289 10 3494 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/523c00ec418060056042b26dd7ad439b.pdf 5f6de1dbbab8ee50a5edd9e79457f90b PDF Text Text 1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo THE IMPLEMENTATION OF COLLABORATIVE WEB 2.0 TOOLS IN ELT CLASSROOMS Assoc. Prof. Arif SARIÇOBAN Department of English Language Teaching Hacettepe University, Turkey arifs@hacettepe.edu.tr Eyüp YaĢar KURUM Department of Foreign Languages Turkish Military Academy, Turkey yasarkurum@gmail.com Abstract: The internet applications first labeled by Tim O‘Reilly in 2004 as Web 2.0 have offered numerous new opportunities for the English teachers. Blogging, wikis, podcasting, and social networking are a few examples of the so-called Web 2.0 technologies that language teachers are currently exploring. However, not only many ELT teachers currently working at the schools but also a good number of prospective English teachers‘ awareness of Web 2.0 tools in ELT is far from satisfactory (Usluel and others, 2009). This paper aims to provide awareness for the educators for the potentials of Web 2.0 tools in language learning and teaching. A theoretical foundation for a technology enhanced pedagogy is outlined, one that places Web 2.0 within a social constructivist and connectivist context. Also the importance of Web 2.0 tools in providing comprehensible input to the language learner is emphasized. Finally, an overview of relevant technologies applicable to ELT is provided, along with successful classroom usage models and links to online resources. Key Words: Web 2.0 tools, collaborative learning environments, social constructivism, connectivism Introduction The interactive internet applications which allow the user to perform a more active and participatory role on the net was first labeled by Tim O‘Reilly in 2004 as Web 2.0. The traditional internet applications, which are known as Web 1.0, include only the presentation of the content to the user. The users are sole consumers. They have no chance to contribute or make any changes on the content of the web page they visit. In Web 2.0 however, the sole consumer is replaced by a more contributing and participatory user. The user has an active role; he/she can control the content of the site. He/she is not only bound with whatever content he is presented. With the recent technological developments and a philosophical shift of knowledge, the internet has become more and more interactive today. Why Should English Teachers Concern About the Web 2.0? The implementation of Web 2.0 technologies in the classroom does not immediately improve the teaching quality to an immense level. A teacher deciding to use a new technology in the classroom takes the challenge of increasing his burden of already existing practices and this requires extra time and effort. So, the fundamental questions that should be asked by a teacher deciding to apply a new technology must be these: Is this new technology worth allocating time and effort? Is it a must to implement Web 2.0 technologies to practice a good teaching? The answer is absolutely not. Good teaching practice requires a desire of making a difference in students‘ lives and effort and patience shown to achieve this goal and an inspiring character complementing all these. So then, if the Web 2.0 technology is not something must for a good teaching practice, why should the teachers concern about the issue? As being foreign language teachers every new development in technology concerns us, because our subject matter is oral and written communication and this is what we call language which covers every aspect of human life. Usually the human response to a new technological innovation comes out of a 3 stage cycle which is called ―Hype Cycle‖. In the first phase the new technological innovation arouses a great excitement and unrealistic expectations. Then comes the next stage of disappointment in which people start to think that this new gadget is of 171 �1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo no value at all. The real fruitful stage of new innovation is the last stage. In this phase, people learn to evaluate the innovation with its strong and weak points and more realistic expectations are created. Web 2.0 based internet applications were first met with great excitement and became a cover story for the Time magazine. In 2006, the Time columnist Lev Grossman wrote that the Web 2.0 applications on the net not only changed the world, but also opened a new way on how to change the world. Although, we cannot easily say how the world will be changed through Web 2.0, we can definitely assume that Web 2.0 will present new perspectives in ELT classrooms. Which Learning Theory Accounts for Web 2.0? Computer assisted language learning dates back to the first wide use of PCs in 1980s. In this first phase, which is called Web 1.0, students were able to do some applications on the ready-made software they were presented. They were not allowed to make any changes or any contributions on the content of the program they were studying. The Web 2.0 applications on the other hand, present a more contributory learning media in accordance with the contemporary learning theory of connectivism (Siemens, 2004). The behaviorist, cognitivist and constructivist learning theories used in the past to design learning programs do not suffice today. According to behaviorist learning theory, learning is so complex to be comprehended fully. The fundamental principles of behaviorism can be stated as follows: 1. We should focus on the observable behaviors of individuals rather than focusing our attention to the inner complex mechanisms in human mind which are far from any clear explanation. 2. The human behaviors should be examined as definable stimulus response phases. 3. Learning can only be explained by observing the changes in behaviors. The cognitivist learning theory compares learning like a computer that processes data and explains the acquisition of new information and skills likewise. According to this model, individual first processes the information gathered from the environment in his short term memory. Then, the meaningful information within these newly received data is stored in long term memory as mental symbols. This recorded information is therefore learned. The constructivist model, on the other hand, argues that humans generate knowledge and meaning from an interaction between their experiences and their ideas. Learning happens as a result of individual‘s endeavor of giving meaning to his/her experiences. The behaviorist and cognitivist models handle knowledge as a phenomenon that is outside of the individual. The constructivists, however, argue that individual is not an empty vessel filling himself/herself with output coming from outside. He/she rather actively selects, processes and constructs knowledge with meanings given to one‘s individual experiences. In behaviorist, cognitivist and constructivist learning models, learning is a phenomenon happening within an individual‘s inner world. Even in social constructivism in which learning is claimed to occur as a result of social interaction, learning is something inner. In modern world, due to the technological and social advances that reduce the half life of knowledge rapidly, the learning paradigms mentioned above cannot be sufficient. According to the American Statistical Association, the present knowledge we have in today‘s world has doubled in the past 10 years. In other words, what we know of today was unknown 10 years ago. However, data assumes that in the next 18 months what we know of today will double, which means a 100% increase in 1.5 years. So what does this mean? This means that people will no longer go for a school for some period of time and then graduate and keep on their work. Knowledge is so abundant and this vast amount increases so rapidly that life long learning is not a fantasy, but a must. Therefore, the fundamental skill that an individual in today‘s school must achieve is learning to learn. In a world in which knowledge is so widespread, to act by using the knowledge that is not stored in our mind is more important. Here is where the connectivist model accounts for. The Connectivist model sees continuous learning as a process of recognizing the relationships between disciplines, ideas and concepts and give decisions based on these relationships. Accordingly, the fundamental skill of an individual in connectivism is the ability of deciding on what to learn and what these newly learned information mean. A correct decision based on the present data might become a wrong one depending on the 172 �1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo changing context. In short, the connectivist model sees learning no more an inner and individual activity, but rather an impact of the social changes on individual In modern world, as knowledge flourishes every single day, the important thing is not to know how, but rather to know where. Informal learning today is as important as formal learning. Social sharing Web 2.0 addresses affect even format individuals in terms of lifelong learning, professional development, socialization, etc. Lev Vygotsky‘s social constructivist theories must be realized this way in modern world. How Can Web 2.0 be Implemented in Classroom Settings? According to a study conducted in the U.S., 90% of the 12-17 age group of youth use the internet almost every day (Greenhow & et al., 2009). In Turkey, the rates must be similar especially for the urban youth population. In another study, 55% of the youth on the net were found to be using social sharing Web 2.0 sites on a continual basis (Greenhow & et al., 2009). These findings reveal us that the English instructors have a potential to exploit this widely used medium to realize their course objectives. In order to accomplish this, the English instructors themselves first get to know about Web 2.0 applications. The best source of help to achieve this goal would again be the internet itself. First of all, we could start the work by visiting the blog address http://plcmclearning.blogspot.com/2007/01/learning-20-message.html This site is an internet project prepared for the introduction of Web 2.0 for the personnel of a library in Charlotte, North Carolina. When the users complete the 23 activities in the site, they both have an understanding of Web 2.0 and win presents like a laptop or MP3. The example activities in the site are as follows: 1. Visit http://www.blogger.com/home and prepare your own blog, 2. Visit http://www.flickr.com and share your photos there. Search for a photo on a certain topic, download and upload photos. 3. Activities on RSS (Really Simple Syndication). RSS is a special XML file format used to publish frequently updated works —such as blog entries, news headlines, audio, and video — in a standardized format. The internet user can subscribe to the site and follow the continually updated content by using a reader. http://www.commoncraft.com/rss_plain_english presents a 3 minute comprehensive video on RSS. Visit addresses such as http://generatorblog.blogspot.com/, http://www.letterjames.com/start.php?mod=image-personalization to gather information on photo and image making. Visit http://www.librarything.com to check for the activities in which people online catalogue the books they read and write comments on them. There are also comments on similar web addresses. 4. 5. 6. Visit http://www.rollyo.com to make your personal search engine on the net. 7. Visit http://delicious.com to get information about social bookmarking. There is a 8-minute introductory video on http://www.ottergroup.com/learning2.0/?p=14 about delicious.com. By bookmarking your frequently used addresses in delicious.com, you can easily access your favorite addresses from any computer. At the same time, you can contact others visiting your favorite addresses. So, let‘s say you are doing a research on the use of Web 2.0 in foreign language teaching. By using delicious.com, you can easily contact researchers from anywhere in the world studying on the same topic. 8. To learn to work with blog pages like Technorati by using bookmarking sites. 9. To learn about popular Web 2.0 Wiki, YouTube, etc. applications. By following the above steps, you can raise your awareness and experience of Web 2.0 practices. By having been exposed to more Web 2.0 experience we can develop new perspectives and ideas on how to use Web 2.0 in our language teaching practices. We can encourage our students on the use of blogs, podcasts and social networking sites to prepare their class projects. The Web 1.0 practices of ELT students usually covered listening and reading skills. Web 2.0 practices on the other hand, can cover a whole range of 4 skills including speaking and writing. Therefore, Web 2.0 practices on the net are more appropriate for the course objectives of ELT. 173 �1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo From the point of language acquisition hypotheses, Web 2.0 sites offer a promising resource of comprehensible input. In the field of second language acquisition we can mainly talk about three general hypotheses (Krashen, 2007). The hypotheses to be considered are these: 1. 2. 3. The Comprehension Hypothesis, the view that we acquire language and develop literacy when we understand what we hear and what we read. The Comprehensible Output Hypothesis, which claims that language acquisition occurs when we are forced to produce language beyond our current competence. We change our hypothesis about grammatical rules and word meanings when we are not understood and have to ―try again.‖ The Skill-Building Hypothesis says that we improve when we make mistakes and are corrected, thus changing our conscious idea of what the rules of the language are. According to this hypothesis, we first consciously learn about language, that is, study the rules and vocabulary. Through output practice the vocabulary and grammar become automatic. In all of the above mentioned acquisition hypotheses Web 2.0 applications can claim a role. Comprehensible input hypothesis claims second language acquisition to occur only if learner is exposed to a fair amount of listening and reading input that he understands. To receive this input, the internet can be a valuable source. Podcasts or youtube for instance, can offer a great amount of listening input. Myers & Linzmeier (2007) coined the term ―Free Web Surfing‖ as a possible means of language development. Free voluntary surfing is doing free voluntary reading on the Internet, or using the Internet to locate printed material of interest for free reading. From the points of Comprehensible Output and Skill-Building hypotheses Web 2.0 applications can again offer numerous benefits. Social network media like blogs or facebook writings and you tube video presentations encourage language production. Learners should adapt their language output in order to give their intended message to their audience. This output practice, according to output hypothesis, improves the language competency of the learners. At the same time it builds not only receptive skills, but also productive skills like speaking and writing. Following are some suggestions on how to exploit some example Web 2.0 sites in ELT: 1. Twitter.com: Short writing practices especially for those learners who are not fond of writing long passages. Besides, students have a chance to practice authentique daily spoken language. 2. The blog sites like http://supportblogging.com/ ; http://www.21publish.com/; http://www.edublogs.com/ can be used to share various activities out of the classroom. 3. The podcast sites derived from the combination of words of ipod and broadcast such as http://www.podcastalley.com or http://www.podcastpickle.com can be very useful in improving the speaking and listening skills of learners. Students can also upload their audio and video files or can make narrow listening on following podcasts on a certain topic. For example, students can be asked to upload their comments on a book or movie they have recently read or watched. So, anyone on the net can follow these comments and students will most likely enjoy contributing to such an activity. In the end, a podcast class library on various topics can be established at the end of the semester. 4. Social network sites like www.myspace.com or www.facebook.com having 100s of millions of users or video sharing sites such as www.youtube.com or http://www.teachertube.com/ can be quite useful in providing our students authentique materials. They can also be used in encouraging the learners to produce something interesting and new by using their English. 5. Students can be asked to upload their visual materials on www.voicethread.com and all students can make comments on other‘s works. These comments can be written messages, audio files or live connections. So, learners from different parts of the world can have a chance to interact on a topic. To conclude, Web 2.0 practices are valuable resources in encouraging the students‘ creativity and personal use of second language. Besides, English instructors can share their successful activities and opinions with their colleagues throughout the world. With the help of Web 2.0, the English can be carried out of the classroom and this is important for especially students learning English as a foreign language. Because foreign language learners, as 174 �1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo compared to second language learners, usually do not have a chance to practice their language out of the classroom. For them, the internet can be the most precious medium. 175 �1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo References Brown, H.D. (2007). Principles of Language Learning and Teaching. New York: Pearson Longman. Celce-Murcia, M. (ed), (2001). Teaching English as a Second Language. Prentice Hall. Ellidokuzoğlu, H. (Ocak, 2003). Basic Principles in FLT. The Journal of Turkish Armed Forces, No: 375. Ellis, R. (1994). The Study of Second Language Acquisition. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Greenhow, C. & Robelia, B. & Hughes, J. (2009). Learning, Teaching and Scholarship in a Digital Age. Educational Researcher, Vol. 38, No. 4, pp. 246- 259. Retrieved from http://er.aera.net Krashen, S. (2007). Case Histories and the Comprehension Hypothesis. Selected Papers from the Sixteenth International Symposium on English Teaching, English Teachers‘ Association – Republic of China. Taipei: Crane Publishing Company. pp. 100-113. Kùrùm, E. Y. (4-8 February, 2002). ―The Latest Developments in Educational Technology‖. Military High School Conferences on The Recent Developments in Educational Technology, Ġstanbul. Myers J. & Linzmeier J. (2007). Free Voluntary Web Surfing. The Proceedings of 2007 International Conference and Workshop on TEFL & Applied Linguistics, Department of Applied English, Ming Chuan University, Taiwan . Taipei: Crane Publishing Company, pp. 7–14. Richards, J. C. (1985). The Context of Language Teaching. Cambridge University Press. Scarcella R. & Oxford, R. (1992). The Tapestry of Language Learning. Boston: Heinle & Heinle. Siemens, G. (2004). A Learning Theory for the Digital Age. http://www.elearnspace.org/Articles/connectivism.htm Spada, N. & Lightbown, P. (1999). How Languages are Learned. Oxford University Press. Stern, H.H. (1984). Fundamental Concepts of Language Teaching. Oxford University Press. Talandis, J. (22-25 November 2007).― Web 2.0 in the Classroom―. Japan Association for Language Teaching Conference,Tokyo, Japan. http://www.slideshare.net/talandisjr/web-20-in-the-elt-classroom-anintroduction Yalden, J. (1987). Principles of Course Design for Language Teaching. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press. 176 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 28 Title A name given to the resource THE IMPLEMENTATION OF COLLABORATIVE WEB 2.0 TOOLS IN ELT CLASSROOMS Author Author SARIÇOBAN, Arif KURUM, Eyüp Yaşar Abstract A summary of the resource. The internet applications first labeled by Tim O‘Reilly in 2004 as Web 2.0 have offered numerous new opportunities for the English teachers. Blogging, wikis, podcasting, and social networking are a few examples of the so-called Web 2.0 technologies that language teachers are currently exploring. However, not only many ELT teachers currently working at the schools but also a good number of prospective English teachers‘ awareness of Web 2.0 tools in ELT is far from satisfactory (Usluel and others, 2009). This paper aims to provide awareness for the educators for the potentials of Web 2.0 tools in language learning and teaching. A theoretical foundation for a technology enhanced pedagogy is outlined, one that places Web 2.0 within a social constructivist and connectivist context. Also the importance of Web 2.0 tools in providing comprehensible input to the language learner is emphasized. Finally, an overview of relevant technologies applicable to ELT is provided, along with successful classroom usage models and links to online resources. