285 10 3494 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/ba82f3cdd7fd96bd111c6cdab2387c2b.pdf 1bf525c214696b015ce4c8966eb158cb PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo USAL Alparslan and Osman Avşar Kurgun, (2003), Turizm İşletmelerinde Maliyet Analizleri, Detay Yayıncılık, 2. Baskı, Ankara. UYGUR Selma Meydan, (2007), Turizm Pazarlaması, Nobel Yayın, 1.Basım, Ankara. YAMİN Shahid, FelixMavonda, Gunasekaran, (1997) A study of competitivestrategy, organisationalinnovationandorganisationalperformanceamongAustralianmanufacturingcompa nies, Int. J. ProductionEconomics" 52, 161 172 YILDIRIM Kemal, Aysu AKALIN, Kubulay ÇAĞATAY, (2008), Otel Yatak Odalarının İç Mekân Tasarımının Kullanıcıların Algı-Davranışsal Performansı Üzerine- Etkisi,Politeknik Dergisi, Cilt:11 Sayı: 2 s.175-185. The Historical Dynamics Of Modernizm: A Critical Perspective Hüsamettin İnaç1,Selami Erdoğan2 1 Political Sciences and International Relations, Dumlupinar University, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Turkey 2Public Administration Department, Dumlupinar University, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Turkey Abstract In recent decades, the modernism and modern socio-political analysis has been subjected to criticism in many respects. The ideas of the global, post-modern and post-industrial societies attempted to legimitize themselves over the criticism of the modern approach towards the economic, social, political and philosophical parameters of modern version. Due to the fact that the institutions, models, matrixes pertaining with the modern realm faded away one after the other, challenging and confrontation with modernizm was popularized. Nevertheless, many critical series of analysis remained as deficient, abortive and defective studies because many researchers had not adequate information and awareness about the dynamics of the modernism which was shaping the main character of modernism. Yet modernism just as the other movements of thought was directly relevant, related and bound to the time and space which produce them. In the light of this understanding, we attempted to elaborate the main historical dymanics and the socio-political ground which the modernizm had been created. We hope that this study demonstrates the intrinsic and essential trajectory which the 418 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo modernism followed within the dark labyrinth of history in order to meet the expectations of alternative models of societies as an harbinger. Keywords: Modernism, modernisation, modern fallacy, social change, individualism, Eurocentrism, colonialism, rationalism The notion modern primarily has been used the first time in history in 5th century handwritings of St Augustine as refering the new law, order and approaches by implying the distinction between the paganism and Christianity. In historical approach, we encounter the understanding of interruption, challenge and tension as the striking parameter of its characteristic feature. Even Giddens focuses on the tension creating dimension of modernism and argues that the modernism creates tension in building a modern individual by depending upon the idea of competition, self-realisation, and emancipation (Giddens 1997: 284-286). In other word, modern is a kind of transitinory period from the old to the new. In a broader perspective, if it is required to have an etimological analysis, it is seen that the roots of notion modern originates from the the mode or moda which means “new” and “an entity which is “new” and “novelty” as Latin suffix (Giddens 1993: 22). As a derivative, the word modern means the supremacy or hegemony of new one. If we regard the century when the word modern frequently used, it refers the dominance of new values of divinal Christian faith inspite of the previous values of paganist and politheist Greek culture. The other derivative version of modern is modernism implies a kind of political stream which stipulates to widespread the supremacy of new one into the different segments and all spheres of the life and transforms this approach into an ideology and the type of life (King 1995: 27-31). Modernity as another appearence of modernism includes the meaning of a new socio-political milieu which emerges as a result of the penetration of the modernism into the daily social life (Hall 1992: 43-46). Lastly, modernisation is a social phenomenon which refers the transititon process from the traditional entity/sphere into the modern entity/sphere (Göle 2009: 55). As we will explain in following stages of our presentation, there might be different types and forms of modernizm and could be categorized within subject-matter of plural modernities. Nevertheless, it is widely understood from the word modernism, the process of westernization. Therefore, we will attempt to analyze the modernism in different perspective by following trajectories of western history as well as the East-West relations in respect of dialogical interaction and confrontations. Actually, the East and West relations constitute the basis for the modernization process. These relations are consist of very complicated and sophiticated parameters and contain the scopes of sociology, psychology, history, philosophy, culture and politics. The most 419 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo important constituent which prepares the modernisation is a historical experience with its unique and specific character. From Antiquity, as it is widely known Antique Greek is accepted as the cultural historical ancestor of the todays modern European culture and identity, to the Information Society which we are living now, all historical turning points, changes, waves, and transformations witnessed in European Continent creates the specific culture and identity of Europe (İnaç 2010: 143-145). Nevertheless, the aforementioned historical experiences which Europe lived made the European people so arrogant and one with superiority complex that they could assert that evey society and community desired to be civilized is supposed to suffer the same histocal trajectory which Europeans had experienced within the past histoy by depending