295 10 3494 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/ebad0e8e00b54204b6ff2a844190a809.docx 4467e999aa249b3a275a79468c770577 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/f9278960ee69b275c5be16b57af9d80b.pdf 8baffdc63416c2db70f346c0f83273fa PDF Text Text Foreign Direct Investment in the Western Balkan Transition Economies:Future Perspectives AdisaArapović-Omerbegović Department of Economics Sarajevo School of Science and Technology Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina adisa.omerbegovic@ssst.edu.ba EldinDobardžić Department of Economics Sarajevo School of Science and Technology Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina eldin.dobardzic@ssst.edu.ba Abstract: The importance of FDI for the economic development of a transition economy is especially pronounced. However, it is necessary to say that the importance of FDI for the Western Balkan countries have the crucial importance especially for the continuation and completion of the initiated reforms. Continuation and completion of structural economic reforms is also one of the key conditions for the accession of the Western Balkan countries to the European Union. So, the central question is what are the key factors that determine the level of FDI flows into the Western Balkan countries in the near future. The notable FDI performance of Central Eastern European countries during their preparation for the EU accession in the last decade and the experience of earlier EU enlargements demonstrate that economic integration can increase FDI inflows. The Western Balkans follows a specific process of economic integration. On the one hand, intra-regional integration aims at normalizing the economic relations after the period of disintegration during the nineties and helps to create a common market. On the other hand, the regions aspire to accede into the EU, as it has been demonstrated by the EU membership application of Croatia. This paper aims to analyze how political stability or instability may affect FDI inflows by creating an index of performance on this variable for each Western Balkan country and relates it to a measure of FDI performance for a particular country. Also, the paper analyzes the impact of the EU accession process on the value of FDI inflows. The integration of the Western Balkan countries with the aim of liberalizing interregional trade represents (such as a CEFTA agreement) a chance for improving their mutual cooperation and it provides the basis for a more intensive trade with the European Union countries. Based on the analysis of the current political situation in the Western Balkans, as well as the current position in the negotiations with the EU, paper indicates the factors which determine the likely direction of potential FDI flows into the Western Balkan countries with the specific recommendations for the economic policy makers. Keywords: Western Balkan transition economies, foreign direct investment, political volatility, EU integration 16 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2442 Title A name given to the resource Foreign Direct Investment in the Western Balkan Transition Economies:Future Perspectives Author Author ARAPOVIĆ-OMERBEGOVIĆ, Adisa DOBARDŽIĆ, Eldin Abstract A summary of the resource. The importance of FDI for the economic development of a transition economy is especially pronounced. However, it is necessary to say that the importance of FDI for the Western Balkan countries have the crucial importance especially for the continuation and completion of the initiated reforms. Continuation and completion of structural economic reforms is also one of the key conditions for the accession of the Western Balkan countries to the European Union. So, the central question is what are the key factors that determine the level of FDI flows into the Western Balkan countries in the near future. The notable FDI performance of Central Eastern European countries during their preparation for the EU accession in the last decade and the experience of earlier EU enlargements demonstrate that economic integration can increase FDI inflows. The Western Balkans follows a specific process of economic integration. On the one hand, intra-regional integration aims at normalizing the economic relations after the period of disintegration during the nineties and helps to create a common market. On the other hand, the regions aspire to accede into the EU, as it has been demonstrated by the EU membership application of Croatia. This paper aims to analyze how political stability or instability may affect FDI inflows by creating an index of performance on this variable for each Western Balkan country and relates it to a measure of FDI performance for a particular country. Also, the paper analyzes the impact of the EU accession process on the value of FDI inflows. The integration of the Western Balkan countries with the aim of liberalizing interregional trade represents (such as a CEFTA agreement) a chance for improving their mutual cooperation and it provides the basis for a more intensive trade with the European Union countries. Based on the analysis of the current political situation in the Western Balkans, as well as the current position in the negotiations with the EU, paper indicates the factors which determine the likely direction of potential FDI flows into the Western Balkan countries with the specific recommendations for the economic policy makers. Keywords: Western Balkan transition economies, foreign direct investment, political volatility, EU integration Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014-04-24 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-4564 H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/8f5ef0c34313437c62081baf147dd41b.docx da6a16aaccb660086acc0343a421ad62 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/8bac4d2c3f21fd7b3b20b395de5e44b6.pdf 55df8f1ec99bff69d5251847e1860a4f PDF Text Text The Compatibility of Dayton System for Bosnia and Herzegovina’s EU Accession Yigit Anil Guzelipek CankiriKaratekin University Turkey guzelipek@gmail.com Abstract: This study seeks to produce a critical approach regarding the compatibility of Dayton system for Bosnia and Herzegovina’s EU accession in the framework of a new perspective for the future of Bosnia. Nowadays, EU accession became the most important foreign policy goal of Bosnia and Herzegovina in order to create a more operative state system and complete the country’s reformation process. Nevertheless, still the country’s complete system is based on the “Dayton regime” which was established in 1995. Needless to say that the main goal of the Dayton system was creating a self-sufficient Bosnia and Herzegovina for the following years. On the other hand, today it’s seen that the international community still has a very constitutive role over Bosnia and Herzegovina. A productive national economy, operative democracy and dialogue stage between the ethnic groups might be considered as the most important uncompleted issues of the post-war period. In particular, when we consider the fact that some of the constitutive countries of former Yugoslavia had completed their EU accession or they became an official candidate for EU; the importance of EU for Bosnia and Herzegovina can be much more understandable. The main argument of this paper is producing the incompliance of Dayton system for Bosnia and Herzegovina based on the fact that Dayton system in Bosnia and Herzegovina created a state which is dependent to the existence of international community over the region. Additively, a bipartite comparative approach will be used both between the pre and post Dayton terms and between Bosnia and Herzegovina and other EU member former Yugoslav countries. Keywords: Bosnia and Herzegovina, Dayton Regime, International Community, EU Accession, Consolidation of Democracy 10 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2434 Title A name given to the resource The Compatibility of Dayton System for Bosnia and Herzegovina’s EU Accession Author Author ANIL GUZELIPEK, Yigit Abstract A summary of the resource. This study seeks to produce a critical approach regarding the compatibility of Dayton system for Bosnia and Herzegovina’s EU accession in the framework of a new perspective for the future of Bosnia. Nowadays, EU accession became the most important foreign policy goal of Bosnia and Herzegovina in order to create a more operative state system and complete the country’s reformation process. Nevertheless, still the country’s complete system is based on the “Dayton regime” which was established in 1995. Needless to say that the main goal of the Dayton system was creating a self-sufficient Bosnia and Herzegovina for the following years. On the other hand, today it’s seen that the international community still has a very constitutive role over Bosnia and Herzegovina. A productive national economy, operative democracy and dialogue stage between the ethnic groups might be considered as the most important uncompleted issues of the post-war period. In particular, when we consider the fact that some of the constitutive countries of former Yugoslavia had completed their EU accession or they became an official candidate for EU; the importance of EU for Bosnia and Herzegovina can be much more understandable. The main argument of this paper is producing the incompliance of Dayton system for Bosnia and Herzegovina based on the fact that Dayton system in Bosnia and Herzegovina created a state which is dependent to the existence of international community over the region. Additively, a bipartite comparative approach will be used both between the pre and post Dayton terms and between Bosnia and Herzegovina and other EU member former Yugoslav countries. Keywords: Bosnia and Herzegovina, Dayton Regime, International Community, EU Accession, Consolidation of Democracy Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014-04-24 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-4564 H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/48299c83ce8bdc378d04a48c4607968a.docx 3c5e979d505ac3b93bc9a5c04ebad39a https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/ec52b1c0634399e1acaffeec587366a5.pdf 8e83f90eecb78d623e42365e058b405d PDF Text Text Child Trafficking for Organ Transplantation and Law Enforcement Failure in Albania MirelaAlhasani (Dubali) Epoka University Albania malhasani@epoka.edu.al Alba Gerdeci Epoka University Albania agerdeci@epoka.edu.al Abstract: Trafficking in minors for sexual and labor exploitation, and, mostly for organs transplantation has grown globally over the last few years. The profits of child trafficking generate billions of dollars. Various researches have acknowledged child trafficking has a human rights issue: the trafficked minors are deprived of their rights to life, equality in education, dignity and security. Some governments have been coping with child trafficking as an organized crime issue where children are kidnapped, ‘sold like market products’, coerced and exploited to street begging, and definitely, the worst scenario of being ‘slaughtered’ for organ transplantation criminal networks. Unfortunately, Albania as a fragile non-consolidated democracy has become predominately a country of origin of child trafficking for lucrative criminal targets. Our study will argue that this growing phenomenon in Albania is directly related and accelerated by the ‘pure failure’ of the justice system. It will demonstrate by comparison and contrast of the textual analysis of the academic and empirical data that politics with its powerful network have captivated the police system and paralyzed the judicial institutions. Drawing on the root causes that make children prey of the non-functioning of the judicial system, and then assessing the investigative units’ incompetence to trace the victims and their perpetrators, this research will offer a multidimensional picture of the Albanian child trafficking case noting its peculiarities in connection with the political transition profile of the country itself. Finally, we finalize with recommendations on improving the policing capacities to identify and catch criminals, with judicial reform to clean up the corrupt judges and install the professional judicial system built upon international standards. This will turn a contribution to policymakers in Albania, to specialized units dealing with child trafficking, to nongovernmental sectors, to the institutional reforming attempts and challenges of the country to end up political transition and consolidate the rule of law to its population and in particular to the most vulnerable group, - the children. Keywords: child trafficking, organ transplantation, failure of law 23 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2453 Title A name given to the resource Child Trafficking for Organ Transplantation and Law Enforcement Failure in Albania Author Author ALHASANI, Mirela GERDECI, Alba Abstract A summary of the resource. Trafficking in minors for sexual and labor exploitation, and, mostly for organs transplantation has grown globally over the last few years. The profits of child trafficking generate billions of dollars. Various researches have acknowledged child trafficking has a human rights issue: the trafficked minors are deprived of their rights to life, equality in education, dignity and security. Some governments have been coping with child trafficking as an organized crime issue where children are kidnapped, ‘sold like market products’, coerced and exploited to street begging, and definitely, the worst scenario of being ‘slaughtered’ for organ transplantation criminal networks. Unfortunately, Albania as a fragile non-consolidated democracy has become predominately a country of origin of child trafficking for lucrative criminal targets. Our study will argue that this growing phenomenon in Albania is directly related and accelerated by the ‘pure failure’ of the justice system. It will demonstrate by comparison and contrast of the textual analysis of the academic and empirical data that politics with its powerful network have captivated the police system and paralyzed the judicial institutions. Drawing on the root causes that make children prey of the non-functioning of the judicial system, and then assessing the investigative units’ incompetence to trace the victims and their perpetrators, this research will offer a multidimensional picture of the Albanian child trafficking case noting its peculiarities in connection with the political transition profile of the country itself. Finally, we finalize with recommendations on improving the policing capacities to identify and catch criminals, with judicial reform to clean up the corrupt judges and install the professional judicial system built upon international standards. This will turn a contribution to policymakers in Albania, to specialized units dealing with child trafficking, to non-governmental sectors, to the institutional reforming attempts and challenges of the country to end up political transition and consolidate the rule of law to its population and in particular to the most vulnerable group, - the children. Keywords: child trafficking, organ transplantation, failure of law Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014-04-24 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-4564 H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/23029864ccc0f284f9e17265eb19471d.docx 0a376fed69834f63d673196530d94b54 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/cc78649feff2eb0e69d23eec9dab976c.pdf e1785badcdf80783f8c8fc70b28cf235 PDF Text Text The Development of Environmental Taxes and Environmental Public Expenditures in Turkey Comparing Member Countries of the European Union İbrahim Akdoğan Sakarya University Turkey iakdogan@sakarya.edu.tr TülinAkdoğan SakaryaUniversity Turkey LiridonKryeziu SakaryaUniversity Turkey Ensar Selman Karagüzel SakaryaUniversity Turkey ekaraguzel@sakarya.edu.tr Abstract: This study investigates the causes of the environmental pollution, such as gas emission which causes the global warming. Then we examined the legal aspect of reducing environmental pollution, especially the most comprehensive international agreement the Kyoto Protocol. As a study case we examined the environmental expenditures, trends of the environmental policies, the development of environmental policy instruments (trend), and the structure of the environmental taxes for the years studied from year 2000 until 2011, then we compared Turkey and European Union. The purpose of the study was to investigate how the public environmental expenditures and environmental taxes changed in Turkey and EU since 2000 until 2011. Another purpose of the study was the relationship between the public environmental expenditures and environmental taxes. In this study authors used secondary data in the large extent. The data collection for environmental tax revenues and the environmental expenditures was derived from European statistics agency. According to our findings the environmental expenditures did not exceed the 1 % of GDP. Despite the international agreements, the majority of countries have not increased the environmental expenditures, and also the general trend of environmental tax ratios have not increased significantly. The average of the environmental tax ratios are approximately 2.5% of GDP. Even though those countries have applied environmental taxes, they did not spend for the environmental protection. This means that those tax revenues are being used for public funding purposes. Keywords: Environmental Pollution, Climate Change, Environmental Tax Revenues, Environmental Public Expenditure, International Environmental Agreements. 