291 10 3494 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/b2068d1864f9bef68d15f9a2f2bca3d6.docx 34e753ff82643894241f51ed152828ca https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/c1ef7c9eadc6153c8bc9ef8910a6224d.pdf e7365084d3851d9de3f2254adac61034 PDF Text Text The Importance of Prefixes in Foreign Language Teaching and Learning Damir Boras & Nives Mikelić Preradović University of Zagreb/ Zagreb, Croatia Key words: verb prefixes, language semantics, language acquisition, verb valency, language teaching ABSTRACT The aim of this paper is to examine associations between the general meaning of the verb prefix and the meaning of verb it is attached to in order to help foreign language learners to build their vocabulary easier and faster. To achieve this goal, the specific semantics of verb prefixes in Croatian has been extracted and captured. The statistics of derivational characteristics for 20 productive prefixes in Croatian was collected. Also, all meanings of 20 prefixes were thoroughly analyzed, the properties of the base verbs and prefixed verbs were compared and the group model of verbs sharing the same meaning of the prefix was built. The statistics show that the prefix with the largest set of meanings in Croatian is za- (in, at, down) with 20 different meanings, while the average number of meanings per prefix is 11. We proved that the process of prefixation establishes connection between different base verbs that start to share the same semantic feature due to the prefix attached. This connection became obvious in the valency frames of these verbs, since prefixed verbs tend to share the valency frames, regardless of the valency frame of the base verb. We discovered that derived prefixed verbs can be treated as hyponyms of base verbs if they do not differ significantly with regard to the meaning. Finally, the syntacto-semantic connections between base verbs and derived prefixed verbs were revealed and modelled as rules which contribute to the foreign language learning and teaching of Croatian language. Rules are modelled to help foreign language learners guess the meaning of new prefixed verbs while reading and to help them use dictionaries better, recognizing common verb prefixes and their meanings. These rules can also enable them to acquire the syntactic complexity of the morphologically rich language, such as Croatian, Bosnian or Serbian. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1933 Title A name given to the resource The Importance of Prefixes in Foreign Language Teaching and Learning Author Author BORAS, Damir PRERADOVIC, Nives Mikelić Abstract A summary of the resource. Key words: verb prefixes, language semantics, language acquisition, verb valency, language teaching ABSTRACT The aim of this paper is to examine associations between the general meaning of the verb prefix and the meaning of verb it is attached to in order to help foreign language learners to build their vocabulary easier and faster. To achieve this goal, the specific semantics of verb prefixes in Croatian has been extracted and captured. The statistics of derivational characteristics for 20 productive prefixes in Croatian was collected. Also, all meanings of 20 prefixes were thoroughly analyzed, the properties of the base verbs and prefixed verbs were compared and the group model of verbs sharing the same meaning of the prefix was built. The statistics show that the prefix with the largest set of meanings in Croatian is za- (in, at, down) with 20 different meanings, while the average number of meanings per prefix is 11. We proved that the process of prefixation establishes connection between different base verbs that start to share the same semantic feature due to the prefix attached. This connection became obvious in the valency frames of these verbs, since prefixed verbs tend to share the valency frames, regardless of the valency frame of the base verb. We discovered that derived prefixed verbs can be treated as hyponyms of base verbs if they do not differ significantly with regard to the meaning. Finally, the syntacto-semantic connections between base verbs and derived prefixed verbs were revealed and modelled as rules which contribute to the foreign language learning and teaching of Croatian language. Rules are modelled to help foreign language learners guess the meaning of new prefixed verbs while reading and to help them use dictionaries better, recognizing common verb prefixes and their meanings. These rules can also enable them to acquire the syntactic complexity of the morphologically rich language, such as Croatian, Bosnian or Serbian. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available IBU Publishing Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-03 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/e27dd27fee2056faa908ef8056af01a6.docx 95d35ec2941ec29455cd597520269693 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/f26d600bea825f99a7eebac8032e770d.pdf 7dcdb417bee9a24ba7e996437966c46f PDF Text Text The Importance of Public Investments in Regional Development: An Example of Gap in Turkey SadettinPaksoy Kilis 7 AralıkUniversity Turkey spaksoy@kilis.edu.tr ErdalAlancioglu Harran University Turkey ealancioglu@harran.edu.tr Abstract: Developed countries can perform better growth with their economic possibilities and they can minimize the imbalances among regions. However, this is not applied to developing and least developed countries. The most important problem of developing countries such as Turkey is insufficiency of sustainable development. Thus, this has led to imbalanced development between regions. Today, one of the major problems of Turkey is inter-regional inequalities in developments. These inequalities also bring social, political and cultural problems with them. South-eastern Anatolia Project (GAP) aimed a multi-sector, integrated and sustainable and regional development. It is aimed to raise the income levels and living standards of people in the region with the help of GAP, and as a result to abolish the inequalities between this region and other regions. Development program of the project covers irrigation, hydropower, energy, agriculture, rural and urban infrastructure, forestry, and education and health sectors. GAP is funded by public investments and its total cost is 32 billion U.S. dollars. In this study, the effect of public investment on regional development will be discussed by the light of Turkey South-eastern Anatolia Project (GAP). The analysis of macroeconomic data (economic growth, unemployment, export etc.) will help us to observe the contribution of the GAP to the reconstruction of this region and the economy of Turkey in this context. Keywords: Public Investment, Regional Development, South-eastern Anatolia Project (GAP) 54 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2484 Title A name given to the resource The Importance of Public Investments in Regional Development: An Example of Gap in Turkey Author Author PAKSOY, Sadettin ALANCIOGLU, Erdal Abstract A summary of the resource. Developed countries can perform better growth with their economic possibilities and they can minimize the imbalances among regions. However, this is not applied to developing and least developed countries. The most important problem of developing countries such as Turkey is insufficiency of sustainable development. Thus, this has led to imbalanced development between regions. Today, one of the major problems of Turkey is inter-regional inequalities in developments. These inequalities also bring social, political and cultural problems with them. South-eastern Anatolia Project (GAP) aimed a multi-sector, integrated and sustainable and regional development. It is aimed to raise the income levels and living standards of people in the region with the help of GAP, and as a result to abolish the inequalities between this region and other regions. Development program of the project covers irrigation, hydropower, energy, agriculture, rural and urban infrastructure, forestry, and education and health sectors. GAP is funded by public investments and its total cost is 32 billion U.S. dollars. In this study, the effect of public investment on regional development will be discussed by the light of Turkey South-eastern Anatolia Project (GAP). The analysis of macroeconomic data (economic growth, unemployment, export etc.) will help us to observe the contribution of the GAP to the reconstruction of this region and the economy of Turkey in this context. Keywords: Public Investment, Regional Development, South-eastern Anatolia Project (GAP) Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014-04-24 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-4564 H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/9635358ca99d024e70a46b9bd8c38f54.pdf 6413cfa639f8bd681492d3882faaac61 PDF Text Text 2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo The Importance of SMEs in Developing Economies Hidayet KESKĠN Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta/Turkey hunlu@iibf.sdu.edu.tr Canan ġENTÜRK Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta/Turkey canansenturk@iibf.sdu.edu.tr Onur SUNGUR Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta/Turkey onurs@iibf.sdu.edu.tr Hakan M. KĠRĠġ Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta/Turkey hakkan@iibf.sdu.edu.tr Abstract: The economy of the 20th and 21st century has a different set of rules than Smith‘s economy of the 19th