upon the reason which we will try to elaborate. Moreover, as Alevli argues, the societies should pass form the collusion of the Enlightenment in a pejorative meaning for the sake of arriving the so-called “civilization” (Alatlı 2009: 327). West defines the events, happenings and going-ons which just only are lived in Europe such as Renaissance, Reformation, rationalism, enligthenment, humanism, modernism as the cultural revolutionary ladders and, thanks to these developments, perceives themselves privileged from the other societies and distinguishes the world as “the west and the rest”. As it is known, it is a simple, one-dimensional and reductive categorization. This approach which has been known as “Euro-centrism” aims to sublimate the Europe in every stage of society and supposes the other societeis as the follers of the European steps. For instance, traditional society, agricultural society, modern society, industrial society, postindustrial society, information society (Sezal, 2010: 32-47). According to this approach, when Turkey arrive the level of modern society, Europe would be in post-modern model of society, if Turkey would experience the post-modern social environment, The West would be in information society. Here it is so myobic and arrogant behaviour that the history of the other societies could be seen as indistinc and insignificant. This patological perception of history is called as “weak historianism” with the specific conceptualisation of Göle (Göle 2011: 78-79). Within the background of this understanding was consist of the othering, alienation and marginalisation of the East and the perception of the East as imaginary, phantasmal and romantic realm. Within the framework of the western perception, the East can be just only shaped in accordance with the standpont and vision of the West. Under these circumstances. The Orient as the meaning of the East which the western people perceive, wass full of people lazy, feeble-minded, clumsy and rude ordinary people (Keyman, Mutman, Yeğenoğlu 1996: 77-79). Nevertheless, God donated these people varous kinds of generous benefections and boons. On the other hand, the mission of civilized European people was to relief and remove this unjustifiable and inequal situation and introduce this wealth and capital into the service of all people. This approach and perception gained reputation with the name of Orientalism (Said 1998: 66). As an outcome or product of this understanding, Portugal, Netherland and Spain as the countries which had the naval powers and the leading actors of modernisation went along with the western direction initiated the colonisation process. This brutal, ruthless and inhuman adventure took place in literature as “westernisation of the west” (Delanty 2004: 420 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 59-66). In this period, the west couldn’t have an opportunity to pass into the East because the Ottoman Empire transformed the Mediterranean into the Muslim-Turk Lake and became into common other and threat for Europe. As a result of this reality, the western powers concentrated on spreading her culture and identity into the western part of the west. The aforementioned colonisation process developed in line with the secularism and the establishment of nation-state. In this line, the transportation of almost all wealths of the Arfican and American continents into Europe created the capitalismand ist primitive version of merchantilism. On the other hand, the national culture and identity of the Europe had been universalised and the content of this has been inherented by the notions of human and minority rights, supremacy of law, democracy, multicultalism, cultural plurality. These all collections have been termed as “civilisation” (Ağaoğulları 2009: 34). Nevertheless, there is very important point to bear in mind that if there wouldn’t be the existence of the Ottoman Empire with very strong and firm character led to the constitution fo the modernisation and the notion of civilisation. That is, the Europe would go towards to the East and fragmentatised and emasculated. We can easily summarize this argumentation with below assertation: “the Ottoman Turks as strong and common threat led to the emergence of the extention of modernism and the term civilizaiton by both reinforcing and strengthening the European people among themselves and automatically creating the self identity and directing all attentions and sinergies towards the west as a whole. That is the harbinger for the insight and comprehention of “constitutve otherness” among the European and Turkish identities (İnaç 2010: 177). As it can be comprehended easily this thesis refutes the Eurocentric way of thinking and the theory of cultural evolutionary ladder drastically. In this context, it isinevitable and essential to mention about he historical turning points and the deviances and interruptions of socio-political conjontures which shaped the notion modernisation within European historical perspective. As we expressed above, the historical grouns and basis of the modern European culture and the essence of the European civilization were attributed to Antique Greek “polis” unit (city state) (Delanty 2004: 45). The orudential and rightful reason of this common consensus was the democracy experiment of Greek culture. That was the first time in history. People came together in larger squares called as “agora” and voted in direct way known as “plebiscite”. Greek people regarded to participate into the political decision-making process as a matter of honour and respect even the meaning of life. As a result of this logic, people took on mission and played role in administrative body of Pleb Council rotatively and provided the contribution into the development of the fact of democracy as a gift of humankind (Ağaoğulları 2009: 89). One another distinctive feature of this period was the paganist and politheist faith system which led to emerge the multiculturalism and tolerance agaist the differences. 