286 10 3494 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/ec363f1a4714125243f5249af19a0cca.pdf 1de8058a0245cc531cf0c877ceb4ddbd PDF Text Text 2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo The Effects of the Children Under 8 Years Old on Their Families’ Food Purchasing Decision Ercan BALDEMĠR Muğla University Faculty of Economics and Administrative Science Turkey ebaldemir@hotmail.com Aytekin FIRAT Muğla University Faculty of Economics and Administrative Science Turkey aytekinfirat@mu.edu.tr Ali Naci KARABULUT Muğla University Faculty of Economics and Administrative Science Turkey ankarabulut@mu.edu.tr Funda KAYA Muğla University Faculty of Economics and Administrative Science Turkey fundaky@yahoo.com Abstract:Family factor, one of the social factors affecting the purchasing behavior, is regarded to be the most important factor giving direction to the purchasing decisions. In every period of the life, the consumption patterns of an individual cannot be isolated from his/her family‘s consumption patterns. The reason why the present study is limited to the foods is that children are the direct consumers of foods and foods have an important portion in the consumption expenditures of families. And the reason why an upper age limit (8 years old) is set up for the study is that this age is considered to be transition to having purchasing decisions on their own. In the field work, food purchasing was divided into sub-categories because the study aims to reveal the extent to which children affect purchasing decisions in each sub-category. Moreover, for each sub-category, other factors that can affect the purchasing decisions and that are not related to children were also investigated, in this way, the real influence of the children is expected to be found. As purchasing decision is a qualitative data with two possibilities, there can be many independent variables that have the potential for affecting dependent variable; therefore, here ―sequenced logit model‖ will be used to evaluate the findings of the study. Keywords: Food, Purchasing Decision, Family, Child, Under 8 Years 1. Introduction Contemporary view of marketing aims to maximize sum of the long-term profits in terms of their current value rather than maximize the immediate profit of an organization (Islamoğlu,2002:8). That is, the contemporary 436 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo view of marketing aims to have long-term sustainable targets rather than have great profits by selling a lot in a short time. In this respect, one of the major objectives of marketing is to provide organizations with sustainable strategies and competitive advantage. Basically, the science of marketing is interested in finding ways of meeting consumers‘ desires and needs in a timely and satisfying manner. Marketing managers should primarily know the target market and consumers of this market, develop proper marketing strategies for the target population and take the correct decisions to design an appropriate ground for production, pricing and distribution activities which are called the components of marketing (Karabulut,1981:4). For marketers, knowing consumers means determining all the internal and external factors affecting purchasing decisions and clearly understanding consumers‘ desires and needs. This is only possible by knowing the social and cultural milieu where the consumers grow up and live and determining the factors affecting the decisions taken in this environment. This also makes the subdivision of the market possible. However, during the division of the market, it may not be very easy to know the consumers and locate them according to their desires and needs in the market because there are many factors simultaneously affecting the behaviors of the consumers. This leads to confusion and makes it difficult to predict the behaviors. Hence, there are some models developed to provide managers with explanatory and real information by approaching consumer behaviors through more holistic viewpoint. The oldest and well-known of these models is the model developed by psychologist Kurt Lewin. The model proposed by Lewin to explain consumer behaviors is important as it served the function of a pioneer for the other models. According to this model, human behavior develops under the influence of both personal and environmental factors and this is called ―black box model‖ or ― stimulus-response model‖ in the literature. The model is illustrated in figure 1 (Ġslamoğlu and AltunıĢık,2008:23). Figure 1: Kurt Lewin‘s ―black box model‖ As can be seen in the model, the center where the consumer makes purchasing decision is called ―black box‖. It is not exactly known how the black box functions and decisions are made. As every individual exhibit a unique structure, the function of the black box varies from one person to another because many different factors intervene with the decision making process and they do not have the same impact on everybody (Ünlüönen and Tayfun,2003:4). In order to make the model clearer, the model developed by Kotler to explain the consumer‘s decision making process is given below in figure 2: Marketing Other stimuli stimuli Buyer’s Product Price Place Promotion Cultural Social Personal Psychological Economic Technological Political Cultural characteristics Buyer’s decision process Problem recognition Information search Evaluation of alternatives Purchase decision Postpurchase behavior Buyer’s decisions Product choice Brand choice Dealer choice Purchase timing Purchase amount Figure 2: Kotler‘ Purchasing Decision-making Model 437 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo As can be seen in Kotler‘s model, the factors determining the characteristic of the consumer‘s purchasing decision are cultural, social, personal, and psychological factors (Kotler,2000:161). And each factor may have a direct influence, either positive or negative, on the consumer‘s purchasing decision. This makes the consumer behaviors difficult to understand and hence, many studies focused on explanation of the consumer behaviors. The aim of the present study is to investigate the effects of children usually not making their own purchasing decisions on the family‘s purchasing decisions. As known, family factor, one of the social factors, is considered to be the most important social factor giving direction to purchasing decisions. Family consisting of mother, father, and children is a unit having functions of money earning and spending and it is the most influential and developed social group. In every period of the life, the consumption patterns of an individual cannot be isolated from his/her family‘s consumption patterns (Karaosmanoğlu,1995:26). In this line, during the purchasing decision-making process, family members may assume different roles (starter, imposing, decision maker, and user). A purchaser of a product and its user may be different family members. The roles assumed in this process should be well understood (Çakır, 2006:2) because each family member having different roles in the family affects the purchasing decisions in different ways. In particular, child‘s effect in family decisions is located among the social factors as a family factor and may affect the purchasing decision of the consumer in different manners. Children mostly assume the roles of starter and imposer in purchasing of many different goods and services. With the changing living conditions, the weight of children in decision-making process as decision-makers is increasing. With women entering business life, the impacts of children on decisions have increased. The children whose mothers are working assume the greater portion of their mothers‘ decision-maker role in many purchasing decisions, that is, they assume greater responsibility in decision-making process. Moreover, as children are more open to marketing messages and there is a lack of affection on the part of parents for their children due to their busy business lives, and as parents want to fill in this gap by giving more responsibility and right to say to their children, the relative influence of children on purchasing decisions is getting stronger (Çakır, 2006:132). Children as consumers represent an important segment of the population in terms of guiding purchasing decisions. Due to its hugeness and power, this segment constitutes an important segment for marketers (Gunter and Furnham, 1998:173). In this respect, the main purpose of the study is to reveal the influence of children on their parents‘ purchasing decisions. 2. Literature Review In relation to consumer behaviors, the relation between children and marketing system started to gain importance in late 80s (McNeal and Yeh, 1990:32). With the recognition of the importance of children as consumers, marketing researchers felt greater need to develop more effective methods to reach children. For this purpose, it is seen necessary to understand what children are interested in, what they want and how they behave. In a normal purchasing process, children and the other members of the family are in a mutual interaction. While, on the one side, children‘s desires and needs guide the family‘s purchasing decisions, families, on the other side, play an important role in the socialization of their children as consumers. Children learn to make decision by being affected by their families‘ consumer identity (Karaca et al.,2007:236). Media, particularly television advertisements, play an important role in the socialization of children (i.e. participating in consumption activities) as consumers by getting them to learn how to make decisions. The reasons which make television advertisements so influential on children are that the children do not know the difference between advertisements and other television programs, and they are not aware of the advertisements‘ aim of persuasion. Therefore, many children are defenseless against the exploitative purposes of advertisements (Gunter and Furnham, 1998:102). These can also be included among the reasons leading researchers to look for the effects of children on purchasing decisions. The study by Poper and Shah (2007) revealed results supporting these assumptions. The study reported that 9 out of 10 children want to buy when they see something new in television advertisements (Roper and Shah, 2007:723). Another study by AC Nielsen Zet (1999) revealed the effects of children and young people on purchasing decisions and brand selection. The study also reported that when the families go shopping together with their children, consumption of 82% of the families increases. Moreover, the study argued that the effects of children on total consumption and brand selection are great. When the issue is considered in relation to marketing and especially advertisement, children can be called as target population. In many of the advertisements targeting adults, advertisers include factors that may draw the attention of children (Çakır, 2006:133). 438 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo According to another study carried out in 2000, the children lack the questioning skills possessed by adults; they have limited information and skill to evaluate causal relations, they focus on here and now, they do not have inclination to take others‘ opinions into consideration and they mostly focus on themselves and they want momentary sense of satisfaction (McNeal, 2000: 40 – 96) A study carried out in 2008 administered a questionnaire to the mothers with children in Vilnius/Lithuania and found that the children are most influential on their mothers‘ decisions to buy sweets and chocolate and these are followed by clothes, holiday plans, restaurant, audio and video, drinks, car and house furniture (Dickius and Medeksiene, 2008:109). There is a similar trend in our country. The findings of a study investigating the effects of advertisements on children seem to support these findings. The findings of the study revealed that majority of the children in 04-13 age group like advertisements, they think that they are believable, and they want to take the places of the children appearing in the advertisements. Among the advertisements, toy and food advertisements are the most influential on children. Most of the parents think that advertisements negatively affect children‘s imagination, creativity, and consumption patterns; they make children more extravagant and encourage them to adopt bad feeding habits (Karaca et al., 2007:247). Another study carried out in Ġstanbul in 2006 revealed that the effects of children in purchasing process are not related to the price of the thing but direct usefulness of it for children. However, when the effects of children on purchasing decisions for similar products were investigated, it was found that the children are more influential on purchasing decisions for cheaper products. Children are more influential on decisions relating the products they themselves use than the one relating the products of common use. When it comes to the products purchased for the common use of the family, again the children have greater impacts on the purchasing of cheaper and lower risk goods (Aygün, 2006:50). There is a paper presented in 9th International Marketing Trends Congress held in Venedik on 20-23 February 2010 and this paper seems to be summarizing what has been told so far. According to this study, in Italian food industry, children are thought to have effects in four different dimensions and different strategies are followed for each of them. According to this, children may be included in different markets by marketers: 1. Primary Market, 2. Secondary Market, 3. Influence Market and 4. Future Market. In relation to these different target groups; children‘s characteristics, and typical age groups, and who the target is in the family for marketers and marketing strategies for these groups are presented in the following table (IRONICO, 2010:11): 439 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo Children as… Characteristics Typical groups Primary Market Children have acquired the basic knowledge and skills to autonomously conduct a purchase act. School Children Secondary Market Children are dependent upon adults since they do not possess the cognitive and motor skills to autonomously fulfil their consumer needs or the basic knowledge and skills to autonomously conduct a purchase act. Even though children do not possess the basic knowledge and skills to autonomously conduct a purchase act, they are able to influence the consumer choices of the family by expressing their needs and asserting their preferences. Corporations invest into longterm activities aimed at encouraging the brand loyalty of children as the consumers of tomorrow in a lifetime relationship marketing view. Newborns; preschool children Parents Preschool and school children Children and parents Gift in pack, transtoying, advergaming, licensing, co-marketing, fantasy testimonials, miniaturization, dual messaging. Preschool and school children Children and parents Gift in pack, transtoying, advergaming, licensing, co-marketing, fantasy testimonials, miniaturization, dual messaging. Influence Market Future Market age Target of the marketing strategy Children Marketing and communication strategies Gift in pack, transtoying, advergaming, licensing, co-marketing, fantasy testimonials, miniaturization. Gatekeeping. Source: Ironico, 2010:11 Table 1: Marketing Strategies for Children The above-mentioned studies help determine the scope, purpose, hypotheses and limitations of the present study. 3. Research Methodology In the field research, food purchasing was divided into sub-categories such as fresh vegetables and fruit, milk and dairy products, convenience food, liquors and soft drinks etc. and in this way, it was aimed to determine the effects of children on each sub-category. Moreover, for each sub-category, other factors that can affect the purchasing decisions and that are not related to children were also investigated, in this way, the real influence of the children was expected to be found. The reason why the present study was limited to food and drinks are as follows: - - Food and drinks are the products directly consumed by children. Young children have a tendency to meet their immediate needs hence they consume great amount of sweet and chocolate (Gunter and Furnham, 1998:35). Food constitutes an important portion of the consumption expenditures of a family. According to the results of Household Consumption Expenditure Survey carried out by DĠE in 1994, food expenditures constitute 28.5% of all the consumption expenditures and take the first place among the expenditure categories (Institute of Statistics, 1999: 356-361). The reason why an upper age limit (8 years old) is set up for the study is that this age is considered to be transition to having purchasing decisions on their own (McNeal, 2000: 17). The reference study for this was carried out in America in 1987. The results of this study empirically show that 100% of the 7 year old children have previously made independent decisions while shopping with their parents and 80% of them have lived independent shopping experience (Lunt and Furnham,1996:35). After children become 8 years old, their independent shopping habits gain continuity hence their participation in consumption gains a different dimension. 440 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo In line with the purpose of the present study, a questionnaire form was developed and used to collect data. In the questionnaire, there 7 items related to demographics, 2 items aiming to solicit the children‘s participation patterns in purchasing, and 2 items where determining factors are defined about child‘s insistence to his/her parents and parents‘ considering about child‘s health. As those 2 factors will supply ordered datum which has 5 possibilities (0: not affecting, 1: a few affecting, 2: affecting, 3: very affecting and 4: totally affecting) and there are many different independent variables that can affect the dependent variable, the findings of the study were evaluated and interpreted through ―ordered logit model analysis‖. 4. Survey Findings and Conclusions The distribution of the demographic features obtained through face-to-face administration of a questionnaire to 204 participants having children aged 0-8 and making food expenditures is presented in Table 2. Variable Number of Percentage Variable Number of Percentage People People Age Income Level 22≤x≤27 29 %14.22 x<1000 TL 32 %15.76 28≤x≤33 66 %32.35 1000≤x≤2000 94 %46.31 34≤x≤39 63 %30.88 2001≤x≤3000 57 %28.08 40≤x≤45 38 %18.63 3001≤x≤5000 19 %9.36 46≤x 8 %3.92 5000<x 1 %0.49 204 %100 204 %100 Total Total Sexuality Male Female 79 125 %38.73 %61.27 Total 204 %100 Educational Status Primary School Secondary School High School University Postgraduate Total 34 24 75 55 16 204 %16.67 %11.76 %36.76 %26.96 %7.84 %100 Table 2: Demographic Findings In order to find out the extent to which the families are affected from their children while making their food purchasing decisions, the participants were asked how much they are affected from the following two factors while making their purchasing decisions; Factor-1: As a result of children‘s being affected by advertisements and environmental factors, their becoming insistent on buying something, Factor-2: while making purchasing decisions, paying attention to prodcuts‘ impacts on children‘s health. The extent to which the participants attach importance to these two factors while making their food purchasing decisions is presented in table 3; 441 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo Factor-1 Not Affecting Number People 62 of Percentage Factor-2 %30.39 Not Affecting Number of People 12 Percentage %5.88 A Few Affecting 36 %17.65 A Few Affecting 16 %7.84 Affecting 38 %18.63 Affecting 29 %14.22 Very Affecting 35 %17.16 Very Affecting 40 %19.11 Totally Affecting 33 %16.18 Totally Affecting 107 %52.45 Table 3: Frequency Tables for Factor 1 and 2 In order to find out whether the extent to which the participants are affected from these factors varies depending on their demographic features while making their purchasing decisions, dummy variables for ordered variables such as age, gender, marital status, educational status, and the number of the children who are 8 years old or under were formed and then by using ordered logit analysis, the effects of these variables on these two factors were measured. The ordered logit analysis revealed that there is no significant impact of the independent variables of age of the parents, gender, marital status, and income level on the first factor. However, effects of factor vary depending on the educational level of the parents and the age group of the children possessed. Factor 1 Child between 0-2 Child between 2-4 Child between 4-6 Child between 6-8 Secondary sc. High sc. University Postgraduate Coef. -.2314801 .6821392 1.314124 1.07787 .1948002 1.118461 .7050328 -.7040728 Std. Err. .3692538 .3856109 .3970187 .3674885 .5453462 .4424027 .5037245 .7050288 z -0.63 1.77 3.31 2.93 0.36 2.53 1.40 -1.00 P>z 0.531 0.077 0.001 0.003 0.721 0.011 0.162 0.318 [95% Conf. -.9552043 -.0736443 .5359813 .3576059 -.8740586 .2513681 -.2822491 - 2.085904 Interval] .492244 1.437923 2.092266 1.798134 1.263659 1.985555 1.692315 .6777582 Table 4: Ordered Logit Analysis for Factor 1 As can be seen in Table 4, except for those having children aged 0-2, the parents having children under 8 years old are affected from the 1st factor which is the insistence of the children in their food purchasing decisions. This finding seems to support the McNeal‘s argument that age 2 is the stage where children start to make request with signs and words as presented Stages of Consumer Behaviour Development Table (McNeal, 2000: 17). Moreover, this finding indicates that only participants who are high school or university graduates are significantly affected from factor 1, yet, the participants who have primary school or post-graduate education are not significantly affected. That is, the participants having high school, two-year degree and university education pay greater attention to their children‘s preferences and demands in their food purchasing decisions. This may be interpreted as the participants having less than high school education do not give their children right to say in their food purchasing decisions. However, when the results of the ordered logit analysis are examined, a different finding is obtained for those having post-graduate education; 442 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo Factor 2 Secondary sc. High sc. University Postgraduate 28≤x≤33 34≤x≤39 40≤x≤45 46≤x 1000≤x≤2000 2001≤x≤3000 3001≤x≤5000 5000 < x Coef. .0744801 .1562653 .4588567 -1.117541 -.295486 .8163078 . 3062561 .9782211 . 3181982 .3630866 1.052949 -1.626117 Std. Err. .5361029 .4488761 .5088667 .7925455 .4358705 .5183029 .5634005 .8863009 .4288602 .5199831 .6979224 1.941669 z 0.14 0.35 0.90 -1.41 - 0.68 1.57 0.54 1.10 0.74 0.70 1.51 -0.84 P>z 0.890 0.728 0.367 0.159 0.498 0.115 0.587 0.270 0.458 0.485 0.131 0.402 [95% Conf. -.9762623 -.7235157 -.5385037 -2.670901 -1.149777 -.1995473 -.7979887 -.7588966 -.5223524 -.6560616 -.3149542 -5.431719 Interval] 1.125223 1.036046 1.456217 .43582 .5588045 1.832163 1.410501 2.715339 1.158749 1.382235 2.420851 2.179485 Table 5: Ordered Logit Analysis for Factor 2 As can be seen in table 5, there is a significant relation between having post-graduate education and the extent to which the participants are affected from factor 2. That is, the participants having post-graduate education pay significantly less attention to the benefits of the food products for the health of their children when compared to the other participants with other educational levels. This is because the participants having post-graduate education attached lower scores to this factor for the sub-product groups including artificial additives such as processed meat and milk, read-to-eat and frozen foods, chips and drinks than the other participants. When we look at the mean score for this factor, we can see that the participants having post-graduate education seem to attach less importance to this factor but they attach greater importance to factor 2 for food groups considered to be very important for health such as meat and meat products and fresh vegetables and fruit than the other participants. According to the findings concerning factor 1, the participants having post-graduate education are less affected from their children‘s insistence and they are more questioning about the benefits and harms of foods for health. Hence, while making food purchasing decisions, these people are less affected from the direct or indirect influences of their children and they make more rational decisions. As a result of the present study, which was carried out to investigate the affects of the children who are 8 years old or under on their parents‘ purchasing decisions, it can be argued that, except for the children aged 0-2, the children under 8 years old have direct influences on their parents‘ purchasing decisions. Moreover, education status of the families, their income levels, and the extent to which children are affected from advertisements have direct influences on purchasing decisions. Though the ability of the children under 8 years old to make decisions is questionable, the present study shows that children have direct influences on the purchasing decisions for the products they like and this influence may appear in different forms. 5. References AYGÜN, Ġ., 2006. Çocukların Ailede Satın Alma Kararları Üzerine Etkileri ve Bir Uygulama, Gebze Yüksek Teknoloji Enstitüsü SBE, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Gebze. ÇAKIR, E., 2006. Satın Alma Kararlarında Çocukların Rolleri, Gazi Üniversitesi, SBE Üretim Yönetimi ve Pazarlama Bilim Dalı, YayınlanmamıĢ Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ankara. DICKIUS, V., MEDEKSĠENE, E., 2008. A Child Impact on Parent‘s Purchasing Decision, Vilnius University International Business School, Ekonomika ir vadyba: aktualijos ir perspektyvos, 2008- 4 (13), Vilnius. GUNTER B., FURNHAM A., 1998. Children As Consumers: A Psychological Analysis Of The Young People's Market, Routledge, London., IRONICO, S., 2010. Marketing and communication strategies aimed at children in the Italian food sector: a consumer learning perspective, 9th International Marketing Trends Congress, Venice. ĠSLAMOĞLU, A.H., 2002. Pazarlama Ġlkeleri, Beta Yayınevi, Ġstanbul. 443 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo ĠSLAMOĞLU, A.H. ve R. ALTUNIġIK. 2008. Tüketici DavranıĢları, Beta Yayınevi, Ġstanbul. KARABULUT, Muhittin. 1981. Tüketici DavranıĢı, Minnetoğlu Matbaacılık, Ġstanbul. KARACA, Y., A. PEKYAMAN, ve H., GÜNEY. 2007. Ebeveynlerin Televizyon Reklam Ġçeriklerinin Çocuklar Üzerindeki Etkilerini Etik Açıdan Algılamalarına Yönelik Bir AraĢtırma, Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi, SBE Dergisi, Cilt:9, Sayı 2, Aralık. KARAOSMANOĞLU K. 1995. Tüketici Satın Alma Karar Sürecinde Marka Etkinliğinin Ölçümlenmesi: Genç Giyim Üzerine Bir Uygulama, DEU, SBE ĠĢletme ABD, YayınlanmamıĢ Doktora Tezi, Ġzmir. KOTLER, P. .2000. Marketing Management, Prentice Hall Internatıonal Inc., Upper Sadle River, New Jersey. LUNT P. Ve A. FURNHAM. 