century. The new ideology of neo-liberalism and globalization emphasizes the role of SMEs as promoters of a healthy business climate, economic efficiency and power for economic development, especially in developing countries. Today, instead of large-scale industries, SMEs having gained importance in the developing economies, become advantageous being economic enterprises having the capability of quick adaptation, working with less capital but more intense labor and having low cost of management and thus having cheap production. Although SMEs have some weaknesses, they are less affected from economic crises due to its flexibility and abilities which keep up with changed conditions. SMEs are vital actors for enhancing innovation, competitiveness, entrepreneurship and the establishment of an effective innovation system for developing countries. Therefore, in this study the importance of SMEs for developing countries is considered. First, the regulations related to SME definition and EU‘s SME definitions are mentioned. In the second section, the advantages and disadvantages of SMEs are considered. Then, the importance of SMEs in the economies is discussed by groups of countries with the help of various indicators. Finally, the importance of SMEs in developing countries is discussed. Introduction SMEs are seen as the main actors of both national and regional development in many countries. There are a lot of researches about the importance of SMEs in the country's economy. Many countries are implemented support for SMEs in the various programs and policies. In this context, the changes were made about definition of SMEs in EU. Many programs have been implemented to improve the innovation and entrepreneurship of SMEs. Therefore, support for SMEs is one of the European Commission‘s priorities for economic growth, job creation and economic and social cohesion. SMEs play an important role in the EU economy. In addition EU is seen SMEs as an important tool in achieving the Lisbon Strategy. The importance of the SME sector is well recognized worldwide due to its significant contribution to gratifying various socio-economic objectives, such as higher growth of employment, output, promotion of exports and fostering entrepreneurship. Recent empirical studies show that SME‘s contribute to over 55% of GDP and over 65% of total employment in high-income countries. SME‘s and informal enterprises, account for over 60% of GDP and over 70% of total employment in low-income countries, while they contribute over 95% of total employment and about 70% of GDP in middle-income countries. In the European Union countries, for example, there are some 25 million small businesses, constituting 99% of all businesses; they employ almost 95 million people, providing 55% of total jobs in the private sector. Important contribution is also on exports and on productivity growth (OECD, 2004). However, the actual importance of SMEs is emerged to adapt the changing conditions of competition and innovation with the globalization process. SMEs, in many studies, are seen as key actors in innovation systems and are important in increasing the competitive and innovative capacity of the countries / regions. 183 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo Porter (1996; 2000; 2001; 2003) mention that the new concepts such as region, clustering, innovation substitute traditional competitiveness factors and become the main factors determining the competitive power of firms and local economies Orientation for new sources is experienced in identifying competitiveness and new pursuits are emerged in the areas of economy and business science interests. In fact, the change in these areas of interest can be regarded as a natural extension of ―economic reconstruction‖ which is accompanied globalization process. Post-Fordist production processes of economic activities have intensified the need for redefinition of the relationship among firm-local and regional economy -national economies. As a result, firms-regional and international economies which are regarded as relatively isolated units previously, began to be perceived as the actors constantly interact within a dynamic network. Then global actors and powers also have been included as active partners of this network. With this change, the main concepts such as networks (Hakanson, 1992; Thompson and others, 1991), goods (supply) chains (Dickens, 1998), business systems (Whitley, 1992), clusters(Porter, 1990; Schmitz, 1995) and production systems (Scott ve Storper, 1992), are gain importance. And also SMEs are accepted as the main elements of this concept of "proximity and regional tissue‖. In accordance with the above-mentioned developments, SMEs are vital actors for enhancing innovation, competitiveness, entrepreneurship and the establishment of an effective innovation system for developing countries. Therefore, in this study the importance of SMEs for developing countries is considered. First, the regulations related to SME definition and EU‘s SME definition will be mentioned. In the second section, the advantages and disadvantages of SMEs will be considered. Then, the importance of SMEs in the country's economy will be discussed by groups of countries with the help of various indicators. Finally, the importance of SMEs in developing countries will be discussed. Definition of Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs) Institutions working on SMEs case can make several definitions. Limit of SMEs definition generally changes according to economic size of countries. Thus SMEs phrase have economical meaning rather than legal meaning. Most of countries accept that number of employee is a common measurement of SMEs definition. Definition of SMEs and their size criteria is a controversial subject. There are various opinions about SMEs size measurement criteria and their amount (Dinçer, 1994). According to some institutions number of employee has more importance, for the others enterprises turnover have more importance in SMEs definition. World Bank‘s definition of SMEs is that micro scale; less than 50 employee, small scale; 50 employees, medium scale; 50-200 employees. Following the first SMEs definition of EU in 1996, the SME definition which is related with personel numbers is required to revised because of increases in inflation and productivity. As a result of this; On 6 May 2003 the Commission adopted Recommendation 2003/361/EC regarding the SME definition which replaced Recommendation 96/280/EC as from 1 January 2005. The revision takes account of the economic developments since 1996 and the lessons drawn from the application of the definition. The new SME definition represents a major step towards an improved business environment for SMEs and aims at promoting entrepreneurship, investments and growth. This definition has been elaborated after broad consultations with the stakeholders involved which proves that listening to SMEs is a key towards the successful implementation of the Lisbon goals (EC, 2009). The criteria, about EU definition of SME in 1996 and 2005, are presented in Table 1 below: SME CATEGORY EMPLOYMENT* Medium Small Micro 250 50 10 TURNOVER (Million €) 1996 2005 40 50 7 10 ** 2 BALANCE SHEET (Million €) 1996 2005 27 43 5 10 ** 2 Table 1: Definition of SME in European Union In European Union, the new definition of SME includes those with fewer than 250 employees (EC, 2003). This group is further disaggregated into micro enterprises (with fewer than 10 employees), small enterprises (with 10-49 employees) and medium sized enterprises (with 50-249 employees). Micro enterprises would include self-employed people working for themselves with no employees. 32 32 Sometimes the term small, medium and micro-sized enterprises (SMMEs) are used rather than SMEs. 184 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo Eurostat has made re-arrangement on statistics of EU by enterprises scale and Eurostat definition of SMEs is that not employee and 1–9 employees are micro scale, 10–49 employees is small scale, 50–249 employee is medium scale, 250–499 employee is large scale (EC, 2003). Advantages and Disadvantages of SMEs Small and medium size enterprises have become popular in the world especially since 1960s. Schumacher (1973) denotes the superiorities of SMEs as such: SMEs have a competitive structure. SMEs are more efficient. SMEs keep up with the new demands and new technology easier. SMEs‘ working styles are not monotonous or boring. SMEs are more enduring to the economic crisis. SMEs have a more successful role in increasing employment and arranging income. SMEs have been leading enterprises in the industrialization of Western Countries since 1960 (Çarıkçı, 2001). SMEs, observing the market closely, understanding the requirements of customers better and having intimate relations with its employee, have more elasticity than the large ones in terms of manufacturing, marketing and service. As this elasticity enables harmony with the changes in outside in time and on-site, SMEs pass over many troubles lightly with less damage. Right along with these, SMEs may obtain some advantages in some surroundings. SMEs‘ advantages are (Yılmaz, 2004): SMEs provide the strength of element of ―balance‖ income spectrum. This balance gains importance in terms of both social and economic sides. These enterprises are the sources of new ideas and discoveries. They contribute to the industries for providing required