45 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2477 Title A name given to the resource The Development of Environmental Taxes and Environmental Public Expenditures in Turkey Comparing Member Countries of the European Union Author Author AKDOĞAN, Ibrahim AKDOĞAN, Tülin KRYEZIU, Liridon SELMAN KARAGÜZEL, Ensar Abstract A summary of the resource. This study investigates the causes of the environmental pollution, such as gas emission which causes the global warming. Then we examined the legal aspect of reducing environmental pollution, especially the most comprehensive international agreement the Kyoto Protocol. As a study case we examined the environmental expenditures, trends of the environmental policies, the development of environmental policy instruments (trend), and the structure of the environmental taxes for the years studied from year 2000 until 2011, then we compared Turkey and European Union. The purpose of the study was to investigate how the public environmental expenditures and environmental taxes changed in Turkey and EU since 2000 until 2011. Another purpose of the study was the relationship between the public environmental expenditures and environmental taxes. In this study authors used secondary data in the large extent. The data collection for environmental tax revenues and the environmental expenditures was derived from European statistics agency. According to our findings the environmental expenditures did not exceed the 1 % of GDP. Despite the international agreements, the majority of countries have not increased the environmental expenditures, and also the general trend of environmental tax ratios have not increased significantly. The average of the environmental tax ratios are approximately 2.5% of GDP. Even though those countries have applied environmental taxes, they did not spend for the environmental protection. This means that those tax revenues are being used for public funding purposes. Keywords: Environmental Pollution, Climate Change, Environmental Tax Revenues, Environmental Public Expenditure, International Environmental Agreements. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014-04-24 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-4564 H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/4c489ebacd90c30e8011e4cf0b940004.docx 0ce3267c6578df251390b7e8f324b683 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/10a7067339be6caaec27497acab9506e.pdf 58a687905d8e2187c393923e3c43fcf1 PDF Text Text Influence of Environment on Business Performance SeadAhmić Business Association PRO-IN Bosnia and Herzegovina sead.ahmic@pro-in.ba Abstract: Entrepreneurial spirit of the people in Bosnia and Herzegovina has been on the rise over the last nineteen years, since we witnessed significant emergence of many new business start-ups. During Yugoslavian period most businesses were state-owned enterprises. Different branches were deployed at different business areas. In Bosnia and Herzegovina, there were certain parts of the country where certain industry sectors were highly developed such as textile industry, food industry, metal, wood and other industries. Purpose of this study is to explore influence of business environment on business performance. Both qualitative and quantitative research will be conducted. For the qualitative part of study data will be collected through in depth interviews with several entrepreneurs in Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. And for the quantitative part, data will be collected through questionnaires that will be delivered to entrepreneurs in four municipalities in Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The results of the study indicated that people in the regions where state business were not present are more likely to open and run their own private business than the people in the regions were state businesses operate. Keywords: Entrepreneurs, Business Performance, Business Environment, Industry. 98 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2552 Title A name given to the resource Influence of Environment on Business Performance Author Author AHMIĆ, Sead Abstract A summary of the resource. Entrepreneurial spirit of the people in Bosnia and Herzegovina has been on the rise over the last nineteen years, since we witnessed significant emergence of many new business start-ups. During Yugoslavian period most businesses were state-owned enterprises. Different branches were deployed at different business areas. In Bosnia and Herzegovina, there were certain parts of the country where certain industry sectors were highly developed such as textile industry, food industry, metal, wood and other industries. Purpose of this study is to explore influence of business environment on business performance. Both qualitative and quantitative research will be conducted. For the qualitative part of study data will be collected through in depth interviews with several entrepreneurs in Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. And for the quantitative part, data will be collected through questionnaires that will be delivered to entrepreneurs in four municipalities in Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The results of the study indicated that people in the regions where state business were not present are more likely to open and run their own private business than the people in the regions were state businesses operate. Keywords: Entrepreneurs, Business Performance, Business Environment, Industry. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014-04-24 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-4564 H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/cc17ded3e35c7eb6b59854acfcd88c10.pdf e0e811f9d5c8301839c7b54f647f6f48 PDF Text Text PROCEEDINGS th ______ The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 DIGITAL FORENSIC INVESTIGATION, COLLECTION AND PRESERVATION OF DIGITAL EVIDENCE Vahidin Đaltur , Kemal Hajdarević, Internacional Burch University, Faculty of Information Technlogy 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina Vahidin.dzaltur@gmail.com ABSTRACT With computers, and other electronic devices being involved in an increasing number, and type, of crimes the electronic trace left on electronic media can be a vital part of the legal process. To ensure acceptance by courts, accepted processes and procedures need to be acquired and demonstrated which are not dissimilar to the issues surrounding traditional forensic investigations. Forensic technology makes it possible to: identify privacy issues; establish a chain of custody for provenance; employ write protection for capture and transfer; and detect forgery or manipulation. It can extract and mine relevant metadata and content; enable efficient indexing and searching by curators; and facilitate audit control and granular access privileges. In recent years, digital forensics has emerged as an essential source of tools and approaches for facilitating digital preservation and curation, specifically for protecting and investigating evidence from the past. Institutional repositories and professionals with responsibilities for personal archives can benefit from forensics in addressing digital authenticity, accountability and accessibility. Digital personal information must be handled with due sensitivity and security respecting available standards while demonstrably protecting its evidential value. A digital forensic investigation is a special case of a digital investigation where the procedures and techniques that are used will allow the results to be entered into a court of law. Computer forensics is a new and fast growing field that involves carefully collecting and examining electronic evidence that not only assesses the damage to a computer as a result of an electronic attack, but also to recover lost information from such systems to prosecute criminals. With the growing importance of computer security today and the seriousness of cyber-crime, it is important for computer professionals to understand the technology used in computer forensics. Keywords: Computer forensics, image acquisition, digital preservation, data recovery 265 | P a g e �th ISSD 2014 The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ PROCEEDINGS 1. What Is Computer Forensics? Computer forensics is the practice of collecting, analyzing and reporting on digital information in a way that is legally admissible. It can be used in the detection and prevention of crime and in any dispute where evidence is stored digitally. Computer forensics follows a similar process to other forensic disciplines, and faces similar issues. Purpose is to give answer to questions of a legal system related to computers. Any sort of legal issue, trial, some sort of civil court cases or any other legal processing that has computer involved. “Computer forensics usually refers to the forensic examination of computer components and their contents such as hard drives, compact disks, and printers.” (Eoghan Casey, 2011). 2. Preparing for an investigation Before we start with forensic investigation, we want to be sure that we understand the scope of investigation. In order to understand what pieces of evidence we are looking for, what elements are in play, what will move case forward in order to understand the truth what happened? In understanding the scope of investigation we will get what evidence do we need to acquire and what evidence do we have authority to acquire. There are cases where we may find information that we don’t actually have authority to acquire and obtain. After we determined scope of investigation, we must understand the type of investigation we are going to conduct.  Live acquisition o Do we need what’s in memory? o Do we need network state?  Static acquisition o Files o Programs The type of investigation is important so it has to be determined do we need that system up and running in order to do live acquisition, or we just need hard drive or other storage device in order to do static acquisition. Next step is to provide evidence storage in places, to store disk drives, USB stick, and any type of memory card or a PC. We must have a place where we can store them securely, with limited access or no access to other person at all. Also, we need place to store digital artifacts where we can store image files of evidence that can’t be tampered with. Along with those lines we need to be sure how documentation will be look like. We must have a chain of evidence and evidence verification data (hash values). Ultimately we need to be able to control and document everything that was happening with evidence from the point that we required to the point that we handled off or presented testimony for the evidence. 266 | P a g e �PROCEEDINGS th ______ The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 3. Forensic Workstation If we are doing a lot of a forensic investigation or forensic examination, we definitely want to have dedicated forensic work station. First we have to build a hardware configuration, chose different types of interfaces, USB, FireWire, SCSI and so on. Other decision we have to make is what operating system we are going to run on that working station. One of the choices is to run a “LIVE CD”, because in this way we actually storing anything in primary hard drive, nothing is writable at that regard and we are not making any changes. “Primary these live CD-s are mostly Linux based and there are several available for forensic workstation usage” (Christopher L.T. Brown, 2009). One of the advantage for using Linux or UNIX like operating systems are number of tools that are built in. Also we have a lot of forensic programs that run only on a Windows. Some of the best free digital forensic investigation tools are:  ProDiscover Basic is, indeed, a professional tool for consultants, system administrators and investigators, giving them the information required to build strong legal cases.  The Sleuth Kit (+Autopsy), are open source digital investigation tools (a.k.a. digital forensic tools) that run on Windows, Linux, OS X, and other Unix systems. They can be used to analyze disk images and perform in-depth analysis of file systems (such as NTFS, FAT, HFS+, Ext3, and UFS) and several volume system types.  FTK Imager, is a simple but concise tool. It saves an image of a hard disk in one file or in segments that may be later on reconstructed. It calculates MD5 hash values and confirms the integrity of the data before closing the files. The result is an image file(s) that can be saved in several formats including, DD raw.  DEFT (Linux LIVE CD), (acronym for Digital Evidence & Forensics Toolkit) is a distribution made for Computer Forensics, with the purpose of running live on systems without tampering or corrupting devices (hard disks, pen drives, etc…) connected to the PC where the boot process takes place.  CAIN, Is a password recovery tool for Microsoft Operating Systems. It allows easy recovery of various kinds of passwords by sniffing network, cracking encrypted passwords using dictionary, brute-force and cryptanalysis attack, recording VoIP conversation, decoding scrambled password, recovering wireless network keys. 4. Image Acquisition Image format is the way that data from a hard drive or hard drive partitions is stored in the way they can be analyzed later on. There is a several way to acquire a disk image. Also, they are a couple a different ways to store that disk image once we are acquired a data so that they can be used without that actually having to use a hard drive. One of really important ways of storing that is advanced forensic format (AFF). It is able not only to store data from a hard drive, but also it can store some forensic Meta data along with them. AFF format is supported from most of the primary forensic tools like Sleuth Kit and FTK. Another image format used in Linux based OS is a RAW image. It’s a bit for bit copy whether it is a hard drive or a particular partition, exactly the way it was on that physical media, but it’s stored in the file. 267 | P a g e �ISSD 2014 th The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ PROCEEDINGS “When collecting the bit-stream image to file, the investigator will essentially access the data through this method; stream the data sector by sector from the evidence media into a file or group of files residing elsewhere.” (Christopher L.T. Brown, 2009). 4.1 Image Acquisition Under Linux Under Linux, we have advantage of built in tools that will allows as to do image capture. Name of the tool which is most often in use is dd, and it’s comes with majority of Linux distributions available today. It can be used for various digital forensic tasks such as:  Creating a raw image file (a bit for bit) from drive or partition the basic syntax is: dd if=/dev/sdb1 of=/home/vahidin/newimage.dd bs=512 conv=noerror, sync where if = input file ( in our case drive) of = output files bs = block size conv = conversion options  Forensically wiping a drive or partition ( zero out a drive) the basic syntax is: dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/sdb1 bs=1024tem where if = input file of = output files bs = block size We can find a modified version of dd such as dcfldd or dc3dd, with additional features that were added specifically for digital forensic acquisition tasks. The dd is a very powerful tool that can have devastating effects if not used with care. It is recommended that you experiment in a safe environment before using this tool in the real world. 