421 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Nevertheless, Antique Greek culture gave way to Roman Sanctum Imperium which aimed to create a universal Christian civilisation (Christendom). In this period, this Empire attempted to unite the people under the universal papacy, to control the scientific development through Inquisition composed by the selected members of the Curch. Thus, the thinking realm and scientific instruction had been monopolized. Some words such as anathema, excommunicate, indulgence have beeen invented and forged in order to exploit the innocent believers and a privileged clerical class had been created. Scholastic thinking and patristic philosophy constrained the free thinking. Nobody had a chnace to think and decide, everything about the life and world was determined by the instructions and ideas of the patria potestas such as St. Thomas Aquinas and St. Augustion. In this period, people was passive, subject and found no way out to obey the proposals of the Church (Ağaoğulları 2009: 64). For ordinary people, world is ambigious, obscure, complicated and absconditus entity and so incomprehensible universe and period that is called by Weber as “the period of mystification” (Weber 2011: 97-99). The distinguishable events of the period were the emergence of the feudal society between 8-12th centuries. Feudal society determined and shaped by the feudal contract between sub and upper hierarchical positions which had equal right tor two sides to abolish the contract. In that case, we can argue that some democratic tendencies partly prevailed and started to create some democratic traditions (Bloch 2005: 64). Meanwhile, European continent was brutally invaded by barbaric tribes and respectly, was suffered by the pope-emperor wars, the conflict of the religous and worldly authorities, and the disputes of religion and sect. In this period, the people could have some donated and given identities by pope and emporer which could be taken back with arbitrary will. Afterwards, the translation of Holy Book (Bible) into the national languages, and its sending out different communities by means of printing house and by the influences of these books, the deceitfulness and the explotation of the Churc had been exposed. In basle Council, the clerical class couldn’t be settled on an agreement one papacy who will unite the Christian world under one political auspices. In spite of unification, we witness the fragmentation of the Christendom as national sects such as Anglicanism, Catholism, Calvinism with their national churches and institutions. The establishment of these national churches became the turning point in both the creation of nation-states with secular and the modern character and both the prevalance of the Reformation movements. As a prolongation of these sequences of events, instead of divinal religion based on the revelation, a different religious approach depending upon the humanistic interpretations was preponderated. Moreover, the humanisation of socio-political and religious scopes and the homo-centric thinking initiated to be felt in every field of the life. The ordinary people turned into a logical and prudential individual with the urbanization which means to immigrate people to work with industrial areas aorund the factories. 422 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Thanks to these movements, the new greater cities have been established around the factories, people could have an opportunity to work with diffenent jobs and identify themselves in accordance with their jobs. That was the obtained and gained identities instead of the Middle Ages donated identities. The shifting of the identification process led to the settlement of democratic tendencies amaong the different segments of societies. Thus, the individual was placed on the center of socio-political analysis in line with the rationalisation and secularisation processes. Some new understanding and novelties such as the rationalism, individualism, and the cartesian philosophy depended upon the scientific approach oriented with the observation, experiment and concrete reality led to the emergence of the Renaissance implies the revitalization of democracy experiment of Antiquity (Haviland 2002: 31). As a matter of fact, at the end of the 14th century, Italian potbelly bosses precipitated the commerce in costal Italian cities where free from the preassures of both popes and emporers made the individualism prevailind and widespread. After the conquest of Istanbul (Constantinople), in Italy where many scientists fled and supported by the manifacturers and merchants in order to improve the technological innovations, a kind of scientific class has been emerged and called as “scienta” (Ağaoğulları 2009: 172). The Enlightenment reflected itself into the notions demystification, selfrealisation and emancipation (Weber 2011: 74). As the main parameters of the Enlightenment, the demystification refers to the power of humankind to explain totally and change the world for his primary athropological necessities such as nutrition, sheltering and fertility. In case of self-realisation, it is the demonstration of human capacity by grasping the environmental realities in line with the proficiency and skills of the humankind. Lastly, the notion emancipation points out the disruption of people with their traditional ties and becoming free from the religious and authoritarian pressures. Thanks to the rationalism, enlightenment, and developing technology, people focused on the industry, manufacture, handicraft and immigrated form rural area to the urbanized and industrialised centers and had an opportunity to create and define their individualistic spheres. In that case, the individualism implies the realm consists of interests, necessities, and demands distinguished and apart from the rest of the society’s common values, traditions and tendencies where he or she born in. This individual sphere was so intimate and private that nobody could intervene and violate (İnaç 2010: 163-164). In addition to the essential constituents of the modernisation, as an expressional reflection for the self-confidence and dignity of humankind, the notion “humanism” has been discovered as the shaping, possession, prepondarence dominating and monitoring capacity of the nature and environment in accordance with the hauman benefit (Haviland 2002: 94-96). As a conclusion, this self-confidence arisen from the past historical experience we elaborated in this study led to the appearance of the hegemonic narrative, culture-bound perception, Eurocentric approach towards the world was inherited by modernity which made the societies disciplinised and restricted entities. Nowadays communities depicted as the rest of the west 423 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo attempt to discover their own traditions and local values and try to combine and harmonize their own culture and history with the western modernity. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Alatlı, A. 2009. Aydınlanma değil, Merhamet: İstanbul 2. İnaç, H. 2010. Türkiye’nin Kimlik Problemleri: Bursa 3. Weber, M. 2011 Protestan Ahlakı ve Kapitalizmin Ruhu: Ankara 4. Ağaoğulları, M. A. 2009: Kent Devletinden İmparatorluğa: Ankara 5. Haviland, W. 2002. Kültürel Antropoloji. Trans. H. İnaç: İstanbul 6. Delanty, G. 2004. Avrupa’nın İcadı. Trans. H. İnaç: Ankara 7. Bloch, M. 2005. Feodal Toplum. Trans. M. A. Ağaoğulları: Ankara 8. Göle, N. 2011. Modern Mahrem: Ankara 9. Said, E. 1998. Oryantalizm. Trans. Nezih Uzel: İstanbul 10. Berting, J. 2006. Europe: A Heritage, a Challenge, a Promise: Netherland 11. Giddens, A. 1994. “Living in a Post Traditional Society”, U. Beck, A. Giddens, S.Lash (editorial) in Reflexive Modernisation, Cambridge Press: Britain 12. Giddens, A. 2006. Sosyoloji: Eleştirel Bir Giriş. Trans. R. Esengül: Britain 13. Hall, S. 1992. “The Rest and West: Discourse and Power”, S. Hall, B. Gieben (editorial) in Formation of Modernity: USA 14. King, A. 1995. “The Times and Spaces of Modernity”, M. Featherstone, S. Lash, R. Robertson (editorial) in Global Modernities: USA 15. Keyman, Mutman, Yeğenoğlu, Oryantalizm. 1996. Hegemonya ve Kültürel Fark: Ankara 16. Sezal, İ. 2010. Sosyolojiye Giriş: İstanbul 424 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1138 Title A name given to the resource The Historical Dynamics Of Modernizm: A Critical Perspective Author Author Hüsamettin, İnaç Abstract A summary of the resource. In recent decades, the modernism and modern socio-political analysis has been subjected to criticism in many respects. The ideas of the global, post-modern and post-industrial societies attempted to legimitize themselves over the criticism of the modern approach towards the economic, social, political and philosophical parameters of modern version. Due to the fact that the institutions, models, matrixes pertaining with the modern realm faded away one after the other, challenging and confrontation with modernizm was popularized. Nevertheless, many critical series of analysis remained as deficient, abortive and defective studies because many researchers had not adequate information and awareness about the dynamics of the modernism which was shaping the main character of modernism. Yet modernism just as the other movements of thought was directly relevant, related and bound to the time and space which produce them. In the light of this understanding, we attempted to elaborate the main historical dymanics and the socio-political ground which the modernizm had been created. We hope that this study demonstrates the intrinsic and essential trajectory which the modernism followed within the dark labyrinth of history in order to meet the expectations of alternative models of societies as an harbinger. Keywords: Modernism, modernisation, modern fallacy, social change, individualism, Eurocentrism, colonialism, rationalism Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/eed1657eceee83ddffba118a46d27f11.docx b07ad93360d1bae19273bd710f59cc0c https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/9d2a597ecee1b1fefd9d2005164b671b.pdf 03e55fc2548fa6200ab3b200baf909ce PDF Text Text The Hydro-energy Potential in Bosnia and Necessity for SIA Researches: A Comparative Study with Turkey ÖzgürDirimÖzkan Virtua Research and Consultancy Turkey dirimozkan@gmail.com Abstract: Energy sector in Bosnia and Herzegovina is one of the few which has got a prospect for a potential of economic development in the country. Currently, electricity is one of the items for export in the country which can be regarded as a strategic sector regarding the country’s tiny economic structure. Almost half of the electricity is produced by hydroelectric power plants (HEPP). Currently total renewable water resources per capita in Bosnia are almost 9000 cubic meters, which means the highest in Europe. Since country’s topography is dominated by Dinaric Alps, it generates an advantage for hydroelectric potential. However, Bosnia and Herzegovina is using only 38% of country’s hydroelectric potential and both government bodies and economists agree that investing in HEPPs would one of the prescriptions for country’s poor economical situation while the energy-lacking countries in the region are ready-customers. Federal Ministry of Energy, Mining and Industry of Bosnia and Herzegovina projects that an investment of 5963 million Euros is required to construct new HEPPs. The projects are envisioned not only to make a considerable surplus to GDP of the country, but also would boom the economy of the country which has a population of 4 million inhabitants. On the other side, recently various outcomes of HEPP’s are being widely discussed referring to political, environmental and social and cultural impacts of the projects, not only by NGO’s, environmental activists and such, but also by national governments, international organizations and by international finance institutions who give credit for large scale development projects. In this respect, not only EIAs (Environmental Impact Assessments) but also SIAs (Social Impact Assessments) are required for “correct” projects.This paper will discuss the necessity for SIAs in B&H for HEPPs looking from the point of view that the country has a fragile and fragmented political and social/cultural system. Relying on the experience on different SIA projects in Turkey (namely; Pervari HEPP, İncir HEPP, Tirebolu HEPP, Simav JEPP, Kargı HEPP) the paper will try to make a comparative analysis and figure out the dynamics and obstacles for SIAs in B&H. Keywords: Social Impact Assessment, Hydro-energy, Anthropology, Bosnia. 