288 10 3494 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/03af864a751d179767e280e054a1be0c.pdf 6e3c328840eb568cdae17fa974c88f63 PDF Text Text 2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo Shakespeare – New Dimensions – Way of Life Raisa Busatlic International Burch University Bosnia and Herzegovina Sarajevo Laura4u2freak@gmail.com Shahab Yar Khan University of Sarajevo Bosnia and Herzegovina Sarajevo shahabyar_khan@hotmail.com Abstract: In this article I will be dealing with Shakespeare’s work and lifestyle he has created, the connection of Shakespeare and modern world in any sense! Shakespeare’s protagonists, his messages, links with Islam, his place of nowhere, the role model he has become; interference with purpose or without it on a daily basis. I will try to show, through his famous characters like Hamlet and King Lear, how Shakespeare reconciled all ideologies of this earthly world and created one new/old ‘religion’ – Ardonic state of mind. To write on such topic requires personal aspect as well as professional approach, even though these two can not be strictly separated in my work. Introduction When Shakespeare was writing God was expressing Himself, it was the Beauty, the absolute Truth – it was and still is the Balance. As R.W. Emerson said: “Nothing divine dies…”§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§ (Nature, 1836), and that is exactly how Shakespeare affects the world from his time up to 21st century – even though I think that we are still living in Shakespeare’s time, and we will continue so. When I think of Shakespeare all sorts of things come to my mind, but mainly I think of how he has affected my life, he united me with myself; He through him blessed me with awareness. Sometimes it may be a curse, but most of the times it is a path which makes it impossible to stray away – it is the one dimensional way. Shakespeare was thoroughly introduced to me by Dr. Shahab Yar Khan, and since then, and then it was five years ago, worlds could live side by side in peace, mainly. Can one be peaceful in search of light knowing that a quest of such kind can never be a complete cognition of reality, nor metaphysical state? Thoughts are always scattered. ¸ However, it is like the ocean wave: impatient, restless, yet liberated and strong – so strong it can never be stopped; a wave always follows the moon, therefore it gives flux and reflux. Both can happen with high or low intensity. It doesn’t matter, as long as it is happening. If the wave stopped its circle life would vanish and our thoughts wouldn’t have to walk through the path of awareness, because there would be no path – just eternity. While that time comes no one can subdue the ocean, nor can one’s mind. New Dimensions I have every reason to believe that Shakespeare’s ideas were those of Sufi’s. As Rumi said: “These sad and lonely people tire me”, so I feel that his characters were led by some force and were chosen by Shakespeare carefully to see His light, but “with lamps in hands” they needed sheiks of some kind to help them find “the Essence of the Essence, the intoxication of Love”; their sheik was Shakespeare, he is the one who created new dimensions for his characters, he created ‘place of nowhere’.******************(Rumi, 1998) Shakespeare managed to give them that; thus he has to be observed as a spiritual leader of those who chose to believe, those who chose §§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§ ****************** R. W. Emerson (1836), Nature, Dover Thrift Edition Deepak Chopra (1998), The Love Poems of Rumi, Harmony Books 394 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo to follow. Just like any other scripture his works stand for values, rest is up to us. “Ripeness is all.” (Shakespeare, 2006) “O Shakespeare! The beauty of your verse mirrors the human heart. Life finds perfection in your sky-soaring thought. Was your luminous nature the goal of existence itself?”†††††††††††††††††† (Iqbal 2007) Shakespeare lived in a period of change. In religion, politics, literature, and commerce, in the habits of daily living, in the world of ideas, his lifetime witnessed continual change and movement. When Elizabeth came to the throne, six years before he was born, England was still Catholic, as it had been for nine centuries. When she died, England became Protestant, and by the date of Shakespeare’s death, it was on the way of becoming Puritan. The Protestant Reformation had worked its full course of revolution of ideas, habits and beliefs. The authority of the church had been replaced by that of the Bible, of the English Bible, translated by Shakespeare’s contemporaries. During his life England had attained unity and an international importance. Although he wrote during Elizabethan period, which was very much influenced by Bible, Shakespeare’s work has traces of Platonic, Cabalistic, Humanistic, and even Ishraqqi teaching. Dr. Shahab Yar Khan, in his PhD theses, brings us to understanding that Shakespeare’s tragedies are not about conflict only, he claims they have their soul of diversity which is essentially an Ishraqqi concept. Therefore, Shakespeare carries something that makes him a man of all nations and time. We must be aware that Shakespeare was closely in touch with the Islamic world and the Illuministic philosophy. To elaborate on this, “Illuminism is a constant search towards the liberation of the soul; the liberation of all earthly prisons, and its western exiles, and returning to essential place of peace and bliss”.‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡ (Nasr 1998) The founder of these teachings is Shahab al-Din Suhrawerdi. Illuminism was revived by Shahab Udin, in Europe known as Suhra Verdi. He speaks of two themes, saying that Islam is not only a Muslim phenomenon. He used word balance to explain it. He gave us 12 names of great thinkers of Illuminism; Plato being the first and himself the last, 12th. Among them there are people of different religions. He also said that balance and diversity go side by side; as diverse you are as balanced you get to be. “God Himself is the first principle of diversity”, he says. God has 99 names, all opposite, diverse. If we don’t understand diversity, its beauty, and power we can’t understand God. Shakespeare’s drama depends on diversity. Every character is neither good, nor bad; it depends on the abstract being. His drama is not black, nor white, it is grey, undefined, balanced. As a result of diversity the focus of Shakespeare’s plays is not within the action, but beyond it. This can be also explained as a concept of Sufism – Shakespeare’s drama as the illuministic art is the hidden Truth in all its possible dimensions. Just like any other illuminist Shakespeare doesn’t present the truth in all aspects. I suppose that the complete Truth is left to be discovered by those who realize that there is something to be discovered. That something is one thing in common in all Shakespeare’s works and that is his “place of nowhere” (Persian: ‘na kuja abed’) – metaphysical dimension, hidden message, the Truth, ‘divine Light’. Place of nowhere is not geographical location. His place has no concept of time. When Shakespeare’s protagonists come back from that place they are transformed, elevated to the highest possible state of mind. Hamlet I will mention only some of his characters and the affect that place of nowhere had on them. I will begin with Hamlet, the one who is fundamental for this kind of work, whose spiritual growth is seen through his soliloquies. Without any explanation difference between his blasphemed soliloquies: “O, that this too too solid flesh would melt Thaw and resolve itself into a dew! Or that the Everlasting had not fix'd †††††††††††††††††† Sir Muhammad Iqbal (2007), Shakespeare (“The republic of Rumi: A novel of reality” by Khurram Ali Shafique, Iqbal Academy Pakistan) ‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡ S.H. Nasr “Three Muslim Sages“, Sohail Academy, 1998. p.112 395 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo His canon 'gainst self-slaughter! O God! God!”§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§ (Shakespeare 2006) and his time spent with the greatest symbol of purity, water, and his ‘kidnappers’, his ‘thieves of mercy’ who transcended his mind and made him sound like this: “…there's a special providence in the fall of a sparrow. If it be now, 'tis not to come; if it be not to come, it will be now; if it be not now, yet it will come: the readiness is all: since no man has aught of what he leaves, what is't to leave betimes?”******************* (Shakespeare 2006) Shakespeare made Hamlet went trough all these transformations only to show us that changes are fundamental for our growth as humans, and on that path to elevation, Hamlet had various phases. Trough meditation, one gets transformed and gets to the point of reaching eternity. This idea is very common in Persian and Illuministic literature. Eternity in Persian is called: “na kuja abed”- the place of nowhere. The concept of “place of nowhere” is one thing that’s common in all Shakespeare’s great works. This is why we call his drama “illuministic”. And this is why Shakespeare is essential to all of us, in our paths that lead to wisdom. King Lear First of all I have to say that Lear stands for conventions, the old system of values. It is the old and the new at clash. This needs to be understood before elaborating on Lear’s mind growth and metaphysical place of nowhere. In King Lear Shakespeare forced us to experience the place of nowhere more vividly along with Lear. When Lear enters ‘the heath’ he is forced to confuse materials and abstract world and ideas. His state of mind changes. At first hi pities himself and that is when he really entered the place of nowhere. It is essential for human growth. It begins with loss of ego. Human personality develops through psychological escalation. We all begin with the state of ‘it’ feeling hunger, cold, and baby’s instincts, almost animal. With awareness of possession ‘it’ becomes ego, the unnatural mark of identification. When we start imposing our ego on others it leads us to super ego. With King Lear it is an inverse process. Shakespeare teaches us the way of life through Lear’s realization of other people’s suffering, so the last two acts were dedicated to the state before ‘it’. Traditionally speaking, we all existed before we were given the body. Our souls existed on the other side, in the other dimension. Soul is, finally, the essence of our being, not our body. That state is state of balance. That balance is perfect Ardenic state – state which can only be achieved through perfect love. Lear lived through this with his daughter; twoness became oneness and ego was eliminated. Purpose of one’s life should be achieving that state. We must search for God, elevate beyond matter, be in constant process of growth – once we have the awareness journey towards absolute begins. As Dr. Khan says; once it starts, the process itself is an accomplishment. Jesus, Prophet Mohammad, Socrates, Plato, Shakespeare, Rumi, Khan, … all showed that genuine ideas survived in history of mankind. Conclusion Humans are the only creatures with power of will. Human will is designed by material accouters, references of temporary success. God’s will supersedes matter. Great will is beyond matter, and to succeed without matter is closest we can come to divinity. Purpose of our life should be to discover that concept of living without matter, beyond it, to struggle every moment, searching for God. It is a constant process of growth. We have to have in mind that there are two kinds of will: human will and eternal (divine will). We cannot control the eternal will, but we can try to liberate ourselves from earthly characteristics – only then we become ‘nothing’ and we can enter eternity. We must elevate our mind and direct it towards Haven. Illuminism suggests that human will alliances with divine one and Shakespeare teaches us the same. Through his characters he has shown us it is possible. The attempt to release ourselves from chains of matter requires insensitivity towards it. Can a §§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§ ******************* Shakespeare “The Complete Works of William Shakespeare”, “Hamlet” 2006 Shakespeare “The Complete Works of William Shakespeare”, “Hamlet” 2006 396 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo being survive without essence? Of course not. The value is derived through essence. Essence is that idea which is not for personal goal, and Shakespeare’s essence was for genuine goal and continues through those who stepped on the path of wisdom. References Primary sources: Shakespeare, William (2006), The Complete Works of William Shakespeare, Wordsworth Edition Ltd Khan, Shahab (2006) The second year lectures Khan, Shahab (2007) The third year lectures Khan, Shahab (2008) The fourth year lectures Bradley, A.C. (2007) The substance of Shakesperian tragedy, Palgrave Macmillan Neilson, William A., Thorndike, Ashley H. (1927), The facts about Shakespeare, The Macmillan Company Johnston, Ian (1999), A public domain on various approaches to Shakespeare's tragedy, Malaspina University-College, Vancouver Iqbal, Muhammad(2007), Shakespeare (“The republic of Rumi: A novel of reality” by Khurram Ali Shafique, Iqbal Academy Pakistan) Khan, Shahab, (2008) PhD theses Nasr , S.H. (1998), Three Muslim Sages, Sohail Academy Bloom, Harold (1999), Shakespeare the Invention of the Human, Riverhead Khan, Shahab (2008), O Šekspirovim Tragedijama, Dobra knjiga, Sarajevo Secondary sources: http://www.wikipedia.org http://www.islamicity.com http://www.shakespearesfellowship.org http://www.stjohns-chs.org http://www.pgdp.net 397 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 724 Title A name given to the resource Shakespeare – New Dimensions – Way of Life Author Author Busatlic, Raisa Khan, Shahab Yar Abstract A summary of the resource. In this article I will be dealing with Shakespeare’s work and lifestyle he has created, the connection of Shakespeare and modern world in any sense! Shakespeare’s protagonists, his messages, links with Islam, his place of nowhere, the role model he has become; interference with purpose or without it on a daily basis. I will try to show, through his famous characters like Hamlet and King Lear, how Shakespeare reconciled all ideologies of this earthly world and created one new/old ‘religion’ – Ardonic state of mind. To write on such topic requires personal aspect as well as professional approach, even though these two can not be strictly separated in my work. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/46b7cf78f02b6f1e09b8999e7b56296a.pdf 62f39eeb9508531c1834abed64dcae0d PDF Text Text 2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo Kadîmî, the Dervish of Sersem Ali Harâbâtî Lodge Asst.Prof. Mümine CAKIR Cankiri Karatekin University School of Science and Literature Department of Turkish Language and Literature /CANKIRI mcakir1915@hotmail.com Abstract: The lodge of ruined father (giddy Ali grandfather) which is 40 kilometre to Uskup capital city of Macedonya is an important Bektashi’s lodge. This lodge has give education to many santon and many of those poets has tryed to explain their foreordinaiton in their poems. And Kadimi, the real name of Kadimi is Huseyin Zeki Baba, is one of those poets who was born in Tekirdag-Markara. He had given foreordination by Huseyin Zeki Baba in Đstanbul Karaagac Lodge and than he had been in the lodge of ruined father for a few months. And he had come to Istanbul and become a policeman. He had worked in many of police departments and although his life full of pain he tryed to do his best in his duty. During the national war he came to Anatolia and proceed his duty. And he had worked of other company and retired. Kadime has two works ; the first one is that A Memory of a Police Chief from Constitutionalism to Republic which is he describes his policeman’s life period and the second one is Bektashi poems and Foreordination which only has one remaning copy in the Ataturk Library Istanbul. This anthology is manuscript and hasn’t published yet. In his anthology there are many poem about “divan, foreordination, semai, dirge” as well as many Bektashi’s poems. And the subject of this notification is the life story of a Bektashi’s father Kadimi and works. Some poems are going to be explain here too. Key words: Kadîmî, Harabâtî Baba Tekke, Poem Introduction The Turks had settled various regions of Anatolia by migrating from Central Asia for various reasons. In this way the dervishes founded tekkes and lodges in the regions they had settled and they both transmitted their doctrins to the people with the hymns and dealt with husbandry and livestock, thus induced the Anatolian Muslims.††††††††††††††††††† When it comes to the situation in the Balkans; before the Otoman conquest of the region, there was a conflict in the region. “The itinerant dervishes,… previously went to the region on one hand introduced Islam, on the other hand introduced a sense of tolerance that the people of that region are not accustomed to living under the claws of injustice.(…) It is possible to explain the importance of the roles of the dervishes which conquered the hearts with the name of Islam with the existence of the lodges in the crossroads even today .”(Đzeti, 2004: 46) The dervishes in these lodges united with the public and turned the lodges into a culture and art center. So that the Balkans have made prosperous in terms of material and spiritual. Some of the crossroad lodges that induced the Balkans Turkish and Muslims are: Kalkandelen Harabatî Baba Tekke, Kanatlar Bektashi Tekke, Ustruga Halvetî Tekke, Kruya Bektashi Tekke…‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡ ( Đzeti, 2004: 46) Harabâtî Baba Tekke, is located in Kalkandelen(Tetova) 40 km from Skopje,the capital of FYR Macedonia. “A complex was built around the shrine that was built by Sersem Ali Dede with the order of Harâbâtî Baba with the helps of Recep Pahsa and Abdurrahman Pahsa. Beside the religous parts such as shrines, mosque, Sema, there is also a guesthouse, a fountain, a well, a dervish house, Fatima house, a soup kitchen in the ††††††††††††††††††† For detailed information about Turkish Sufi mysticism life and its spread in Anatolia, please see: ( Güzel, 2004: 139-168; Özcan, “The socia-cultural Environment of Bektashi”, http://www.hbektas.gazi.edu.tr/dergi_dosyalar/22-141-148.pdf,; Barkan, 1942: 279-304 transferor Çiftçi, 2008: 141-191). ‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡ For detailed information about the Sufi life in the Balkans, please see: (Đzeti, 2004) 398 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo Harâbâtî Baba Tekke complex which is the most important and central Bektashi Tekke of Macedonia”(Tetevo, 1982: 56, transferor Đzeti, 2004: 242) There are various rumors related to the foundation of the tekke. One of them can be found in the text written in Macedonian on the entrance gate of tekke. According to this text while Sersem Ali Baba was a vizier, he wanted to retreat and went to Necef despite the Sultan. Later a Bektashi Dervish named Harabâtî Baba arrived to Kalkandere. He established the tekke and constructed the shrine of Sersem Ali Baba: Thus the tekke has two names: Harâbâtî Baba and Sersem Ali Dede Tekke ( Đzeti, 2004: 243 ) The subject of our paper is poet Ali Riza Kadîmî Baba, one of the dervishes who had been to this tekke. 1.Kadîmî’s Biography Kadîmî Baba, whose real name was Ali Riza Oge was born in Malkara,Tekirdag in 1881.They were three brothers. He took his first education from his father, Muderris Hâfiz Emin Efendi in Malkara. Then he went to Malkara Secondary School. Things had changed when the Balkan Wars broke out. Due to the disasters of the war the family left the town and their land and migrated to Đstanbul. Ali Riza Oge looked for the ways of education there. He dealt with many businesses. He saw every kind of life in Istanbul. At last he applied for policing. He took the attention of his superiors with his success in the new entrants to the profession, and was promoted in a short period. During his policing he dealt with Armenian deportations, helped to capture many Armenian Committee members, thus became a target for the committee members. Poisoning attempt and being shot by Armenians were important events in his life.His being shot while he was with his wife in 1336, a painful process had begun. The surgeries he had were very wearing. However he continued his duty.He passed to Anatolia during the Independence War and continued to his duty. When he came back to Đstanbul, with a slander he was dismissed form his job. After an investigation he was remittered and was appointed to Izmır Police Directorate, but this event affected him very much and resigned from policing. He passed to Liquor Store and retired from there. During his 35 years professional life he worked in Đnebolu, Ereğli, Samsun, Erzurum, Kars, Ankara, Kocaeli besides Istanbul; he started his professional life as a police officer and became a police sergeant, police captain, polis director, Armenian Desk Chief, Security Inspector. He had a very active and tough life due to the agigated situation of the era. Oge had never mentioned of his being a poet and a Bektashi in his memories. Just once he mentioned about his being Bektashi with an expression “ as being a former Bektashi” while he was visiting a Bektashi Tekke in Cairo. ( Öge, 1957: 189 ) We met the information about his being Bektashi in his anthology that he had prepared but never found the opportunity to publish. According to the information that he gave, his father, his grandfather, his relatives were all Bektashi. He received permission from Huseyin Zeki Baba, the head of Karaagac Tekke on 23rd of Muharram Hijra 1324 ( 19th of March,1906), he served as a dervish for two years in Karaagac Tekke, 4 or 5 months in Sersem Ali ( Harâbâtî Baba ) Tekke in Kalkandelen, Macedonia. ( Öge, Bel. Yz. 131: 1736 ) He describes the periods he spent in Sufi path in a poem as following: Nefes-i Kadimî Karaağaç’a geldim pek şâbb idim Derin bir aşka düştüm sehâb idim Aldım himmeti mürşidim Zeki’den Kaldım o dergahda bevvâb idim Hizmet ettim Sersem Ali Baba’ya Tayaran eyledim zîrâ şihâb idim Vardım türbesini ziyaret ettim Kaygusuz Sultan’a türâb idim Gördüm hayr himmetin sultanın Derd ü firâkıyla ben harâb idim Pîrimin yoluna fedâ ettim cânım Görmedi kimse beni serâb idim 399 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo Üçler yediler hem de kırklar ile Aynı cem’de içilen şarâb idim Şâh-ı Hüseyn-i Kerbelâ’nın aşkına Hem Kadîmî ciğeri kebâb idim (Öge, Bel. Yz. 131: s. 550) He was the grand cousins with his Mentor Hüseyin Zeki Baba. His guide was Hasan Baba ,father-in-law of Hüseyin Zeki Baba. His chief authorization was from Ali Naci Baba. (Öge, Bel. Yz. 131: s. 1736 ) Ali Riza Oge died in Bursa on 14th of April 1957 and was buried to Emir Sultan. (Öge, Bel. Yz. 131: s. 9-12) He says the following in a poem which was his will to be written in his gravestone: Mahlasım idi Kadîmî ismim hem Ali Rızâ Ehl-i beytin yoluna cânımı kıldım fedâ Gece gündüz Hak yoluna bezl-i makdiret edip “Men ‘aref” dersin okudum halka oldum âşinâ Cân gözüyle Hakkı gördüm pîrim himmet eyledi Sırr-ı mi’râc-ı hakîkat kânı ol mihr-i vefâ Tâ ezelden cânıma sûz-ı Hüseyn düşmüş idi Dolmuş idi hubb-ı Haydarla bu gönlüm bî-riyâ Vakd erişti bu Kadîmîn ten kafesinden bu dem Bâğ-ı illîyîne uçtu murg-ı rûhu zâ’irâ ( Öge, Bel. Yz. 131: s. 1080) Ali Riza Oge,had a tough life with health problems beside the difficulties of his profession; however wrote some poems, and spilled the enthusiasm in his heart into the verses. He has become a poet who should be introduced to the current generation with his life and poetry. 2.His Works 2.1.Bektashi Poets Anthology This work, with his words, was a result of 50 years study. He collected many of poems of the Bektashi dervishes and gave a brief biography of them. He also added his poems to this anthology. It is a valuable magazine with 1849 pages. According to the preface of this anthology ,which has not published yet, was completed in 1946. 