elasticity. SMEs have the opportunity to make a decision more quickly. Because they work with less expense of management and general operating, they have faster and cheaper production. SMEs play an important role in creating private initiatives. Also they enjoy large shares in employment and training. These enterprises are the first establishments in which many qualified workers receive technical training. SMEs constitute an effective way to expand the manufacturing and industrialization to the whole country. SMEs are of the situation to be the manufacturer of intermediate goods and inputs of large industrial enterprises. SMEs may be effective in increasing quality of life providing some opportunities for small investments to use labor force, raw material and financial sources that cannot be used because of social and political reasons. SMEs possess a significant role to fulfill the function to reflect small savings and family savings directly to the investments. In this regard the small firm is too important, too dominant and too much about creating the future business generation for marketing practitioners (Day, 2000:1034). According to the report of European Community, the contribution of SMEs to the economic system are summarized as the following; ―these enterprises constitute a required part of commercial and industrial structure because of their numbers and studies about different cases; effects over all sectors having a field of manufacturing, trade and service; contributions to employment and level of welfare‖ (EC, 2003). However, SMEs have also some disadvantages 33. These are lack of general administration, especially the lack of total participation of low level workers to the decisions taken by the owners or partners, not employing specialist and financial consultants in the enterprise, lack of an expert group in financing and lack of department, lack of capital and financial planning, not taking enough support from the banks and other financial corporations, lack of product development, lack of coordination between production and sale, not showing the activities of modern marketing, littleness of business sites and residential areas, risk of bankruptcy and losing its independency, not to be able to provide specialized staff, legislation and bureaucracy, SMEs may be called disadvantageous. It should be noted that among disadvantages of SMEs exhibit a lower level of profitability than do their larger counterparts. However this lower level of profitability is consistent with at least two of the many roles (Carree and Thurik, 2003) SMEs play in the economy: ―the seedbed and turbulence role‖ (Beesley and Hamilton, 1984) which creates economic growth at the expense of survival rates and profitability of those firms involved in this roles (Fritsch and Mueller, 2008) and interacting with their larger counterparts as a supplier while large firms outsource their less profitable non-core activities (Baumol, 2002). 33 See also Table 1. 185 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo Small Firms Ability to react quickly to keep abreast of fast-changing market requirements. Marketing Management Internal Communications Qualified Technical Manpower External Communications Lack of bureaucracy. Dynamic, entrepreneurial managers react quickly to take advantage of new opportunities and are more willing to accept risk. Efficient and informal internal communication networks. Affords a fast response to internal problem-solving: provides ability to recognise rapidly to adapt to change in the external environment. Frequent lack of suitably qualified technical specialists. Often unable to support a formal R&D effort on an appreciable scale. Frequent lack of time or resources to identify and use important external sources of scientific and technological expertise. Finance Great difficulty in attracting capital, especially risk capital. Innovation can represent a disproportionately large financial risk. Economies of Scale and the Systems Approach In some areas scale economies of form substantial entry barriers to small firms. Inability to offer integrated product lines or systems. Can experience difficulty in acquiring external capital necessary for rapid growth. Can experience problems in coping with the patent system. Cannot afford time and costs involved in patent litigation. Often cannot cope with complex regulations. Unit costs of compliance for small firms often high. Growth Patents Government Regulations Large Firms Comprehensive distribution and servicing facilities. High degree of market power with existing products. Professional managers able to control complex organisations and to establish corporate strategies. Internal communications often cumbersome: this can lead to slow reaction to external threats and opportunities. Ability to attract highly-skilled technical specialists. Can support the establishment of a large R&D laboratory. Ability to ―plug in‖ to external sources of scientific and technological expertise. Can afford library and information services. Can buy crucial technical information and technology. Ability to borrow on capital market. Ability to spread risk over a portfolio of projects. Better able to fund diversification into new technologies and new markets. Ability to gain scale economies in R&D, production and marketing. Ability to offer a range of complementary products. Ability to finance expansion of production base. Ability to fund growth via diversification and acquisition. Ability to employ patent specialists. Can afford to litigate to defend patents against infringement. Ability to fund legal services to cope with complex regulatory requirements. Can spread regulatory costs. Able to fund R&D necessary for compliance. Table 2: A Comparison of Small and Large Firms (Advantages and Disadvantages) Source: (Xhepa, 2006). Importance of SMEs by Countries and Country Groups in the World Economy Small and Medium Sized Enterprises (SMEs) have always taken significant roles in the world economy. SMEs, which are the driving force of economic growth, have an important effect on the economic activity. In European Community, every three people out of 25 (12%) in 1985 were free from business. Therefore, a research has been made to achieve an important increase in employment in Europe. The results of the research show that one solution to achieve this rise is Small and Medium Size Enterprise (SMEs). It is noted that SMEs, the significance of which become clearer for resolving employment problem, have gained importance also in Europe after 1970s (BulmuĢ, Oktay, Törüner; 1990). It is seen that SMEs form a major part of total enterprises in the countries in Table 3 in the period between 1945 and 1970, emphasizing large size enterprises, economic growth and rehabilitation activities are implemented in the world. However, in this period, it is understood that SMEs have superior features compared to large size enterprises. In several countries, SMEs‘ role in creating employment and enabling competitive 186 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo atmosphere, have gradually increased. In 1970s, the conjuncture on economic crisis has become effective in such a case. On the other hand, after the economies of scale have begun to decrease, SMEs have begun to construct the basis of macro economies‘ policies in many countries because SMEs have contributed to the usage of sources economically, the employment and income distribution after the depression in 1970. Contrary to the large enterprises focusing on the manufacturing of products the demand of which have showed high or low income elasticity, are the units affected least by the economic crisis (Yılmaz, 2004). Once the economies of developing and developed countries are analyzed, indicators of SMEs disclose the significance of this sector clearly. Although SMEs show agricultural and structural differences country to country, an invariable fact is that these enterprises have great contribution to the economies of whole world countries. SMEs in Total Enterprises (%) SMEs in Total Employment (%) SMEs in Total Investment (%) SMEs in Total Value Added (%) SMEs in Total Export (%) SMEs in Total Credits (%) USA Germany Japan France England SouthKorea India Turkey 97,2 99,8 99,4 99,9 96 97,8 98,6 99,5 50,4 64 81,4 49,4 36 61,9 63,2 61,1 38 44 40 45 29,5 35,7 27,8 56,5 36,2 49 52 54 25,1 34,5 50 37,7 32 31,1 38 23 22,2 20,2 40 8 42,7 35 50 48 27,2 46,8 15,3 4 Table 3: Share of SMEs in Some Countries (%) (2004) Source: (Yılmaz, 2004). SMEs constitute the basic source of materials, ideas, process and service that large enterprises cannot do or do not want to do. Because aiming to benefit from the cost advantage of economies of scale, large enterprises implement a policy of manufacturing a product for a long period due to the big investments for the machines, tools, devices and labor force. However, SMEs do not have such problems as maintaining a large scale investment. Because their economies are small and they possess more elastic structure when compared to large enterprises (Efe, 1998). SMEs remain important not only in developing countries but also in developed and industrialized countries. In these years of 21st century, in developed countries, the policies aiming to increase employment of small enterprises, observed up to now, are postponed and it has been tried to constitute some policies enabling formation and competition of small enterprises making changes in production, sale and management. In developed countries, policies of small enterprises should be to improve alive, dynamic enterprising, not focusing on increasing employment (Sarıaslan, 1994). Despite these difficulties, in all countries, there can be made such a generalization that SMEs constitute about 99% of enterprises. Despite the change from one country to another, SMEs constitute 40-80% of employment and 30-70% of gross national product. 