4.2 Image Acquisition Under Windows One of the most popular Windows imaging tools is “FTK Imager (Forensic Tool Kits)”. FTK Imager is a data preview and imaging tool that allows as to examine files and folders on local hard drives, USB sticks, network drives, CDs/DVDs, or any other media card and review the content of forensic images or memory dumps. Using FTK Imager we can also create SHA1 or MD5 hashes of files, export files and folders from forensic images to disk, review and recover files that were deleted from the Recycle Bin (providing that their data blocks haven’t been overwritten), and mount a forensic image to view its contents in Windows Explorer. 268 | P a g e �PROCEEDINGS th ______ The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 4.3 Volatile Information As we are doing an investigation, sometimes we have use different systems which have to be up and running and is actively in use. Volatile system information’s is capturing particular information from this system before its shutdown, because when its shutdown the system’s all information will vanish or disappear. One type of volatile information is logon session where we can find information about user and services used at any given point of time. One of the commonly used software is named ProDiscover. “Using ProDiscover’s expanded live memory imaging and processed volatile data extraction, investigators can learn more about the target system’s interaction within the running environment and find passwords and memory-only resident malware” (Harlan Carvey, 2012). Another interesting thing is processes that are running at any given time on a system. This information is usually retained in memory while the system is operating and tends to disappear when the system is shut down. Volatile information generally consists of: System time, Logged on user(s), Process information, Network connections, Network status, Clipboard contents, Command history, Service/driver information. 5. Data Recovery Data recovery is the process of restoring data that has been lost, corrupted or made inaccessible for any reason or accidentally deleted. “In general, when a file is deleted, the data it contained actually remain on a disk for a time and can be recovered” (Fred Cohen, 2009). There are several reasons for data recovery; it’s possible that has been a deliberate attempt’s to destroy a hard drive or partitions, or at least a data on them. We can find very handful tools available for different platforms in order to recover the data. Depending on the file system, we know that each operating system treats differently deleted files. For example:  Windows FAT, marks file directory as unused and destroy allocation information.  Windows NTFS, marks file entry as unused, then it deletes record from directory and mark a disk space as unused.  Linux file system destroys a file descriptor and sets a disk as free. (File location info, file size, type of the file etc.) This mean that data will remain there until the operating system reuses the space for new data. 5.1 Tools for Data Recovery Whether we want to recover a deleted files and folders or to recover data from damaged media our chances to save those data at safe location are depending at circumstances in which way they are missing. In order to achieve this, we will use one of available data recovery software, but we must pay attention from which file system, are we trying to recover the data. 269 | P a g e �ISSD 2014 th The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ PROCEEDINGS Let as introduce some of them:  VirtualLab Data Recovery, besides supporting the NTFS, FAT and FAT-32, file systems, it supports Mac HFS / HFS+ and even NFS. In addition, it supports data recovery on devices such as memory card or USB drives. It has ability to make sector-by-sector copy of a failing drive.  EaseUS Data Recovery Wizard, have a three recovery modules o Complete Recovery, used to recover data from formatted hard drive, corrupted or displayed as a RAW o Deleted File Recovery, used when your data are deleted and emptied from Recycle Bin. o Partition Recovery, used to recover data from hard drive when the partition is deleted, invisible or lost.  Stellar Pheonix, recover data from Windows PC hard drive, memory card and USB sticks. Hi can restore archive, databases, documents and different type of multimedia files. Beside these, we can find a several other programs with better or almost the same functions, depends on whether they are licensed or free of charge. 6. Conclusion As is the case with all evidence, it's very important to maintain a chain of custody for computer evidence. Each person who handled evidence may be required to testify that the evidence presented in court is the same as when it was processed during the investigation. Although it may not be necessary to produce at trial every individual who handled the evidence, it is best to keep the number to a minimum and maintain documentation to demonstrate that digital evidence has not been altered since it was collected. Forensic investigators must do everything possible to preserve the integrity of the digital evidence. Any mistakes in the process call the evidence into question and rendering it worthless. The way we handle integrity issues are numerous and include the way we seize, label, transport copy, analyze and finally present the results at court trials. 270 | P a g e �PROCEEDINGS th ______ The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 REFERENCES [1] Christopher L.T. Brown, (2009). Computer Evidence, Second Edition: Collection & Preservation. [2] Eoghan Casey, (2011). Digital Evidence and Computer Crime, Third Edition: Forensic Science, Computer and Internet. [3] Harlan Carvey, (2012). Windows Forensic Analysis Toolkit, Third Edition: Advanced Analysis Techniques for Windows 7. [4] Fred Cohen, ( 2009). Digital Forensic Evidence Examination. [5] John Sammons, (2012). The Basic of Digital Forensics, The primer For Getting Started in Digital Forensics. [6] Michael G. Solomon, K Rudolph, Ed Tittel and Neil Broom, (2011). Computer Forensics JumpStart , Second Edition. [7] LIVE CD - BackTrack Linux - Penetration Testing Distribution. (2012). Retrieved Jan 27, 2014, from http://www.backtrack-linux.org/ [8] Sleuth Kit – Open Source Digital Investigation Tools. (2014). Retrived Feb 15, 2014 from http://www.sleuthkit.org/ [9] FTK – Forensic Toolkit 5. (2014). Retrived Feb 23, 2014 from http://www.accessdata.com/products/digitalforensics/ftk 271 | P a g e � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2534 Title A name given to the resource DIGITAL FORENSIC INVESTIGATION, COLLECTION AND PRESERVATION OF DIGITAL EVIDENCE Author Author ĐALTUR, Vahidin HAJDAREVIC, Kemal Abstract A summary of the resource. With computers, and other electronic devices being involved in an increasing number, and type, of crimes the electronic trace left on electronic media can be a vital part of the legal process. To ensure acceptance by courts, accepted processes and procedures need to be acquired and demonstrated which are not dissimilar to the issues surrounding traditional forensic investigations. Forensic technology makes it possible to: identify privacy issues; establish a chain of custody for provenance; employ write protection for capture and transfer; and detect forgery or manipulation. It can extract and mine relevant metadata and content; enable efficient indexing and searching by curators; and facilitate audit control and granular access privileges. In recent years, digital forensics has emerged as an essential source of tools and approaches for facilitating digital preservation and curation, specifically for protecting and investigating evidence from the past. Institutional repositories and professionals with responsibilities for personal archives can benefit from forensics in addressing digital authenticity, accountability and accessibility. Digital personal information must be handled with due sensitivity and security respecting available standards while demonstrably protecting its evidential value. A digital forensic investigation is a special case of a digital investigation where the procedures and techniques that are used will allow the results to be entered into a court of law. Computer forensics is a new and fast growing field that involves carefully collecting and examining electronic evidence that not only assesses the damage to a computer as a result of an electronic attack, but also to recover lost information from such systems to prosecute criminals. With the growing importance of computer security today and the seriousness of cyber-crime, it is important for computer professionals to understand the technology used in computer forensics. Keywords: Computer forensics, image acquisition, digital preservation, data recovery Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014-05-15 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 978-9958-834-36-3 Q Science (General),QH301 Biology,QH426 Genetics https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/46cf36473f341152b9c8b879629bbbea.pdf 261564c39f9a8c08497e404894e72193 PDF Text Text PROCEEDINGS th ______ The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 COMPARASION OF WIND MEASUREMENTS BY LIDAR AND MEASUREMENT MAST FOR BORA WIND IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA Elvir Zlomušica, Suad Zalihić, Jasmin Bejdić University „Džemal Bijedić“ of Mostar elvir.zlomusica@unmo.ba, suad.zalihic@unmo.ba, jabc@cowi.dk ABSTRACT Research of wind energy potential with the aim of installing wind turbines was performed on location Hrgud in the southeastern part of Bosnia and Herzegovina. These are complex terrains characterized by specific wind Bora. Measurements were performed by standard procedures using the classical standard instruments, anemometers and wind vanes, mounted at different heights on the measurement mast height of 77.5 m (agl) combined with remote sensing technique such as the LIDAR (LIght Detection And Ranging) during period 23.8. 2013. – 19.12. 2013. The aim of this study was to perform an analysis and comparison of collected measurement data from the measurement mast and the LIDAR (Windcube v2 FCR), as well as the behavior of the equipment itself in the complex terrain and wind Bora conditions in Bosnia. During the comparison the 10-min averaging time for the wind speed and direction is used. It can be concluded from this analysis that the behavior of the LIDAR under harsh local weather conditions was relatively well, except the problems with the power supply. The LIDAR uncorrected wind speed was in general lower than the wind speed measured by the cup anemometer at the same height. The comparison of the data of measurement methods provides reliable information on the wind speed within the considered altitude range. Keywords: wind energy, LIDAR, wind Bora, Bosnia 229 | P a g e �ISSD 2014 th The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ PROCEEDINGS 1. INTRODUCTION The first measurements with adequate equipment and technology aimed at determining of the wind energy potential in Bosnia started in 2002 at the location of Podveležje (Mostar). Thanks to analysis of data from different measurements campaigns the area of south Bosnia and Herzegovina has been recognized as an interesting region for wind power production. At the moment, it is impossible to discuss precisely about the real potential for the wind farm construction. Research is still incomplete and limited by the complexity of terrain and by the wind Bora. The Bora is a strong cold katabatic wind which mostly blows from north to north – east, starts suddenly and decelerate slow. There are anti - cyclonal (dry) and cyclonal (with clouds) Bora. Furthermore, there are several conditions needed for Bora (mountain massifs, different values of temperature and pressure in the heights and lowlands, etc.). Also, there has not been enough studies or research conducted on Bora in Bosnia and Herzegovina. According to the rough estimation, the economically feasible potential should be around 1 000 – 1 200 MW (Zlomušica & Behmen, 2003; Ćatović, Behmen, & Zlomušica, 2004; Zlomušica, 2010). In any case, it would be a success to install 50 MW before the year of 2015 (Zlomušica, 2013). Detailed knowledge of the wind resource is necessary in the developmental and operational stages of a wind farm site (International Standard, IEC 61400-12-1 Ed. 1., 2005). As wind turbines continue to grow in size, measurement masts for mounting cup anemometers (the standard procedure for wind resource assessment) have become much taller, and much more expensive. The LIDAR is ground-based and can work over one hundred of meters, sufficient for the tall wind turbines. The use of LIDAR in complex terrain is very attractive for wind site assessments since a grinding installation of a high mast can be avoided. The measurement campaigns in some projects showed very promising results (Albers, Janssen, & Mander, 2008; Bingöl, Mann, & Foussekis, 2008; Bourgeois, Cattin, Locker, & Winkelmeier, 2008; Bourgeois, Cattin, Winkelmeier, & Locker, 2009; Krishnamurthy, Boquet, & Machta, 2014). Some strengths of the LIDAR are: relatively easy to deploy, still some fingering with cables and tubes, installed by one or two persons in half a day, withstanding harsh climatic conditions, low power consumption and no noise, while some weaknesses of the LIDAR are: uncertainty of accuracy of wind speed data in complex terrain, very expensive high-tech instrument, affected by rain and low clouds. However, to the present day it is not recommended to use a LIDAR as a stand alone instrument for accurate wind measurements. More validation studies and comparisons are needed and data retrieval algorithms (vertical wind speed, turbulence) have to be improved. Furthermore, the assumption of a homogeneous flow field used by the LIDAR technology has to be considered in the data analyses, especially in complex terrain. In the next period the standard (IEC 61400-12-1 Ed. 1., 2005) is expected to be changed, and a new standard will include remote sensing techniques like the LIDAR. The aim of the work is to compare the wind measurements from commercial LIDAR instrument against an instrumented mast, in complex terrain, where many wind farms are now being installed worldwide, as well as equipment behavior under harsh meteorological conditions at the locality of Hrgud (southeast of Bosnia and Herzegovina). This equipment has been used first time in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Measurements performed during the summer-fall period of 2013 in the duration of four months. 230 | P a g e �PROCEEDINGS th ______ The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 2. METHOD AND MATERIALS A four-months measurement campaign with an LIDAR and 78.5 m mast, which provided also has long term data, for evaluating the remote sensing instruments, was performed. The LIDAR was connected directly to the electrical grid via the local power line. However this power line has been hit by lightings several times during the measurement campaign, which has destroyed the 220V to 24V LIDAR convertor. 2.1 Site description The measurement site called Hrgud in Bosnia and Hercegovina is situated approximately 35 km southeast of the city of Mostar or 5 km east from the town of Stolac, 10 - 11 km west from the town of Berkovići, 50 km east from the Adriatic sea coast, Figure 1. The area can be categorized as complex, with altitudes varying between 960 to 1110 m asl (above sea level) and is approximately 5 km2. A southeast – northwest fault delimiting the plateau is characterised with a very steep slope, which have a significant influence at the wind flow at the site. The terrain is characterized by karsts with small meadows, bushes and low forest vegetation. Figure 1. Location of the Hrgud site in Bosnia and Herzegovina Figure 2 shows the wind rose (frequency) for the Hrgud site of filtered data at 77.5 m agl for the met mast at Hrgud site. The met mast was installed according to the standard IEC 6140012-1 (IEC 61400-12-1 Ed. 1., 2005) and MEASNET (Measuring Network of Wind Energy Institutes) (Measnet, 2009). It can be seen that the prevailing wind directions are NNE and SSE and consequently the most of the wind energy comes from these directions. 