2.2.True Memoirs of a Police Chief from Constitutional Monarchy to Republic This work, is an extensive memoir book where Ali Riza Oge wrote his professional memories. It starts with the beginning of policing life and ends with the slander after returning to Istanbul and resignment . With this features, it is an important memoir book for lighting the agitated period and the policy of that era. 2.3.Letters These are the private letters written by Ali Riza Oge to his close relative Cafer Ergin. He gave some information about his life and poems in these letters. They have not published yet. They belong to the last parts of his life. Samples of each letter which are protected by his family are existing. And also Bedri Noyan Dedebaba mentions about the letters of Kadimi, which are in his personal library, in his book “Shiism and Bektashi with all aspects” (Noyan, 2003: 267-262 ) 3.Literary Aspect Kadîmî, give a place to both various poems of Bektashi dervishes and his poems in Bektashi Poets Anthology. In these poems he described Sufi joy, the doctrins of Bektashi path, phases, dervishes in 400 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo (nefes,divan,semai –types of poem) verses, on the other hand he wrote the martyrize of Hussein ( the grandson of the Prophet Muhammad) in elegy format. He teaches the paths of Bektashi in a didactic way. We can see the impressions of the hymns of Yunus Emre and speeches of Ahmet Yesevi. In his poems ( semai and divan) he describes the the pleasure of Bektashi path, its joy and difficulties like a classical Ottoman poet. He uses the classical Ottoman Poem formats. He is good at literary arts. He uses a pathetic language in his elegecy poems and expressed his suffers and emotions successfully. And also his descriptions were so alive that you can revive the Karbala event in front of your eyes. Kadîmî wrote his poems (nefes) in syllabic meter, which is our national meter, but wrote his other poems (divan,elegy and semai) in aruz meter. Although time to time aruz defects were found but the usage of meter is successful. Except some of his elegies, he used a simple language. He showed all the possibilities of Turkish in his poems. Although he has the similarities with the sayings of other Bektashi poets, we can mention that he has his own style. Kadîmî reflects his full of love heart and the dervish path with a simple Turkish in his poem written in syllabic meter as floowing: Nefes-i Kadîmî Ben bir katara katıldım Ulu mizanda tartıldım Pek pahalıya satıldım Katar başımızdır Ali Kırklar meclisine girdim Muhammed Ali’ye erdim Allah eyvallahtır derdim Pîrim Hacı Bektaş Velî Hakka dair söz söylerim Dünyayı versen neylerim Mecnun gibi âh eylerim Başımda esen aşk yeli Lanet Yezid’in canına Ceddine hem ecdâdına Şah-ı Hasan Hüseyn uğruna Akar göz yaşımın seli Mürşid telkînin anlayan Virdini pendi dinleyen Kalbimde daim inleyen Can sazımın tek bir teli Olmayasın asla nâim Gündüz kâim gece sâim Biz okuruz hece daim Lisanımızdır kuş dili Düşmeyesin sakın çâha Đrişegör bir dergaha Kadimî kemteri şaha Ulaştıran mürşid eli ( Öge, Bel. Yz. 131: 553-554 ) In his another poem he describes his lover like a classical Ottoman poet. Probably he was talking about his mentor Hussein Zeki Baba that he was draw aparted in this poem written in aruz meter: 401 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo Dîvân-ı Kadîmî Yüzüne kâküllerini dökerek itme nikâb Göster yüzünü âşık-ı zâra gel itme hicâb Ey gonce-i gülzâr-ı emel ey nûr-ı hakîkat Rahm et firâkınla cigerim itme kebâb Bu hüsn ü ânınla seni görseydi Zelîhâ Mısr sultânlığın verir sana olurdu türâb Aklımı eyledi yagma senin âhû gözlerin Deldi bagrım tîr-i müjgânın okı etti harâb Cânıma kâr eyledi çünki firâkın ey perî Gel yüzün göster Kadîmî kemtere kıl bir sevâb ( Öge, Bel. Yz. 131: 829) Conclusion Kadimi Baba, whose real name is Ali Riza Oge, is a Bektashi Father who grew up in the last periods of Ottoman Empire, supported the National Struggle as a police chief, saw the agitated policy of that era, had a tough life. On one hand we see his police identity in his memoirs, on the other hand we see his Bektashi aspect in his 50-years work anthology and in the letters that we obtain from his family. Kadimi who stayed and served in the Harabâtî Baba Tekke which is one one of the tekkes in important crossroads in the Balkans, is a poet at the same time. His poems are quite successful. Among his poems written in various types, his poems ( nefes and divan) that he tells Sufi joy, Dervish path, Bektashis, his elegies in which he expresses his feelings about the matryize of Hussein are worth to read and examine. References BARKAN, Ömer Lütfi. (1942). “ Đstilâ Devirlerinin Kolonizatör Türk Dervişleri ve Zaviyeler”, Vakıflar Dergisi, Ankara: s. 279-304. ÇAKIR, Mümine. “Đhmâl Edilmiş Bir Bektâşî Babası Kadîmî ve Nefesleri” Uluslar arası Hacı Bektaş-ı Velî Sempozyumu 07-09.05. 2010. ÇĐFTÇĐ, Çiftçi. (2008). Tasavvuf Kitabı, Đstanbul: Kitabevi Yayınları. GÜZEL, Abdurrahman. (2004). Dînî Tasavvufî Türk Edebiyatı, Ankara: Akçağ. ĐZETĐ, Metin. (2004). Balkanlarda Tasavvuf, Đstanbul: Gelenek Yayıncılık . NOYAN, Bedri Dedebaba. (2003). Bütün Yönleriyle Bektâşîlik ve Alevîlik , c. VI, Ankara: Ardıç Yayınları, s. 267-272. ÖGE, Ali Rıza, Bektâşî Şairleri Antolojisi, Atatürk Kitaplığı, Belediye Yazmaları, nu: Bel. Yz. 131. ÖGE, Ali Rıza. ( 1957). Meşrutiyetten Cumhuriyete Bir Polis Şefinin Gerçek Anıları, Bursa. ÖZCAN, Hüseyin (31 Mart 2010) Bektaşîliğin Sosyo-Kültürel Çevresi, http://www.hbektas.gazi.edu.tr/dergi_dosyalar/22-141-148.pdf,. Tetevo Tetevsko Nız Istorıjata, Tetovo 1982. 402 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 725 Title A name given to the resource Kadîmî, the Dervish of Sersem Ali Harâbâtî Lodge Author Author CAKIR, Mümine Abstract A summary of the resource. The lodge of ruined father (giddy Ali grandfather) which is 40 kilometre to Uskup capital city of Macedonya is an important Bektashi’s lodge. This lodge has give education to many santon and many of those poets has tryed to explain their foreordinaiton in their poems. And Kadimi, the real name of Kadimi is Huseyin Zeki Baba, is one of those poets who was born in Tekirdag-Markara. He had given foreordination by Huseyin Zeki Baba in Đstanbul Karaagac Lodge and than he had been in the lodge of ruined father for a few months. And he had come to Istanbul and become a policeman. He had worked in many of police departments and although his life full of pain he tryed to do his best in his duty. During the national war he came to Anatolia and proceed his duty. And he had worked of other company and retired. Kadime has two works ; the first one is that A Memory of a Police Chief from Constitutionalism to Republic which is he describes his policeman’s life period and the second one is Bektashi poems and Foreordination which only has one remaning copy in the Ataturk Library Istanbul. This anthology is manuscript and hasn’t published yet. In his anthology there are many poem about “divan, foreordination, semai, dirge” as well as many Bektashi’s poems. And the subject of this notification is the life story of a Bektashi’s father Kadimi and works. Some poems are going to be explain here too. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/87f83e527a87f61b44d9ecd0f7e995e0.pdf b5607185279a04a641ea7e56837f7a19 PDF Text Text 2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo New Marketing Strategy in Tourism Sector: e-Tourism Mehmet Akif CAKIRER Afyon Kocatepe University Bolvadin Vocational School Turkey makif77@yahoo.com Abstract Rapid development in information and communication technologies has created a transformation in the economic and social life through changing the way the trade dealt. New technologies help to improve the efficiency of the economy, create new job opportunities, spread the technical progress and new ideas easily, establish the simultaneous communication among people and institutions in the different countries and regions. The goal of this study is, evaluating the present situation of Turkey's tourism sector and using information technologies in the sector, to form long-term competition strategies for the sector which has important potential. Furthermore, it is searched that, depending on the data of World Tourism Organization which states serious changes would occur in tourism sector by 2023, how Turkey that has to be prepared for a merciless competition in tourism immediately, would take advantage of using e-tourism strategy in global competition. Key Words: E-Tourism, Tourism Sector Global Competition and Tourism Sector The importance of quality, competition and cost has rosen in the world economy with arising of globalization concept. With development of information and communication technologies (ICT), removing borders and the studies of to free the international trade completely there is an intense competition in world economy. The rapid developments in technology, and attempts like globalization of international market, increase in communication, making the knowledge transfer and transportation easier and removing the barriers of free trade changed the economies and the strategies completely. Technology, especially information and communication technologies has the most important role in these changes. The continuous developments in the hardware and software of information and communication technologies caused the old structures and processes significantly by providing the enterprises to construct their hierarchic forms again, to rise the efficiency of their management functions, to change the work processes effectively, to develop new products and services and to make new industries. The competition that became harsh in the globalization process which occurs with developing technology made the enterprises try new strategies. The internet technology that erosa in the paralel of rapid technologies affected economy, education, consumer behaviours and our lives deeply. With the internet people have the chance to share their knowledge that they are uploaded to internet. With this reason the countries, people and companies make an added value to themselves via information and communication technologies. The Definition and Importance of e-Tourism Nowadays trade methods at electronic media took place of classical trade methods and the companies which persistently try to use the classical trade methods have lost their competition advantages and so they can not continue their existence. Nowadays the most rapidly developing sector of E-tarde is tourism sector. E-Tourism; with a broad definition means the use of information and communication technologies in tourism sector. E-tourism; contains all kinds of buying and selling of goods, service and product and the money transfer by the means of electronic systems. E-tourism must not be confused with internet tourism which is its most important base. Internet which we will define as a web based information communication system whish is served on a platform having a computer network can also be defined as buying touristic and transportation service via the computer 598 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo Networks1. While E-tourism is the most rapidly growing branch of E-trade the internet tourism is the most rapidly growing branch of E-tourism. We can show as follows with the help of the figure. E-Trade E- Tourism Internet Tourism Figure 1: E-Trade, E- Tourism ve Internet Tourism The Importance of Tourism Sector and e-Tourism for Turkey Tourism; becomes an important sector especially for developing countries like Turkey with its effect on balance of payments, creating employmet and income, having a high added value, positive effects on substructure and superstructure and effects to the other sectors. (Özkök, 2003, p.72) Turkey is like a tourism heaven with its geopolitical and geostrategical situation, being a capital of many different cultures, looming large by being a country where 4 celestial religions meet, nonetheless having extremely clean beaches and bays as per the computing countries, and having the four seasons together at the same time. (Çeken and Erdem, 2003) Turkey‘s using these values with the aim of tourism will have an important role at the country‘s economical development. But the global competition is carried to internet depending on the rapid developments in information and communication technologies. With this reason Turkey who have many earthly goods in terms of tourism must apply E-Tourism strategies in order to get more tourism income at the global competition carried to internet. Instruments Used At e-Tourism We can say that a lot of information and communication technologies is used in E-tourism. Call Centers, Internet, Intranet and Web are the most important of these instruments. Some basic features and information that must be at the web sites of tourism enterprises can be summarized like that: (Karamustafa, Biçkes, Ulama, 2002, p.113) electronic mail feature, information about travel, having own web adress (URL), information about promotion applications and discount, feature of communicating with other tourism enterprises, feedback form feature, online payment feature, feature of informing with more than one language, audio-visual features, information about enterprise ownership, feature of replying the frequently asked questions, information aboutnthe staff and it can be updated. The Reasons of the Need of e-Tourism 1. The global competition in tourism sector is carried to internet. For this reason the countries must form competition strategies related to this trend as well as making investment on information and communication technologies. 2. Today the basic problem that the enterprises face all over the world is the decrease at the loyalty of the customers seriously. For this reason the enterprises always focus on customer satisfaction and use the method of Consumer Relation Management (CRM). CRM is very important whatever the sector is in terms of continueing the success and existence of the enterprises. For all these reasons today the tourism enterprise must focus on customer satisfaction and benefit the E-CRM strategy used in E-tourism in order to increase the customer satisfaction. 3. Internet is more effective than other commercial toolsa as per other commercial tools. Formerly the advertisements given to the papers and televisions are given to internet in order to be observed and because of the increasing interest. 599 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo INTERNET PAPERS SUPERIORITIES Control of the effectiveness personalization(CRM), becoming widespread The chance of reader‘s looking the ad again, having the chance to advertising to small groups Adressing to a large crew, have repeating chance, flexible and prestigious Selectivity, intense inclusion, speed, flexibility, personal, ineffective information MINORITIES Not being widespread of usage of internet Short lived High cost, temporary messages, choice deficiency Expensive, customer‘s possible DIRECT resistance, success depending on up-toMAIL date and correct list Low cost, flexibility, targeted listener, Short lived, many parted and different RADI chance to prepare fast advertisement listener crowd Selective, quality in print, long lived Life far away from flexibility, prestige MAGAZINE short message, and OPEN SPACE Forward the idea fast, repetition chance, Very giving opportunity to local products environmental concerns Table:1. Comparison Of Commercial Tools Source: Genel ĠĢletme, Anadolu Üniversitesi, EskiĢehir 2000, p.217 TELEVISION 4. When looked in terms of tourism, since the easy access to the information about the arrival points can reduce the costs of travel planning and organization, marketing processes will be able to be increased and will take place faster. As such internet is an important factor with the feature of conversion of direct marketing method‘s potential capacity. (Egeli and Özturan, 2002) 5.Today multinational firms give their advertisements to internet instead of the instruments such as papers and television. For example the competents of McDonald‘s which is one of the most 20 advertiser companies in USA stated ―their customers are busy with internet than watching TV the young people head these and as an advertiser company to reach this customer crowd they will transfer the millions of dollars that will be cut from the television advertisements to the firms called dot.com‖. the competents of Coca-Cola company stated that ―they will tend to new and creative commercial instruments including electronic media‖. American Airlines Company has decided to increase the rate of advertisements published on internet from 6% to 9%. (Zaman, 23 Nisan 2003) As seen in table 1,2. between the years 1997 and 2001 internet has the most increase in the use commercial tools in USA with 753,3%. 1997 2001 Change Newspaper 41,670 51,430 23.4 Magazine 9,827 12,965 32 Television 36,893 45,070 22.2 Cable Television 7,237 13,758 90.1 Radio 13,491 20,810 54.3 Yellow Pages 11,423 14,090 23.3 Letter 36,890 49,950 35.4 Business Pages 4,109 5,310 24.8 Internet 600 5,120 753.3 Others 23,940 34,667 45 Table 2 The Usage of Commercial Tools in USA in 1997 and 2001 Source: Ferrel O. C., Hirt Geoffrey, Business, McGraw-Hill, Fourtyh Edition, Irwin 2002, s.368 6. Complexity of technological changes and incresing speed of work life, incresing of the pressures on competition and wages, difficulties caused by globalization, social and demographic changes, the information workers‘ need of flexibility at job environment, and providing rapid development increased the need to the E-Tourism. 7. E-Tourism is a continuously growing sector because the fastest accrueing information and it is the fastest developing branch of e-trade. In 1999 at a study enclosing 6000 people which is made in USA showed that 70% of internet surfers visit travel sites. 80% of these sites are airline companies and this shows that personal users use internet for airline information and reservation. (Öymen, 1999, p.17) 600 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo 8. The important developments and changes that happened in economical, technological, political, socio-cultural, environmental and organizational areas in the world also affect the tourism companies closely. All these changes make some new management applications and changes necessary in the management of tourism companies. (Kozak And Güçlü 2003) 9. Online advertisement has a day by day increasing marketing share on internet which is the most important branch of E-Tourism. Table 3. Online Advertisement Revenue in USA 10. The tourists examine the hotels and reserve on internet and also can buy travel from the sites of airline or bus companies and this finishes the function of agents that make interagency between the companies and people. 11. The rules and standarts of traditional trade methods do not let small and middle grede companies to compete with big companies supported with high capitals. Thanks to the advantages of E-tourism small or big all companies by getting rid of the harsh rules of traditional trade methods open virtual tourism enterprises, find new markets to sell their service, get new sources of income, strengthen their images and have competing superiority.(Oral, p.202) 12. The developing technology and day by day increasing customer satisfaction causes technology take place of human source. According to Peter Rothwell, North Europe Chief of TUI in the next years call centers will take place of agents because while only one reservation will be made per day at the agents but at call centers will make five reservations. According to Rothwell especially long families will prefer mostly call centers and web sites because they are free of commission. (Türsab, 2003, p.50) Advantages of e-Tourism We can summarize the advantages of e-tourism as follows. (Atalay, 2000) 1. Added value is easy access to services. 2. Providing a comparison chance easily. 3. Personalized services. 4. Travel services which are at exclusive possession of tour operators are made open for competition 5. Having the the services under the best conditions by the help of increasing competition. 6. It enables the customer get information whenever or wherever wanted. Tourism Sector Report Of World Tourism Organisation (WTO) And Swot Analysis Of Turkish Tourism Sector It is impossible to have a result in tourism sector globalizing world with short term projects. If Turkey wants to get better results in tourism sector it must form long term and strong competition strategies considering the expectations in the future. Nowadays when the tourism competition slipped to internet if we do not form our long according to this we will be adjudged to lose. For this reason according to the tourism sector report prepared by 601 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo World Tourism Organisation (WTO) long term and strong strategies must be formed by well analysing the SWOT of Turkish tourism sector. Tourism Sector Report Of World Tourism Organisation (WTO) and Turkey Tourism sector on which globalisation is the most effective grew up since it was born and is one of the most important sectors in the world. (Oral And Kurgun, 2002) According to the data of WTO in spite of the economical sagnation in the world tourism sector will increase its development. The tourist Number of 285 millions in 1980 has risen to 455 millions in 1990 and to 625 millions in 1998. The tourism income in the world has risen to 445 billions Dolars from 102 billions Dolars in this process. In 90‘s average increase rate in the world tourism sector is 4% in tourist and 7,2% in tourism income. According the data of WTO in 2010 1 billions 50 millions tourist Number and 1 trillions 550 billions Dolars of tourism income is reached, in 2020 these numbers will be as; 1 billion 600 millions tourists and 2 trillions Dolars of tourism income. (Turizm, 2001) WTO calculates that tourism income will be 2 trillions Dolars in 2023, and declares that a serious change will be in tourist profile and the countries will harshly compete to attract the tourists. Turkey who hosted 11,6 millions tourists and has risen its tourism income to 8 billion Dolars must complete all the lacks that were specified by WTO. WTO declares that there will be serious changes in tourist profile till 2023, Turkey must prepare a savage tourism competition. (Köylü, 2002) The results of the study related to the basic affinities and consumer profile of next year made by WTO which takes attraction to the short term projects will have no results are as follows: (Köylü, 2002) 1. In product developing 3E (exciting, entertainment, educational) will take place of 3S (sea, sand, sun) . 2. In 2023 the sum of world tourism income will be 2 trillions Dolars and in 2000‘s long distance and overseas travels will increase. 3. At route choice and reservation processes information technologies (CD-ROM atlas, internet, web sites ...) will have more importance. 4. The increase at the education and comfort levels will continue and experienced tourist group will grow up. 5. Tourist choices will polarize, demand of innovation ant variety will increase, comfort and adventure motifs will be predominant. 6. In paralel to rise of average human life the retirement time will lengthen and there will be more time for vacation. 7. It is expected that the singles, childless couples and 65 and older group called 3rd period will reserve more money for travel and entertainment by having predominancy in world population. Swot Analysis of Turkish Tourism Sector Swot; is a context which is widely used in strategic management literature recently and formed from the first letters of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. In swot analysis an answer to the question ―where are we now?‖ is seeked. The aim of this analysis to determine the strengths and weaknesses of an Organisation with its current situation and to the changes in the environment and to determine the opportunities and threats. Expansion of Swot is like that. Strengths : what are made well? Weaknesses : what must be developed? Opportunites: how can be performance increased? Threats: what can be risk for the organisation? Here the important point to be careful about is instead of ranking the strenths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats one by one to find out the important data to help us to form long term strategies for our tourism sector. Because it is impossible for Turkey to get result with short term projects. The weakest point of tourism is while etourism gives us opportunities it is not thought to be widespread and dependable. It is stil not accepted internet to be the most efeective tool and having cold shoulder to internet as turkish tourism companies is the biggest strategical mistake. When the web sites in the sector are examined the information about presentation and communication can be found but the information that must be updated are not updated. Tourism sector must invest internet. The most important point that must not be forgotten is that the companies that do not invest will not be able to compete in the sector in the future. 602 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo STRENGTHS WEAKNESSES  Importance of the sector is understood  The chance to live different seasons at the same time  Having different tourism alternatives because of its natural and cultural aspects (belief, yachting, ski tourism…)  Existence of young and dinamic population  The acceleration in tourism by EU advocacy  Offer the egzotic combination of East and West cultures  Geopolitical position  Not being discovered for young and over continental markets  Closeness to the main market with its geograhical position  Entrance among the developed routes in last 10 years OPPORTUNITIES  Deficiencies in tourist health and safety  Disharmony of high Standard facilities with the units in close neighbourhood  Environmantal pollutioni  Tourism sector‘s being immediately by uncontrolled events (teror, war, etc)  Economical and political instability  E-trade‘s being not widespread and dependable  Legislation making foreign capital come harder  Deficiencies in strategical marketing method  Substructure‘s not responding needs caused by the rapid demand raise  Low Number of internet users  Minority of sectoral content at internet  The country‘s image is not at the expected place THREATS  Expanding the tourism to 12 months having alternative strategy  As a result of customs union advantages of complete membership to EU  To transfer the strategies from tourist Number to tourists having high potential of spending  To establish economical stability  E-tourism‘s giving  Increase of tourist choices demanding innovation and variety  To increase tourism income with country presentation and advertisement  Providing low cost but high quality service  In long term offering new job and employment opportunities  Increase and prompt the investments  Increase of global competition  Local and global crisises  Incorrect investments  To lose the competition advantage because of low efficiency  Deficiency of capital and hand changes at crisises  Banking sector finds tourism sector risky  Not including SMEs in investment, prompt and credit  Structure change of tourism, 3S‘s replacing 3E  To lose the chance to be one of the biggest economies of the world Table 4 SWOT Analysis of Turkish Tourism sector (Sahillioğlu,1998) Faults of Turkish Tourism in Marketing and Presentation Strategies It can be seen that there are faults in marketing strategy when Turkish tourism is examined. Although differentiation loomed large in global competition our countryis not presented enough and becomes an innocent victim of wrong competition strategies. According to Jack Trout the famous marketing theorist who came to 4th Marketing Suumit ―Turkey can be an opportunities country in tourism. Turkey is the meeting point of history and civilizations. To highlight this idea which is not highlighted enough is of value to Turkey. If Turkey appreciate this essence and use it well it can be a tourism heaven in the world.