5% of the SMEs are of the statute of large enterprises. This data designates a superiority of small enterprises upon large ones. One of SMEs small but important characteristics is that they are in a leading position to improve industries and technologies. SMEs are densely existed within the enterprises implementing innovative studies. By decreasing cost of communication, SMEs technical opportunities will increase and thus, SMEs‘ achievement in global market will improve. Contribution of SMEs to the employment is also important (Küçükçolak, 1998). European Union (EU) OECD Countries Of the 19.3 million enterprises in the European Union (EU) today, 99% are defined as SMEs and employ some 75 million people. There are only 35,000 enterprises, with more than 250 employees, but 18 million enterprises employ fewer than 10 people - the micro- enterprises. The average European business provides employment for 4 people, including the owner/manager, the average turnover being 500,000 euro. Of this group, SMEs represent over 95% of enterprises in most countries and generate over half of private sector employment. Moreover, most OECD governments promote entrepreneurship and develop SMEs with a myriad of policies and programmes because of SME difficulties such as financing, technology and innovation, e-commerce, management and internationalization. For example, in Korea measures include tax breaks and reduced interest loans for starting new businesses in rural areas. 187 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo Latin America Asia South Africa After focusing on large investments and wooing multinationals for years, Latin American politicians are beginning to realize that SMEs are the true job creators, as well as important players in technology supply chains. The vast majority (approximately 80-90%) of companies are micro enterprises and the governments have vastly reduced red tape to ensure SMEs needs are attended to swiftly. Among the major regional economies, except of Argentina, while these types of businesses flourished elsewhere in LatinAmerica, especially in Brazil and Mexico. It has been recognised that some of the world‘s best performing economies, notably Taiwan and Hong Kong, are very heavily based on small enterprises'. 81% of all employment in Japan is in SMEs where the average enterprise employs nine staff as opposed to four in the EU. The share of employment located in the micro, small and medium sectors taken together is high – estimated recently at 60% while the sector generated about 40% of output. Source: (Adapted from Lukacs, 2005). Table 4: Share of SMEs in Global Economy Regardless of the level of economic growth, in all countries SMEs are the basis of economic and social order in terms of numerical and job creation capability. In almost all of the countries, SMEs constitute nearly all of the enterprises. According to this, in all countries, SMEs have an active role (KOSGEB, 2000, 1993). Consequently, today, with the globalization of world markets, developed and developing countries are more aware of the capability and elasticity of SMEs to keep up with the social and economic changes. Thus, they focus on incentive economic measures to increase their competition capability and technological level. In short, in the world, the concept of ―Small is Beautiful‖ is common. The Importance of SME in Developing Countries The notion of SME and entrepreneurship development was introduced into the growth and development landscape as early as the late 1940‘s with the introduction of targeted policies (grants, subsidized credits, special tax treatment, etc.) and the establishment of small business or SME support agencies by governments (e.g. publicly funded SME agencies were set up in 1948 in Japan, 1953 in USA, 1954 in India, 1966 in Tanzania, 1976 in Turkey) (OECD, 2004). As with any other component of an economy, the size and importance of the SME sector varies from country to country; the last few decades have seen an increasing recognition of the role it plays in industrial countries, something already more obvious for developing nations from the 1970s or so. SMEs are important to almost all economies in the world, but especially to those in developing countries (Berry, 2007). There is considerable interest in SMEs in developing countries. There are probably two main reasons for this. One is the belief that SME development may prove to be an effective antipoverty programme. The second is the belief that SME development is one of the building blocks of innovation and sustainable growth. These two reasons are of course linked because most of the international evidence says that growth and real poverty reduction go hand in hand. If SME development helps growth, more than likely it helps reduce poverty as well (Warner, 2001: 61) SMEs contribute substantially to a stable economic environment and to the development of the economy. To achieve stable economic development the business of SMEs must be supported. They need especially financial and consulting services which help them to overcome difficulties during the start-up phase or to carry out their normal business activities. (Güttler, 2001:89) Developing countries without substantial SME sectors (hence often described as having a ―missing middle‖ in their firm size structure) tend not only to have capital and the income from it concentrated in the larger firms but also to have a ―labour elite‖ in that sector, able to bargain for wages much higher than elsewhere in the economy. With the economy‘s capital stock almost completely used up by the large firms (usually a result of capital market imperfections), there is little remaining capital to be distributed among the many workers not hired by large firms; this produces a large micro enterprise sector with the SME sector squeezed out for lack of capital. The equilibrium wage in the micro enterprise sector is very low and capital incomes are low there as well. In short, income is very unequally distributed. When the SME sector is large, these extremes in the distribution of both capital income and labour income are avoided. (Berry, 2007) Furthermore, SMEs contribute to employment and income generation and export revenues in developing countries. However, in order to tap into the potential of SMEs for development and poverty reduction, transition and developing country governments, development partners and SMEs themselves need to address a number of challenges (OECD, 2004): • The domestic SME/private sector has to expand, through: 188 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo − The creation of new and innovative firms and − The graduation of as many informal enterprises as possible into the formal sector. • SMEs have to become more competitive and productive at their home base. • At least a proportion of these nationally competitive SMEs have to achieve a level of competitiveness that will enable them to integrate into the global value chains through trade (exports and internationalization) and investment, including linkages with FDI. Conclusion The economy of the 20th and 21st century has a different set of rules than Smith‘s economy of the 19th century. The new ideology of neo-liberalism and globalization emphasizes the role of SMEs as promoters of a healthy business climate, economic efficiency and power for economic development, especially in developing countries. SMEs have an important role in terms of their economic share in developed and developing economies though there are different definitions of SME among various organizations and countries. Today, instead of large-scale firms, SMEs having gained importance in the developing economies, become advantageous being economic enterprises having the capability of quick adjudication, working with less capital but more intense labor and having low cost of management and thus having cheap production. In short, the concept of small is beautiful becomes important in the current economic conjuncture with large firms. Although SMEs have some weaknesses, they are less affected from economic crises due to its flexibility and abilities which keep up with changed conditions. SMEs are vital actors for enhancing innovation, competitiveness, entrepreneurship and the establishment of an effective innovation system for developing countries. Improving the investment climate for SMEs, and strengthening their capacities to respond to trade and investment opportunities, does strengthen the economic performance of SMEs and this in turn has a positive impact on growth and poverty reduction in developing countries. SMEs, observing the market closely, understanding the requirements of customers better and having intimate relations with its employee, have more elasticity than the large ones in terms of manufacturing, marketing and service. As this elasticity enables harmony with the changes in outside in time and on-site, SMEs pass over many troubles lightly with less damage. Although SMEs have some weaknesses, they are less affected from economic crises due to its flexibility and abilities which keep up with changed conditions. Besides they absorb economic crises effects and play a role as ―compress‖. In this regard, SMEs have crucial importance, especially for the developing countries. Even in ‗normal‘ economic conditions governments have recognised that, to survive and grow, SMEs need specific policies and programmes. However, at the present time, SMEs have been especially hard hit by the global crisis. It is important to stress that SMEs are generally vulnerable in times of crisis for many reasons among which are (OECD, 2009):  It is more difficult for them to downsize as they are already small;  They are individually less diversified in their economic activities;  They have a weaker financial structure (i.e. lower capitalisation);  They have a lower or no credit rating;  They are heavily dependent on credit and they have fewer financing options. 