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2011-05 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed P Philology. Linguistics https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/eb3e1161254b176a2bcbb07f1835eac8.pdf 7a5d8203e03fb130da5b2447a033b0d0 PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo The Implementation of Information System in Coal Mine Kakanj Haris Goralija International Burch University, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina haris.goralija@live.com Meliha Handzic International Burch University, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina mhandzic@ibu.edu.ba Safety management is one of the most important tasks in the coal mining sector. It is argued that an appropriate information system that monitors safety information can improve the coal mine safety management and reduce the occurrences of disasters. Therefore, the primary aim of this paper is to study the implementation and impact of a specific information system implemented in the Coal Mine Kakanj, Bosnia and Herzegovina. The focus of the study was on examining employees’ satisfaction with their implemented information system. Data were collected through interviews of employees who were system users. Their collected responses were analyzed using qualitative methods. The analyses performed revealed some interesting results. Their implications for the coal mine safety management were discussed and several plausible directions for future research are recommended. Keywords: Information System, Kakanj, Bosnia And Herzegovina, Coal Mine 148 � https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/db41de4c41d3ec5fff1e97bf8754d5b8.docx 9220d998edeb846b00c9f97831d4eb2d https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/5d1d071cdb51cc764d49fd9eb39f9702.pdf 8bc7e78a09cee497517a7ee4dd8fe248 PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Information System Implementation in Kakanj Coal Mine Haris Goralija International Burch University, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina haris.goralija@live.com Meliha Handzic International Burch University, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina mhandzic@ibu.edu.ba Abstract The primary aim of this paper is to report a case study of the implementation of an information system in the Kakanj Coal Mine, Bosnia and Herzegovina. The study examined a variety of aspects pertaining to the information system implementation from the professional and end user perspectives. Data were collected from the available documentation, and from interviews with the information systems support staff and surveys of employees who were system users. The collected responses were analyzed using a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods. Due to the time constraint imposed on the authors, only the preliminary qualitative findings are reported here. Keywords: Information systems (IS), IS implementation, coal mine, case study, Bosnia and Herzegovina Introduction Literature has widely recognized the importance of information systems in the mining sector. At the industry level, a web-based one-stop shop information management system was developed to offer invaluable opportunity to share state-of-the-art knowledge for the whole coal mining sector in Australia (Porter et al. 2011). Similar portals are made available by the UK Coal Authority (http://coal.decc.gov.uk/) and by the Indiana Coal Industry in the USA (http://igs.indiana.edu/Coal/). At the organizational level, information systems are considered valuable for assisting mining businesses in operational decision making (Carter 2006), production management and control (Minfo 2011) and mine safety management (Yang and Song 2010), to mention just a few technical areas of the mine operations. More than that, information systems may play an important role in supporting all primary and secondary activities along the mine’s value chain (Porter, 1985) by providing relevant and trustworthy information where and when needed. Coal mining represents an important sector of the economy in Bosnia and Herzegovina. With its economic significance on one side and the demanding time constraints, high safety expectations and production goals on the other side, the mining management requires an appropriate information system support to meet these challenges. The purpose of this study is to examine the issue in the leading coal mine in Bosnia and Herzegovina: Kakanj Coal Mine. Specifically, the study will answer the following four research questions: 1 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) How does mine’s information system support organisational business processes? Do employees use this system and for what purposes? How satisfied are users with their system, service and information it provides? Why are some aspects (if any) of the implemented system not in use? Research Context The Kakanj Coal Mine is based in the town of Kakanj in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Established in 1902, the mine boasts over a 100-year-old tradition. The company engages in both underground and surface coal mining. It also manufactures and markets briquettes. According to the current information available on the mine’s website (http://www.rmukakanj.ba/onama.php), the company employs 2020 workers distributed in six organizational units. The existing mine capacities enable the production of 1.2 million tons of coal per year. By investing in further development, this amount can be gradually increased to 1.5 - 2.0 million tons per year. Investment in coal mining is linked directly to modernization and development of production capacities of the Kakanj thermoelectric power facility. By investing in both the mine and the power facility, Bosnia and Herzegovina can ensure a stable production of electric energy in the long term. The mine’s vision and mission statements emphasize its aimed regional and global positioning in the energy sector; its contribution to local development at the municipal level of Kakanj; its customer-centric business orientation; and knowledge-based business operation. The mine bases its current success and future development on continued improvement of business processes, workplace safety and environmental protection. As mentioned before, the implementation of an appropriate information system may help the Kakanj Coal Mine in achieving its desired outcomes. Therefore, the following case study will attempt to gain an insight into the mine’s information system implementation by responding to a series of “how” and “why” questions mentioned in the introductory section. Research Design A descriptive case study approach was adopted for our investigation in order to gain a deeper understanding of the mine’s information system implementation. Data were collected from multiple sources including documentation, interviews and survey questionnaires. Since different data sources exhibit different strengths and weaknesses, multiple sources of evidence are recommended to enable triangulation and increase research validity (Yin 1994). The basic information about the research context was obtained from the mine’s website (http://www.rmukakanj.ba) and from the book entitled Hronika 100 (RMU Kakanj, 2006). After that, an interview was conducted by researchers with two information systems professionals employed by the mine to operate and maintain the systems and the underlying information and communication technology. 2 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo This was followed by an interview with two employees from the accounting department and one employee from the finance department in order to analyses these users’ point of view regarding the quality and usefulness of the mine’s information system. A more extensive survey of a wider pool of users is currently under way. Finally, another interview is planned after the survey with the mine managers to address any current concerns and future plans. Following Neuman’s (2011) recommendations, a qualitative analysis of interview data was performed on the basis of descriptions provided of the characteristics of information systems implementation in question. The main findings are reported in the next section. These findings are organized around the four research questions of interest. Research Findings How does the mine’s information system support organizational business processes? The answer to the first research question was obtained from the interviews conducted with two staff members from the information systems support centre. With respect to information and communication infrastructure (ICT), the respondents provided the researchers with a block scheme of the mine have integrated ICT system. This scheme is presented in Figure 1. The figure shows various locations where and how different ICT components are installed and connected in an integrated networked system. Two servers (HPML350 and IBM236) are used for the database (ORACLE) and applications. A mix of cable and wireless links are provided as communication channels. They are presented in full and dotted lines respectively. Figure 1: Block scheme of ICT infrastructure at Kakanj Coal Mine With respect to applications, the two interviewed respondents provided the researchers with a list of modules and sub-modules of POINT 2000, a key information system implemented to support the mine business activities. This list is provided in Table 1. 3 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo POINT 2000 system is purpose-developed and maintained by a third party. In addition, a series of internally built systems are provided to accommodate specific needs where required. Table 1: List of POINT 2000 modules with usage indicators Main modules of POINT 2000 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Metadata Accounting and finance Commerce – procurement and sales Management reporting Assets management Human resources Administrator Usage Indicator yes yes no no yes yes yes Do employees use this system and for what purposes? The answer to the second research question was also obtained from the interview with two staff members from the information systems support center. The researchers have been informed that a total of 73 users have access to POINT 2000. Table 1 shows that five out of seven main modules of POINT 2000 are in use, while two (commerce-procurement and sales; management reporting) are not in use. Table 1 also reveals that the used modules support the majority of secondary activities (i.e. accounting, finance, human resources, ICT) in the mine’s value chain. However, separate systems have been implemented to support the mine’s primary activities. For example, specific interest, revenue and price calculations for procurement and sales activities are supported by internally developed spreadsheet (EXCEL) applications. Similarly, separate spreadsheet applications are used for dealing with damages (injuries and material) as well as land expropriation and other real estate issues. In production, SCADA is implemented for the miners’ safety management purposes. Given the 1965 mining disaster (RMU Kakanj, 2006), safety is considered of utmost importance. In contrast, the informatization of warehousing is currently excluded from the mine’s consideration. How satisfied are users with their system, service and information it provides? To obtain a full answer to this research question, a survey of users is undertaken across the mine’s work units. While survey data collection is still under way, probing interviews were conducted with two employees from the accounting department and one from the finance department. Their opinions are reported here. Two accounting employees who are POINT 2000 users stated the following: “The system is reliable and fast”; “I get all the information that I need”; “The system offers more functional support than I currently need”; “I am very satisfied with the system”. 4 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo A finance employee who is the user of an internally developed spreadsheet application declared the following: “I use a purpose-built spreadsheet program to deal with material and damages from injuries, as well as land expropriation matters”; “I have to use a separate application because POINT 2000 provides only partial support for the mine’s financial activities”. Why are some aspects (if any) of the implemented system not in use? The initial answer to this research question was obtained from the interview with two staff members from the information systems support centre. However, another interview is planned with the mine managers in order to get a better understanding of the issue. For now, we turn our attention to Table 1 that shows two modules of the POINT 2000 system which are not in use. With respect to the commerce module (sub-modules of procurement and sales) the respondents pointed out that the system lacks proper support for the specific mine’s needs. One of the respondents also remarked that “Alternative programs made internally are used instead”. With respect to the “management reporting” module, the respondents could not understand the reasons for not using it. One of them commented that “It is up to managers to use or not”. At the same time, the same respondent explained that the module offers valuable information that can help in cost reduction and better planning. An interview with the mine managers may offer better insights into potential reasons for their rejection. An interesting remark was made by one of the interviewed IS professionals regarding the informatisation of warehousing: “Employees in the mine’s warehouses are former miners, often injured ones and with little education. If this activity is automated, these people will lose their jobs”. Since solidarity represents an important characteristic of the mine’s culture, this issue needs careful consideration. The planned integration of the mine’s information system within the wider SAP supported energy system by the mine’s parent organization “Elektroprivreda” may address this problem within the next two years. It may also attract the mine managers to the highly sophisticated business intelligence and business analytics solutions offered by SAP for managerial decision making support. Conclusions The main goal of the case study reported in this paper was to examine various aspects of the information system implementation in the Kakanj Coal Mine, Bosnia and Herzegovina. The main study results provide an insight into the nature, level and success of the implemented system from the IS professional-staff and end-user perspectives. These results also point to several areas that require further consideration and improvement. An encouraging finding is the future plan to integrate the mine’s system into a wider SAP supported energy information system. Future research is recommended in order to provide guidance for smoother transition and further enhancement. References 5 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Carter, A. W. (2006), Application of Geographical Information System in Underground Coal Mine to assist Operational Management, dissertation, University of Southern Queensland, Faculty of Engineering and Surveying, Australia Minfo Technologies (2011), Mining Information System: Solution Overview, http://www.minfo-tech.com/MiningInformationSystem.shtml, accessed 13 May 2013. Neuman, W. L. (2011), Social Research Methods: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches, 7th ed., Pearson Education, Inc. Porter, I, Baafi, E and Stace, R. (2011), Development of a Web-based Underground Coal Mining Information Management System, in Proceedings of 11th Underground Coal Operators' Conference, University of Wollongong & the Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, 10-11 February 2011, 385-389. Porter, M. (1985), Competitive advantage: creating and sustaining superior performance, The Free Press, New York. RMU Kakanj (2006), Rudnik mrkog uglja Kakanj: Hronika 100, Dom Stampe, Zenica. Yang l. and Song M. (2010), Coal Mine Safety Evaluation with V-Fold Cross-Validation and BP Neural Network, Journal of Computers, Vol 5, No. 9, pp. 1364-1371. Yin, R. (1994), Case study research: Design and methods, SagePublications, Thousand Oaks, CA. 6 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1656 Title A name given to the resource The Implementation of Information System in Coal Mine Kakanj Author Author GORALIJA, Haris HANDZIC, Meliha Abstract A summary of the resource. Safety management is one of the most important tasks in the coal mining sector. It is argued that an appropriate information system that monitors safety information can improve the coal mine safety management and reduce the occurrences of disasters. Therefore, the primary aim of this paper is to study the implementation and impact of a specific information system implemented in the Coal Mine Kakanj, Bosnia and Herzegovina. The focus of the study was on examining employees’ satisfaction with their implemented information system. Data were collected through interviews of employees who were system users. Their collected responses were analyzed using qualitative methods. The analyses performed revealed some interesting results. Their implications for the coal mine safety management were discussed and several plausible directions for future research are recommended. Keywords: Information System, Kakanj, Bosnia And Herzegovina, Coal Mine Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-10 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 978-9958-834-23-3 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/0358794b713817f694bbffde934fc402.pdf 19984ad179d2a1d801bdaa78540d0079 PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo The Implementation of MIS in Banks of Tuzla Canton Danel Trumic International Burch University, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina danel_tr@hotmail.com Meliha Handzic International Burch University, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina mhandzic@ibu.edu.ba Management Information Systems (MIS) are playing an important role in the banking sector. Increasing speed and power of information and communication technologies and their innovative applications enable banks operating in developed economies to gain competitive advantage and enhance their customer satisfaction. The purpose of this study is to investigate the issue in the case of a transitional economy. In particular, a survey study was conducted to audit the implementation of MIS in the banking sector of Canton Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina. The data were collected from the employees who were users of MIS in major banks operating in Canton Tuzla. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive tests. The results revealed some interesting patterns. These findings and their implications are discussed in detail. In the end, some plausible directions are recommended for future research. Keywords: Management Information Systems, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bank 84 � https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/6dfa4d181fd92372112b02a1b0dd1355.docx c4aa2be2b5c6402e975a48560c224879 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/0eedce49f6914bee19a3b8ec132cd1e4.pdf fe59cd128906797bb9cb0585a407d149 PDF Text Text International Conference on EconomicandSocialStudies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo The Implementation of MIS in Banks of Tuzla Canton DanelTrumic International Burch University, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina danel_tr@hotmail.com MelihaHandzic International Burch University, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina mhandzic@ibu.edu.ba Abstract Information Systems (IS) are playing an important role in the banking sector. Increasing speed and power of information and communication technologies and their innovative applications enable banks operating in developed economies to gain competitive advantage and enhance their customer satisfaction. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of banking IS in the context of a transitional economy. In particular, a survey study was conducted to audit the implementation of IS in banks operating in Canton Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina. The data were collected from the employees who were users of IS in these banks. The collected data were analysed using descriptive tests. The results revealed some interesting patterns. These findings and their implications are discussed in detail and some plausible directions are recommended for future research. Keywords: Information systems (IS), IS sophistication, IS usage, IS success, banking sector, survey study, Bosnia and Herzegovina Introduction Banksarebecomingincreasinglydependant on informationsystems (IS) fortheirday-todayperformance. IS isplaying a vital role in increasingefficiencyandreducingcost, as well as in differentiation of bankingproductsfromitscompetitors. Increasingspeedandpower of informationandcommunicationtechnologiesandtheirinnovativeapplicationsenablebanksoper ating in developedeconomiestogaincompetitiveadvantageandenhancetheircustomersatisfaction. However, thenewrequirementsforinformation, largeexposuresandstresstestingpresentnewchallengestothefinancialsector. Therefore, banksneedtocontinuoslylook at how theyareaddressingthere IS requirements. The 2011 survey of managementinformationsystemsconductedbytheAssociation of ForeignBanks (2011) reportedslowprogressfromtoomuchdependence on spreadsheetstoincreasedinvestments in businessintelligencetechnology. However, verylittleresearchexiststhatinvestigatesthe role of IS in thebankingsector of thedevelopingandtransitionaleconomies. Recognisingtheimportance of the role that IS plays in thebankingsector, thepurpose of thisstudy is toaddresstheissue in thecontext of BosniaandHerzegovina. Inparticular, thestudyaimstogain an insightintothestate of IS implementation in thebanksoperating in 152 �International Conference on EconomicandSocialStudies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Tuzla Canton, a region of BosniaandHerzegovina. Canton Tuzla is a homeregion of one of theauthorsandtherefore of specialinterest. LiteratureReview Information systems (IS) are defined as inter-related sets of hardware, software, people, procedures and data components (Turban et al, 1999). The main goal of IS is to collect, manipulate and disseminate information in order to help individuals and collectives to improve their business operation and decision making. The literature classifies IS into different types on the basis of the activities and functions they support (Laudon and Laudon, 2006, 2007). The major types of IS mentioned in the literature include: Transaction Processing Systems; Enterprise Systems that cover Supply Chain Management Systems and Customer Relationship Management Systems, as well as various Functional Information Systems such as Human Resources Management Systems, Accounting, Finance, Marketing Information Systems; Managerial Support Systems that include Management Information Systems, Decision-Support Systems, Executive Support Systems, Knowledge Management and Business Intelligence Systems, There are also special purpose systems like Geographic Information Systems. The role of transaction processing systems is seen in capturing and recoding daily business transactions such as sales, receipts, orders, cash deposits, payroll records etc. Management information systems support operational management by summarising and reporting basic operations using data from the transaction processing systems. Decision support systems focus on solving semi-structured decision problems. Executive support systems are concerned with internal and external data needed for