‖ The declaration of Prof. Dr. Don Thompson is more noteworthy. According to Don Thompson ―Turkey is the worst marketed country of the world and is an opportunity waiting to be real.‖ Under the lights of these declarations our country must overview its marketing strategy and must implement the E-Tourism Strategy. Turkey must transfer its strategy not to tourist Number but the tourists having more spending potential. (Kumcu, 2002) With the classical marketing used in tourism the tourist Number coming to our country increases but the tourism income does not increase as well. In order to reach the aim ―in 2010 30 million tourist, 30 billion Dolars tourism income‖. (Dönmez, 2004) declared by Prime Minister R. Tayyip Erdoğan E-tourism strategy must be taken 603 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo into consideration. Turkey is face to face with the problem of not varying tourism sector. Although there are alternative tourism opportunities there no investments. According to World Travel And Tourism Council (WTTC) chairman Jean-Claude Baumgarten tourism affinities is in a change according to quality at tourism types like spa, golf, wellness and congress more than destinations. In the next years there will be a very important change in health tourism and people will be able to go South Africa for plastic surgeon. (TaĢ, 2004)Turkey is face to face with the problem of not varying the products in tourism. In today‘s harsh competition atmosphere the most important problem of companies and countries is not differentiating. With globalization while the all the products, all the services look the same as each other, the companies that show their difference increase their profit and the countries increase their foreign exchange income. Since Turkey has product variety to offer to the tourists it is settled for 30 products. (Köfteoğlu, 2003) One of the most important difficulties of Turkish tourism sector is label problem. A product whish is not a label yet is to be at street vender. A product which is at street vender is sold cheaper it doesn't matter how quality it is. Since our products in tourism sector could not be trademarked they are at street vender. Today while a week at a hotel in Spain is sold for over 1.000 Euros, a week at a first class holiday village or a five star hotel in Antalya is 500 Euros. In addition our price is all inclusive. (Yeni,2003) Tom Blackett the vice-chairman of Interbrand label consultancy company which determines 100 the most valuable label of the world states that Turkey has a potential to createwho-wide labels in tourism. (Arman, 2004) We must benefit information technologies to solve the label problem in tourism. For long years the target group of Turkish tourism was foreign tourists, and the home market was not taken into consideration. (Platin, 2004) Turkey can not balance foreign and home tourism. Sector sees home tourism as alternative tourism. Turkey must revive home tourism and should balance well. We can‘t increase our tourism income over a specific level by just focusing sea, sun and sand (3S) tourism. (Atakan, 2004) In our country holiday village tourism made progress. The tourists coming to our country for holiday village tourism, unfortunately perceive our country just as sea, sun and sand; they turn their country withıout learning anything about out country‘s culture and history. So we should introduce our culture and history to the tourists coming to our country. The image problem of our country results from not being presented well enough. Today we live in information world so our country can be presented best on internet. But our past experiences show us that we have lost presentation opportunities we had. For example we lost the presentation opportunity with Eurovision Song Contest that was held in our country this year because we could not use internet. In this age a advertisement campaign that does not have internet means wasting the resources. Internet gives us the chance to give with low cost that could not be given on TV with limited time, on papers with limited space. e-Tourism Application in Tourism Sector The rapid developments in ICT affects tourism sector deeply. Now you can watch touristic cities and sites live on internet and many people take the information about tourism and travel on internet with their computers. In this case there is a mass of information about tourism and travel, our tourism sector must develop their selling and marketing strategies on this point. Because the competition in tourism sector is carried to internet. In parallel to the developments in tourism sector education policy in our country must be restructured. Large scale hotel enterprises can follow the developments in ICT with their structure of organisation, their advantage of scale and financial opportunities. This case gives them an advantage of global competition against the other enterprises. (SarııĢık and Akova, 2003) For example: Hilton International with 400 hotels will make new web sites in native languages in their very important markets England. Germany and Japan according to their new e-trade strategy of 13 millions of Dolars that was stated in last July. Search, choosing and reservation will be able to be made for all Hilton Hotels in the world in native languages. Another feature of these sites is that they will be designed different from each other according to that country‘s citizens‘ demands, habits and cultures. Hilton International‘s main (international) web site will carry on its duty the decision of designing local web sites come from the the data of 4% hotel the reservations are made on internet this ratio will inrease to 20% in 2007. (BThaber 2003). Moreover a study made to light the way for the future put forth 2/3 of the companies making international marketing both the global and local campaigns together according to the label they market for consideration. Hilton Ġnternational‘s new e-trade strategy predicate this study result. A survey made by TÜRSAB shows that e-tourism in tourism sector must be focused on immediately. 18 travel agency participated in the survey made for members of TÜRSAB giving outgoing service at home tourism sector declared that they sold travel and/or tour services to 84 thousand Turkish citizens. (Türsab Magazine, 2003) 604 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo Local Newspapers 18,6 National Newspapers 5,8 Brochure distibution 14,2 Customer Visits 14,2 Web Sites 13,7 E- mail 13,3 Other 2,9 TV- Radio Ads 2,7 Magazine Ads 1,7 Posting brochures to adresses 1,6 Fairs 1,3 Total 100 Table 5. Turkish Travel Agencies‘ Marketing Instruments Source: “Yurt DıĢı Seyahat Pazarı DeğiĢiyor”, Türsab Dergi, Sayı:233, Temmuz 2003, s.15 Advantages of e-Tourısm on Turkish Tourism We can list the main advantages got by adopplying e-tourism to Turkish tourism sector. 1. E-Tourism is an important instruments to enter markets that are not known before, accessed and not evaluated well enough, to widen the tourism area by attracting tourist demand for other enterprises and countries 2. Globally the areas that Turkey is not known or little known are more than areas Turkey is known for. There are people who do not know Turkey in the countries where Turkey is known or people have wrong images. When looked from this aspect the presentation of Turkey at expected level is a versatile and large scale. (AslantaĢ 2002) ETourism gives an oppotunmity to our country in this area. By this way we can give our country the image in the world it reserves. 3. E-Tourism makes marketing segmentation and market departments to be adressed be determined. With effect of ICT market is seperating into small niches, tourism is like ―design your holiday‖ with personalizes demands. 4. In the recent years ICT that is started to be known as competition force in every area from product and service design to presentation from marketing to getting customers and selling points and became an important dimension of globalisation. In this framework the most notewothy development is the increase at the international marketing activities on internet and it is started to form the international database. 5. Globalisation process and technological developments caused an increase in international competition in tourism sector and this made tourism sector need more qualified workers. Application of e-tourism to tourism sector will make the profile of the all human force working in the sector fit global norms. With this cooperation between the enterprises in tourism will be developed. It will cause the integration and coordination arise with sinergy effect by using the current resources the most rationally. 6. Nowadays with globalisation quality in tourism sector must be taken consideration more seriously. It must be perceived as a international marketing policy. Günümüzde globalleĢmeyle birlikte, turizm sektöründe kalite her zamankinden daha ciddiye alınması gereken bir konu niteliği kazanmıĢtır. Bunun bir ulusal pazarlama politikası olarak algılanması zorunludur. To get a continuous income from tourism sector in world market is only possible with maintaining a specific service quality. (Yüksel, 2002) E-Tourism, will increase the quality of Turkish tourism sector. 7. Not being a label, one of the most important difficulties of Turkish tourism sector, can be solved by a strong Etourism strategy. As Patel and McCharthy said ―e-business models and e-transformations which do not have no aims or strategies looks like a truck which has no driver, map and arrival point on a highway,‖ (Özmen, 2003) Conclusion The rapid developments in ICT affects tourism sector deeply. ow you can watch touristic cities and sites live on internet and many people take the information about tourism and travel on internet with their computers. In this case there is a mass of information about tourism and travel, our tourism sector must develop their selling and marketing strategies on this point. Because the competition in tourism sector is carried to internet. In parallel to the developments in tourism sector tourism policy in our country must be restructured. Tourism is the most dinamic sector of Turkey with its subsectors and it is a potential leader of economy. In terms of our country tourism sector is among the leading sectors which we can use technology for efficiency and 605 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo with technology we can have competition advantage. Usage of ICT in tourism sector will increase the added value of tourism sector and will promote the efficiency. Consequently the international standarts can be caught in tourism sector which is important for the economyof our country. Turkish tourism sector must follow E-Tourism strategy in order to take place in global competition and create a competition advantage. Turkey that is on the way to be a global label in the rapidly growing tourism sector in the world will reach its aim by using the tourism potential in the best way with e-tourism. References Akat, Ö. (2000). Turizm iĢletmeciliği, Ekin Kitapevi, Bursa Arman, S. (19 Eylül 2004). ―Turizm ve Gıdada Marka ġansı Var‖, Milliyet Gazetesi, AslantaĢ, H. (12-14 Nisan 2002). Türkiye‘nin Turizm Stratejisi ve Tanıtım Politikaları‖, 2. Turizm ġurası Bildirileri, Cilt:2, Atakan, Y. (23 Mayıs 2004). ―Eurovision‘la Kaçan Tanıtım Fırsatı‖, Hürriyet Pazar Atalay, Ġ. (22 Ağustos 2000). Türkiye‘de Internet Turizmi , www.ilkeratalay.com., Civelek, M and Sözer, E. G. (Nisan 2003). Ġnternet Ticareti, Beta Yayıncılık, Ġstanbul Çakırer, M.A. (11-13 Aralık 2002). ―Turizm Eğitiminde E-Öğrenimin (E-Learning) Uygulaması Ve Türk Turizm Sektörüne Sağlayacağı Avantajlar‖ Turizm Eğitimi Konferans/ Workshop, Turizm Bakanlığı Turizm Eğitim Genel Müdürlüğü, Ankara, Çağrı Merkezi Ġnrenetin Yerini Alacak, (Eylül 2003). Türsab Dergi, Sayı:235, Çeken, H and Erdem, B. (5 Mayıs 2003). ―Turizm Sektörünün Ġstihdam Yaratmadaki Etkisi‖, http://www.isguc.org/ Dönmez, A. ―Turizmde Hedef 30 Milyon Turist 30 Milyar Dolar Gelir‖, (12 Ocak 2004) Zaman Gazetesi, Egeli, B. & Özturan, M. (23-25 Ekim NevĢehir 2002) ―Rekabet Stratejisi Olarak Ġnternet‖, Turizm Sektöründe Rekabet Stratejileri, Hafta Sonu Semineri 5., Ferrel O. C., Hirt. G, (2002). Business, McGraw-Hill, Fourtyh Edition, Irwin Genel ĠĢletme,(2000). Anadolu Üniversitesi Yayın No:931, EskiĢehir ―Hilton‘dan 13 Milyon Dolarlık E-Ticaret Stratejisi‖, (4-10 Ağustos 2003). BThaber Gazetesi, Ġnternet Hangi Sektörleri Nasıl Etkileyecek,, (5 Mayıs 2003) http://www.arge.com/tr/intseketkisi.html Karamustafa K, Biçkes D. M., Ulama ġ. (2002). ―Türkiye‘deki Konaklama ĠĢletmelerinin Ġnternet Web Sitelerini Değerlendirmeye Yönelik Bir ÇalıĢma‖,Turizmde Bilgi Teknolojileri, Hafta Sonu Semineri, NevĢehir Kozak M. A. & Güçlü H. (05 05 2003) ―Turizm ĠĢletmelerinde DeğiĢim Yönetimi Üzerine Kavramsal Bir Ġnceleme‖ http://www.isguc.org/degisim_yonetimi.php Köylü. H, (21 Ekim 2002) ―Turizmci Dikkat‖, Posta Gazetesi, Köfteoğlu, K. (28 Aralık 2003) ―Her ġeye Rağmen Ayakta‖, Türkiye 2004 Ekonomist Yıllığı, Kumcu Ercan, ―Turizm Ekonomisi‖, Hürriyet Gazetesi, 22 Eylül 2002 606 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo Kumcu Ercan, ―Turizm Stratejisi‖, Hürriyet Gazetesi, 19 Eylül 2004 Nitelikli Ġnsan Gücü Meslek Standartları Düzeni ve Sosyal Sermaye Birikimi, DPT Özel Ġhtisas Komisyonu Raporu, Ankara 2001 Oral. E, (12-14 Nisan 2002) ―Ġnternet Turizminde Elektronik Ticaret ve Web‘in Etkin Kullanımı‖, 2.Turizm ġurası Bildirileri, Cilt:3, Oral. S, Kurgun. H, (23-25 Ekim NevĢehir 2002) ―Uluslararası Turizm Pazarında Bir Rekabet Stratejisi Olarak Fiyatlama‖, Turizm Sektöründe Rekabet Stratejileri, Hafta Sonu Semineri 5., Özkök F, (12 Temmuz 1999) ―Türkiye ve Avrupa Birliği‘nde Turizmin Ekonomik Etkileri‖, Standard Dergisi, Haziran 2003 Öymen. E. E ―Masa Üstü Turizmi‖, Milliyet Gazetesi, Özmen. ġ, Ağ Ekonomisinde Yeni Ticaret Yolu E-Ticaret, Ġstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları, Ocak 2003 Sahillioğlu. E, ―Swot Analizi (Durum Analizi)‖, Sağlıkta Strateji Dergisi, Sağlık Bakanlığı Sağlık projesi Genel Koordinatörlüğü, sayı:19, Eylül 1998 SarııĢık M, Akova O, (Mayıs 2003) ―Otel ĠĢletmelerinde Bilgi Teknolojilerinin Kullanımına ĠliĢkin Bir AraĢtırma‖ Stadard Dergisi, TaĢ D, (3 Ekim 2004) ―2014‘te Turizm Geliri 64 Milyar Olacak, Ama Hala Marka Olamadınız‖,Milliyet Gazetesi, ―Televizyon Reklamlarının Yerini Ġnternet Reklamları Alıyor‖, Zaman Gazetesi, 23 Nisan2003 Turizm, Sekizinci BeĢ Yıllık Kalkınma Planı, DPT, Ankara 2001 Türkoğlu. R, ―On-Line Eğitim‖, www.bilisimrehber.com.tr/arastirma/tr-arastirma-online-egitim.phtml, (28.10.2002) Yeni M, (16 Kasım 2003) ―Turizmde Marka Sorunu‖ , AkĢam Gazetesi, ―Yerli Turist Yeniden KeĢfedildi‖, Platin Dergisi, Sayı: 10, Ekim 2004 4.Pazarlama Zirvesi, Ġstanbul, 10 Aralık 2003 607 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 288 Title A name given to the resource New Marketing Strategy in Tourism Sector: e-Tourism Author Author CAKIRER, Mehmet Akif Abstract A summary of the resource. Rapid development in information and communication technologies has created a transformation in the economic and social life through changing the way the trade dealt. New technologies help to improve the efficiency of the economy, create new job opportunities, spread the technical progress and new ideas easily, establish the simultaneous communication among people and institutions in the different countries and regions. The goal of this study is, evaluating the present situation of Turkey's tourism sector and using information technologies in the sector, to form long-term competition strategies for the sector which has important potential. Furthermore, it is searched that, depending on the data of World Tourism Organization which states serious changes would occur in tourism sector by 2023, how Turkey that has to be prepared for a merciless competition in tourism immediately, would take advantage of using e-tourism strategy in global competition. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed HB Economic Theory https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/0e756a8219af06c9b927d071f387dd94.pdf 119e089be3d377865de55bdb362ad867 PDF Text Text 2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo An Application of Fuzzy Pairwise Comparison to Farmer Attitude toward Advertisement Techniques Used for Farm Tractors in Turkey Murat CANKURT Dr., Adnan Menderes University, Faculty of Agriculture, Dept of Ag Econ, Aydın, Turkey mcankurt@adu.edu.tr Bülent MĠRAN Prof.Dr., Ege University, Faculty of Agriculture, Dept of Ag Econ, Bornova/Izmir, Turkey Cihat GÜNDEN Dr., North Carolina University, North Carolina A&T State University, USA Ahmet ġAHIN Asist. Prof., Sütçü Ġmam University, Faculty of Agriculture, Dept of Ag Econ, KahramanmaraĢ, Turkey Abstract: It is the purpose of this study to elicit the priorities of advertisement methods in which the farmers takes into account while buying farm tractor. The data was gathered through a survey that is covering randomly chosen farmers in Aydın. Fuzzy pairwise comparison was used as the analysis technique. Mostly benefited advertisement methods such as field demonstrations, media commercials, fairs, brochures and factory trips were assumed to impact the farmers during their tractor buying process. The study showed that the most important advertisement method that stimulates the farmers to buy tractor is field demonstrations with a weight of 0.87. The subsequent methods are factory trips (0.50), exhibitions at fairs (0.41 and media commercials (0.15). Introduction The decision making mechanism of the farmers for buying has been the aim of many studies so far. A great amount of theories in regard with farmer attitudes were forwarded and discussed up to now. The most attractive theory which is also quite simple and applicable is the one suggested by Kurt Lewin, a psychologist (Figure 1) (Cankurt, 2008). This theory argues that attitudes are the function of personal and environmental factors which leads to developing a model so-called ―black box‖ or ―stimulation-response‖ (OdabaĢı ve BarıĢ, 2003). FigPicture1: The Black Box (Consumer Mind) Model (OdabaĢı ve BarıĢ, 2003). 543 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo It is presumed that a customer reacts to the events under the effect of a number of individual and surrounding factors. For the ease of analysing the mechanism, grouping of the effective factors on farmer behaviour was the widespread approach in the presumed models. The grouped factors are assumed to influence the decision making process of farmers and give rise to a final behaviour, either buying or non-buying (Çabuk ve Yağcı, 2003). The factories are as follows (OdabaĢı and BarıĢ, 2003):  Psychological factors,  Socio-cultural factors,  Demographic factors,  Conditional factors,  Marketing factors This study aims at eliciting the influences of advertisement methods on the tractor buying behaviour of farmers. As in many areas, marketing studies mostly compare alternative ways that may lead to the ranking of them with their weights or priorities. It has been an important goal for researchers to rank the objectives, products or information sources properly. There have been some techniques that the researchers used in determining the priorities or rankings of elements in question. One technique that was first used by the researchers is simple ranking in which respondents are simply asked to give rank numbers to the elements while 1 represents the most preferred element and n the least preferred one. Ranking or rating scales are used in areas such as preference list and consumer satisfaction. They typically let individuals rank a product or performance via a numerical scale. While ranking scales can make it easy to assemble and tabulate the results, there are some inherent disadvantages in the gathering of the information. Ranking scales allow for consistency in the tabulation of responses. Each subject is rated using the same standards, so there is fairness in the evaluation process. The results are measurable, which makes for easy comparison. Since ranking scales are numerical, the results obtained are completely objective. Those who examine the results are not swayed by subjective comments or opinions, and there is no way for personal prejudices to factor in. Several different methods can be employed to gather information through ranking scales. In product evaluation, surveys can be done over the phone, in person or by postal mail. In-person surveys can also be conducted at a location where a product is purchased by giving out free samples. In the age of the Internet, information from ranking scales can even be gather via email or online survey. A possible weakness of ranking systems is that the evaluator may rank based on perception. Although those who interpret the results use objective methods, the actual evaluators may rate the subject based on their opinions or prejudices without basing them on fact. The evaluators may also interpret the rating scales differently. For example, with a rating scale that assigns a number based on criteria such as "good," "average" or "occasionally" room is left for interpretation as to what those terms actually mean, which can result in inaccurate ratings. An individual using a ranking scale may be influenced by how a survey is conducted. If a survey is conducted in person, the responder be swayed by the survey taker's personal appearance or tone of voice. They survey taker may also have a personal agenda which influences how they ask the questions.. In fact, studies indicated that more than five information sources can not be efficiently compared by nonpreeducated minds (Baran, 2002). Another technique without such disadvantages that can be used in ranking is simple pairwise comparison. Simple pairwise comparison is a sort of divide-and-conquer problem-solving method. It allows one to determine the relative order (ranking) of a group of items (products). This is often used as part of a process of assigning weights to criteria in question. Pairwise comparison generally refers to any process of comparing entities in pairs to judge which of each pair is preferred, or has a greater amount of some quantitative property. The method of pairwise comparison is used in the scientific study of preferences, attitudes, voting systems, social choice and public choice. In psychology literature, it is often referred to as paired comparison. This study deals with eliciting how much farmers pay attention to each of the advertisement techniques while making decision on buying a farm tractor. The results from the study is expected to serve as a tool for using most effective advertisement techniques to get the best selling levels of farm tractors. Material And Method The data was gathered through a survey that is covering randomly chosen farmers in Aydın. The province of Aydın has 17 counties, including itself as Central County. There is a poli-cultural production structure in Aydın. Total sample size was computed as 121 by estimating the population proportion with 90% confidence level and 7.5% error (Newbold, 1995). Three of the 17 counties of Aydın were selected to represent Aydın and total sample size was distributed to these counties according to their respective shares. 