1996. Economic Socialization, The Economic Beliefs and Behaviours of Young People, Edward Elgar Publishing, Cheltenham UK. McNEAL, J.U. 2000. Children as Consumers of Commercial and Social Products, Pan-American Health Organisation, Washington. McNeal, J.U., Yeh, C-H. (1990), "Taiwanese children as consumers", European Journal of Marketing, Vol. 24 No.10. Roper, S. & Shah, B 2007, 'Vulnerable Consumers: The Social Impact of Branding on children', Equal Opportunities International, vol. Vol. 26, No.7. ÜNLÜÖNEN, Kurban ve Ahmet TAYFUN. 2003. Turistlerin Yerli Halkın Tüketim DavranıĢlarına Etkileri Üzerine Ampirik Bir ÇalıĢma, Muğla Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, Sayı 10, Bahar. T.C. BaĢbakanlık DĠE, ―Hanehalkı Tüketim Harcamaları Anketi 1994‖, 1999, Ankara, s.356-361. 444 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 233 Title A name given to the resource The Effects of the Children Under 8 Years Old on Their Families’ Food Purchasing Decision Author Author BALDEMİR, Ercan FIRAT, Aytekin KARABULUT, Ali Naci KAYA, Funda Abstract A summary of the resource. Family factor, one of the social factors affecting the purchasing behavior, is regarded to be the most important factor giving direction to the purchasing decisions. In every period of the life, the consumption patterns of an individual cannot be isolated from his/her family‘s consumption patterns. The reason why the present study is limited to the foods is that children are the direct consumers of foods and foods have an important portion in the consumption expenditures of families. And the reason why an upper age limit (8 years old) is set up for the study is that this age is considered to be transition to having purchasing decisions on their own. In the field work, food purchasing was divided into sub-categories because the study aims to reveal the extent to which children affect purchasing decisions in each sub-category. Moreover, for each sub-category, other factors that can affect the purchasing decisions and that are not related to children were also investigated, in this way, the real influence of the children is expected to be found. As purchasing decision is a qualitative data with two possibilities, there can be many independent variables that have the potential for affecting dependent variable; therefore, here ―sequenced logit model‖ will be used to evaluate the findings of the study. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed HB Economic Theory https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/c5eea38b85c37772d648a9040c92886a.pdf 2a3dde35969030d53e940778cf6b94d2 PDF Text Text 2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo Analysis Of The Factors Affecting The Women’s Cosmetics Consumption In Terms Of Sustainability Ercan BALDEMĠR Muğla University Faculty of Economics and Administrative Science Turkey ebaldemir@hotmail.com Funda KAYA Muğla University Faculty of Economics and Administrative Science Turkey fundaky@yahoo.com Abstract: Women‘s effort to seem more beautiful may as older as the beginning of the history. Though ―beauty‖ concept varies from culture to culture, the use of cosmetics became almost a global consumption behavior. The reason is that ―beauty‖ products fulfill the inner desires, fantasies and dreams of women. In addition to the widespread use of the cosmetics by women, some of that kind of products causes various debates concerning sustainability because of the factors as non-natural, non-recyclable or tested on animals etc. Moreover a growing number of companies are looking to recognize the role of sustainability as an integral part of their marketing strategy. Therefore, the study aims at examining the factors, including alcohol, hypoallergenic and UV protection, which are expected to stimulate women‘s cosmetics consumption and the level of customer knowledge of women for cosmetics on the basis of logit regression model. Key Words: Consumer Behavior, Sustainability, Women Cosmetics, Logit Regression Model Introduction Diversification of consumption customs increasingly is one of the most explicit outcomes of economic development and industrialization. As disposable income increases, the budget which individuals devote to their consumption increases; moreover, satisfaction and happiness come by consumption becomes dramatically significant in their lives (Hayta, 2009:145). Besides, nowadays the relation between consumption and sustainability is often discussed. According to Schaefer (2005) sustainable development is perhaps the most significant and the most difficult problem currently facing marketing. Moreover, cosmetic industry is one of the most arguable fields in terms of sustainability. For example, during the nineteenth century, chemicals were used to replace more expensive natural ingredients making the cosmetics more widely used, but nowadays the health aspect of consumers is changing this trend involving an increased interest related to some factors as natural ingredients, skin protection, hypoallergenic and not tested on animals so on (Dimitrova et al., 2009:1155 ). Several companies, which pay attention to this trend, have developed advertising campaigns to project environmentally conscious corporate images and promote cosmetic products. Despite the fact the common assumption that marketing and sustainability are set for a head on collusion because marketing is about selling more while sustainability is about consuming less, these two concepts have something offer to each other (Chartered Institute of Marketing, 2007). Sustainable marketing which has been defined by Charter et al. (2006) as ―creating, producing and delivering sustainable solutions with higher net sustainable value while continuously satisfying customers and other stakeholders‖ explains the offer between marketing and sustainability. As such marketing can be seen to recognize the key role of consumers as decision makers in moving towards sustainability, studying the current behavior of women consumers of cosmetics can provide important clues. To increase sustainable patterns of consumption it is important to understand more about how consumers arrive at their purchasing decision (Jones et al., 2008:127). Therefore, this study aims at exploring the relation 429 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo between the demographic attributes of women respondents and the levels of their sustainable cosmetics consumption. With the data acquired from women consumers, some solutions are recommended for companies in order to make more sustainable marketing decisions. Literature Review Sustainable consumption has appeared in literature with the 21st agenda item, which is about sustainable development action plan, of World Summit carried out in Rio in 1992. As a result of Rio Summit, ―to alter the consumption customs of individuals for ensuring the sustainable development and minimizing the damaging effects of human on ecology is a great struggle of human being‖ was concluded. To understand the factors affecting consumer behavior is a right starting point for ensuring sustainable development and consumption (Hayta, 2009:144145). In this manner, the sustainable consumption substantially focuses on conscious consumer behavior. McDonald and Oates (2006) argue that it is easier to encourage sustainable buying behavior in fast moving consumer goods, such as cosmetics. Cosmetics industry is one of the most discussed fields regarding ecology and sustainability (Prothero, 1995; Prothero, 1996; Johri and Sahasakmontri, 1998; Dimitrova et al., 2009). During the last years, the cosmetic industry has dramatically diversified its managerial and marketing orientation towards customer requirements due to the growth in response to the customer trends towards healthier lifestyle and requirements for natural cosmetics (Dimitrova et al., 2009:1156). Johri and Sahasakmontri (1998) found that many companies, foreign and national, have adopted programs to deploy technologies and market products that minimize the extent of environmental damage of cosmetics. For example, The Body Shop and Oriental Princess have adopted a wide range of policies and practices as part of sustainable marketing of cosmetics in Thailand (Johri and Sahasakmontri, 1998:278). Customer knowledge level of the cosmetic consumers is one of the key factors affecting the sustainable consumption. Dimitrova et al. (2009) assumes customer knowledge management as an innovative approach, which studies both marketing tools and managerial practices, in order to achieve coordination between knowledge of the customers and the learning of the companies about a product, especially for cosmetics. The authors found natural aroma, high quality, hydration, skin protection, medical advice, long lasting, good promotion, hypoallergenic and not tested on animals are the most important motivating factors for the customers in Bulgaria, Montenegro and Italy in choosing cosmetics products (Dimitrova et al., 2009:1158). Furthermore, they agree that the customers are motivated to make use of successful united promotional mix for the ecological and sustainable cosmetics created by TV, internet and journals related to grooming products (Dimitrova et al., 2009:1164). According to Guthrie et al. (2008), a well-developed and established brand name is also a good motivator in the cosmetics industry. The cosmetic products are criticized frequently regarding tests on animals. Although these kinds of tests are applied more on plant tissues, testing cosmetics on animals have not ended (Altug, 2009:61). Some cosmetic companies position themselves on this issue both to show how they act ecologically and to contribute for sustainable consumption. For example, Body Shop have declared that they have campaigned for years to bring about a ban on testing cosmetics on animals and declared that they are among the few companies to comply with the stringent requirements of the internationally recognized Humane Cosmetics Standard (http://www.thebodyshopusa.com/beauty/against-animal-testing). At the present time, many of the materials used in production are non returnable, but in recent years recycling economy have begun to take disposable economy‘s place and this substantially provides the minimization of pollution and energy utilization of society. Moreover, recyclable products will provide a base for the sustainable economy of future (Brown et al., 1998:47-50). To use recyclable materials and recyclable packages in the production process point to the green marketing. It is also possible to mention the green marketing of cosmetics. According to Johri and Sahasakmontri (1998), the Body Shop follows green marketing approach in its business policies and practices. All packaging is made of recycled materials, such as paper and plastic, demonstrates how the company is going green (Johri and Sahasakmontri, 1998:269). As it is mentioned above, the cosmetic industry is so vulnerable to criticism regarding sustainability. Although marketing is often seen as the antithesis of the concept of sustainability in many ways, it is obvious that they can work for each other. The way of it is marketing sustainable cosmetics. To pursue sustainable marketing actions, the behavior of cosmetic consumers need to be analyzed. Research Method In the study, the proposed investigation of the cosmetic consumers‘ behavior and their sustainable consumption is based on the logit regression model, which modules different customer variables Xj (the set of 430 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo questions) with some principal data. The reason to use the logit model is that it is useful to sift out those important factors for the women consumers, which influence their sustainable consumption behavior and stimulate the increase of cosmetics purchasing. According to Koseva and Kaneva (2000), because of the specification of the variables with index (j), weak scales are needed to be used, of the so-called ―significant numbering difference‖. This method is using literally based results or distinction, such as ―yes‖ or ―no‖. In this study, women respondents are kindly asked to distinct the factors affecting their cosmetics consumption as ―I care‖ or ―I do not care‖. Such a statistical methodology presents a part of a general evaluation of the factorial influence of different, and independent statistical scales, over their definitions. The main question of the study is: RQ: How the demographic attributes (independent variables) of women cosmetic consumers are related to the factors (dependent variables) affecting sustainable consumption of them? The universe of the study is the women consumers aged from 21 to 65 who are living in Mugla Province Center, totally 29.880 women (http://report.tuik.gov.tr/reports/rwservlet?adnksdb2=&report=turkiye_il_ilce_yasgr.RDF&p_il1=48&p_ilce1=1532 &p_kod=3&p_yil=2009&p_dil=1&desformat=html&ENVID=adnksdb2Env). The sample size of 21-65 aged women is determined by the formula below (Miran, 2003:142-143): n Np(1  p) ( N  1) 2  p(1  p) The sample size calculated: 29.880 * 0.5 * 0.5  393 (29.880  1) * (0.02551) 2  0.5 * (1  0.5)   To conduct logit regression model, 392 women respondents aged from 21 to 65 years are kindly requested to fill in the questionnaire provided which includes some items adopted from Dimitrova et al. (2009). The rest of the items were acquired from a focus group discussion carried out with women consumers of cosmetics. The reason for choosing 21-65 aged women consumers is that the assumption of this range falls into the majority period; moreover, there is no compromise among social scientists about the sub-periods related to age of human (http://www.epsikoloji.com/forum/showthread.php?270-Yeti%FEkinlik-d%F6nemi). Findings and Discussion Table I identifies the demographics (age, occupation, educational level, marital status, income, living quarter) of the 392 women respondents. 431 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo Age Freq. Percent Cum. 21-29 176 44.90 44.90 30-39 104 26.53 71.43 40-49 71 18.11 89.54 50-59 32 8.16 97.70 60-65 9 2.30 100.00 Occupation Freq. Percent Cum. Retired 26 6.63 6.63 Worker 24 6.12 12.76 Officer 132 33.67 46.43 Housewife 55 14.03 60.46 Self-employed 51 13.01 73.47 Student 68 17.35 90.82 Private Sector 36 9.18 100.00 Educational Level Freq. Percent Cum. Primary School 42 10.71 10.71 High School 110 28.06 38.78 Bachelor 200 51.02 89.80 Postgraduate 40 10.20 100.00 Marital Status Freq. Percent Cum. Married 226 57.65 57.65 Single 166 42.35 100.00 Income Freq. Percent Cum. 0-1000 TL 166 42.35 42.35 1000-2000 TL 163 41.58 83.93 2000-over TL 63 16.07 100.00 Living Quarter Freq. Percent Cum. Urban 222 56.63 56.63 Rural 170 43.37 100.00 Table I: The demographic attributes of women respondents As it is shown in Table I; 21-29 aged, officer, bachelor degree, married, 1000-2000 TL income and city dweller women constitute the majority of respondents in the study. The demographics of women respondents are analyzed based on logit regression in terms of cosmetics including alcohol as the dependent variable in the equation, Table II is reached. According to logit model likelihood statistics, R-squared, which shows the explanatory power of the model, is found 0.0332. Ozer (2004) states that Rsquared statistics ranges between 0-1, and R-squared in this range has enough power to explain the factor (at Table II. cosmetics including alcohol). 432 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo Factor I Coef. Std.Err. z P>|z| (95% Conf. Interval) Bachelor .3630314 .2761627 1.31 0.189 .9043003 .1782374 Postgraduate .66131 .4128811 1.60 0.109 1.470542 .147922 30-39 .6948538 .3098879 2.24 0.025 .0874847 1.302223 40-49 .645027 .3667354 1.76 0.079 -.0737613 1.363815 Private Sector .9483088 .6348338 1.49 0.135 -.2959426 2.19256 Constant 1.215664 .2449706 4.96 0.000 .7355305 1.695798 Table II: The relation between demographics of respondents between cosmetics including alcohol By examining the data obtained, the model that clarifies the observations best is chosen as a final logit model in terms of cosmetics including alcohol. Table II shows that bachelor and postgraduate degree, 30-49 aged, working in private sector women form the best logit model regarding cosmetics including alcohol. The probability of bachelor and postgraduate women‘s notice about alcohol-include cosmetics respectively 0.36 and 0.66 more compared to others (primary and high school degree women). It is possible to say that mid-age women (30-49) notice alcohol-include cosmetics respectively 0.69 and 0.64 more than the young and old cosmetic consumers. The women working in private sector cares cosmetics whether to include alcohol possibly 0.94 more than the other groups as retirees, officers, workers, and students so on. Factor II Coef. Std.Err. z P>|z| (95% Conf. Interval) Bachelor 1.138652 .5843049 1.95 0.051 -.0065646 2.283868 Urban .8702247 .5594443 1.56 0.120 -.226266 1.966715 Student .6261938 1.30 0.192 -2.043421 .4112137 Single .8161036 .8161036 -1.619258 .7563434 -2.14 1.30 0.032 -3.101663 -.1368516 Constant 3.571052 .6234572 5.73 0.000 2.349098 4.793006 Table III: The relation between demographics of respondents between hypoallergenic cosmetics As it is shown at Table III, bachelor degree, single students whose living quarter is urban is found significant regarding hypoallergenic cosmetics. Having bachelor degree is significant at 0.05 levels and 1.13 more probable to notice hypoallergenic cosmetics than other educational levels. The students with a significance level of 0.19 are 0.81 more probable to notice while consuming hypoallergenic cosmetics. In this point, this can be concluded that the students are more concerned about their facial image because as Craik (1993) argues cosmetics assist one in completing an overall look. Moreover, marital status shows a negative relation between notice of hypoallergenic cosmetics even if it is significant at 0.03 level. 433 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo Factor III Coef. Std.Err. z (95% Conf. Interval) 1.88 P>|z | 0.176 Postgraduate .950704 1.074508 -1.155293 3.056701 Urban .7638016 .4801071 1.59 0.112 -.177191 1.704794 Student 1.1595 .7028292 1.65 0.099 -.2180197 2.53702 Housewife -1.005884 .7311068 -1.38 0.169 -2.438827 .4270594 2000-over 1.286201 1.052996 1.22 0.122 -.7776329 3.350035 Constant 3.166364 .5431155 5.83 0.000 2.101877 4.230851 Table IV. The relation between demographics of respondents between UV protection cosmetics Table IV indicates the demographics as educational level, living quarter, occupation and income constitutes a significant logit model regarding UV protection cosmetics. Postgraduate women consumers notice cosmetics to have UV protection 0.95 more probably than other educational degrees with 0.17 significance level. This is an expected result because the customer knowledge of cosmetics consumers should increase as educational level increases. Furthermore, the probability of city-dweller women to consume UV protection cosmetics at 0.11 significance level is 0.76 more than women who live in rural. As in the logit model of Factor II, students are 1.15 more probable than others to consume cosmetics with UV protection. In contrast to the student respondents, the probability of housewives is 1 less than the other groups with significance level of 0.16. As the price of UV protection cosmetics tend to be more than those are not, women consumers whose income is 2000 and above are 1.28 more probable the other income groups where the significance level is calculated 0.122. In addition to the cosmetics including alcohol, hypoallergenic cosmetics and UV protection, data obtained from women respondents regarding the cosmetics tested on animals and recyclable cosmetics, but significant logit models cannot be reached. This result may indicate that respondents with different demographics do not notice these sustainable attributes of cosmetics while making decisions. Conclusion Cosmetic industry is a growing market not only for women consumers but also men. Besides the huge growing rates of the industry year to year, the debates about sustainable consumption, which deals with the damages of human on ecology and the health of their own, and marketing of cosmetic products continue. In the study, three sustainable factors (including alcohol, hypoallergenic and UV protection) are examined based on logit regression model. The relations between these factors and demographics of women respondents are calculated to show how different groups behave sustainable in consumption of cosmetics. To learn to what extent cosmetic consumers behave sustainable gives important clues for developing better sustainable marketing strategies for companies. The limitation of the study arises from generalizing the cosmetic products in one category. Normally, the cosmetics mostly refers to make-up segment, but cosmetic products includes some sub-segments like baby care, bath and shower products, deodorants, hair care, oral hygiene, fragrances so on. Therefore, analysis of factors affecting the sustainable consumption for each cosmetic segment separately is needed. Despite the cosmetics mainly refer to women consumers; there is a growing market of men‘s cosmetics. For this reason, the future studies are needed to examine men consumers of cosmetics regarding sustainable consumption. References Altug, T. (2009). Hayvan Deneyleri Etiği, Türk Tıp Dizini, Sağlık Bilimlerinde Süreli Yayıncılık. 434 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo Brown, L.R.; Flavin, C. and Postel, S. (1998). Gezegenimizi Kurtarmak, Tübitak-Tema Vakfı Yayınları, Çeviren Sinem Gül, Ankara. Charter, M., Peattie, K., Ottman, J. and Polonsky, M.J. (2006). Marketing and Sustainability, available at: www.cfsd.org.uk/smart-know-net/links/smart-know-net.pdf Chartered Institute of Marketing, (2007). Ethics and Sustainability, available at: www.cim.co. uk/cim/ser/html/knoFactFile.cfm?KCTopicID=F64FBC16-620E-4E20-9A8E37B29C5 E8A62&objectID=EBB9A439-2D4941D4-BFCC958FC2779216 Craik, J. (1993). The Face of Fashion: Cultural Studies in Fashion, Routledge, London. Dimitrova, V., Kaneva, M. and Gallucci, T. (2009). Customer Knowledge Management in the Natural Cosmetics Industry, Industrial Management& Data, Vol.109, No.9, pp.1155-1165. Guthrie, M., Kim, H. and Jung, J. (2008). The Effects of Facial Image and Cosmetic Usage on Perceptions of Brand Personality, Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management, Vol.12, No.2, pp.1361-2026. Hayta, B.A. (2009). Sürdürülebilir Tüketim DavranıĢının Kazanılmasında Tüketici Eğitiminin Rolü, Ahi Erivan Üniversitesi, Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, Cilt.10, Sayı.3, Aralık, 143-151. Johri, L.M. and Sahasakmontri, K. (1998). Green Marketing of Cosmetics and Toiletries in Thailand, Journal of Consumer Marketing, Vol.15, No.3, pp.265-281. Jones, P., Hill, C., Comfort, D. and Hillier, D. (2008). Marketing and Sustainability, Marketing Intelligence and Planning, Vol.26, No.2, pp.123-130. Koseva, D. and Kaneva, M. (2000). Enterprise Statistics, Steno, Varna. McDonald, S. and Oates, C. (2006). Choosing to be sustainable: tracing complex decisions, available at: www.sustainabletechnologies.ac.uk/final%20pdf/Project%20Innovation% 20Briefs/Innovation%20Brief%207.pdf Miran, B. (2003).Temel Ġstatistik, Ege Üniversitesi Basımevi, Ġzmir. Ozer, H. (2004). Nitel DeğiĢkenli Ekonometrik Modeller, Nobel Yayın Dağıtım, Ankara. Prothero, A. (1995). Methodology Decision Making for Environmental Research in the Cosmetics and Toiletries Industry, Proceedings, 24th European Marketing Academy Conference, Paris, pp.939-952. Prothero, A. (1996). Environmetal Decision Making: Research Issues in the Cosmetics and Toiletries Industry, Marketing Intelligence and Planning, 14/2, pp.19-25. Schaefer, A. (2005). Some Considerations Regarding the Ecological Sustainability of Marketing Systems, Electronic Journal of Radical Organization Theory, Vol.9, pp.1-12. http://www.thebodyshop-usa.com/beauty/against-animal-testing http://report.tuik.gov.tr/reports/rwservlet?adnksdb2=&report=turkiye_il_ilce_yasgr.RDF&p_il1=48&p_ilce1=1532&p_kod=3&p _yil=2009&p_dil=1&desformat=html&ENVID=adnksdb2Env http://www.e-psikoloji.com/forum/showthread.php?270-Yeti%FEkinlik-d%F6nemi 435 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 231 Title A name given to the resource Analysis Of The Factors Affecting The Women’s Cosmetics Consumption In Terms Of Sustainability Author Author BALDEMİR, Ercan KAYA, Funda Abstract A summary of the resource. Women‘s effort to seem more beautiful may as older as the beginning of the history. Though ―beauty‖ concept varies from culture to culture, the use of cosmetics became almost a global consumption behavior. The reason is that ―beauty‖ products fulfill the inner desires, fantasies and dreams of women. In addition to the widespread use of the cosmetics by women, some of that kind of products causes various debates concerning sustainability because of the factors as non-natural, non-recyclable or tested on animals etc. Moreover a growing number of companies are looking to recognize the role of sustainability as an integral part of their marketing strategy. Therefore, the study aims at examining the factors, including alcohol, hypoallergenic and UV protection, which are expected to stimulate women‘s cosmetics consumption and the level of customer knowledge of women for cosmetics on the basis of logit regression model. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed HB Economic Theory https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/31b24a3536bc0e0eb9f45dc25d86d0d2.pdf 13b9bd66e343bee59133e005b3052d15 PDF Text Text 2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo Tourism Policy and Planning in Context Of The Sustainable Development Furkan BALTACI Akdeniz University Alanya Faculty of Business, Turkey fbaltaci@akdeniz.edu.tr Abstract:Competitiveness have become more important for developed or developing countries in today‘s globalized world economy. For a country to be succesfull in both national and international markets is related how efficient they use economics resources. Competitiveness degree of countries is a positive function of providing opportunities for source of revenue for citizens, improving the quality of life, increasing employment opportunities fort he reduction of unemployment etc… To progress on a strable manner on the factors we stated will be possible with composing a sustinable economy. Tourism activities can be used for providing a sustinable economy. It is seen as an undeniable fact that tourism provides employment, acces foreign Exchange, investment opportunities, regional and national development for economies of countries. This study will expose the role of tourism for Bosnia – Herzegovina‘s economy growth in a sustainable way. Also it will be determined that what kind of policies they should follow to have more shares from global tourism market. Key Words: Sustainable, Sustainable Development, Tourism Policy Planning. 1. Introduction Sustainable development lies at the hearth of the new Goverment‘s policies. It means achieving a balance between three broad objectives-maintenance of economic growth, protection of the environment and prudent use of natural resources, and social progress which recognized the needs of everone. Goverments hav efor many years used the key economic inditacotors to develop and monitor their economic policies. The new challenge for statisticians is to develpo a package of meaningful national indicators to monitor and report on our progress towards the broder concept of sustainable develpoment, and to highlight the key issues and objectives. 