long-term planning. More recently, knowledge management and business intelligence/analytics systems are becoming popular means of support for organisational knowledge development and transfer (Post and Anderson, 2006; Oz, 2009). Enterprise systems comprise of two major subsystems: supply chain management and customer relationship management systems. The first one supports purchasing of raw materials, and manufacturing and assembly activities. The second one manages organisation’s relationships with customers. The major goal is to increase the quality of customer service. Enterprise systems also include various functional systems (eg. human resources, accounting and finance management) that provide support for secondary activities in the value chain. All these types of systems can be found in the banking sector where they support various primary and secondary value chain activities. For example, retail banks use internet and phone banking to provide maximum customer services on loans, accounts, credit cards, insurance, etc. (Pond, 2007). Wholesale banking provides internet solutions for commercial banking, corporate banking, specialised lending services, treasury management etc. (Hoyt, 2012). Customer identification (Rhodes, 2012) systems provide security, employee records (Islam, 2011) monitor the working efficiency of an employee, complaints system gives an opportunity to a customer to complain via a written and online communication (European Investment Bank, 2010; Uppal, 2010). Account opening is simplified (Sinha 2012) and ATM enables easy withdrawal of cash (Hayashi et al, 2006). Electronic banking has been seen as an inevitable aspect of financial services (Harris and Spence, 2012). More recently, mobile banking is being encouraged (Hayashi, n.d.). Electronic clearing service deals with bulk and repeating payment transactions (Reserve 153 �International Conference on EconomicandSocialStudies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Bank of India, 2011). RTGS (real time gross settlement) service facilitates interbank money transfer (Kaushik, 2012). Finally, e-billing solutions increase convenience and decrease biller’s cost (Radecki and Wenninger, 1999). Research Methodology Descriptive survey was selected as a preferred research method to investigate the level of sophistication, usage and impact of information systems (IS) implemented in major banks operating in Canton Tuzla. This method enabled systematic gathering of quantitative data from a sample of individuals for the purposes of describing the attributes of the larger population of which the individuals were members (Glock, 1967). For the purpose of the current study, IS sophistication was evaluated in terms of the availability and quality of various IS types from the bank employee-user point of view. IS usage was examined in terms of the level of support provided for internal bank activities, as well as bank obligations towards external regulatory bodies. Finally, IS impact was assessed in terms of its perceived effectiveness and user satisfaction. The collection of data was carried out through surveys of employees who were working in different bank departments. A total of 21 employees from 4 different banks participated in the study on a voluntary basis. The survey forms were distributed to respondents personally by one of the researchers. The names of the participating banks and employees are not disclosed in this paper in order to protect their privacy. In responding to the survey questions, the respondents provided basic demographic information (ie. position, education, experience, sex, age, duties). Then they rated various aspects of their bank IS (ie. sophistication, usage, impact) on seven-point Likert scales, with 1 and 7 representing the most negative and positive end-points. They were also asked to provide optional textual comments and/or suggestions. Their responses were encoded and analysed using MS Excel descriptive statistics. In addition, bank websites and documents were used to collect secondary data about the prevailing bank culture and strategy. Results The overall results shown in Table 1 indicate that almost all aspects of the banking IS were positive. These positive assessments were demonstrated by the average scores greater than 4 (out of 7). The only negative assessment was obtained for ERP. Its average score of 3.79 was lesser than 4 (out of 7). Respondents were somewhat undecided with respect to IS Usage for fulfilling their bank obligations towards state. This was demonstrated by the overall mean score equal to 4 (out of 7). The results further show that all average scores were below 7. Such scores point to major weaknesses and obstacles and indicate that there is room for further improvement. The most sophisticated types of IS were electronic banking (6.57) and communication systems (6.43). They were followed by basic banking system (5.90), clearing system (5.76) and RTGS (5.71). Business intelligence systems were fairly good (4.80). In contrast, enterprise resource planning systems were poor (3.79). 154 �International Conference on EconomicandSocialStudies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo With respect to IS usage, the results indicate that the systems were used mostly for management support (6.06). This was followed by fullfiling obligations towards regulatory bodies (5.35). As mentioned before, respondents were unsure about IS usage for fullfiling obligations towards state. The results for IS impact show that the users of the evaluated bank IS were very satisfied with their systems (6.43) and that these systems were highly effective (6.14) in supporting their work. Table 1: Mean Respondents’ Scores of Various IS Aspects Examined Aspect of Information Systems IS Sophistication: Basic banking system Business intelligence Enterprise resource planning Electronic banking RTGS Clearing system Communication systems IS Usage: Management support Support for obligations towards regulatory bodies Support for obligations towards state IS Impact: System effectiveness User satisfaction Score 5.90 4.80 3.79 6.57 5.71 5.76 6.43 6.06 5.35 4.00 6.14 6.43 Further analysis of collected data was performed to examine any potential differences among four banks with respect to their IS sophistication, IS usage and IS impact. The results of the comparative analysis among banks is presented in Figure 1. 155 �International Conference on EconomicandSocialStudies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Figure 1: Comparative Analysis of IS Aspects in Four Banks Figure 1 shows clear differences between four banks. One bank (bank 4) has much higher scores than other three banks (bank 1,2,3) for all three IS aspects evaluated. The mean score for IS sophistication of bank 4 (6.90) is higher than those of bank 2,1 and 3 (5.43, 5.33 & 5.14). Similarly, the mean score for IS usage of bank 4 (7.00) is higher than those for bank 3,2 and 1 (5.33, 4.76 & 4.71). Finally, The mean score for IS impact of bank 4 (7.00) is higher than those for other banks 2,3 and 1 (6.29,6.13 & 6.07). Only three respondents from the same bank gave written comments. Two were negative and one positive. One respondent commented that the bank had “poor equipment”, and another one that the bank “needs to improve its information system due to frequent break downs”. In contrast, the third respondent from the same bank claimed that “in our bank, all functions well”. Discussion This study examined the implementation of IS in the banking sector of one specific region (Canton Tuzla) of a national economy in transition (Bosnia and Herzegovina). The study found out that the banks operating in this economy and region: (a) possess sophisticated IS, (b) use IS extensively to support their banking activities; and (c) banking IS have positive impact on business. The study also determined that some banks were more successful than others in implementing IS. With respect to IS sophistication, the overall findings indicate that transaction processing types of systems were highly sophisticated, business intelligence systems were fair, while enterprise resource planning systems were poor. Such findings are consistent with early stages of IS maturity. They suggest the need to better integrate disparate functional systems, as well as front-end and back office systems in order to provide full support along the primary upstream/downstream and supporting activities in the value chain. The findings also suggest that the banks could better use their business intelligence systems to discover valuable patterns from their transaction data. 156 �International Conference on EconomicandSocialStudies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo The overall findings regarding IS usage indicate that the systems were mainly used for the operational management, and to a lesser extent for fulfilling regulatory obligations and still lesser extent for fulfilling state obligations. This is consistent with the earlier study finding of poor integrated enterprise systems and fair business intelligence systems. Yet, these systems are essential for providing key performance indicators across banking activities. Finally, he study found that the participants were overall satisfied with their IS and perceived them as effective in supporting their daily work. Given that most respondents were employees in positions of tellers, cashiers and bank officers rather than managers, this is not surprising. These employees were prime users of various transaction processing systems that were assessed as highly sophisticated and used to support operational management. However, a comparative analysis of four banks showed that one bank was more successful than other three banks in implementing a successful IS system. Bank 4 was dominant with perfect or near-perfect mean scores on all three aspects of IS (sophistication, usage and impact) that were evaluated. Deeper analysis of this bank revealed that it was a very successful big international bank with very high standards established in every aspect of their operation. In contrast, the other three banks need a lot of catching up. The encouraging finding from one of these banks is that some respondents from this bank recognised the problem they had with poor equipment and frequent system break downs. Conclusions This study made two important contributions to research and practice. For research, the study provided an insight into the state of IS implementation in the context of a transitional economy and at a regional level. The findings revealed notable differences among banks and system types implemented. For practice, the study pointed out major weaknesses and obstacles that need to be overcome by banks in order to provide full support for their banking activities. However, the study is not without limitations. It examined IS implementation from the bank employees’ rather than the bank customers’ perspective. The number of participants was rather small. This may affect its reliability. Data were collected in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The question is whether these results would hold in a different economy and culture. Further research is recommended to overcome these limitations. Future research may replicate and extend the current investigation to other contexts, systems and subjects in order to verify and generalise these findings. Future research is also encouraged to develop new research models and variables aimed at enriching our collective understanding of the successful IS implementation. References Association of Foreign Banks (2011), Management Information Systems: Survey 2011, Cambridge Corporate Management, UK. 157 �International Conference on EconomicandSocialStudies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Glock, C.Y. (1967) Survey Research in the Social Sciences. Russell Sage Foundation, New York. Kenneth C.Laudon, Jane P.Laudon (2006/2007). Management Information Systems: Managing The Digital Firm (10th. ed.). New Jersey, U.S.A. Pearson Prentice Hall. Efraim Turban, Ephraim McLean, James Wetherbe (1999). Information Technology for Management (2nd. ed.) New York, U.S.A. John Wiley & Sons. Gerald V.Post, David L.Anderson (2006). Management Information Systems: Solving Business Problems with Information Technology (4th. ed. international edition). New York, U.S.A. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. EFF OZ (2009).Management Information Systems (6th. ed. international edition). Boston, U.S.A. Course Technology, Cengage Learning. Keith Pond (2007). Retail Banking . London, Great Britain. Request Digital, Global ProffesionalPublising Limited. Dave Hoyt (May 22, 2012). Wholesale Banking.Retrieved December 10, 2012, from https://www.wellsfargo.com/downloads/pdf/invest_relations/presents/may2012/wh olesale-banking.pdf. Kimberly Rhodes (2012). SunTrust Banks, Inc. Global Certification Of Anti-Money Laundering Program & Customer Identification Program. Retrieved December 18, 2012 from https://www.suntrust.com/Static/Documents/Global_Navigation/About_Us/Corpora te_Governance/AMLandCIPCertification.pdf. Md. Zahidul Islam (2011).Standard Chartered Bank. Retrieved December 18, 2012 from http://www.scribd.com/doc/88553742/Standard-Chartered-Bank. European Investment Bank (2010). THE EIB COMPLAINTS MECHANISM.Principles Terms of Reference and Rules of Procedure.Retrieved December 20, 2012 from http://www.eib.org/attachments/strategies/complaints_mechanism_policy_en.pdf. R. K. Uppal(2010). Customer complaints in banks: Nature, extent and strategies to mitigation. Retrieved on December 20, 2012 from http://www.academicjournals.org/jeif/pdf/pdf2010/Oct/Uppal.pdf. Fumiko Hayashi, Richard Sullivan, Stuart E. Weiner (2006). A Guide to the ATM and Debit Card Industry (2nd. ed.) Payments System Research, Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, USA. Dr Lisa Harris, Dr Laura J. Spence (2002). THE ETHICS OF EBANKING.Retrieved on December 26, 2012 from http://www.csulb.edu/web/journals/jecr/issues/20022/paper5.pdf. 158 �International Conference on EconomicandSocialStudies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Fumiko Hayashi (n.d.). In Mobile Payments: What’s in It for Consumers?. Retrieved November 04, 2012, from http://www.kc.frb.org/publicat/econrev/pdf/12q1Hayashi.pdf Reserve Bank of India (2011).Electronic Clearing Service (Credit) Procedural Guidelines. Retrieved on December 23, 2012 from http://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/ECS/PDFs/ECR300411E.pdf. MR. ARUN KUMAR KAUSHIK(2012). E-BANKING SYSTEM IN SBI.Retrieved on December 23, 2012 from http://zenithresearch.org.in/images/stories/pdf/2012/JULY/ZIJMR/7_ZIJMR_JUL Y12_VOL2_ISSUE7.pdf. Lawrence J. Radecki and John Wenninger (1999).Paying Electronically.Retrieved on December 25, http://ftp.ny.frb.org/research/current_issues/ci5-1.pdf. 159 Electronic 2012 Bills from � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1563 Title A name given to the resource The Implementation of MIS in Banks of Tuzla Canton Author Author TRUMIĆ, Danel HANDZIC, Meliha Abstract A summary of the resource. Management Information Systems (MIS) are playing an important role in the banking sector. Increasing speed and power of information and communication technologies and their innovative applications enable banks operating in developed economies to gain competitive advantage and enhance their customer satisfaction. The purpose of this study is to investigate the issue in the case of a transitional economy. In particular, a survey study was conducted to audit the implementation of MIS in the banking sector of Canton Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina. The data were collected from the employees who were users of MIS in major banks operating in Canton Tuzla. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive tests. The results revealed some interesting patterns. These findings and their implications are discussed in detail. In the end, some plausible directions are recommended for future research. Keywords: Management Information Systems, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bank Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-10 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 978-9958-834-23-3 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/d2ca4bbc151e34e7aa68480a52a12191.docx 2818ebf60f19716624808a1e20406186 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/a963dbf4f4fa159847837116ad61f34e.pdf 9d0ca3130e2e23a2adff0fac7ce4b60c PDF Text Text The Importance and Place of Information Technology in the Changing Marketing Concept Hacı Mustafa Paksoy Kilis 7 Aralik University Turkey hmpaksoy@yahoo.com BelkısDilekÖzbezek Kilis 7 Aralik University Turkey dilekozbezek@gmail.com ErhanKilinç Kilis 7 Aralik University Turkey erhankilinc@kilis.edu.tr Abstract: Today, information is a strategic competitive tool for marketing and management, thus marketing decisions should be supported from various sources provided accurate, current and reliable information. Many concepts such as definition, scope and role of marketing have been changed in this transitional process. These developments, consisting of complex and closely related processes have exposed the necessity that societies should live on by thinking of global world. Although the literature covers a short period of practice, with a history dating back to the history of mankind has comprise the process of marketing disciplines examining the theoretical foundations of information technology is shaped by the changing role of marketing helps us to understand. Nowadays, the internet that is one of the major information technology tools use in the field of change, distribution and communication has radically affect all of the marketing mix variables. This change was needed to see such a study. The aim of this article which based on literature research is to put forth a new marketing perspective that shaped with information technologies in the context of innovations that constituted in marketing activities and function of information technologies. For this purpose the research literature were examined in depth, and we have tried to explain information technology under the new marketing perspective. After brief summary the study will examined within, the definition of globalization and development of information and communication technologies and the spread of the internet. Then the changing role of marketing by establishing parallel connections with developments in information and communication technologies defined in detail. At the conclusion part the role and importance of information technology in changing marketing approach evaluated. Keywords: Globalization, Internet, Marketing History, Marketing Thought, Information Technologies. 187 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2539 Title A name given to the resource The Importance and Place of Information Technology in the Changing Marketing Concept Author Author Hacı, MUSTAFA PAKSOY Belkıs, DILEK ÖZBEZEK Erhan, KILINÇ Abstract A summary of the resource. Today, information is a strategic competitive tool for marketing and management, thus marketing decisions should be supported from various sources provided accurate, current and reliable information. Many concepts such as definition, scope and role of marketing have been changed in this transitional process. These developments, consisting of complex and closely related processes have exposed the necessity that societies should live on by thinking of global world. Although the literature covers a short period of practice, with a history dating back to the history of mankind has comprise the process of marketing disciplines examining the theoretical foundations of information technology is shaped by the changing role of marketing helps us to understand. Nowadays, the internet that is one of the major information technology tools use in the field of change, distribution and communication has radically affect all of the marketing mix variables. This change was needed to see such a study. The aim of this article which based on literature research is to put forth a new marketing perspective that shaped with information technologies in the context of innovations that constituted in marketing activities and function of information technologies. For this purpose the research literature were examined in depth, and we have tried to explain information technology under the new marketing perspective. After brief summary the study will examined within, the definition of globalization and development of information and communication technologies and the spread of the internet. Then the changing role of marketing by establishing parallel connections with developments in information and communication technologies defined in detail. At the conclusion part the role and importance of information technology in changing marketing approach evaluated. Keywords: Globalization, Internet, Marketing History, Marketing Thought, Information Technologies. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014-04-24 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-4564 H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/2b746165c279aca7ad4cddcbcde47253.pdf a9689c0fbf353956c880648ac5f7cce2 PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Mirbagheri, M., (2010), “Fuzzy Logic and Neural Network Fuzzy Forecasting of Iran GDP Growth”, African Journal of Business Management, Vol.4, No.6, 925-929. Nygren, K., Stock Prediction: A Neural Network Approach, Master Thesis, Royal Institute Of Technology, KTH, 2004. Öztemel, E., Yapay Sinir Ağları, Papatya Yayıncılık, İstanbul, 2003. Schumacher, C., Breitung, J., (2008), “Real-time Forecasting of German GDP based on Large Factor Model with Monthly and Quarterly Data”, International Journal of Forecasting, Vol. 24, 386-398. Tkacz, Greg, Hu, Sarah, (1999), “Forecasting GDP Growth Using Artificial Neural Networks”, Bank of Canada Working Papers, 99-3. Zhang, G., Hu, M.Y. (1998) “Neural Network Forecasting of the British Pound/US Dollar Exchange Rate”, Omega Int. J. Mgmt. Sci, 26(4): 495-506. (http://useconomy.about.com/od/grossdomesticproduct/p/GDP.htm). (http://www.economicsconcepts.com/gdp_as_a_measure_of_welfare.htm). (www.investopedia.com). The Importance And The Place Of Ombudsman In Law State Feyzullah Ünal Dumlupinar University, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences E-mail: feyz_unal@mynet.com Abstract In analyzing the ombudsman from the respesct of its historical roots, it is understood that this institution has been inspired by Islam state system and Otoman state system. The institution ombudsman has been implemented in countries more than 100 today and overtaken the mission of protecting the citizens against the maladministration, securing the fundamental rights and liberty and constituted security for both governing and governed. In this study, it is offered that the fundamental rights and freedoms should be under the security, all activities of the government should be under the control of jurisdiction and the significance of this institution sould be awared in realizing the legal governance. Keywords: Ombudsman, law state, fundamental rights and freedoms, justice, control and judicial control. 