43 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2475 Title A name given to the resource The Hydro-energy Potential in Bosnia and Necessity for SIA Researches: A Comparative Study with Turkey Author Author DIRIM ÖZKAN, Özgür Abstract A summary of the resource. Energy sector in Bosnia and Herzegovina is one of the few which has got a prospect for a potential of economic development in the country. Currently, electricity is one of the items for export in the country which can be regarded as a strategic sector regarding the country’s tiny economic structure. Almost half of the electricity is produced by hydroelectric power plants (HEPP). Currently total renewable water resources per capita in Bosnia are almost 9000 cubic meters, which means the highest in Europe. Since country’s topography is dominated by Dinaric Alps, it generates an advantage for hydroelectric potential. However, Bosnia and Herzegovina is using only 38% of country’s hydroelectric potential and both government bodies and economists agree that investing in HEPPs would one of the prescriptions for country’s poor economical situation while the energy-lacking countries in the region are ready-customers. Federal Ministry of Energy, Mining and Industry of Bosnia and Herzegovina projects that an investment of 5963 million Euros is required to construct new HEPPs. The projects are envisioned not only to make a considerable surplus to GDP of the country, but also would boom the economy of the country which has a population of 4 million inhabitants. On the other side, recently various outcomes of HEPP’s are being widely discussed referring to political, environmental and social and cultural impacts of the projects, not only by NGO’s, environmental activists and such, but also by national governments, international organizations and by international finance institutions who give credit for large scale development projects. In this respect, not only EIAs (Environmental Impact Assessments) but also SIAs (Social Impact Assessments) are required for “correct” projects.This paper will discuss the necessity for SIAs in B&H for HEPPs looking from the point of view that the country has a fragile and fragmented political and social/cultural system. Relying on the experience on different SIA projects in Turkey (namely; Pervari HEPP, İncir HEPP, Tirebolu HEPP, Simav JEPP, Kargı HEPP) the paper will try to make a comparative analysis and figure out the dynamics and obstacles for SIAs in B&H. Keywords: Social Impact Assessment, Hydro-energy, Anthropology, Bosnia. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014-04-24 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-4564 H Social Sciences (General) Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 3398 Title A name given to the resource THE IMAGE OF GOD IN G. M. HOPKINS’ S SONNETS Author Author Tica, Dijana Abstract A summary of the resource. Gerard Manley Hopkins is a Victorian poet who became popular in the twentieth century, after the posthumous publication of his poems in 1918. He was born into an Anglo-Catholic family with artistic leanings, but during his university days he joined the famous Oxford Movement and converted to Catholicism in 1866. In 1868 he became a Jesuit priest and dedicated the rest of his life to God and the church. Upon becoming a priest, Hopkins decided to burn all of his poems, believing that this kind of work was not appropriate for his new profession. However, seven years later he realised that poetry could be used as a tool for praising God and justifying his ways, so he began writing again. The predominant topic of his poems is the connection between God and nature, which he saw as another manifestation of God. He invented the term “inscape”, which he defined as a specific quality that makes every person, object or emotion unique; and another term, “instress”, which is our perception or recognition of this uniqueness of the world. In his opinion, the beauty of the Universe lies in its variety, and it comes from God because he manifests himself differently in all of us. The aim of this paper will be to analyse the images of God that Hopkins uses in his three famous sonnets: “God’s Grandeur”, “The Windhover”, and “Pied Beauty”. Keywords: God, instress, inscape, variety, nature. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed PE English https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/55ff37c1532f76cfa3205d463c3388c8.pdf 19f9cd7952c9a9120e48db017d92352c PDF Text Text The image of the Flying Dutchman inthe literature of Romanticism Inna S. Makarova Russia Abstract: The paper touches upon the peculiarities of the so called “marine theme” in Romantic art as a whole, and its central image – the Flying Dutchman, in particular. The etymology of this image, as well its numerous literary interpretations make up the subject of the research. Three key literary works of Romanticism, the ballad by S.T. Coleridge, the libretto by R. Wagner, and the novel by H. Melville, are in the spotlight of the given paper. The roots of the Flying Dutchman can be traced in the texts by Apollonius of Rhodes and Homer – their legendary books“Argonautica” and “Odyssey”respectively, as well as in the Norse mythology, in Edda –a notorious Naglfar, the ship made of deadmen’s nails. At the Age of Discovery the story of a mysterious ship came to its final form. Being first mentioned in various European folk tales, with the course of time the plot became highly popular in late XVIII – XIX centuries. In Romantic literature the legend of the Flying Dutchman transformed into the allegoryof a man punished by Heaven for being too proud to resign himself to God’s will – a symbol of purgatory for sinners begging for mercy and forgiveness to rest in peace. Keywords: Flying Dutchman, Romanticism, Coleridge, Wagner, Melville. 