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UNECE (2008), Developing Entrepreneurship In The UNECE Region Country Experiences in Reducing Barriers to Enterprise Development, United Nations Publications, New York and Geneva, [available at http://www.unece.org/ceci/publications/eed.pdf]. WARNER, A. (2001); Small and Medium Sized Enterprises and Economic Creativity, in Improving The Competitiveness Of SMEs In Developing Countries: The Role Of Finance To Enhance Enterprise Development, UNCTAD, NewYork & Geneva. WHITLEY, R. (1992), European Business Systems: Firms and Markets in Their National Context, London: Sage Publications. XHEPA, S. (2006), Competitiveness And The SME Development In Albania, The Institute for Contemporary Studies (ISB), Tirana, [available at http://www.western-balkans.info/upload/docs/1___Albania_SMEnew.pdf]. 191 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo XHEPA, S.; AGOLLI M.M. (2004), Small And Medium-Sized Enterprises Development Albania, [available at http://www.acit-al.org/albanian/eu/SXhepa_AGugu.pdf]. YILMAZ, B. (2004), Kobi‘lerin Finansman Sorunlarına Bir Çözüm Önerisi: ―Risk Sermayesi Finansman Modeli‖, DıĢ Ticaret Dergisi, DTM Yayını, Yıl:9, Sayı:33. 192 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 151 Title A name given to the resource The Importance of SMEs in Developing Economies Author Author KESKİN, Hidayet ŞENTÜRK, Canan SUNGUR, Onur KİRİŞ, Hakan M. Abstract A summary of the resource. The economy of the 20th and 21st century has a different set of rules than Smith‘s economy of the 19th century. The new ideology of neo-liberalism and globalization emphasizes the role of SMEs as promoters of a healthy business climate, economic efficiency and power for economic development, especially in developing countries. Today, instead of large-scale industries, SMEs having gained importance in the developing economies, become advantageous being economic enterprises having the capability of quick adaptation, working with less capital but more intense labor and having low cost of management and thus having cheap production. Although SMEs have some weaknesses, they are less affected from economic crises due to its flexibility and abilities which keep up with changed conditions. SMEs are vital actors for enhancing innovation, competitiveness, entrepreneurship and the establishment of an effective innovation system for developing countries. Therefore, in this study the importance of SMEs for developing countries is considered. First, the regulations related to SME definition and EU‘s SME definitions are mentioned. In the second section, the advantages and disadvantages of SMEs are considered. Then, the importance of SMEs in the economies is discussed by groups of countries with the help of various indicators. Finally, the importance of SMEs in developing countries is discussed. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed HB Economic Theory https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/8d59ed17aa3429ad384bbfdd628d6420.docx 17b48677aa78e61f3e3750a96c3895f5 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/72a73b9b457f1b9fab1ac2a6f02ccc12.pdf 2cc1786443fd463039ce78735f2fb16e PDF Text Text �������         ���   ������ Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 3157 Title A name given to the resource The Importance of Social Policy Advancement within the European Union Integration Process: A Theoretical Review of Different Approaches in Examining the Development of the EU Education Policy Author Author HASIĆ, Jasmin Abstract A summary of the resource. The article attempts to scrutinize a part of a larger analysis in relation to the practical and theoretical aspects of the EU education policy and its contribution to the EU integration process, in the context of promoting free movement of labor and workers. This short review article investigates economic, political and legal aspects of the above mentioned policy, placed within a deeper context of the integration priorities of Member States in the past 40 years. Moreover, the aim of the article is to theoretically examine the developmental consistency of the European education policy by suggesting actual reasons for such cause of action. Special consideration will be given to the extent in which the EU policy of education conflicts with the concept of harmonization of law. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Pravni fakultet Univerziteta u Bihaću i Centar za društvena istraživanja Internacionalnog Burč univerziteta Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed K Law (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/b80bb3fedd1819ac964e4ef4e3b9ce69.pdf 825193b27d7d92bb232b283aead4ab42 PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo The Importance Of Strategic Management And Intellectual Capital In Sustainable Development: The Case Of Suleyman Demirel University Boşgelmez Günseli1, Öksüz Mehmet Kürşat2, Alduğan Kevser2 1Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta Vocational School, Isparta-Turkey 2Suleyman Demirel University, Engineering and Architecture Faculty Department of Industrial Engineering, Isparta–Turkey E-mails: gunselibosgelmez@sdu.edu.tr,m.kursat.oksuz@hotmail.com, kevseraldugan@hotmail.com Abstract Universities are one of the main elements of current notion of development since they are the institutions that produce the knowledge. They also hold a significant position in social and economic development in addition to their conventional roles of education and research. In this sense, they are expected to support sustainable development on local, regional and national basis through conducting research in cooperation with industrial establishments. Because producing professionals of the future is an important activity related to sustainability. In terms of sustainable development, intellectual capital and strategic management are two essentials to create a vision for the future. In the study, Süleyman Demirel University, which started in a small town in 1976 with only 40 students and has expanded to 50,000 students today, was discussed in terms of its developmental influence on Isparta and its surroundings. The implementations of intellectual capital and strategic management that originated this development were described as a model. Keywords: Sustainable Development, Entrepreneurial University. Strategic Management, Intellectual Capital, 1. INTRODUCTION Sustainable development has been defined in many ways, but the most frequently quoted definition is from “Our Common Future”, also known as the Brundtland Report(WCED, 1987): "Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.” It contains within it two key concepts: 134 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 1. The concept of needs , in particular the essential needs of the world's poor, to which overriding priority should be given; and 2. The idea of limitations imposed by the state of technology and social organization on the environment's ability to meet present and future needs." 1.1.Sustainable Development Strategies Strategies for Sustainable Development can be summarized under six topics: Environment: The natural world has a value on its own. No one mustn’t mishandles physical carrying capacity of nature in order to meet the needs of their own use. The Future: While meeting our own needs, we shouldn’t forget that we have to leave the world for future generations to meet their own needs. Quality of Life: Human welfare depends on, not only materially, but also social, cultural, moral and spiritual dimensions. Justice: Welfare, opportunities, rights and responsibilities between countries and between different social groups in the same country must be apportioned fairly. The needs and rights of the poor and those who are face to face with some limitations should be considered. The same fair share must be done on natural resources, between future generations and today's people. Precautionary Principle: If we don’t sure effects of any movement or development, we should take more precaution. Because environmental issues are global, taking measures should be ascertained with special emphasis on social benefits. Holistic thinking: If we are faced with a complex problem of sustainability all the factors should include the solution of this problem. For each problem with based on scientific data and special emphasis on social benefits, solution must be produced. Therefore, any decisions taken, the individuality of each application should be removed then moved to an international platform. 