335 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 1.INTRODUCTION The democratic state of law aims to provide the legal security of governed against the governing body. This aim requires the efficient and effective control of the governmental activities and operations. In the control of the public administration, it is frequently mentioned that the control mechanisms are not adequate enough, far from the providding the legal framework of the individual, political control is not effective, the administrative control have the priority for preserving the interests of government rather than the citizens and the information about the security setting has some fallacies, and the administrative discipline has been overemphasized. This mechanism of tutelage control has subjected of some political considerations and thus, the expected results can not be obtained. In case of the judicial control, it is costly, formative, constrained with the legalistic control, inadequate accordinto the assertations of scentific circles (Baylan 1978: 146-157; Temizel 1997: 26-33; Akıncı 1999: 357-358; Avşar 1999: 27). The institution ombudsman as a control mechanizm which is established in order to protect the rights of the citizens against the government, search the solution against the maladministration, and providing the contribution for the sake of improvement of the government has been widely implemented since it has emerged firstly in history. In this context, it will be very important to analyse this institution in order to guide the countries which are not using this mechanism by refering the practices of more than hundred countries with its different types and structures. In this presentation, the role of the ombudsman in preventing the problems arisen from the state of law has been elaborated and the process, trajectories and stages which the ombudsman institution has been followed form its initial point has been explained. 2. THE NOTION OMBUDSMAN: EMERGENCE AND DEVELOPMENT It is widely known that the governed had some troubles against the governing body during the history and the governed always was search of constituting a legitimate instruments and suitable grounds to put their complaints into words. The emergence of the ombudsman can be seen as the results of these kinds of attempts. It is known that the ombdusman institution in todays meaning was established the first time in history in Sweden and spread on alarge area of the world. Ombudsman in original respect is a Swedish word means spokeman, representative, nominee, depute, delegate, advocate and protector (Schwarzler, 1992: 1; Al-Wahab 1979: 19; Ataman, 1997: 779). The term ombudsman imples a public servant or private office whom receives the 336 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo complaints of the people pertainig with the affairs committed by the various bureaucratic bodies (Pickl, 1986: 37). Ombudsman institution has been implemented within the international level, in some countries national level and the rest of them regional or provincial levels in respect of local authorities and state economic enterprises. Ombudsman institution has been implemented both in private and public sectors in different types and entitled in different names. In analysing the historical roots of the ombudsman institution, it can be easily seen that this ombudsman institution has been derived by the the divinal opinions of Islamic state system and Ottoman Empire. In Islam religion,the creation of justice is one of the principles to constitute the Islamic thought and philosophy. In this understanding, in executing the justice there would be a kind of executive and complaint mechanism had very significance. Nevertheless, Khalif Ömer created the institution “muhtesip” (official for public order) performed the duties of protecting the general morality, managing the market places, protecting the seller and purchaser and settling the disputes and conflicts (Pickl, 1997: 800805). In Islamic state (Emevid, Abbasid, Mameluk, Seljuk) there had some institutions to evaluate the complaints of people and to rule the case among institutions entitled as “Divan-ı Mezalim” (diwan for atrocities) or Dar’ul adl (house of justice) and “muhtesip” (official for public order). This mission has been performed by “Divan-ı Hümayun” (supreme court) in Ottoman Empire (Eryılmaz 2000: 312). In Ottoman state had very important post called as “Kadilkuzat” who monitors the implementation of Islamic law in every field of life and the protect the life of people originated from the abusement of government executives and unlawfulness (Pickl, 1997: 800-805). Kadı al Kudat who had a position who operated the complant and control mechanism with ombudsman-like logic in Ottoman state as well as tthe other councils and officials and “Divan-ı Mezalim” (diwan for atrocities) or Dar’ul adl (house of justice) In creating the ombudsman institution with nowadays understanding, it is supposed to mentioned about the intersection of Sweden and Ottoman states in order to comprehend the inspiration among these cultures. That is, Seweden King Charles XII who as defeated to Russia in Poltava 1709 stayed in Bender for three and half years and Dometika for two years with political asylum and thank to that long –time residence, he had an opportunity to aware the Ottoman political and social life and examine closely the rapid decision-making process of supreme court “Divan-ı Hümayun” (supreme court), “muhtesip” (official for public order) “Kadilkuzat” who monitors the implementation of Islamic law in every field of life and the protect the life of people originated from the abusement of government executives and unlawfulness “Divan-ı Mezalim” (diwan for atrocities) or Dar’ul adl (house of justice) for the name of Sultan. He witnessed that these councils and persons such as kadı (muslim judge) and kazasker (soldier judge) was analysing the complains of people by public servants and 337 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo protecting them from the unlawful, purposeful operations and activities and compensating the damage produced by these transactions and inspired by these institutions and actors who tries to remove the disorder and restlessness and sent his country Royal Writ in 1713 (Odyakmaz, 2000: 488). With this Royal Writ, a person (Hogste ombudsmannen) who is supposed to monitor the obedience of the judges and administrators in accordance with the laws and rules for the name of king has been appointed to Stockholm (Uler 1990: 1022). After coming back to his country, the King witnessed that Hogste ombudsmannen (Swedish conterpart of omdusman instiution) performed the same job with the Ottoman one and carried out his mission and appointed him permanatly as the observer of the King. As a result, as the observer of the King, this institution became into a constitutional body entitled as “Justitieombudsmen” in Sweden Constitution prepared in 1809 (Rudholm 1968: 18). By the settlement of democracy in Sweden, it is determined that the ombudsman would observe the executive body and all public institutions on behalf of legislationand with some constitutional amendments the athorization and effectiveness of omdusman were enlarged and widened and thus, transformed into an independent body against the Parliament (Baylan: 1978: 7). The omdusman institution today have been implemented more than 100 countries with different types and forms and overtaken the mission of securing the fundamental rights and freedoms and contributing the improvement of the administration and constituting a trust or guarantee. The ombudsman institution was charged with protecting the human rights and liberties against the power and government in Scandinavian countries (such as denmark and Norway) and Sweden which arisen the first time in history. Parliament ombudsman and local authority ombudsman in Britain was responsible from the the protection of governed against the maladministration, French Mediateur was tasked with the equity and fairness in govening and governed relations. 3. THE FUNCTIONS OF OMBUDSMAN In considering the historical evolutionary period from the beginning in Sweden and today and different implementation of the countries, we witness that the ombudsman institution had very important tasks and mission such as giving advise to the government and domanstrate the prudential way of solution, preventing the maladministration, preventing the arbitrary, illegitimate and improper attitude and behaviors, hearing the citizen compliamnet arisen from the unlawful practices (Eken 1999: 135). The significance of the ombudsman institution increases because nowadays the expectations from the public service increases. the ombudsman institution with its independence, 338 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo impartiality, rapidity, inexpensiveness and esily available character makes surveillance and inspection much more effective, efficient and qualified. 3.1. Its Protection Function Ombudsman undertakes the in practising countries the protection mission of citizen against the maladministration, securing the rights and liberties (Temizel 1997: 767). One of the most important tasks of the ombudsman institution is the protection of populace against the singlesided, unrightful and mistaken decisions of public administration and their arbitrary implementations (Seneviratne 1994: 132). The ombudsman institution in case of suffering damage and incuring loses because of the transactions, activities and operations of the government investigates, probes, searchs, hears and inspects the sitution depending upon its authorities and takes necessary precautions. The ombudsman institution serves the mobilization of the protection mechanism against the abusing and exploting the public power which the governemt possess against the governed (Woolf 1990: 92). Sometimes protection of the governmental rights against the remours of corruption, unrightful demands and requests of the populace and recommendation of the equal instead of justifiabe decision are amnong the teaks and duties of the ombudsman institution. Thus, the acquittal of the governmental authorities from the accusitions and allegations and the protection of the public servants form the untrue and rootless blame, imputations and indictments and restoration of trust over the governed citizens. 3.2. Its Inspection Function Systematic, productive and regular performance of the government, its production of the service which is convenient with the expectations of the governed populace and the provision of the popular respect can be possible with the perminent, effective and efficient inspection (Akıncı 1999: 292). The ombudsman institution undertakes the mission of removing the insufficiency and ineffective of the existing the inspection and surveillance mechanisms and institutions and becoming supporter, auxilary and complementary part of them in setting solutions in respect of surveillance against the incerasingly enlarging athorties of the public servants and governments. The ombudsman institution facilitates the participation of the people into the inspection of the government as a mechnism which is costless, free to claim the populace’s rights, informalist, alowing the easily obtain the result (Odyakmaz ve Erhürman, 1998: 3762). This character of ombudsman institution increase the influence of the inspection and this function contributes 339 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo the preventation of maladministration and enhancement of the well- administration by reforming the attitudes and behaviours of the governing elites. 3.3. Its Reformative Function of Government The ombudsman institution serves the contribution for the development of the democracy, human rights, supremacy of law, and the settlement of the human rights within the society and the provision of effective participation of citizen into the inspection and lastly, the emergence of plural democracy, cultural plurality, multiculturalism, delibrative democracy and the inveteration of new plural government strategy (Ayeni 1997: 543). The ombudsman institution undertakes the responsibility of awaring the people to protect their rights and warning the governing bodies to ameliorate the maladministration and take the necessary precautions for impartial, rapid and effective solutions (Seneviratne 1999: 165). Ombudsman prepares and publishs the annual and special reports every year about the maladministration, in which ways it can emergence and its ways of solution in order to give imformation to the governmental authorities (Seneviratne 1998: 93-94). The determination of the government and inspection techniques which governments necessiates and their implementation are tasks and duties of the ombudsman institution as volunteer guidance and counselling, confering inquiry mechanism. Accordingly, by overtaking the role of educating and directing in government enhances the increasing of the productivity, effectiveness and efficiency and the settlement of the understanding for the delibrative and participatory democracy. 4.THE CONTRIBUTION OF OMBUDSMAN INSTITUTION INTO THE STATE OF LAW The state of law means a kind of state which is devoted to rules of law, secures the legal guarantee for the citizens and limits herself with her legal framework. In the state of law, public servants, state and the citizens were balanced in respect of legal loyalty. Nobody, no institution is not immuned and excepted from the legal bound in any state of law (Kaboğlu 1989: 145). The Constitutional Court describes the state of law as “respectful to human rights, establishing the legal order to protect these rights, undertaking the mission of all transaction, activities and opertaion adapted into the legal framework” (25.05.1976 date and E. 1976, K. 1976/28 number resolution of the Constitutional Court). In the state of law, the executive, juridicial, and legislative bodies are supposed to be loyal to the law (Gözler 2000: 170). The understanding of the state of law is a principle expected from borth governing and governed 340 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo (Gözler 2009: 24). The understanding of the state of law is the most important and essential and ultimate stage of the contemporary democratic states. The legal adaptation of all activities of the state requires the judicial inspection. Judicial inspection is one of the most effective way among the types of inspection over the government. The ombudsman institution may contribute to solve the problems arisen from the process of the judicial inspection. This instituion is not an alternative but auxiliary mechanism which functions as strengthening body of the judicial inspection and removing the obstacle against the jurisdiction. Inspite of the all positive dimensions of the judicial inspection, it proceeds slowly and thus, its effectiveness and efficiency lessens. In this context, the ombudsman institution can produce the security by solving the peacefull settlement of disputes and conflicts for a short time-limit. As a matter of fact, the number of the claims, disputes and conflicts to be subjected of the judicial inspection will be lessened and thus, trust for the judicial inspection will be provided again (Özden 2004: 569). The judicial inspection with its expensive and formalist characteris is not preferable and the bureauctaric ilnesses is worsening. Whereas the ombudsman institution with its easily available and informalist and inexpensive character may contribute the solution of conflicts and lessening of the judicial burden as an auxilary of the judicial body. The ombudsman institution could have an opportunity both legality audit and discretionary and expediency inspection and takes action against the transactions and activities which are arising the damage, harm and insuitable to fairness and equity but suitable to the law (Keneş 1997: 791). Whereas, the judicial inspection is a sort of jurisdiction which is limited with the legal adaptation of governmental transactions and activities and excludes both legality audit and discretionary and expediency inspection. Therefore, even if there would be damage for the governed by the legal activities, there couldn’t be any intervention by the judicial places and there would be no compensation. Hence, the rights of the governed is protected under all circumstances, the justice feelings and awareness of the citizens were strenghtening and improving the government-citizen relation. The ombudsman institution gives information to the people who has complain about the transactions and activities of the government and how to apply and to which place of jurisdiction. It plays a kind of counselling role in transmitting the complaints into the jurisdiction and accelarating the judicial process.as a second hearing and inspection, in case of the decisions and activities of the omdusman was litigated, it can provide to create much more prudential resolutions. 341 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo The ombudsman institution whose primary priority is the implementation of the inspection over the government (Erhüman, 2000: 157), contributes the settlement of the state of law and the protection of individula rights and liberties. In spreading and penetrating the idea of democracy over the different segments of society and developing the virtual, fair, and just social order, protecting the vested interets and practising the liberties as tangible symbols in social life. Ombudsman with its authorities which does not include any tangible sanction is an indication of respect for law by any society which claims and demands the democracy and the state of law 5.CONCLUSION In any state of the law, two important elements have been pointed out: Legal dependence of the government and security of the liberties and fundamnetal rights. In order to realize these two principles, it is inevitably required to create the legal and judicial control in order to solve the problems arisen from the inspection of the judicial control. Beside that legalty audit and prudentil control has been committed by the ombudsman institution, Together with the constitution of the ombudsman institution, the removal of all problems within the inspection of the public management, protection of maladministration totally and reformation of the government. Neverthelss, it is not a magical mechanism and institution. The problems in public administration always will be increasingly enlarged because of the interventionalist character and the authority widening. As a matter of fact, the ombudsman institution could not solve all of the governmental problems. Due to the fact that the enhancement, adoption, support of the the ombudsman institution by hoth ge-overning and governed depending upon the time and space, the importance and effectiveness of the ombudsman institution will be increased. It is not possible the existing inspection mechanisms to provide the exigences of the state of the law and secure the fundamental rights and freedoms and enhance the effectivenss and efficiency as well as the ombudsman institution. For this reason, in order to develop and the ombudsman institution in convenience with the demands of the public opinion and social environment by discussing the problems and the precaution to be taken. BIBLIOGRAPHY Akıncı, Müslüm, Bağımsız İdari Otoriteler ve Ombudsman, İstanbul, Beta Yayımcılık, 1999, Al-Wahab, İbrahim, The Swedish Institution of Ombudsman, Stockholm, Liber Forlag, 1979, Ataman, Taykan, “Ombudsman ve Temiz Toplum”, Yeni Türkiye Dergisi, Siyasette Yozlaşma Özel Sayısı II, Yıl 3, Sayı 14, Mart-Nisan 1997, 342 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Avşar, Zakir, Ombudsman (Kamu Hakemi) Türkiye İçin Bir Model Önerisi, Ankara, Hak-İş Konfederasyonu Yayını, 1999, Ayeni, Victor, “Evolution of and Prospects For the Ombudsman in Southern Africa”, International Review of Administrative Science, Vol 63, Issue 4, 1997/12, Baylan, Ömer, Vatandaşın Devlet Yönetimi Hakkındaki Şikayetleri ve Türkiye İçin İsveç Ombudsmanı Formulü, Ankara, İçişleri Bakanlığı Teftiş Kurulu Başkanlığı Yayını, 1978, Gözübüyük, A.