2. Sustainable Development It is possible to see numerous of articles and reports on sustainable development. Sustainable development can be defined in technical terms as a development path along which the maximisation of human well-being for today‘s generations does not lead to declines in future well-being. There sustainable development was defined as a development that ―meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs‖.This definition suggests the need to balance two concerns, one having to do with present, or intragenerational needs and the other having to do with future, or inter-generational needs(WCED,1987). Attaining this path requires eliminating those negative externalities that are responsible for natural resource depletion and environmental degradation. It also requires securing those public goods that are essential for economic development to last, such as those provided by well-functioning ecosystems, a healthy environment and a cohesive society. Sustainable development also stresses the importance of retaining the flexibility to respond to future shocks, even when their probability, and the size and location of their effects, cannot be assessed with certainty(OECD,2001). Most important purpose of the development is provide that human goodness and mindkind reach to his maximum capacity. Leaders of developed and developing countries, civilian society organizations, development experts and international aim organizations are agree that about the sustainable development can be achieved by four factors. These factors are healty and improving economy which attuned to changes of the age, revenues of the country is distrubitioned between the citizens, a politic system and effective leaddership which to guarantee human rights and freedom, an economic policy which consider that environment protect(Çelik,2006). Sustainable development enormously important for developing country. If we consider that changes on conditions of the internatioanl competition and international companies affect the basic establishments like AB,OECD,WTO etc. by lobby(Türkel) , we can understand this very well. 579 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo Because of developing countries discover the new way fort he globalmarketing. So, From day to day, conditions of competition get difficult for developed country. This conditions cause that come up against developed country, to encounter. For example, lose the their market share. It is possible that if a country want to have bigger share in global market, it must follow and use new technology and have a strong economy. These factors are necessitate a good economic policy plannig. 3. Economic Case in Bosnia-Herzegovina Bosnia-Herzegovina economy based on energy, metal, forest products and mining sector. Foremost two advantages of these sektors; they have high competition power and can bring lots of investors to aera. The interethnic warfare in Bosnia and Herzegovina caused production to plummet by 80% from 1992 to 1995 and unemployment to soar. With an uneasy peace in place, output recovered in 1996-99 at high percentage rates from a low base; but output growth slowed in 2000-02. Part of the lag in output was made up in 2003-08 when GDP growth exceeded 5% per year. However, due in large part to the global economic crisis, GDP fell by about 3% in 2009, exports fell 24%, and unemployment - as officially reported - rose above 40%(gia.gov). In First three quarter of 2004, The Bosnia-Herzegovina Goverment‘s revenue increased %13,2 and it attained 569 millions $. But, this rate is under the budget‘s targets and growth in industry is continue(FERB,2005). We examined Bosnia-Herzigovina Economy on the table. a. Competitiveness Indicator 2000-2008 Competitiveness is become most important for developing and developed counyries global world economy of today. Countries can be succesfull directly proportional with their resources use productive or not. Countries would like to know that their advantage and disadvantage as far as other countries in international global markets(TCCC, 2010). Real effective exchange rate (REER) developments indicate stable (based on relative consumer prices) to improving (based on relative unit labor costs) external competitiveness of BiH that has underpinned its growing export market shares. A closer look at the evolution of unit labor cost shows a decline in employment, while output and wages have been increasing. At the same time, BiH‘s export structure has shifted toward higher-value added manufacturing goods. The growth of the more capital-intensive export sector ―metal and aluminum‖ implies an upward shift in the capital-labor ratio over time. This argues for caution in interpreting the otherwise positive trends in competitiveness based on labor cost indicators(World Economic Forum 2009-2010). 580 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo b. Gross Wages and GDP per Employee (Wages and labor productivity appear to be in line with neighboring countries) Source: International Monetary Fund Gross wages and GDP per employee indicator shows B.H‘s sub-par performance relative to neighboring countries. According to members of private sectors, key factors impeding FDI and higher access of companies to foreign markets include:  Political instability,  Complicated and ―expensive‖ bureaucracy,  Lack of clear vision for economic development,  Corruption and weak legislative framework,  Poor quality control(World Economic Forum,2010) These indicators shows B.H haven‘t got sufficient competition. It is clear that B.H make a move for get strong between the it‘s neighbour. c. Employment and Unemployment Indicator 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 (Percentage change) Employment Labour force (end-year) 0,8 1,6 0,5 9,6 1,6 -0,6 Employment (end-year) -1 0,2 2,1 4,3 4,5 4 43,2 40,6 (In per cent of labour force) Unemployment (end-year) 42,1 42,9 42 44,8 All of the developing counties have same problems. One of these problems is unemployment. Employment and unemployment indicator shows B.H face to serious unemployment problem too. When we look at the indicator, we can see Unemployment rate is %42,1 in labour force in 2003. This rate recedes to %40,6 in 2008. Unemloyment rate is decreased by %2,1 from 2003 to 2008. B.H a country which AB‘s candidate an this rate is not sufficient for E.U standarts. 581 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo d. Inflation Developments Indicators (2006-2009) Sources: BiH authorities; and IMF staff calculations. AB standarts necessitate mono division‘s inflation rate. If we look at the figure from this perpective, we can suppose that B.H fulfils AB‘s inflation rate. But, wages and inflation figure show real state. Decrease on the inflation was triggered by decrease on the wages. All of these figure show that B.H have an uneven economy. Because of high unemployment rates, low wages, sectors which need to progress etc., B.H needs to new employment and revenue areas. 4. Tourism Potential Of Bosnia-Herzegovina There are 393 hotels,motels, hostels ,pensions and 24,402 capacity of beds in Bonia-Herzegonia in 2009(for eleves months). Lots of hotels,motels,hostels and pensions are existing in Bosnia-Herzegovina Federation. 582 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo Source: Turkey Devolopment Bank(2010) 2007 2008 Capasity Of Building In Tourism Sector. 2009 Piece Piece Hotels 169 179 5.9 Motels 95 95 0.0 Pensions and Hostels 50 61 22.0 Others 30 34 13,3 Total 344 369 7.3 Room Numbers(Total) 10,667 Bed Numbers(Total) 22,149 Ġncrease or decrease(%) 11,064 3.7 23,015 3.9 Piece Ġncrease or decrease(%) 1 89 1 06 6 2 3 6 3 93 1 5.6 11.6 1.6 5,9 6.5 6.1 1,737 2 6.0 4,402 Tourists Arrivals And Change Rates When we look at the tourist arrival and change rates figure, we can monitör increase of tourist arrivals regularly. But, tourist arrivals rate declined %-6 in 2009. This declined resulted from global economic crisis. 583 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo Tourism Revenue and change rates per years Years Tourism Revenue Change Rates(%) (Million $) 2003 404 2004 507 25,5 2005 557 9,9 2006 658 18,1 2007 798 21,3 Tourism revenue of B.H increased regularly. The biggest increase rate can be watched in 2004(%25). Sectoral Growth Rate of Hotels and Restaurants and GDP Sectoral growth rate of hotels and restaurants followed an uneven path. We can watch taht The biggest rate in 2006(%20) and the smallest rate in 2007(%-20). But, sectoral growth and GDP rates increased from 2007 to 2009(%30). Tourism Indicators of B.H And Neighbouring Countries Room Numbers Bed Numbers Overnight visitors (X1000) Nights(X1000) Tourism Revenue (Million $) B.H 10,789 Croatia 76,078 Montenegro 17,965 Serbia 24,023 Austria 285,558 Macedonia 7,214 22,442 306 163,171 9,307 42,778 984 52,547 696 646,915 20,766 17,124 3,903 1337 798 56006 9,576 7294 457 7329 1,011 100645 21,292 2018 219 Figure of tourism indicator show me that B.H have low rates and competition power for tourism between the it‘s rival country. 5. Tourism Types in Bosnia-Herzegovinia Bosnia-Herzegovinia tourism based on natural and cultural tourism. Especially, winter sports, thermal, SPA and ecological tourism, hunting and nature sports are very important for B.H toursim sector. Besides, country have a seashore for 25 km to Adriatic Sea in Neum city. 6. Tourism Policy And Planning for Sustainable Development in Bosnia-Herzegovina An Effective tourism policiy and planning will be benefit to the B.H Economy. Because, tourisim is now a major area of academic, goverment, industry and public concern. While it is now an oft-citied truism that is the 584 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo world‘s largest industry, tourism is significant not just because of its size in terms of the number of people travelling, how many people it employs, or how much Money it brings into a destinations(Hall,2008). a. What Is The Planning? Planning is a tradinational and basic human activity(Dredge and Jenkins,2007). According to Gleeson and Low(2000), planning is a dialectical concept rather than an ―analytical‖ one. An analiytical concept is one that can be perfectly and finally defined in such a way that we can know what it is and what ist is not. A dialectical concept,on the other hand, ,s one that overlaps with other concepts an deven eith its opposite.It(planning),s a concept, like ―justice‖ or ―democracy‖ or ―money‖, crucially important for social life, but one that can never be pinned down in a unique, perfectly encompassing definition. b. What Is The Policy? Defining policy is not wasted efford. Clarifying what policy is, even if it is done from perpectives, provides a means for people to enderstand what it is we are talking about, examining or researching. If such concepts were not clarified, it wolud not be possible for us to refer to any particular disciplines or fields of study and for bodies of knowledge to be developed. One could not developed a philosophy or set of principles for policy analysis if one could not define policy(Dredge and Jenkins,2007). c. Sustainable Development in Bosnia Herzegovina and tourism The speed and extent of the economic transformations associated with toursim devlopment, together with the social and territorial changes consequent upon this, area by now familiar subject in tourism. Such transformations are epitomised by the sequence of changes in the social construction of the Costa del Sol as a tourism destination, and the territorial recognisation associated with this(Barke and France,1996;Marchena,1987). The Costa del Sol was little more than a ascatter of fishing villages in the 1950s, but by the 1960s it had become a fashinable international destination, and by the 1970s a mass toursim destinations(Williams and Shaw,1998) Previously, we mentioned about the issue of B.H economy. B.H can be became a toursim destinations by an effective tourism policy and planning like Costa del Sol for solve the issues in the B.H Economy. So, B.H Goverment must to know that disadvantages in tourism sector. d. Disadvantage of B.H In Tourism Sector B.H goverment must apply suggestions in down paragraph for tourism policiy and planning in the context of sustainable development(Turkey Development Bank,2010);  Advertisement activities are insufficient. This state ise disadvantage for international tourism market,  Transport substructure is not sufficient,  Hotels in the B.H are insufficient according to other Balkan Countries,  Number of qualified personel is low and insufficient about the quality and quantitiy,  Others sector which supported the tourism sector need to developt,  There is insufficiencies about the tourist‘s healt and security,  Natural, cultural, historical inheritences are defended adequately,  Nights in the hotels are low too,  B.H‘s economy depends on other countries‘s economic aims. So, B.H tourism investments become very hard,  B.H‘s constitution isn‘t sufficient for tourism investment,  There is wrong competition in B.H‘s economy,  There is out of balance revenue in B.H‘s economy,  B.H‘s competition with the other Balkan countries. If all of these negatives stats changes from these disadvantage to advantage, B.H will has good tourisim policiy and planing. 585 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo 7. Conclusion Planning studies must be done for attain the targets which determined previously. National plans must be prepared attentively for economic development context of the these plans. Because of we see low indicators of tourism sector and economy, we can understand that B.H. haven‘t sufficiet tourisim and economic policy and plannig. If B.H goverment would like the sustainable development for it‘s economoy, urgently they must determine policy and planning of economy and tourism sector. B.H goverment will have been obtained very well tourism policy and plannig when they determined which they enter tourism markets. So, first of all B.H goverment overwiev it‘s tourism resources and advantage in tourism sector. After the tourism resources and advantage was determined in tourism sector, B.H goverment must began to intensive advertisement activities all of the target markets, encourage tourism investments and infrastructure, follow the activities which his rivals in the tourism sector, etc. Unemploymnet, low wages, nights and competition power, depends on the aims of other countries of issues can be solved by new ways, policy and planning. Exactly, we understand that importance of tourism sector for B.H‘s sustainable development. References Barke,M and France,L.(1996).‖The Costa pain.Wallingford.CAB International:.p.343-375 del Sol‖,in M.Barke, J. Towner and M.T.Newton(eds).Tourism In Çelik,Y.(2006).Hacettepe Sağlık Ġdaresi Dergisi.V.9.N.1 Definitions and Notes: Economy – overview(https://www.cia.gov/library/ (https://www.cia.gov/library/ publications/theworldfactbook/docs/notesanddefs.html?countryName=Bosnia%20and%20Herzegovin&countryCode=bk&region Code=eu" \l "2116"\o) OECD.(2001).―Sustainable Development:Critical Issues‖.Policy Brief(2 Policy Brief). Dredge,D.&John J.(2007).Tourism Planning and Polic.Fabulous Printers.Australia.p.4.8. Foreign economic relations boards.(2005).‖Bosna Hersek Ülke Bülteni.p.2-3 Gleeson,B&N,Low,(200).Australian Urban Planning:New Challenges.New Agendas.Allen and Unwin.Sydney.p.12 Hall,C.M.(2008).‖Toursim Planning Policies,Processes and Relationships‖.Pearson Education Limited,England.p.1. IMF Country Report.(2008),.Bosnia and Herzegovina: 2008 Article IV Consultation—Staff Report; Public Information Notice on the Executive Board Discussion; and Statement by the Executive Director for Bosnia and Herzegovina. No. 08/327 October 2008 Washington, D.C.p.11 Marchena, M.(1987).Territorio y Tourismo en Andalucia.Sevilla:Junta de Andalucia.Direction General to tourismo. MinibaĢ,T.(1960).Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma ve Etkileri.Ġstanbul Üniversitesi Ġktisat Fakültesi. Turkish Cypriot Chamber of Commerce.(2010) .‖North Cyprus Competition Report 2009-2010‖.p.4 Williams,A.M.&Gareth S.(1998).Tourisim & Economic Development.John Wiley & Sons Ltd.England.p.1 Turkey Development Bank.(2010). Sector Reports of the Bosnia-Herzegovina.Tourism Report.Ankara. World Commission on Environment and Development.(1987),‖Our Common Future‖.Oxford University Press.Oxford.(See: http://www.worldinbalance.net/pdf/1987-brundtland.pdf) World Economic Forum, Competitiveness Report 2009-2010.p.7 586 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 281 Title A name given to the resource Tourism Policy and Planning in Context Of The Sustainable Development Author Author BALTACI, Furkan Abstract A summary of the resource. Competitiveness have become more important for developed or developing countries in today‘s globalized world economy. For a country to be succesfull in both national and international markets is related how efficient they use economics resources. Competitiveness degree of countries is a positive function of providing opportunities for source of revenue for citizens, improving the quality of life, increasing employment opportunities fort he reduction of unemployment etc… To progress on a strable manner on the factors we stated will be possible with composing a sustinable economy. Tourism activities can be used for providing a sustinable economy. It is seen as an undeniable fact that tourism provides employment, acces foreign Exchange, investment opportunities, regional and national development for economies of countries. This study will expose the role of tourism for Bosnia – Herzegovina‘s economy growth in a sustainable way. Also it will be determined that what kind of policies they should follow to have more shares from global tourism market. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed HB Economic Theory https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/3796a887f5cb8e29097c20f09ffa1a58.pdf b247cedd47b5982d01f8474ff01d9573 PDF Text Text 2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo An Analysis of the Contents of the Studies Carried Out on the Relationship between the Strategy and the Performance of the Organization Orhan BATMAN Sakarya University, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences Department of Tourism Management orhanbatman54tr@hotmail.com Ġzzet KILINÇ Düzce University Akçakoca School of Tourism and Hotel Management izzetkilinc@duzce.edu.tr Muammer MESCĠ Düzce University Akçakoca School of Tourism and Hotel Management muammermesci@duzce.edu.tr Abstract: The aim of this research is to analyze the methodology used in the papers that deal with the relationship between strategy and business performance in the last decade. In this context; it is intended to determine the fields of study on which the papers focus, the research methods and data collection techniques used and the findings achieved, and to compare and contrast the findings obtained with the methods of research used. In this research, a qualitative research method was used and the data were acquired through literature review. The data acquired were put to content analysis and they were analyzed within the theoretical framework formed in accordance with the objectives of the research. The main restriction of the research is that the academic papers only in the data bases of Emerald and Sciencedirect were included in the research. Within this, 15 papers in both data bases mentioned were reviewed. The findings of the research indicate that the papers reviewed have been published in 10 different academic journals and they focus on 6 different fields. Furthermore, quantitative research methods were used in 11 of total 15 papers whereas qualitative research methods were used in 4 of them. Questionnaire technique was chosen to collect data in the papers in which quantitative research methods were used. On the other hand, while literature review was mainly preferred in the papers in which qualitative research methods were used, case method was used in one of them. The results of the research point out that the papers have similar findings although they have used different methods, and it has been found out that there is a positive relationship between strategy and business performance in the consequence of each paper. Key Words: Strategy, performance, methodology. Introduction Strategic management is an understanding which has focused on the organization‘s continuing its life and providing superiority in competition. Due to this, it is true and important to handle and explain the concepts of ―performance‖ and ―performance evaluation‖ with the approach of strategic management. The organizations should develop their strategies and evaluate to what extent they have fulfilled their strategies in order to continue their existence. The success measure in the market where the organizations operate is to obtain profitability above the average. Performance evaluation is an important means in finding out whether the organizations have achieved this profitability or not or to what extent they have achieved (Pongatichat & Johnston, 2008). Today the rapid and intensive environmental changes and uncertainties affect the sector structures and the dynamics of the organizations, the organizational process and functions, the market structures directly. These interactions may cause the organizations to disappear in the area they operate in by affecting their performance and profitability. Because of this, performance and performance evaluation systems are very important for the 174 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo organizations. Performance evaluation systems make important contributions to the organizations especially in coping with the problems they will have in competing, continuing the operations and growing (Kilinc & et al., 2009). These contributions can also increase the number of the studies carried out on strategy and performance evaluation (Dyson, 2000). There has been a dramatic change in the last two decades due to the nature of competition. Quality, intense, flexibility and cost have appeared to be important competition elements. In this period, the performance evaluations based on the traditional finance started to lose importance. At that time, new performance evaluation systems were developed by the researchers as a result of the studies carried out (Bititci & et al., 2001). For instance, the traditional performance evaluation process in the organizations was done in three ways. These were the turn over of the sales involving the financial evaluations, the turn over of the investment and the turn over of the properties. Today it is seen that there are non-financial evaluation systems beside the financial evaluation systems. Non-financial evaluation systems are handled with a strategic view and used to complete the missing parts of the traditional evaluations and to increase ―the firm value‖ of the organizations (Jusoh, 2008; Kilinc & et al., 2010). The Concepts of Strategic Management and Performance Evaluation Strategy is the process of determining the basic aims and goals of an organization and producing the supplies that are essential to achieve these aims (Chandler, 1962). For Mirze & Ulgen (2005), strategy is a whole of long-termed dynamic decisions which study the actions of the competitors, which focus on an end and which are made to achieve certain aims. According to Hitt & et al. (2005), strategy means targets planned to improve the basic core of the organization and to obtain a competition advantage and procedures followed to reach these targets. Lee and Carter (2005) describe strategy as a plan which the organization makes to show how it will fulfill its mission and vision. For Mintzberg (1996), strategy is a multidimensional concept which includes the dynamics such as plan, maneuver, behavior form, point of view and positioning against the competitors. The main purpose of the strategy is to get an advantage against the competitors and to make it sustainable. Strategic management changes the strategy concept into a management understanding. According to Ansoff (1965), strategic management is an active process which guides the organization on how it can fulfill its aims. Teare and Boer (1996) describe strategic management as the process related to the development of ―ideal‖ management systems for an active organization. For Aktan (2007), strategic management is a means which leads the organizations in the competition environment to what they can do, what strategies they should follow so as to compete with their competitors. Johnson and Scholes (1993) explain that the strategic management is the procedures followed to make the inner and outer environment analyses, to collect information, to make decisions, to make implementations by gathering the references and to evaluate the results in order that the organization can obtain sustainable competition superiority in the long term. Performance in general is a concept which qualitatively and quantitatively determines an output obtained as a consequence of a planned and aimed activity (Percin, 2008). For Atakus (2006), performance is a comparison. He states that something that can not be measured will not be compared. Therefore, the concept of performance should be explained clearly for a good comparison. Kanj (2002) defines the performance evaluation as the methods which are used to perform the functions of the organization perfectly and to improve them. Beamon and Balcik (2008) say that performance evaluation is a form of evaluation made to measure the efficiency and validity of the functions of the organizations. Each organization has certain objectives and functions. The basic function of the business management is to bring the aims and objectives of the organization to the highest level possible. Performance evaluation determines to what extent the organization has reached this level (Akal, 2000). The contributions of performance evaluation can be listed as follows (Dilek, 2009):  It enables the strategies of the organization to be supported, to be understood better and to be assimilated  It makes contributions to the implementation of the strategies easily and making decisions about the management  It enables to make a map of developments and changes in the organization so that the organization can have a dynamic structure which can renew itself  It enables the organization to increase its productivity and efficiency Performance evaluation systems are effective in developing strategies which are arranged according to the new environment conditions and which aim to fulfill the objectives instead of non-functional strategies developed before (Jusoh & Parnell, 2008). 