231 | P a g e �ISSD 2014 th The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ PROCEEDINGS Figure 2. Frequency and energy roses at 77.5 m for the 12 months of wind data at the met mast Hrgud Site conditions parameters for the met mast height 77.5 m are: max 10-min. measured wind speed is 31.4 m/s, max 3-sec. measured wind speed is 38.7 m/s, annual mean temperature is 10.2 °C, annual min. temperature is –10 °C and annual mean air density is 1.083 kg/m3 (Impro-Impex & COWI, 2013). 2.2 Measurement configuration The instruments were installed at a height 1098 m asl. The instruments site coordinates are X: 258 392, Y: 4 776 046 of UTM WGS84 projection, according to the resolution of the GPS device. The instruments were located on 100 m high hill about 1.5 km North of a 1000 m deep and 2 km wide canyon. The hill is about 1 km long and 100 m wide, oriented E-W. The LIDAR was positioned approximately 1.5 m from measuring mast, Figure 3. The sensor height in the LIDAR is 1 meter above mast ground level. Therefore 1 meter shall be added to the entered heights to get the actual measuring height. The LIDAR measurement started on 23 August 2013. The system consists of a Windcube v2 LIDAR, set up to measure the windspeed at 10 different heights. The LIDAR is powered by 220 V supplied from the commercial grid. Data from the LIDAR shall be used as supplement to data from Hrgud mast (as long term data), in order to give a better assessment of the wind conditions on the site. 232 | P a g e �PROCEEDINGS th ______ The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 Figure 3. The measurement site Hrgud, LIDAR (left) mast (right) Windcube v2 LIDAR equipped with FCR (Flow Complexity Recognition) for direct wind measurements in complex terrain was used in this campaign. The height range of this instrument is from 40-200 m, data sampling rate is 1 sec. In Table 1 the measurement configuration and measurement periods of the met mast and the LIDAR are shown. Table 1. Measurement configuration Measurement height of wind speed (m) Measurement height of wind direction (m) Measurement period Mast, cup anemometers, Thies Classic, wind vanes Thies Compact 30; 55; 55; 75; 77.5 53 and 75 30 July 2012 – up to date LIDAR Windcube v2 44; 54; 64; 74; 77; 79; 89; 119; 129; 159 44; 54; 64; 74; 77; 79; 89; 119; 129; 159 23 August 2013 – 19 December 2013 3. RESULTS 3.1 Analyse of the data availability The analyzed period for this study started 23 August 2013 and ended 19 Decebmer 2013. The time series of the wind speed measured with the top cup anemometer at 77.5 m and the LIDAR with and without FCR at 78 m are displayed in Figure 4. 233 | P a g e �ISSD 2014 th The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ PROCEEDINGS Figure 4. Time series of the wind speed measured with the top cup anemometer (black), the LIDAR without correction (red) and the LIDAR with FCR (green) The LIDAR measurements were interrupted several times during measuring campaing. The main events causing interruption in the measurements are summarized in Table 2. Table 2. Periods improper functioning of the LIDAR Beginning 29.8.2013 9.10.2013 20.10.2013 25.10.2013 5.11.2013 23.11.2013 End 3.10.2013 20.10.2013 23.10.2013 30.10.2013 17.11.2013 23.11.2013 Explanation FCR accidentally turned off Power supply damaged by lighting Complete std data files, but incomplete FCR files (only 1 value/day) Complete std data files, but incomplete FCR files (only 1 value/day) Power supply damaged by lighting End of reliable measurements; LIDAR system damaged by lighting Much more LIDAR uncorrected wind speed data (non-corrected for the terrain effect) were collected than FCR corrected data. 3.2 Comparison of the measured wind speeds The comparison of the measured wind speeds between the cup anemometer at 77.5 m and the uncorrected LIDAR measurements and the FCR corrected LIDAR data at 78 m, respectively, for the same dataset is shown in Figure 5 and Figure 6 with scatterplots and the evaluated regression and correlation coefficients. Dataset including uncorrected LIDAR wind speed data with an availability above 80% (Red: two parametric linear regression; Blue: one parametric linear regression forced through 0).The uncorrected LIDAR wind speed measurements underestimate the cup anemometer by 4.1% on average, Figure 5. 234 | P a g e �PROCEEDINGS th ______ The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 Figure 5. Uncorrected LIDAR wind speed at 78 m vs cup anemometer wind speed at 77.5 m The FCR corrected LIDAR wind speed measurements overestimate the cup anemometer by 1.5% on average. The correlation coefficient is higher for the FCR corrected data than for the uncorrected measurement. Dataset including FCR LIDAR wind speed data with an availability above 80% (Red: two parametric linear regression; Blue: one parametric linear regression forced through 0), Figure 6. Figure 6. FCR LIDAR wind speed at 78 m vs cup anemometer wind speed at 77.5 m Similar comparisons between LIDAR wind speeds (uncorrected and FCR corrected) were done at 75 m and 55 m. The comparison results are similar to those at 77.5 m (Wagner & Bejdić, 2014). 235 | P a g e �ISSD 2014 th The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ PROCEEDINGS 3.3 Comparison of the measured wind direction Direction measurements were taken at 53 m and 75 m with Thies Compact wind vanes, but the wind vane at 75 m got broken during the measurement campaign, therefore the wind vane at 53 m was used in the analysis. The direction measured by the LIDAR at 55 m was compared to the direction from the wind vane at 53 m. The comparisons of the LIDAR uncorrected direction and the FCR corrected direction are not identical but very similar (Figure 7 and Figure 8). In both cases, the linear regression results in an offset of about 110. Figure 7. Uncorrected LIDAR wind direction at 55 m vs wind vane at 53 m (Red: two parametric linear regression) – Wind speed below 3 m/s for this comparison Figure 8. FCR LIDAR wind direction at 55 m vs wind vane at 53 m. (Red: two parametric linear regression) - Wind speed below 3 m/s for this comparison 236 | P a g e �PROCEEDINGS th ______ The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 3.4 Wind Shear The wind shear or vertical wind speed profile is an important parameter in the choice of the optimal hub height of wind turbine. The wind shear expresses the ratio between the wind speeds at different heights. The wind shear, of course, depends on the topography of the site and is not identical for all directions. The power law wind shear is defined by (International Standard. IEC 61400-1 Ed. 3., 2005): v2  v1 h2 h1   (1) where the shear exponent α is calculated between the respective heights h1 and h2 and their corresponding wind speeds v1 and v2. The average wind speed profiles for the four prevailing wind sector measured with the mast between 30 and 77.5 m and with the LIDAR between 45 and 160 m are displayed in Figure 9. The wind sector is indicated at the top of each plot and with the number of data within that sector in parenthesis. The vertical wind speed profiles of LIDAR and mast agree very well for the NE sectors 0°-30°, 30°-60° and SE sectors 120°-150°, 150°-180°. However it was noticed in Figure 9 that the averaged profiles do not typically follow a power law. Figure 9. Average wind speed profile for the prevailing wind directions of mast data (black), uncorrected LIDAR (red) and FCR corrected LIDAR (green) 237 | P a g e �ISSD 2014 th The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ PROCEEDINGS 4. CONCLUSIONS The LIDAR functioned “relatively well” in complex conditions of the terrain and wind characteristics of Bora. Unfortunate events demonstrate the importance of protecting the power supply of the LIDAR from an exposed power line. The LIDAR software also happened to be unstable, since several periods of data were missing although the system had power. The LIDAR uncorrected wind speed was in general lower than the wind speed measured by the cup anemometer at the same height by about 4%. The FCR corrected wind speeds were higher than the cup anemometer wind speed by about 1.5%. Based on a rough analysis of the surrounding topography, it seems that the LIDAR deviation is mainly affected by the topography around the LIDAR within a radius of 500 m but the major features of the topography within a larger radius has also some influence. This would need to be further investigated with numerical tools (CFD). The LIDAR uncorrected wind directions compared well to the wind vane and the FCR correction had no significance influence on this comparison. The shear exponent derived from the LIDAR wind speeds, both without and with FCR, compared relatively well with the shear exponent form the mast cup anemometers. For more relevant observance of Bora characteristics and behavior of the equipment in a complex location like this one, it is necessary to carry out measurements in a longer period of time and in different seasons. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This work was performed under project Wind Measurement Program in RS, Bosnia & Herzegovina. The authors are grateful for the considerable technical support from the staff of the COWI A/S and Impro Impex doo. REFERENCES Zlomušica, E., & Behmen, M. (2003). Methodological approach to the selection of wind farm location. Proceeding of 12th International Symposium on Power Electronics, Ee, Novi Sad, Serbia. Ćatović, F., Behmen, M., & Zlomušica, E. (2004). Trends in the Development of the Electric Power Systems Based on Wind energy in World and in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Journal of Environmental Protection and Ecology-Official Journal of the Balkan Environmental Association (B.EN.A), 5(4), 836-840. Zlomušica, E. (2010). Wind Energy Resources in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Thermal Science, 14(1), 255-260. Zlomušica, E. (2013). Particular Review on SODAR and LIDAR Measurements of Bora Wind in Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina, International Journal of Engineering & Technology IJET-IJENS, 13(6), 53-61. International Standard. IEC 61400-12-1 Ed. 1. (12/2005). Power performance measurements of electricity producing wind turbines. Albers, A., Janssen, W., & Mander, J. (2008). Comparison of LIDARs, German test station for remote wind sensing devices. German Wind Energy Conference, DEWEK, Bremen, Germany. Bingöl, F., Mann, J., & Foussekis, D. (2009). Lidar Performance in Complex Terrain Modeled by WASP Engineering. European Wind Energy Conference & Exhibition, EWEC, Marseille, France. Bourgeois, S., Cattin, R., Locker, I., & Winkelmeier, H. (2008). Analysis of the vertical wind profile at a BORA − dominated site in Bosnia based on SODAR and ZephIR LIDAR measurements. European Wind Energy Conference & Exhibition, EWEC, Brussels, Belgium. Bourgeois, S., Cattin, R., Winkelmeier, H., & Locker, I. (2009). CFD Modeling of the vertical wind profile and the turbulence structure above complex terrain and validation with SODAR and LIDAR measurements. European Wind Energy Conference & Exhibition, EWEC, Marseille, France. Krishnamurthy, R., Boquet, M., & Machta, M. (2014). Turbulence Intensity Measurements from a Varity of Doppler LIDAR. European Wind Energy Conference & Exhibition, EWEA, Barcelona, Spain. 238 | P a g e �PROCEEDINGS th ______ The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 Measnet. (2009). Evaluation of site-specific wind conditions – Version 1. Impro-Impex, COWI. (2013). Hrgud – 12 Months Wind Study and Site Conditions Report. Wagner, R., & Bejdić, J. (2014). Windcube + FCR test in Hrgud, Bosnia & Herzegovina - Final report. DTU Wind Energy. International Standard. IEC 61400-1 Ed. 3. (08/2005). Wind Turbines - Part 1: Design Requirements. Elvir Zlomušica was born in 1971 in Mostar (Bosnia). Since 2000 he has been employed at the University. In 2006 he got a PhD degree in technical sciences from University „Džemal Bijedić“ of Mostar. He is the co-author of a book and author or co-author of more than 40 articles and scientific papers presented in conferences and seminars, home and abroad. He was involved in realization of over 20 research projects related to production process. Since October 2011 he has been employed as an associate professor. Since April 2012 he has performed the function of a vice-rector of the University „Džemal Bijedić“ of Mostar. His research interests include renewable energy sources, wind energy. Suad Zalihić was born in 1960 in Mostar (Bosnia). Since 2010 he has been employed at the University. In 2013 he got a MSc degree in technical sciences from University „Džemal Bijedić“ of Mostar. He participated in the implementation of many projects related to wind potential research at various locations in Bosnia and Herzegovina. His research interests include wind energy and wind loads on various structures. Jasmin Bejdić was born in 1985 in Banja Luka (Bosnia). He holds a MSc degree in Wind Energy from Technical University of Denmark. He has been working with wind energy since 2006, first for an Danish wind energy developer/investor European Energy A/S and since 2011 as a consultant in COWI A/S. Bejdić has great world wide experience wind measurements and application of wind data for wind farm development. 239 | P a g e � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2531 Title A name given to the resource COMPARASION OF WIND MEASUREMENTS BY LIDAR AND MEASUREMENT MAST FOR BORA WIND IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA Author Author ZLOMUŠICA, Elvir ZALIHIĆ, Suad BEJDIĆ, Jasmin Abstract A summary of the resource. Research of wind energy potential with the aim of installing wind turbines was performed on location Hrgud in the southeastern part of Bosnia and Herzegovina. These are complex terrains characterized by specific wind Bora. Measurements were performed by standard procedures using the classical standard instruments, anemometers and wind vanes, mounted at different heights on the measurement mast height of 77.5 m (agl) combined with remote sensing technique such as the LIDAR (LIght Detection And Ranging) during period 23.8. 2013. – 19.12. 