Şeref, Yönetim Hukuku, Turhan Kitabevi, Ankara, 2009 Eken, Musa, “Yönetim Karşısında Vatandaşın Korunmasında Ombudsman Kurumunun Rolü”, ed. Davut Dursun, Hazma Al, Türkiye’de Yönetim Geleneği, İstanbul, İlke Yayınları, No 24, 1998, s.131-139. Erhürman, Tufan, “Türkiye İçin Nasıl Bir Ombudsman Formülü?”, Ankara Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, Cilt 49, Sayı 1-4, 2000, s.155-179. Eryılmaz, Bilal, Kamu Yönetimi, İstanbul, Erkam Matbaacılık, 2000. Gözler, Kemal, Türk Anayasa Hukuku. Ekin yayıncılık. Bursa, 2000 Kaboğlu, İbrahim. Ö., “Türkiye’de Hukuk Devletinin Gelişimi”, TODAİE İnsan Hakları Yıllığı,1989, 12: 139-166. Keneş, Bülent, “Bir Denetim Mekanizması Olarak Ombudsman, Türkiye’deki İhtiyaçlara Ne Kadar Cevap Verebilir?”, Yeni Türkiye Dergisi, 97/13, 1997, Kirkham, Richard, “Prevention is Better Than Litigation: The Importance of Good Administration”, Journal of Social Welfare and Family Law, 26(3), 2004, s.305-306. Nobles Richard, “Keeping Ombudsmen in Their Place-The Courts and the Pensions Ombudsman”, Public Law, Summer 2001, Odyakmaz, Zehra, “Türk Hukuk Kurultayına Sunulan İsveç Parlamento Ombudsmanlığı ile İlgili Bildiri Üzerine Düşünceler”, Ankara Barosu Hukuk Kurultayı 2000, Ankara, 12-16 Ocak 2000, Odyakmaz, Zehra, Tufan Erhürman, “Ombudsman Kurumunun Cumhuriyet Rejimine Katkısı”, Yeni Türkiye Dergisi, Cumhuriyet Özel Sayısı V, Yıl 4, Sayı 23-24, Eylül-Aralık 1998, Özden, Kemal, “Yerel Yönetimler Biga/Çanakkale, 3-4 Aralık 2004, Ombudsmanı”,Yerel Yönetimler Kongresi, Pickl, Vicktor J., “Ombudsman Sistemlerinin İslami Temelleri”, çev. Taykan Ataman, Yeni Türkiye Dergisi, Siyasette Yozlaşma Özel Sayısı, Yıl 3, Sayı 14, Mart-Nisan 1997, s.800-805. Pickl, Vicktor J., “Ombudsman ve Yönetimde Reform”, çev. Turgay Ergun, Amme İdaresi Dergisi, Cilt 19, Sayı 4, Aralık 1986, Rudholm, Sten, “Sweden’s Guardians of The Law: The Chancellor of Justice”, ed. Donald C. Rowat, The Ombudsman, Citizen’s Defender, London, George Allen and Unwin Ltd., 1968, 343 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Schwarzler, Nikolaus, “The Austurian Ombudsman (Volksanwalt)”, ed. Federal Chancellery, Public Administration in Austuria, Austuria, 1992, Seneviratne, Mary, “Local Government Ombudsman”, Journal of Social Welfare and Family Law, 20(1), 1998, Seneviratne, Mary, “The Local Government Ombudsman”, Journal of Social Welfare and Family Law, 21(2), 1999, Seneviratne, Mary, Ombudsmen in the Public Sector, Open University Press, 1994, Temizel, Zekeriya, “Yurttaşın Yönetime Karşı Korunmasında Bir Başka Denetim Organı: Ombudsman”, Yeni Türkiye Dergisi, Siyasette Yozlaşma Özel Sayısı II, Yıl 3, Sayı 14, MartNisan 1997, Temizel, Zekeriya, Yurttaşın Yönetime Karşı Korunmasında Bağımsız Bir Denetim Organı Ombusman, İstanbul, IULA-EMME Yayınları, 1997, TÜSİAD, Ombudsman (Kamu Hakemi) Kurumu İncelemesi: Devlette Bir Toplam Kalite Mekanizması Örneği, TÜSİAD Yayını No T/97-206, Ocak 1997, Uler, Yıldırım, “Ombudsman (Kamu Denetçisi)”, I. Ulusal İdare Hukuku Kongresi, Üçüncü Kitap, Çeşitli İdare Hukuku Konuları, Ankara, 1-4 Mayıs 1990, Woolf, Harry, The Protection of the Public-a New Challenge, London, Stevens, 1990. Next Step Of Corporate Governance: Appreciative Inquiry In Corporate Governance Çiftçi Münire, Öztürk Umut Can Süleyman Demirel University- Faculty Of Economics And Administrative SciencesTurkey/Isparta E-mails: munireciftci@sdu.edu.tr,umutcn.ozturk@gmail.com Abstract It was seen in the last decade that traditional management system and models cannot meet the needs of today. Crisis and scandals have proved the need for a more transparent and participatory structure. Governance met this need for a certain period of time and presented a more useful model. However through the end of 2000s negative effects of modern structures were seen; such as being quantitative and unnecessarily rational which make participants fear of doing wrong. In this case postmodern approaches came into agenda. One of them is 344 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1130 Title A name given to the resource The Importance And The Place Of Ombudsman In Law State Author Author Feyzullah, Ünal Abstract A summary of the resource. In analyzing the ombudsman from the respesct of its historical roots, it is understood that this institution has been inspired by Islam state system and Otoman state system. The institution ombudsman has been implemented in countries more than 100 today and overtaken the mission of protecting the citizens against the maladministration, securing the fundamental rights and liberty and constituted security for both governing and governed. In this study, it is offered that the fundamental rights and freedoms should be under the security, all activities of the government should be under the control of jurisdiction and the significance of this institution sould be awared in realizing the legal governance. Keywords: Ombudsman, law state, fundamental rights and freedoms, justice, control and judicial control. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/65ee6179e460285849e1dd2c79c34265.docx cc471332df5f6fe3c3bebc910cb21b19 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/b0e5069d4ff76af0b81e6d12370a4a3e.pdf f3e924e1a4befcb53c72103f9be3d130 PDF Text Text The Importance of a Corpus-Based Study in Revealing the Precise Meaning of the Collocation Make Mistake Mirna Begagić University of Zenica/Zenica, Bosnia and Herzegovina Key words: semantic preference, semantic prosody, collocation, corpus, corpus linguistics ABSTRACT Previous corpus-based studies have shown that semantic preference and semantic prosody can be of crucial importance in identifying the meaning of various lexical items (Sinclair, 1996; Partington 2004; Begagić, 2013). Since such research would be impossible without the advent of computers as well as specialized programs used for searching million-word corpora, the lexical items are examined within the scope of corpus linguistics. This study presents a corpus-based analysis of the meaning of one of the most common V-N collocations in the Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA) in two different registers, the newspaper and the academic one. In order to make the study as objective as possible, every second occurrence, of the first 100 randomly selected occurrences, is examined and all the word forms of the collocation make mistake are included, i.e. make mistake, makes mistake, made mistake and making mistake. All the word forms are carefully observed in the span of ten. The OALD does not offer any definition under the both entries, make and mistake, however there are several examples of its usage under the entry of mistake, implying the existence of collocation. The present study indicates that at least two definitions should be placed under the entry of make mistake. The results also suggest that the meaning of the collocation is contingent upon the registers in which it is used. Moreover, the pivotal role of semantic preference and semantic prosody in identifying the meaning of make mistake is pointed out as well as the fact that million-word corpora are the only true sources that provide accurate and objective information about natural language. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1893 Title A name given to the resource The Importance of a Corpus-Based Study in Revealing the Precise Meaning of the Collocation Make Mistake Author Author BEGAGIC, Mirna Abstract A summary of the resource. Key words: semantic preference, semantic prosody, collocation, corpus, corpus linguistics ABSTRACT Previous corpus-based studies have shown that semantic preference and semantic prosody can be of crucial importance in identifying the meaning of various lexical items (Sinclair, 1996; Partington 2004; Begagić, 2013). Since such research would be impossible without the advent of computers as well as specialized programs used for searching million-word corpora, the lexical items are examined within the scope of corpus linguistics. This study presents a corpus-based analysis of the meaning of one of the most common V-N collocations in the Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA) in two different registers, the newspaper and the academic one. In order to make the study as objective as possible, every second occurrence, of the first 100 randomly selected occurrences, is examined and all the word forms of the collocation make mistake are included, i.e. make mistake, makes mistake, made mistake and making mistake. All the word forms are carefully observed in the span of ten. The OALD does not offer any definition under the both entries, make and mistake, however there are several examples of its usage under the entry of mistake, implying the existence of collocation. The present study indicates that at least two definitions should be placed under the entry of make mistake. The results also suggest that the meaning of the collocation is contingent upon the registers in which it is used. Moreover, the pivotal role of semantic preference and semantic prosody in identifying the meaning of make mistake is pointed out as well as the fact that million-word corpora are the only true sources that provide accurate and objective information about natural language. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available IBU Publishing Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-03 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/437945406692325f49e4468bfd348c79.pdf b54b6fc93a21c12dc78c4c8082da6209 PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Sanfey, P. (2010) South-Eastern Europe: Lessons from the Global Economic Crisis, European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, Working Paper No. 113. Sewel, J. (2011) The Balkan Economies: Regional Roadblocks, European Distractions and Global Crisis, NATO Parliamentary Assembly. Stiblar, F. (2009) The Impact of the Global Crisis on Montenegro and the Western Balkans, published by Central Bank of Montenegro. UN. (2009) The Global Financial Crisis: Impact and Response of the Regional Commissions The Importance Of Aphrodisias Ancient City In Sustainable Economical Development Matcicek Zekeriya1, Pajo Aykut2 1Adnan Menderes University,Aydın, 2Kırklareli University,Kırklareli E –mails: zekeriyamatcicek@adu.edu.tr,aykut.pajo@kirklareli.edu.tr Abstract Aphrodisias is an ancient city nearby Karacasu, Aydın. It was established by the name of Goddess Aphrodit. It is a big settlement from the Bronz Age to Bizans time. It has been found baths, agora, stadium, odeon, Aphrodit temple in arceologic excavations. Aphrodisias is known as an important sculpturing centre in first- era, was given sculpturing education in that term.Of all the ancient cities in Anatolia, The Stadium of Aphrodisias is one of the best preserved. Aphrodisias is an ancient city which is famous for its Aphrodit temple especially in Roman age. It is one of the most important archeological places of Turkey with its well-protected movement – buildings now. The excavations started by New York University in 1961 are being continued today, too. The new historical sites have been found in excavations that still last now. These historical sites have been presented in the museum of Aphrodisias. About 125.000 tourists visit Aphrodisias ancient city each year. The visitors come from America and European Countries mostly in spring and autumn. In other hot months, French, Italian and Spanish people visit and Brazilian tourists have visited ancienty city lately. Tourists who come in winter visit mostly for shopping and Aphrodisias ancient city is visited. The avarage age of visitors is quite high. It is preferred by only the participants of cultural tours because Aphrodisias Ancient city is visited according to cultural tourism. These tours reachmostly beginning from İstanbul to Bursa – Çanakkale – İzmir Efes – Kuşadası – Didim Milet and then Aphrodisias – Pamukkale Hierapolis and Antalya. In this research the variation of tourist which visit Aphrodisias ancient city have been determined and it has also been determined how tourists in this community spend their money. The effect of these spendings on economical sustainable development of Turkey and the region where ancient city is has beendetermined. 236 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Keywords : Aphrodisias, Sculpturing education, Aphrodit temple, Karacasu, Ancient city 1.INTRODUCTION Today, negative factors such as excessive urbanization, difficulty in living conditions put big pressures on people who especially live in urban areas. Escape from these pressures reflect on tourism movements and tourism searches based mostly on natural environment replace with the usual concept of tourism which consist of the triangle of sea, sand and sun(Oral et al.1996; Gulez, 1998). Increase of interest to the natural and cultural places necessitates the protection and renewal of natural and cultural areas and the provision of ecological balance. Tourist prefer to goto regions whose original, natural and historical riches are protected, not modern structures, concrete pile soar a nature which has been destroyed. Sustainable tourism is a form of development that cultural integrity, ecological processes, biodiversity and systems which continue life have been sustained by being protected the environment where people are in interaction with without any damage or being chanced and that all resources have been managed to satisfy the economic, social and an esthetic needs of tourists and people who are in the region which has been visited and to provide the needs of future generations. The sustainable development of natural and cultural environment is possible with protection and development. A tourism development based on environmental protection will bring an environment which has developed in economical, social and physical way(Akten et al. 2011) The continuity of natural and cultural valves is of great importance for continuity of Karacasu’s economy in the future. In this study, the importance of Aphrodisias ancient city in sustainable economy and the reasons of continuity of country’s economy have been examined. 1.1.SUSTAINABILITY “Sustainability”, as meaning of word, expresses the situation of being continuity and seamlessness. The concept of livability has to be evaluated wits sustainability in ecosystem, management, services energy or area-transitivity, feelings and economy income (Buyukyegen, 2008). The concept of sustainability has firstly emerged at the Conference on human environment of United Nations in Stockholm in 1972(Newman et al. 1999). At this conference 113 countries have given an undertaking that they start to environmental cleaning and have decided that environmental problems won’t be able to be categorized not only as air pollution, water pollution and chemical contamination and it has also been revealed that the necessity of radioactive substances that affect everyone are not released everywhere(Aktas, 2007). Sustainability is to ensure to continue its existence non-stop without consuming by overuse or overload to main resources of the vital link, without deterioration or decay of function of a society, ecosystem or a system which has continuity. Sustainability is an essential 237 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo precondition for sustainable development in the use of potentials such as sail, water, surface and underground riches, flora as natural resource (Tozar, 2006). The sustainable development of natural and cultural environment is possible with protection and development. In general meaning, the protection of natural and cultural environment is the transfer of these values for future generations. The success of renewal integrated protection depends on the realization without causing social fragmentation and disrupts the health of social structure which contains. A health protection policy has to take historical, natural and cultural heritage into social life and integrate with it (Buyukyegen, 2008). The main purpose of development of sustainable tourism is the economic development and protection of environmental valves as a result of tourism activities. At this point(Gezici, 2008);        To develop environment, economy and tourism with an increasing importance as a part of each other. To increase the quality of the environment. To improve the life quality of local people. To ensure high quality - standards for tourists. To integrate tourism with other economic sectors. To ensure equality in development. A concept of sustainable tourism which includes very comprehensive targets such as to guarantee the protection of the environment for future generations. 2. SUSTAINABLE ECONOMY AND KARACASU 2.1. The Geographical Structure of Karacasu The County of Karacasu which is between Karıncalı Mountain in the west of it and Baba Mountain in the east of it located on approximately 40 km - long valley which has a mountains and hilly land. There are cities and countries such as Denizli – Babadağ in the east, Aydın – Bozdoğan in the west, Aydın – Kuyucak in the north, and Denizli – Tavas and Kale in the south of Karacasu located on 90 kilometers distance from the city center. The most important stream of county is Dandalaz which starts from Dedeler Village and pours into Big Menderes River. The altitude of country is 600 meters and the highest point is Karıncalı Mountain. The area of country is 782 km2. The central population of Karacasu is 6200 and it has a total population 21980 together with villages. The climate of country has the characteristics of Mediterian climate. But because the altitude is partially high, winter is colder; summer is cooler and more rainless than the other regions of Aydın. 2.2. Karacasu County’s Economy The country of Karacasu has a big tourism potential. Aphrodisias Museum and historical sites which located in Geyre, a 13 km distance to country is one of the most important museums and historical sites in the world and in Turkey. And it is visited by approximately 200.000 238 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo domestic and foreign tourists per year 159. 367 domestic and foreign tourists visited the museums and historical sites in 2008 and had an income of 187.546 TL. İt has been planned to make repair renovation in all exhibition areas except for Sevgi Gönül Sebsateion Hall for the purpose of performing exhibition layout which has been presented in. Aphrodisias Museum Sevgi Gönül Sebsateion which has entered service since May 2008 and having entirely a contemporary look of museum exhibition. There have already been 12 leather, 25 Ceramic and 7 Olive management in small or medium-sized. At the same time, the management of the olive has been made in the houses. Weaving is a field of endeavor which has been managed as traditionally. There are a great number of fully automatic weaving looms especially in villages of Ataköy, Işıklar, Yeniköy, Palamutçuk and Dikmen. In addition there are restaurant which has been operated by entrepreneurs in the country on the way to Karacasu - Aphrodisias. These restaurants take materials that they use in their foods or meals directly from the farmers can find opportunity of bazaar that they will be able to present their products. They have people of Karacasu work as worker in the excavations and studies made in Aphrodisias. Also they can find the restoration opportunity to employ in restaurants and sale points which have been established in the region. 2.3. The Aphrodisias Tourism The Aphrodisias antique city, which is located in the city of Geyre within Aydın’s Karacasu borough, was one of the most important architecture, arts, sculpture and worship centers of the antique age. The magnificent antique city which is 3 kilometers from Geyre, 13 kilometers from Karacasu and 98 kilometers Aydın city center of different values for ages. Aphrodisias was a rich and cultivated antique city which was famous for worshipping Aphrodite during the Roman era and today, it’s one of the most important archeological sites in Turkey with its well preserved monumental structures. In 1st century B.C. Roman Emperor Augustus put Aphrodisias under his personal protection. Today, the monuments that still stand were built 250 years after his reign. Two forums encircled with columns were planned around the theater and the temple. The most secure stadium in the antique era was located on the northern tip of the city. At the end of the 3rd century A.D. the city became the capitol of Caria, a state of the Roman Empire. The city was encircled by walls in the middle of the 4th century A.D. It started losing its importance at the beginning of the 6th century. The Temple of Aphrodite was turned into a church and the city was completely abandoned in the 12th century. During the digs at the Acropolis Hill Tumulus within the Aphrodisias historical sites, chalcolithic ceramics and obsidian tools that were dated back to 4600 B.C. were uncovered. A cult centered city During the Aphrodisias digs, Lydian style ceramic plates, archaic and classic era settlements were uncovered around the Acropolis Hill Tumulus and the Temple of Aphrodite. During 1st century B.C. in Aphrodisias, the most important antique city of the region, the nature and abundance themed Aphrodisias Aphrodite cult, which was an amalgamation of the Asian Minor goddes Ishtar, Anatolian based goddes Cybele and Greek based Goddes Aphrodite, started to grow and the city was tuned into a cult center after the establishment of the Temple of Aphrodite. During to Byzantium era the city was turned into the primacy of the Caria area. 239 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo According to Byzantium sources the area was conquered 4 times by the Seljuk Dynasty between 11-13th centuries. The lands of Karacasu were inhabited by Turcoman tribes. So the Menteşe Seigniory and later on Aydınoğulları ruled the area. In 1413 Murad II added the lands of Karacasu to the Ottoman Empire. In 1867, Karacasu became a borough of Aydın. The first researches at the antique city were undertaken by Laborde and Texier in 1835 on behalf of the “Society of Dilettanti”. The first digs were made by a French engineer and amateur archeologist by the name of Paul Gaudin between the years 1904-1905. In 1937 an Italian named Giulio Jacopi found the agora of Aphrodisias. During the digs established by Prof.Dr. Kenan Erim on behalf of NYU between the years 1961-1990, many of the artworks we see today have been unearthed and restored. Today, the excavation team headed by Prof.Dr. R.R. Roland Smith on behalf of NYU has been resuming research 1991. The city that was established with the Money of Zoilos In 1st or 2nd century B.C., streets with grilled plans were built in Aphrodisias. The building of the monumental statues that are located in the middle of the city began at the end of 1st century B.C. First expenses were paid by the city’s famous citizen Zoilos. In the first stage, the Temple of Aphrodite, North Agora and the Theater was built. In the beginning of 1st century A.D. the center of the city was expanded with a second forum that was built between old agora and the theatre. Also at the same time, a huge temple complex called Sebasteion that was dedicated to the Julia Claudius family was built to the north of the agora. At the end of the 1st and during the 2nd century many new buildings were established for public use. The most important of these are the Turkish baths that have been built on the west corner of the South agora and dedicated to Emperor Hadrian. We also have to mention the Bouleuterion (a building which housed the council of citizens) which was built on the northern corner of the North agora and the monumental door that leads to the holy space of Aphrodite. We see very few new structures in Aphrodisias between the 3rd and 5th centuries but we know that many of the buildings in the center of city were regularly used and repaired when necessary. The most important architectural Project of the late Roman era is the transformation of the Temple of Aphrodite into a Christian church in 500 A.D. Here are some of the monumental structures that have been unearthed after the digs in Aphrodisias: Temple of Aphrodite, Tetrapylon, Stadium, Odeon, The School of Philosophy, The Pontif Palace, Hadrian baths, The Tiberius Portico, Agora, Basilica, Theatre, Theatre baths, Peristyle and Emperor’s chambers, Sebasteion, Martyrion. The Aphrodisias Museum is the ultimate point of the excavations that have been going on since 1961. The construction of the museum which started in 1971-1972 and finished in 1977 was opened to public on July 21, 1979 with an official reception. The virtuosos of art The real purpose of the Aphrodisias Museum is not only to present its visitors with examples of rich archeological finds but at the same time to accentuate the excellence and variety of the statues that were made in the workshops during Roman and early Byzantium eras. From the quality and abundance of the artwork on display, we can easily conclude that Aphrodisias was once one of the major centers of sculpturing in Asia Minor and Roman Mediterranean. Surely, the existence of with and blue-gray colored marbles that are found on the skirts of Mount Baba on the northeastern part of the region played an important role in this. Between 1st century B.C. and 5th century B.C. the sculptors in Aphrodisias created masterpieces using techniques far more advanced than their time and shown that they were the virtuosos of this art. 240 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo They have produced great statues using Classic Greek and Hellenistics styles and also made extremely unique engravings and decorative reliefs on houses and formal buildings. The artworks of these masters not only reflect Greek or Hellenistic prototypes uniquely (unlike portraits of holy bodies), but they also display a complex approach by emphasizing the inclination of idealizing through realistic decorations. This inclination has become integrated with a unique style and even Baroque style that is clearly visible in the shininess of the body and also the way that the eyes, hands and clothes are sculptured. The master sculptors of Aphrodisias were also experts in architectural decoration, columns that included human and animal figures and acanthus reliefs, wallboard crests, panel busts, reliefs about mythological subjects and many elements that were used for thedecorations of buildings. The galleries of the museum are located around a central courtyard. Starting from the right of the entrance, the museum is toured counter clockwise. The artworks are displayed according to theme rather than chronologically. Each gallery is dedicated to one aspect of Aphrodisias sculpturing. In order, the glass case that displays prehistoric findings and the Tondo Gallery, The Empire Gallery, The Zoilos Wings, The Melpomene Gallery, Odeon Gallery, Unfinished Artworks Gallery, glass cased display gallery, Love Gallery (the additional building that was opened in 2008 which displays the bas reliefs of Sebasteion), the Penthesileia Gallery, the Aphrodite gallery, Rank Titles Wing and the inner courtyard are the parts of the museum(ACTM 2011). 