175 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo Method This study aims to investigate the contents of the studies carried out on finding out the relationship between the strategy and the performance of the organization in the last decade by taking the methods used in these studies as a basis. Thus, it is the main objective of this study to determine the new tendency related to this subject. Within this, the fields where the articles focus on, the research methods and data collection techniques used and the findings they obtained will be found out and comments will be made on the findings. The data used in the study were obtained through literature review. At this stage, the focus was which academic articles would be examined and their being original. The data collected were analyzed through content analysis in the theoretical fragment formed according to the objectives of the research. The basic limitation of the study is that only the articles published in emerald and science direct databases were involved in it. Due to this, fifteen articles published in both databases were evaluated. In addition, two things – obtaining the data easily and checking them- were considered essential in respect of the reliability of the research process. Findings The papers involved in the population of the study and the basic findings obtained from these papers have been shown systematically in Table 1. 176 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo Author(s) And Year Bititci & et al., 2001 Hitt A. & et al., 2001 Pehrsson, 2001 Mc Adam & Bailie, 2002 Ruiz & at el., 2002 The Aim of the Study To find out the relationships of the quantitative models affecting the performance by taking the performance evaluation studies published before as a basis To study the effect of human capital on the performance of the organization To study the effect of environmental changes on the strategic performance evaluations of the organizations To study the relationship between the strategies of the organizations and the performance evaluation. Plus, to search for the role of the improvement models for the organization. To determine the effect of the market, product and production factors when the organizations use the differentiation strategies in order that the organizations can grow more in the foreign market To examine the relationship The Basic Method Used Qualitative Research The Method for Data Collection Literature Review Analysis Techniques Used The Analysis of Dynamics and Sensitivity Content Production Field Findings It makes suggestions about the quantitative models used in the performance evaluation system, which strategic productions should be made for the organizations and giving alternative strategic decisions. The Magazine in Which the Article was Published International Journal of Production Economics Quantitative Research Questionnaire Technique Correlation Analysis Human Resources Two conclusions were reached in the study: First, there is an indirect relationship between human capital, the performance of the organization and the strategy. Second, there is an effective relationship between the supplies and the strategy. Qualitative Research Literature Review Sample Case Technique Production Field It states that organizations can obtain high performance by developing optimum strategies. Management Decision Production Field It has been determined that strategy has an important effect on performance evaluation. Besides, it is thought that evaluations, evaluation structures and strategy are a complicated and dynamic structure and this situation is criticized in the study. International Journal of Operations&P roduction Management International Marketing Review International Qualitative Research Literature Review Sample Case Technique Quantitative Research Questionnaire Technique Statistics with Multiple Variables, T-Test, Regression Analysis Production Field It has been pointed out that the factors such as market, production and organization are important elements in the extension of the organization in the foreign markets. In addition, it has been found out that these factors have an important effect on the performance of the organization. Quantitative Questionnaire Statistics Production The needs of the employees working in the 177 Academy of Management Journal �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo Kathuria & Porth, 2003 Bourne & at el., 2003 Bednall & Valos, 2005 Megicks, 2007 Enticott & Walker, 2008 Pehrsson, 2008 Chau, between the functional strategy of the organization and the characteristic of the strategy management. To study how important the approach based on the supplies is in finding out the performance and competence of the organization. Research Qualitative Research Technique with Multiple Variables, T-Test, Literature Review Field Production Field Questionnaire Technique Statistics with Multiple Variables, ANOVA, Tamhane‘s T2 Production Field Quantitative Research Questionnaire Technique Factor Analysis, Correlation Production Field Quantitative Research Questionnaire Technique Correlation, Regression Analysis Service Organizati ons Statistics with Multiple Variables, ANOVA, Correlation Production Field/ Service Organizati ons To study the contribution of the strategy to searching for marketing in a certain area and with the purpose of gaining profit. Quantitative Research To examine the effect of small-scaled retailers and the strategies developed at different levels .on the organization performance To study the effect of the relationships between the performances of the organizations which have a social responsibility and sustainable management on the organizations. To find out the effect of strategy implementations which have a crucial role in setting value in the foreign markets on the organization. Quantitative Research Questionnaire Technique To explain the relationship among the efficiency of the Qualitative Research Literature Review Production Field 178 organization should be considered in order to evaluate the relationship between strategy and management at the functional level together. In this paper it has been determined that the approach based on supplies has an important influence on the organizations. The approach based on supplies enables the organizations to see their supplies and competence. This paper has shown that knowledge, internal policies and searching for the market are the factors that increase the market performance of the organizations. Besides, it has been found out that these factors are related with the strategies developed by Miles, Snow and Porter. This paper states that, at the functional level, the strategies implemented in the organizations at different levels have a great influence on the performance of the organization. In this research paper, it is mentioned that, in order to reach high performances determined by the organizations, the organizations need not only the strategy but also the sustainable management and the support of the shareholders. In addition, there is an indirect relationship between sustainable management and sustainable performance. The organizations require product differentiation for making products and setting a value in the foreign markets. Also, the performances of the organizations which meet the expectations of the customers will increase. Strategic performance management, the performance of the organization and team Journal of Operations &Production Management International Journal of Operations&P roduction Management International Journal of Productivity Performance Management Management Decision Business Strategy and the Environment European Business Review Team Performance �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo Sum 2008 Parnell & Dent, 2009 Gunby, 2009 Fantazy & at el., 2009 organization, the performance of the organization, the team strategy and the strategic performance management. strategy exist at the operational or medium level and upper level. The efficiency can be interpreted as the phenomenon of strategic team performance management. Production Field/ Service Organizati ons This paper states that there are different views about the performance of the Quantitative Questionnaire ANOVA organization and chance factor. Managers Research Technique claim that bad situations are related to the chance factor. It has been found out that the organizations which do not have the purpose of making profits are affected by the policies and To find out what kind of a changes in the process of developing relationship there is between Factor Service Quantitative Questionnaire strategy due to environmental conditions. the strategy developing Analysis, Organizati Research Technique This paper mentions that there is not an process and the performance Correlation ons important change in the performances of of the organization. the employees in the strategy developing process of the organizations which aim or do not aim to make profits. This study suggests that performance has a great influence on flexibility and flexibility has a great influence on strategy. Making new products, providing flexibility and To examine the relationship Structural improving the supplies are essential for the between performance, Quantitative Questionnaire Production Equality customers, whereas the limit of the strategy and flexibility in the Research Technique Field Modeling flexibility, creating new products, chain organizations. improving the supplies and time are the most important investment factors for the organizations which want to develop new strategies Table 1: The Studies Carried Out On the Relationship between the Strategy and the Performance To study the relationships between performance and strategic factors in strategic management schools. 179 Management Management Decision Management Decision Supply Chain Management: An International Journal �Discussion and Results In the recent years, the studies on the relationship between strategy and performance evaluation have mostly concentrated on the evaluation. The strategies determined by the organizations should be evaluated with correct criteria. Besides, organizations need to determine their strategies correctly. The organizations which do not determine their strategies correctly fail to improve their performances. In order to find out to what extent the organizations have reached the strategies they have determined, analyses should be made through correct evaluation systems. Misleading evaluation systems can not find out how successful the organization is in achieving the goals and objectives that it has determined before. The other thing is that the functions in the organization should be arranged according to the strategies. Organizations must develop the competence and authority which are necessary to perform the functions determined before. In addition, correct decisions should be made in order to perform the functions successfully. The basic findings results that have been obtained with this research have been discussed below. When the aims of the studies are considered, it has been seen that the common subjects dealt with are the factors which are essential for the organizations to grow in the foreign markets, the relationship between strategy and management, the effects of environmental conditions on the performance of the organization, determining the competence of the organization and finding out the relationship between the strategy and the performance of the organization. Among the studies carried out with different purposes, Bititci & et al. (2001) – the relationship between the quantitative models affecting the performance- and Hitt and et al. (2001) – the direct and indirect effects of the human capital on the performance of the organization- appear to be the most important. It has been found out that the researchers have involved the relationship between the strategy and performance indirectly in their studies with different purposes. One of the most important deficiencies in these studies is that they have not explained at what level this relationship is. The other deficiency is that the techniques used in these studies have not been mentioned sufficiently in the evaluation of the relationship between strategy and performance. When the basic methods are considered, it is seen that five of these studies have used the qualitative research method and ten of them have used the quantitative research method. It has been found out that while the qualitative research method was preferred in the early 2000s, the quantitative research method was preferred in the later years. That the quantitative research method was used more in the studies can be interpreted as meaning that the researchers had a rationalist understanding. The reason why the qualitative research method was preferred less can be that the process of this research is troublesome and takes too much time and that the researchers do not know how to search and analyze the data. However, there is no paper in which both methods have been used together among the papers which form the population of the research. The use of both methods in the new studies which will be done in this field can be important in respect of the results to be obtained. The papers were also examined in respect of the analysis techniques and it has been found out that sample case technique was used in the studies based on the qualitative research method, whereas statistics with multiple variables, ANOVA, Tamhane‘s T2, Correlation, Regression, Structural Equality Modeling and Factor Analyses techniques were preferred in the studies based on the quantitative research method. It has been determined that the analysis techniques suitable for the purpose of the research were preferred in the studies. Different from the analysis techniques used in the studies, Bititci and et al. (2001) used the analysis of dynamics and sensitivity and Fantazy and et al. (2009) used the structural equality modeling. The structural equality modeling is briefly the combination of the factor analysis and the regression analysis. The content being analyzed, it is understood that the studies were carried out in the fields of production and service. Today it is essential that the outputs produced by the organizations and the inputs they have been using be evaluated in respect of quality and quantity related to the sectors that the organizations operate in. Among the studies, the study prepared by Hitt A. and et al. in 2001 on human resources is different from the others. In this paper, the researchers came to the conclusion that human capital had an influence on the strategy and the performance of the organization. When the data collecting method is considered, it is seen that the researchers benefited from the literature review and the questionnaire technique. While the literature review was preferred as the data collecting method in the studies with the qualitative research method, the questionnaire technique was used in the studies with the quantitative research method. It is understood that secondary resources were preferred in the studies because the researchers could use fewer references, do periodic studies and make compare and contrast. It was found out that the researchers who preferred the questionnaire technique had used it in order to collect data in a wider area. Related to the magazine in which the studies were published, the magazine preferred the most by the authors is Management Decision (4) and International Journal of Operations & Production Management (3) follows this magazine. It is seen that there is an important relationship between the magazine preferred and the subject of the studies. It was found out that the researchers evaluated the subjects they had searched for according to the concept of the magazine which they published their papers in. �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo The common result of the findings obtained from the studies is that there is a relationship between the strategy and the performance of the organization in a great deal. The hypotheses suggested in the studies were either accepted or rejected according to the analyses. The interesting point is that the aims determined in the studies seem to support the results of the studies. Among the studies examined, the study prepared by Parnell and Dent (2009) differs from the others in that they explained the negative events the managers faced with the chance factor. The authors stated that there was a direct relationship between the performance of the organization and the chance factor and the chance had an important effect on the operational results of the organization. The other different study is the one carried out by Fantazy and et al. (2009). It mentions that information system and technology usage are important factors so as to improve the performance of the organization. The information and technology; in other words, core supplies the organizations have are important in that they show the competition power of the organizations. 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International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, 57 (2), 119-36. 181 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo Kamel Aissa Fantazy, K. A. Vinod, K. & Uma, K. (2009). An empirical study of the relationships among strategy, flexibility, and performance in the supply chain context. Supply Chain Management: An International Journal. 14(3), 177–188. Kanji, G.K. (2002). Performance measurement system. Total Quality Management.13 (5), 715-28. Kathuria, R. & Porth, S. J. (2003). Strategy-managerial characteristics alignment and performance A manufacturing perspective. International Journal of Operations & Production Management. 23 (3), 255-276. Kılınç, I., Kıngır, S., & Mesci, M. (2009). Türkiye‘deki Seyahat Acentalarının Performans Değerlendirmelerinde Etkili Olan Faktörler. 8. Anadolu ĠĢletmecilik Kongresi, 2009, (pp.29-31), Manisa. Kılınç, I., Kıngır, S., & Mesci, M. (2010). Türkiye‘deki Seyahat Acentalarının Performans Değerlendirmelerinde Etkili Olan Faktörler. Atatürk Üniversitesi Ġ.Ġ.B.F., 24 (1), 25-42. Lee, K. & Carter, S. (2005). Global Marketing Management: Changes, Challenges and New Strategies, New York: Oxford University Press Inc. McAdam, R. & Bailie, B. (2002). Business performance measures and alignment impact on strategy: The role of business improvement models. International Journal of Operations & Production Management. 22 (9), 972-996. Megicks, P. (2007). Levels of strategy and performance in UK small retail businesses. Management Decision. 45 (3), 484502. Michael Bourne, M., Mills, J. & Faull, N. (2003). Operations strategy and performance: a resource-based perspective. International Journal of Operations & Production Management. 23(9), 944-946. Mintzberg, H. (1996). Generic business strategies. In: Mintzberg, H., Quinn, J. (Eds.), The Strategy Process, Prentice Hall International, Upper Saddle River/NJ. Mirze, K. & Ülgen, H. (2005). ĠĢletmelerde Stratejik Yönetim, Ġstanbul: Literatür Yayınları. Parnell, A. J.& Dent, B. E. (2009).The role of luck in the strategy-performance relationship. Management Decision. 47 (6), 1000-1021. Pehrsson , A. (2001). The strategic states model: optimum strategies to reach high performance. Management Decision. 39 (6), 441-447. Pehrsson, A. (2008). Value adding in foreign markets A three-country study of associations of strategy and performance. European Business Review. 20 (1), 20-35. Perçin, M. ( 2008). ĠĢletmenin Örgüt Yapısının ĠĢgörenlerin Örgütsel Bağlılığına Etkisine ĠliĢkin Bir AraĢtırma, YayınlanmamıĢ Doktora Tezi, Selçuk Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Isparta. Pongatichat, P., & Johnston, R. (2008). Exploring strategy-misaligned performance measurement. International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, 57 (3), 207-22. Ruiz, M. F., Gonzalbez, N. L. & Moreno, R. F. (2002). Foreign expansion strategy and performance. International Marketing Review. 19 (4), 348-368. Teare, R. & Boer, A. (1996). Strategic Hospitality Management: Theory and Pratice for the 1990s, Fourth Edition, London: Cassell, Educational Limited. Vinh, S. C. (2008). The relationship of strategic performance management to team strategy, company performance and organizational effectiveness. Team Performance Management. 14(3/4), 113-117. 182 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 148 Title A name given to the resource An Analysis of the Contents of the Studies Carried Out on the Relationship between the Strategy and the Performance of the Organization Author Author BATMAN, Orhan KILINÇ, İzzet MESCİ, Muammer Abstract A summary of the resource. The aim of this research is to analyze the methodology used in the papers that deal with the relationship between strategy and business performance in the last decade. In this context; it is intended to determine the fields of study on which the papers focus, the research methods and data collection techniques used and the findings achieved, and to compare and contrast the findings obtained with the methods of research used. In this research, a qualitative research method was used and the data were acquired through literature review. The data acquired were put to content analysis and they were analyzed within the theoretical framework formed in accordance with the objectives of the research. The main restriction of the research is that the academic papers only in the data bases of Emerald and Sciencedirect were included in the research. Within this, 15 papers in both data bases mentioned were reviewed. The findings of the research indicate that the papers reviewed have been published in 10 different academic journals and they focus on 6 different fields. Furthermore, quantitative research methods were used in 11 of total 15 papers whereas qualitative research methods were used in 4 of them. Questionnaire technique was chosen to collect data in the papers in which quantitative research methods were used. On the other hand, while literature review was mainly preferred in the papers in which qualitative research methods were used, case method was used in one of them. The results of the research point out that the papers have similar findings although they have used different methods, and it has been found out that there is a positive relationship between strategy and business performance in the consequence of each paper. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed HB Economic Theory https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/ea24957ee4f90fee5443e0db4ee0173c.pdf 6532ad82883b4a9d0ff27acbbe3cd153 PDF Text Text The Effect of Current Density and pH of Cadmium Removal by Electrochemical Processes Serkan BAYAR Atatürk University, Engineering Faculty Department of Environmental Engineering Erzurum, TURKEY sbayar@atauni.edu.tr Alper Erdem YILMAZ Atatürk University, Engineering Faculty Department of Environmental Engineering Erzurum, TURKEY aerdemy@atauni.edu.tr Recep BONCUKCUOĞLU Atatürk University, Engineering Faculty Department of Environmental Engineering Erzurum, TURKEY rboncuk@atauni.edu.tr Abstract : Removal of cadmium from synthetically prepared solution using electrochemical processes is studied in the present study. To determine the optimum operation conditions, the effect of several parameters such as current density and initial solution pH have been investigated. Iron electrode was used as electrode materials. Experiments were carried out with different current densities ranging from 0.25 to 1.25 A/m2. It was observed that the removal of cadmium increases with increasing current densities. The distance of between electrodes was chosen as 5 mm. Initial cadmium concentrations was kept constant at 100 mg/L while other parameters such as current density and initial solution pH were investigated. Cadmium concentration in the solution was determined using Atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The experimentally obtained results were shown that electrochemical processes were achieved to cadmium removal (e.g. 99.99%) from synthetically prepared solution. Key words: Cadmium, removal, electrocoagulation, electroreduction 1. Introduction Heavy metals pose a significant hazard to environment and human health. Wastewater generated from cadmium processing is extremely toxic to environment and to humans. Due to their high toxicity, industrial wastewaters containing heavy metals are strictly regulated and must be treated before being discharged in the environment. Cadmium is a toxin of environmental concern. The impact for non-cancer causes includes kidney, liver, and lung damage [1]. It is also classified as a probable human carcinogen for lung cancer. The association of cadmium with hormone-related cancers such as prostate and breast cancers has being actively investigated since the initial implication [2-4]. There is no known function of cadmium in the human biological system. The presence of such foreign metal ion in the human is likely a result of various exposures. In addition to direct exposure from air and drinking water, another potential exposure is to result from crops grown in the contaminated water and soil environment, which transports the metal into food chain where cadmium is accumulated in various parts of crops [5]. Electroplating, nickel–cadmium battery production and disposal, fossil fuels, pigments, fertilizers, certain electronic components are all potential sources of contamination to water [6]. Various methods can be applied to remove toxic metals from industrial effluents [7,8]. These methods include precipitation, co-precipitation, electrodeposition, electrocoagulation, cementation, membrane separation, solvent extraction, ion-exchange, 518 �adsorption and biosorption [9, 10]. Precipitation is most applicable among these techniques and considered to be the most economical. Among these methods, electrocoagulation is particularly interesting. The electrocoagulation has been successfully used to treat oil wastes, with a removal efficiencies as high as 99% [11,12]. A similar success was obtained when treating dye-containing solutions [13–14], potable water [15], urban and restaurant wastewater [16,17] and nitrate or fluoride containing waters [18,19]. In addition, a great deal of work performed in the last decades [20–21] has proved that electrocoagulation is an effective technology for the treatment of heavy metal containing solutions. This technology delivers the coagulant in situ by anodic dissolution and produces subsequently, iron (or aluminium) hydroxides having a considerable sorption capacity, while the simultaneous cathodic reaction allows pollutant removal either by deposition on cathode electrode or by flotation (evolution of hydrogen at the cathode) [22]. Likewise, during electrocoagulation process, liquid is not enriched with anions and salts content does not increase, compared to chemical metal precipitation [23]. This contributes to production of metallic sludges which are compact using electrocoagulation compared to those generated by chemical precipitation [24,25]. Moreover, electrocoagulation requires simple equipment, small retention time and is easy to operate [26,27]. These characteristics contribute to reduction of operating cost for industrial applications. In the present work, the efficiency of electrocoagulation in removing cadmium from synthetically solution was reported. The effect of initial pH and current density on the removal efficiency is explored and discussed to determine the optimum operational conditions. Aim of this study is to investigate the effects of initial pH and current density on cadmium removal from wastewater by electrocoagulation method using iron electrodes. 