544 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo The data was analyzed by the FPC in which the farmers made pairwise comparisons of the five advertisement techniques. FPC presented weighted scores for each of the advertisement methods that enabled us to rank them. In the FPC, a farmer was asked to compare two advertisement techniques. The comparison includes not only a preference of one technique over the other technique but also drawing out the level or power of the preference. Fuzzy Pair-Wise Comparison Fuzzy theory began with a paper on ―fuzzy sets‖ by Zadeh in 1965. Fuzzy set theory is an extension of crisp set theory (Tanaka, 1997). Fuzzy sets are sets with boundaries that are not precise. Thus, fuzzy sets describe ranges of vague and soft boundaries by degree of membership (Lai and Hwang, 1994). The membership in a fuzzy set is a matter of a degree (Klir and Yuan, 1995). Fuzzy set is characterized by a membership function, which is allowed to choose an arbitrary real value between zero and one. FPC was first used by Van Kooten, Schoney and Hayward (1986) to study farmers‘ goal hierarchies for use in multiple-objective decision making. The first step of FPC approach in this study is data collection by using a unit line segment as illustrated in Figure 2. Two advertisement methods, D (field demonstration) and T (factory trips), are located at opposite ends of the unit line. Farmers are asked to place a mark on the line to indicate the degree of their affected advertisement method. A measure of the degree of preference for advertisement method D over T, rDT, is obtained by measuring the distance from the farmer‘s mark to the D endpoint. The total distance from D to T equals 1. If rDT<0.5, advertisement method D is preferred to D; if rDT=0.5, the farmer is indifferent between D and T and if rDT>0.5, then advertisement method D is preferred to T. RDT=1 or rDT=0 indicates absolute preference for advertisement method D or T. For example, if rDT=1, then advertisement method D is absolutely preferred to T (Van Kooten et al, 1986). Neutral D T Figure 2. Fuzzy method for making pair-wise comparison between advertisement methods (D)Demonstration and (T)Trip. The present study employs five advertisements used tractor advertisement. The number of pair-wise comparisons, λ, can be calculated as follows:   n   n  1 / 2 (1) where n = the number of advertisement methods. Thus, a farmer made ten pair-wise comparisons in a personal interview. In the second step of FPC, for each paired comparison (i,j), r ij (ij) is obtained. rij‘s values is collected directly from farmer. Also rij (ij) is a measure of the degree by which the farmer prefers advertisement method i to advertisement method j and rji=1- rij represents the degree by which j is preferred to i. Following Van Kooten at al (1986), the farmer‘s fuzzy preference matrix R with elements can be constructed as follows: 0 if i  j  i, j  1,..., n Rij   rij if i  j  i, j  1,..., n (2) Finally, a measure of preference, μ, can be calculated for each advertisement method by using farmer‘s preference matrix R. The intensity of each preference is measured separately by the following equation: 1/ 2  n   j  1    Rij2 /  n  1   i 1  (3) μj has a range in the closed interval [0,1]. The larger value of μj indicates a greater intensity of preference for advertisement method j. As a result, farmer‘s advertisement methods are ranked from most to least preferable by evaluating the μ values. To analyze advertisement methods derived from FPC, nonparametric statistical tests are used (BaĢarır and Gillespie, 2003). Friedman test is employed to establish whether the advertisement methods are equally important within a block which is a farmer‘s advertisement method rankings according to his/her preferences. Since five advertisement methods are presented to farmers, each row includes five values which are the degree of the preferences for the advertisement methods exposed from a farmer. The null hypothesis is that there is no difference in preferences over 545 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo the advertisement methods among farmers. Alternatively, at least one advertisement method is preferred over the others. Another nonparametric test was Kendall‘s W which is a normalization of the Friedman test. Kendall‘s W is a test for agreement among more than two set of rankings (Bowen and Starr, 1982) . Kendall‘s W is the coefficient of concordance, and ranges between 0 (no agreement) and 1 (complete agreement). Findings In the fuzzy pairwise analysis, five of the advertisement techniques mostly used in Farm Tractor commercials in Turkey were taken into account:  Field demonstrations: Tractors are introduced under field conditions  Media commercials: Tractors are introduces via adds in televisions, radios, newspaper and magazines  Fairs and exhibitions: Tractors are introduced at fairs and exhibition centres for visitors  Brochures and pamphlets: Technical information about tractors is given with some supplementary pictures.  Factory trips: Farmers are picked up and taken to the factories where tractors are produced. Descriptive statistics related with the values of each advertisement techniques obtained from FPC analysis is presented in Table 1. Advertisement techniques Mean Standard deviation Minimum Maximum Field demonstrations 0.87 0.14 0.34 1.00 Media commercials 0.50 0.11 0.26 0.95 Fairs and exhibitions 0.41 0.13 0.07 0.83 Brochures and pamphlets 0.23 0.13 0.00 0.68 Factory trips 0.15 0.10 0.00 0.68 Friedman Test Chi-square: 378.46; (p<0.00) Kendall's W= 0.78 Table 1: Effect of Advertisement Techniques on Tractor Buying The Friedman test concludes that the advertisement techniques have statistically different effects on the farmers during their decision making for buying a tractor (Friedman: 378.46). The Kendall‘s W coefficient (0.78) implies that the farmers are in a strong agreement on the ranking of the techniques. The most effective technique was found as field demonstration with a score of 0.87 which was followed by factory trips (0.50), fairs and exhibitions (0.41), brochures (0.23) and media commercials (0.15). Conclusion As part of the factors affecting tractor demand, advertisement techniques that can be employed for farm tractors were dealt with in this study. Five of the techniques were analyzed by fuzzy pairwise comparison. The analysis indicated that the most effective advertisement technique during the decision making process for tractor buying of farmers was field demonstration. The subsequent techniques were factory trips, fairs and exhibitions, brochures and pamphlets and media commercials. According to the nonparametric tests, the farmers mostly agreed upon the advertisement techniques that they were affected. This denotes that the farmers would like to see tractors working on the real conditions in their fields. A combination of field demonstration and brochures-pamphlets distributed during fairs and exhibitions could be recommended for increasing tractor demand. References BaĢarır, A., (2002). Multidimensional Goals of Farmers in the Beef Cattle and Diary Industries, PhD Dissertation, Louisiana State University, Department of Agricultural Economics and Agribusiness, 134 p. (unpublished). 546 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo BaĢarır, A., Gillespie, J.M., 2003. Goals of beef cattle and dairy producers: a comparison of the fuzzy pair-wise method and simple ranking procedure. Southern Agricultural Economics Association Annual Meeting, February 1-5, Mobile, AL. Bowen, E.K., Starr, M.K., (1982). Basic Statistics for Business and Economics. McGraw-Hill, London. Çabuk, S., Yağcı, M.Ġ. (2003), Pazarlamaya ÇağdaĢ YaklaĢımlar, Adana, Nobel Kitabevi. Cankurt, M. (2008). Aydın Yöresinde Çiftçilerin Traktör Talebi, Kullanım Memnuniyeti ve Satın Alma DavranıĢlarının Belirlenmesi Üzerine Bir AraĢtırma. Dr Tezi, Ege Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Bornova, Ġzmir. Günden, C., (2005). Bireysel ĠĢletme, Grup ve Bölge Bazında Uygulamaya ElveriĢli Esnek Üretim Planlarının Bulanık Çok Amaçlı Doğrusal Programlama Yöntemiyle Elde Edilmesi Üzerine Bir AraĢtırma: Ġzmir Ġli Torbalı Ġlçesi Örneği, Dr Tezi, Ege Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Bornova, Ġzmir. Klir, G.J., Yuan, B., (1995). Fuzzy Sets and Fuzzy Logic: Theory and Application. Prentice Hall, New Jersey. Lai, Y.J., Hwang, C.L., (1994). Fuzzy Multiple Objective Decision Making: Methods and Applications. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. Miran B., (2003), Temel Ġstatistik Ege Üniversitesi Basımevi ISBN 975-9308800 Bornova Ġzmir. Newbold, P., (1995). Statistics for Business and Economics. Prentice-Hall, New Jersey. Odabası, Y. ve Barıs, G., (2003), Tüketici Davranısı, Ġstanbul, Mediacat Akademi. Tanaka, K., (1997). An Introduction to Fuzzy Logic for Practical Applications. Springer - Verlag, New York. Van Kooten, G.C., Schoney, R.A. and Hayward, K.A., (1986). An alternative approach to the evaluation of goal hierarchies among farmers. Western Journal of Agricultural Economics 11, 40-49. Zadeh, L.A., (1965). Fuzzy sets. Information and Control 8, 338-358. 547 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 271 Title A name given to the resource An Application of Fuzzy Pairwise Comparison to Farmer Attitude toward Advertisement Techniques Used for Farm Tractors in Turkey Author Author CANKURT, Murat MİRAN, Bülent GÜNDEN, Cihat ŞAHIN, Ahmet Abstract A summary of the resource. It is the purpose of this study to elicit the priorities of advertisement methods in which the farmers takes into account while buying farm tractor. The data was gathered through a survey that is covering randomly chosen farmers in Aydın. Fuzzy pairwise comparison was used as the analysis technique. Mostly benefited advertisement methods such as field demonstrations, media commercials, fairs, brochures and factory trips were assumed to impact the farmers during their tractor buying process. The study showed that the most important advertisement method that stimulates the farmers to buy tractor is field demonstrations with a weight of 0.87. The subsequent methods are factory trips (0.50), exhibitions at fairs (0.41 and media commercials (0.15). Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed HB Economic Theory https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/90a297c354c3545b3081cecf21c8f330.pdf 58c451ee2bd324b4ece63205e0f95676 PDF Text Text Sustainable Aquaculture and Environmental Interactions Prof. Dr. Mehmet Ali CANYURT Ege University Faculty of Fisheries 35100- Bornova- Đzmir- Turkey m.ali.canyurt@ege.edu.tr Abstract : Aquaculture is the fastest growing sector in all of the world in recent years. It is necessary to support the development of sustainable aquaculture in the world. For this purpose The Commission of the European Communities prepared a communication on the strategy for the sustainable development of european aquaculture. Salmon, trout, sea bass and sea bream farming have been developed in european countires. Differents farming methodes and technics are used in aquaculture. But especially marine fish farming has been criticised for its environmental and ecological impacts. The extensive and semi intensive farming methods have less environmental impacts than intensive aquaculture. In this paper we try to review differents fish culture methods and their impacts on the aquatic environment. It is also discussed the necessary measures to be taken to minimize the effects of fish farms on the environments Key words: Sustainable aquaculture, environmental impacts, aquaculture methods, Introduction Fish is an important dietary source of animal protein. Humans consume most of the world’s fish production, and by 2030 the average person is expected to eat as much as 20 kilograms of fish each year. Aquaculture may be a recent addition to our vocabulary, but the farming of fish and the cultivation of shellfish dates back millennia, from old Chinese civilisations to the Roman Empire. What is new is the level of production now demanded by a growing world population and the challenge this presents to farmers who want to conduct their activity in a sustainable way. Modern aquaculture represents a major innovation in the production of fish and aquatic food and has been the fastest growing food production sector with an average worldwide growth rate of 6-8% a year. With a global production of nearly 52 million tonnes in 2006, world aquaculture has increased. Aquaculture is an important economic activity in certain coastal and continental areas Elvevoll (2010) asks how much seafood should we eat, in themselves, omega-3 fatty acids are not enough, we need to eat fish. Seafood is rich in antioxidants, fat-soluble and water-soluble vitamins, easily digestible proteins with special amino acid composition, minerals, trace elements and fat of the healthy, polyunsaturated type. He has carried out a clinical study that shows the uptake of omega-3 is three to four times greater from salmon fillet than from fish oil. Different values exist in the scientific literature for what is the ideal daily or weekly intake of EPA and DHA for human health. Government advice varies considerably between countries. However, as a general rule, a healthy diet is generally assumed to include 1-2 fish per week, especially fatty fish. Environmental Interactions Most of the information given below about environmental interactions is taken from Consensus portal available at Euraquaculture organisation. The CONSENSUS initiative was funded by the European Union as part of its key action "Food Quality and Safety". 21 European Organisations are Consensus partners. With its stakeholder representation of consumers, aquaculture producers, environmental and other nongovernmental organisations, Consensus is building sustainable aquaculture protocols based on low environmental impact, high competitiveness and ethical responsibility with regard to biodiversity and animal welfare. The development of aquaculture has raised some associated environmental concerns. Like any farming operation on land, fish farm cages produce waste materials. These fall into three categories - uneaten feed, fish faeces and dead fish. Most of the environmental impacts of coastal aquaculture can be managed and minimised 678 �through understanding of the processes involved, responsible management and the effective siting of farms (FAO 1966). • Uneaten Feed o o • If uneaten feed reach the bottom of a cage, processes that break it down can reduce the amount of oxygen in the sediment. In severe cases, oxygen levels in the water above may also decrease, creating "anoxic" conditions in which only a few animal species can survive. Should the feed contain antibiotics used to treat the farmed fish above, bacteria in the sediment and the natural breakdown of waste material might be affected. In practice, fish farmers do everything they can to prevent such a situation, since the cost of fish feed amounts up to 40 percent of the total production cost. Feed reaching the sediment is lost, and it is in the farmer's interest to minimise such waste. On well-managed farms, feeding is carefully regulated to ensure that the maximum amount of food is taken up directly by the fish and farmers aim to ensure that less than 5 percent of the feed is wasted. To improve uptake by fish, feed pellets are manufactured to either float or to sink slowly through the water. Fish Faeces Unlike land animals, fish do not generally produce compact solid faecal material and more often excrete a loose cloud of faecal material that is easily dispersed by water currents. In still conditions, however, faecal material can build up beneath fish cages. It is, however, not in the farmer's interest to let this happen, since the buildup of faecal material can lead to anoxic conditions which affect the fish above. Fish farmers wanting to ensure the health of their fish will frequently check the bottom below their fish cages to ensure that faecal material is not building up. In addition, in many EU Member States, the government employs diving teams to carry out inspections. If faecal build-up is observed, farmers will be advised to move their cages, allowing the bottom to recuperate for a short period, however full recovery typically takes between three to ten years. In recent years, improved feed formulations have also been introduced that fish digest more efficiently, producing less waste. Fish farmers generally avoid overly sheltered and stagnant sites, preferring areas that contain a healthy flow of water through the cages. Such flows disperse fish faeces so it can enter the natural food chain. Dead Fish Dead fish are a loss to the farmer and a potential health hazard to the stock as well as a source of pollution. Fish farmers will, at all times, endeavour to minimise the number of dead fish on their farms and to remove such mortalities where they occur. Fish farms are required to report significant fish deaths when they occur and are inspected by state agencies at least twice a year. Pond Fish Farming Fish pond systems represent the oldest fish farming activity in Europe, at least dating back to medieval times. Ponds were built in areas where water supply was available and the soil was not suitable for agriculture. The wetlands of Central and Eastern Europe are good examples of this. The total European production from pond farming is approximately 475,000 tonnes. About half of this production is cyprinid fish, such as common carp, silver carp and bighead carp. The main producer countries are the Russian Federation, Poland, Czech Republic, Germany, Ukraine and Hungary. In order to reach higher yields, farmers today introduce nutrients into the pond such as organic manure. This is accompanied by stocking of fingerlings and by water being flushed through the pond. Fish pond production, however, remains ‘extensive' or ‘semi-intensive' (with supplementary feeding) in most countries, where semi-static freshwater systems play an important role in aquaculture. Chemicals and therapeutics are not usually used in such ponds. Hence the main environmental issue is the use of organic fertilisers, which may cause eutrophication in the surrounding natural waters. The use of organic fertilisers is regulated at national levels. Extensive fish ponds are usually surrounded by reed belts and natural vegetation, thus providing important habitats for flora and fauna. They play a growing role in rural tourism. Many pond fish farms have been turned into multifunctional fish farms, where various other services are provided for recreation, maintenance of biodiversity and improvement of water management. In areas where water is scarce, some farm systems recirculate, treat and re-use their water. 679 �Such systems are generally self-contained and therefore pose little threat to the environment. Solid waste material produced in such systems is rich in organic compounds and often used as a fertilizer elsewhere. Alternatively, new hydroponic systems have been developed to grow vegetables and other food crops in the nutrient-enriched water. There is much interest in these systems, but their economic viability remains challenging. Recirculation Aquaculture Systems Recirculation Aquaculture Systems (RAS) are land-based systems in which water is re-used after mechanical and biological treatment so as to reduce the needs for water and energy and the emission of nutrients to the environment. These systems present several advantages such as: water and energy saving, a rigorous control of water quality, low environmental impacts, high biosecurity levels and an easier control of waste production as compared to other production systems. The main disadvantages are high capital costs, high operational costs, requirements for very careful management, high land prices and difficulties in treating disease. RAS is still a small fraction of Europe's aquaculture production and has its main relevance in some European countries. The main species produced in RAS are catfish and eel but other species are already being produced using this type of technology such as turbot, sea bass, pikeperch, tilapia and sole. The Case Of Escaped Fish It is inevitable that fish farmed in net pens in either fresh or salt water will sometimes escape into the wild. In some cases, there will be a small but steady release of fish. Sometimes, large numbers will escape due to severe damage to the net pen by way of storms, predator attacks or vandalism. Therefore, a limited escape of farmed fish would be unlikely to have a serious effect on wild fish populations. Only if very large numbers of fish escape into a small area, would interbreeding occur and the fitness of the local population potentially be reduced. In its Aquaculture Europe 2005 conference, the European Aquaculture Society invited the North Atlantic Salmon Conservation Organisation (NASCO) to hold a special workshop on the interactions between wild and farmed salmon. The summary report of this event "Wild and Farmed Salmon - Working Together" drew the following main conclusions: Through the use of single bay management, single generation sites and synchronised fallowing, real progress is being made in relation to minimising impacts of diseases and parasites, which are key issues for wild fish interests. The development of third-party audited containment management systems may represent a significant step forward. The liaison group should look more at the possibilities of rearing all-female triploid salmon, which could eliminate genetic interaction with the wild stocks, but which need to be balanced by the production cost of these fish, as well as consumer resistance to what could be seen as genetic manipulation. Sustainable Feed Resources Fish farming is very efficient in terms of the conversion of protein, which means an important ecological advantage in light of the sustainability of fish feed resources. One of the most-frequently cited issues with the sustainable development of aquaculture is the capture of other fish as raw material to be used as fish feed in the form of fish meal and fish oil. It is seen as an issue because a food production sector is in part relying on a capture fishery for the supply of raw materials for the production of aquaculture feed. Typically, these other fish species are small, oil-rich, bony pelagic fish that are not normally used for direct human consumption. Two decades ago, the majority of fish meal and oil was used to make feeds for land animal production. At present, over 50 percent of fishmeal and over 80 percent of fish oil is used for aquaculture. If aquaculture is to fill the gap in demand for seafood, this raises important sustainability issues as to the availability of sufficient feed supply. This is particularly relevant given the fact that fishmeal and fish oil production has been, and is likely to remain, relatively constant at around 6 million and 0.9 million tonnes per year, respectively. However, as the demand for fishmeal and fish oil in aquaculture has increased, so the price has risen. This has driven both terrestrial agriculture and aquaculture to seek nutritional alternatives to fishmeal and fish oil. This is an on-going process and estimates made by the International Fishmeal & Fish oil Organisation show that the growth of aquaculture and the substitution of fishmeal and fish oil can continue together. 680 �Replacement of Marine Protein Sources by Terrestrial Plant Protein For various reasons, fish meal and fish oil are gradually being replaced by plant proteins in feed that is used in fish farms. Plant proteins can be less costly and they are free of potential contaminants like dioxin, PCB or mercury. However, fishmeal is an important ingredient in fish feed and can only to a limited extent be replaced by vegetable proteins without reducing feed efficiency and growth. After all, carnivorous or ‘piscivorous' fish naturally feed on other fish. The fatty acid composition in the flesh from farmed fish will also reflect the feed composition and inclusion of vegetable oil will reduce the level of omega-3 fatty acids. Although the introduction of plant protein into the feed can be seen as a way of reducing the sector's dependence on fish meal and fish oil, some have questioned the trend because: • carnivorous fish do not naturally feed on plants; • plant proteins may have anti-nutritional effects on fish; • there is a maximum level of replacement, after which the texture and eating quality of the fish is compromised; • some plant proteins could be derived from GMOs . Constraints of Aquaculture in Turkey Especially marine aquaculture systems are criticised for their environmental and ecological impacts. The extensive and semi intensive farming methods have less environmental impacts than intensive aquaculture. It is necessary to support the development of sustainable aquaculture. For this reason European Commission designed in 2002 a strategy document for the sustainable development of aquaculture in Europe (CCE 2002). As a candidate country to the European Community, Turkey takes all the measures to respect and to adopt the rules designed by the European Commission. Fisheries and Aquaculture file is one of the 31 files to be discussed with European Commission. The importance of aquaculture has been recognized by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs (MARA) and by the private sector in collaboration with the Universities. The development of aquaculture is very important in Turkey because it provides jobs. The General Directorate for Agriculture Production and Development of MARA is the responsible authority for development and management of aquaculture. The aquaculture sector in Turkey is facing some constraints (Canyurt 2005) such as: • The complexity of licensing procedures, • Site selection problems, • The complexity of project preparation and application, • Problems with some other sectors, such as tourism, protected areas and navigations, • High prices of inputs and difficulties in supplying, • Disease risk with imported eggs and fry, • Marketing and quality control problems, • Non organization of the sector, can be cited as major constraints of aquaculture in Turkey to be solved. Conclusions and Recommendations Turkey has rich inland water sources, about 200 natural lakes, about 750 artificial lakes or ponds, about 193 reservoirs, 33 rivers and streams of 177.714 km length and 8.333 km of coastal strips. Some lagoons covering of 70.000 hectares in Aegean and Mediterranean coastal strips are very suitable for aquaculture. Aquaculture development, especially trout farming in inland waters and sea bass and sea bream in marine waters in Turkey is growing rapidly (Canyurt 1996 &1997, Canyurt&Akhan 2009). Turkey has the third fastest growing aquaculture sector in the world (Deniz 2007, MARA 2006, TSI 2007). Marine and inland water resources provide an important source of protein for human nutrition. In addition to this appreciation, aquaculture has some advantages over capture fisheries in term of marketing the products. One of these advantages is that aquaculture creates jobs. More than 25 000 persons are working in the sector of aquaculture in Turkey (Deniz 2007). Some ecological and socio-economical interactions should be discussed for a sustainable 681 �aquaculture (Canyurt 2005, Deniz 2007), that is why it is necessary to support the development of sustainable aquaculture. References: Canyurt, M. A. (1996). Akuakültür ve Çevre Đlişkisi. Tarım – Çevre Đlişkileri Sempozyumu. Doğal Kaynakların Sürdürülebilir Kullanımı. 13-15 Mayıs 1996. Mersin Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi. Mersin. Canyurt, M. A. (1997). Denizde kurulan akuakültür işletmelerinin çevre üzerine etkileri ve bu etkileri minimuma indirmek için alınabilecek önlemler. 