3.THE RESEARCHES ON THE EFFECTS OF TOURISM TO THE ECONOMY IN KARACASU The number of visitors which come per year to Aphrodisias ancient city and historical sites and the amount of total income has been established in Table 1. YEAR FOREIGN VISITOR DOMESTIC VISITOR GENERAL TOTAL TOTAL INCOME 1997 192,789 21,457 214,246 71.717.00 TL 1998 180,585 25,945 206,530 128.970.00 TL 1999 64,991 18,609 83,600 93.510.00 TL 2000 111,729 20,195 131,924 306.710.00 TL 2001 143,196 27,168 170,364 665.825.00 TL 2002 120,500 10,360 130,860 968.150.00 TL 2003 80,500 10,495 90,995 622.022.00 TL 2004 92,934 19,918 112,856 448.830.00 TL 2005 118,035 10,508 128,541 337.137.00 TL 2006 69,827 11,432 81,495 202.564.00 TL 2007 97,809 16,255 114,084 141.546.00 TL 241 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 2008 130,781 28,586 159,367 187.546.00 TL 2009 116,650 21,020 137,670 223.472.00 TL 2010 127,669 15,776 143,445 242.720.00 TL Table 1: The number of visitors which come per year to Aphrodisias ancient city and historical sites and the amount of total income While the museums and historical site were changing separately until the term of 2004, it was given up from this application as from 2004 and it has been ensured museums and historical site visit by one price. İt has been ensured museum and historical site visit by one price. It is the reason why income numbers were high before 2004. Since 2010 the entry visit of historical site has been customized and awarded to a firm. This firm has made the input control of historical site, security of it and the cleaning jobs. The people from Karacasu have been employed for these jobs. The people who work in store and cafeteria in Aphrodisias museum are also from Karacasu. Approximately %10 of tourists visiting prefer this store and cafeteria. %45 of tourists which do shopping from the store and cafeteria consist of Americans. Also %15 of tourist consist of Spanish, %15 Italian, %5 French, %5 German and the other %15 them consist of other European Countries. While tourists who are 50 years and over prefer Aphrodisias in winter, younger tourist prefer in summer. Tourists that come to Aphrodisias eat their lunch in the restaurants which have been managed on the way Aphrodisias – Karacasu. The tourists which eat in these restaurants consist %35 of Italian, %15 of Spanish, %5 of French, %5 of English, %5 of German, %5 of American and the rest %30 of other nations. Approximately 50 staffs have been employed in these restaurants. Also, ceramic products, textile products with hand weaving, souvenirs have been sold in these restaurants and in sale parts establish close to historical site. 4.RESULT It is clear that how much the economy of Karacasu depends on Aphrodisias historical site and museum. It has been understood that these economic facts which identify with Aphrodisias historical site will be exist in no way if Aphrodisias ancient city doesn’t exist. So it has been provided that Aphrodisias ancient city are widened and transferred for future generations by protecting its today’s state to be sustainable of these economic facts. As the Aphrodisias ancient city exist and its adverts reach to a lot of people, tourist potential will increase. Thus, the county economy will develop and will transfer for future generations as sustainable. REFERENCES Aktaş, E. D. (2007). The quality of life in sustainable development of cities, in the scope of current approaches, Example of Kocaeli. Gebze High-Tech-Institute, Institute of engineering and science, Master’s thesis, Gebze. 242 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Akten, M. & Akten, S. (2011). The sustainable concept of Tourism; Example of Sarıgöl 1. Symposium of National Sarıgöl country and values, Sarıgöl. Büyükyeğen, G. (2008). Edirne city center and it’s close environment. The evaluation of recreational resource values in the context of sustainability, Zonguldak Karaelmas University Institute of scierse, Department of land scape architecture, Master’s Thesis, Bartın. Gezici, F. (1998). The Impact of tourism actions fort he purpose of sustainable regional development. A comparative research on Turkey. ITU the Institute of Science, Departmentof urban and regional planning, Istanbul. Newman, P. & Kenworhy, J. (1999). Sustainability and cities; overcoming, automobile, Dependence. Oral, S. & Şenbük, U. (1996). Structural evaluation of tourist regions in terms of sustainable tourism. 19. World Town Planning Day, Colloqium proceedings, MSU Broadcast part of the city and regional planning, Istanbul. Tozar, T. (2006). Ecological Planning methods developed for sustinability of natural Resources, Master’s Thesis, Yildiz Technical University, Institute of science, Department of Urban and regional planning, Istanbul. ACTM- Aydın Culture & Tourism Magazine, 2011, 2, 40-48 Economic Dimension Of The Environmental Policies Applied In Turkey And Its Potential Effects On Sustainable Development Mevlüt Karabiçak, Serpil Ağcakaya Abstract The purpose of the paper is to analyse the economic dimension of environmental policies still being applied in Turkey and to research the potential effects of sustainable development. In 1987 Bruntland Report was published by UN World Commission on Environment and Development and attention on sustainable development was attracted. In the aforementioned report, against the ever deteriorating environmental problems, the necessities of establishing the vital bridge between environmental development and economic development and the sustainability of development are accepted. The first precaution coming to mind for preventing environmental destructions that causes crucial costs for national economies is the efficient and productive use of current resources and the establishment of an optimal equilibrium between current and future generations in terms of the use of resources. Being sensitive in terms of the principle of sustainable development in the formation of environmental policies is accepted to be an important approach for the prevention of environment. Although the sustainable development endeavours cause significant costs, it is observed that new policies are constantly formed in terms of environment. In the scope of the paper, the potential effects of environmental policies that aim to decrease the negative effects created by the destruction of environment and to turn the world into a more habitable area on sustainable development are analysed through national and international data. 243 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1329 Title A name given to the resource The Importance Of Aphrodisias Ancient City In Sustainable Economical Development Author Author Matcicek , Zekeriya Abstract A summary of the resource. Aphrodisias is an ancient city nearby Karacasu, Aydın. It was established by the name of Goddess Aphrodit. It is a big settlement from the Bronz Age to Bizans time. It has been found baths, agora, stadium, odeon, Aphrodit temple in arceologic excavations. Aphrodisias is known as an important sculpturing centre in first- era, was given sculpturing education in that term.Of all the ancient cities in Anatolia, The Stadium of Aphrodisias is one of the best preserved. Aphrodisias is an ancient city which is famous for its Aphrodit temple especially in Roman age. It is one of the most important archeological places of Turkey with its well-protected movement – buildings now. The excavations started by New York University in 1961 are being continued today, too. The new historical sites have been found in excavations that still last now. These historical sites have been presented in the museum of Aphrodisias. About 125.000 tourists visit Aphrodisias ancient city each year. The visitors come from America and European Countries mostly in spring and autumn. In other hot months, French, Italian and Spanish people visit and Brazilian tourists have visited ancienty city lately. Tourists who come in winter visit mostly for shopping and Aphrodisias ancient city is visited. The avarage age of visitors is quite high. It is preferred by only the participants of cultural tours because Aphrodisias Ancient city is visited according to cultural tourism. These tours reachmostly beginning from İstanbul to Bursa – Çanakkale – İzmir Efes – Kuşadası – Didim Milet and then Aphrodisias – Pamukkale Hierapolis and Antalya. In this research the variation of tourist which visit Aphrodisias ancient city have been determined and it has also been determined how tourists in this community spend their money. The effect of these spendings on economical sustainable development of Turkey and the region where ancient city is has beendetermined. Keywords : Aphrodisias, Sculpturing education, Aphrodit temple, Karacasu, Ancient city Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General),HB Economic Theory,HG Finance,HJ Public Finance https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/f654163988d13bbf1e554ce779a83f6b.pdf acb0fc7a3e1de3ac52629e1cf30fe658 PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo The importance of Balanced Scorecard in business operations Maida Djakovac Novi Pazar, Serbia maidadj86@yahoo.com The aim of this paper is that to explore the role and importance of applying strategic management tools known as Balanced Scorecard in a comprehensive, concise and understandable way. The subject of the research is the elaboratation of the basic assumptions of Balanced Scorecard model in its essential elements and display the possibilities of its application, as well as showing the importance of methodology of Balanced Scorecard to translate company’s strategy into initiatives, measures and effects. With clear indicators and measures it is possible to develope and improve the organization. The tasks and standards observe the results of the organization through four perspectives: finances, customer, internal business processes and learning and development. These four perspectives provide a framework for the Balanced Scorecard. The aim of the implementation of Balanced Scorecard is to significantly improve the business. BSC model combines financial and nonfinancial measures into a single system to provide managers with sufficient and relevant information about the activities they manage. The usage of BSC method should start with a clear idea of its long-term application and with the aim of the process to learn as much as possible about how the organization should work in order to satisfy customers, stakeholders and employees. Balanced Scorecard is extensively used in the business sector, governmental and nongovernmental organizations around the world, to synchronize operations with the vision and strategy of the company, to improve internal and external communication and monitoring of organizational performance in relation to its strategic goals. Benefits of the Balanced Scorecard include increased financial returns, greater coordination of activities with the goals of employees, improved cooperation and continued focus on strategy. Balanced Scorecard is a set of instruments that provides simple and concise overview of the company and provides answers to questions where it is and where it should go. Keywords: Perspectives of BSC, the Strategic Map, Performance Measure, Implementation of BSC. 194 � https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/85dcbd2f0b4f21378d08fd06854647b6.docx ae344463651a73bfa5662883eaf74faf https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/04c312ab3eecea547be7c7dd3a234144.pdf 4ddecdaa7306d05aa07d9d0cd87f413c PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo The importance of Balanced Scorecard in business operations Maida Djakovac Novi Pazar, Serbia maidadj86@yahoo.com Abstract The aim of this paper is that to explore the role and importance of applying strategic management tools known as Balanced Scorecard in a comprehensive, concise and understandable way. The subject of the research is the elaboration of the basic assumptions of Balanced Scorecard model in its essential elements and displays the possibilities of its application, as well as showing the importance of methodology of Balanced Scorecard to translate company’s strategy into initiatives, measures and effects.With clear indicators and measures it is possible to develop and improve the organization. The tasks and standards observe the results of the organization through four perspectives: finances, customer, internal business processes and learning and development. These four perspectives provide a framework for the Balanced Scorecard. The aim of the implementation of Balanced Scorecard is to significantly improve the business. BSC model combines financial and nonfinancial measures into a single system to provide managers with sufficient and relevant information about the activities they manage. The usage of BSC method should start with a clear idea of its long-term application and with the aim of the process to learn as much as possible about how the organization should work in order to satisfy customers, stakeholders and employees. Balanced Scorecard is extensively used in the business sector, governmental and nongovernmental organizations around the world, to synchronize operations with the vision and strategy of the company, to improve internal and external communication and monitoring of organizational performance in relation to its strategic goals. Benefits of the Balanced Scorecard include increased financial returns, greater coordination of activities with the goals of employees, improved cooperation and continued focus on strategy. Balanced Scorecard is a set of instruments that provides simple and concise overview of the company and provides answers to questions where it is and where it should go. Key words: perspectives of BSC, the strategic map, performance measure, implementation of BSC Introduction Business strategy, to which every company that wants growth has to pay deserved attention comes from the vision and mission of the company and must be clearly defined, with the goals and tasks that are recognizable and conductible. For the successful implementation of the strategy objectives must be measurable. 1 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo In today’s environment it is proved that it’s not enough to rely only on the purely financial indicators. Modern business has set the task for managers to monitor and measure not only financial, but also other indicators of value and success of an organization. In modern companies big part of the market value is consisted of intangible value and intellectual capital (people, brand, processes ...), which create the need for developing measurement systems that will identify and assess other indicators of the value of companies such as relationships with customers, business performance process, the ability to develop and so on. Starting from the vision, mission and strategy Balanced Scorecard has developed as a tool which taking into account the value of the company exceeds the main problems of the organization: a successful measurement of company’s performance. This paper aim to show the introduction of Balanced Scorecard and the implementation of appropriate management of related processes can bring good results, mainly through increasing the quality of the strategic management process. Balanced scorecard provides a concise overview of the company and answers questions where it is and where to go. The main feature of this method is that it is rational and profitable because it is focused on the optimal number of key characteristics which choice is the result of the vision and strategy. Clear benefits that companies realize with the application of the Balanced Scorecard are improved strategic planning, improved communication strategies and execution, better information of the management, improved reporting of performance, better compliance of the strategy and better coordination of the organization. It is expected that changes in the way of observing the different segments of the business through Balanced Scorecard significantly affect the quality of the organization’s business and thus contribute to the business, primarily the company’s development and rapid achievement of strategic objectives and vision of the company. Starting hypotheses are:    Balanced Scorecard is a modern multi-dimensional method of measuring the performance of companies in modern market conditions, which can significantly improve the operations of companies that are applying it. One of the reasons of failure or poor results of the company is certainly insufficient management attention on strategic issues. With the appliance of the Balanced Scorecard method the quality of strategic management process is increased and the conditions for the growth of the company are created. The very presence of the company’s strategy is not enough. Even the best strategy will have no value if it isn’t applied. Balanced Scorecard application method significantly improves the performance of companies in implementing strategy. The intention of this work is to review the basic parts of the model. Basis of Balanced Scorecard Managers must determine how the company will compete with its competitors in order to realize the benefits that can be sustained for an extended period of time.1 The main role of 1 Dess G., Lumpkin G.T., Eisner A., Strаtegijski menаdžment, 2007, str. 10 2 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo managers is to manage the processes: planning, organizing, managing and controlling. The implementation of each of these processes, managers is constantly faced with different problems that need to be solved. Modern managers, in order to effectively manage any process, necessarily have to rule management tools and methods and techniques. Organizations in today's highly competitive environment, full of changes, have to devote considerable time, energy and human and financial resources, measuring performance in achieving its strategic goals. Financial performance measures which correspond to the business activities were based on tangible assets, but they are not adjusted for the value creation mechanisms of modern business organizations. Intangible assets like knowledge of employees, customer and vendor relationships, and innovative culture are the key to the production values in a modern economy. Nevertheless, the role of different strategies is now more important than ever. Effective implementation of the strategy is very important in today's era of globalization, the power of clients and rapid change. The disturbing fact is that about 9 out of 10 organizations fail to implement its strategy.2 Because of the different views on the development of performance measurement and evaluation of business operations, several different methods of measuring business performance have developed. Nowadays the most used method is the Balanced Scorecard, which tracks the optimal number of key features whose appointment was derived from vision and strategy for the company. Financial measures are inadequate for predicting and evaluating the path which information age companies must go through in order to create future value through investment in customers, employees, processes, technology and innovation. Balanced Scorecard complements financial measures based in the past with the scale drivers of future performance. Balanced Scorecard is a relatively new concept. It was introduced for the first time in 1990 by Kaplan and Norton. Kaplan and Norton talk about the organization that is completely devoted to implementing the strategy. Balanced Scorecard is a set of instruments that provides simple and concise overview of the company and provides answers to questions where it is and where it should go. The methodology of Balanced Scorecard turns the company's strategy into initiatives, measures and effects. Benefits of the Balanced Scorecard include increased financial returns, greater coordination of activities with the goals of employees, improved cooperation and continued focus on strategy. It represents a carefully selected set of benchmarks derived from the strategy of an organization that can be quantified.3The selected criteria may be used to help employees and external stakeholders in presenting the results and performance drivers by which organizations are trying to achieve its mission and strategic goals.Balanced Scorecard provides for the vision and strategy to be turned into a system of specific goals and measures, whose implementation is systematically monitored and measured. It also allows for all business functions to subordinate their actions to the realization of the unified vision and strategy. 