1. Introduction In the literature of Romanticism “marine theme” was developing in two directions: a tragic image of a cursed ship – the Flying Dutchman (primary) and the ship and the sea as the allegory of protagonist’s inner world (secondary).The latter direction is masterfully characterized by a famous Russian philologist, Vladimir Toporov: talking about the poetic complex of the sea and its psychophysiological basis in Romantic literature, he notices that romanticists “describe not the sea proper…, but something different, for which the sea serves only as a form (a “sea” code of the “non-sea” message), a sort of a deep metaphor”(Toporov, 1995, p. 578). In Romantic arts the title work demonstrating the mythopoetic image of ship functioning as such a “deep metaphor” belongs to a French artist Théodore Géricault – “The Raft of the Medusa”created in 1819 in memory of tragic events of July 2, 1816.In Romantic literature of the second half of XIX cent. a similar idea is introduced in Victor Hugo’s passionate ode to the sea – a novel “Toilers of the Sea”, in which the metaphor “man-ship” receives its best embodiment. To some extent,the “trend” is continued by Jules Verne in hisadventure novel “Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea”. 2. The etymology of the image of the Flying Dutchman �However, turning to the key image of Romantic literature – the one of the Flying Dutchman, let’s first of all highlight its folk etymology. In Germany, for instance, the ghost captain is named von Falkenberg, in Spain – Pepe de Mallorca, in Scotland there is a popular legend about a mysterious ship Carmilhan, while in Slavic folklorethere exists a tale about Prince Svyatoslav’s ghost boat. In accordance with an original Dutch myth, dating back to XVII century in the late automn of 1641 some Dutch sailor van Straaten (or Hendrick van der Decken) on his way back to Amsterdam from East-India,with spices and two passengers on board,was sailing by the Cape of Good Hope when ran into a gale. Being mad, stubborn or proud,and possibly also drunk, van der Decken refused to hear the crew’s prayers to turn back and wait out a storm in a quiet bay. Having killed several rebellious sailors, he threatened others telling them that noone would come ashore until the ship sailed round the Cape – even if it took eternity. The glove was taken up. Since that time meeting with a Dutch sailing ship either meant trouble at best or death at worst. The Anglo-Dutch military conflicts of that time largely promoted the legend across Europe, and in particular, across English speaking countries. 3. Artistic interpretations of the legend Two books quite different both in idea and artistic value became a prelude to the chain of numerous literary interpretations of the Dutch folk legend. The first is “Voyage to Botany Bay” (1795) by one of London’s most notorious pickpocketsGeorge Barrington, while the second is the poem in four parts “Scenes of Infancy” (1803) bya Scottish orientalist John Leyden. Since that time the tale of a ghost ship became extremely popular. The list of literary works touching this plot upon includes the poem “The Flying Dutchman” (1804) by Thomas Moore, a short story “Vanderdecken’s Message Home; or, the Tenacity of Natural Affection” (1821)by John Howison, a short story “The Storm Ship” (1822) byGeoffrey Crayon (Washington Irwing), “The Tale of the Ghost Ship” (1825) by Wilhelm Hauff,the poem “The Ghost Ship” (1832) by Christian von Zedlitz, a satirical novella by Heinrich Heine “From the Memoirs of Herr von Schnabelewopski”(1833),and, finally, an adventure novel “The Phantom Ship” (1839) by Captain Frederick Marryat. In 1842 the opera in two acts and three tableaux“The Phantom Ship” by Pierre-Louis Dietsch to a French libretto by Paul Foucher and Bénédict-Henry Révoil (strongly influenced by previous literary adaptations) was premiered by the Paris Opera.In 1871 Arthur Rimbaud composed “The Drunken Boat” in which its readers were introduced to one of the most striking images of a rebellious ship.The most intriguing transformation of the folk legend was created by Stéphane Mallarmé – “A throw of the dice will never abolish chance” (1897). Meanwhile in painting the image of a cursed captain was successfully referred to twice – in canvases by Albert Ryder (1887) and Howard Pyle (1900). Obviously, every new literary adaptation provided the original text with new details, supplementing its plot, broadening the limits of its symbolic meaning, and adding more philosophy to the narration, as a whole. In this respect a lot was done by three key Romantic works: “The Rime of the Ancient Mariner” by S.T. Coleridge, “The Flying Dutchman” by R. Wagner, and “Moby Dick; or the Whale” by H. Melville. �4. The image of the Flying Dutchman in Coleridge’s ballad In 1797 the English reading public was offered the first literary adaptation of the Dutch folk legend in which it turned out to be a story with much more profound message than that traditionally associated with an old sea tale. One of the most prominent representatives of the so called “Lake school” Samuel Taylor Coleridge published “The Rime of the Ancient Mariner” in which a popular story was transformed into the allegory of the human’s life. As it follows from the poet’s journal of that time, while working on his ballad Coleridge was mainly busy with creating the “epic story of the origin of evil in Milton’s manner. He was reflecting on the conflict of belief and sense, God and Nature, mechanic and transcendental world view, about the mysteries of life and pangs of conscience” (Gorbunov, 2004, p. 17). The story of the Mariner in which he tells about his fatal voyage to the Equator comes to the foreground. The crew firstly judging the murderer of an albatross soon justifies him thus sharing his guilt for the sacred bird’s spilled blood. As a punishment, the ship stops its move: “Day after day, day after day/We stuck, nor breath nor motion//As idle as a painted ship/Upon a painted ocean//”(Coleridge, 1912, p. 190); “The very deep did rot: O Christ!//That ever this should be!//Yea, slimy things did crawl with legs/Upon the slimy sea//” (Coleridge, 1912, p. 191). Not willing to admit its fault, the crew blames the Mariner: “Ah! well a-day! what evil looks/Had I from old and young!