2013. The aim of this study was to perform an analysis and comparison of collected measurement data from the measurement mast and the LIDAR (Windcube v2 FCR), as well as the behavior of the equipment itself in the complex terrain and wind Bora conditions in Bosnia. During the comparison the 10-min averaging time for the wind speed and direction is used. It can be concluded from this analysis that the behavior of the LIDAR under harsh local weather conditions was relatively well, except the problems with the power supply. The LIDAR uncorrected wind speed was in general lower than the wind speed measured by the cup anemometer at the same height. The comparison of the data of measurement methods provides reliable information on the wind speed within the considered altitude range. Keywords: wind energy, LIDAR, wind Bora, Bosnia Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014-05-15 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 978-9958-834-36-3 Q Science (General),QH301 Biology,QH426 Genetics https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/29f5a1e151b75178cf86ebb170fa5a40.pdf dde1decb82e2c223fe2d433f45084e42 PDF Text Text PROCEEDINGS ______ The 5th International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF FEATURE RANKING ALGORITHMS ON MICROARRAY DATASETS Uğur Turhal1, Murat Gök2, Suat Onur3, Sebahattin Babur4 1,2,4 1 Department of Computer Engineering 3 Department of Informatics, 1,3 BalıkesirUniversity 2,4 Yalova University ugurturhal@balikesir.edu.tr 3 suatonur@balikesir.edu.tr 2 murat.gok@yalova.edu.tr 4 sebahattin_babur@hotmail.com ABSTRACT The microarray datasets host a lot of information which influence the problems with different the degree. Choosing the minimum number of features (attributes) which are representing of these data structures as an optimization problem. Nowadays, the microarray datasets are utilized in the diagnose of cancer diseases. However, their size may cause the curse of dimensionality for machine learning methods during classification(Loris, N. et al., 2012). Therefore, they need more computing power and long processing times. Hence, reducing the number of attributes will be fundamental step to solve this problem. In this study, "Colon" and "Ovarian" datasets which are used frequently in literature were processed with various feature ranking algorithms. The best “k” number features, which chosen after ranking were classified with "Naive Bayes” and "SVM(Linear) classifiers. The evaluation of the system was realized on "Kappa", "MCC" and "Accuracy" scores and "ROC" graphs. This study aims to provide helpful information to the researchers who work on the same datasets. Keywords: Microarray datasets, Feature ranking, Naive Bayes, SVM 205 | P a g e �ISSD 2014 I. The 5th International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ PROCEEDINGS INTRODUCTION DNA microarray technology has proven to be an important breakthrough in molecular biology. This rapidly maturing technology is providing scientists with a means of monitoring the expression of genes on a genomic scale(Chee, M.et al. 1996). Cancer is a broad group of diseases involving unregulated cell growth. In cancer, cells divide and grow uncontrollably, forming malignant tumors, which may invade nearby parts of the body. Not all tumors are cancerous; benign tumors do not invade neighboring tissues and do not spread throughout the body. There are over 200 different known cancers that affect humans (Cancer Research UK, 2012). In 2007, cancer caused about 13% of all human deaths worldwide (7.9 million). Rates are rising as more people live to an old age and as mass lifestyle changes occur in the developing world (Jemal A, et al. 2011). According to American Cancer Society, about 1,665,540 new cancer cases are expected to be diagnosed and about 585,720 of them are expected to die in America, 2014(American Cancer Society, 2014). The American men-women who died owing to different cancer diseases between 1930 and 2010 are shown in the following figures I-II. Figure I: Age-adjusted Cancer Death Rates, Males by Site, US, 1930-2010(American Cancer Society, 2014). 206 | P a g e �PROCEEDINGS ______ The 5th International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 Figure II: Age-adjusted Cancer Death Rates, Females by Site, US, 1930-2010(American Cancer Society, 2014). The microarray data sets host a lot of information which influence the problems with different the degree. One of important application area is disease prognostication(Golub, T.R. et al. 1999).Hence, choosing the minimum number of features (attributes) which are representing of these data structures as an optimization problem. In our former studies, we have improved the performance of classification with using ensemble classification methods on "Colon" and "Thyroid" microarray datasets(Akbaş, A. et al. 2013;Babur, S. et al. 2012;Turhal, U. et al. 2013). In this study, “Ovarian” and "Colon"datasets which are used frequently in literature were processed with various feature ranking algorithms. The best “k” (150 and 300) number features, which chosen after ranking were classified with "Naive Bayes" and "SVM(Linear)" classifiers. The evaluation of the system was realized on "Kappa", "MCC" and "Accuracy" scores and "ROC" graphs. Finally all results have been compared and best ranking methods and classifiers for each datasets are shown in the tables. II. MATERIAL AND METHODS In this study, several experiments have been conducted on 2 publicly available datasets. Below were provided a brief description for each dataset. (the salient features of each dataset are summarized in Table I): Table I: Characteristics of the datasets used in the experiments: the first column presents the number of features (#F), and the second column reports the number of samples (#S)(Loris, N. et al.2012). Dataset Ovarian (O) Colon (C) #F 15154 2000 #S 253 62 207 | P a g e �The 5th International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 PROCEEDINGS Ovarian dataset (O): the ovarian dataset contains 253 samples and two class are considered: 91 samplesare normal and 162 samplesare ovarian cancers(Petricoin,E.F. et al. 2002); Colon (C): the colon dataset contains 62 samples and two class are considered: 22 samples are normal and 40samples are tumor cancers(Alon,U. et al.1999); A. Feature Ranking Many feature ranking methods are using frequently in literature. However all methods have advantages and disadvantages while comparing each others. All feature ranking methods that used in this study are described below; 1. Bhattacharyya The Bhattacharyya coefficient is an approximate measurement of the amount of overlap between two statistical samples. The coefficient can be used to determine the relative closeness of the two samples being considered. It is calculated by following equation(Djouadi, A. et al. 1990); (1) Where, samples number of partitions , numbers of members of samples and in the partition. 2. T-Test T-test is one method for testing the degree of difference between two means in small sample. It uses T distribution theory to deduce the probability when difference happens, then judge whether the difference between two means is significant (Jiaxi, L. 2010). It is calculated by following equation; (2) Where, = Average of first set of values S1 = Standard deviation of first set of values n2 = Total number of values in first set = Average of second set of values S2 = Standard deviation of second set of values n2 = Total number of values in second set 3. Wilcoxon Absolute value of the standardized u-statistic of a two-sample unpaired Wilcoxon test, also known as Mann-Whitney U test, is a non-parametric test of the null hypothesis that two populations are the same against an alternative hypothesis, especially that a particular population tends to have larger values than the other (Wilcoxon, F. 1945).It is calculatedwith two formulas below (Mann, H.B. and Whitney, D.R. 1947); (3) 208 | P a g e �PROCEEDINGS ______ The 5th International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 (4) Where, : the sample size for sample 1 : the sample size for sample 2 : the sum of the ranks in sample 1 : the sum of the ranks in sample 2 : observation and the total ranking number : observation and the total ranking number for sample 1 for sample 2 B. Feature Selection In this section, the features of microarray datasets that used in the work are ranked according to significance level. After that, first k number features are selected and created a new dataset. Feature selection process is repeated for k=150 and k=300. C. Classifiers The classifiers used in this study are described below; 1. Naïve Bayes Naive Bayes is the simplest form of Bayes Net. All features are independent from given class variables. This method is called conditional independency (Zhang, H. 2005). (5) 2. Support Vector Machines (with Linear Kernel) The support vector machine or SVM, first described by Vapnik and collaborators in 1992(Boser, B.E. et al. 1992), has rapidly established itself as a powerful algorithmic approach to the problem of classification within the larger context known as supervised learning (William H. 2007). D. Performance Measurement In order to increase reliability of results, some evaluation methods have been used that found acceptance in literature. These methods; 1. Accuracy (Acc) The accuracy of a measurement system is the degree of closeness of measurements of a quantity to that quantity's actual (true) value (Taylor, R. 1999). It is calculated by following equality; (6) Where, Number of real positives Number of real negatives Number of unreal positives Number of unreal negatives 209 | P a g e �The 5th International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 2. PROCEEDINGS Kappa Cohen's kappa coefficient is a statistical measure of inter-rater agreement or inter-annotator agreement for qualitative items (Cohen, J. 1960). Bigger difference means better result. It is calculated by following equality; (7) Adding proportion of observed compatibilities for two data, Probability of emergence by coincidence for this compatibility Kappa result 3. Matthews Correlation Coefficient (MCC) The measure was introduced in 1975 by Matthews (Matthews, B.W. 1975).The Matthews correlation coefficient (MCC) is using as a measure of the quality of binary (two-class) classifications.Bigger difference means better result. It is calculated by following equation; (8) are explained under the Accuracy header. 4. ROC It is a method used for showing performance of binary classifier with graphic (Swets, A. 1996). It is calculated by following equation; (9) Where, (10) (11) are explained under the Accuracy header. E. Classification and Results The datasets that obtained in section B are classified with classifiers which described in section C. Ten-fold cross-validation method was used during the classification. The obtained outcomes are shown in the tables. The accuracy results that obtained by the raw datasets are shown in the Table II. Table II: The accuracy results of full datasets.(%) Naive Bayes SVM (Linear) 210 | P a g e Ovarian k = 15154 92,4901 100,0000 Colon k = 2000 53,2258 82,2581 �PROCEEDINGS ______ The 5th International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 This results show that Linear SVM is better than the Naive Bayes for each dataset. This is because the Linear SVM is appropriate to the large size datasets (McCue, R. 2009). Classification performance results of the best 150 features for each datasets are shown the tables below. The most effective values are shown bold in a yellow cell. Table III: Ovarian dataset results (feature count “k” = 150) Ovarian NaiveBayes SVM - Linear k = 150 Acc (%) MCC Kappa Acc (%) MCC Kappa bhattacharyya 98,4190 0,966 0,9655 100,000 1,000 1,0000 ttest 97,6285 0,949 0,9480 100,000 1,000 1,0000 wilcoxon 88,5375 0,761 0,7576 99,2095 0,983 0,9829 Table IV: Colon dataset results (feature count “k” = 150) Colon NaiveBayes SVM - Linear k = 150 Acc (%) MCC Kappa Acc (%) MCC Kappa bhattacharyya 82,2581 0,656 0,6384 79,0323 0,547 0,5467 ttest 75,8065 0,560 0,5250 80,6452 0,587 0,5857 wilcoxon 72,5806 0,453 0,4411 69,3548 0,352 0,3506 May be reached the following outcomes by referencing the above values;  In all datasets, the highest results for Naive Bayes classifier were obtained by using bhattacharyya method.  In Ovarian dataset, the highest results of best 150 features were obtained by using Linear SVM classifier. The ROC graphs of the above classification results are given below; Figure III: Ovarian dataset ROC graph (feature count “k” = 150) 211 | P a g e �The 5th International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 PROCEEDINGS Figure IV: Colon dataset ROC graph (feature count “k” = 150) The classification results and ROC graphs of first 150 feature are given above. The results of the best 300 features are given below. Table V: Ovarian dataset results (feature count “k” = 300) Ovarian NaiveBayes k = 300 Acc (%) MCC Kappa Acc (%) MCC Kappa bhattacharyya 96,4427 0,923 0,9226 100,0000 1,000 1,0000 ttest 96,8379 0,931 0,9310 100,0000 1,000 1,0000 wilcoxon 83,3992 0,656 0,6514 97,2332 0,941 0,9404 212 | P a g e SVM - Linear �PROCEEDINGS ______ The 5th International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 Table VI: Colon dataset results (feature count “k” = 300) Colon NaiveBayes SVM - Linear k = 300 Acc (%) MCC Kappa Acc (%) MCC Kappa bhattacharyya 79,0323 0,628 0,5884 79,0323 0,538 0,5373 ttest 77,4194 0,605 0,5607 82,2581 0,617 0,6164 wilcoxon 62,9032 0,311 0,2849 74,1935 0,436 0,4364 May be reached the following outcomes by referencing the above values;  In both of datasets,the highest results of best 300 features were obtained by using Linear SVM classifier. 213 | P a g e �The 5th International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 PROCEEDINGS The ROC graphs of the above classification results are given below; Figure V: Ovarian dataset ROC graph (feature count “k” = 300) Figure VI: Colon dataset ROC graph (feature count “k” = 300) III. CONCLUSION "Average Accuracy Results Table" is formed with the average of the results which given in the above tables.The averagedtableis given below; Table XII: Average Accuracy Results Table (“k” is the number of features) Average Accuracy Results Datasets k Bhattacharyya T-Test Wilcoxon 150 99,2095 98,8145 93,8735 300 98,2214 98,4190 90,3162 150 80,6452 78,2259 70,9677 300 79,0323 79,8388 68,5484 Ovarian Colon 214 | P a g e �PROCEEDINGS ______ The 5th International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 Where, The greencells show the highest average accuracy resultsof the Ovarian dataset. The bluecells show the highest average accuracy results of theColon dataset. Above table was created with the averaged results of all classifiers for each method. Table XIII: Average Accuracy Results Table (“k” is the number of features) k = 150 Accuracy Results (%) Wilcoxon (Ovarian) Naive Bayes Linear SVM 88,5375 99,2095 (12) Following conclusions are reached when considering the obtained average accuracy results  Ranked Colon dataset results has been increased in comparison with raw dataset results. Hence, ranking-selection algorithms are quite useful for this dataset.  Ranked Ovarian dataset results has been decreased a little in comparison with raw dataset results.Hence, ranking-selection algorithms is useful for the purpose of shorten the classification duration.  Also, the effect of the Wilcoxon method was observed. This method is quite ineffective for all used datasets. Hence, it is not useful for these datasets. At the next works; performance improvement can be realized with using same feature ranking algorithms and datasets. Also, new feature ranking methods can be used in the work.All processes can be repeated with less number of features. Roc and Accuracy values can be increased with using ensemble classifiers. Thus, the advantages and disadvantages of used each methods can be determined clearly. IV. REFERENCES Akbaş, A. et al. (2013) Performance Improvement with Combining Multiple Approaches to Diagnosis of Thyroid Cancer. The 7th International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedical Engineering (iCBBE 2013), Beijing, China. Alon, U. et al. (1999) Broad patterns of gene expression revealed by clustering analysis of tumor and normal colon tissues probed by oligonucleotide arrays. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA,96, 6745–6750. American Cancer Society (2014). Cancer Facts & Figures. http://www.cancer.org/research/cancerfactsstatistics/cancerfactsfigures2014/index Retrieved from Babur, S. et al. (2012) Dvm Tabanlı Kalın Bağırsak Kanseri Tanısı İçin Performans Geliştirme. Eleco 2012 Elektrik-Elektronik ve Bilgisayar Mühendisliği Sempozyumu, 425-428. Boser, B. E. et al. (1992) A training algorithm for optimal margin classifiers. Proceedings of the fifth annual workshop on Computational learning theory(COLT), 144. Cancer Research UK (2011, May 11) How many different types of cancer are there? CancerHelp UK. Chee, M. et al. (1996) Assessing genetic information with high-density dna arrays. Science,274, 610–614. 215 | P a g e �ISSD 2014 The 5th International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ PROCEEDINGS Cohen, J. (1960) A coefficient of agreement for nominal scales. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 20 (1), 37-46. Djouadi, A. et al. (1990) The quality of Training-Sample estimates of the Bhattacharyya coefficient. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence.12 (1), 92–97. Golub, T.R. et al. (1999) Molecular classification of cancer: class discovery and class predition by gene expression monitoring. Science. 286, 531–537. Jemal, A. et al. (2011) Global cancer statistics. CA: a cancer journal for clinicians,61 (2), 69–90. doi:10.3322/caac.20107. PMID 21296855. Jiaxi, L. (2010) The Application and Research of T-test in Medicine. Networking and Distributed Computing (ICNDC). Loris, N. et al. (2012) Combining multiple approaches for gene microarray classification. Oxford University Press, 28 (8), 1151-1157. Mann, H.B. and Whitney, D.R. (1947) On a test of whether one of two random variables is stochastically larger than the other. Annals of Mathematical Statistics, 18, 50-60. Matthews, B. W. (1975) Comparison of the predicted and observed secondary structure of T4 phage lysozyme. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Protein Structure 405 (2), 442–451. McCue, R. (2009) A Comparison of the Accuracy of Support Vector Machine and Naive Bayes Algorithms In Spam Classification. University of California at Santa Cruz, Nov 29. Petricoin, E.F. et al. (2002) Use of proteomic patterns in serum to identify ovarian cancer. Lancet, 359, 572–577. Swets, A. (1996) Signal detection theory and ROC analysis in psychology and diagnostics. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah, NJ. Taylor, R. (1999) An Introduction to Error Analysis: The Study of Uncertainties in Physical Measurements. 128–129. Turhal, U. et al. (2013) Performance Improvement for Diagnosis of Colon Cancer by Using Ensemble Classification Methods. The International Conference on Technological Advances in Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (TAEECE 2013), Konya, Turkey. Wilcoxon, F. (1945) Individual comparisons by ranking methods. Biometrics Bulletin,1, 80-83. William, H. et al. (2007) Support Vector Machines Numerical Recipes: The Art of Scientific Computing (3rd ed.). Cambridge University Press, New York. Zhang, H. (2005) Exlporing Conditions for the Optimality of Naive Bayes. International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence,19 (2), 183-192. 216 | P a g e �PROCEEDINGS ______ The 5th International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 Uğur TURHAL was born in Trabzon, Turkey in 1988. He was graduated with Bachelor’s degree from Marmara University in 2011. He is a graduate student in the Computer Engineering Department of Yalova University, Turkey. Also, He is working as a computer specialist at Balikesir University, Turkey. Interested areas are; Bioinformatics, Signal Processing, Microarray Datasets, Cancer Dieseases Murat GÖK performed a Master in Computer Sciences at Mugla University (Turkey). After his Master thesis on the decision support systems, he began in 2006 a PhD in Computer Sciences at Sakarya University (Turkey). In June 2011, he defended his PhD thesis entitled “Prediction of HIV-1 Protese Cleavage Sites with New Techniques”. Having completed his PhD, he became an assistant professor at the department of computer engineering on Yalova University(Turkey).His research interests are bioinformatics, machine learning algorithms and theories, computer programming. He has several papers on bioinformatics. He currently has several master students. Suat ONUR was born in Kütahya, Turkey in 1972. He was graduated with Bachelor’s degree from Gazi University in 1995. He is a graduate student in the Electric-Electronic Engineering Department of Balikesir University, Turkey. Also, He is working as a lecturer at Balikesir University, Turkey. Interested areas are; Bioinformatics, Internet Programming, Embedded Systems Sebahattin BABUR was born in Bursa/Turkey in 1988. He was graduated with Bachelor degree in 2011 from Marmara University. He is a graduate student in the Computer Engineering Department of Yalova University, Turkey. Also, he has been working as Technical Sales Engineer for 1 year at Beckhoff Automation Company, Turkey. His areas of interest: Solution of Bioinformatics Problems, Image Processing, The Design of Electronic Circuits, Industrial Automation Technology 217 | P a g e � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2529 Title A name given to the resource PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF FEATURE RANKING ALGORITHMS ON MICROARRAY DATASETS Author Author TURHAL, Ugur GOK, Murat ONUR, Suat BABUR, Sebahattin Abstract A summary of the resource. 205 | P a g e PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF FEATURE RANKING ALGORITHMS ON MICROARRAY DATASETS Uğur Turhal1, Murat Gök2, Suat Onur3, Sebahattin Babur4 1,2,4Department of Computer Engineering 3Department of Informatics, 1,3 BalıkesirUniversity 2,4 Yalova University 1 ugurturhal@balikesir.edu.tr 2 murat.gok@yalova.edu.tr 3 suatonur@balikesir.edu.tr 4 sebahattin_babur@hotmail.com ABSTRACT Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014-05-15 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 978-9958-834-36-3 Q Science (General),QH301 Biology,QH426 Genetics https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/6e497079419e94af475422ae03fbe5a5.pdf 82214a6cde3b58d3d0b590b710b9411e PDF Text Text PROCEEDINGS th ______ The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF THE CRAYFISH (Astacus leptodactylus) IN POND YENICE Selçuk Berber, Selçuk Türel*, Sevdan Yılmaz Marine Sciences and Technology Faculty, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale, Turkey * Correspondonce: selcukturel@comu.edu.tr Abstract The changes in the compositions of crude protein, fat and fatty acid in the muscle tissues of male and female samples of Astacus leptodactylus acquired by hunting in the dates between November 2007 and June 2008 which is the breeding season for the crayfish from Pond Yenice which is used for irrigation in Çanakkale province, Turkey, are examined in the study. Whereas the amount of crude protein in male samples is around 11.78-15.68%, it is identified that the amount is around 13.09-17.59% with the female samples. Fat changes from 3.294.95% for the male samples, 3.67-5.82% with the female samples. It is observed that there is a continuous increase in the compositions of crude protein and fat generally through the beginning and the end of the sampling period. The amounts of EPA, DHA and AA show change according to the breeding season and season. Keywords: Astacus leptodactylus, Fatty acids, Crude protein, Lipid, Seasonal change. 75 | P a g e �ISSD 2014 th The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ PROCEEDINGS Introduction The crayfish (A. leptodactylus), a member of the Astacidae family, is widely seen in our inland waters. Generally, they live in various habitats such as streams, rivers, ponds and lakes (Lowery Köksal, 1988). Having more than 500 species over the world, the crayfish is represented only by two subspecies (A. leptodactylus leptodactylus and A. leptodactylus salinus) of A. leptodactylus species (Geldiay & Kocataş, 1970). They exist naturally in many lakes, reservoirs and rivers. Crayfish is one of the species of the crustacean species which has a high economic value. The A. leptodactylus species is reported in the inland waters of Turkey in Kayseri, Bursa and İstanbul for the first time (Bott, 1950). While the crayfish were represented only by A. leptodactylus until recent time in our country, the existence of Austropotamobius torrentium (Shrank, 1803), a new species in the northern Thrace, is proven (Harlıoğlu Güner, 2006). There are about 500 lakes in various sizes in the Marmara region and these lakes and ponds are unrestrainedly filled with crayfish in different times. One of the water resources that are filled with crayfish is Pond Yenice (Berber, Yıldız, Ateş, Bulut, Mendeş, (2010)) (Çanakkale, Yenice Central Irrigation Pond). Its most significant natural habitat is lakes and ponds and they began to be seen widely in the lakes and ponds of the Marmara region after the 2000’s (Harlıoğlu, 2004; Berber et al. 2010). Reaching 5000 tons in the 1980’s nationwide in Turkey, the crayfish production decreased substantially due to a mycosis, the crayfish plague (Aphanomyces astaci) after the date (Bolat, 2001). Like in other aquaculture products productions, the breeding season and breeding physiology are quite significant in crayfish production as well. Healthy and genetically durable offspring are needed to increase the amount of production in the lakes and ponds. The quality of the brood stock should stand out in order to acquire individuals with high life forces. The availability of quality offspring is based on body biochemical compositions of the brood stock. The composition of fatty acid in the muscle and egg tissues of the brood stock individuals is an important parameter for quality as well. Fatty acid levels of EPA, DHA and AA in the muscle and egg content are especially important for the offspring quality (Bulut, 2003). The fatty acids; DYA, MUFA and PUFA are individually important for the offspring and brood stock quality and should be evaluated one by one (Bulut, 2003). The effect of the fatty acid content on the offspring quality is studied in the research. The seasonal fatty acid change in the muscle tissue of the brood stock is identified. 76 | P a g e �PROCEEDINGS th ______ The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 Material and Methods Research Field and Material This research is performed in the Center Irrigation Pond in Yenice District, Çanakkale Province between the dates July 2007-June 2008. 1842 A. leptodactylus salinus crayfish caught from the pond are used as material in the test. Literature is used in determining the type of crayfish (Bott, 1950; Holthius, 1961; Geldiay  Kocataş, 1970; Köksal, 1988) The Hunting Gears Used A single-entry fyke net with two venters is used to catch the crayfish samples from the pond. The fyke net used have 5 frames and a stretch net is put between two fyke nets. The cell width of the fyke net is 34 mm. Identification of Physical and Chemical Features of the Water Samples The warmth, oxygen, pH, salinity and conductivity features of the pond water is evaluated using YSI Probe (556 MPS) and its calcium and magnesium contents are analyzed in inductively-matched plasma-atomic emission spectrometry, in Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Science and Technology Application and Research Center. Chemical Analysis In this study, 255 male (mean weight=29.96 g) and 291 female (mean weight=31.04 g) are used for the chemical analysis. All analyses were performed in triplicate. Analyses of crude protein, moisture and ash in crayfish were performed according to standard procedures (AOAC, 2000). Dry matter content of samples was determined by drying at 105 oC until a constant weight was obtained. Ash content was measured by incineration in a muffle furnace at 525 oC for 12 h. Crude protein (N*6.25) was analyzed by the Kjedahl method after acid digestion using the Gerhardt system. Total lipids in the crayfish were extracted according to the procedure of Floch, Lee  Sloane-Stanley (1957) with chloroform/methanol (2:1 v/v). The fatty acids in the total lipid were esterified into methyl esters by saponification with 0.5 N methanolic NaOH and Trans esterified with 14% boron trifluoride-methanol (AOAC, 2000). Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME) were analyzed using a flame ionization gas chromatograph (Shimadzu GC-2014) equipped with an Omega wax 250 capillary column (30 mg/l X 0.25 mm internal diameter), a Flame Ionization Detector (FID) and a split injection system with nitrogen carrier gas. Injector port and detector temperatures were maintained at 250 oC and 260 oC, respectively. The column temperature program was held at 140 oC for 5 min and then elevated at a rate of 3 oC/ min to 200 oC. Total run time was 60 min per sample. Fatty acids were identified by comparing their retention times of the standard fatty acid standards (SigmaAldrich Co, USA). 77 | P a g e �ISSD 2014 th The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ PROCEEDINGS Statistical analysis All data were subjected to one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Duncan multiple range test using Stat graphics 7.0 version for Windows (Manugistics Incorporated, Rockville, MD, USA). The results were treated statistically significant at the P<0.05 level. Results The physico-chemical water parameter findings acquired from Pond Yenice are displayed in Table 1. The highest temperature detected in the pond during the field work is 26.8°C in August; the lowest is 5.7°C in December 2007. The dissolved oxygen values are determined to be under 8mg/1 in the dates July, September and October 2007; determined to be above 10mg/1 in the dates December 2007, February, March and June 2008. Apart from these, the pH is 5.5 and the following values displayed a change between these ranges: conductivity 229.1-387.1 μS, Ca 21.06-38.27 mg/l, Mg 6.91-10.47 mg/l. The saltiness (S) levels are determined to be 0.2 ppt except for the dates July-August 2007 (0.1 ppt). Table 1.The physico-chemical water parameter findings acquired from Pond Yenice Tarih T (°C) ÇO (mg/l) pH EC (μS) Ca (mg/l) Mg (mg/l) S (ppt) July,2007 28.9 7.65 9.03 279 36.16 9.85 0.1 August,2007 26.8 8.25 8.95 301.2 37.46 10.47 0.1 September,2007 22.1 7.9 8.8 330.2 31.33 9.21 0.2 October,2007 18.2 7.6 8.75 387.1 24 8.41 0.2 November,2007 8.3 8.72 7.14 229.1 23.08 8.11 0.2 December2007 5.7 11.8 8.68 269.5 36.43 9.77 0.2 January,2008 8.2 8.5 8.34 320.1 21.06 8.91 0.2 February,2008 9.1 10.2 7.86 344.6 24.43 8.02 0.2 March,2008 9.6 12.85 9.03 382.3 38.27 7.88 0.2 April,2008 13.9 9.53 6.11 311.6 23.85 6.91 0.2 May,2008 15.9 9.02 5.5 265.8 34.31 7.44 0.2 June,2008 22.4 10.69 6.85 234.5 36.5 8.11 0.2 The changes in the crude protein and fat compositions in the muscle tissues of the male and female individuals of A. leptodactylus species acquired from Pond Yenice are displayed in Table 2. While the lowest amount of crude protein (respectively 11.78 – 13.09 units) of both male and female individuals is observed in the samples taken in November, the highest amount (respectively 15.68 – 17.59 units) in both individuals is determined in the samples taken in June. While the monthly difference in the samples taken from male individuals in May and June are seen significant, it is determined that this difference is significant for the females in the months April, May and June (P<0.05). While the monthly change in the fat compositions of male individuals are seen significant only in June, the fat changes are significant for the female individuals in November, April and June (P<0.05). In the study, the interaction between male and female individuals is evaluated. 78 | P a g e �PROCEEDINGS th ______ The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 Table 2. Biochemical composition of muscle tissues of Freshwater crayfish (A. leptodactylus) November January March April May June Crude Protein 11.78a 12.06a 13.45ab 13.86ab 14.06b 15.68c Male Fat 3.29a 4.63ab 4.08ab 3.78ab 4.66ab 4.95b Ash 0.91a 1.45ab 1.13ab 1.33ab 1.59ab 1.32b Crude Protein 13.09a 14.23a 15.35ab 16.47b 17.12b 17.59b Female Fat 3.67a 4.28ab 4.00ab 4.72b 4.50ab 5.82c Ash 1.03 1.58 1.74 1.57 1.36 1.25 Lower-case letters indicate differences in the same column The fatty acid changes in the muscle tissues of the male individuals of the crayfish that were acquired in the breeding season are shown in Table 3, the fatty acid changes in the muscle tissues of the female individuals are shown in Table 4. While the C14:0 fatty acid is found significantly high in November (1.16%) and in April (1.32%) in male individuals, this difference is found significant for the female individuals only in November (1.13%) (P<0.05). The amount of C15:1 fatty acid is determined to have a remarkable increase in June (2.28%) for the male individuals and in April (2.87%) for the female individuals. While the difference in the C16:0 fatty acid composition in April (16.22%) is observed to be significant only for the male individuals, this difference is not significant for the females (P<0.05). While the changes in the C16:1 fatty acid is found significantly high in January (4.28%) for the male individuals and in April (7.34%) for the female individuals (P<0.05). Table 3. Variation in fatty acid compositions of muscle tissues of male Freshwater crayfish (A. leptodactylus) (%) Fatty Acids C14:0 (Myristic) C14:1 (Myritoleic) C15:0 (Pentadecanoic) C15:1 (cis-10-Pentadecenoic) C16:0 (Palmitic) C16:1 (Palmitoleic) C17:0 (Heptadecanoic) C17:1 (cis-10-Heptadecenoic) C18:0 (Stearic) C18:1n9c (Oleic) C18:1n7 C18:2n6 C18:3n6 (g-Linoleic) C18:3n3 (a-Linoleic) C18:4n-3 C20:0 (Arachidic) C20:1n9 (cis-11-Eicosenoic) C20:2 (cis-11,14-Eicosadienoic) C20:3n3 (cis-11,14,17-Eicosatrienoic) C20:4n6 (Arachidonic) C20:5n3 (cis-5,8,11,14,17-Eicosapentaenoic) C22:0 (Behenic) C22:1n9 (Erucic) C22:2 (cis-13,16-Docosadienoic) C23:0 (Tricosanoic) C22:5n3 C22:6n3 (cis-4,7,10,13,1619-Docosahexaenoic) Male November 1.16b 0.16 0.53 1.23a 15.97ab 2.62a 0.87 1.08 7.93 18.30ab 4.29 7.03 0.30 0.96 0.19 0.41 1.34 1.45 7.09ab 0.30 18.40 0.27 0.25 1.78ab 0.19 0.75ab 4.70a January 0.78ab 0.21 0.77 1.73a 14.57ab 4.28b 0.79 0.91 6.14 18.22ab 5.04 5.63 0.31 0.82 0.26 0.51 1.13 1.98 8.22b 0.35 17.28 0.50 0.22 1.13a 0.31 0.88ab 7.01b March 0.52a 0.18 0.81 1.72ab 14.22ab 3.57ab 0.75 1.29 5.81 17.45ab 4.27 6.35 0.26 0.84 0.36 0.23 0.47 2.15 9.20b 0.56 18.10 0.44 0.24 0.77a 0.33 1.18b 7.86b April 1.32b 0.19 0.83 1.50ab 16.22b 3.95ab 0.87 1.01 7.02 19.43ab 4.45 5.08 0.30 0.70 0.19 0.58 1.81 2.07 9.50b 0.28 13.52 0.32 0.20 1.50ab 0.35 0.75ab 5.85ab May 0.54a 0.19 0.36 1.64ab 13.65a 3.81ab 0.83 0.85 8.23 26.30b 5.16 6.25 0.41 0.60 0.23 0.55 0.42 1.23 5.87a 0.41 12.26 0.68 0.23 4.16b 0.48 0.53a 4.43a June 0.63a 0.19 0.63 2.28b 15.61ab 3.47ab 0.83 1.03 6.83 15.85a 4.00 6.44 0.26 0.70 0.25 0.26 1.06 2.01 9.13b 0.48 19.42 0.35 0.19 1.25a 0.55 0.79ab 5.44ab Lower-case letters indicate differences in the same column. 