2. Kıyı Sorunları ve Çevre Sempozyumu, Kuşadası. Canyurt, M. A. (2005). The Development of Aquaculture in Turkey. 11. International Scientific Conference- Research For Rural Development 2005. Research for rural development: International scientific conference proceedings, . Latvia University of Agriculture, 18-21 May 2005, Jelgava, Latvia, pp.19-22. Canyurt, M. A. & Akhan, S. (2009). Development And Situation Of Trout Culture In Turkey. 15. International Scientific Conference- Research For Rural Development 2009. Latvia University of Agriculture, 19-21 May 2009, 90-94 Jelgava, Latvia. CCE (2002). Une strategie pour le developpement durable de l’aquaculture europenne. Communication de la Commission au Conseil et au Parlement Europeen. 27 p., Bruxelles. COM (2009). Building a sustainable future for aquaculture. A new impetus for the Strategy for the Sustainable Development of European Aquaculture. Available at http://eur- lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:52009DC0162:EN:NOT, 05.05.2010. Consensus, (2010). Towards Sustainable Aquaculture in Europe. Available at www.euraquaculture.info, 25.04.2010. Communautes Europeennes, (2004). Code Europeen de bonnes pratiques pour une peche durable et responsable. Office des publications officielles des Communaute europennes, 15 p, Luxembourg. Deniz, H. (2007). Aquaculture development in Turkey. Aquaculture and Fisheries Infoday and Networking Event, 14-15 November 2007, Brussels. Available at http://www.fp7.org.tr/tubitak_content_files/268/r_d_news/Profiles_Ministry_of_Agriculture_and_Rural_Affairs_Hayri_Deni z.pdf. 12.03.2009. Elvevoll, E. (2010). Farming replacing hunting. Available at http://www.euraquaculture.info/, 05.05.2010. FAO, (1966). Monitoring the ecological effects of coastal aquaculture wastes. Gesamp Reports and Studies, no: 57, 38 p., Rome. Journal Officiel de l’Union Europeenne, (2003). Avis du Comite economique et social europeen sur la Communication de la Commission au Conseil et au Parlement europeen, Strategie pour le developpement durable de l’aquaculture europeenne, c 208/89, Bruxelles. Turkish Statistical Institute, (2007). Fisheries statistics 2007, http://www.tuik.gov.tr/balikcilikdagitimapp/balikcilik.zul, 26.02.2009. Aquaculture production.: Available at Turkish Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, (2006). Fisheries and Aquaculture Statistics, available at: www.tarim.gov.tr,http://www.euraquaculture.info/index.php?option=com_bookmarks&Itemid=55, 05.05.2010. 682 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 616 Title A name given to the resource Sustainable Aquaculture and Environmental Interactions Author Author CANYURT, Prof. Dr. Mehmet Ali Abstract A summary of the resource. Aquaculture is the fastest growing sector in all of the world in recent years. It is necessary to support the development of sustainable aquaculture in the world. For this purpose The Commission of the European Communities prepared a communication on the strategy for the sustainable development of european aquaculture. Salmon, trout, sea bass and sea bream farming have been developed in european countires. Differents farming methodes and technics are used in aquaculture. But especially marine fish farming has been criticised for its environmental and ecological impacts. The extensive and semi intensive farming methods have less environmental impacts than intensive aquaculture. In this paper we try to review differents fish culture methods and their impacts on the aquatic environment. It is also discussed the necessary measures to be taken to minimize the effects of fish farms on the environments Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed Q Science (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/d53836652ea1ee474befdbc87d7db3b5.pdf a31918e01e1d19da0b5d5e4e6b3ce9b5 PDF Text Text 2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo The Reflections of The Bosnian War on Turkish Poetry Within the Framework of War-Literature Affinity Sezai COŞKUN Assist. Prof. Dr., Fatıh University, Faculty of Science and Literature Đstanbul, Turkey scoskun@fatih.edu.tr Abstarct:The Balkans, which deterritorialized from the Ottoman geography to a great extend as of second constitutional period, taken up in Turkish literature with various aspects. The Balkan societies, one of the basic issues in the Second Constitutional Period press, were paid closer attention by the Ottoman intellectuals due o the emigrations to Istanbul. The fact that the Balkans deterritorialized from the Ottoman territory paved the way for number of poets and authors, especially the ones popular in the region, to write on the geography. This geography sustained its existence as a basic theme in Republican period literature. The Balkans, proclaimed their independence following the collapse of Yugoslavia, became a centre of focus for the Turkish intellects once again. However, this time the interest shown is lesser than those after the war of the Balkans. The Bosnian war became an effect to increase the gradually declining interest; various poets-writers carried the tragedies in the war to their poems-writings. In this study, focusing on the Bosnian war, consideration of Bosnia in New Turkish poetry will be examined in the context of war-literature relationship. Key Words: War-Literature, Bosnian War, Turkish Literature, Turkish Poetry Introduction Civilizations have their own exhibitions. Every civilization seeks for opportunuties to embroider their spirit on everything and to become immortal by founding new cities which reflect this spirit. Cities can’t be conceived without reference to the civilizations they were shaped by. As an assertive civilization, the Ottoman State also formed cities peculiar to itself. However, it used some cities as exhibitions and attempted to embody the whole power of civilization in these cities. In addition to the fact that Istanbul’s remembered for being one of those leading exhibition cities, Sarajevo will be one of the first names to occur in mind if we think about what other cities served as exhibition centers. Sarajevo was considered to be important not only because of the strategical location it possessed due to its socio-political importance, but also it was enlivened as fastidiously as possible so that it would display the concept of civilization to the world. As stated by Tanpınar in one of his comments on OrhanGazi “I see some elements of the poetry of Yunus in Orhan Gazi whenever I tend to turn my face to him.”, when we take a stroll in the streets of Sarejova, it is obvious that it makes us feel the existence of a deep rooted civilization. With their central location, some cities in the world determine the destiny of the neighbouring cities. The same goes for Sarejova too. Of course, we can’t confine this affluence of civilization to Sarejova only, it is possible to witness this civilization claim and spirit all around Bosnia. The importance of Bosnia regarding this overlaps with the role it has played throughout the historical process. The Balkan geography met with Turkish culture and civilization before the conquest of a large part of Anatolia, even before the conquest of Istanbul. The fact that some of the important cultural centres of Ottoman were located on this geography demonstrates the role of this geography on the range of civilization under discussion. In the aftermath of the Balkan war, the loss of a greater part of this geography caused trauma in the majority of the Ottoman intelligentsia because of the considerable effect of Balkan geography on the Ottoman. It is possible even to state that within the first half of the 20th century, the first event that brought about discrepancy and disintegration among the Ottoman intelligentsia is Balkan war and the loss of this geography immediately afterwards; the second event is War of Independence. The great impact of the loss of this geography on the Ottoman press also reveals the significance of this geography on Turkish intelligentsia and the Ottoman community. During the period of Turkish Republic also, Balkan geography, especially in the field of poetry, has always sustained its position secretively as a main medium. However, the works of poets who had ties with this geography in respect of their origins embodied the elements of this geography. The writing which was penned after the disintegration of Jugoslavia is pretty insignificant in comparison to the writing which was penned following the Balkan war. It would be right to claim that this was because of the weakened love bonds of Turkish intelligentsia with Balkan geography. However, there were some poets who felt this geography 403 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo vivaciously and employed this geography in their poetry. We will analyze the poetry which got shaped around the Bosnian war, especially within the framework of war- literature relationship. Before starting to analyze poetry, it would be better to look at the link between war and literature or the link between literature and war. I-The literature of war- the war of literature Theoratical writing penned on the link between war and literature is too little. Texts that were written during the war and that made analysis of the pieces compiled in that period constitute a considerable amount of all the pieces of that period. However, these texts centred on the essense of practice rather than theory. In most of the studies on the link in question, rather than the possibility of this link or how and to what extent it would be, some deductions have been made concerning this tie considering the works of art produced until then. As mentioned above, because war is one of the fundamental realities of humanity, it is naturally a subject of literature. It is hereby seen that both oral and written literature have emerged around wars both in Western and Turkish literature. From this point of view, the link between literature and war paved the way for the emergence of literature in the form of epic. During the epoch of epic, wars are the main sources of literature. This matter has something to do with the greatness of the role wars have in the lives of humanity. Furthermore, the fact that this period consisted of “people most of which gained their principal values by fighting” (Belge, 1980) ended up with the spread/depiction of war; as a result, this heroism was declared to public by means of literature. In such texts, literature functioned as ‘mediator’. Since these texts aimed at conveying the message, phraseology remained in the background. As human beings survived via wars, the emergence of literature around wars was corollary. While exploring the the effect of war on literature Jean Larnac utters that only there was ‘the literature of witchcraft and religion’ during the formation phases of civilizations and the birth of ‘heroic tale’ succeded this. (Larnac, 1963) ‘Heroic tale’ is based on depicting war via the language of literature. It is difficult for war to become a source of literature and for the emergence of a high quality war literature due to the ‘value’ given to war by human beings. That is, people haven’t acted impartially in wars and events mostly turned out to be life or death issue. This ended up with emotional positioning. This emotional positioning gave prominence to material but kept aesthetic phraseology in the background. Expressing in a style that it would address our emotions was thought to be enough. That all the works of art, particulary poetry, that appeared as ‘war literature’ in world literature resembled each other to a large scale in term of both phraseology and technical features has something to do with the ‘pragmatist’ approach of people to the subject. However, the fact that wars began to be regarded not only as wars by XX. century and mental transformation humanity underwent gave birth to different attitudes towards war especally in the field of intellectuality. This manner brought along a new ‘war literature’. Turkish literature has a rich bibliography in terms of the number of works created around war.§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§ That the early products of Turkish literature were oral provided a basis for war to be a subject matter of oral products and specifically of epic literature. It is known that Turkic khans took bards to whereever they went, those bards accompanied khans during wars and they told wars orally. While scrutinizing the origins and sources of Turkic literature, Fuad Köprülü mentions the epics that became the elements of oral culture this way as one of the highlighted sources. Even after the adoption Islam, war continued to be a source of literature among Turks. Pieces written in the form of epic or handed down the next generations verbally took their places in the world of literature as ‘gazaname, gazavatname’. Additionally, literature originating from war arose and in it there were some works like ‘Battalname, Saltukname’ that came out around the names of some heroes like Battal Gazi, Sarı Saltuk. Until the end of the first half of 19. century which can be accepted as the formation years of Modern Turkish poetry, war was dominant in epic, rather than its being an inspiration for independent poetry or prose works. This ended up with the reflection of war on literature only with some particular aspects, not with different sides. In this approach which brought about the rise of monotonous war literature, all the concepts including heroes, elevated points and conversations resemble one another to a large scale. The situation Turkish literature in is the same for Western literature too because ‘until the 19. century it was impossible to see the traces of sparkling products that can be categorized as war literature’. (Belge, 1980) In the writing or epics penned until that era, war had been much like a background setting; rather than the war itself, ‘heroes’ had been discussed. ‘This is related to the quality of war carried out’ (Belge, 1980) during the era mentioned above. In the light of the evaluations made, pointing out that it is possible to talk of not only one war literature but more than one. We can divide the title of ‘Literature Emerged Around War’ into 3 subgroups: (k) Literature emerged during war (l) Literature which was penned in the aftermath of war and the plot of which was war (m) Literature regarding war as a landmark and scrutinizing it §§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§ For the works written about this, see. Duman, 2005; Gülşen, 2008 404 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo When we look at the subject considering the classification, we witness that the Bosnian war was transferred to Turkish poetry as lament. This ‘lamentation’ occurs mostly in the course of war. Thus, it is possible to say that the Bosnian war is an example of literature created in the midst of war, which is mentioned as the first item of the classification shown above. II- ‘Humanity’ fought in the Bosnian war The traces of Rumelia in Turkish poetry before the Bosnian war is visible but there is not much emphasis on Bosnia. The war gives Turkish intelligentsia the chance to recall this civilization. Before proceeding to explore poems, it would be better to make it clear that in most of the texts, Bosnia is depicted as a conventional setting rather than its being a habitat to people. This must stem from the fact that those writing about Bosnia consist of people who have love bonds with Bosnia and see it from a distant perspective but have never seen this geography yet. We had better start examples with the poem of Erdem Bayazıt named ‘Writing to Bosnia’, which has a distinctive place among all the poetry written about Bosnia in terms of both its content and style. We are so impotent Bosnia! You stand upright. We all humanity The parasites of musty civilizations Are merely the convicts before you. Hey Bosnia! Your sons Onto the granite walls of our hearts What do they engrave? Hey Bosnia! The fate you befall on us Is a dead end? Or a preface to resurrection? I’m a Bosnian mother: Inscribing these words In tar in pitch dark To the jawbones of dogs To the incisors of Mıstırovın To the grinders of Papazgali To the Sacrament of Reconciliation I consign them. I’m a Bosnian child: -Muslims! I consign my song to you. Also my hands cut from wrists Released into the water Of the river flowing towards vast seas. (Bayazıt, 2003, 39) Erdem Bayazıt wrote this poem in 1994. Poem has been a text which is willing to witness the war. These are the lines of a poet who doesn’t keep silent and rebels against it. Bayazıt begins his poem claiming that all humanity including himself did nothing at all against the violence. The succeeding lines develop as sincere admission, remorse and self-questioning stemming from this incapability. The poetwho sees the people that did not do anything against things happened in Bosnia as ‘the parasites of musty civilizations’, puts the blame on Western civilization which is followed like prisoners by all humanity which he calls ‘musty civilization’. As can be seen in his other poems, the poet accuses the current Western civilization of acting inhumanely. He describes the people like himself wallowing in Western civilization despite not belonging to that civilizaiton as the parasite impotents of this civilization. Bayazıt perceives Bosnia as a place which is destined to lonelines by musty civilization and thus remains out of this civilization. In the second part of his poem, Hey Bosnia! Your sons 405 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo Onto the granite walls of our hearts What do they engrave? With these lines, he likens the heart of humankind to ‘granite wall’. Bosnia is struggling to inscribe to humanity who has lost their humane side but this inscription is challenging because hearts have transformed into granites. The poet goes on; Hey Bosnia! The fate you befall on us Is a dead end? Or a preface to resurrection? He calls out to Bosnia again and expresses that humanity is convicted of this insensitivity. What is remarkable here is the questioning of the writer as to whether this is death or resurrection.Although Bayazıt thinks that this is the death of humanity because of their passive attitude , he is questioning whether this is an eternal death or a means of resurrection. The poet implies that ongoing terror will help people behave themselves; therefore, he impilicates the hope that humanity can get rid rid of taciturnity. Later on, Bayazıt makes a Bosnian mother speak first and then a Bosnian kid. That already there is emphasis on the accounting of war with the eye of child in other poems written about Bosnia as well is significant. This may be attributed to the belief that child tragedy’s the greatest tragedy of humanity. Bosnian mother: I’m a Bosnian mother: Inscribing these words In tar in pitch dark To the jawbones of dogs To the incisors of Mıstırovın To the grinders of Papazgali To the Sacrament of Reconciliation I consign them. utters her last words on the one hand via these lines; on the other hand she delineates the people who are in the position of hearing her screams. The poet’s stressing on ‘inscribing these words in tar in pitch dark” is very significant. The lines full of images aim at visualizing the harshness of the tragedy crystal clearly. The use of the expression ‘pitch dark’ referring to night which is already dark and the lines ‘inscribing these words in ‘tar’ in ‘pitch dark’ demonstrate the desperate situation and the excessiveness of the tragedy. Her addressee increase the tragedy of the mother. The mother consigns her words ‘to the jawbones of dogs’. This is the portrait of a person who is made depend on someone by whom he will be savaged and thus who surrenders. Reminding us that the Secretary General of The United Nations of that period was a priest, The poet criticizes him for being indifferent to the tragedy and he sees him as part of that ‘pitch dark’. Towards the final lines of this part of the poem, the mother addresses the conscience of the Christian world. The mother, who entrusts her screams to the Sacrament od Reconciliation by which they confess their sins and regain the grace of God, wants the Christian world to face this tragedy deemed proper to her as well while trying to remove their prior sins. In the last part of the poem, children, the greatest victims of the tragedy in Bosnia, speak: I’m a Bosnian child: -Muslims! I consign my song to you. Also my hands cut from wrists Released into the water Of the river flowing towards vast seas. While the mother addresses the conscience of the Christian world, the child addresses Muslims. The child consigns his ‘song’ to Muslims, through the lines of which we realize that his wrists are cut and the blood of his wrists mix with the flowing rivers. The ‘song’ of the child involves hope for future. Child represents hope. However, war fades this hope at a very young age. Just like the last will of someone who dies at a very young age, he desires Muslims to live a long life that he couldn’t. Looking at the poem from a broader perspective, on 406 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo the one hand, we can see that Bayazıt on behalf of humanity is remorseful due to the tragedy; on the other hand, we may say state that this disaster might be the harbinger of a new formation. Other poems written about Bosnia by and large have followed the framework led by Bayazıt. Though some of these poets haven’t been able to leave enduring mark in literature, they may be regarded important for the testimony they have given against this tragedy via their writings. In his poem named ‘Resurrection Pain’, Ahmet Emin Atasoy discusses the attack made in a bazaar on Sunday during the Bosnian war in a chapter entitled ‘Massacre’: There is grand Bazaar in Bosnia Here we see the greatest poverty The greatness of danger, fear and uncertainty On the freezing naked counters There sits a silhouette terrifying people The silhouette of sniper monsters … Know that it will be the monument of shame The grave dug in the middle of Sarajevo! (Atasoy, 2001, p.488) By using the expression ‘the greatest poverty’, the poet wants to mean that being deprived of the humanity is the greatest poverty. As a matter of fact, death caused by the bombs dropped there will remain as the monument of shame. One of the other writers who wrote poetry on the Bosnian war and whose writings involve poetic value is Hüseyin Yurttaş. His poem entitled ‘Lament for Sarajevo’ is pretty significant in terms of diction, meaning and sincerity: I could hear your name but never cared about the passing years Everything passed on the mournful fringe of an ash colored dome Screaming drops shouldn’t have reminded the past, your tears any more You, Sarajevo, were a city a long way from here I’m suffering brownout in Turkey As a poet grinding his voice (Atasoy, 2001, p.452) Initially, the poet expresses his sorrow for being have to look at Bosnia from distance. This feeling, which we can call the sorrow of being apart from Bosnia, is also the reason for the remorse that will be brought up throughout the succeding lines. The poet laments for being apart/being parted from Bosnia though he should be close. Rendering himself as ‘a poet grinding his voice’ is the evidence of his rebellious spirit againt what Bosnia experiences. In succeding lines, the poet discusses the casualties of Bosnia in a chronological order and then from the loss during the Ottoman State he passes to today’s war: … In the morning you woke up with your hands messed in blood Hey Sarajevo! the lost and foster land Where is the public? Where is the public? Death screams in the sky, entire body infected withepileptic sarcomas They have merciless hands pulling trigger They have savage eyes looking furiously They have brutal feet crushing Even the dead, even the dead, even the dead Too young Dying too young Sarajevo. ‘In the morning you woke up with your hands messed in blood’. This line suggests that Sarajevo, which is depicted as ‘the lost and foster land’, is contaminated with blood wantonly. The emphasis on ‘in the mornning’ remind us of the fact that Sarajevo was much like an innocent child who shouldn’t have involved in the battle conducted there. The contamination of everywhere with blood is the loss of this city. The loss of the 407 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo city is the loss of public. As a matter of fact, by asking Sarajevo ‘where is the public?’, the poet correlates the absence of public with blood. By the use of ‘they’, he discusses the brutality of those who shed blood in Bosnia. They are so cruel that they crush even the dead people. Repeating this three times, he attempts to manifest the greatness of the tragedy experienced there. Those who shed blood in Bosnia are so savage that they can’t stand even the dead people. These two lines ‘Too young/ Dying too young Sarajevo’ contribute diversity to the poem in terms of lexical depth and poetic diction. The poet compares Sarajevo to a child and by saying ‘dying too young Sarajevo’, he means that Bosnia experiences death which it does not deserve. The correlation between the city and child is related to the emphasis laid on innocence and cleanliness discussed at the beginning of the poem. The killing of the city despite all its cleanliness and innocence is the same as infanticide. In the final part of his poem, the poet expresses his remorse and sorrow for being incapable against the tragedy in Sarajevo: Sarajevo Not my hands, even this poem can’t reach you Forgive me Like a desperate scream in darkness I let go my verse. The poet asks for forgiveness from Sarajevo since even the poem can’t reach the city let alone run for help. This is the apology for only being able to scream desperately in darkness. Throughout the poem entitled ‘the Lament of Bosnian Children’ which belongs to the same poet, the innocence of children and also the brutal treatment of mankind against this innocence are discussed. In the course of the poem, the children, who are innocent in their own worlds, call people to account for the life they have been forced into: … These kids in fear Leaving the gates of the century Will ask that striking question Will the fingers point at you Will their stare Pierce your hearts ‘hey people! Where have you been? ‘Where have you been?’ (Yurttaş, 1996, p.130-131) The poet points out that mankind will definitely account for their indifference against all this atrocity, and children who are left to their own fates will stand upright and call humanity to account by asking ‘where have you been?’. What is striking in this interrogation is that their look ‘will pierce their hearts’. The stress brings to the fore that humanity won’t be able to get rid of the guilt of conscience due to this affront. Mücahit Koca witnesses this tragedy by including some poems into his book named The Book of Bosnia and he questions the indifference of humanity just as the same way other poets do. The portrayal of Bosnia in war drawn by the poet within the framework of realistic sense is significant: All the streets seem on fire Houses are like grave. No more any solid mosque The domes worn through The minarets collapsed Houses, roses are all on fire Trees are like fire ascending sky Grass fly sparks Sarajevo is the skeleton town Death patrols everywhere. (Koca, 1999, p.26-27) 408 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo The above picture of Bosnia in war involves two significant points. The city is delineated as an entire fireground. The fire is so intense that even trees have turned into fire ascending sky. At this point, the poet focuses on two important points regarding the city: skeleton. All this fire has transformed the city into a skeleton. At the end of the poem, saying; ‘What happened in Andalusia came about in Bosnia’ the poet looks at the tragedy in Bosnia as the continuation of ongoing devastation fulfilled by Western civilization against Eastern civilization throughout the history. After drawing our attention to the tragedy in Bosnia, Hilmi Haşal calls out humanity to question themselves. The repitition of the following lines; Murderers Ask yourselves! (Atasoy, 2001, p. 478) is an attempt to remind humankind about their humanity. The poet calls out devastators to recall their being humans. Your pitch dark conscience purify? In the whirl of inhumanity From your bloody hands ‘Picth dark’ is a remarkable phrase. The poet sees devastators as people of ‘pitch dark conscience’ and by using an expression that is a reminiscent of the idiom ‘being brutal’ in Turkish, he reminds people about the deprivation of the sense of being humane. The use of ‘the whirl of inhumanity’ in the succeeding line enriches the meaning. The poet compares the killers to prisoners in the whirl of deprivation of humanity. In deed, they need to be pitied. They are deprived of humanity and they get stuck in the whirl of inhumanity. The use of the idiom ‘bloody hands’ supports the conviction of the killers and the state of their being stuck in the whirl of inhumanity. This idiom which also means the revolving of the killer around his victim gives the message that the criminals in Bosnia won’t be able to get rid of the massacre they carried out and they will be haunted by the blood they shed. Hilmi Haşal expostulates with inconsiderateness of people to the tragedy in Bosnia in his poem entitled ‘Lament for Bosnia’: The sunlight of Summer favouring death? Where is the kindness of civilization? Sold off the gongs of stoke market With the intrigues of batten. (Atasoy, 2001, p.503) The poet thinks that ‘civilization’ is just a discourse, they just think of their interests. Civilization is associated with ‘sold of the gongs of stoke market’ and he claims that beacuse the interest in the tragedy of Bosnia is not money spinner, the interest in it is too low. Nihat Kayabaşı also makes a Bosnian child speak out in his poem. In his short poem which consists of three parts, Mummy!Where did the soldiers kidnap my dad? Why was my sister locked in the room? Why were all her clothes torn into pieces? ... I’m so scared mummy Take me somewhere The soldiers don’t know (Atasoy, 2001, p.507) in a childlike manner, he is questioning the reason behind his father’s being kidnapped, his mother and sister’s being hurt severely by the soldiers of intruders. By manifesting the innocence of the child, the poet highlights the scale of violence. The child expresses the brutality via somehow childish questions. In the last part, although his desire to go ‘somewhere the soliders don’t know’ sounds like a childish question, actually it shows to what extent a child could be affected by such a tragedy, how deep he could feel it and that he is willing to get rid of the intruders whom he thinks to be the source of everything. 409 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo III- The beauties of Bosnia Arif Bozacı’s poem entitled ‘Sarajevo’ is a good example to show a different approach to Bosnia rather than the framework of war. As highlighted above, since the interest of Turkish poets in Bosnia increased especially after the war in the early 1900s, they dealt with the Bosnia under occupation rather that the Bosnia which is of great importance in terms of its natural and historical diversity. As a consequence, a gloomy and rebellious tone is dominant in poems. In this poem, a recollection of the daily life of the city is depicted: From the minarets Come sounds of prayer calls A flower blossoms In the pot In the window Of a house In Grand Bazaar Find their tongues Piegeons In the first Summer In Sarajevo. (Atasoy, 2001, p.442) In the first stanza, while regarding the sounds of prayer calls as the natural elements of this geography, on the other hand, the poet presents the image of a happy and peaceful city by referring to a blossoming flower in the window of a house. In the second stanza, pigeons cooing in Grand Bazaar are discussed as one of the symbols of Sarajevo. Stating that pigeons find their tongues in Grand Bazaar, the poet completes the portayal of a peaceful town which he started with prayer calls and flower in the first stanza. Conclusion In addition to its being among the first places conquered by Ottoman State, the Balkan geography is of great importance in terms of political and social events happened following the loss of this land as well. The conquest policy of the Ottoman civilization and the loss of this geography which got shaped within the framework of the concept of civilization had great effects on literature; during the period of Republic, this land was employed especially in the works of those who were born in this land and thus had organic ties with it. Even though the battles taking place in the early 1990s just after the demise of the communist bloc drew the attention of Turkish intelligentsia to this land, that interest was too low in comparison to the former one. Love bond between the two lands dwindled away by the passing years. However, there were still some poets and writers who wrote their feelings regarding this geography in the warmth of the loss felt on the first day. The most tragic of all the wars after the demise of the communist bloc was undoubtfully the one carried out in Bosnia Herzegovina. There were reflections of the tragedy of the Bosnian war on Turkish poetry to a particular extent. The reflections of the Bosnian war on Turkish poetry were penned, mostly in the course of war, as rebellion or sometimes as a lament against what was happening. The approaches of writers towards Bosnia with respect to war are almost the same. These can be summarized as follows: 9. First of all, the guilty conscience felt because of just watching the tragedy in Bosnia and apology to Bosnia become prominent. Being uneasy due to being able to do nothing against the war, poets express their shame of being obliged to apology only. 10. Passive attitude of humanity, especially Europe, against the tragedy is questioned and the death of humanity is stated. 11. Poets give importance to making specifically children and mothers speak in their poetry. It is possible to attribute this to the fact that war has the greatest impact on these groups. Additionally, the contradiction between the innocence of a child with the evilness of war must be influential on this. 12. Looking at these poems from poetic style, sometimes emotional content may surpass poetic aesthetic. However, it is seen that poetic level and intensive imagery are more dominant in the poetry of some poets like Erdem Bayazıt who has an enduring place in literature. 13. With respect to war-literature relationship, the effects of the Bosnian war on Turkish literature can be looked at mostly within the framework of the literature produced during the war. Considering the poems evaluated in this study, it is clear that most of them were written during the war. 410 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo 14. In the aftermath of the war, it is seen that Bosnia was taken off the agenda of Turkish poetry, the tragedy experienced after the war wasn’t embodied as much as before. References ATASOY, Ahmet Emin, (2001), XV. Yüzyıldan Bugüne Rumeli Motifli Türk Şiiri Antolojisi, Asa Kitabevi, Bursa BAYAZIT, Erdem, (2003) Şiirler, Đz Yayıncılık, Đstanbul BELGE, Murat, (1980) ‘Edebiyatın, savaşa karşı bilincin gelişmesinde önemli rolü olmuştur’, Milliyet Sanat Dergisi, nu:10, 15 Ekim DUMAN, Haluk Harun&GÜREŞĐR, Salih Koralp, (2009), ‘Yeni Türk Edebiyatının Kaynakları’, Turkish Studies, c.4, Kış DUMAN, Haluk Harun, (2005), Balkanlara Veda, Duyap Yayınları, Đstanbul, 2005 GÜLŞEN, Hacer, (2008), ‘Milli Mücadele Döneminde Savaş Edebiyatımız’, Đlmi Araştırmalar, nu:25, Bahar KOCA, Mücahit, (1999), Bosna Kitabı, Sur yayınları, Đstanbul , 1999 LARNAC, Jean, (1963) ‘Đhtilallerin ve Savaşların Edebiyat Üzerindeki Tesirleri’, Yeni Ufuklar, nu:135 YURTTAŞ, Hüseyin, (1996), Yirminci Yüzyıl Ağıtları, Bilgi Yayınevi, Ankara, 1996 411 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 726 Title A name given to the resource The Reflections of The Bosnian War on Turkish Poetry Within the Framework of War-Literature Affinity Author Author COSKUN, Sezai Abstract A summary of the resource. The Balkans, which deterritorialized from the Ottoman geography to a great extend as of second constitutional period, taken up in Turkish literature with various aspects. The Balkan societies, one of the basic issues in the Second Constitutional Period press, were paid closer attention by the Ottoman intellectuals due o the emigrations to Istanbul. The fact that the Balkans deterritorialized from the Ottoman territory paved the way for number of poets and authors, especially the ones popular in the region, to write on the geography. This geography sustained its existence as a basic theme in Republican period literature. The Balkans, proclaimed their independence following the collapse of Yugoslavia, became a centre of focus for the Turkish intellects once again. However, this time the interest shown is lesser than those after the war of the Balkans. The Bosnian war became an effect to increase the gradually declining interest; various poets-writers carried the tragedies in the war to their poems-writings. In this study, focusing on the Bosnian war, consideration of Bosnia in New Turkish poetry will be examined in the context of war-literature relationship. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/3779a878e77391b47785b5e50a894e24.pdf 28033a8277dae49558f6c4b5dd1aa64e PDF Text Text Effect of Organic and Inorganic Manganese Supplementation in Diets on Performance and Some Organ Weights of Japanese Quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica) Yusuf CUFADAR Selçuk University, Agricultural Faculty, Department of Animal Science, Konya-TURKEY ycufadar@selcuk.edu.tr Osman OLGUN Selçuk University, Agricultural Faculty, Department of Animal Science, Konya-TURKEY oolgun@selcuk.edu.tr Alp Önder YILDIZ Selçuk University, Agricultural Faculty, Department of Animal Science, Konya-TURKEY aoyildiz@selcuk.edu.tr Abstract: This study was carried out to determine the effects of diets containing different levels of inorganic and organic manganese sources on fattening performance and some organ weights of Japanese quails. In this study, 256 one day old quail chicks were fed four levels of inorganic and organic Mn in factorial arrangement design for 35 days. The dietary treatments consisted of the supplementation of the basal diet with 30, 60, 90 and 120 mg/kg Mn supplied from manganese sulphate and manganese bioplex. Dietary Mn sources as a main factor did not effect investigated parameters. But dietary Mn levels had significant effect on all parameters except for feed intake. Supplementation of 60 mg/kg Mn to diets resulted in an increase BW, BWG, liver and pancreas weights, also improved feed conversion ratio. Keywords: Manganese, performance, Quail Introduction Manganese (Mn) is essential for normal bone formation, enzyme function, and amino acid metabolism in poultry (Scott et al. 1976). The utilization of Mn has become an increasing concern because of extremely rapid growth rate of commercial broiler strains (Ji et al. 2006). National Research Council (NRC, 1994) recommended 60 ppm Mn in broiler and quail chicks diet. However, under practical conditions the diets are formulated to contain higher concentrations of Mn to overcome the possibility of its deficiency. This is because of relatively low absorption of dietary Mn in birds (Sunder et al. 2006). Organic Mn sources were more bioavailable than inorganic sources. One of the possible reasons is that there are less chelating or other unwanted reactions with dietary constituent in the gastrointestinal tract for organic mineral complexes compared with those for inorganic minerals (Yan and Waldroup 2006). Diet supplementation with trace elements of high bioavailability, also known as specific amino acid metal compounds of Mn and Zinc which bind themselves to a specific amino acid show a capacity to increase the immune response and diminish negative effects in turkey and laying hens in respect of these minerals inorganic forms (Menocal et al. 2004). However, according to some research results, the organic and inorganic Mn sources reported no difference in terms of bioavailability (Baker and Holpin 1987, Scheideler 1991). The aim of the this study to determine the effect of diets containing different levels of inorganic and organic manganese sources on fattening performance and some organ weights of Japanese quails. Materials and Methods A 5-wk experiment, 256 mixed sex day-old quail chicks (Coturnix coturnix japonica) were used. Four replicate groups of 8 chicks were assigned to each of 8 dietary treatments. The dietary treatments consisted of the supplementation of the basal diet with 30, 60, 90 and 120 mg/kg Mn supplied from manganese sulphate (MnSO4) and manganese bioplex. Dietary treatments were prepared from a corn-soybean common diet without additional Mn contained 21.52 mg/kg. All birds received feed and water ad-libitum. Lighting was treated as a 23 489 �h/day. Compositions of nutrients in the diets were adjusted according to the recommendation of NRC (1994; Table 1). In quails, body weights (BW) and feed intake (FI) were recorded on a pen basis as weekly intervals. Mortality was recorded daily. At the end of the experiment (at five weeks of age), four quails that randomly selected were slaughtered at a processing plant from each replicate and processed, and then the carcass yield were calculated to used warm carcass weight. A general linear model (GLM) was used for the analysis of variance of the data (Minitab 2000). Significant differences among means were tested by Duncan’s multiple range tests. Differences were considered as significant when P values were less than 0.05 (Duncan 1980). Nutrients Corn Soybean meal ( % 47.6 CP)* Vegetable oil (7800 kcal/kg ME)* Limestone Dicalcium phosphate Salt Vitamin Premix1 Mineral Premix2 Methionine TOTAL Calculated nutrients Energy, kcal/kg ME CP, % Calcium, % Available phosphorus, % Lysine, % Methionine, % Methionine + Cysteine, % Crude cellulose, % Manganese, mg/kg* % 53.1 41.3 2.8 1.26 0.8 0.3 0.15 0.10 0.19 100.00 2901 24.06 0.80 0.31 1.32 0.51 0.95 2.25 21.52 * Analyzed value. CP: Crude protein, ME: Metabolizable energy 1 Vitamin premix (supplied the following per kg of diet): Vitamin A, 12000 I.U; Vitamin D3, 2400 I.U; Vitamin E, 25.0mg; Vitamin K3, 4.0 mg; Vitamin B1, 3.0 mg; Vitamin B2, 5.0 mg; Vitamin B6, 8.0 mg; Vitamin B12, 0.015 mg; Niacin, 25.0 mg; Calcium-D-Pantothenate, 8.0 mg, D-Biotin, 0.05 mg; Folic acid, 0.5 mg; Choline Chloride, 125.0 mg. 2 Mineral premix (supplied the following per kg of diet): Fe, 60.0 mg; Zn, 60.0 mg; Cu, 5.0 mg; I, 1.0 mg; Co, 0.2 mg; Se, 0.15 mg. Table 1. Composition of basal diet used in experiment (%) Results and Discussion The effects of diets containing different sources and levels of Mn on performances are shown in Table 2 and 3. The treatments as the main sources of inorganic and organic Mn were not significantly effect on BW, body weight gain (BWG), FI, feed conversion ratio (FCR), carcass yield, liver and pancreas weight (P> 0.05). The diets containing different levels of Mn had significantly effect on all parameters of quails except for feed consumption (P< 0.05). The best results of performance parameters, liver and pancreas percentage of BW were obtaining in quails fed with diet containing 60 mg/ kg Mn, but the lowest results of carcass yield obtaining the same diet. The interactions groups in the experiment, the diets containing different sources and levels of Mn had significantly effect on BW and BWG of quails (P< 0.05). The highest results of BW and BWG were obtaining fed with diet containing MnSO4 x 60 mg/ kg Mn. Quail studies on this subject with a limited number of studies but the results are in broilers. Quails and broilers are similar in terms of requirements of Mn (NRC 1994). The results of the experiment, supplemental Mn sources (inorganic and organic) there were no differences. The similar result, Berta et al. (2004) reported that the same level of supplementation of the two Mn sources there were no differences between the Mn concentrations of organs and tissue in broiler chicks. Additionally, these researchers stated that a corn-soybean diet supplemental with levels of 0, 30, 60 and 240 mg/kg Mn from organic and inorganic sources did not significant effect on the BW, FCR in broiler chicks. Collins and Moran (1999) reported that body weight and feed 490 �efficiency were not influenced by supplementary Mn (180 ppm). Also, supplemental Mn did not alter processed carcass weights, yield, or percentage abdominal fat in broilers. Gajula et al. (2010) stated that Mn (60 ppm) as recommended by NRC (1994) was sufficient for broiler performance and bone parameters. The results of this study with the contradiction between the results of previously conducted studies may be due to different Mn levels and animal material. It is concluded that, 60 mg/kg supplementation Mn to diet is suitable in growing Japanese quails. The number of research interest in this subject is very limited. Therefore, many studies are needed. Diets Sources MnSO4 Mn Bioplex Mn levels, mg/kg 30 60 90 120 Sources x levels MnSO4 x 30 MnSO4 x 60 MnSO4 x 90 MnSO4 x 120 Mn Bioplex x 30 Mn Bioplex x 60 Mn Bioplex x 90 Mn Bioplex x 120 A-D BW, g/bird BWG, g/bird FI, g/bird FCR, Feed/ Gain 169.3±2.75 170.1±1.36 161.0±2.39 161.9±1.36 524.3±06.41 522.3±05.54 3.26±0.042 3.23±0.032 164.4±1.84B 179.5±3.20A 166.9±1.87B 167.9±1.98B 156.2±1.79B 169.3±2.33A 158.8±1.86B 161.4±2.55B 519.5±06.39 520.5±07.62 519.1±11.57 534.0±07.32 3.33±0.043A 3.08±0.040B 3.27±0.055A 3.31±0.045A 160.3±0.73C 185.9±3.71A 163.9±2.36BC 167.3±1.15BC 168.6±1.96BC 173.2±2.63B 170.0±2.17BC 168.5±4.10BC 152.2±0.68D 173.7±2.45A 155.9±2.37CD 162.4±3.58BC 160.3±1.84BCD 165.0±2.63B 161.8±2.14BC 160.4±4.12BCD 515.7±08.77 532.2±13.16 516.6±16.38 532.9±14.57 523.4±10.35 508.9±10.29 521.6±18.77 535.2±06.10 3.39±0.041 3.06±0.063 3.31±0.080 3.28±0.058 3.27±0.067 3.09±0.058 3.22±0.079 3.34±0.074 : Means within a column with unlike superscript differ significantly (P< 0.05). Table 2. Effect of the experimental diets on performance of Japanese quails Diets Sources MnSO4 Mn Bioplex Mn levels, mg/kg 30 60 90 120 Sources x levels MnSO4 x 30 MnSO4 x 60 MnSO4 x 90 MnSO4 x 120 Mn Bioplex x 30 Mn Bioplex x 60 Mn Bioplex x 90 Mn Bioplex x 120 A-B Carcass yield, % of BW Liver, % of BW Pancreas, % of BW 63.25±0.41 62.64±0.23 2.05±0.087 2.02±0.103 0.24±0.019 0.25±0.009 64.02±0.37A 61.79±0.37B 63.28±0.50A 62.70±0.33AB 1.98±0.085AB 2.32±0.104A 2.01±0.070AB 1.82±0.040B 0.23±0.009B 0.29±0.012A 0.24±0.009B 0.23±0.009B 64.86±0.20 61.26±0.56 63.58±0.77 63.30±0.44 63.18±0.34 62.31±0.37 62.97±0.70 62.10±0.27 2.00±0.175 2.35±0.218 2.07±0.111 1.78±0.062 1.97±0.055 2.30±0.048 1.95±0.091 1.86±0.048 0.22±0.005 0.29±0.010 0.22±0.006 0.24±0.019 0.25±0.016 0.28±0.023 0.26±0.016 0.23±0.009 : Means within a column with unlike superscript differ significantly (P< 0.05). Table 3. Effect of the experimental diets on some organ weights of Japanese quails Acknowledgments This research was funded in part by a grant from the University of Selcuk (BAP) 491 �References Baker. D. H. and Hoplin, K. M. (1987). Efficacy of a manganese-protein chelate compared with that of manganese sulfate for chicks. Poult. Sci. 66:1561- 1563. Berta, E., Andrasofszky, E., Bersenyi, A., Glavits, R., Gaspardy, A. And Fekete, Gy. (2004). Effect of inorganic and organic manganese supplementation on the performance and tissue manganese content of broiler chicks. Acta Veterinaria Hungarica, 52 (29), pp. 199-209. Collins, N.E. and Moran, JR, E.T. (1999). Influence of supplemental manganese and zinc on live performance and carcass quality of diverse broiler strains. J. Appl. Poultry Res., 8, pp. 228-235. Duncan D.B. (1980). Multiple Range and Multiple F-tests. Biometrics. Gajula, S.S., Chalasani, V.K., Panda, A.K., Mantena, V. L. N. R and Savaram, R. R. (2010). Effect of supplemental inorganic Zn and Mn and their interactions on the performance of broiler chicken, mineral bioavailability and immune response. Biological Trace Element Research, doi: 10.1007/s12011-010-8647-8. Ji, F., Luo, X.G., Lu, L., Liu, B. and Yu, S.X. (2006). Effect of manganese source on manganese absorption by the intestine of broilers. Poultry Science, 85, pp, 1947-1952. Menocal, J.A., Gonzales, E.A., Coello, C.L., Fakler, TM., Rapp, C.J., Ward, T.L. and Vela, G. (2004). Use of zincmethionine and manganese-methionine in broilers diets:productive parameters and ascites syndrome incidence. Tec.Pecu Mex., 42 (1), pp, 113-119. Minitab (2000). Minitab Reference Manuel (release 13.0). Minitab Inc. State Coll.. P.A.. USA. National Research Council (NRC). (1994). Nutrient Requirements of Poultry. 9th ed. National Academy Press. Washington. DC. Scheideler, S.E. (1991) Interaction of dietary calcium, manganese and manganese source (manganese oxide or manganese methionine chelate) on chick performance and manganese utilization. Biological Trace Element Research. 29, pp. 217-223. Scott, M.L., Nesheim, M.C. and Young, R.J. (1976). Nutrition of the chicken. M.L. Ithaca, NY. Sunder, G.S., Panda, A.K., Gopinalth, N. C.S., Mantena, V.L.N., Savaram, R. R. and Chalasani, V.K. (2006). Effect of supplemental manganese on mineral uptake by tissue and immune response in broiler chickens. The Journal of Poultry Science, 43, pp, 371-377. Yan, F. and Waldroup, P.W. (2006). Evaluation of Mintrex manganese as a source of manganese for young broilers. International journal of Poultry Science, 5 (8), pp.708-713. 