2. Materials and methods 2.1 Materials Wastewater sample used in the experiments were prepared synthetically using CdCl2H2O having 99.99 of purity from Merck. The solution with cadmium concentration of 100 mg/L was prepared by dissolved 0,1796 mg in distilled water and completed with distilled water to 1 L. The electrolyte was synthetically prepared by using analytical reagents and distilled water. A stock solution of cadmium chlorine, 100 mg/l was prepared. The pH of the solution was adjusted to the required value with 10−2M nitric acid and 10−2M sodium hydroxide. All measurements were carried out at ambient temperature approximately (22 ± 1 oC) 2.2. Experimental setup and procedure The experimental setup is schematically shown in Figure 1.The EC unit consists of six pair of electrodes made of plate iron with total area of approximately 1000 cm2 and the gap between the electrodes is 5 mm. Electrodes were connected to a digital DC power supply (Good Will) in monopolar mode. Two digital multimeters (Brymen Bm 201) as ampermeter and voltmeter were used to measure the current passing through the circuit and the applied potential, respectively. The EC unit has been stirred at 150 rpm by a magnetic stirrer. (Heidolp MR 3004 S). The thermostated electrocoagulator is made of plexiglass with the volume of 900 mL. During the experiments, temperature, conductivity and pH of the solutions were measured by a multi-parameter (WTW Multiline P-4 F-Set-3). Reactor was operated in batch and galvanostatic mode. Figure 1. 519 �1.Water Cırculator 4.Digital Voltmeter 2.Digital D.C Power Supply 5.Electrochemcial Reactor 3.Digital Ampermeter 6.Digital Magnetic Stirrer Figure 1. Schematic diagram of the experimental setup. 2.3. Brief description of electrocoagulation mechanism Electrocoagulation is based on the in situ formation of the coagulant as the sacrificial anode corrodes due to an applied current, while the simultaneous evolution of hydrogen at the cathode allows for pollutant removal by flotation. This technique combines three main interdependent processes, operating synergistically to remove pollutants: electrochemistry, coagulation and hydrodynamics. An examination of the chemical reactions occurring in the electrocoagulation process shows that the main reactions occurring at the electrodes are: When iron is used as electrode material, the reactions are as follows. • At the cathode: 3H2O + 3e− → 3/2 H2(g) + 3OH− (1) • At the anode: (2) 4Fe(s) → 4Fe2+(aq) + 8e− • and with dissolved oxygen in solution: (3) 4Fe2+(aq) + 10 H2O (l) + O2(g) → 4Fe(OH)3 +8H+(aq) • overall reaction: (4) 4Fe(s) + 10 H2O(l) + O2(g) → 4 Fe(OH)3(s) + 4 H2(g) 2. Result and discussions The effects of parameters: In the runs, it has been investigated the effects of parameters such as initial pH and current density under the conditions which the reaction time, temperature of solution and stirring speed hold in constant. The effect of pH: It has been established that the pH has a considerable influence on the performance of electrocoagulation and reduction process. To evaluate this effect, a series of experiments were performed, using solution containing cadmium of 100 mg/L. The effect of pH on the cadmium removal was examined at 3.0, 4.0, 5.0 and 6.0 pH’s. Solution temperature of 293 K and stirring speed of 100 rpm were kept constant in the experiments. The results of the experiments conducted to examine the effect of pH are shown in Figure 2. 520 �removal efficiency, % 90 70 pH 3 pH 4 50 pH 5 pH 6 30 0,0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0 1,2 1,4 1,6 current, A Figure 2. The effects of solution pH on cadmium removal (100 rpm of stirring speed, 293 K of solution temperature and 100 mg/L of initial cadmium removal) As seen in Figure 2, while there had effects of pH variation on cadmium removal efficiency, the effects of pH variation were not important with increasing current density. At the lower current density, solution pH had effects on cadmium removal efficiency. When cadmium removal was investigated by electrochemical process, energy consumption values obtained in the system. Energy consumption values in the electrochemical reactor related to solution conductivity. The conductivity of an electrolyte solution is a key property. In an electrochemical process, the conductivity determines the cell resistance while the properties of solvent and electrolyte determine their interaction with the electroactive species and thereby influence the electrode reactions. The results obtained for energy consumption were shown graphically in Figure 3. 2,00 energy consumption, kW-h/m3 pH 3 pH 4 1,50 pH 5 pH 6 1,00 0,50 0,00 0 10 20 30 40 time, min 50 60 70 Figure 3. The effects of solution pH on energy consumption(100 rpm of stirring speed, 293 K of solution temperature, 0,5 A of current and 100 mg/L of initial cadmium removal) 521 �The effect of current density: The effect of current density on cadmium removal by electrochemical process using iron plate electrodes was investigated using 100 mg/L Cd+2 and pH 5. Effects of current density on system parameters have been analyzed. Variation of cadmium removal efficiency versus time and variation of energy consumption versus time in various current densities with iron plate electrodes is shown in Figures 4-5. 100 removal efficiency, % 80 60 0,25 A 40 0,50 A 1,00 A 20 1,50 A 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 time, min Figure 4. The effects of current on removal efficiency (100 rpm of stirring speed, 293 K of solution temperature, pH 5 of solution and 100 mg/L of initial cadmium removal) As seen in Figure 4, efficiencies of cadmium removal and removal rate have increased by increasing current density. The removal efficiency depends on the quantity of iron generated, which is related to the time and the current density. It is seen that system energy consumption has mainly increased over a specific current density, respectively. energy consumption, kW-h/m3 3,00 0,25 A 2,50 0. 50 A 1,00 A 2,00 1,50 A 1,50 1,00 0,50 0,00 0 10 20 30 40 time, min 50 60 70 Figure 5. The effects of current on energy consumption (100 rpm of stirring speed, 293 K of solution temperature, pH 5 of solution and 100 mg/L of initial cadmium removal) 522 �Since applied potential have increased by increasing current density, system energy consumption has increased. Although potential and current have linearly increased, energy consumption has exponentially increased. Thus, when it has been studied in high current, this state might be taken into consideration. Besides, when it is studied on high potential and current, electrode reactions have taken one's way to secondary reactions from major reactions. Thus, when optimal current density and potential are selected, either high removal rate or low energy consumption might be taken into account. 4. Conclusions In this study, effects of solution pH and current density on cadmium removal by electrochemical process using iron plate electrodes were investigated and effects of these parameters on system parameters were analyzed. When lower current density was applied to electrochemical process, solution pH must taken into consideration. In the experiments, effects of current density on cadmium removal by electrochemical process were investigated. According to results obtained from the experiments, removal rates and removal efficiencies have increased by increasing current density using iron plate electrodes. But system energy consumptions have increased by increasing current density. References [1] B. Volesky, 1990, Biosorption of Heavy Metals, RC Press, Boca Raton, FL [2] M.P.Waalkes, S. Rehm, (1994) Cadmium and prostate cancer, J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 43 251–269. [3] A. Åkesson, B. Julin, A. Wolk, (2008) Long-term dietary cadmium intake and postmenopausal endometrial cancer incidence: a population-based prospective cohort study, Cancer Res. 68 6435–6441. [4] M. Filipic, (2006) Molecularmechanisms of cadmium inducedmutagenicity,Hum.Exp. Toxicol. 25 67–77. [5] T. Lebeau, D. Bagot, K. Jˇıezˇıequel, B. Fabre, (2002) Cadmium biosorption by free and immobilised microorganisms cultivated in a liquid soil extract medium: effects of Cd, pH and techniques of culture, Sci. Total Environ. 291 73–83. [6] R. Salim, M.M. Al-Subu, E. Sahrhage, (1992) Uptake of cadmium from water by beech leaves, J. Environ. Sci. Health A27 603–627. [7] C.S. Brooks, 1991. Metal Recovery from IndustrialWastes, Lewis Publishers, Chelsea, MI, [8] A.P. Chmielewski, T.S. Urbanski,W. Migdal, (1997) Separation technologies for metals recovery from industrial wastes, Hydrometallurgy 45 333–344. [9] J.F. Blais, S. Dufresne, G. Mercier, (1999) État du développement technologique en matière d’enlèvement des métaux des effluents industriels, Rev. Sci. Eau 12 687–711 (in French). [10] M. Bissen, F.H. Frimmel, (2003)Arsenic—a review. Part II. Oxidation of arsenic and its removal in water treatment, Acta Hydroch. Hydrob. 31 (2) 97–107 [11] N. Biswas, G. Lazarescu, (1991) Removal of oil from emulsions using electrocoagulation, I. J. Environ. Stud. 38 65–72. [12] R.R. Renk, (1988) Electrocoagulation of tar sand and oil shale wastewater, Energy Prog. 8 205–208. [13] S.H. Lin, C.F. Peng, (1994) Treatment of textile wastewater by electrochemical method, Water Res. 28 277–282. [14] J.S. Do, M.L. Chen, (1994) Decolourization of dye-containing solutions by electrocoagulation, J. Appl. Electrochem. 24785–790. 523 �[15] E.A. Vik, D.A. Carlson, A.S. Eikum, E.T. Gjessing, (1984) Electrocoagulation of potable water, Water Res. 18 1355–1360. [16] M.F. Pouet, A. Grasmick, (1995) Urban wastewater treatment by electrocoagulation and flotation, Water Sci. Technol. 31 275–283. [17] X. Chen, G. Chen, P.L. Yue, (2000) Separation of pollutants from restaurant wastewater by electrocoagulation, Sep. Purif. Technol. 19 65–76. [18] A.S. Koparal, U.B. Ogutveren, (2002) Removal of nitrate from water by electroreduction and electrocoagulation, J. Hazard. Mater. B89 83–94. [19] F. Shen, X. Chen, P. Gao, G. Chen, (2003) Electrochemical removal of fluoride ions from industrial wastewaters, Chem. Eng. Sci. 58 987–993. [20] J. Mrozowski, J. Zielinski, (1983) Studies of zinc and lead removal from industrial wastes by electrocoagulation, Environ. Prot. Eng. 9 77–85. [21] P.R. Kumar, S. Chaudhari, K.C. Khilar, S.P. Mahajan, (2004) Removal of arsenic from water by electrocoagulation, Chemosphere 55 (9) 1245–1252 [22] T. Picard, G. Cathalifaud-Feuillade, M. Mazet, C. Vandensteendam, (2000) Cathodic dissolution in the electrocoagulation process using aluminium electrodes, J. Environ. Monit. 2 77–80. [23] V.E. Cenkin,A.N. Belevtsev, (1985) Electrochemical treatment of industrial wastewater, Eff. Water Treat. J. 243–247. [24] F. Persin, M. Rumeau, (1989) Le traitement électrochimique des eaux et des effluents, Tribune de l’Eau 42 45–56 (in French). [25] K.A. Baltpurvins, R.C. Burns, G.A. Lawrance, A.D. Stuart, (1997) Effect of electrolyte composition on zinc hydroxide precipitation by lime, Water Res. 31 973–980. [26] K. Rajeshwar, J. Ibanez, 1997Environmental Electrochemistry—Fundamentals and Applications in Pollution Abatement, Academic Press, San Diego, CA, p. 776. [27] H. Wendt, G. Kreysa, 2001, Génie électrochimique—principes et procédés, Dunod, Paris, France, (p. 386, in French). 524 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 583 Title A name given to the resource The Effect of Current Density and pH of Cadmium Removal by Electrochemical Processes Author Author BAYAR, Serkan YILMAZ, Alper Erdem BONCUKCUOĞLU, Recep Abstract A summary of the resource. Removal of cadmium from synthetically prepared solution using electrochemical processes is studied in the present study. To determine the optimum operation conditions, the effect of several parameters such as current density and initial solution pH have been investigated. Iron electrode was used as electrode materials. Experiments were carried out with different current densities ranging from 0.25 to 1.25 A/m2. It was observed that the removal of cadmium increases with increasing current densities. The distance of between electrodes was chosen as 5 mm. Initial cadmium concentrations was kept constant at 100 mg/L while other parameters such as current density and initial solution pH were investigated. Cadmium concentration in the solution was determined using Atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The experimentally obtained results were shown that electrochemical processes were achieved to cadmium removal (e.g. 99.99%) from synthetically prepared solution. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed Q Science (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/5b2ccaf42be76ee7d6a4d69b800ce9e1.pdf 81607964fb82f67c1c3c3a3e1dee2e8b PDF Text Text 2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo A Tale of Two Disciplines: Perspectives on HRM vs. Industrial Relations in Europe and in Turkey Serkan BAYRAKTAROGLU Sakarya University, Department of Management, TURKEY Cemal IYEM Sakarya University, Department of Labour Economics and Industrial Relations, TURKEY Yasemin ÖZDEMĠR Sakarya University, Department of Management, TURKEY Abstract: In 1960‘s there are many problems about HRM like stagnation because of many different factors. During 1950‘s HRM is seen as a part of industrial relations. After 1960‘s in time HRM and industrial relations tended to develop as two different areas: industrial relations is narrowly focused on unions and labour-management relations and HRM is focused on the functional parts of employment management. IR and HRM differentiation is parallel to work economist and scientists from management and behaviour sciences (Kaufman 2007: 33). In this paper, the comparison of perspectives of IR and HRM disciplines within the framework of the text books will be made. Industrial Relations Background Post-industrial transformation process and that with the change in labour force quality, as well as the importance of human resource management field to gain reduces the effectiveness of industrial relations. In fact, the importance of industrial relations the most important reason for the reduction of a serious decline of unionism and workers' organizations can be shown to be. However, Yildirim's (1997:13), as expressed to decline to check this in the future of industrial relations or the form of industrial relations in the union will wrap, or vanished, and the human resources management will be left to claim is incorrect. Therefore, a dynamic sub-system of society as "Industrial Relations" at the past, today and future to analyze the "Human Resources" and "Strategic Human Resources" approach" in the role of Industrial Relations will allow us to understand better. In particular, In the 1970s, World War II until the end of the ongoing period of high employment, growth, industry relations, as well as reconciliation and the trade union organizations and collective bargaining it is possible to see the development of. However, these positive statements in the first quarter of the 1970s economic crisis occurring in the unstable structure was replaced. Especially with the increase in the unemployment rate and employment to the unemployed masses "Atypical working" formats emerged. Moreover, the advanced technology brought a change in the workforce profile. Employers and trade unions in the 1980s is coming to the economic and social life and the effects vary with the location, it is possible to see the trade unions started to weaken (Uckan and Kağnıcıoğlu 2004:75). In particular, the process of restructuring in the economy and technological progress by now lost the importance of relationships corporatist individual interests to the fore an understanding that reveals the judges. This change in the structure of collective bargaining itself is felt. National-level collective bargaining in the sense of place to a configuration requires a more micro level, was replaced by the establishment. Once upon a time, massive blue collar and more humane work / life conditions to ensure that come together as created and then this combination political field into the other developments with the welfare state the path to the layer of trade unions to the state when look at it; unions now and against capital as well as the political scene when considered What is the power! is seen as one raised for organizations that are afraid of fashion (Man and Iyem 2008). This component consists of the industrial relations system, developed in parallel with the very nature of the matter is lost. Areas where the collective consciousness of individuals focused on the future of industrial relations in many different scenarios were produced. At present, industrial relations and are opposed to each other HRM‘s and HRM‘s development of industrial relations will disappear with you in the direction of HRM and Industrial Relations that the competitors to each other, complement each other in the direction where there are different opinions (Tokol 2001:210). 655 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo In fact Tokol (2001: 211) expressed as a paradox is in the process, business or business to the worker's trade union decision-making power is the closest. The same paradoxical problem, create a theoretical dimension to the educational process is also possible to downmix. Thus from Personnel Management to Human Resources together with the transition to the Industrial Relations The importance of teaching reading based resources are the basis of how the changes brought?, Western literature with the source in Turkey between sources of Industrial Relations The importance of what similarities or differences are there? HRM Perspective The 1980s saw the emergence of the concept of strategic HRM (for example Schuler 1989; Boxall 1992; Bratton and Gold 1999). Increased competition in both national and global arenas has forced managers to reconsider the management of all resources within the organisation, paying specific attention to the effective management of the human resource, leading to declarations such as ―people are our most valuable asset‖. This reappraisal of the techniques used to manage employees within an organisation has led to the development of various approaches towards human resource management: for example the instrumental approach which focuses on the so-called hard HR areas such as HR planning where human resources are viewed as ―rationally‖ as any other economic factor; and the humanistic approach emphasising the so-called softer aspects of HRM such as organisational culture and employee commitment (Goss 1994). The shift from traditional personnel management towards a more sophisticated human resource management has been reported extensively in recent years (Storey 1989; Legge 1989; Sisson 1989; Guest 1989; Beer et al. 1985). Guest (1993) identifies the central levers for HRM as selection, training and rewards. It is widely accepted, however, that the main features of a human resource management network include additional features such as welfare, trade unions, assessment, employee involvement and equal opportunities. In the Europe and USA the transformation required a process based in the improvements within HRM practices but in Turkey the transformation remained superficial limited to the name change from personnel management to HRM. Furthermore the transformation to strategic HRM has been seen as luxury for the Turkish companies (Bayraktaroglu 2006). Literally strategic HRM includes four dimensions (Bratton and Gold 1999): reengineering, leadership, workplace learning and labour unions. It can be claimed that these dimensions will let us improve HRM strategically and hence overcome so-called shortfalls of HRM. There may be different mechanisms to provide the balance of achieving the desired results: HRM view and IR view mainly structured around the idea of labour unions. Creation of “us” and “them” as competing parties this process may become more unproductive in terms of performance standards. Aim of the Research In this research, the understanding of HRM within the theoretical framework will be analysed to explore the present HRM understanding of academics in comparison with industrial relations view. Method of the Research This research will employ qualitative methods namely content analysis (Holsti 1969; Luborsky 1994) and Turkish HRM textbooks will be used in comparison with British and American HRM text books. In this way, it is hoped that the transformation of strategic HRM in Turkey will be explored and this will help to understand the degree of convergence of the HRM discipline with industrial relations. We propose to use a provisional, working list of main types of industrial relations. We used basic industrial textbooks when working list of main types of industrial relations. These books are very important and basic text books in industrial relations literature (Purcell 1981; Salamon 1987; Ferner and Hyman 1992; Salamon 2000; Edwards 2003). Findings In this section the findings of our research will be indicated in two parts: the findings about European and Turkish HRM books. We used seven British and American HRM text books in this study; also we did content analysis (used main types of industrial relations) on seven British and American HRM text books. 656 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo Above table shows the text books that have been published between 1974 and 2007 years. The number one shows the oldest published (1974) text book while the number seven shows the newest (2007) published text book. The subjects in industry relations have been changed as the time passes. The first three books emphasize the importance of collective bargaining, wages and employee/employer associations because most of the companies were unionised. However, we don‘t see these subjects/chapters in more recently published text books because weakened labour union bargaining power and chancing collective bargaining strategies have contributed to this result. On the other hand, we started seeing that recently published books have started giving place to nonunionization. Some of the union efforts there such as wages, employee labour associations, pay and productivity and disputes. Concepts/ Issues Labour Relations Industrial Relations Industrial Action Collective Agreement Collective Bargaining Disputes Grievances Negotiation Books 1 2 3 4 + + (employe eemployer relations) + (emplo yeeemploy er relation s) 6 ++ 7 8 + ++++++ ++++++ + +++ + ++ + + ++++ +++++ + +++ +++++ + (collec tive work dispute s) + (collective work disputes) ++++++ 9 ++++ ++ + ++ and + (collective negotiation) Conflict Pay and Productivity Wages 5 76 (wage) and 2 (determi nig wages) ++++ ++++ + and + (wage manag ement) , 1 (deter 31 (wage) and 1 (determi nnig wages) + (produc tivity) 25 (wage) 657 8 (wage) , 1 (deter minnig wages) and 1 (wage manag 3 (wag e man age ment ) 5 (wage), 1 (wage managemen t), 2 (determinni g wages) and 5 (wage system) 4 (wage )and 2 (deter minni g wage s) 1 (dete rmin nig wage s) �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo minni g wages ) Manpower Unemployment Conciliation and Arbitration Redundancy Join Consultation Union Recognition Strike Lockout Trade Union ement) +++++ ++++ +++++ + ++ 3 (conciliat ion) and 4 (arbitrati on) + 1 (concili ation) and 1(arbitr ation) +++ ++ + ++ +++ 1 (peaceful) and 1 (computing solutions) ++ + + ++++++ ++++++ + ++ ++++++ ++++++ ++ + Labour Union + ++ + + ++++++ + +++++ +++++ ++++ + 1 (relatio ns with trade unions ) ++++ 1 (work place union), 1 (sectoral union) and 1 (occupati onal union) Unionism Labour Federation 1 (work place) and 1 (occupation al unions) ++ + and 1(confedera tion) + EmployeeEmployer Associations. Works Council Shop Stewards ++ Is there a special part in the book about these subjects? As legal dimensio ns of HRM ++ + + - + + 1 (Labour Law) 658 + + - - - �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo Table 2: The findings about Turkish HRM books (8th and 9th ones are SHRM books) are summarized below; As it is seen from the table only 3 HRM books have a special part named industrial relations and all the HRM and SHRM books mention at least 2 concepts about IR. The most mentioned concept is about wages and the second one is about trade unions. It can be said that although IR is an important area in the development of HRM, the concepts/issues about IR do not have an important place HRM books so in HRM literature. Conclusion Generally the idea of HRM model in Turkey is the opposition of classical industrial relations and collective bargaining agreement and it is argued that HRM methods and policies are developed prove the interest of personnel‘s good and higher life standards by the management. However, there seems to be a dilemma between the HRM and IR understandings for the organisations. This feature of HRM has had some big effects from the views of political and legal developments, decrease of the membership of labour unions and the governments in USA and the UK. The labour unions‘ success can only be possible if they can achieve to adopt the developments in innovative management techniques. Now employees and employers have to face the difficulties of business world together. Instead of wage trade unions the view which supports company‘s success, competition and employing possibilities is getting stronger. These unions have to look over their roles in business world and adaptive themselves to new developments to survive in today‘s world. As a result, this process is representing an important stage for developing strategically HRM in Turkey. Our research findings indicate that the dilemma between HRM and IR disciplines are to be faded away as the objectives of both sides are harmonised as the current conditions forced them to cooperate. References Barutcugil, I. (2004) Stratejik Ġnsan Kaynakları Yönetimi, Kariyer Yayıncılık, Ġstanbul. Bayraktaroğlu, S.(2002) Stratejik Olan ve Olmayan Insan Kaynakları Yonetimi, Beta Yayınları, Istanbul. Bayraktaroglu, S. (2006) Human Resources Management. Sakarya, Adapazari. Beardwell, Ian and Len Holden (1994) Human Resource Management (A Contemporary Perspective), Pitman Publishing, London. Beer, M., Spector, B., Lawrence, P., Mills, D. and Walton, R., (1985) HRM: A General Manager‘s Perspective, Free Press, New York, NY. Bingol, D. (2006) Ġnsan Kaynakları Yönetimi, Arıkan Yayınları, 6. Baskı, Ġstanbul. Boxall, P. and J. Purcell (2003) Strategy and Human Resource Management. Boxall, P. (1992) Strategic human resource management: beginnings of a new theoretical sophistication? Human Resource Management Journal 2(3): 60-79. Bratton, J. and Gold, J. (1999) Human Resources Management, London: MacMillan Press. Edwards Paul (Edited) (2003) Industrial Relations Theory and Practice, Blackwell Publishing. Ferner Anthony, Richard Hyman (1992) Industrial Relations in the New Europe, Oxford, UK Fındıkçı, Ġlhami (2001) Ġnsan Kaynakları Yönetimi, Alfa Yayınları, 3. Baskı, Ġstanbul. Graham, H.T. (1974) Human Resource Management, London Graham, H.T. and R. Bennett (1992) Human Resource Management, London. 