A. (1997). Uticaj porekla masnih kiselina hrane na masnokiselinski sastav i aterogeni potencijal mišićnog i masnog tkiva tovnih pilića. Doktorska disertacija. Poljoprivredni fakultet. Novi Sad. 3. Crespo, N. and Esteve-Garcia, E. (2001). Dietary fatty acid profile modifies abdominal fat deposition in broiler chickens. Poult.Sci. 80: 71 - 78. 4. Couet, C., Delarue, J., Ritz, P., Antoine, J.M., and Lamisse, F. (1997). Effect of dietary fish oil on body fat mass and basal oxidation in healthy adults. International Journal of Obesity. 21: 637–643. 5. EN ISO 550:2007: Preparation of fatty acid methyl esters. 6. Field, C.J., Edmond, A.R., Thompson, A.B.R., and Clandinin M.T. (1990). Diet fat composition alters membrane phospholipid composition, insulin binding, and glucose metabolism in adipocytes from control and diabetic animals. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 265: 1143–1150. 7. JUS ISO 5508:2002: Determination of fatty acid methyl esters 8. Kirchgessner, M., Ristic, M., Kreuzer, and M., Roth, M.F.X. (1993). Inclusion of fats with high quantities of free fatty acids in broiler diets. 2. Growth as well as quality of carcass, meat and fat as affected by the stepwise substitution of saturated by unsaturated fatty acids. Arch. Geflu gelk. 57: 265–274. 92 | P a g e �PROCEEDINGS th ______ The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 9. Klasing, K.C. (1998). Comparative Avian Nutrition. Wallingford, Oxon: CAB International. 10. Leskanich, C.O. and Noble, M.P. (1997). Manipulation of the n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid composition of avian eggs and meat. World’s Poult. Sci. J. 53:155-183. 11. Luo, J., Rizkalla, S.W., Boillot, J., Alamowitch, C., Chaib, H., Bruzzo, F., Desplanque, N., Dalix , A.M., Durand, G., and Slama, G. (1996). Dietary (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids improve adipocyte insulin action and glucose metabolism in insulin-resistant rats: relation to membrane fatty acids. Journal of Nutrition. 126: 1951–1958. 12. Mehmet Azman, A., Ibrahim Cerci, H., and Nurgül Birben, M. (2005). Effects of various dietary fat sources on performance and body fatty acid composition of broiler chickens. Turk. J. Vet. Anim. Sci. 20: 811-819. 13. Pan, D.A., Hulbert, A.J., and Storlien, L.H. (1994). Dietary fats, membrane phospholipids and obesity, Journal of Nutrition. 124: 1555–1565. 14. Popesku, A. and Criste, R. (2003). Using full fat soybean in broilers diets and its effect on the production and economic efficiency of fattening, Journal of Central Europian Agriculture. 4:No 2: 167-174. 15. Veladžić, M., Jahić, S., Makić, H. and Galijašević, E.(2010). Analysis of the effects of vegetable and animal fats on lipids and cholesterol contents in broilers' plasma, 5th Central European Congress on Food, 19th-22nd May 2010, Bratislava, Slovak Republik, Book of full papers.p:205. 93 | P a g e � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2489 Title A name given to the resource EFFECTS OF VEGETABLE AND ANIMAL FAT ENRICHMENT IN BROILER FEED ON CONTENT OF FATTY ACIDS IN WHITE AND RED MEAT Author Author JAHIĆ, Suzana MAKIĆ, Halid Veladžić, Mirsad Abstract A summary of the resource. In order to gain a more complete insight into the effects of vegetable and animal fat enrichment in broiler feed on content of fatty acids in meat, an experimental research has been conducted on 240 Cobb 500female broilers, divided into four separate treatments of 60 broilers each. The experiment was conducted in the period of 42 days. During that period, the first group of broilers was fed with 3% pork fat enriched feed – treatment 1, second group was fed with 3% soy oil enriched feed – treatment 2, third group with 3% bovine tallow – treatment 3, and fourth group with 3% sunflower oil – treatment 4. The content of fatty acids in red and white broiler meat was determined by the gas chromatography method. The content of saturated fatty acids in the red meat was not of statistical significance (p>0.05), the content of monounsaturated fatty acids was of statistical significance (p<0.05), while the content of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the red broiler meat was of high statistical significance (p<0.01) with reference to the applied feeding treatments. The content of saturated fatty acids in the white meat was not of statistical significance (p>0.05), while the content of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids in white broiler meat was of high statistical significance (p<0.01) with reference to the applied feeding treatments. The n-6/n-3 fatty acids ratio in red broiler meat was determined as follows: treatment 1 - 19.3:1; treatment 2 - 16.0:1; treatment 3 - 20.5:1; treatment 4 - 12.9:1. The n-6/n-3 fatty acids ratio in white broiler meat was: treatment 1 - 20.3:1, treatment 2 –16.1:1, treatment 3 –17.6:1 and treatment 4 –12.2:1. Keywords: broiler meat, sunflower oil, vegetable fat, animal fat, fatty acids content Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014-05-15 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 978-9958-834-36-3 Q Science (General),QH301 Biology,QH426 Genetics