492 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 570 Title A name given to the resource Effect of Organic and Inorganic Manganese Supplementation in Diets on Performance and Some Organ Weights of Japanese Quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica) Author Author CUFADAR, Yusuf OLGUN, Osman YILDIZ, Alp Önder Abstract A summary of the resource. This study was carried out to determine the effects of diets containing different levels of inorganic and organic manganese sources on fattening performance and some organ weights of Japanese quails. In this study, 256 one day old quail chicks were fed four levels of inorganic and organic Mn in factorial arrangement design for 35 days. The dietary treatments consisted of the supplementation of the basal diet with 30, 60, 90 and 120 mg/kg Mn supplied from manganese sulphate and manganese bioplex. Dietary Mn sources as a main factor did not effect investigated parameters. But dietary Mn levels had significant effect on all parameters except for feed intake. Supplementation of 60 mg/kg Mn to diets resulted in an increase BW, BWG, liver and pancreas weights, also improved feed conversion ratio. Keywords: Manganese, performance, Quail Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed Q Science (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/2da505b92a74a06b761350733338aef1.pdf 34135370499fa878e988c23c20573612 PDF Text Text 2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo A Rumelian Legend: Safiye Erol and Ciğerdelen Assist. Prof. Nesîme Ceyhan Çankırı Karatekin University, Faculty of Science and Arts, Department of Turkish Language and Literature, Çankırı, Turkey nesimeceyhan@hotmail.com Abstract: Ciğerdelen, a novel of Safiye Erol first published in 1946, is an important study of Ottoman conquest idea and the Balkan adventure. We can say that the book contains intertwined a few novels. On the one hand the book can be handled as a post-modern romance, on the other hand, as a post-modern historical novel that focused on Ottoman’s protection and defense of the Balkans. The book does not stay away from the tradition of Turkish folk narration, and has biographical features with the traces from author’s life. Safiye Erol, as a daughter of a Balkan originated family, succeeded to carry the Ottoman’s love of Balkans into a concrete ground with this novel. In this paper, we will try to analyze Cigerdelen, one of the novels that get the Balkans to the center, by starting from its title and pointing out the couple meaning and repetition sprinkled by the author to the whole novel. Ciğerdelen is one of the sad novels which are not appreciated, or whose value is not understood or not wanted to understand in Turkish literature history. This situation is totally related to the reputation of Safiye Erol but Erol is one of the special authors of the Turkish literature. Unfortunately, the same fate of oblivion and silence and abandonment is subject to her productive friend, Samiha Ayverdi. Ciğerdelen is an important milestone for modern Turkish novel. The novel has a more complex fiction than her other novels and has a spiritual atmosphere based on inspiration when we look at the writing process of the novel. Safiye Erol, in an interview with her‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡, says that she lost twelve kilos, fainted twice while writing this novel and after completion she was still sickbed. Behind the strong influence of the novel on the reader, we can say that the writing of the author is as if she was living all the events herself. Ciğerdelen can be evaluated as a novel that is fiction on a two layer meaning from the beginning to the end. There is an outer story and an inner story in the novel. The inner story consists of two interconnected stories that facilitate the cognition and make sense of outer story. While the outer story is opening the soul doors of an intellectual woman of 1940s Turkey, the inner story is presenting a woman who is loyal to her love of the years that are witnessing the conquest and protecting the Balkans of Ottomans. Canzi of modern Turkey and Cangüzel of the conquest days are common souls that are suffering from similar pains of love. In fact Canzi is carrying the fate of her ancestor Cangüzel. “Ciğerdelen” on the one hand represents strong loves of two women, on the other hand represents one of the frontier castles of Rumelia, an important castle if surrended it will require us to come from all Rumelia. Ciğerdelen Castle Legend is a legend in Armorer (Silahtar) History. As an influence of “Red Apple (Kızıl Elma)” ideal, Turks walked to the West, and fought for Ciğerdelen Castle and similar ones with conquest soul and faith. Border castles became grave for many innocent Turkish raiders, and brought them to martyrdom. Each conquer of a castle is something like a union with beloved; from now on it carries the danger or risk of losing. In the novel, strong faith to these castles with patient and love of sons of Fatih (evlad-ı Fatihan), and tolerance to every difficulty and at last martyrdom is consubstantiated to patient and faith for the love of opposite gender despite the rudeness and cruelty of human being. The conclusion is reaching the sainthood of lover soul by healing from all evils. The basic hero of the novel, Architect Turhan Tuna, is the grandson of Bosnia Serhatli Koca Turhan Bey, the son of Hersekoğlu Ahmet Pasha who was the standard bearer of Sultan Fatih, the chief vizier of Beyazid, the second and Yavuz Sultan Selim. The heroine Canzi in other words Cangüzel is from the breed of Cangüzel, the wife of Mustafa Durakça from the roots of Yellow Spahis (Sari Sipahiler) of same family. These two grandchildren are going to live the continuing of their ancestors’ stories in Istanbul three centuries later. The novel starting with the separation of Canzi (Cangüzel) and Turhan Tuna is interrupted by returns and the narration of Rumelian Legends written by Canzi and with the completion of the legend it is back to the beginning for the result of the love of Turhan Tuna and Canzi. [1] Mehmet Nuri Yardım, Safiye Erol Kitabı, Published by Benseno, Đstanbul, 2003, p. 62. (cited from Kandemir, Edebiyat Alemi (Newspaper), Year:1, Number:13, July 28, 1949) 433 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo Canzi (Cangüzel) is a divorced woman. The common family stories about Rumelia recognized with Turhan Tuna by coincidence brings them closer to each other. This getting closer will not be enough for Turhan Tuna and the strength of his love will drag him to a diseased jealousy. Canzi is going to try to discipline Turhan Tuna with Ciğerdelen Legend. This way depending on getting a moral tradition will not be enough for the lover in order to open his eyes. In a moment when the suspect made him crazy without the lust of Canzi, Turhan Tuna owns her and is going to lose the love of Canzi. This process which is a beginning of a great pain for Canzi will make both hero and heroine ill. These two hearts that solve their mistake with heartburns that occurred centuries ago in Rumelia, will find cure for their illnesses by getting closer to divine love from human love. The Rumelian Legend presented to Turhan Tuna in the novel is as follows under three topics: Yellow Spahis: Bosna Serhatli Koca Turhan Bey, son of Hersekoğlu Ahmet Pasha, settles to the land given in Stulni-Belgrade County with his whole family after the bravery that he showed in the Balkans. He makes a big farm house. His son Veli Bey and his grandson Sinan Bey, lived in this farm house for three generations and contributed to the protection of this area. Turhan Bey and his grandson Sinan Bey became martyr near Ciğerdelen; his son Veli Bey trains and grows up Mustafa Durakça, the grandson of Sinan. When Veli Bey retired from fighting, Mustafa Durakça started to become a hero in Rumelia. On one hand having education with his friend young Hafız Nuri, the imam of the farm house, on the other hand he was staying in Hungarian villages and having tendency to wine with him. Durakça, fighting in the borders with Hafız Nuri, falls in love with Mariska Kemeni, the daughter of Hungarian Governor Kemeni. Despite all the anxiety of his mother Sümbül Hanım, the support of his grandfather Veli Koca encourages him. He goes into action after the information that Mariska will be kidnapped by her cousin Graf Stefan. Mariska abandoned her nationality, religion and family for Mustafa Durakça. After a little battle with Graf Stefan, Mariska is taken to the farm house as the wife of Mustafa Durakça. Wounded Graf Stefan was brought to the farmhouse as well. He was treated there. Durakça showed great respect to Graf Stefan after saying that Mariska’s cousin cannot be my captive. Graf Stefan was affected from the bravery of Mustafa Durakça and Hafız Nuri after his friends’ betrayal. Graf Stefan who lost his lover had a great soul exam. His enemy Turks became new friends never leave him alone. Graf Stefan ranges to Turkish side and becomes Muslim and changes his name to Feridun Bey (Hungarian Feridun). Mariska Kemeni becomes Muslim and changes her name to Cangüzel before marrying Mustafa Durakça. At first she has no problem with her new living style as a result of her love, later starts to miss the Hungarian habits and entertainments. Most of the time, she cannot find Mustafa Durakça next to her. Her pregnancy unites with rebels. The newly born child is given his grandfather’s name, Sinan. Cangüzel’s exam starts with loving Sinan idolatrously. In the world, who loves anyone or anything more than God (Allah); the exam will be from there; cruelty and torture will give no respite. Stefan Graf passed love exam and found Islam. Mustafa Durakça became martyr while defending Ciğerdelen Castle like his father and grandfather. Cangüzel is separated from her first love in this way. She becomes thoroughly addicted to her son and closes her eyes with his torment. Sinan was a scapegrace son and ruined his mother. To any entity should not go to extremes in love. The Secret of Lovers: In this section Turhan Tuna tries to analyze his torment in the days that he falls apart from Canzi. He nestles to the story of Kerem and Asli. His strong love to Canzi broke off him from Canzi. First love is a spiritual disease, and then spreads to the body. Architect Turhan Tuna working for the reconstruction of Thrace lies in bed with fever. He cannot sleep, cannot eat, struggles with the delusions among the dreams of his ancestors. Seven Veils: The second story related to Canzi’s family continues around Sinan the scapegrace son of Cangüzel. The venue is again Şahin Konağı. Cangüzel and Veli Koca had passed away. Hafiz Nuri, old and faithful Adviye Molla, Hungarian Feridun are managing the house. “What wisdom is that the hardest sorrow comes to the men from the most beloved ones.”§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§ The plot of this story is this sentence written in the beginning of the story. One day Adviye Molla asks Hafız Nuri: “Does loving too much mean the greatest crime in the life?” Hafız Nuri replies: “Loving too much is attributing a partner to God.”********************* After causing to death of his mother, Sinan who has no signs from the bravery of his father and grandfather will become a difficult exam for Zuhre - the daughter of Hafiz Nuri. While Şahin Konak becomes a ruin, Hungarian Feridun and Hafiz Nuri try to protect the honor of Yellow Spahis. After the Martyrdom of Hafız Nuri in Ciğerdelen Castle defend, his daughter Zühre is brought to Sahin Konak without obeying to his will in which he wanted his daughter to be sent to Bosnia. Zühre’s exam with love starts here. Her father trained her very well but she falls in love with Sinan. Sinan is a monster with seven veils. He did not love anyone really, and caused many of the women’s death beside his mother. Zühre will face his seven big cruelties after coming together with him. Zühre behaves resignedly to every cruelty, and first gets marry with Sinan. He devotes Zuhre for his sister-in-law Duriye Hanım as he wants Duriye Hanım’s assets. He gets divorced from Zühre and gives all the assets of Zühre to Duriye Hanim as a wedding present. When Zühre gives birth to Sinan’s son, Sinan [2] Safiye Erol, Ciğerdelen, Published by Kubbealtı, Đstanbul, 2007, p.120. [3] Same book, p.120. 434 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo marries Zühre with old Saraç Ismail and keeps her in front of his eyes near his house. Sinan Bey cannot come closer to his son as he is scared from Duriye Hanım. He becomes such a dishonest person that he forces Zühre to serve Duriye Hanım. Zühre will endure all the events with patient; with her heart opened to God she will pass away as a holy person in the borders. Her son Nuri will be a proud for his ancestors but also will die in Ciğerdelen. These stories will help to recover jealousy disease of Turhan Tuna to Canzi (Cangüzel) and obsession for one person more than everything. When Turhan Tuna recognizes God, after purifying his love, like all other lovers, will meet Canzi’s mercy and the love will turn to union with beloved. The events occurred around Ciğerdelen Castle, the stories of souls with obsession to love, grudge, ego, and ambition, stories of people who recognize the exams in the world and who do not put the basic plot of the novel. Everybody has a Ciğerdelen. Who serves what will get the return. A soul devoted to God and his path will be away from all sorrows of the world. Everybody has a Ciğerdelen Castle inside him or her. 435 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 731 Title A name given to the resource A Rumelian Legend: Safiye Erol and Ciğerdelen Author Author Ceyhan, Nesîme Abstract A summary of the resource. Ciğerdelen, a novel of Safiye Erol first published in 1946, is an important study of Ottoman conquest idea and the Balkan adventure. We can say that the book contains intertwined a few novels. On the one hand the book can be handled as a post-modern romance, on the other hand, as a post-modern historical novel that focused on Ottoman’s protection and defense of the Balkans. The book does not stay away from the tradition of Turkish folk narration, and has biographical features with the traces from author’s life. Safiye Erol, as a daughter of a Balkan originated family, succeeded to carry the Ottoman’s love of Balkans into a concrete ground with this novel. In this paper, we will try to analyze Cigerdelen, one of the novels that get the Balkans to the center, by starting from its title and pointing out the couple meaning and repetition sprinkled by the author to the whole novel. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/6049e4f5fe456a1c77c106e093c35ccd.pdf b08b034fb39d08cdb40ddb1410572915 PDF Text Text Effect Of Bioethanol – Gasoline Blends On The Exhaust Emissons And Performance Of A Vehicle Murat Ciniviz Selçuk University, Technical Education Faculty, Konya / Turkey Đlker Örs Selçuk University, Technical Education Faculty, Konya / Turkey Necmettin Tarakçıoğlu Selçuk University, Technical Education Faculty, Konya / Turkey Abstract: In this study, the effect of using new generation fuel injection system and electronic ignition system in a spark ignition (SI) vehicle as an alternative fuel by using bioethanol on the exhaust emissions and performance of vehicle will be experimentally examined. By mixing bioethanol and gasoline in diverse proportions as 50%, the effects of this on the exhaust emissions and performance of vehicle will be searched. An order to establish the emissions of vehicle, by running the vehicle in different clutch types and various vehicle speed were accounted through measuring wheel power, fuel consumption and CO, CO2, HC, NOx exhaust emissions were measured at each gear for each fuels. Keywords: Bioethanol, Alternative fuels, Exhaust emissions from vehicle. Introduction The increase in prices of petroleum based fuels, strict governmental regulations on exhaust emissions with increasing focus on global warming due to the greenhouse gas effect and future depletion of worldwide petroleum reserves encourage studies to search for alternative fuels. Alcohols (ethanol and methanol) have been considered as alternative fuels for Otto and Diesel engines. One of these alternative fuels, bioethanol, can offer substantial reductions in consumption of fosil fuels and emission of greenhouse gases [1-2]. Bioethanol has the opportunity to contribute to the gradual substitution of fossil fuels not only in the gasoline sector but even in the diesel one, by two means: direct blending and ethanolysis. Besides the advantages in production costs, direct blending of bioethanol provides higher oxygen concentration, and thus higher potential for emissions reduction with the same volume fraction of renewable fuel blended [3]. Bioethanol is a renewable energy, it can be made from many raw materials such as sugar cane, molasses, cassava, waste biomass materials, sorghum, corn, barley, sugar beets, etc. by using already improved and demonstrated technologies [4-5]. Since ethanol can be fermented and distilled from biomasses, it can be considered as a renewable energy. Under the environmental consideration, using ethanol blended with gasoline is better than methanol because of its renewability and less toxicity [6,7]. In this study, bioethanol was obtained from sugar beet by fermantasyon method. The use of bioethanol in a vehicle having SI engine and its effect on emissions and vehicle performance were investigated. The study is given as a new investigation due to using vehicle having new electronic ignition and injection system, and performed on chassis dynamometer of experiments. 69 �Description Of The Experimental Setup And Testing Procedure Vehicle specifications used in the study are given in Table 1. Controlling of tyre pressure and tooths, wheel balance and rod adjustment, engine controls performed before experiments. The vehicle was coupled to Delorenzo HPT 6100 type chassis dynamometer. Vehicle exhaust emissions were measured using exhaust emission analyzer which Italo – Spin type, digital displaying, can measure CO (% vol) with 0.001 sensibility, CO2 (% vol) with 0.001 sensibility, NOx (ppm) and HC (ppm) values. As fuel, E0 (98 octane gasoline) and E50 (50% bioethanol – 50% gasoline as volumetric) were used. Fuels specifications used in the study are given in Table 2. First, the vehicle was tested with E0 fuel. Then, the bioethanol – gasoline blend was also tested E50 fuel. Exhaust emissions were measured at each gear and for each fuel. The ambient air temperature, relative humidity, and atmospheric pressure were almost constant during the tests. Results Wheel performance Wheel power and fuel consumption were studied as vehicle performance. The variations of wheel power with vehicle speed for the tested all fuels at each gear is depicted in Figure 1, 2, 3. Maximum wheel power was measured at 60 km/h as 36.4 kW for E0 at second gear. Wheel power was measured as 31.2 kW with E50 at same gear and speed. Maximum wheel power was measured at 80 km/h as 32.7 kW for E0 at third gear. Wheel power was measured as 28.3 kW with E50 at same gear and speed. Maximum wheel power was measured at 110 km/h as 29.4 kW for E0 at forth gear. Wheel power was measured as 25.7 kW with E50 at same gear and speed. Make Model Version Driving axle Production year Minimum vehicle weight (kg) Specifications of vehicle engine Total cylinder volume (cm3) Valve number Compression ratio Fuel system Max. engine power (HP – 1/min) Max. engine torque (Nm – 1/min) FIAT Albea 1.2 Active EL Front wheel drive 2008 1055 1242 16 10.6:1 Electronic MPI 80 – 5000 112 – 4000 Table 1. Vehicle specifications used in the study Density to 15oC (kg/m3) Viscosity to 40oC (mm2/s) Low Heating Value (cal/g) Water content (ppm) Copper corrosion E0 770.2 0.593 48.1 286.96 1a E50 780.3 0.784 36.2 894.58 1a Table 2. Fuels specifications used in the study According to results, wheel power values of E50 were lower than E0. The decrease in average power was 12.13% for usage of E50 at second gear. The decrease in average power was 13.56% for usage of E50 at third gear. The decrease in average power was 13.4% for usage of E50 at forth gear. The lower wheel 70 �power obtained for E50’s could be due to fuel flow problems, as higher density and higher viscosity, and decreasing combustion efficiency as lower thermal efficiency by heating value lower than E0. Wheel Power, kW 35 30 25 20 E0 E50 15 40 50 60 Vehicle Speed, km/h 70 80 Figure 1. The variations of wheel power at second gear Wheel Power, kW 30 25 20 E0 E50 15 60 70 80 90 Vehicle Speed, km/h 100 110 Figure 2. The variations of wheel power at third gear Wheel Power, kW 30 25 20 E0 15 80 90 100 110 120 Vehicle Speed, km/h Figure 3. The variations of wheel power at forth gear 71 E50 130 �Fuel consumption The variations of fuel consumption with vehicle speed for the tested all fuels at each gear are depicted in Figure 4, 5, 6. At all vehicle speed, fuel consumption values of E50 were higher than E0. The increase in average fuel consumption was 18.86% for usage of E50 at second gear. The increase in average fuel consumption was 28.1% for usage of E50 at third gear. The increase in average fuel consumption was 34.2% for usage of E50 at forth gear. One possible explanation for this increase could be due to lower heating value and higher density compared to E0 (Table 3). Therefore, thermal efficiency of E0 is higher than thermal efficiency of E50, and fuel consumption value of E0 is lower than fuel consumption of E50. 11 Fuel Consumption, l/h E0 E50 9 7 5 3 40 50 60 70 80 Vehicle Speed, km/h Fuel Consumption, l/h Figure 4. The variations of fuel consumption at second gear E0 15 E50 10 5 60 70 80 90 100 Vehicle Speed, km/h Figure 5. The variations of fuel consumption at third gear 72 110 �25 Fuel Consumption, l/h E0 E50 20 15 10 5 80 90 100 110 120 130 Vehicle Speed, km/h Figure 6. The variations of fuel consumption at forth gear Exhaust Emissions CO, CO2, HC and NOx emissions were studied as exhaust emissions. CO emission The variations of CO produced by running the vehicle using E0 and E50 fuels are shown in Figure 7, 8, 9. In general, CO emissions of E50 are equal or lower than E0. The decrease in average CO emission was approx. 18.61% for usage of E50 at second gear. The decrease in average CO emission was approx. 13.75% for usage of E50 at third gear. The decrease in average CO emission was approx. 14.97% for usage of E50 at forth gear. Cause of the decrease is content O2 in bioethanol. 0,2 E0 E50 CO, % vol 0,16 0,12 0,08 0,04 0 40 50 60 70 Vehicle Speed, km/h Figure 7. The variations of CO emission at second gear 73 80 �0,1 E0 E50 CO, % vol 0,08 0,06 0,04 0,02 60 70 80 90 100 110 Vehicle Speed, km/h Figure 8. The variations of CO emission at third gear 0,1 E0 E50 CO, % vol 0,08 0,06 0,04 0,02 80 90 100 110 Vehicle Speed, km/h 120 130 Figure 9. The variations of CO emission at forth gear CO2 emission The variations of CO2 produced by running the vehicle using E0 and E50 fuels is shown in Figure 10, 11, 12. At all vehicle speed and each gear, CO2 emissions of E50 are lower than CO2 emission of E0. The decrease in average CO2 emission was approx. 11.16% for usage of E50 at second gear. The decrease in average CO2 emission was approx. 7.75% for usage of E50 at third gear. The decrease in average CO2 emission was approx. 8.93% for usage of E50 at forth gear. Cause of the decrease which C atoms in E50 are lower than E0. 74 �7 CO2 , %vol 6 5 4 E0 E50 3 40 50 60 70 80 Vehicle Speed, km/h Figure 10. The variations of CO2 emission at second gear 8 CO2, %vol 7 6 5 4 E0 E50 3 60 70 80 90 100 110 Vehicle Speed, km/h Figure 11. The variations of CO2 emission at third gear 7 E0 E50 CO2 , %vol 6 5 4 3 80 90 100 110 120 Vehicle Speed, km/h Figure 12. The variations of CO2 emission at forth gear HC emission 75 130 �The variations of HC produced by running the vehicle using E0 and E50 fuels is shown in Figure 13, 14, 15. At all vehicle speed and each gear, HC emissions of E50 fuel are higher than HC emission of E0. The increase in average HC emission was approx. 60% for usage of E50 at second gear. The increase in average HC emission was approx. 54.28% for usage of E50 at third gear. The increase in average HC emission was approx. 65% for usage of E50 at forth gear. Cause of this is bad burning with bioethanol fuels. However, HC emission of E50 fuel is decrease due to lower heating value of E50 fuel. 60 E0 E50 40 30 20 10 0 40 50 60 70 80 Vehicle Speed, km/h Figure 13. The variations of HC emission at second gear 50 E0 E50 HC, ppm 40 30 20 10 0 60 70 80 90 100 110 Vehicle Speed, km/h Figure 14. The variations of HC emission at third gear 50 E0 E50 40 HC, ppm HC, ppm 50 30 20 10 0 80 90 100 110 120 Vehicle Speed, km/h Figure 15. The variations of HC emission at forth gear 76 130 �NOx emission The variations of NOx produced by running the vehicle using E0 and E50 fuels is shown in Figure 17, 18, 19. At all vehicle speed and each gear, NOx emissions of E50 fuel are lower than NOx emission of E0. The decrease in average NOx emission was approx. 45.2% for usage of E50 at second gear. The decrease in average NOx emission was approx. 53% for usage of E50 at third gear. The decrease in average NOx emission was approx. 61.71% for usage of E50 at second gear. Cause of the decrease is low of lower heating value of E50 fuel, and thus, temperature at burning end is decrease. 80 E0 70 E50 NOx, ppm 60 50 40 30 20 10 40 50 60 70 80 Vehicle Speed, km/h Figure 16. The variations of NOx emission at second gear 100 E0 E50 NOx, ppm 80 60 40 20 0 60 70 80 90 100 Vehicle Speed, km/h Figure 17. The variations of NOx emission at third gear 77 110 �100 E0 E50 NOx, ppm 80 60 40 20 0 80 90 100 110 120 130 Vehicle Speed, km/h Figure 18. The variations of NOx emission at forth gear Conclusion In this study, it is shown that bioethanol as alternative SI engine fuel can be used successfully to operate a electronic ignition SI engine without modifications to engine or injection system. The following conclusion may be drawn from the result of the present study: • Bioethanol is a renewable energy resource. • Gasoline and bioethanol are similar in their chemical and physical properties. • Bioethanol can be used cheaply and as an alternative fuel in a SI engine instead of gasoline. • Exhaust emissions of bioethanol and bioethanol blend fuels was better than gasoline. Result of emission tested of bioethanol’s emission values are optimistic. Acknowledgement This work is supported by The Coordinatorship of Selcuk University’s Scientific Research Projects (Grant Number: 08401119). References [1] Yap, D., Megaritis, A., Wyszynski, M.L. 2005, An experimental study of bioethanol HCCI. Combustion Science and Technology, 177:2039-2068. [2] Can, Ö., Çelikten, Đ., Usta, N. 2004, Effects of ethanol addition on performance and emissions of a turbocharged indirect injection Diesel engine running at different injection pressures, Energy Conversion and Management, 45:24292440. [3] Lapuerta, M., Armas, O., Herreros, J.M. 2008. Emissions from a diesel – bioethanol blend in automotive diesel engine. Fuel. 87:25-31. [4] De Caro, P.S., Mouloungui, Z., Vaitilingom, G., Berge, J.Ch. 2001. Interest of combining an additive with diesel– ethanol blends for use in diesel engines. Fuel. 80(4):565–74. [5] Kremer, F.G., Fachetti, A. 2000. Alcohol as automotive fuel—Brazilian experience. SAE Paper 2000-01-1965. [6] Heiseh, W.D., Chen, R.H., Wu, T.L., Lin, T.H.2002.Engine performance and pollutant emission of an SI engine using ethanol-gasoline blended fuels. Atmospheric Environment, 36:403-410. [7] Örs, Đ., Tarakcioglu, N., Ciniviz, M. 2009. Effects of gasoline – ethanol blends on vehicle performance and exhaust emissions, Journal of Polytechnic. 12(1):13-19. 