659 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo Guest, D. (1993) ―Current perspectives on human resource management in the United Kingdom‖, in Hegewisch, A. and Brewster, C. (Eds), European Developments in Human Resource Management, Kogan Page, London. Guest, D. (1989) ―HRM: implications for industrial relations‖, in Storey, J. (Ed.), New Perspectives on HRM, Routledge, London. Gunnigle, P., N. Heraty and M. Morley (1997) Personnel & Human Resource Management: Theory and Practice in Ireland, Dublin. Goss, D. (1994), Principles of Human Resource Management, Routledge, London. Kaufman, B. E. (2007) ―The Development of HRM in Historical and International Perspective‖, in The Oxford Handbook of Human Resource Management, edit: Boxall, Peter, John Purcell ve Patrick Wright, Oxford University Press, New York, pp. 1947. Kaynak, T., Z. Adal et al. (2000) Insan Kaynakları Yonetimi, Istanbul Universitesi Isletme Fakültesi Isletme Iktisadı Enstitusu AraĢtırma ve Yardım Vakfı Yayını, No: 7, Istanbul. Legge, K., (1989) ―Human resource management: a critical analysis‖, in Storey, J. (Ed.), New Perspectives on Human Resource Management, Routledge, London. Luborsky, M.R. (1994) Qualitative Methods in Ageing Research, Thousand Oaks, C. A: Sage. Mabey, C. and Salaman, G. (1998) Human resource management: a strategic introduction, 2nd Edition, Blackwell Business. Man, F. and C. Ġyem (2008) ―Türkiye‘de Sendikalar Siyaseti Etkileyebilir mi?‖, 10. Sosyal Bilimler Kongresi, ODTÜ, Ankara. Purcell, J. (1981) Good Industrial Relations Theory and Practice, MacMillan. Rigg, C., J. Stewart and K. Trehan (Edit.) (2007) Critical Human Resource Development, UK. Sabuncuoglu, Z. (2008) Insan Kaynakları Yonetimi Uygulamaları, Alfa Aktuel Basım, 3. Baskı, Bursa. Salamon, W. M. (1987 first edition), Industrial Relations: Theory and Practice, UK. Salamon, W. M.l (2000 fourth edition), Industrial Relations: Theory and Practice, UK Schuler, R. S. (1989) Strategic human resource management and industrial relations. Human Relations. 42(2): 157-84. Sisson, K. (1989), Personnel Management in Britain, Basil Blackwell, Oxford. Storey, J. (1989) New Perspectives on Human Resource Management, London: Routledge. Tokol, A. (2001); Endüstri ĠliĢkileri ve Yeni GeliĢmeler, VipaĢ, Bursa. Uckan, B. and Kagnıcıoglu, D. (2004) Endüstri ĠliĢkileri, Anadolu Üniversitesi, EskiĢehir. Uyargil, C., Adal, Z., Ataayi I., Acar, A., Özçelik, O., Sadullah, Ö., G. Dündar and L. Tüzüner (2008), Ġnsan Kaynakları Yönetimi, Beta Yayınları, 3. Baskı, Istanbul. Yıldırım, E. (1997) Endüstri IliĢkileri Teorileri (Sosyolojik Bir Değerlendirme), DeğiĢim Yayınları, Sakarya. Yüksel, O. (2007) Ġnsan Kaynakları Yönetimi, Gazi Kitabevi, 6. Baskı, Ankara. 660 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 305 Title A name given to the resource A Tale of Two Disciplines: Perspectives on HRM vs. Industrial Relations in Europe and in Turkey Author Author BAYRAKTAROGLU, Serkan IYEM, Cemal ÖZDEMĠR, Yasemin Abstract A summary of the resource. In 1960‘s there are many problems about HRM like stagnation because of many different factors. During 1950‘s HRM is seen as a part of industrial relations. After 1960‘s in time HRM and industrial relations tended to develop as two different areas: industrial relations is narrowly focused on unions and labour-management relations and HRM is focused on the functional parts of employment management. IR and HRM differentiation is parallel to work economist and scientists from management and behaviour sciences (Kaufman 2007: 33). In this paper, the comparison of perspectives of IR and HRM disciplines within the framework of the text books will be made. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed HB Economic Theory https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/dfcd08b7136b690e5144bf7e1bda2620.pdf 81607964fb82f67c1c3c3a3e1dee2e8b PDF Text Text 2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo A Tale of Two Disciplines: Perspectives on HRM vs. Industrial Relations in Europe and in Turkey Serkan BAYRAKTAROGLU Sakarya University, Department of Management, TURKEY Cemal IYEM Sakarya University, Department of Labour Economics and Industrial Relations, TURKEY Yasemin ÖZDEMĠR Sakarya University, Department of Management, TURKEY Abstract: In 1960‘s there are many problems about HRM like stagnation because of many different factors. During 1950‘s HRM is seen as a part of industrial relations. After 1960‘s in time HRM and industrial relations tended to develop as two different areas: industrial relations is narrowly focused on unions and labour-management relations and HRM is focused on the functional parts of employment management. IR and HRM differentiation is parallel to work economist and scientists from management and behaviour sciences (Kaufman 2007: 33). In this paper, the comparison of perspectives of IR and HRM disciplines within the framework of the text books will be made. Industrial Relations Background Post-industrial transformation process and that with the change in labour force quality, as well as the importance of human resource management field to gain reduces the effectiveness of industrial relations. In fact, the importance of industrial relations the most important reason for the reduction of a serious decline of unionism and workers' organizations can be shown to be. However, Yildirim's (1997:13), as expressed to decline to check this in the future of industrial relations or the form of industrial relations in the union will wrap, or vanished, and the human resources management will be left to claim is incorrect. Therefore, a dynamic sub-system of society as "Industrial Relations" at the past, today and future to analyze the "Human Resources" and "Strategic Human Resources" approach" in the role of Industrial Relations will allow us to understand better. In particular, In the 1970s, World War II until the end of the ongoing period of high employment, growth, industry relations, as well as reconciliation and the trade union organizations and collective bargaining it is possible to see the development of. However, these positive statements in the first quarter of the 1970s economic crisis occurring in the unstable structure was replaced. Especially with the increase in the unemployment rate and employment to the unemployed masses "Atypical working" formats emerged. Moreover, the advanced technology brought a change in the workforce profile. Employers and trade unions in the 1980s is coming to the economic and social life and the effects vary with the location, it is possible to see the trade unions started to weaken (Uckan and Kağnıcıoğlu 2004:75). In particular, the process of restructuring in the economy and technological progress by now lost the importance of relationships corporatist individual interests to the fore an understanding that reveals the judges. This change in the structure of collective bargaining itself is felt. National-level collective bargaining in the sense of place to a configuration requires a more micro level, was replaced by the establishment. Once upon a time, massive blue collar and more humane work / life conditions to ensure that come together as created and then this combination political field into the other developments with the welfare state the path to the layer of trade unions to the state when look at it; unions now and against capital as well as the political scene when considered What is the power! is seen as one raised for organizations that are afraid of fashion (Man and Iyem 2008). This component consists of the industrial relations system, developed in parallel with the very nature of the matter is lost. Areas where the collective consciousness of individuals focused on the future of industrial relations in many different scenarios were produced. At present, industrial relations and are opposed to each other HRM‘s and HRM‘s development of industrial relations will disappear with you in the direction of HRM and Industrial Relations that the competitors to each other, complement each other in the direction where there are different opinions (Tokol 2001:210). 655 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo In fact Tokol (2001: 211) expressed as a paradox is in the process, business or business to the worker's trade union decision-making power is the closest. The same paradoxical problem, create a theoretical dimension to the educational process is also possible to downmix. Thus from Personnel Management to Human Resources together with the transition to the Industrial Relations The importance of teaching reading based resources are the basis of how the changes brought?, Western literature with the source in Turkey between sources of Industrial Relations The importance of what similarities or differences are there? HRM Perspective The 1980s saw the emergence of the concept of strategic HRM (for example Schuler 1989; Boxall 1992; Bratton and Gold 1999). Increased competition in both national and global arenas has forced managers to reconsider the management of all resources within the organisation, paying specific attention to the effective management of the human resource, leading to declarations such as ―people are our most valuable asset‖. This reappraisal of the techniques used to manage employees within an organisation has led to the development of various approaches towards human resource management: for example the instrumental approach which focuses on the so-called hard HR areas such as HR planning where human resources are viewed as ―rationally‖ as any other economic factor; and the humanistic approach emphasising the so-called softer aspects of HRM such as organisational culture and employee commitment (Goss 1994). The shift from traditional personnel management towards a more sophisticated human resource management has been reported extensively in recent years (Storey 1989; Legge 1989; Sisson 1989; Guest 1989; Beer et al. 1985). Guest (1993) identifies the central levers for HRM as selection, training and rewards. It is widely accepted, however, that the main features of a human resource management network include additional features such as welfare, trade unions, assessment, employee involvement and equal opportunities. In the Europe and USA the transformation required a process based in the improvements within HRM practices but in Turkey the transformation remained superficial limited to the name change from personnel management to HRM. Furthermore the transformation to strategic HRM has been seen as luxury for the Turkish companies (Bayraktaroglu 2006). Literally strategic HRM includes four dimensions (Bratton and Gold 1999): reengineering, leadership, workplace learning and labour unions. It can be claimed that these dimensions will let us improve HRM strategically and hence overcome so-called shortfalls of HRM. There may be different mechanisms to provide the balance of achieving the desired results: HRM view and IR view mainly structured around the idea of labour unions. Creation of “us” and “them” as competing parties this process may become more unproductive in terms of performance standards. Aim of the Research In this research, the understanding of HRM within the theoretical framework will be analysed to explore the present HRM understanding of academics in comparison with industrial relations view. Method of the Research This research will employ qualitative methods namely content analysis (Holsti 1969; Luborsky 1994) and Turkish HRM textbooks will be used in comparison with British and American HRM text books. In this way, it is hoped that the transformation of strategic HRM in Turkey will be explored and this will help to understand the degree of convergence of the HRM discipline with industrial relations. We propose to use a provisional, working list of main types of industrial relations. We used basic industrial textbooks when working list of main types of industrial relations. These books are very important and basic text books in industrial relations literature (Purcell 1981; Salamon 1987; Ferner and Hyman 1992; Salamon 2000; Edwards 2003). Findings In this section the findings of our research will be indicated in two parts: the findings about European and Turkish HRM books. We used seven British and American HRM text books in this study; also we did content analysis (used main types of industrial relations) on seven British and American HRM text books. 656 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo Above table shows the text books that have been published between 1974 and 2007 years. The number one shows the oldest published (1974) text book while the number seven shows the newest (2007) published text book. The subjects in industry relations have been changed as the time passes. The first three books emphasize the importance of collective bargaining, wages and employee/employer associations because most of the companies were unionised. However, we don‘t see these subjects/chapters in more recently published text books because weakened labour union bargaining power and chancing collective bargaining strategies have contributed to this result. On the other hand, we started seeing that recently published books have started giving place to nonunionization. Some of the union efforts there such as wages, employee labour associations, pay and productivity and disputes. Concepts/ Issues Labour Relations Industrial Relations Industrial Action Collective Agreement Collective Bargaining Disputes Grievances Negotiation Books 1 2 3 4 + + (employe eemployer relations) + (emplo yeeemploy er relation s) 6 ++ 7 8 + ++++++ ++++++ + +++ + ++ + + ++++ +++++ + +++ +++++ + (collec tive work dispute s) + (collective work disputes) ++++++ 9 ++++ ++ + ++ and + (collective negotiation) Conflict Pay and Productivity Wages 5 76 (wage) and 2 (determi nig wages) ++++ ++++ + and + (wage manag ement) , 1 (deter 31 (wage) and 1 (determi nnig wages) + (produc tivity) 25 (wage) 657 8 (wage) , 1 (deter minnig wages) and 1 (wage manag 3 (wag e man age ment ) 5 (wage), 1 (wage managemen t), 2 (determinni g wages) and 5 (wage system) 4 (wage )and 2 (deter minni g wage s) 1 (dete rmin nig wage s) �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo minni g wages ) Manpower Unemployment Conciliation and Arbitration Redundancy Join Consultation Union Recognition Strike Lockout Trade Union ement) +++++ ++++ +++++ + ++ 3 (conciliat ion) and 4 (arbitrati on) + 1 (concili ation) and 1(arbitr ation) +++ ++ + ++ +++ 1 (peaceful) and 1 (computing solutions) ++ + + ++++++ ++++++ + ++ ++++++ ++++++ ++ + Labour Union + ++ + + ++++++ + +++++ +++++ ++++ + 1 (relatio ns with trade unions ) ++++ 1 (work place union), 1 (sectoral union) and 1 (occupati onal union) Unionism Labour Federation 1 (work place) and 1 (occupation al unions) ++ + and 1(confedera tion) + EmployeeEmployer Associations. Works Council Shop Stewards ++ Is there a special part in the book about these subjects? As legal dimensio ns of HRM ++ + + - + + 1 (Labour Law) 658 + + - - - �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo Table 2: The findings about Turkish HRM books (8th and 9th ones are SHRM books) are summarized below; As it is seen from the table only 3 HRM books have a special part named industrial relations and all the HRM and SHRM books mention at least 2 concepts about IR. The most mentioned concept is about wages and the second one is about trade unions. It can be said that although IR is an important area in the development of HRM, the concepts/issues about IR do not have an important place HRM books so in HRM literature. Conclusion Generally the idea of HRM model in Turkey is the opposition of classical industrial relations and collective bargaining agreement and it is argued that HRM methods and policies are developed prove the interest of personnel‘s good and higher life standards by the management. However, there seems to be a dilemma between the HRM and IR understandings for the organisations. This feature of HRM has had some big effects from the views of political and legal developments, decrease of the membership of labour unions and the governments in USA and the UK. The labour unions‘ success can only be possible if they can achieve to adopt the developments in innovative management techniques. Now employees and employers have to face the difficulties of business world together. Instead of wage trade unions the view which supports company‘s success, competition and employing possibilities is getting stronger. These unions have to look over their roles in business world and adaptive themselves to new developments to survive in today‘s world. As a result, this process is representing an important stage for developing strategically HRM in Turkey. Our research findings indicate that the dilemma between HRM and IR disciplines are to be faded away as the objectives of both sides are harmonised as the current conditions forced them to cooperate. References Barutcugil, I. (2004) Stratejik Ġnsan Kaynakları Yönetimi, Kariyer Yayıncılık, Ġstanbul. Bayraktaroğlu, S.(2002) Stratejik Olan ve Olmayan Insan Kaynakları Yonetimi, Beta Yayınları, Istanbul. Bayraktaroglu, S. (2006) Human Resources Management. Sakarya, Adapazari. Beardwell, Ian and Len Holden (1994) Human Resource Management (A Contemporary Perspective), Pitman Publishing, London. Beer, M., Spector, B., Lawrence, P., Mills, D. and Walton, R., (1985) HRM: A General Manager‘s Perspective, Free Press, New York, NY. Bingol, D. (2006) Ġnsan Kaynakları Yönetimi, Arıkan Yayınları, 6. Baskı, Ġstanbul. Boxall, P. and J. Purcell (2003) Strategy and Human Resource Management. Boxall, P. (1992) Strategic human resource management: beginnings of a new theoretical sophistication? Human Resource Management Journal 2(3): 60-79. Bratton, J. and Gold, J. (1999) Human Resources Management, London: MacMillan Press. Edwards Paul (Edited) (2003) Industrial Relations Theory and Practice, Blackwell Publishing. Ferner Anthony, Richard Hyman (1992) Industrial Relations in the New Europe, Oxford, UK Fındıkçı, Ġlhami (2001) Ġnsan Kaynakları Yönetimi, Alfa Yayınları, 3. Baskı, Ġstanbul. Graham, H.T. (1974) Human Resource Management, London Graham, H.T. and R. Bennett (1992) Human Resource Management, London. 659 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo Guest, D. (1993) ―Current perspectives on human resource management in the United Kingdom‖, in Hegewisch, A. and Brewster, C. (Eds), European Developments in Human Resource Management, Kogan Page, London. Guest, D. (1989) ―HRM: implications for industrial relations‖, in Storey, J. (Ed.), New Perspectives on HRM, Routledge, London. Gunnigle, P., N. Heraty and M. Morley (1997) Personnel & Human Resource Management: Theory and Practice in Ireland, Dublin. Goss, D. (1994), Principles of Human Resource Management, Routledge, London. Kaufman, B. E. (2007) ―The Development of HRM in Historical and International Perspective‖, in The Oxford Handbook of Human Resource Management, edit: Boxall, Peter, John Purcell ve Patrick Wright, Oxford University Press, New York, pp. 1947. Kaynak, T., Z. Adal et al. (2000) Insan Kaynakları Yonetimi, Istanbul Universitesi Isletme Fakültesi Isletme Iktisadı Enstitusu AraĢtırma ve Yardım Vakfı Yayını, No: 7, Istanbul. Legge, K., (1989) ―Human resource management: a critical analysis‖, in Storey, J. (Ed.), New Perspectives on Human Resource Management, Routledge, London. Luborsky, M.R. (1994) Qualitative Methods in Ageing Research, Thousand Oaks, C. A: Sage. Mabey, C. and Salaman, G. (1998) Human resource management: a strategic introduction, 2nd Edition, Blackwell Business. Man, F. and C. Ġyem (2008) ―Türkiye‘de Sendikalar Siyaseti Etkileyebilir mi?‖, 10. Sosyal Bilimler Kongresi, ODTÜ, Ankara. Purcell, J. (1981) Good Industrial Relations Theory and Practice, MacMillan. Rigg, C., J. Stewart and K. Trehan (Edit.) (2007) Critical Human Resource Development, UK. Sabuncuoglu, Z. (2008) Insan Kaynakları Yonetimi Uygulamaları, Alfa Aktuel Basım, 3. Baskı, Bursa. Salamon, W. M. (1987 first edition), Industrial Relations: Theory and Practice, UK. Salamon, W. M.l (2000 fourth edition), Industrial Relations: Theory and Practice, UK Schuler, R. S. (1989) Strategic human resource management and industrial relations. Human Relations. 42(2): 157-84. Sisson, K. (1989), Personnel Management in Britain, Basil Blackwell, Oxford. Storey, J. (1989) New Perspectives on Human Resource Management, London: Routledge. Tokol, A. (2001); Endüstri ĠliĢkileri ve Yeni GeliĢmeler, VipaĢ, Bursa. Uckan, B. and Kagnıcıoglu, D. (2004) Endüstri ĠliĢkileri, Anadolu Üniversitesi, EskiĢehir. Uyargil, C., Adal, Z., Ataayi I., Acar, A., Özçelik, O., Sadullah, Ö., G. Dündar and L. Tüzüner (2008), Ġnsan Kaynakları Yönetimi, Beta Yayınları, 3. Baskı, Istanbul. Yıldırım, E. (1997) Endüstri IliĢkileri Teorileri (Sosyolojik Bir Değerlendirme), DeğiĢim Yayınları, Sakarya. Yüksel, O. (2007) Ġnsan Kaynakları Yönetimi, Gazi Kitabevi, 6. Baskı, Ankara. 660 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 255 Title A name given to the resource A Tale of Two Disciplines: Perspectives on HRM vs. Industrial Relations in Europe and in Turkey Author Author BAYRAKTAROĞLU, Serkan IYEM, Cemal ÖZDEMİR, Yasemin Abstract A summary of the resource. In 1960‘s there are many problems about HRM like stagnation because of many different factors. During 1950‘s HRM is seen as a part of industrial relations. After 1960‘s in time HRM and industrial relations tended to develop as two different areas: industrial relations is narrowly focused on unions and labour-management relations and HRM is focused on the functional parts of employment management. IR and HRM differentiation is parallel to work economist and scientists from management and behaviour sciences (Kaufman 2007: 33). In this paper, the comparison of perspectives of IR and HRM disciplines within the framework of the text books will be made. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed HB Economic Theory https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/d09c8f9c877e89cabe1219366bde08bc.pdf 7b8527bd0ea3d520975139fab8f5fe65 PDF Text Text The Effect of Different Soil Regulators on Quality Tomatoes Rudil BAYYURT Akdeniz University, Faculty Of Agriculture Department Of Horticulture, 07049 Antalya-Turkey rudilbayyurt@gmail.com Funda AYAR ŞENSOY Akdeniz University, Faculty Of Agriculture Department Of Horticulture, 07049 Antalya-Turkey ayar@akdeniz.edu.tr Burçin ÇAKALOZ KOÇ Akdeniz University, Faculty Of Agriculture Department Of Horticulture, 07049 Antalya-Turkey burcinkc@hotmail.com Nurgül ERCAN Akdeniz University, Faculty Of Agriculture Department Of Horticulture, 07049 Antalya-Turkey nercan@akdeniz.edu.tr Abstract: Soil structure are very important factor at plant growing. Plants take water and plant nutrients via their roots. If the factors such as water holding capacity and porosity of soil is good enough, yield and quality of plant will be increased. Tomato is valuable plant both for the fresh fruit market and the processed food industries. It is grown in a wide range of climates in the field and under protection.The aim of this research is to determine the effect of different soil regulators (zeolite, peat, Terra Cottem, organik fertilizer) on tomato quality. They were mixed into the soil before planting. At the end of the research, while organic fertilizer has the highest value in terms of fruit weight and fruit diameter, control treatment has the highest value at fruit lenght. According to the results, organic fertilizer is able to be mixed into soil for much better fruit quality. Introduction After the importance of vegetables on human nutrition is understood, both the number of works on vegetable growing, its rehabilitation and vegetable production-consumption increase quickly. Tomato is the one of these vegetables which is mostly produced and consumed and it is the one of them which is mostly worked on its quality and efficiency. In the world, tomato has 129.649.883 ton production on 5.227.883ha field. (Anonymous, 2010a) On the other hand in our country, we have 10.985.400 ton tomato production on 300.000ha field. Therefore, following China, UK and America, we are on the fourth rank on tomato production. (Anonymous, 2010b) Also, in spite of 247.996 hg/ha tomato profit in the world, in Turkey it is 366.180 hg/ha. Our efficiency is high because one part of the Works on tomato embraced by soil regulators used in growing. In terms of soil wish, tomato is not a kind of selective plant. It is grown in each rich soil that is full of nutrition ingredients. There is an earlier crop development on the light origin soil, but the plant’s life is short. According to this, the efficiency automatically fallen. On the other hand, although on heavy clay soil, plant development is rather slowly at the beginning, the plant always develops and grows new shoots,flowers and fruit. Thus, the efficiency is higher on these soils. The plant is stronger against to illness and pests. Tomate fruit produced on these cray soils becomes nicer on colour and more enduring. The highness water holding capacity of the soil also substantially affects the plant development and efficiency. Tomato needs 5.5-7 soil ph. Sometimes the soil conditions that the plant need can not be supplied or the plant can not get nutrition ingredients from the soil. This causes problems with the efficiency and quality. 23 �The aim of using organic and inorganic soil regulators is to make simpler to get plant nutrition ingredients by doing soil’s physical and chemical origin better. Besides, the cure of soil’s physical features is considerably important in terms of plant growing and soil protection. With the solution of negative effects of acid in soil and the saving the endurance of aggregation and aggragates, a plant can adequately grows. (Ozdemir et al, 2005) Generally our country’s organic nutrient ingredients are not enough. By adding different organic materials, especially such as stable fertilizer , it is tried to make soil features (especially physical ones) better and to heighten the organic nutrient and the efficiency of the soil. Inadequacy of farm fertilizer and its expensiveness cause searches on using of other materials as organic nutrient source and soil regulator. ( Kütük et al, 1995; Okur and Delibacak, 2006) In this study, in order to protect the origin of soil; get maximum profit from water in soil; simplify plant’s getting nutrient elements from the soil; provide product rise, zeolite, terra cottem, peat and organic fertilizers are used. The effects on tomato quality of these different soil regulators are searched. Tomatoes Used in The Media 1.1.1.Zeolite Chemical composition of zeolite is a hydrated silicic mineral of aluminium. Main characteristics of zeolite are high cation exchange capacity, in balance water retention/release, nutrient available via ion exchange, arrange of acidity and air porosity. In addition, zeolite like a slow release fertilizer(Ayan, 2001). Trade Name Zeta NATM 900 NMF 9000 Filter Clino Application Animal Coaster Contribution feed Contribution of fertilizer Filtration, waste water Size (microns) 2,5-3,5 0-0,7 1,5-7,0 Price ($ / ton) 70 85 80 2,5-3,5 5,0-7,0 15,0-16,0 75 75 75 Table 1: Commercial Natural Zeolites Produced in Turkey (Anonymous, 2010d) Chemical Structure SiO 2 Al 2 O 3 Fe 2 O 3 K2O H2O CaO MgO Na 2 O Ti % 71.29 13.55 1.15 3.50 5.90 1.96 0.60 0.02 0.04 No 30 0.70 Ag N B (ppm) Table 2: Chemical Composition of Zeolites (Altan et al, 1998) 1.1.2.Peat Peat is composed of water level decrease in lake’s beds and then plant’activities come to the fore, in winter plant death by water level increasing. The natural phenomenon reproduce constantly. Peat is the type of organic soil and is used for vegetables, seedlings, cultivated mushroom and potted ornamental crops. Đts ph is range from 5.5 to 6.5. it is a poor organic soil except for nitrogen and semi- steril. In Turkey peat deposites which are approximately 40- 50 thousand hectares, were found 15 units (Ulukan and Ece, 2006) . Peat is very popular and commanly used for growing vegetables and seedlings in Turkey. 