79 | P a g e �ISSD 2014 th The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ PROCEEDINGS Table 4. Variation in fatty acid compositions of muscle tissues of female Freshwater crayfish (A. leptodactylus) (%) Female Fatty Acids C14:0 (Myristic) C14:1 (Myritoleic) C15:0 (Pentadecanoic) C15:1 (cis-10-Pentadecenoic) C16:0 (Palmitic) C16:1 (Palmitoleic) C17:0 (Heptadecanoic) C17:1 (cis-10-Heptadecenoic) C18:0 (Stearic) C18:1n9c (Oleic) C18:1n7 C18:2n6 C18:3n6 (g-Linoleic) C18:3n3 (a-Linoleic) C18:4n-3 C20:0 (Arachidic) C20:1n9 (cis-11-Eicosenoic) C20:2 (cis-11,14-Eicosadienoic) C20:3n3 (cis-11,14,17-Eicosatrienoic) C20:4n6 (Arachidonic) C20:5n3 (cis-5,8,11,14,17Eicosapentaenoic) C22:0 (Behenic) C22:1n9 (Erucic) C22:2 (cis-13,16-Docosadienoic) C23:0 (Tricosanoic) C22:5n3 C22:6n3 (cis-4,7,10,13,16,19Docosahexaenoic) November b January a March a April May a a June 1.13 0.19 0.58 1.59ab 15.46 2.40a 0.81 1.00 7.85 18.18ab 4.25 7.00 0.30 0.91 0.19 0.51 1.30ab 1.45 7.15ab 0.30 0.84 0.15 0.74 1.55ab 13.31 3.28a 0.73 1.12 7.04 20.39ab 4.42 5.41 0.30 0.77 0.22 0.55 0.93ab 2.22 11.11b 0.36 0.88 0.21 0.75 1.72ab 14.44 3.63a 0.89 1.02 7.80 19.10ab 4.39 5.80 0.39 0.72 0.25 0.26 0.52a 2.16 10.50b 0.51 0.84 0.22 0.89 2.87b 17.92 7.34b 0.68 1.05 6.21 17.13a 4.40 7.00 0.30 0.71 0.27 0.48 0.96ab 1.65 5.91a 0.41 0.53 0.20 0.43 1.33a 13.53 3.49a 0.90 0.99 8.42 24.03b 4.94 6.02 0.43 0.90 0.22 0.59 1.74b 1.76 6.57a 0.31 0.68a 0.12 0.59 1.80ab 15.01 3.46a 1.01 0.97 8.16 21.60b 4.25 5.25 0.30 0.86 0.26 0.57 2.08b 1.88 7.28ab 0.37 18.31b 17.20ab 16.34ab 16.82ab 15.21a 15.24a 0.39 0.23 1.69ab 0.29 0.71 0.29 0.22 0.81a 0.49 0.69 0.38 0.28 0.81a 0.49 0.65 0.51 0.23 0.85a 0.28 0.77 0.49 0.31 1.18ab 0.58 0.67 0.52 0.23 2.12b 0.36 0.60 4.59 4.36 5.09 3.15 4.26 4.51 Lower-case letters indicate differences in the same column. The difference in the C18:1n9c fatty acid is significant in May (24.03%) and June (21.60%) for the female individuals, while it is significant only in May (26.30%) for the male individuals (P<0.05). While the difference in the C20:1n9 fatty acid compositions are significant in May (1.74%) and in June (2.08%) only for the female individuals, this difference is not significant for the males (P<0.05). The difference in the C20:3n3 fatty acid compositions is significant in January (8.22%), March (9.20%) and June (9.13%), the difference is determined significant in January (11.11%) and in March (10.50%) for the females compared to other months (P<0.05). The difference in the C20:5n3 fatty acid amount is significant in November (18.31%) only for the females, this difference is not significant for the males (P<0.05). The difference in the C22:2 fatty acid is found significantly high in May (4.16%) for the males and in June (2.12%) for the females (P<0.05). The difference in the C22:5n3 and C22:6n3 fatty acid compositions is significant in respectively March (1.18%), January (7.01%), March (7.86%) for the male individuals, this difference is not found significant in the female individuals. It is seen that the monthly difference between the other fatty acids researched is insignificant for both male and female individuals (P<0.05). 80 | P a g e �PROCEEDINGS th ______ The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 Figure 1. The values of DYA%, MUFA% and PUFA% for the male individuals. Figure 2. The values of EPA, DHA and AA for the male individuals. For the male individuals, the values of DYA%, MUFA% and PUFA% in Figure 1, the values of EPA, DHA and AA are shown in Figure 2. For the female individuals, the values of DYA%, MUFA% and PUFA% in Figure 3, the values of EPA, DHA and AA are shown in Figure 4. 81 | P a g e �ISSD 2014 th The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ PROCEEDINGS Figure 3. The values of DYA%, MUFA% and PUFA% for the female individuals. Figure 4. The values of EPA, DHA and AA for the female individuals. 82 | P a g e �PROCEEDINGS th ______ The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 Discussion The levels of fat and protein determine the adaptation character and strategy of a living being (Vonk, 1960). The levels of fat and protein are effected by many biotic (maturation, breeding and bait suitability) and abiotic (photoperiod, warmth, pH and dissolved oxygen) factors (Vonk, 1960). The crude protein and fat contents in the muscle tissue have constantly increased in the test during the time of research. The cause for this increase that appeared over time could be the seasonal changes seen in the bait diversity in pond Yenice. While filament green algae (Cladophora) and plant wastes become dominant in fall and winter, maggots and fishes are also seen alongside with algae and plant wastes in spring and summer (Türel  Berber, 2013). Therefore, it might be assumed that plant wastes and Cladophora in fall and winter and maggots and fishes in the following period might have been consumed. The nutrition acquired through these resources is sent to the muscle that works as storage for the fats and protein through blood and to hepatopancreas after being digested (Vonk, 1960). Every living being require an optimum level of temperature in order to survive. When the temperature drops lower than this optimum level and/or rises above it, the metabolic activities of these living beings slow down and thus their energy consumption decreases (BOFC). Such effects of the temperature might possibly be another reason for the increase in the crude protein and fat levels over time. Because the value of optimum temperature for the A. leptodactylus species is 4-22 ºC. The average water temperature in fall and winter in Pond Yenice, on the other hand, are determined to be respectively 16.2ºC and 7.6 ºC in the studies by Berber, S. As the water temperatures of both periods are below the optimum value for the survival of the crayfish, the metabolic activities would slow down and accordingly, there will be a decrease in the energy consumption. As a result of accumulation of surplus of protein and fat in the muscle tissue due to such effects of the temperature, such an increase might have happened over time. The water temperatures in spring and summer in the pond are evaluated as respectively 15.3 ºC and 25.3 ºC. Along with the increase in the temperatures, there will be acceleration in the metabolic activities and an increase in the energy consumption. The reason for the increase of protein and fat components might be that the bait diversity improves as the temperature rises and thus the living beings that carry relatively more protein and fat than the algae and plant wastes, such as maggots and fishes, are consumed (Lowery, 1988). There is an increase in the fat content in the seasonal muscle of the crayfish from November to June. This is all related to the nutrition and temperature in the pond and it shows a routine increase and decrease except for the gonad development period. The period between November and June is the breeding season for the A. leptodactylus species. Therefore, vitellogenesis, gonad development period and gamete generation, seen in this period depending on the time, might have caused the biochemical structure of the being to change. Because proteins and fats are the structural compounds and energy resources of the embryonic tissues (Vonk, 1960). Hence, the proteins and fats in the storage organs (hepatopancreas and adiposis) are constantly transferred to the gonad (Güner  and Mazlum,( 2010); Harlıoğlu, Cakmak, Köprücü, Aksu, Harlıoğlu,Yonar, Çakmak, Özcan,  Gündoğdu,(2013)). The Gonadosomatic and Hepatosomatic indexes gain importance since there is a constant transfer of protein, fat and energy from the hepatopancreas to the gonad. When the relation between these two is in inverse ratio, it means that the individual reaches maturity and protein, fat and energy are transferred to the gonad (Güner and Mazlum, 2010). In a research performed on the C. quadricarinatus species, it is determined that there is an increase in the protein composition in the gonad as a result of transfer of energy from hepatopancreas to the gonad and the oocytes through endocytosis in the gonad (Abdu, Davis, 83 | P a g e �ISSD 2014 th The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ PROCEEDINGS Khalaila & Sagi, 2002). It is obviously seen that vitellogenesis that happens during the hepatopancreas breeding season is the primary source of energy, protein and fat which are essential for the gamete generation and gonad development. If one considers that hepatopancreas fulfills the needs in this period and the increase in the protein and fat amounts in the muscle tissues, one might think that breeding has no effect whatsoever on this increase over time. In this study, the amounts of ash, fat and crude protein decrease in the cold periods and increase in accordance with the increase of nutrition variety with the temperature. However, there is a decrease in the breeding season and during the gonad generation. To increase the survival rate of the offspring acquired at this period, brood stocks should be fed with nutritionally rich food. In a comparison between the male and female brood stocks, the fat and protein levels of the females are determined to be the higher. The reason for this is that the living being always feels the need to store the energy since the gonad generation continues throughout the year for the females. All vertebrates need polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA). If this need is not fulfilled, there might be some deficiencies in reproduction, development and growth. Almost all of the vertebrates need linolenic and linolenic fatty acids. The effective form of the PUFA is generally C20 and C22. Metabolic forms are in the form of; linolenic acid, linoleic acid, arachidonic acid and docosahexaenoic acid. The various deviations (linolenic, stearidonic, docosapentanoic acids) of n-3 series fatty acids in the vertebrates occur as a result of the biological activities of docosahexaenoic and eicosapentaenoic fatty acids. This situation is more apparent with the fresh-water living beings (Sargent et al. 1989). In this study, it is determined that the PUFA amount in the muscle is higher compared to HUFA and DYA. This could be a sign that the crayfish species used in this study might have a high performance of growth, development and reproduction. Like in the biochemical composition, the amount of PUFA of female individuals is determined to be higher than the male individuals. This is considered to occur because the females need more PUFA due to the gonad generation. EPA rate for the male individuals from November to June, decreased in April and May and then it stayed around the same level. On the other hand, a decrease from November to June is observed with the females. This could be explained with the breeding season and that the gonad generation period has advanced. Investigating the DHA rates, it is seen that the male individuals had an increase in January and March, a decrease in May and an increase starting from June. This is considered to be about the temperature and the nutrition regime of the male brood stock. DHA is seen less with the females compared to the males and it decreased to its lowest level in April and then stayed the same. This makes us think that DHA has no direct effect on reproduction. It is seen that the AA amount is at the highest level in March, the minimum level in April and that it rises again. Unlike the males, females have their maximum in March and April and then a decrease and an increase afterwards. It could clearly be seen that the arachidonic acid has no direct effects on reproduction. Bulut, (2003) suggested that EPA, DHA and AA are much more significant in the researches he made about the egg quality and survival rates of some saltwater fish. The fatty acids stated in our study also show seasonal changes according to the breeding season. It is determined that this change is about reproduction. MUFA is at its maximum values in April and May and it stayed as normal in the other months for both males and females. DYA, however, is identified less in the muscle compared to MUFA and PUFA and there is not much seasonal difference between the male and female individuals. Bulut, (2004) in the research he made on the egg quality and biochemical features of sea bass and bream, stated that compared to MUFA and DYA, PUFA is more significant. The results show that PUFA, compared to the other fatty acids, is more significant in terms of reproduction and development for the crayfish as well. 84 | P a g e �PROCEEDINGS th ______ The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 As a result, the biochemical composition of the living beings and contents are great signs of continuity and quality of life. The quality of offspring and brood stocks might be improved using the amounts and rates. This study is quite significant as it forms the structure of future researches. Acknowledgements This study is partially supported by the project titled as "The comparison of Bio-Ecological and morphometric features of the crayfish (Astacus leptodactylus Eschscholtz, 1823) population of Yenice Central Irrigation Pond (Çanakkale)" numbered 2007/47. References Abdu. V., C. Davis, I. Khalaila & A. Sagi. (2002). The vitellogenin cDNA of Cherax quadricarinatus encodes a lipoprotein with calcium binding ability and its expression is induced following the removal of the androgenic gland in a sexually plastic system. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 127: 263-272. AOAC, (2000). Official methods of analysis of AOAC International, (17th ed.), Gaithersburg, MD, USA: AOAC. Berber, S., Yıldız, H., Ateş, A.S., Bulut, M., & Mendeş, M. (2010). A Study on the Relationships between Some Morphological and Reproductive Traits of the Turkish Crayfish, Astacus leptodactylus (Eschscholtz, 1823) (Crustacea: Decapoda), Reviews in Fisheries Science, 18 (1): 131-137. Bolat, Y. (2001). Eğirdir Gölü Hoyran Bölgesi Tatlısu İstakozları (Astacus leptodactylus Esch., 1823)’nın Populasyon Büyüklüğünün Tahmini. Doktora Tezi Danışman Aksoylar, MY, Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enst. Temel Bilimler Bölümü, Isparta. Bott R. (1950). Die Flußkrebse Europas (Decapoda: Astacidae). Abhandlungen der Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft, 483. Bulut, M. (2003) Levrek (Dicentrarchus labrax) ve Çipura (Sparus aurata), Yumurtalarının Biyokimyasal Kompozisyonu. E.U.Journal of Fisheries & Aquatic Sciences. Vol 21 (1-2) 129-132. Bulut M. (2004). Levrek (Dicentrarchus labrax L., 1758) ve Çipura (Sparus aurata L., 1758) Yumurtalarının Biyokimyasal Kompozisyonu. Journal of Fisheries & Aquatic Sciences Cilt/Volume 21, Sayı/Issue (1-2): 129 – 132. Folch, J., Lee, M., & Sloane Stanley. G. H. (1957). A simple method for isolation and purification of total lipids from animal tissue. J. Biol. Chem. 226: 497-509. Geldiay, R., & Kocataş A. (1970). Taxonomical Determination and Distribution of Turkish Astacus (Decapoda) Populations (In Turkish). E. Ü. Fen Fak. İlmi Raporlar Serisi 94: 3-7. Guan, R., & Wiles, R.P. (1998). Feeding ecology of the signal crayfish Pacifastacus leniusculus in a British lowlandriver. Aquaculture, 169, 177-93. Güner, Ö., & Mazlum, Y. (2010). Farklı protein seviyelerindeki dietlerinin yavru tatlı su kerevitlerinin (Astacus leptodactylus Eschscholtz, 1823) büyüme, yaşama oranları ve vücut kompozisyonları üzerine etkileri (in Turkish with English abstract). Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Eğirdir Su Ürünleri Fakültesi Dergisi, 6(2):1-10. Harlıoğlu M.M. (2004). The present situation of freshwater crayfish, Astacus leptodactylus (Eschscholtz, 1823) in Turkey. Aquaculture 230:181–187. Harlıoğlu M.M. & Güner U. (2006). Studies on the recently discovered crayfish, Austropotamobius torrentium (Shrank, 1803), in Turkey: Morphological analysis and meat yield. Aquaculture Research 37: 538-542. Harlıoğlu, M.M., Cakmak, M.N., Köprücü, K., Aksu, Ö., Harlıoğlu, A.G., Mine Yonar, S., Çakmak Duran, T., Özcan, S. & Gündoğdu, H. (2013). “The Effect Of Dietary N-3 Series Fatty Acids On The Number Of Pleopadal 85 | P a g e �ISSD 2014 th The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ PROCEEDINGS Egg And Stage 1 Juvenile In Freshwater Crayfish, Astacus leptodactylus Eschscholtz”. Aquaculture Research, Doi:10.1111/J.1365-2109.2012.03090.X, 44. 860-868. Holthius, L. B. (1961). Report on a Collection of Crustacea and Stamotopoda from Turkey and the Balkans, Zool. Verhandelungen, No: 47, 1-67. Köksal, G. (1988). A. leptodactylus in Europe. In: Freshwater Crayfish: Biology, Management and Exploitation ( D.M. Holdich and R.S. Lowery), Croom Helm Press, pp. 365-400. Lowery R.S. (1988). Growth, moulting and reproduction In: Holdich DM and Lowery RS (eds). Freshwater crayfish: biology, management and exploitation. Croom Helm, London, 83–113. Sargent, J., R.J. & Henderson & Tocher D. R. (1989). The lipids, p. 153-218. In J.E. Halver (Ed.), Fish nutrition and Academic Press, New York. Türel, S., & Berber, S. (2013). Kalsiyum İçerikli Yemlerin Tatlısu İstakozları (Astacus leptodactylus Eschscholtz, 1823) 'nin Büyüme Performansına Etkisi, 3. Ulusal Alabalık Sempozyumu, Kastamonu Üniversitesi, Su Ürünleri Fakültesi, 24-26 Mayıs. Vonk, H.J. (1960). Digestion and metabolism. In: The Physiology of Crustacea Vol. I, pp. 291-316. Ed. Waterman T H. Academic Press, New York. 86 | P a g e � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2488 Title A name given to the resource THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF THE CRAYFISH (Astacus leptodactylus) IN POND YENICE Author Author TUREL, Selcuk BERBER, Selcuk YILMAZ, Sevdan Abstract A summary of the resource. The changes in the compositions of crude protein, fat and fatty acid in the muscle tissues of male and female samples of Astacus leptodactylus acquired by hunting in the dates between November 2007 and June 2008 which is the breeding season for the crayfish from Pond Yenice which is used for irrigation in Çanakkale province, Turkey, are examined in the study. Whereas the amount of crude protein in male samples is around 11.78-15.68%, it is identified that the amount is around 13.09-17.59% with the female samples. Fat changes from 3.29- 4.95% for the male samples, 3.67-5.82% with the female samples. It is observed that there is a continuous increase in the compositions of crude protein and fat generally through the beginning and the end of the sampling period. The amounts of EPA, DHA and AA show change according to the breeding season and season. Keywords: Astacus leptodactylus, Fatty acids, Crude protein, Lipid, Seasonal change. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014-05-15 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 978-9958-834-36-3 Q Science (General),QH301 Biology,QH426 Genetics https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/bb38d4ecda5b3ea7ddb095d1483eb868.pdf 155c4e70e75424a49de0e94154cadd04 PDF Text Text PROCEEDINGS th ______ The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 DETERMINATION OF FIBROSIS SCORE IN THE VENTRICULAR ARTER BY USING IMAGE PROCESSING TECHNIQUES ON HISTOPATHOLOGICAL IMAGES Dilek Sönmezer1, Yasemin Benderli Cihan2, Fatma Latifoğlu3 1 Çukurova University, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture Department of Biomedical Engineering Adana, Turkey dsonmezer@cu.edu.tr 2 Department of Radiation Oncology Kayseri Education and Research Hospital Kayseri, Turkey cihany@erciyes.edu.tr 3 Erciyes University, Faculty of Engineering Department of Biomedical Engineering Kayseri, Turkey flatifoglu@erciyes.edu.tr ABSTRACT Histopathological image analysis is an important area for pathological image analysis and diagnosis in medicine. Among cancer patients, radiotherapy is widely used for treatment modality. The aim of the radiotherapy is giving maximum dose to tumor tissue as well as maintaining normal tissue unaffected as possible. The increase of the radiation dose is parallel with local tumor control. However, risk of complication of normal tissue is also increased. Thus, controlling of the tumor depends on the normal tissue tolerant. In this study, we aim to support radiologists to detect and control radiation dose and its effects for the radiotherapy. Determining of the ventricular artery thickness by using image processing techniques can give information about radiation effects and dose. Using by image processing techniques, adventitia layer which of cardiac vessel layer thickness is measured. For this measurement, whole cardiac histopathological RGB image is cropped and studies are applied on this image. Then RGB image is converted to grayscale image and after converted the binary image. Adventitia layer is detected with edge detecting method. After segmentation of the adventitia layer, this layer thickness is measured to show effects of the radiation dose. Thus, with this study an optimal radiation dose can be adjusted according to the increase of the adventitia thickness. Keywords: Histopathological images; cardiac tissue; radiotheraphy; fibrosis 153 | P a g e �ISSD 2014 th The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ PROCEEDINGS INTRODUCTION Histopathological image analysis is important for getting good results on therapy. In this study, we aim to support radio therapist to detect radiological effects in cancer treatment. Treatment of radiation is used to kill cancer cells or to stop of cancer cells proliferation. At that time, determination of radiation dose limits depending on the layer of vessel wall can be a new approach in cancer treatment. Radiation damages the vessel wall, especially causes vessel wall fibrosis. Thus, radiation dose and its application are important for human health. Image processing techniques for diagnosis of diseases are widely applied in medicine [1, 2]. Fibrotic Myocardial Tissue Mechanics, classification of cervical cancer, diagnosis of prostate cancer, morphological analysis of carotid artery plaque and a study related with coroner artery and many more studies about histopathological image analysis are present in literature [3-7]. Image processing techniques also used in enhancement of vessels on angiography images. [8]. Response of arterial injury is determined based on adventitia of artery wall layer [9]. Thickness of the adventitia layer increases with the increment of the arteriosclerosis [12]. Radiotherapy is usually used for treatment of cancer disease, but also late side effects which depends on radiation therapy become crucially important [10]. Toxicological effects on the cardiovascular system are resulted from radiotherapy used for treatment breast cancer. [Mc Chesney SI, Rad Res, 1991; 125]. The aim of this study is to investigate whether the use of radiotherapy (RT) has a contribution to the development of radiation fibrosis in the heart. MATERIAL AND METHODS In this study, experimental studies were conducted in Erciyes University Faculty of Medicine Hakan Çetinsaya Experimental and Clinical Research Center (DEKAM) after ethical aproval from the Animal Experiments Local Ethics Committee of Erciyes University Faculty of Medicine. Twenty healthy female Wistar Albino rats aged 8 weeks and weigthing 213±27 grams were used in the study. The rats were kept under standard laboratory conditions (12:12hour light/dark cycle at 25±3 oC) and fed with standard commercial pelleted feed. The rats were divided into 2 groups with 10 animals in each group. The groups were designed as follows: Group C: The control group. No treatment was administered. The animals were followed under similar conditions as the other animals. Group RT: The radiotherapy-only group. The thoracic region was irradiated while the animals were under anesthesia. Histopathological examination: Samples were taken from various regions of heart that were fixed in formalin. Following paraffin blocking procedure, serial cross-sections of 5 microns were obtained. They were stained with hematoxylin-eosin. Mean of the fibrosis scoring was obtained for the heart vessel of each rat. The fibrosis score was numerically assessed based on values from 0 to 4. The scoring system for the intensity of fibrosis is as follows: Score 0: No fibrosis or minimal fibrosis in the vessel wall. Score 1: Moderate fibrosis that does not cause marked structural damage on the heart. 154 | P a g e �PROCEEDINGS th ______ The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 Score 2: Increased fibrosis with definite damage to heart vessel and formation of fibrous bands or small fibrous masses. Score 3: Fibrosis that causes severe distortion in the heart vessel and that has large fibrous areas. Score 4: Total fibrosis. The rats were divided into two equal groups as follows: Group C: control and Group RT: RT only. RT was administered heart region in a single fraction at a dose of 12 Gy using a Co–60 device. At the end of 24 weeks, the rats were sacrificed after sedation. The heart was removed and blocked in paraffin. After H&E staining, the level of fibrosis in each crosssection was assessed with the help of a scale. Histopathological images were obtained from vessels, which showed late toxic effect on the heart. Histopathological tissue preparats of cardiac vessel were used for imaging. These cardiac tissues were locally applied radiotherapy on healthy rats. Leica microscope together with Olympus 3.2 Megapixel, C-3020 200m camera was used for routine inspections. Histological image dataset was cinsists of 10 image slides. Our approach proposes measuring the adventitia thickness in order to understand effects of the radiation therapy. Methods for measuring adventitia thickness were combined with image processing techniques. Firstly, RGB image of the histopathological image was converted to gray-level image. After that, optimal thresholding was carried out by Otsu method to create a binary image. Then, mathematical morphology operations were used to obtain adventitia layer. The proposed approach is based on measuring of the adventitia layer by segmenting of this layer on histopathological images. Obtaining an average of the adventitia thickness of two images was used to show effects of the radiotherapy. Figure 1. shows the microscopic image of the vessel of the rat at 600x magnification. In this image low radiation dose was applied to rat cardiac. Segmentation of the outer layer is seen as blue color (Fig. 1). In Fig. 1.A, histopathological preparats were imaged via light microscopy at 600x magnification. RGB image was cropped in order to show the related part of the vessel area in figure 1.B. Then, RGB image was converted to grayscale image and after that obtained grayscale image is converted to binary image as seen in figure 1.D. Vessel adventitia layer was detected with Sobel edge detection method (Fig. 1.E). Taking complementation of the edge was detected image and showed it on grayscale vessel image and RGB image (Fig. 1.G). Finally, adventitia layer was measured with using five points on the layer of the distance between outer and inner surfaces (Fig. 1.I). RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Radiotherapy is an important treatment for breast cancer and any other kinds of cancers diseases. Because of the side effects of the radiation can generate problems on cardiac tissue. Due to the success of mammography in early diagnosis and the advances in chemotherapy and radiotherapy, breast cancer is a type of cancer whose treatment techniques is changing rapidly and can be combined also. A multimodal treatment that includes surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and hormonotherapy is used in the treatment of breast cancer. After surgery, patients are initially treated with chemotherapy and then undergo RT. Although the optimal sequence of chemotherapy and RT is still controversial, the generally accepted approach is RT after chemotherapy is completed. It is still unclear whether hormonotherapy should be used sequentially or concurrently with RT. 155 | P a g e �ISSD 2014 th The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ PROCEEDINGS For detection of the radiation toxicological effects on the cardiac vessels are examined with proposed method in healthy but applied radiation to rats. Therefore, an optimal dose of the radiation can be applied according to vessel damaged score. In this study, we aim to measure just adventitia layer using by histopathological vessel images. Fig. 1 Adventitia layer segmentation and measuring flowchart. 156 | P a g e �PROCEEDINGS th ______ The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 REFERENCES [1] KCA Sneeuw, NK Aaronson, JR Yarnold, M Broderick: Cosmeic and functional outcomes of breast conserving treatment for early stage breast cancer. 1. Comparison of patients ratings, observers’ ratings and objective assasments. Radiat and Oncology, 1992; 25:153-159. [2] Al-Ghazal SK, Blamey RW, Stewart J, Morgan AA: The cosmetic outcome in early breast cancer treated with breast conservation. Eur. J. Surg. Oncol; 1999;25:6:566-70. [3] L. Cordero-Grande, T. Sevilla, A. Revilla, M. Martín-Fernández and C. Alberola-López. "Assessment of the Fibrotic Myocardial Tissue Mechanics by Image Processing". 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Rajesh, AJR Am J. Roentgenol, A clinically relevant approach to imaging prostate cancer, 2011 Mar;196(3 Suppl):S1-10 Quiz S11-4. Review. [8] P. Tran Ho Truc, Md. A. U. Khan, Y. Lee, S. Lee, T. Kim: Vessel enhancement filter using directional filter bank.Computer Vision and Image Understanding 113(1): 101-112 (2009) [9] M. Jean-Baptiste, T. Olivier, H. Xavier, M. Olivier, C., Giuseppina, N. Antonino, 2000: Topological determinants and consequences of adventitial responses to arterial wall injury. Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology 27(6): 1259-1268 [10] Perez CA, IJROBP,1998,44:855 Lanciano RM, Cancer,1992,69:2124 Pollack A, IJROBP, 2002, 53:1097 [11] G. Rioufol, M. Elbaz, O. Dubreuil, A. Tabib, G. Finet, Adventitia measurement in coronary artery: an in vivo intravascular ultrasound study, Heart. 2006 July; 92(7): 985–986. 157 | P a g e � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2504 Title A name given to the resource DETERMINATION OF FIBROSIS SCORE IN THE VENTRICULAR ARTER BY USING IMAGE PROCESSING TECHNIQUES ON HISTOPATHOLOGICAL IMAGES Author Author SONMEZER, Dilek CIHAN, Yasemin B. LATIFOGLU, Fatma Abstract A summary of the resource. Histopathological image analysis is an important area for pathological image analysis and diagnosis in medicine. Among cancer patients, radiotherapy is widely used for treatment modality. The aim of the radiotherapy is giving maximum dose to tumor tissue as well as maintaining normal tissue unaffected as possible. The increase of the radiation dose is parallel with local tumor control. However, risk of complication of normal tissue is also increased. Thus, controlling of the tumor depends on the normal tissue tolerant. In this study, we aim to support radiologists to detect and control radiation dose and its effects for the radiotherapy. Determining of the ventricular artery thickness by using image processing techniques can give information about radiation effects and dose. Using by image processing techniques, adventitia layer which of cardiac vessel layer thickness is measured. For this measurement, whole cardiac histopathological RGB image is cropped and studies are applied on this image. Then RGB image is converted to grayscale image and after converted the binary image. Adventitia layer is detected with edge detecting method. After segmentation of the adventitia layer, this layer thickness is measured to show effects of the radiation dose. Thus, with this study an optimal radiation dose can be adjusted according to the increase of the adventitia thickness. Keywords: Histopathological images; cardiac tissue; radiotheraphy; fibrosis Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014-05-15 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 978-9958-834-36-3 Q Science (General),QH301 Biology,QH426 Genetics