78 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 336 Title A name given to the resource Effect Of Bioethanol – Gasoline Blends On The Exhaust Emissons And Performance Of A Vehicle Author Author Ciniviz, Murat Örs, İlker Tarakçıoğlu, Necmettin Abstract A summary of the resource. In this study, the effect of using new generation fuel injection system and electronic ignition system in a spark ignition (SI) vehicle as an alternative fuel by using bioethanol on the exhaust emissions and performance of vehicle will be experimentally examined. By mixing bioethanol and gasoline in diverse proportions as 50%, the effects of this on the exhaust emissions and performance of vehicle will be searched. An order to establish the emissions of vehicle, by running the vehicle in different clutch types and various vehicle speed were accounted through measuring wheel power, fuel consumption and CO, CO2, HC, NOx exhaust emissions were measured at each gear for each fuels. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed Q Science (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/854a87b5ab2582d5a097e2e985a4d790.pdf d0ab6dbb6f1968005fdec3ba7e133ca7 PDF Text Text 2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo Determination of the Right Strategy to be Received for the Maximum Permanent Level of Learning Assist. Prof. Mehmet Civan The University of Gaziantep Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences Business Administration civan@gantep.edu.tr Lecturer Mehmet Korpi The University of Gaziantep Naci Topcuoglu Vocational School of Higher Education korpi@gantep.edu.tr Lecturer Mustafa Aksin The University of Gaziantep Naci Topcuoglu Vocational School of Higher Education aksin@gantep.edu.tr Abstract: During training period in Vocational schools and faculties of the "Computer" and "Accounting" section , the basic lessons , taught in the first year be read as references to other courses because of teaching done in terms of spinal function. Đn this context the aim of our study is to make a Research on students and lecturers for the main course, training in the first year , in the relevant sections of Vocational School and faculties and get some proposals for these courses how to be read the next period and determining right strategy for teaching methods and removing the highest level to obtain the maximum benefit. As a result of this work for this part of the basic course is intended to maximize the learning. Keywords:Education, Teaching Models, Strategies, Computer Algorithms, Accounting. 1. The factors effecting the learning Throughout the human life as a conscious and systematic or unsystematic way to study, provide benefits. No matter which way they interact with the educational process within the individual. During this interaction within a specific system or person as an individual learning activities also performs as unsystematic. Unsystematic learning can present every moment of our lives, at an event, an observation or information obtained during a trip can be unsystematic. Learning system is also available as a target and this target in a specific time interval, if a particular issue within the framework of the mutual interaction of teaching / learning activities are organized. Learning / teaching issue or concept of targeted instructional strategies with which to perform, in terms of provision of learning is of course extremely important. Training methods and techniques used in time exactly as it affects students, student participation is affected. In-class activities can be more effective and meaningful to choose the right strategy, at the end of the educational process as individuals affect the exact level of learning. What is strategy? With a general statement of strategy, monitoring is determined to reach a goal or plan to the entire road is called strategy. Teaching / learning strategies as a brief description of the strategy to be taught about methods of learning which expresses the action will take place. 282 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo Today, students interested in expanding their area, hence the interest in lessons and attention spans are decreasing. Given this situation is becoming increasingly difficult job of educators. Students 'high level of active participation Educator's main duties are to ensure that the basic teaching strategies to identify and issue according to the most appropriate strategy to identify near students' attention to keeping alive the course is fun to make education . When determining this training strategy teacher's consideration should be some of the issues are as follows: - the region's social living conditions, - the region's and students' economic status, - the current geographical location and local conditions, - domestic living conditions, - the education system of structural characteristics, - the school and the environment to live in harmony with the problems, - student readiness levels - goals and objectives for the future. Only a few of these factors under the hood, directly or indirectly affects the education system. Be determined to succeed in a course in strategy is only one correct strategy is not possible to determine that. Because they may occur, regional disparities, rural / urban areas in the education level of the students present many factors such as differences will show for the training will give the people of these factors taken into consideration as strategies are needed. These cases should be considered as the basis of student interest in lessons in the process of training and motivation will be to maximize the Mental present. The necessary methods and strategies will be effective for determining the factors which require investigation are available. The main topics of the students, cognitive, affective and psycho-motor behavior in the development, economic and social conditions, students impact on domestic education and training environments creates conditions are so versatile, must be considered and that under the conditions appropriate strategies must be determined. If we take the step to determine strategies that observations should be made. - Students must recognize that education should be defined purpose and goal. - Students need to be determined. Course in relation to previous knowledge level should be determined, the course content info needed and expectations can be learned. - Course later life or in our daily life, what will benefit or how to get a place to be, the students should be informed why to learn - Students' ideas and thoughts configuration, ten of how A learning course will be about the way must be shown. - Each student's intelligence structure is different because the students' learning and understanding the directions said would be different from the course in a single technique, but a very different techniques must be used. - To increase the Students’ interest and motivation / attention during the course collecting different samples and different perspectives should be presented, the students should be asked to express their viewpoint. - Students must take responsibility according to their level and abilities that students should not be asked more than they can do. - Project work may be requested related to issuesç Groups of students form the teams to work should be encouraged, distribution of tasks and responsibility must be installed. - Training issues and problems that may occur during .the teacher be able to predict the course should be prepared. Learners can be used by, and again by teachers can teach mental processes including learning strategies with the support of learned nature raising, learning ease and permanence (Babadoğan, 1994). The students can use all learning issues or status for the different learning strategies . And learning strategies should be varied, this situation can be changed when the show they are in nature. it Can be said different learning strategies and develop new learning strategies that students can place can set their own learning and effective it. When Literature is examined it can be seen that on learning strategies in relation to different classifications are made. Basically, the most common form of learning strategies, Repetition, Connotation, Organizing, to understand monitoring and Affective Strategy in the form of classified (Ozer, 1998; Trust, 2004, Weinstein, 1988). All of these factors, the learning-teaching activities is effective considering the strategy should be determined . what are the learning teaching strategies are available? 283 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo 2. What are the Active Learning Performing Instructional Strategies ? At Courses a high level of active participation of students with persistent learning level, reaching maximum to be followed dimensions.students at learning process as possible from the highest levels of activated,to maket hem responsible for their own learning. Classes provide a high level of student participation are some of the basic teaching strategies. (Harm, 1994) 2. 1. Inviting to share a new event Description: Invite the students to share new or interesting event they have experienced Purpose : Students gather their attention to the lesson and create a healthy classroom environment One of effective ways to begin the lesson the students will be selected a recent incident in which they live or who to ask their opinion about a current event. the subject does not matter, students will express their views and will debate. Talk about ideas without being overly long course should be continued by thanking. The aim here is to create an environment for discussion of students, the opportunity for students to express their views . This strategy does not take students in academic subjects that a lot of ideas and opinions about events provide revelation. The most important of these strategies into a top-class attention and concentration provides classes for students. 2.2.To detect the known and asked to be known Description :To ask while Getting ready for a particular student or course of study begins as relevant to them and they know what they want to know Purpose: To build and unit on students’interests knowledge and questions How to ask a student who wants to learn, a curiosity or interest in his efforts to resolve the means. Also curious to listen to other students in the class a student may be interested in different areas. This method increases the level of readiness of both students and allows the increase of attendance, as well as the emergence of new ideas and perspectives of students by making clear the course will determine the direction of flow. 2. 3.To prepare a fluency lesson plans Definition: to prepare a lesson plan which will ensure the Class for a smooth, interesting and high-level participation Purpose: In class, students learn the process without any penalties or rewards, of course, enough to ensure the participation of a lot of events and activities take place A classic way to describe the course and progress in a monotonous lecture course which will reduce the student's attention and makes it unsuitable for learning. Stages of the course students should be provided for class participation and interaction of learning activities must take place 2.4.Progress quickly and by fast steps Definition: the participation of all students in class to provide the course is to ensure rapid progress. Purpose: To prevent the spread of the students' attention. Progress at a rapid pace strategy consists of many small steps, and each small step in the processing of a subject is in question. If the energy of the students or the teacher feels it has fallen to the level of class participation can go another step. In this way, students' active participation can be ensured. 284 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo 2.5 As progressive or tiered teaching Description: A teacher, a particular topic, rather than one at a time understand that sometimes come back to the topic, the students' attendance and reduce the risk of loss. Purpose: Students on "instant" learning to print their personal and natural learn at a pace to allow. And time to focus on a subject to spend a long time, enabling students to learn about it is not always a good way. Students learn a subject fully and deeply , such as a short subject, but at frequent intervals might be useful to go back again and again. Phased and layered as education, will increase retention of information. 2. 6.To offer a limited range Definition: to maintain the participation of students in the classroom, but will also threaten their security to have a variety of learning formats. Purpose: To prevent excessive diversity in course. To have the diversified subject but this diversification should not decrease the attention of the students towards the course . For this reason, the motivation of students and courses related to a diminution of fear or worry is the question. Course topics and diversity in terms of limiting the control of teachers and students to facilitate the course will keep the interest alive. 2.7.Replying to questions Description: Ask any student in the class to answer a particular question, without asking or saying the right answer before the teacher's questions, all students in the class they want to write the answer to a question addressed. Purpose: Put on the highest level of number of students to think about a question. The implementation of this strategy is very simple. This question is asked a question to the class and say the correct answer to all the students in the class before they are asked to write answers to a question addressed. However, for the success of this strategy, students are asked a question with a question asking students to answer this question is useful to take a break between. Meanwhile, or "wait time" (Rowe, 1986), in their minds of the students give an opportunity to create a response. However, fort his success of this strategy, students are asked a question with a question asking students to answer this question is useful to take a break between. Meanwhile, or “wait time” (Rowe, 1986), in their minds of the students give an opportunity to create a response. 2.8. To form Working and sharing groups Description: Students, first divided into small working groups are trying to understand a particular problem. Students, then the different working groups composed of members coming together to teach each other as they learn. Purpose: To provide a high level of student participation with group works. This strategy takes place in two stages; First stage, classroom, working groups on specific issues or problems are created. For example, a list of interesting words in the sentences using each of your establishment, "or" deal with real life problems that can be applied to Generate alternatives such as ". At this stage, as well as for students to complete assigned tasks to determine a specific time period. And usually short period of time, is better than a long period of time, because the short time period allows students to move fast and smart. , In the second stage, students do not have their own working groups to come together with individuals and their ideas were discussed in working groups will be asked to share with each other. 2.9.Strategy of write-share-learn 285 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo Description: Students answer a question before the individual authors and then share their writings with others. Objectives: The students basic writing skills and to gain the habit of writing as much as possible to provide a practical quantity. Write-share-learn strategy takes place in five stages. These phases are as follows; - The class requiring students to reflect on a question is directed. Then all the students in the class of their questions answered in a quiet way are asked to take special note. - Teachers, three or four students write finished realized when students' thoughts on paper and will leave, and students volunteer their ideas to tell ones ideas, expressing willingness to students such grants. - Then, students are asked to share their ideas with students and interaction among students is provided. - At this stage, students share their ideas, their partners and teachers in class are asked to share their ideas on the subject by saying the conversation ends. - The last phase of the teachers and students within the course of analyzing what they do, their thinking on emerging ideas. 2.10. To focus on concepts and generalizations Description: A course or unit, independent piece of information or details are not around, more generally, to be built around the concept or generalization. Objectives: The students' learning, to the level of concepts or generalizations. In this strategy, a small piece of information and details to more general concepts, and generalizations are used to achieve. Students not only to memorize a small piece of information, little information is asked to analyze the generalizations reached. 2.11.To make the application work Description: Students apply what they have learned to real life situations to ensure that the work performed. Purpose: Students learn to make them more meaningful, given the opportunity to cast what they have learned into practice. Teachers, students learn the information they want in real life applications, the course or subject may move to the application level. In this way, students learn to reconcile with life and thus get the habit of learning and a good location and income in real life. 2.12.Create signs Description: Students learn important truths about life and the use of signs reminding. Purpose: Students sensors, to ensure a balanced and self-responsible individuals. Produced many students in the class anxiety, worry and fear are affected. These students, for example, how teachers will be satisfied with regard, to show for their classmates' reactions to their errors, or about the topics covered in class to understand and are concerned about can not understand. Indeed, some students afraid to make mistakes, as they put themselves into position like stupid or ignorant not afford to attend the events are known. Thanks to this board should not make students who are intended to overcome the fear of making mistakes by learning. 2.13.Create table concept Description: The class works, and periodically review a concept to create the table. Purpose: Key concepts and important in the minds of students to enable them to stay as fresh or lively. The most important way of organizing a classroom environment is one of the students are learning during the year, they aim to learn the important concepts or ideas, or a wall to show the class. 286 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo Classroom teachers with the concept of the periodic table, turning from time to time outlining the issues to ensure the permanence of the concepts discussed. In this way, will be easier for students to recall and knowledge of the subject will be more permanent. Vocational training and information about all of these strategies and other teaching strategies for the course when we examine the subject and content are the most appropriate strategy should be chosen. Besides the existing implementation of strategy rather than one to one of these strategies are appropriate to the format of the individual making the courses can be provided. To be reviewed as an example, consider first the IT field. The information provided in the field of vocational education programming in the sub-branch first as a student will receive training in computer hardware and history will be. Then the basis for programming the "Algorithm" and its follow-up structure in a programming language, small applications that will be provided by an introduction to programming. Programming logic programming slowly students increase their education and research in the sub-branch as they will continue to develop programming skills. For each course to provide the highest level of efficiency as a specific instructional strategies should be determined at the highest level of education should be implemented to ensure the right strategy. Determining the right strategy, both in the permanent student learning and more students in terms of ensuring the topic is extremely important in terms of understanding. The most fundamental issue to be dealt with here, a student will receive educational programming as the basis for programming "algorithms" course is fully understood. Students fully understand the structure of the algorithm to pass without programming, programming classes is largely unsuccessful. After basic training the first student in mind, this is usually 'why' questions are created. By students, "Algorithms" course due to the inability to connect to a reason for this question in the first period, which is the foundation of programming a reluctance to face and understand the difficulty of this course is observed. Yet on the basis of this course only "problem-solving logic" is located. A problem that "how" answers to determine the manner of resolving "Algorithms." This exceeded the highest levels of student learning and to win their first lessons about the "why" questions are the answers must be given to the students. The answer to this question of "how" will be given in terms of education is extremely important. As a verbal description of this course in terms of teaching staff will be very difficult and tiring. In line with this desired efficiency of the students clearly seems to not be obtained. The best method of people with a learning by doing ", learning to live with" to be given a basic education, education is very healthy in terms of yield. To achieve this purpose beginning of the semester to students that everyone of interest related to a project identified and the related issues that may arise problems regarding a resolution chart stickers, and so other students to their friends to tell Provided, every student in themselves "why" questions, the answers will have. For learning to occur and thus the level of readiness of students will come to the highest level. In this context "algorithms" course "for the question to respond," the study and sharing groups to create "and" Application studies to make "such methods in the course lasting learning to maximize delivery to the correct strategy would be. After this point needs to be explained by explaining the issues step by step in strengthening the case can be made at a maximum level of learning. Purpose in pursuing such a strategy as well as university students in the direction of the research will be carried out and the burden of the teaching staff will be minimized. Conclusions and Recommendations As noted in the examples given are intended to be a brief lesson has to do a feasibility study for the first month, then that should be followed on the needs of students must decide for the right strategy. 287 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo The courses mainly in the application directly through the application of the issue before the planned application in our daily lives or in the future, students should be informed about the requirements. After this information without the knowledge and expectations of students that must be considered. A strategy should be determined according to students' needs and work in this direction by giving weight to ensure that learning is required. References Saban, A. (2004). Öğrenme Öğretme Süreci. Ankara. Nobel Publication ., Rowe, M. B. (1986). Wait time: Slowing down may be a way of speeding up. Journal of Teacher Education, 31, 43-50. Sünbül, A.M. (1998). Farklı Öğrenme Stratejilerinin Öğrencilerin Başarı, Tutum, Okuduğunu Anlama ve Öğrenmenin Kalıcılığına Etkisi. Ankara: Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Unpublished doctoral dissertation Tunçer, B.K., Güven, B., (2007, Aralık), Öğrenme Stratejileri Kullanımının Öğrencilerin Akademik Başarıları, Hatırda Tutma Düzeyleri ve Derse Đlişkin Tutumları Üzerindeki Etkisi, Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi, Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi. Cilt:IV, Sayı:II, 1-20 Uysal, F.(1996). Öğrenme sürecine etkin öğrenci katılımının öğrenme sonuçlarına etkisi. Unpublished doctoral dissertation Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Đzmir. Dikbaş, Y., Kaf Hasırcı, Ö., (2008), Öğrenme Stratejileri Öğretiminin ve Ders Đşlenişinde Kullanımının Öğrencilerin Akademik Başarılarına ve Tutumlarına Etkisi, Ahi Evran Üniversitesi Kırşehir Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi (KEFAD) Cilt 9, Sayı 2, (69-76) Açıkgöz K., (2005), Etkili Öğrenme ve Öğretme (6. Baskı). Đzmir, Eğitim Dünyası Yayınları; s8-12, 66-89. Baykan, Z., Naçar, M., Mazıcıoğlu, M., (2006),Öğrenme Stratejilerinin Öğrenci Başarısına Etkisi, IV. National Education Congress, May 2-5, Adana, Turkey. 288 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 708 Title A name given to the resource Determination of the Right Strategy to be Received for the Maximum Permanent Level of Learning Author Author Civan, Mehmet KÖRPİ, Mehmet Aksin, Mustafa Abstract A summary of the resource. During training period in Vocational schools and faculties of the "Computer" and "Accounting" section , the basic lessons , taught in the first year be read as references to other courses because of teaching done in terms of spinal function. Đn this context the aim of our study is to make a Research on students and lecturers for the main course, training in the first year , in the relevant sections of Vocational School and faculties and get some proposals for these courses how to be read the next period and determining right strategy for teaching methods and removing the highest level to obtain the maximum benefit. As a result of this work for this part of the basic course is intended to maximize the learning. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General)