1.1.3.Organic Fertilizer Nowadays a huge range of products can be obtained, which have been produced intensively using chemical fertilizers; however, the extreme and careless usage of chemical fertilizers leads to structural damages and deterioration of physical, chemical and biological properties of the soil, like salinization, withering, 24 �extreme pH-levels and the destruction of organic material which acts as nutrients for microorganisms, which can only be recognized at long-terms. For reestablishing the physical, chemical and biological balance of our farming grounds, organic fertilizing is essential. The organic substances which the soil gets enriched with by organic fertilizing reestablish the air/water balance in the soil and thus maintain a healthy soil structure. Due to increased activity of microorganisms in the soil as a result if adding organic substances, the biological activity also increases and nutrients will be released, what either leads to a better chemical structure of the soil. This way the physical, chemical and biological balance of the soil is being reestablished. In order not to devastate this balance, we urgently have to stop the intensive usage of chemical fertilizers and we need change to organic fertilizing (Anonymous, 2010c) 1.1.4. Terra Cottem The terra cottem soıl conditıoner is a proprietary mixture of more than twenty components from six different groups all assisting the plant growth processes in a synergetic way:The Growth Stimulators play a very important role in the initial growth phase of the plant. They activate rootcell elongation and differentiation, and biomass production. In addition, roots are encouraged to grow more rapidly to depths where more water is present. Terra cottem’s crosslinked hydroabsorbent copolymers of acrylamide and acrylic acid partially neutralized by potassium and ammonia salts absorb and store water that is normally lost to evaporation and leaching, reducing the volume and frequency of necessary irrigation up to 50%. This water is then kept at the disposal of the plant that accesses the stored water on demand through its root hairs, keeping the water in the root zone for a longer period of time. In dry form, polymers are white, crystalline granules swell quickly, absorbing water and expanding into a gel- like substance. Each polymer is capable ofstoring many times its own weight in water. The terra cottem polymers have a low sensitivity to electrolytes, yielding numerous wet/dry cycles. The soluable mineral fertilizers absorbed by the hydrogels, feature a classic NPK mixture used as a starter component for the first growth phase of plants. They contain a high amount of trace elements. The slow release fertizlizers offer a constant flow of nutrients and play an important role in soil fertilization for many months. The release of nutrients starts approximately 2- 3 weeks after application and is temperature activated. The organic fertilizers stimulate microbiological activity in the soil and contribute to overall soil conditioning by releasing nitrogen and other growth stimulating elements. Terra cottem’s carrier material consists of a particular kind of volcanic pyroclastic rock (lava). The material acts as a component binder, a vehicle for the growth stimulators and allows homogeneous distribution of all components. Lava also improves the soil’s aeration (Anonymous, 2010e). Benefits • • • • • • • • • Stronger and deeper root development Healthier plants and increased yields Higher resistance to diseases Increased survival rate Soil conditioning Water savings Better use of fertilizers Good for the environment Enable plant growth in degraded, saline or otherwise marginal soils The Study This study was conducted in Akdeniz Unıversity Faculty of Agrıculture’s research and application field’s greenhouses. Each application were prepared separately. Soil regulators mixed in the soil for growing. controls were composed of non-regulators soil. The usage area and the amonuts are the same with the line lenght 12. 3 cm and the soil regulator weight of 623 kg/da was used. Tomato cv M19 was choosen as 25 �plantal material. Organic 1application was composed of %65 Clinoptilolite and %20 total organic materail. Organic 2 application was composed of %45 Clinoptilolite,%20 total organic materail, %8 total nitrogen and %1 organic nitrogen. Clinoptilolite is one of 40 different minerals of the group of zeolites and also the most important one among them. Because of its superior physiochemical characteristics and its versatile usability in a number of different industries it is used in geological, physical, chemical and agricultural, animal breeding and medical processes. Due to its huge anion and cation exchange capacity and its essential characteristics, like a balanced water management and its ability to bind and to release nutrients, Clinoptilolite is used as soil regulator and re-activator. Study was carried out as Randomized block design with 3 replications for each application. 15 fruits observation was donefor each replications. Examined parameters are fruit width, length and weight. Fruit width and length were measured by electronic calipers. Statistical analyses were performed by using SASsoftware package (SAS Institute, 1988), treatments means were separeted by Duncan’s test. Findings The highest value was supplied with organic 1- 2 and these applications weren’t significantly different from each other but they were significantly different from others; zeolite application showed the lowest value in terms of fruit width parameter. On fruit size parameter, the highest value was supplied with organic 1 and this application had statistically differences from the others; zeolite application gave the lowest value.when the total fruit weight parameter was taken into consideration, the highest value was supplied with organic nutrient 1-2 and these applications weren’t significantly different from eac other but they were significantly different from other applications; zeolite application showed the lowest value [Table 3]. Applications (I.harvest) Width Size Peat 71.6924b* 58.8913bc Soil 70.9832b 59.9996ab Zeolite 67.3582c 56.0720d Organic 1 74.4369a 60.4882a Organic 2 74.5020a 60.1896ab Terra cottem 69.0800c 58.4371c *Means with the same letter are not significantly different. There were significant differences between applications(P<0.01). Table 3: Fruit width, size and weigth results of I. harvest. Weight 184.952b 185.981b 153.885d 202.085a 204.602a 168.517c statistically It was seen that the highest value was supplied with organic 1and this application was significantly different from others; zeolite application showed the lowest value in terms the fruit width parameter. On fruit size parameter, the highest value was supplied with organic 1 and soil. Those applications had statistically differences from the others but these applications weren’t significantly different from eac other; zeolite application gave the lowest value. When the total fruit weight parameter, the highest value was supplied with organic 1 and this application is significantly different from other applications; zeolite application showed the lowest value [Table 4]. Applications (II. harvest) Width Size Weight Peat 68 341 b * 57.1107 b 162.206b Soil 69 712 ab 59.2798 a 173.842ab Zeolite 67 453 b 56.6422 b 157.328b Organic 1 71 890 a 59.7404 a 188.623a Organic 2 68 078 b 56.6800 b 161.122b Terra cottem 67 792 b 57.2582 b 160.508b *Means with the same letter are not significantly different. There were significant statistically differences between applications(P<0.01). Table 4: Fruit width, size and weigth results of II. harvest. 26 �On fruit width parameter, the highest value was supplied with organic 2, zeolite and soil. These applications weren’t significantly different from each other but they were significantly different from others; the other applications showed the lowest value. When the fruit size parameter was the case, the highest value was supplied by soil and this application had statistically differences from the others; peat and organic 1 gave the lowest value. The highest value was supplied with zeolite, soil and these applications aren’t significantly different from eac other but they are significantly different from other applications; organic 1,Terra cottem and peat applications showed the lowest value in terms of the total fruit weight parameter [Table 5]. Applications (III. harvest ) Width Size Weight Peat 49 208 b * 43 827 c 72 874 c Soil 54 166 a 48 610 a 91 720 a Zeolite 53 379 a 47 292 ab 89 648 a Organic 1 48 266 b 43 500 c 68 730 c Organic 2 53 246 a 47 697 ab 88.321ab Terra cottem 49 604 b 45 824 abc 71 854 c *Means with the same letter are not significantly different. There were significant statistically differences between applications(P<0.01). Table 5: Fruit width, size and weigth results of III. harvest. Conclusions If soil doesn’t have enough nutrients for farming and has low water holding capacity, soil regulators can be used for avoding these problem. Soil regulators provide; water savings, stronger and deeper root development, better use of fertilizers and fruit quality. In this study, the soil of greenhouse is Terra rossa soil which has rich in nutrient materails, enough holding water capacity. Therefore; difference among the applications were not put the case clearly. The impacts of applications come into being clearly in the bad soil condition. According to results of the study; on fruit quality, the highest value was supplied with organic 1 - 2 in first two harvest; in latter harvest zeolit supplied the highest value on the fruit quality because of initating heat stres, fruits didn’t reach peculiar to fruit cultivar size. References Altan, A., Altan, Ö., Alçiçek, A., Nalbant, M. ve Akbaş, Y. (1998). Tavukçulukta Doğal Zeolit Kullanımı I., Ege Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, Cilt. 35, No.1-2-3, S. 9-16, Issn 1018-6651, Đzmir Anonymous, 2010a. http://www.fao .org. Anonymous, 2010b. http://www.aib.gov.tr/proje/meyvesebzeulkeler.pdf Anonymous, 2010c. http://www.eregligubre.de/tr/4,0,1,0.html Anonymous, 2010d. http://www.mining-eng.org.tr/7.bykp/ ekutup96/o480/zeolit.htm Anonymous, 2010e. http://www.terracottem.com/eng/index.php Ayan, S. (2001). Utilization Of Zeolite As Plant Growing Media, Gazi University, Kastamon Faculty Of Forestry Silviculture Department Journal Of Doa No : 7 Page: 97 – 111, , Kastamonu. Delibacak, S., Eşiyok, D., Okur, B., Yağmur, B., Gevrek, M. N.( 2006). Farklı Azolla (Azolla meksicana) Düzeylerinin Kimi Toprak Özellikleri ve Roka (Eruca sativa) Verimi Üzerine Etkileri Ege Üniv. Ziraat Fak. Derg., , 43(2):97-108 ISSN 1018-8851. 27 �Kaptan, H. (1990).Türkiye’de Turba Yatakları Ve Kullanılma Alanlarının Saptanması, Atatürk Bahçe Kültürleri Araştırma Enstitüsü Müdürlüğü, Yalova. Kütük, A.C., Çayci, G., Baran, A. (1995). Çay Atıklarının Bitki Yetiştirme Ortamı Olarak Kullanılabilme Olanakları. Ankara Üniv. Zir. Fakültesi Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi, Yıl 1, Sayı 1, Sayfa 35-40. Özdemir, N., Gülser, C., Ekberli, Đ., Özkaptan, S. (2005). Toprak Düzenleyicilerinin Asit Toprakta Strüktürel Dayanıklılığa Etkisi, Atatürk Üniv. Ziraat Fak. Derg. 36 (2), 151-156, 2005 Issn : 1300-9036 Sas Đnstitute.(1989). Sas/Stat User’s Guide. North Caroline: Sas Institute Ulukan Đ., Ece A. (2006). Doğu Anadolu Bölgesinde Farklı Yerlerden Elde Edilen Değişik Torf Materyallerinin Domates (Lycopersicon Lycopersicum L.) ‘Te Fide Kalitesi Üzerine Etkileri, Bahçe Kültürleri Araştırma Enstitüsü Müdürlüğü –Erzincan , Gaziosmanpaşa Üni. Ziraat Fakültesi Bahçe Bitkileri Bölümü –Tokat. 28 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 325 Title A name given to the resource The Effect of Different Soil Regulators on Quality Tomatoes Author Author BAYYURT, Rudil AYAR SENSOY, Funda ÇAKALOZ KOÇ, Burçin ERCAN, Nurgül Abstract A summary of the resource. Soil structure are very important factor at plant growing. Plants take water and plant nutrients via their roots. If the factors such as water holding capacity and porosity of soil is good enough, yield and quality of plant will be increased. Tomato is valuable plant both for the fresh fruit market and the processed food industries. It is grown in a wide range of climates in the field and under protection.The aim of this research is to determine the effect of different soil regulators (zeolite, peat, Terra Cottem, organik fertilizer) on tomato quality. They were mixed into the soil before planting. At the end of the research, while organic fertilizer has the highest value in terms of fruit weight and fruit diameter, control treatment has the highest value at fruit lenght. According to the results, organic fertilizer is able to be mixed into soil for much better fruit quality. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed Q Science (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/ee6848af6c8d9581964badb19a60b1db.pdf 30cc8c4e6a3e6055a9c48bf219b62746 PDF Text Text Determining The Morphological and Yield Characteristics of Melon (Cucumis melo L.) Landrace From Canakkale-Turkey Seyit Ahmet BECAN Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Rectorate, Health, Sport and Culture Department ahmetbecan@hotmail.com Mürsel GÜVEN Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Agriculture Faculty, Soil Department mursel@comu.edu.tr Abstract : This research has been carried out in order to determine some morphological and yield characteristics of melon landrace (Hirsiz kaciran) grown in Canakkale. Research was laid out in randomized block design with four replications and 20 plants in each replication. Cucumis melo L. cv. Kırkagac-637 was also used as control cultivar. In addition to fruit and yield charactreristics seed germination tests were also performed. According to data; fruit weight, fruit diameter, total soluble solids of Hırsız Kaciran landrace was found as 1186,15 g, 126,5 mm and 8,4% respectively. Keywords : Melon, landrace, yield Introduction Melon takes part in Cucurbitaceae family is evaluated as cold fruit rather than main foodstuff. Little fruits of melons take an important place in pickle industry. Anotolia, Iran, Afganistan, Middle Asia and Soutwest Asia is admitted as origin centers of melon. Wild types of melons are seen in this region. Melon was taken to the European countries taking from Van region by the Roman missioners (Vural et.al. 2000). Melons are classified up to their fruit shapes, skin colours, flesh colur, fleshe firmness, their aromas and cavity of seeds. Production of melon is approximately 20 millions tonnes in the world and China achieves 6.6 millions tonnes and Turkey takes part in the second line with the 1.8 millions tonnes production in 103.000 hectares area. Melon is produce relatively with local populations and open polinated cultivars while hybrids use in greenhouse and irrigated lands. In Turkey, melon cultivars consists of raund Kırkağaç (60%), elipse Kırkağaç (%30-35) and YuvaHasanbey (%5-10). Production of seeds are recieved 37.150 kg in local open polinated and 2.302 kg in hybrids in Turkey in 2007. On the other hand importation of seeds was made 5400 kg in open polinated types and 3288 kg in hybrid types in 2007 (Ünlü et. al., 2007). While mature fruits of melon is consumed freshly, there are also some other source of consuming. They are consuming as ice-cream, consuming as drink mixing with milk, using as essence, consuming in salads as immature, consuming in soups and as brines vegetables, using in diets because of consisting protein and vegetable oils (Anonymous, 2010). Kaynaş et. al.(2003) carried a study out in order to determine the adaptation characteristics of melon and watermelon cultivars in Canakkale conditions. Types of watermelon used in experiment is 117 F1 and Crimson sweet and 2 melons are Topaz and Altınbaş. They reported that Topaz and 117 F1 cultivars can be suggested to region producers. Abak (1991), made studies on devoloping melon agriculture in GAP under the circumstance of Şanlıurfa Harran plain. It is painted out the suitable types for locals establishing types, fertility and adaptation in melon. Sarı et.al.(1994), made studies on effects on production grafted watermelon and melon in Çukurova university. She emphasis on fusarium is seen much more in ungrafted rather than grafted plots and can be seen dramatic increase in growth of fruits with using grafted seedlings . Küçük et.al.(2002) collected samples from Kırkağaç, Hasanbey and Çinikız cultivars produced in three population in Agean region for melon selection improvement. Firstly Hasanbey population was held and the population which shows different two characters was divided into two groups and two types was asserted as 533 �Hasanbey-1,Hasanbey-2 .Candidates of melons were determined as Kırkağaç-589 and Kırkağaç-637 up to constitutions of fruits in the lines get from Kırkağaç population. Also Çinikız-808 a new type come out from Çinikız population. Hasanbey-1, Kırkağaç-589 and Kırkağaç-637 was register as new types in 1991. Village populations named as local types or landraces, these wild relatives, old types are not used anymore. Genetics of vegetable sources include genetics knowledge types of one plant in DNA pod and they have the quality of being source for genetic variety. These valuable source is face to be in danger with the pressures of local and the others. Protection of these is a must by the way of taking guarantee to protection of vegetables of future, future of human beings. 10000 years ago, variety of genetics which was seen in the local types carries importance of being protected these types and being used in improvement since it reflects harmony to different local condition at the same time. Types of vegetables must have genetics in order to adapt changing ambient condition. Genetics of vegetable source are loading because of overusing of the source, genetics introductions, pollution, climate cahanges, loss, decrease, cutting to pieces of the land, development pressure and genetics erosion. Protection of genetics of vegetable source is vegetable source in their countries protects or saves genetics of vegetable source in their countries applying internetional protection strategies. Types of plants are taken under protection either in their nature or out of it in genebanks. Today and the next natural experiments has to be ready for improvements. Using wealth of biology of a country in its own progress and moving it into action needs to be determıned by its wealth. Not paying attention to this and not doing anything for short investments means the same with the destruction of economic potential which can be left the next generations. Local populations becoming with the effects of natural selection have to be protected in order to provide maintaining agriculture. They have great importent in ecological agriculture. They are quite rich as they contain genetics and cultural specialities. They have many characteristics by the way of quality, resistance to pest and diseases and fertility. Material and Method The seeds of Hırsız Kacıran melon population which is produced in small areas by the local producters and consumed by families and being in local bazars in Çanakkale has been used as plant material and Kırkağaç637 melon cultivar is as a control. Hırsız Kaçıran population was collected by the producers in Kepez county of Çanakkale. Method Both seeds were planted directly with randomized block design with 4 replication and 20 plants im each replication. Seeds were sown at 21st of May and each parcel is lay out in 530 m2. In each replication of 5 plants were left for seed harvest and experiments were on 15 plants . Before the planting, field have fertilized with manure (4tonne/da) and also 15 kg/daN (NH4NO3), 20kg/da P2O5 (TSP) and 15 kg/da K2O (K2SO4) applied. At time of flowering and 8 kg/da N added to each parcel. Drip irrigated plants hoed two times before plants have 6-7 leaves. For plant protection; all plants spreyed with fungucide against fungal diseases. Totaly four harvests done for both cultivars in experiment. Criteria below was determined during and at the end of experiment. - The time passing from sowing to harvest (day): - The time passing from flowering to harvest (day) - The time between sowing and flowering (day - Fruit weight (g): weighing by randomly selected 5 plants in each harvest for each replication with digital balance (0,01 sensibility). - Fruit length (mm): measuring the fruit length by randomly selected 5 plants in each harvest for each replication with strip and digital compass. - Fruit diameter (mm): measuring the fruit diameter by randomly selected 5 plants in each harvest for each replication with strip and digital compass. - Total Soluble Solids (%): measuring the TSS by randomly selected 5 plants in each harvest for each replication with hand refractometer. 534 �- Flesh thickness (cm): measuring the fruit flesh thickness by randomly selected 5 plants in each harvest for each replication with digital compass. Seed weight (g): weighing the total fresh seed weights of randomly selected 5 plants in each harvest for each replication with digital balance (0,01 sensibility). Skin colur: by observation Skin (outher layer of pericarp) thickness (mm): measuring the fruit pericap thickness by randomly selected 5 plants in each harvest for each replication with strip and digital compass. Yield per plant (g/plant): weighing and added the perivious weight of randomly selected 5 plants in each harvest for each replication with digital balance (0,01 sensibility). Yield per decare (kg/da) Data were subjected to ANOVA test for statistical analysis and “Minitab 13” statistical software was used for statistical analysis. Differences among the averages were tested at P=0.05 significance levels. For germination test; Germination of seeds were carried out in petri dishes (9 cm diameter) containing two Whatman (No:1) filter paper imbibed with 8 ml of distilled water. Three replicates of 50 seeds were germinated in each seed lot. Seeds were allowed to germinate at 25 oC in the dark for 14 days. 2 mm radicle protrusion was accepted for as germination. Cold test was carried out on each cultivars with three replications of 50 seeds were sown 4 cm deep in compost in sandwich boxes and wetted with 50 ml water. Sandwich boxes with lid on were kept at 10 oC for 7 days in the dark. They were then transferred to 25 oC and normal seedlings that appeared at the surface were counted after 10 days. High temperature germination test in each cultivar was conducted on three replicates of 50 seeds at 35 o C by the same way. Findings And Discussion Data for yield and some quality parameters can be seen in Table 1.All parameters on yield and yield parameters are found to be significant al 0.05 level. According to analysis; average fruit weight is found as 1186 g in Hırsız Kaçıran and 2336 g in Kırkağaç-637. Yield per plant is occured as 2901,34g and in 6126,60g Hırsız Kaçıran and Kırkağaç-637. Similarly yield on decare are found higher in Kırkağaç (1997kg/da) than in Hırsız Kaçıran (916,5kg/da). As relatively to fruit weight, fruit length and fruit dimeter are also found to be higher in Kırkağaç-637 (216,9 mm and 184,8mm) than Hırsız Kaçıran ( 134,6mm and 126,5 mm). For consumer demand generally larger melon and watermelon cultivars are less in atrraction. Markets for especially local and domestic bazars public concern is from the moderate sizes. From this point of view local genotype Hırsız Kaçıran landrace has an advantage although it’s yield occurs less than the control plant. Total soluble solids ocur as 8,4% and 12,5% in Hırsız Kaçıran and Kırkağaç-637. Hırsız Kaçıran has low total soluble solids that means less sweet than Kırkağaç-637. Normally melon cultivars has total soluble solids between 8-15%. From this point of view it has an alternative choice for the consumers who does not like more sweets even fort he diabetics. Neverthless, flavour of Hırsız Kaçıran is very significant as compare with Kırkağaç-637. Skin thickness is measured as 2,33 mm and 7,28 mm in Hırsız Kaçıran and Kırkağaç-637 respectively. Very low skin thickness is an advantage for the consumers but vice versa a disadvantage for postharvest and transportation. Further studies must be lay out for solving this problem. Flesh thickness is obtained as 2,42and 4,29 cm for Hırsız Kaçıran and Kırkağaç-637. Cultivar Fruit weight (g) Fruit length (mm) Fruit diameter (mm) TSS (%) Seed weight (g) Skin thickness (mm) Flesh thickness (cm) Yield per plant (kg/da) Hırsız Kacıran 1186 B 134,6 B 126,5 B 8,4 B 41,98 B 2,33 B 2,42 B 2901,34 B Kırkağaç637 2336 A 216,9 A 184,8 A 12,5 A 54,51 A 7,28 A 4,29 A 6126,60 A LSD 215 5,466 2,465 0,3182 3,866 0,3182 0,5032 150,5 Table 1. Statistical analysis results for yield and quality parameters 535 �Days harvest from sowing is counted as 81,25 and 73 for Hırsız Kaçıran and Kırkağaç respectively. Although Kırkağaç reaches maturity approximately 9 days earlier than Hırsız Kaçıran, 81 day can be consider as a medium vegetation for vegetables. Besides this melon is planting as a second crop after wheat in the region. Hırsız Kaçıran can be evaluated from this point also. Cultivar Days to harvest from sowing (day) Days to harvest from floweing (day) Days to flowering from sowing (day) Hırsız Kacıran Kırkağaç637 LSD 81,25 A 39,50 A 41,75 73,00 B 31,00 B 42,00 3,528 2,054 Ö.D. Table2. Statistical analysis results for days to flowering and harvest Skin colour, flesh colour and seed colours of observed fruits from each replacation has been lay out in Table3. Skin colour of Hırsız Kaçıran is mainly white. Skin has slices on the outher layer with green-yellow strips on the slices. Flesh colour at maturity is mainly white but around the seeds colour becomes yellow-orange. Seed colour occurs as light yellow. Kırk Ağaç- Hırsız 637 Kaçıran Cultivars Skin colour at maturity Flesh colour at maturity Seed colour Main colur is white Slices have Green-Yellow colour Main colour is white, seed cavity around is; yellow –orange Light yellow Main colour is yellow, have randomly black spots on it Light green- white, seed cavity around is; orange Yellow Table 3. Skin colour, flesh colour and seed colour of Hırsız Kaçıran and Kırkağaç-637 Seed width, seed length, hypocotyl radicula ratio adn 1000 seed weight of tested plants can be seen in Table 4. Cultivar Seed width (mm) Seed length (mm) 1000 seed weight (g) Hypocotyl/Radicula ratio (H/R) Hırsız Kaçıran Kırkağaç-637 10,405 11,825 4,55 4,82 37,3 41,63 5,18 6,72 Table 4. Seed width, length hypocotyl/radicula and 1000 seed weight of tested plants From the harvested fruits means of a thousand seed weight is calculated as 37,3 g while the seed width and length is 10,404 and 4,55 mm respectively. At germinated seedlings hypocotyl radicula ratio is calculated as 5,118. Selected fruits before seed harvest, harvested and seeds seperated by hand. Seperated seeds washed under tap water and then dired at incubator until the seed humidity levels reaches to 10%. Standart germination, cold and heat tests performed on the harvested seeds. Results can be seen in Figure 1 and 2. According to results; standart germination means are 92,5% and 96,5% for Hırsız Kaçıran and Kırkağaç-637. Cold test results are 48,5% and 57% while heat test are 63,5% and 71,5% for Hırsız Kaçıran and Kırkağaç-637 respectively. Hırsız Kaçıran has also moderate tolerance to low and high soil temperatures and it can be grown in a long period during the months (May-October). 