//Instead of the cross, the Albatross/About my neck was hung//” (Coleridge, 1912, p. 191). The vessel that soon appears on the horizon turns out to be a ghost boat on which Life and Death are playing human souls in dice. The Mariner stays alive while all others turn into half-decayed corpses: “Four times fifty living men/(And I heard nor sigh nor groan)/With heavy thump, a lifeless lump/They dropped down one by one//”(Coleridge, 1912, p. 196). The ship continues its move though without wind and the steersman, and while it is sailing the mariner is revealing the beauty of the surrounding world blessing God’s creation:“The self-same moment I could pray//And from my neck so free/The Albatross fell off, and sank/Like lead into the sea//”(Coleridge, 1912, p. 198). Since this moment every night the deadmen take on life to fall on their duties. At dawn they start praying and then sink into a sleep to restart their labour the next night. On completing the time period, when the Mariner sees the native seashore, the crew receives mercy: “Each corse lay flat, lifeless and flat/And, by the holy rood! //A man all light, a seraph-man/On every corse there stood//”(Coleridge,1912, p. 205). “The Rime of the Ancient Mariner” full of “dualism, the unsolvable play on contrasts – chaos and harmony, natural and supernatural, water and air, the Sun and the Moon, unexpected blessing, the loss of God and Grace of God” (Gorbunov, 2004, p. 17), showed to its readers a new, Romantic, odyssey to secret depths of human soul. The ballad of the Lake poet greatly influenced subsequent interpretations of the Dutch folk legend. Firstly, the manner in which the captain used to be portrayed changed radically – from a heartless drunkard he turns into a man with deep emotional stress, a complex personality with tragic fate. Secondly, more attention is now paid to the atmosphere prevailing on board,expectations and passions of the cursed crew. Thirdly, the motives of repentance,and hope for mercy and salvationhave become much stronger. 5. The image of the Flying Dutchman in Wagner’s opera �Next significant literary adaptation of the legend was introduced in the libretto by Richard Wagner to his new opera “The Flying Dutchman”. The German composer made his first acquaintance with the Dutch tale in 1834in “The Memories of Herr von Schnabelewopski” by Heine. Later on, during years spent in Riga, Wagner heard a lot about the cursed ship from local sailors. However, the idea to embody a popular plot in the opera was formed in Wagner’s mind only during his voyage to London from Prussian Pillau. A small merchant vessel,the Thetis, in which the composer was travelling together with his wife, was in constant danger of sinking amidst the ocean; sailors were desperately fighting with the storm while it was raging again and again making passengers feel their complete isolation from the dear land. Later on Wagner was recollecting: “The passage through the rocky Norwegian skerries made a tremendous impression on my imagination; the legend of the Flying Dutchman, which I heard repeated by the sailors, acquired for me a distinctive coloring such as only the experience of such an adventure at sea could provide” (Grey, 2000, p. 178-179). “The Flying Dutchman” became Wagner’s “first reformatory opera”(Zalesskaya, 2011, p. 74), and at the same time the first example of the composer’s use of a universal mythological plot.As he remarked himself, “The figure of the Flying Dutchman is a mythicpoetic creation of the folk: a primeval trait of human nature finds the most gripping and powerful expression in this figure. In its most general significance this trait can be identified as the longing for peace in the wake of life’s storms” (Grey, 2000, p. 181); “It was the first folk-poem that forced its way into my heart, and called on me as man and artist to point its meaning and mould it in a work of art”(Henderson,2013, p. 237). To fulfill the task Wagner refused to follow contemporary literary interpretations not willing to compose a libretto based on any existing story (as he used to do before) and wrote a new text in which revealed his own vision of the wandering captain’s tragic fate and expectations. “From here begins my career as poet, and my farewell to the mere manufacture of opera-texts”(Wagner, 1994, p. 314), – claimed the playwright. “The Flying Dutchman” in Richard Wagner’s stage is a story about the man’s everlasting life journey, his search for freedom, peace and rest from daily stresses. The opera’s protagonist is shown as a mythological image, a traveler similar to Odyssey not destined to reach his dear land no matter which shore he harbours. As Sarah Lenton remarks, it was the Dutchman’s situation that fascinated Wagner most of all – “a loner, cut off from love and ordinary life, alienated and suffering” (National Opera House, 2015). 6. The image of the Flying Dutchman in Melville’s novel In 1851 one of the most prominent novels of Romantic literature “Moby Dick; or the Whale” by Henri Melville saw the light. On its pages the image of the infernal ship received its best personification. The book by American literary critics of mid. XIX cent. called“strange”, presents a grandiose composition reluctant to any formal genre definition.According to one apt remark, “Moby Dick” is a “supermarine” (Kovalyov, 1972, p. 192)novel. In Melville’s epic the early Renaissance metaphor “world-ship” brilliantly manifests itself: “Yes, the world’s a ship on its passage out” (Melville, 1922, p. 48), – �exclaims Ismaele. With the development of narration this metaphor is transformed into a reverse one – “ship-world”: the Pequod with its crew consisting of representatives of various races and nationalities functions as the image that can be symbolically interpreted as the UnitedStates of America or the humanity as a whole sailing to nowhere in pursuit of some illusive destination. However, the key idea of this novel is the revelation of the personality of a rebellious captain overwhelmed with the only passion that has already become the curse for him and his crew. “This grey-headed, ungodly old man, chasing with curses a Job’s whale round the world, at the head of a crew, too, chiefly made up of mongrel renegades, and castaways, and cannibals”(Melville, 1922, p. 233) is the principal image of Melville’s narration. A fatal idéefixe of Ahab seeking for “audacious, immitigable, and supernatural revenge”(Melville, 1922, p. 233) pervades the novel’s atmosphere. The Pequod conducted by a madman (“I’m demoniac, I am madness maddened!”