1.2.Dimensions of Sustainable Development There are 3 dimensions of sustainable development: 1. Social Dimension: With permanent education, the benefits of "Enhancement of Quality of Life," should be explained to public for themselves and future generations. 2.Economic Dimension: Every source on earth is limited. Therefore, we have whatever the source, this resource must be distributed the fairest way to improve the quality of human life. 3.Environmental Dimension: Recycled or not, the use of every natural resource is aimed to provide continuity. 135 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 1.3.STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT 1.3.1.Definition of Strategic Management Strategic management is a management technique that analyzes the process "What an organization do, reason of existence, demonstrate the goals which want to reach in the future and show how to reach these objectives "(Bryson, 1988). 1.3.2.Characteristics of Strategic Management The main features of Strategic Management (Aktan, 2008): Strategic management enables to the organization's organization, coordination, implementation and control. future activities, planning, Strategic Management helps to think strategically. In this to determine the correct strategy and tactics then these are applied. respect, they try Strategic management emphasizes the importance of organization's goals based on the teamwork . Strategies that are executed with a wide range of participation by senior management and the most optimal one is chosen for the company from decisionmaking techniques. Strategic management helps to determine the most effective way to solve problems. In this respect, total quality management techniques are used extensively. 1.4.INTELLECTUAL CAPITAL Stewart, in his book published in 1997, defined the intellectual capital the most general way as “obtained useful information” and noted that it includes the information about organization's processes, technologies, patents, skills of employees and customers, suppliers and other related parties. (Demirkol, 2007). 1.4.1.Sustainable Development and Human Capital The most important element of intellectual capital is human capital. Human capital is the most difficult elements of intellectual capital within the definition of capital, employees of business have collective knowledge, which is the value of their abilities and experiences, constitute the main source of renewal and innovation process. In 136 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo addition, employees receive training, examined in this type of capital. (Ecer, 2004) behavior patterns and attitudes are The most important element of sustainable development is human capital. The only way of transforming sustainable development as a life style is raising it passes individuals who believed sustainable development as a philosophy of life. The principal elements of human capital are as follows (Demirkol, 2007):        Know-how, Training, Business-oriented features, Work-related information, Work evaluation, Work-related competition, The power of entrepreneurship, innovation, insight before and after the process, variability. 2. SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND UNIVERSITIES 2.1. University in Regional Development • • • Intra-regional division of development task between different institutions in a region Does the university has the internal capacity in responding to growing expectations directed at it with regard to social, cultural and economic development in terms of economic and social capital? Rising question: What is the role of universities in regional development 2.2. The Contribution of Universities in Regional Development • • • • • • 137 Generating revenue, spending this revenue in the region and attracting students who will spend money on their education Conducting scientific researches regarding regional questions or commercial studies for the firms in the region Improving the social and cultural life of a region Researches which takes place at universities stimulates regional development through an increase in GDP and employment and has a strong, deep effect on the productivity of the economy in a region Universities affect regional development through training students to create new ideas and innovations University students assist firms in increasing their productivity, effectiveness, and in the introduction of new products which generates growth in the region �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo • • • Creating new industries by science & engineering researches, technology licensing policies, promoting/assisting local entrepreneurial businesses (incubation services, etc.) Upgrading existing industries by problem-solving for industry through contract research, faculty consulting, etc. and education/manpower development Importation/transplantation of industries: advancement of education, manpower development, research and training of human resources. 2.3.Changing Role of Universities in Turkey by time through Changing Economic and Social Structure • • • • 1923-1950: Nation building 1950-1980: Modernization 1980-1990: Reorganization 1990-2011:Internationalization, Marketisation and Harmonization along with European Higher Education System. 2.4.Changing Nature (Antonelli,2003) of Knowledge and its Implications on Universities Knowledge as a Public Good :     Public funding of universities and other public research centers. Top-down view about the generation of technological knowledge. Linear approach: technological knowledge is the eventual result of the application of new scientific discoveries. Universities and public research centers were better equipped to perform scientific research. Application of scientific discoveries for the actual generation of technological knowledge and the introduction of technological innovations is assigned to corporations. Knowledge as a Proprietary/Private Good:     138 The new enclosures substitute the knowledge commons. Universities enters the markets for the technological (knowledge) outsourcing of large corporations. The mobility of human capital is more and more regarded as a sensitive issue. New effective tools of stimulating the distribution of knowledge and increasing the incentives to its production: Academic patenting and scientific entrepreneurship. �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 2.5. Changing Roles of Universities TRADITIONAL ROLES NEW ROLES Nation Building: National demands for Higher Education Region Building: Local demands for HE (Role in socialeconomic-cultural development of regions and growing needs for local technology & skills) Raising general education level: Basic HE Facilitating learning at various levels: Lifelong Learning Increasing the stock of formal knowledge University as a knowledge producing actor: Creating internal/external spillovers of knowledge Transferring global to local space In addition to traditional role: transferring local to global space Research based activities Being an institution which is capable of producing commercialisable research based activities & technologies Helping entrepreneurs: Increasing the stock of researches University as an entrepreneur: Using output of its own researches Part of central governance approach Part of local governance approach Disciplinary (integrated) approach for teaching & research Non rigid (flexible) approach: Growing separation between teaching & research 3.MODEL Strategic thinking is the basic way to success. Süleyman Demirel University’s intellectual capital and strategic management decisions guided development of Isparta city. The university's strategic plan changed the fate of the Isparta city and it became a small example of sustainable development. Professional strategic planning process began in 2005 at Süleyman Demirel University. University is one of the cornerstones of sustainable development. Süleyman Demirel University has become an institution with the awereness that change and development has become conditions of looking the future. The university has made its first strategic plan for 2006-2010 which its physical and institutional structure largely completed. Then, for the years 2011-2015, S.D.U revised its strategic plan and determined the mission, vision, core values and principles. 139 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Mission: Süleyman Demirel University provide international, national and local levels education and training, execution scientific research, publications and consulting activities, his research and projects on a national and international level in science, art and technology is committed to producing nation and the sake of all humanity. Vision: The university aims to be a pioneer, be preferable and have the high mobility in higher education network. This mission, vision, core values and principles through with SWOT analysis and stakeholder analysis, strategic goals and objectives identified.Affecting factors of Süleyman Demirel University evaluated under two main headings; internal analysis and external environmental analysis. With the internal analysis, internal environments affect of the future conditions and trends are examined. In the study of external environmental analysis, non control external conditions and trends to university are evaluated. With the external environment analysis, opportunities and threats were determined by taking opinions of internal and external stakeholders.