536 �Hırsız kaçıran is a local landrace for Canakkale and its province. So it has a well adaptation especially for the region ecological situations. Wheras open pollinated and hybrid cultivars claimed to be more resistant to pest and diseases and also more productive. Landraces are found in areas where crop species first arose through domestification, Turkey also lies within the board region of domestification of several crops. Therefore, there are highly variable domesticated crops as well as landraces with unique characteristics in Turkey. Introducing the new crops, nitrogen fertlizers and increase in commercial trades in agriculture reduce the ratios of landrace productions. Sustainable development requires human beings to raise and improve their quality of life in harmony with and by conserving the balance of ecosystems, they are part of and which supply the fundamental support to sustain their lives. The development of new and innovative policies fort he sustainable use of biodiversity necessitates, foremost, a fundamental revision of national land-use policies and an earnest change in national policies concerning agriculture, animal husbandry, employment and health. In this regard endangered species, endemic species, their ecosystems and natural habitats must be protected. The relationship between species conservation and sustainable development is important for biodiversity. The market prices of endangered species, especially those which are of economic value, are high because of scarcity (Tüzün and Sezer, 2002; Tan,1996). Most of landraces maintain a high level of genetic heterogenity. This will be a key role for the further studies. Figure 1. Mean values of germination, cold and heat tests of Hırsız Kaçıran Figure 2. Mean values of germination, cold and heat tests of Kırkağaç-637 537 �References Abak, K., 1991. Köy Hizmetleri Araştırma Enstitüsü. Şanlıurfa. Anonymous, 2005. www.die.gov.tr/istatistikler Anonymous, 2010. www.fao.org Coşkun, R., Ünlü, M., Eren, A., Köksal, Y., Ünlü, A.2008. Bazı Kavun Saf Hatlarının Morfolojik Karakterizasyonu ile Fusarium oxsyporum F. Sp. Melonis’e <reaksiyonlarının Tespiti ve Hibrit Çeşit Islahı Amacıyla Kullanımına Yönelik Çalışmalar. VII. Sebze Tarımı Sempozyumu 26-28 Ağustos 2008 Yalova Kaynaş, K.,Kuzucu C., Kaya S., Tatlıç, N. 2003. Bazı kavun ve karpuz çeşitlerinin kalite ve verim özelliklerinin belirlenmesi. V.Sebze Sempozyumu Bildirileri. 21-24 Eylül 2004 Çanakkale. Küçük, A., Abak, K. ve Sarı, N., 2002. Cucurbit genetic resources collections in Turkey. First AD HOC Meeting on Cucurbit Genetic Resource. 19 January2002 Adana, Turkey. 46-51 Sarı, N., Pıtrat, M, H., Abak, K., Yücel, S. 1994. Türkiye’de yaygın olarak yetiştirilen karpuz ve kavun çeşitlerinin bazı fungal hastalıklara ve virüslere karşı reaksiyonları. Çukurova Üniv. Ziraat Fakültesi 25. Kuruluş Yılı Özel Sayısı, Yayın No:105, 37-50. Tüzün, G., and Sezer, S. 2002. National Report on Sustainable Development. World submit on Sustainable Development, Johannesburg. Ankara, The National Programme on Environment and Development. Tan, A. 1996. Turkey Country Report. Fao International Technical Conference on Plant Genetic Resources, 17-23 June, Leipzig. Germany. Vural, H., Eşiyok, D., 2000. Kültür Sebzeleri ( Sebze Yetiştirme) Ege Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Bornova, Đzmir. 538 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 597 Title A name given to the resource Determining The Morphological and Yield Characteristics of Melon (Cucumis melo L.) Landrace From Canakkale-Turkey Author Author BECAN, Seyit Ahmet GÜVEN, Mürsel Abstract A summary of the resource. This research has been carried out in order to determine some morphological and yield characteristics of melon landrace (Hirsiz kaciran) grown in Canakkale. Research was laid out in randomized block design with four replications and 20 plants in each replication. Cucumis melo L. cv. Kırkagac-637 was also used as control cultivar. In addition to fruit and yield charactreristics seed germination tests were also performed. According to data; fruit weight, fruit diameter, total soluble solids of Hırsız Kaciran landrace was found as 1186,15 g, 126,5 mm and 8,4% respectively. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed Q Science (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/45610a2f22ceb132b5c3807f926dcb9a.pdf 73d1a020a70938186b3b32adc500ea7a PDF Text Text 2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo Effects of Internal Entrepreneurshıp as an Innovative Activity: a Field Research on Manufacturing Industry Öznur BOZKURT Düzce University Akçakoca Tourism Management High School oznurbozkurt54@yahoo.com Serkan BAYRAKTAROĞLU Sakarya University Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences serkanb@sakarya.edu.tr Abstract: Intraperneurship is an entepreneurship activity in existence foundation. Intrareneurship is an innovative activity which is very important for competition. In this study, intrapreneurship is considered within the scope of innovativeness, it is discussed what the efficient causes are on the formation of internal entrepreneurship structures and what sort of effect internal entrepreneurship has on company achievement. In this study, in which internal entrepreneurship is considered as an innovative activity was used and questionnaire method was used for the purpose of data acquisition. According to the results of research, there are significant relationships between innovation and intrapreneurship. In addition corporate entrepreneurship and innovation were higher tendency in research organizations. Introduction The word ―entrepreneur‖ comes from the French word "Entreprendre" which means to take on. Entrepreneur who is undertakes to organize and risk. In recent years, entrepreneurs have been doing many different jobs that they require to expand the definition. Today, an entrepreneur as an innovatory or developer to find and capture opportunities; converts these opportunities into marketable ideas; in time, adds value this ideas with money or skills; to apply these ideas to bear the risks of the competitive market place and these efforts can translate into money (Kuratko and Hoggets, 1995: 4). Intrapreneurship, in recent years prominent in the literature and stated that entrepreneurship in an existing organizations and it is an integral part of the innovation concept, previously considered only features of the largescale organization. Later on this concept to be regarded as tools to provide development and growth. Employees to act as entrepreneurs and have the right to autonomy become a key element for strategic development in organization. The need to have entrepreneurial thinking to respond to environmental changes has brought a different view in entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship is not limited or start a new business to establish production. It includes changes in the organization. Today, entrepreneurship means starting a new job and looking for opportunities in existing organizations for creating and innovative acts. When evaluated from this point of view,this process includes entrepreneurial behavior. Intrapreneurship Concept On the basis of intrapreneurship, entrepreneurial thinking is spreading into the organization. In general, intrapreneurship is demonstrating total entrepreneurship and innovation effectiveness within an existing organization and directed staff to act as entrepreneurs (Koçel, 1998: 17). Within an existing institution by one or more employees out of a importent innovation for the company and implementation (Carrier1996,p.7). intrapreneurship, besides innovation to create or maintain a competitive advantage to organizations, markets and sectors is redefined. (Covin and Miles, 1999,p.50). Intrapreneurship emerges in an existing organization and is separated from conventional behavior. Regardless of size of organization, beyond create a few new business opportunities, is an innovative activity (Antoncic and Hisrich, 2003). 648 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo Dimensions of Intrapreneurship Many studies are regarding intrapreneurship with six intrapreneurship dimension. These dimensions are typically include new products, services, market technology and management techniques to develop a strategic change, autonomy, and proactiveness elements. These dimensions in relation to each other (Rule and Irvin, 1988). New Business Opportunities: In short it can be defined, as regardless of the size of organization, demonstrating on innovationof the existing products or markets and creating new jobs (Antoncic, 2007). The company's bringing new products or innovation in existing products for the future. In other words, it is about making improvements to meet the needs of the market (Jarna and Kaisu 2005). According to another definition the company's market and their products by redefining and mobilizing the company's internal dynamics is to turn the company‘s staff into entrepreneurs. This application helps through competitively regulation of the company's vision and business arrangement (Fitzsimmons, 2005: 18). Innovation: Innovation is a particular function of entrepreneurship. Innovation means creating wealth with new sources or wealth creation by increasing the use of existing resources as a potential (Drucker,1998). For firms creating and maintaining competitive advantage in the market dynamism is necessary pushing innovation. Corporate entrepreneurship or intrapreneurship in terms of innovation is an important factor. Development of new technologies related to the products, services and administrative practices (Antoncic and Hisrich, 2001). New Venture Initiation: Companies to produce new products or market improvements is existing products for future market needs (Fitzsimmons, 2005). Regardless of the size of organization new processes are put in market or products (Antoncic, 2007). Proaktiveness: This term expresses to gain a competitive advantage for companies and predict events, risk taking and to be first in the market. In other words, for the firm's competitive ability is achieved new products, services, technology and management techniques in the market (Jarna and Kaisu, 2005). Strategic Renewal: The basic idea is toensure the organizational change and rebuild (Antoncic, 2007). Strategic and organizational changes oriented as innovation, market, customer and competitor (Fitzsimmons, 2005). Manifesto, called B-type of strategic renewal, reconstruction of existing missions and change in creative direction, changed the system and refers to organization structure focused on innovation. Usually this kind of change as revealed for the organization's basic values (Jarna and Kaisu, 2005). Autonomy: The development of independent entrepreneurship in society, open-minded and free-willed person to act as brave decisions have an important role. Likewise, intrapreneurship as an considered organizational level which implementation and development of the necessary conditions, creative and new ideas to individuals or teams within the company. Therefore, it is necessary to have an important motivating factor in the market leader is to find an independent entrepreneurial spirit (Ağca, 2005). Internal Environmental Factors Affecting Intrapreneurship There are many factors which influence intrapreneurship Intrapreneurship in the literature mainly talks about two environment: Internal environment and external environment. In place of intrapreneurship in a company and success seen as determining the organizational features includes elements such as, communication, formal control, environmental monitoring intensity, organizational and administrative support, and organizational values. The effect on intrapreneurship of the external environment characteristics include dynamism, technological opportunities, industry growth, demand for new products and intense competition. Organizational characteristics, individual characteristics and environmental interactions create entrepreneurial behavior. Zahra (1991) refers to the emergence of corporate entrepreneurship with many factors that affecting intrapreneurship. Threats / hostile (threatens on the company's mission competition / competitors) dynamism are important factors. Heterogeneity of the developments creating demand for company's products in the market and in addition to administrative structures and values among these factors are considered. Greenberger and Sexton (1988) mentioned in some special situations that trigger the emergence of entrepreneurial behavior. These are changes in 649 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo corporate governance, merger or take over their competitors' moves to increase market share, and new technology development, economic changes, changes in customer expectations and changes in the process (Hornsby et al, 1993). Relationship Between Entrepreneurship And Innovation Innovation is an entrepreneurship activity. Innovation means ―creating new sources of entrepreneurship for wealth creation or with use of existing resources to create prosperity‖ (Drucker,1998). The relationship between entrepreneurship and innovation has been one of the subjects of several investigations for many years. R & D is seen as a technological innovation for more than half a century ( Zahao, 2005). Moreover, inventions used as the narrow definition of innovation. Innovation is a multidimensional concept and has technical characteristics. Innovation takes place in a radical way and change in products, services as well as the change in management even may be in technology change so is a multidimensional process that is beyond the technical aspects (Zahao, 2005). The relationship between entrepreneurship and innovation and entrepreneurs be seen as innovator which was first introduced by Schumpeter in 1930. According to him, entrepreneurs may impact providers through economic development by making innovations. According to this entrepreneurial paradigm, entrepreneurs hasve assumed a dynamic process for starting-up business by innovativeness activity. As a result of an entrepreneur's innovation process some tools such as Product and service differentiation, successfully meet market needs were created These are the process of entrepreneurial innovation. Innovation is an continuity activity. Therefore, evaluation of new ideas must be used for profit (www.focusinnovation.net, 2010). Intrapreneurial innovation can be carried out by employees. The employees may be holding a special effort to innovate and so it is an important element for the firm to support this request. On the other hand, employees' support is a potential source for the company. Human capital is an important element for the company's innovation potential. Support of intrapreneurship affect lowering the cost by preventing supplied outside innovation (Subramanian, 2004). Importance and Purpose of Research Intrapreneurship is briefly defined as an entrepreneurship in the existing organization and in this respect, intrapreneurship positively affects the staff and institutions. Intrapreneurship isconsiderd within innovation context in this study, investigating environmental factors which affect the intrapreneurship formation and the impact of intrapreneurship in the success of companies have been discussed. Also it is investigated in this study that there exists a significant relationship between innovation and intrapreneurship. Research Method This study employed a standard questionnaire for data collection. Reviewed the relevant literature and questionnaire was created. There are total 76 questions in the first part of questionnaire for measuring the environmental factors which affect intrapreneurship, relation between innovation and entrepreneurship. In the second part of the questionnaire has total 9 questions to determine demographic characteristics. Whilst choosing the sample of research some certain criteria has been considered, such as companies having at least 50 employees and that have been passed 5 years of activity operating in the manufacturing industry as well as with companies having more than 250 employees and registered in Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Sakarya. Randomly selected 340 white collar employees in 33 companies answered the questionnaire. Data collected were then analyzed using SPSS 16.0 program. Research Questions 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. How perception of innovation in studied corporate? How is the perception of intrapreneurship is seen in sample organizations? Is intrapreneurship differentiated according to gender? According to the company's activities while in innovation and entrepreneurial orientation tend to vary? According to the company's age, do companies differently tend to apply innovation and intrapreneurship? Are there any relationship between intrapreneurship and innovations? 650 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo Findings Variable Age of Firm Less than 5 5-9 10-14 15-19 20+ No Export Revenue Less than % 20 %20-%40 %41-%60 %61 + Work in Less than 1 year 1-5 year 6-10 year 11-20 year 21 and + Woman Sex Man Frequency % 15 4,6 84 61 79 25,5 18,5 24,0 90 27,4 103 32,9 76 24,3 60 19,2 49 Variable Frequency % 43 12,9 87 115 85 161 173 19 26,1 34,5 25,5 48.2 51.8 6,5 75 25,8 114 39,2 15,7 %6- %10 %11 -%20 60 20,6 25 8,0 %21 + 23 7,9 43 13,0 10 3,0 176 91 21 1 53,0 27,4 6,3 0,3 166 34.9 21-30 31-40 41-50 51 + Married 144 142 32 8 210 42,9 42,3 9,5 2,4 63 215 64.8 Single 124 37 50-100 Number Employees of 101-250 251-500 500+ Manager Employee %0- Status Increase Number Employees in of %0 -%5 21 - Age Marital Status Table 1: Frequency Distribution of Demographic Characteristics Research examined the demographic characteristics of the companies 27% and over 20 years of operating, 34% of the cases has more than 250 employees, approximately 70% of its have an export income, The increase in the number of employees by a ratio of 40% from 6% to be between 10%, and approximately 80% of questionnaire respondents between 20 and 40 age are shown. also 63% of survey respondents were married and 65% are male and 48% of managers. Disagree Frequency % Unstable Frequency % Agree Frequency % Mean Increase the resources to R & D activities. 91 26.8 70 20.6 179 52.7 3,38 R & D expenditure is above the industry average. 101 30 114 33.8 122 36.2 3,12 Innovation is important factor for the institution. Total 51 15.2 59 17.6 225 67.2 3,69 81 24 81 24 175.3 52.03 3,39 Variable Table 2: Dimensions of Innovation As shown in the table above 52% of research participants with 3.38 average stated that increasing the resources allocated to developing new products. Moreover, 67% stated that innovation is an important element for the institution but the resources allocated to R & D according to industry averages is not fully clear. The average size is 52% innovation. This ratio is quite high. 651 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo Dimensions of Intrapreneurship Innovation Arithmetic Average 3,39 Standard Deviation 0,730 Starting New Business Venture Self-Renewal Risk Taking Proactive Behavior Competitive Assertiveness Autonomy Intrapreneurship 3,47 3,40 3,35 3,56 3,28 3,40 3,38 0,729 0,690 0,708 0,749 0,654 0,713 0,592 Table 3: Descriptive Statistics of Intrapreneurship Dimensions There are descriptive statistics whit related to entrepreneurship to researches companies in table 3. Between those dimensions that have the highest average proaktivite dimension. This dimension has 3.56 average. The lowest average is the competitive initiative. Moreover, intrapreneurship seems the range of 3.38. within a 5-level scale. Variable Internal Communication Factor Formal Control Environmental Scanning Organizational and Administrative Support Organisational Values Disagree f (x) % 68.7 20.3 82 24.5 45.6 13.5 68.8 20.4 70.5 20.7 Unstable f (x) % 70.7 20.9 56.5 16.7 60.3 17.8 62.4 18.5 76.7 22.5 Agree f (x) 173.5 198.7 232.6 200.4 192 % 58.8 58.8 68.6 60.8 56.6 Mean 3.44 3.44 3.75 3.54 3.48 Technological Opportunities 45.5 13.45 46 13.35 246.5 73.2 3.78 Dynamic Environment Intense Competition Sectoral Growth and The Demand For New Products 81.75 93.6 46.6 24.27 28.02 13.86 57.25 68.8 60.33 17 20.82 17.93 200.25 171.4 229.66 58.7 51.3 68.2 3.44 3.30 3.74 Table 4: Environmental Factors Affecting Intrapreneurship Internal and external environmental factors affect intrapreneurship. Accordingly, having the the largest effect elements on intrapreneurship are as follows; environmental scan (3.75), technological opportunities (3.78), industry growth and demand for new products (3.74). Innovation Intrapreneurship Low Medium High Total Significance : 0.000 df: 4 R²: 0.56 Low 14 38 0 52 Medium 6 91 26 123 High 0 46 116 162 Total 20 175 142 337 Table 5: Relationship Between Intrapreneurship and Innovations As shown in the table, there is a high level relationship between intrapreneurship and innovation. The rate of this relationship is examined, intrapreneurial activity is effective innovation in a ratio of 56%. Firm Innovation Mean A g e Starting New Business Venture Mean SelfRenewal Mean Risk Taking Mean Proactive Behavior Mean 652 Competitive Autonomy Intrapreneurship Assertiveness Mean Mean Mean �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo Less than 5 5-9 year 10-14 year 15-19 year 20+ 3.27 3,31 3.16 3.20 3.20 3.48 3.30 3,27 3.18 3.42 3.23 3.21 3.62 3.23 3.37 3.30 3.79 3.63 3.74 3.63 3.70 3.59 3.79 3.67 3.43 3.57 3.55 3.34 3.57 3.33 3.33 3.41 3,32 3.35 3.23 3.34 3.43 3.08 3,28 3.29 Table 6: According to Firm Age Corporate Entrepreneurship As shown in table 6, firm age matters in having intrapreneurship characteristics for companies. In literature intrapreneurship has a history of at least five years for establishment of intrapreneurship in company. The companies with less than 5 years age have lower intrapreneurship means (3.27) . As the company of the firms increases they tend to be more intrapreneur. But after 10-14 years (for 15-19 and +20) this increase stops and begins to decline. Conclusions In recent years, intrapreneurship has been a major field of study for utilization of opportunities. Internal entrepreneurship include, risk taking, innovation, proaktiveness, strategic innovation, autonomy and tend to intense competition. These are expressed as organizational trends. Main goal of intrapreneurship, against the fast-changing market demands in the environment can turn into opportunities and create business behavior to new areas of competition, dynamism, flexibility and innovation. In this study, intrapreneurship, has been evaluated under the organizational and environmental determinants. Internal factors are considered as, open communications, environmental monitoring, event successful for the administrative support and formal control administrative support elements of these factors the highest level relationship with the corporate entrepreneurial than others. Environmental factors which affect corporate entrepreneurship was considered, intense competition, dynamic environment, technological opportunities, industry growth and demand for new products. technological opportunities the most of of relations with intrapreneurship. In this study the relationships were examined within the framework of intrapreneurial innovation. Innovative applications created internal entrepreneurs and this study concluded that there is an impact of intrapreneurship practices on innovation (%56). References Agca, V. (2005). Intrapreneurship Structures and Firm Performance Effects: Research Company in the Textile Sector in Denizli ,PhD Thesis, Afyon Kocatepe University Institute of Social Sciences, Afyon Antoncic, B. (2007). Intrapreneurship: a Comparative Structural Equation Modeling Study, Industrial Management and Data System s(vol.107, No.3, pp.309-325). Slovenia Antoncic, B., & Hisrich, R.D. (2003). Clarifying The Intrapreneurship Concept, Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development (10 (1) s.7-24.) Antoncic, B. & Hisrich, R.D., (2001). Intrapreneurship: Construct Refinement and Cross-Cultural Validation, Journal of Business Venturing (16 (5), s. 495-527). Carrier, C. (1996). Intrapreneurship in Small Businesses: an Exploratory Study, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice (21 (1), s. 5-20). Covin, J.G., & Miles, M.P. (1999). Corporate Entrepreneurship and Pursuit of Competitive Advantage, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 23 (3), 47-64. Drucker, P. (1998), The Discipline of Innonation, Harward Business Review, Nowember-December 653 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo Fitzsimmons, J.R., Douglas, E.J., Hisrich, R.D. & Antoncic, B. (2005). Intrapreneurship in Australian Firms, Journal of The Australia and New Zealand Academy of Management (11 (1): 17-27). Hornsby, J.S., Kuratko, D.F. and Zahra, S.A., (2002). Middle Managers‘ Perception of The Internal Environment For Corporate Entrepreneurship: Assessing A Measurement Scale, Journal of Business Venturing, (17 (3), s.253-273). Jarna, H. & Kaisu, K. (2005). How About Measurıng Intrapreneurshıp?, Small Business Institute, Turku School of Economics and Business Administration, Finlan Kuratko, D. & Hoggetts, R. M. (1995). Entrepreneurship, Third Edition, The Dryeden Pres, Orlanda Koçel, T. (1998). Entrepreneurship but Which One, Executive Excellence (s:10). Rule, E.G. & Irwin, D.W. (1988). Fostering Intrapreneurship: The New Competitive Edge, The Journal of Business Strategy (9 (3), s. 44-47). Subramanian, N. (2004). The Economics of Intrapreneurial Innovation, Working Paper Series, Jel Classifications (D21, G32, L22, L23) Zahao, F. (2005). Exploring the synergy Between Entrepreneurship and Innovation, Internetional Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour and Research (Vol.11, no.1, pp.25-41) Zahra, S. A. (1991). Predictors and Financial Outcomes of Corporate Entrepreneurship: An Exploratory Study, Journal of Business Venturuing (6 (4), s.259-285). http://www.focusinnovation.net/techtransfer.html(05.02.2006) 654 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 253 Title A name given to the resource Effects of Internal Entrepreneurshıp as an Innovative Activity: a Field Research on Manufacturing Industry Author Author BOZKURT, Öznur BAYRAKTAROĞLU, Serkan Abstract A summary of the resource. Intraperneurship is an entepreneurship activity in existence foundation. Intrareneurship is an innovative activity which is very important for competition. In this study, intrapreneurship is considered within the scope of innovativeness, it is discussed what the efficient causes are on the formation of internal entrepreneurship structures and what sort of effect internal entrepreneurship has on company achievement. In this study, in which internal entrepreneurship is considered as an innovative activity was used and questionnaire method was used for the purpose of data acquisition. According to the results of research, there are significant relationships between innovation and intrapreneurship. In addition corporate entrepreneurship and innovation were higher tendency in research organizations. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed HB Economic Theory