2 Niven P.R., Balanced Scorecard – Korak po korak, 2007, str. 12 Niven P.R., Balanced Scorecard – Korak po korak, 2007, str. 33 3 3 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Balanced Scorecard helps organizations to cope with three major issues: a successful organizational performance measurement, monitoring and exploitation of an intangible assets and challenges of strategy implementation. Approximately 75% of the value created in the organization is made of intangible assets. The ability of the company to mobilize and exploit its intangible or invisible trumps becomes more important than investing and managing physical, tangible assets. Balanced Scorecard emphasizes that financial and nonfinancial measures must be part of an information system for employees at all levels of the organization. Innovative companies are using Balanced Scorecard as a strategic management system to manage its strategy in the long run. To support simplicity and usefulness of the measurement, the number of measures in the Balanced Scorecard is limited, and all criteria were classified into four groups. In fact, one of the key activities is just selection, filtering and grouping criteria (the companies already have much more standards than is required to put in the Balanced Scorecard feature). Balanced Scorecard model suggests the implementation of the vision and strategy in four key performance prospects of success: A. financial perspective - provides information on the overall financial operations and position of the company; B. customer perspective - means measuring market performance, delivered value and user's satisfaction; C. internal business process perspective - measures the performance of different processes and activities that focus on delivering value to target users; D. perspectives of learning and development - refers to the infrastructure that the company must build in order to ensure long-term growth and improvement. Balanced Scorecard is a tool for change. Building a successful team, creating support and enthusiasm for the initiative changes, efficient collection and exchange of information and training, are just some of the exciting and challenging tasks to be faced. Balanced Scorecard model is developed for a specific purpose in accordance with the set concept. Developing elements of a Balanced Scorecard should first determine the basic values, mission, vision and strategy of the organization, because the indicators measuring the four perspectives of achievement choose exactly the purpose of their achievements. Balanced Scorecard provides executives comprehensive framework that translates a company's vision and strategy into a coherent set of criteria found. The fact about which most authors agree is that the execution or implementation of the strategy is much more important than strategy formulation. In support of this claim is the study of 'Fortune' in 1999. which found that 70% of top managers failures is not the result of bad strategy, but of not being able to implement it.4 In order for the organization to succeed in today’s business, the strategy must be ‘’revived’’ with great clarity, so that everybody in the organization can understand it and act in accordance with it on a daily basis. 4 Niven P.R., Balanced Scorecard – Korak po korak, 2007, str. 29 4 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Using the Balanced Scorecard, organizations have an excellent chance of winning the difficulties in successfully implementing its strategy in its constituent parts through the four perspectives. Balanced Scorecard is the ideal generated by a common understanding and implementation of strategies for the purposes of the organization, standards, goals and initiatives in each of the four perspectives. Using the Balanced Scorecard as a framework for the implementation of the strategy, these organizations are creating a new language of measurement that serves as a guide for all staff activities aimed at achieving this objective. A key attribute of formulating strategy is to perform a set of activities that is different from those performed by their competitors. These activities must reflect the Balanced Scorecard which must go along with the strategy. By dividing the strategy into its elements, through goals and measures in each perspective, Balanced Scorecard gives the organizations the opportunity to move along from 'deciding' to 'enforce' the strategy. Balanced Scorecard makes it possible to define the cause-effect relationships within a single strategy. In defining the strategic hypothesis, the initial step is the perspective of owners and consumers. The basic question is "Who are financial targets in terms of revenue growth and increased productivity? What are the main sources of growth?". Once the objectives of the financial perspective are defined, the next question would be "Who are the target consumers that will ensure revenue growth and profitable mix of products and services? What are our objectives in this perspective and how to measure success in achieving them?". Consumer perspectives include the definition of "value proposition" (value proposition). Value proposition defines the way in which the company will differentiate itself in terms of unique products mix, prices, services, customer relations and image to attract and retain target customers and deepen relationships with them. Financial and consumer objectives are desired outcomes, but they do not specify the ways in which they are reached. The prospect of internal processes, which for example, include product design, brand and market development, sales, service, production and logistics - defines the activity that is needed to create the desired value proposition and differentiation and consequently desired financial outcomes. The fourth perspective, the perspective of learning and development reveals capabilities and conditions which are necessary to conduct internal business processes. This refers to the organizational infrastructure, skills, abilities and knowledge of employees, technology used by them, and the climate in which they work. Perspectives of Balanced Scorecard Classic Balanced Scorecard consists of four perspectives through which we observe the strategies: financial perspective, customer perspective, internal process perspective and the perspective of learning and development. The financial perspective is about how to appear before the shareholders, clients and prospects, how to perform in front of customers if we want financial success. Internal business perspective answers the question which venture should we go beyond in order to satisfy shareholders and customers. The prospect of learning and development shows how much are we willing to change and improve if we are to achieve our vision. Practice has shown that the Balanced Scorecard can be used for different purposes, and can be greatly modified. The architecture of the Balanced Scorecard has four perspectives which are not necessarily supported, but the logic of strategic mapping must be maintained. Balanced Scorecard implements the vision and strategy of the tasks and measures across a balanced combination of perspectives and viewpoints. Balanced Scorecard includes 5 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo measures of desirable achievements and processes which will encourage that kind of achievements in the future. Financial perspective Creating value for the owners is the outcome that any strategy of the company should achieve. The financial perspective is essentially the most important aspect of business, because achieving profit is the goal of each company. The other three perspectives are the only support weapon that is used to achieve the main goal. The criterion of financial performances is shown by the contributions or the company's strategy and its implementation to the greater financial profit. The financial perspective shows us how we dispose of the money invested in the company.Financial performance indicators are related to profits and operations incomes. Balanced Scorecard should tell the story of the strategy, starting with long-term financial objectives, and then connecting them with a series of activities to be undertaken in respect of financial processes, customers, internal processes, as well as staff and systems to achieve long-term economic benefits. For most organizations financial topics such as increasing revenue, improving productivity and cost images, improved use of assets and risk reduction may be associated with all perspectives of the Balanced Scorecard. Financial objectives and measures must play a dual role: they should define the expected financial performance and strategy should serve as the ultimate goal for the tasks and standards of all other perspectives. The goals and measures in this perspective tell us that the implementation of our strategy leads to improved financial results. Perspective of customer When choosing measures for customer perspective in the Balanced Scorecard, organizations must answer three key questions: ‘Who are our target customers?’, ‘What is our added value for them when they provide services?’ and ‘What our clients expect and demand from us?’. In the customer perspective, managers identify the customer and market segments for which the business unit is about to fight. Key measures of the achievement include: customer’s satisfaction, customer’s retention, new customer’s acquisition, customer’s profitability and market share of the budget and target segments. Key drivers of client achievements, which are linked each to their own segment, present facts that are critical to customers in the decision whether to change the supplier or remain loyal to him. The customer perspective allows the managers of the business unit to articulate the customer’s and market’s strategy that will lead to future financial returns. Eg. clients can appreciate the short intervals of production and timely delivery, innovative products and services, can appreciate a supplier that is able to anticipate their emerging needs and being able to develop new products and methods of access that correspond to these needs. In order for the finance indicators to be successful, it is important that product or service is well received by the client. By analyzing the indicators, we can conclude that the quality is the strategic objective on the market. Besides quality, many things have an essential role in influencing customers such as delivery time, meeting deadlines or product prices. Good 6 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo knowledge of the customer perspective and skills to recognize market needs allow managers to properly choose a strategy that will bring good financial results. Perspective of internal business process The internal process perspective of the Balanced Scorecard identifies the key processes in which the company must be excellent in order to continue to add value for customers and for shareholders. Each of the disciplines for clients will withdraw with itself the effective functioning of specific internal processes in order to serve customers and meet the additional value for them. The task is to identify these processes and develop the best possible goals andmeasures that track progress. This perspective can include product development, production, delivery and after sales service. Indicators of internal business processes are focused on internal processes, whose effect has the greatest impact on customer’s satisfaction and achievement of the financial goals. This perspective answers the question of how to place the individual business processes, as we point to those responsible for that part and what kind of improvements in this direction should be undertaken (improving service or performance). Through this perspective managers identify the key internal processes in which the organization must be excellent. The perspective of learning and development of employees The goals and measures in this perspective are the drivers of the other three perspectives. They are the basis on which the Balanced Scorecard is constructed. In this perspective there is a place for the skills of employees, their satisfaction, availability of information and coordination, together with the specific drivers of these original criteria, such as detailed, specific indices of specific skills needed for the new competitive environment. Measures that are determined in this perspective run all the other criteria. The prospect of learning and development recognizes the infrastructure which the organization must build in order to create conditions for long-term growth and improvement. Such skills and attitudes must be continuously developed, strengthened and reinforced,. Each employee must be motivated and focused on the goals and objectives of the organization. In the modern organization the balance of power has changed due to the importance that a well-trained worker and people with knowledge (knowledge worker Eng.) have for the organization. Knowledge workers consider their professional development and advancement and personal enrichment (financial and any other kind) more important than loyalty to the company. Poor efficiency of selected employee impairs the development and preservation of human capital. Cascading of the Balanced Scorecard overcomes the obstacles with people Cascading of the Balanced Scorecard means its implementation at all levels of the organization, as well as providing opportunities for all employees to demonstrate how their activities contribute to the strategy of the company. 5 Cascading creates a line of employees at the facility all up to the level of board members. Instead of incentives and rewards associated with achieving short-term financial goals, managers now have the opportunity to directly link the rewards of their team or business unit, with areas that have an impact. 5 Niven P.R., Balanced Scorecard – Korak po korak, 2007, str. 42 7 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo All employees can be involved in the process of Balanced Scorecard. For the cascading process to proceed successfully, each company must understand the operational and strategic importance of goals and measures that appear on the scorecard of the highest level. Strategic map Strategic map are communication tool used to tell a story of how value is created for the organization. They show a logical, step-by-step connection between strategic objectives (shown as ovals on the map) in the form of a cause-and-effect chain. A properly designed Balanced Scorecard should describe the objectives of the strategy that are on the strategic map and the measures that were chosen for them. The strategic map is a clear graphical representation of what we do well in each of the perspectives in order to implement the strategy. If there is any problem in achieving a goal, strategy map will indicate it and so act as a warning system for the organization's strategy. The first question that must be taken into account when making strategic map is whether the four perspectives are correct for the organization. Perspectives selection at the end should be based on what it takes to tell the story of your strategy and create competitive advantage for your organization. The strategic map answers the question: ‘What should we do well in order to implement the strategy?’ Conclusion Studies have shown that the Balanced Scorecard, compared to many other methods, is aimed at the immediate results of the user, and in addition, is easily linked to other tools for measuring performance that are used in enterprises. Balanced Scorecard provides strong and clear arguments in favor of the importance of intangible assets, enabling organizations to fully exploit their potential. This method is extensively used in the business sector, governmental and nongovernmental organizations around the world, to synchronize operations with the vision and strategy of the company, to improve internal and external communication and monitoring of organizational performance in relation to its strategic goals. Effective implementation of the Balanced Scorecard helps an organization in many ways, bringing with its application:  Increased focus on strategy and results instead of tasks;  Improved communication among business units;  Understanding and responding to customer’s needs;  Improvement of organizational efficiency by measuring what matters;  Helps leaders to make better decisions based on leading indicators, not based on outdate financial data ;  Indicates leaders and staff to priority work tasks from day to day. Creation of a strategy map is also very important, one might say, critical, selection of key stakeholders that contribute to the success of organizations, which need to include a map. The strategic map is a display of what must be done well in each of the prospects for its effective implementation. 8 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo References Dess G., Lumpkin G.T., Eisner A., (2007), Strаtegijski menаdžment, Dаtа stаtus, Beogrаd Kаplаn R., Norton D., (2010), Urаvnoteženа tаblicа rezultаtа, Mаte, Zаgreb Kaplan R., Norton D., (1996), "The Balanced Scorecard – Translating strategy action", Boston into Kaplan R., Norton D., (2001), The Strategy Focused Organization, Harvard Business School Press, Boston Niven P., (2003), Balanced Scorecard Step-by-Step for Government and Nonprofit Agencies, John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, NJ Niven P., (2007), BаlаncedScorecаrd - Korаk po korаk, Mаsmediа, Zаgreb www.bаlаncedscorecаrd.org 9 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1657 Title A name given to the resource The importance of Balanced Scorecard in business operations Author Author Đakovac, Maida Abstract A summary of the resource. The aim of this paper is that to explore the role and importance of applying strategic management tools known as Balanced Scorecard in a comprehensive, concise and understandable way. The subject of the research is the elaboratation of the basic assumptions of Balanced Scorecard model in its essential elements and display the possibilities of its application, as well as showing the importance of methodology of Balanced Scorecard to translate company’s strategy into initiatives, measures and effects. With clear indicators and measures it is possible to develope and improve the organization. The tasks and standards observe the results of the organization through four perspectives: finances, customer, internal business processes and learning and development. These four perspectives provide a framework for the Balanced Scorecard. The aim of the implementation of Balanced Scorecard is to significantly improve the business. BSC model combines financial and nonfinancial measures into a single system to provide managers with sufficient and relevant information about the activities they manage. The usage of BSC method should start with a clear idea of its long-term application and with the aim of the process to learn as much as possible about how the organization should work in order to satisfy customers, stakeholders and employees. Balanced Scorecard is extensively used in the business sector, governmental and nongovernmental organizations around the world, to synchronize operations with the vision and strategy of the company, to improve internal and external communication and monitoring of organizational performance in relation to its strategic goals. Benefits of the Balanced Scorecard include increased financial returns, greater coordination of activities with the goals of employees, improved cooperation and continued focus on strategy. Balanced Scorecard is a set of instruments that provides simple and concise overview of the company and provides answers to questions where it is and where it should go. Keywords: Perspectives of BSC, the Strategic Map, Performance Measure, Implementation of BSC. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-10 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 978-9958-834-23-3 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/63a3cb44040d73b3d73fdd27da655ab5.doc 4de62465eab699e866123c81ac0034f9 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 3270 Title A name given to the resource The importance of being critical – Polish EFL teachers' beliefs and practices Author Author Cierpisz, Agata Abstract A summary of the resource. Sooner or later, countries like Poland will have to welcome immigrants from the Middle East and successfully communicate with the immigrants from different cultural backgrounds. I would like to argue that critical cultural awareness proves to be a cornerstone of the model of Intercultural Communicative Competence (Byram, 1997) and should be considered a prerequisite for developing the rest of the components comprising the model. The main aim of the present research paper is to investigate, analyse and discuss Polish EFL teachers' beliefs on the idea of including critical cultural awareness, a crucial component of intercultural competence, in the EFL lessons, teachers' teaching practices with reference to developing particular elements of intercultural competence in the EFL lessons and the possible discrepancies between their beliefs and practices. A questionnaire administered to 125 Polish EFL teachers and a case study of three practitioners, who were observed, interviewed and confronted in a focus-group discussion, were used to collect the relevant data. The results of my research study suggest that a lot of Polish EFL teachers declare that they consider Byram's intercultural communicative competence model (Byram 1997) relevant to foreign language teaching and learning in the present-day and seem to be willing to implement it in their lessons, yet many of those teachers appear not to prioritize intercultural competence in their teaching practice. This apparent discrepancy between language teachers' beliefs and their practices may stem from teachers' lack of sufficient intercultural training during their professional education. A need for implementing critical cultural awareness into the pre-service teacher trainings was identified. Keywords: intercultural competence, critical cultural awareness, EFL teaching and learning Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2016-05-02 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed PE English https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/da27ca81876f76823cc906d410a9d019.pdf 9bfa56fcdacee00f48eb3f4e75851ae5 PDF Text Text THE IMPORTANCE OF CONTRASTIVE TEXT STUDIES IN TRANSLATOLOGY Lindita Sejdiu-Rugova & Bardh Rugova University of Prishtina Article History: Submitted: 04.06.2015 Accepted: 05.07.2015 Abstract: The paper aims at bringing up a type of text linguistic analysis, different from traditional one, with the emphasis on the contrastive studies in general and on the EnglishAlbanian cross-linguistic phenomena in particular. It will concentrate in explaining some of the most intriguing and most diverse text analysis elements having in mind the following text categories: Point of view, Composition, Text Idioms. A grammatical structure (Relative Constructions) has been examined thoroughly within the translation method analysis, out of and within the co-text analysis. It resulted in two different outcomes: traditional direct method analysis on one side and text linguistic co-text analysis on the other. Text linguistics as a special field of studies has been greatly developed due to the increased number of translations from one language into another. Text analysis, which relies on the deep description of micro and macro text elements of the text, is crucial for determining the level of translation accuracy of a particular text. Having in mind the relevance of recent discourse and pragmatic analyses impact in the development of interdisciplinary studies, the explanation of constituent elements of the written text is of great importance for the contrastive text studies or translation studies respectively. Keywords: text, discourse, paragraph, composition, point of view 1 �1. INTRODUCTION The aim of this paper is to emphasise the importance of text grammar as a special discipline within Text Linguistic studies and to prove its reliability by comparing the linguistic analysis of one of the segments of grammar in English and Albanian (in our case relative constructions) using the usual contrastive methods of sentence grammars and by taking into consideration some of the aspects of text grammar analysis. Analysing grammatical structures and functions without having taken into account their cotext and context features could be compared to flavourless dishes! Since the flavour you add gives a more inclusive description of text grammar categories, sentences are not analysed isolated and several semantic and pragmatic concepts, very important for the understanding of the text as a piece of coherent writing or a stretch of coherent speech, are viewed differently. 2. TRANSLATION AS A PROCESS AND AS A PRODUCT The theory of translation regards translation as a transformation of one text into another when being translated from a source language into a target one. A great part of this theory has been oriented towards the context studies, by emphasising that the translation process involves translation of one culture into another. Such an attitude and such a viewpoint are very much related to a sociolinguistic, psycholinguistic, ethnolinguistic and anthropological text analysis, thus leading it towards a linguistic concept which treats the text as a process, as a discourse. However, another point of view, treating a linguistic unit as a product, is related to text grammar and the concepts of the linguist Theun Van Dijk (1972). It represents the main methodological basis of this paper, too. 3. CO-TEXT VS. CONTEXT The text grammar analysis treats a linguistic unit within a co-text (Werlich, 1983), not context. There is always some text and some co-text that accompanies it. Context, on the other hand, includes more extralinguistic factors in order to give a prompt interpretation of a text (Rugova & Sejdiu-Rugova, 2015; Van Dijk (1972, 1977), De Beaugrande, Dressler 1981, Werlich, 1983). Text Categorization, Point of view, Composition and Text Variety are considered to be the most important categories in analysing the original text and their translations into a target language. Having in mind the fact that transformation from one text into another requires the text analysis of both languages, the above-mentioned text categories will be considered when contrasting the translation of grammatical structures from English into Albanian and vice-versa. 4. TRANSLATION OF RELATIVE CONSTRUCTIONS FROM ENGLISH INTO ALBANIAN AND VICE-VERSA – A CASE STUDY The so-called Relative clauses in both English and Albanian belong to the group of subordinate clauses with a very specific function: that of a modifier of a noun phrase. However, the most recent CUP comprehensive grammar of the English Language, published in 2002, by Huddleston and Pullum classifies them within the Relative Constructions group, not clauses, due 2 �to the fact that they contain an anaphoric element whose interpretation is determined by an antecedent and together with their antecedent they create a phrase and can be replaced very easily by a phrase. The special anaphoric tie or relation they create with their antecedent classifies their relation with the larger structure containing them into an integrated, supplementary, fused or a cleft relative. (Huddlestone & Pullum at al., 2002: 1033-1095). Huddlestone & Pullum (2002) suggest that the anaphoric element may be overt or covert, and according to them, in the overt case the relative clause is marked by the presence of one of the relative words who, whom, whose, which, etc., as or within the initial constituent and such clauses are called wh- relatives. In non-wh relatives the anaphoric element is covert, a gap; this class is then subdivided into that relatives and bare relatives depending on the presence or absence of that: 1. He’ll be glad to take the toys A which you don’t want. [ wh relative] B that you don’t want. [non-wh: that relative] C you don’t want. [non-wh: bare relative] (Huddleston & Pullum, 2002) In Albanian, Relative Clauses have been treated and classified as Modifying Clauses (Fjali përcaktore), e.g.: Hodhi sytë nga libri, fletët e të cilit ishin përthyer shumë. (italicised relative pronoun in genitive, being the second modifying element in a relative construction), and most of the existing traditional grammarians (Domi at al., 1995; Floqi S. at al., 1991, Prifti, 1971, Çeliku, 2012) have listed them as an independent functional of the hypotactic sentence classification (including other categories, such as: Subject Clauses (kryefjalore), Predicative Clauses (kallëzuesore), and Adjunct Clauses (rrethanore)).1 The relative pronouns in Albanian possess the category of number, case and gender; hence their contextualisation is more versatile and different from the one in English. In Albanian, a relative construction may appear before the word it refers to and this cataphoric reference is typical of the relative word in regard to a longer grammatical constituent it belongs to, in the situations when the relative constructions strongly approve an idea or a thought: Që ti nuk erdhe, kjo po që është e saktë. - Kjo (This) being a presupposed element of reference, used after the relative construction Qw ti nuk erdhe… (That you did not come). 5. METHODOLOGY OF RESEARCH More than 100 examples of Relative Constructions in English and their translation into Albanian have been analysed with the direct translation method analysis, common for traditional contrastive studies. The corpus has been extracted from the novel Martin Eden written by Jack London and contrasted with its Albanian translation of Shaban Demiraj. The relative constructions have been isolated from the phrases and sentences they were part of with the aim of interpreting their translation into Albanian by comparing it to the original English structural 1 This type of classification is a functional one and covers only partially co-text functions of relative clauses in Albanian. However, I would like to distinguish two very good recent monographies published in Tirana, one is on Anaphora and another one on Relative Phrases in Albanian, by Çepani (2015) and Koleci (2013), from the generativist perspective, which exemplify very well that there are cases when Albanian anaphoric elements are not c-governed (a Government and Binding theory) and that Albanian anaphoric reflexives (vetvetja) bare the feminine noun features, too (they are more independent than English reflexives). 3 �version. For the purpose of finding the more comprehensive equivalences and correspondences between Albanian and English relative constructions, a corpus of 50 sentences from Ismail Kadare’s novel “Ura me tri harqe” (The three-arched bridge), translated into English by John Hodgson,has been extracted, too. 6. RESEARCH HYPOTHESES Since English is quite analytical and Albanian belongs to a very flective language type, the following research hypothesis could be drawn: - The translation of relative constructions from English into Albanian is more dispersed; The relative constructions in Albanian have more possible structural forms; Analysing relative constructions in their co-text provides more reliable results to the translation method analysis. 7. RELATIVE CONSTRUCTIONS WITHOUT THEIR CO-TEXT (TRANSLATION METHOD ANALYSIS): RESEARCH OUTCOMES AND DATA ANALYSIS One of the most astonishing facts that were encountered during our interpretation of relative constructions and their translations from one language into another is that more than ¼ of the examples of translated sentences have been considered to be incorrectly translated. So, most of corpus is being translated from relative integrated and supplementary clauses into fused relative clauses (relativizer becomes a hidden element of the subordinate construction) or even Nominal clause: Se si mund të jetohej brenda një kafazi me një tigër, kjo merrej lehtë me mend. (Kadare, p.72); And it is well known what life is like with a tiger in its lair. (Kadare, p.107) However, there were cases when the translator tried to preserve the structures used in Albanian (Appositive Clauses were translated into Appositive Clauses): e.g.: Kam parandjenjën se do të ndërrojë së shpejti fati i Arbrit. (Kadare, p.8); I have a premonition that the destiny of Arberia will soon change, ... (Kadare, p.3). Some of main findings of the study we conducted have been listed below: 1. The majority of English relative constructions have been translated into Albanian as relative clauses, mainly non-restrictive and restrictive. Even in the cases of fused relatives in English, the translation shows integrated and supplementary type of relatives in Albanian. This implies that integrated, supplementary and cleft relatives in English resemble structurally their Albanian translation correspondences, whereas fused relatives do not correspond that much to their Albanian corresponding forms: 2. Another characteristic feature of English relative constructions is that they can take a preposition before and after the relativizer (with few exceptions) whereas in Albanian its typical position is before the relative word: me të cilin! 3. Non-finite clauses used with a relative meaning are typical for English, but in very cases for Albanian. E.g.: The girl walking in your direction is my sister. / Vajza qw po ecw drejt teje wshtw motra ime.(^duke ecur drejt teje)- subjunctive of standard Albanian (finite 4 �form); or Mendimi i tij pwr tw shkuar nw piknik ishte i drejtw.- infinitive of purpose, appositive function, relativised partially). There were even cases when the whole sentence was “sacrificed” for the sake of better adaptation from English into Albanian, such as: She scarcely noted the rhythm otherwise, except when it became pompous, at which moments she was disagreeably impressed with its amateurishness. (Martin Eden, 166), and the zero translation into Albanian. We suggest it could have been translated with a relative construction, too: Përkundrazi, asaj nuk i bënte përshtypje të madhe intonacioni i fjalisë, përveç rasteve kur amaterizmi i tij dukej sheshit. (authors’ translation) An Albanian speaker can feel that the supplementary relative clauses had an open illocutionary force (as supplementary relatives usually do) which was not transferred into Albanian, its specification could have been a true or false proposition. Consequently, the illocutionary force was not transmitted into Albanian in the same way as it was supposed to, sometimes it even got lost in translation. 8. RELATIVE CONSTRUCTIONS WITHIN INCLUSIVE TYPE OF ANALYSIS THE CO-TEXT – A MORE The direct translation method analysis, typical for most of the contrastive studies in FLT study programmes in the countries of the Balkan region, and as such, being excluded from the co-text, would be justified by any traditional grammarian as a very comprehensive method of grammatical analysis. However, it would not ‘satisfy’ the real translation analysis, or the Text Grammar Analysis. So, in terms of text grammar studies, relative constructions could be treated as anaphoric cohesive devices even in the situations when the antecedent is not used immediately before the relative word: e.g. a) I met a man another day [who says (that he knows you)]; … who and he refer to a man, but only who is a relative; or when the fused relative word has the anaphoric element in itself (what=the thing that), similar to reflexives, which are typical anaphoric words (Huddleston & Pullum, 2002: 1047): e.g. What you offered is not what we wanted! = (The thing that you offered) is not (the thing that we wanted)! In terms of Text Point of View and considering the last example, the relative word what could be treated as a non-personal entity. It merges and fuses in itself the third person neutral / objective NP the thing and the objective relative word that into one neutral word what – the later representing an example of an objective view subordinator, trying to relate the speaker’s point of view with its co-text: nobody knows what you offered if the subordinate clause what we wanted is not given as its co-text. If a subordinate clause what we wanted presents concretization of what you offered, it is still neutral in terms of expressing factors to which the speaker relates the phenomena. However, the personal pronouns you and we (second person you addressing the receiver (dialogical communication) and first person plural we which appears to relate to the phenomena by placing the speaker in the sender group), tend to bring the co-text of this sentence towards the subjective point of view, by excluding the receiver point of view (what we wanted is 5 �not fulfilled). In terms of its presentation, it can be regarded as a verbatim authentic text through a direct speech style. In terms of Focus, relative constructions could be classified into narrowing focus text producers since they usually explain the substance of their antecedent, the voice of the relative clause is active in this example, which shows that the action presented in the fused relative structure results from animate phenomena and not from the outside context (Werlich, 1983). Regarding the mode of the relative construction, the above-mentioned example has a negative mode: the speaker assigns non-factual existence to the process of offering. The text structuring of the relative constructions in the above-mentioned example is a co-textfree structure due to the agreement in number between the two fused relative constructions and due to the successive tense forms used in both of them (past)! However, they can be considered as co-text-bound constituents of a sentence having in mind the topical sequence forms of past simple in both constructions as a sign of a narrative text form. In terms of Text typical idioms (idioms referring here to the typical structural and constituent features of a text type), relative constructions are considered to be clause expansions of the descriptive text idiom: e.g. They were going out for a ride into the hills Sunday morning on their wheels, which did not interest Martin until he learned that Ruth, too, rode a wheel and was not going alone (Martin Eden, p.125); (Të dielën në mëngjes ata do të bënin një shëtitje me biçikleta nëpër kodrina. Kjo në fillim s’i bëri ndonjë përshtypje Martinit por puna ndryshoi, kur mori vesh se Ruthi e ngiste biçikletën dhe do të shkonte bashkë me të vëllezërit. (Martin Iden, p.107) Relative constructions may, however, appear when specifying additional modification of the antecedent by means of restrictive (integrated) Relative Constructions in the expository text idiom expansion, too: I can’t understand’he murmured,’ or maybe it’s the editors who can’t understand. (Martin Eden, p. 184); S’po kuptoj dot gjë, pëshpëriti me vete. Ose ndoshta janë redaktorët e fletoreve ata që nuk kuptojnë. (Martin Iden, p.172) 9. CONCLUSION It has been proved that Albanian translation of relative constructions is more versatile in form and has more possibilities of occurrence than in English due to the various functional categories relative pronouns belong to in the sentence. The more detailed text analysis of relative constructions in comparison to traditional contrastive analysis (without having considered the grammatical elements, such as point of view, composition and text variety) proved to be more supportive and more inclusive method of enhancing the quality of translation and text adaptation from one language into another, too. To sum up, a co-text analysis of relative clauses (text grammar analysis), very often incorporated in contextual analysis (extralinguistic analysis of situational factors and socio-historical circumstances shared by the communicants) give a more competence-based research. Text grammar and Text linguistics must be an integrated part of curriculum in foreign language 6 �teaching in general, and particularly in translation studies. Both of them represent linguistic communication acts and as such, they cannot be analysed isolated from their linguistic environment, whether it be a pure linguistic or an extralinguistic one. References: ASHRSH. 1997. Gramatika e gjuhës shqipe I dhe II. Tiranë: IGJL Çeliku M. 2012. Sintaksë e gjuhës shqipe (përbërësit sintaksorë). Tiranë: ILAR De Beaugrande R. Dressler H. 1981. Introduction to Text Linguistics, London: Longman Halliday M, Hasan R. 1976. Cohesion in English. London: Longman Huddleston R. Pullum G. et al. 2002. The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language. Cambridge: CUP Quirk R, Greenbaum S, Leech G, Svartvik J. (1985). A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. Essex: Longman Prifti S. 1971. Sintaksa e gjuhës shqipe. Prishtinë: Enti i tekstevedhe i mjeteve Rugova L. 2012c. Contrastive Analysis of Declarative Content Clauses in English and Albanian. In: Albanologjia bashkëkohore: arritje dhe perspektivë . Sankt Peterburg. ILI RAN (338-352) van Dijk T. 1977. Sentence topic and discourse topic. Papers in Slavic Philology 1, (49-61) van Dijk T. 1979. New developments and problems in textlinguistics. In: J.S. Petöfi, (red.) Text vs. Sentence. Basic questions of textlinguistics. Hamburg: Buske Verlag, 2 vols., (509-523) van Dijk T. 1988. News as Discourse. Hove, London: Lawrence Erblaum van Dijk. T. 2009. Society and Discourse. How Social Contexts influence Texts and Talk. New York: Cambrigde University Press. Werlich E. 1983. A Text Grammar of English. Stuttgart: Quelle&Meyer 7 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2954 Title A name given to the resource THE IMPORTANCE OF CONTRASTIVE TEXT STUDIES IN TRANSLATOLOGY Author Author Sejdiu-Rugova, Lindita Rugova, Bardh Abstract A summary of the resource. The paper aims at bringing up a type of text linguistic analysis, different from traditional one, with the emphasis on the contrastive studies in general and on the English-Albanian cross-linguistic phenomena in particular. It will concentrate in explaining some of the most intriguing and most diverse text analysis elements having in mind the following text categories: Point of view, Composition, Text Idioms. A grammatical structure (Relative Constructions) has been examined thoroughly within the translation method analysis, out of and within the co-text analysis. It resulted in two different outcomes: traditional direct method analysis on one side and text linguistic co-text analysis on the other. Text linguistics as a special field of studies has been greatly developed due to the increased number of translations from one language into another. Text analysis, which relies on the deep description of micro and macro text elements of the text, is crucial for determining the level of translation accuracy of a particular text. Having in mind the relevance of recent discourse and pragmatic analyses impact in the development of interdisciplinary studies, the explanation of constituent elements of the written text is of great importance for the contrastive text studies or translation studies respectively. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2015-12 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed P Philology. Linguistics