(Suleyman Demirel University's Strategic Plan, 20112015) 4.RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Today, Universities has become one of the basic elements of sustainable development because of producing knowledge, qualified labor force and technology for humanity and universe. Universities also hold a significant position in social and economic development in addition to their conventional roles of education and research. In addition, illumination of society routing, transformation and lead the change are functions too. As shown in this study, Süleyman Demirel University has important role on creating vision for the future with using intellectual capital and strategic management in sustainable development. REFERENCES AKTAN, Coşkun Can (2008) “Stratejik Yönetim ve Stratejik Planlama”. ANTONELLI, Cristiano (June, 2003) “The Governance Of Technological Knowledge: Strategies, Processes And Public Policies”. BRYSON, John M. “Strategic Planning for Public and Nonprofit Organizations”, San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1988. DEMİRKOL, İsmet (2007) “Entelektüel Sermayenin Firma Değerine Etkisi ve İMKB’de Sektörel Uygulamalar”. 140 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo ECER, H. Ferhat (2004) Yüksek Lisans Tezi “Entelektüel Sermayenin Firma Değeri Üzerindeki Etkisi ve Ekonometrik Bir Analiz”. HATİBOĞLU, Z. (1986) “İşletmelerde Stratejik Yönetim” İstanbul: İrfan Yayıncılık. KÖSE & AKGÜN (2004) “Süleyman Demirel University’s 10. Year Gift”. Isparta. Süleyman Demirel University's Strategic Plan (2011). Isparta. TUIK (2011) Adrese Dayalı Nüfus Kayıt Sistemi Veri Tabanı. World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED, 1987) “Our common future” Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. Institutionalization In Hotel Management And An Applied Study On Cappadocia’s 4 And 5 Star Hotels Mustafa Caliskan, Hayrullah Cetin Nevsehir University, Nevsehir, Turkey 1.INTRODUCTION In the simplest terms, institutionalization means that the specific rules are to be valid in all the relevant issues. In other words, certain rules are dominated in all of the social processes such as from the one’s individual life to the family life and to the institutions and organizations, societies, and inter-communal relations. Institutionalization is not just a question of top management. A general management philosophy covering the entire of the enterprise is a corporate culture.The decision or personal behavior of salesman working at the endpoint of organization is an indication of the level of institutionalization of the company. Recently, it is seen that many enterprises enter into the process of institutionalization so that they have more stable and more planned growth path. The most important element of the tourism sector is the hotel enterprise. Revealing that hotel enterprises give importance to which points to institutionalization and determining the viewpoint of them on the institutionalization constitute the basic question of the study. In the study, primarily by considering the institutional framework; institutionalization term, principles, the importance of institutionalization in terms of hotel enterprises and the concept 141 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1107 Title A name given to the resource The Importance Of Strategic Management And Intellectual Capital In Sustainable Development: The Case Of Suleyman Demirel University Author Author Boşgelmez, Günseli Abstract A summary of the resource. Universities are one of the main elements of current notion of development since they are the institutions that produce the knowledge. They also hold a significant position in social and economic development in addition to their conventional roles of education and research. In this sense, they are expected to support sustainable development on local, regional and national basis through conducting research in cooperation with industrial establishments. Because producing professionals of the future is an important activity related to sustainability. In terms of sustainable development, intellectual capital and strategic management are two essentials to create a vision for the future. In the study, Süleyman Demirel University, which started in a small town in 1976 with only 40 students and has expanded to 50,000 students today, was discussed in terms of its developmental influence on Isparta and its surroundings. The implementations of intellectual capital and strategic management that originated this development were described as a model. Keywords: Sustainable Development, Strategic Management, Intellectual Capital, Entrepreneurial University. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/606d6fcf3b8b19267bcea94cf72d4355.pdf f917df82cd04ba534aa1af0fae73aab9 PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo The Importance of Sustainable Living for the Well-Being of the Older Adults: U.S. Case Fevzi Kaya Dumlupınar University, Kütahya, Turkey kaya_fevzi@hotmail.com Metin Özkan Dumlupınar University, Kütahya, Turkey camulog43@gmail.com Sustainable living is the idea of preserving national resources and helping to preserve ecological balance in the world. The main purpose of this struggle is to create a more sustainable world. İn order to make a significant contribution for the well-being of people around us, sustainable living is a crucial point to consider. As you know, the U.S. population is getting older, and it is estimated by 2030, approximately 70 million individuals would be 65 or older in the U.S., so as the population of older people increase, the need for the adults intensifies. İn order to increase the quality life of older adults: what type of sustainable housing would be conducive, what type of housing material should be used for the inside and outside of the home, what type of sustainable clothing should be used, and what type of an environment should be constructed are going to be the main questions addressed in this research. Keywords: Sustainable Living, Sustainable Housing, Housing Material, Sustainable Clothing, Co-Housing and Shared Living. 121 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1564 Title A name given to the resource The Importance of Sustainable Living for the Well-Being of the Older Adults: U.S. Case Author Author KAYA, Favzi OZKAN, Metin Abstract A summary of the resource. Sustainable living is the idea of preserving national resources and helping to preserve ecological balance in the world. The main purpose of this struggle is to create a more sustainable world. İn order to make a significant contribution for the well-being of people around us, sustainable living is a crucial point to consider. As you know, the U.S. population is getting older, and it is estimated by 2030, approximately 70 million individuals would be 65 or older in the U.S., so as the population of older people increase, the need for the adults intensifies. İn order to increase the quality life of older adults: what type of sustainable housing would be conducive, what type of housing material should be used for the inside and outside of the home, what type of sustainable clothing should be used, and what type of an environment should be constructed are going to be the main questions addressed in this research. Keywords: Sustainable Living, Sustainable Housing, Housing Material, Sustainable Clothing, Co-Housing and Shared Living. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-10 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-4564 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/412b75a211cf5e7bb1f720389361e8a7.docx f7beab49b183ee7722bbcaf16a109c68 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/a7c30656abdda0d861a5133a947c459c.pdf 2cc8719d40ca26d1c0a36c9b3378c84e PDF Text Text THE IMPORTANCE OF SUSTAINABLE LIVING FOR THE WELLBEING OF THE OLDER ADULTS: U.S. CASE Fevzi Kaya Dumlupınar University, Kütahya, Turkey kaya_fevzi@hotmail.com Metin Özkan Dumlupınar University, Kütahya, Turkey camulog43@gmail.com Keywords: Sustainable living, sustainable housing, housing material, sustainable clothing, cohousing and shared living. ABSTRACT Sustainable living is the idea of preserving national resources and helping to preserve ecological balance in the world. The main purpose of this struggle is to create a more sustainable world. İn order to make a significant contribution for the well-being of people around us, sustainable living is a crucial point to consider. As you know, the U.S. population is getting older, and it is estimated by 2030, approximately 70 million individuals would be 65 or older in the U.S., so as the population of older people increase, the need for the adults intensifies. İn order to increase the quality life of older adults: what type of sustainable housing would be conducive, what type of housing material should be used for the inside and outside of the home, what type of sustainable clothing should be used, and what type of an environment should be constructed are going to be the main questions addressed in this research. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2125 Title A name given to the resource THE IMPORTANCE OF SUSTAINABLE LIVING FOR THE WELL-BEING OF THE OLDER ADULTS: U.S. CASE Author Author KAYA, Fevzi OZKAN, Metin Abstract A summary of the resource. Keywords: Sustainable living, sustainable housing, housing material, sustainable clothing, co-housing and shared living. ABSTRACT Sustainable living is the idea of preserving national resources and helping to preserve ecological balance in the world. The main purpose of this struggle is to create a more sustainable world. İn order to make a significant contribution for the well-being of people around us, sustainable living is a crucial point to consider. As you know, the U.S. population is getting older, and it is estimated by 2030, approximately 70 million individuals would be 65 or older in the U.S., so as the population of older people increase, the need for the adults intensifies. İn order to increase the quality life of older adults: what type of sustainable housing would be conducive, what type of housing material should be used for the inside and outside of the home, what type of sustainable clothing should be used, and what type of an environment should be constructed are going to be the main questions addressed in this research. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-24 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2233-1565 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 935 Title A name given to the resource The Importance of Teaching Culture in the Foreign Language Classroom Author Author Muhammed, Arikan Ulku, Ayhan Azamat, Akbarov Abstract A summary of the resource. This paper is concerned with the importance of teaching culture in a foreign language class. Linguists have long recognized that the forms and uses of a given language reflect the cultural values of the society in which the language is spoken. This means language learners need to be aware, for example, of the culturally appropriate ways to address people, express gratitude, make requests etc. Effective commutation is not just a matter of language proficiency, it is also about being able to understand other people and language alone is not enough for this. Language is a tool which reflects the life of the people from the culture that it was born from and thus learning the target language alone is not enough to communicate effectively. Communication is not the ability to speak the language but to understand the other person and since language is a tool that reflects the culture ( life style, ideas etc.) of the speaker in the communication proses, learning the culture is as important as learning the language itself when it comes to understanding each other. Since each language was born to meet the needs of the society that it was born from knowing that societies culture is necessary to fully master that language. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed P Philology. Linguistics https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/a8f41c0cc96f040e632c224b8784543c.docx 703a44cc40c3b5f11c1da7dd0c493075 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/00ab096cfd4a59851828728a2388ad71.pdf 069fa5925298101d0dded088894aba96 PDF Text Text The Importance of Time in Virginia Woolf's Mrs Dalloway Ajla Pašić & Melih Karakuzu International Burch University / Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina Key words: Virginia Woolf, Mrs Dalloway, characters, writing style, themes ABSTRACT Adeline Virginia Woolf was an English writer and one of the foremost modernist of the twentieth century. One of her famous novels is Mrs. Dalloway. Virginia Woolf’s Mrs. Dalloway, published in 1925, was a bestseller both in Britain and the United States. The action of Mrs. Dalloway takes place during a single day in June 1923 in London, England. This unusual organizational strategy creates a special problem for the novelist: how to craft characters deep enough to be realistic while treating only one day in their lives. Virginia Woolf’s novel Mrs. Dalloway has a specific style of writing, the novelist is not using the first person. Mrs. Dalloway is written in the third person omniscient by an anonymous narrator who knows everything about everyone, down to their innermost thoughts. Woolf perfected in this novel is a style of narration that literary critics have called “represented thoughts and speech”, capturing the motions of a mind thinking in the past tense, third person. A narrator presents characters thoughts and speech and there is no way to separate the narrator from the character in this novel. Another techinque that Virginia Woolf employs to develop the story of the novel is her treatment of time. Apparently, the time of action is only a single day in the lives of Clarissa Dalloway and other characters. In the course of a single day they lived their whole lives, and the readers get to know everything about them. In this novel, the past lives of the characters are not narrated in chronological order, rather they emerge gradually, in fragments, as memories. In this novel, the line between past and present is blurred. The transition from present to past and back into present requires but just a single moment. The book is composed of movements from one character to another, or of movements from the internal thoughts of one character to the internal thoughts of another. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1704 Title A name given to the resource The Importance of Time in Virginia Woolf's Mrs Dalloway Author Author PAŠIĆ, Ajla KARAKUZU, Melih Abstract A summary of the resource. Key words: Virginia Woolf, Mrs Dalloway, characters, writing style, themes ABSTRACT Adeline Virginia Woolf was an English writer and one of the foremost modernist of the twentieth century. One of her famous novels is Mrs. Dalloway. Virginia Woolf’s Mrs. Dalloway, published in 1925, was a bestseller both in Britain and the United States. The action of Mrs. Dalloway takes place during a single day in June 1923 in London, England. This unusual organizational strategy creates a special problem for the novelist: how to craft characters deep enough to be realistic while treating only one day in their lives. Virginia Woolf’s novel Mrs. Dalloway has a specific style of writing, the novelist is not using the first person. Mrs. Dalloway is written in the third person omniscient by an anonymous narrator who knows everything about everyone, down to their innermost thoughts. Woolf perfected in this novel is a style of narration that literary critics have called “represented thoughts and speech”, capturing the motions of a mind thinking in the past tense, third person. A narrator presents characters thoughts and speech and there is no way to separate the narrator from the character in this novel. Another techinque that Virginia Woolf employs to develop the story of the novel is her treatment of time. Apparently, the time of action is only a single day in the lives of Clarissa Dalloway and other characters. In the course of a single day they lived their whole lives, and the readers get to know everything about them. In this novel, the past lives of the characters are not narrated in chronological order, rather they emerge gradually, in fragments, as memories. In this novel, the line between past and present is blurred. The transition from present to past and back into present requires but just a single moment. The book is composed of movements from one character to another, or of movements from the internal thoughts of one character to the internal thoughts of another. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available IBU Publishing Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-03 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 3526 Title A name given to the resource THE IMPORTANCE OF VALUE ATTITUDES IN SOLVING INTERCULTURAL CONFLICTS Author Author Kriaučiūnienė, Roma Abstract A summary of the resource. Contemporary world is complicated and we face many difficult problems that sometimes can turn into conflicts that have to be solved. As S. L. Dolan (2011) claims, these problems are: environmental pollution, human alienation, unemployment, crimes, drug addiction, disintegration of the family, mistreatment of the elderly, unequal distribution of wealth, food, educational opportunities, and many more. These challenges cause chaos and disturb the established senses of values across cultures. Some Lithuanian researchers (Aramavičiūtė, 2005) also maintain a view that such chaos has a vast influence on psychological condition of people as they loose the sense and meaning of life, which has a negative impact on their intra and inter-relations.The documents of the EU also highlight the need for educational institutions to promote social cohesion, intercultural dialogue, diversity and equality. The development of personal and social skills and respect for human dignity and shared values are considered to be essential in resolution of intercultural problems. The article is based on the research into the cognitive-notional component of value attitudes of the students of management and foreign languages. The criteria were the acknowledgement of the importance of values and the depth of understanding of the meaning of values. The conclusion is made that students have to be prepared to understand the world, its cultural variety and values, think critically, make a stand against the injustice and only then there can be a hope for life without prejudice, violence and contempt. Therefore, educational institutions have a huge and essential responsibility in this respect (Popovici, 2006). Keywords: value attitudes, acknowledgment of the importance, depth of understanding, moral values, intercultural competence. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed PE English