(Melville, 1922, p. 210) – says the captain himself), with the crew imprisoned on board, the ship headed by a “Terrible old man!”; “Gnawed within and scorched without, with the infixed, unrelenting fangs of some incurable idea”(Melville, 1922, p. 232), is dashing across boundless watery wastes – surmounting immense distances it disregards storms as if protected by some witcheries which will not be destroyed until the captain’s soul finds peace having finally achieved its only goal. The unraveling of the plot does not leave any doubts to readers – this is a new Flying Dutchman. Melville’s version of the legend compared to Coleridge’s ballad and Wagner’s opera turns out to be more dramatic. Being deprived of any hope for a sinfull captain salvation, it becomes an example of a more profound and polysemic allegory. What did the American romaticist plan to say having drowned his main character without even giving him a little chance to find peace after death? Is it the demonstration of the man’s impossibility to conquer his own nature? Or, probably, a finale like this is an allegory of invincible power? The works of such a scale allow us to make as many assumptions as we wish successfully finding the proof ofeach of them in the text. Doubtless is that the image of a rebellious captain with curse on his face and hellfire in hiseyes has become so influential in the arts of Western-European countries that in the majority of subsequent (if not all) artisitic interpretations of the Dutch legend (especially relating to the so called “mass culture”) the image of the captain cursed by God inevitably looks alike the most infernal of all Flying Dutchmen – Melville’s Ahab. 7. Conclusion Nowadays the mythopoetic image of the Flying Dutchman remains relevant being intencely reproduced in various genres of contemporary arts. It is especially popular in “mass culture” that eagerly reproduces the story of a ghost ship with its cursed captain and rebellious crew. Judging by various modern interpretations of the Dutch legend,it is its infernal theme that comes to the foreground (as it was characteristic for early variations); though from time to time the narration with more social-philosophical basis sees the light. All in all, the Romantic image of the Flying Dutchman, as we know it nowadays, can be officially regarded as one of the three components all together constituing the image field of the Ship – along with the Noah’s Ark and the Ship of Fools. �References: Coleridge, S.T. (1912). The Rime of the Ancient Mariner. In E.H. Coleridge, The Complete Poetical Works of Samuel Taylor Coleridge. In two volumes. Vol. I: Poems (pp. 186-208). Oxford: Clarendon Press. Gorbunov, A.N. (2004). Voobrazheniyauzyvnyi glas (poeziya S.T. Kolridzha). In S.T. Kolridzh, Stikhotvoreniya (pp. 7-42). Мoscow: Raduga. Grey, Th. (Ed.). (2000). Richard Wagner. Der FliegendeHolländer. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Henderson, W.J. (2013). His Life and His Dramas; A Biographical Study of the Man And an Explanation of His Work. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Kovalyov, Yu.V. (1972). German Melvilliamerikanskiyromantizm. Leningrad: Khudozhestvennayaliteratura. Royal Opera House. (2015). From Legend to Libretto: What Drew Wagner to the Myth of the Flying Dutchman? Retrieved February 9, 2015, from http://www.roh.org.uk/news/fromlegend-to-libretto-what-drew-wagner-to-the-myth-of-the-flying-dutchman Melville, H. (1922). Moby-Dick; or the Whale. In two volumes. Vol. I. London: Constable and Company LTD. Toporov, V.N. (1995). O “poeticheskom” komplekse moray iyego psikhophiziologicheskikh osnovakh. In V.N. Toporov, Mif. Ritual. Simvol. Obraz: Issledovaniya v oblast imifopoeticheskogo. Izbrannoye (pp. 575-622). Moskva: Progress. Zalesskaya, M.K. (2011). Vagner. Moskva: Moldayagvardiya. Wagner, R. (1994). A Communication to My Friends. In R. Wagner The Art Work of the Future, and Other Works. (pp. 269-392). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 3263 Title A name given to the resource The image of the Flying Dutchman inthe literature of Romanticism Author Author Makarova, Inna S. Abstract A summary of the resource. The paper touches upon the peculiarities of the so called “marine theme” in Romantic art as a whole, and its central image – the Flying Dutchman, in particular. The etymology of this image, as well its numerous literary interpretations make up the subject of the research. Three key literary works of Romanticism, the ballad by S.T. Coleridge, the libretto by R. Wagner, and the novel by H. Melville, are in the spotlight of the given paper. The roots of the Flying Dutchman can be traced in the texts by Apollonius of Rhodes and Homer – their legendary books“Argonautica” and “Odyssey”respectively, as well as in the Norse mythology, in Edda –a notorious Naglfar, the ship made of deadmen’s nails. At the Age of Discovery the story of a mysterious ship came to its final form. Being first mentioned in various European folk tales, with the course of time the plot became highly popular in late XVIII – XIX centuries. In Romantic literature the legend of the Flying Dutchman transformed into the allegoryof a man punished by Heaven for being too proud to resign himself to God’s will – a symbol of purgatory for sinners begging for mercy and forgiveness to rest in peace. Keywords: Flying Dutchman, Romanticism, Coleridge, Wagner, Melville. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2016-04-07 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed PE English https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/e420cb9da4ddca121d44ccaa2d7e659a.docx a1853cf32c0e79d95329c52597c0e286 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/b68daedba5e6c5dca7fe6e7f7da0ff75.pdf 3d2116d686ecd172d2bf847275d6321c PDF Text Text The Image of The Turk in Shakespeare’s Plays Alper Çakmak Süleyman Şah University / Istanbul, Turkey Key words: Images, 'Turks', Shakespeare, Discourse Analysis ABSTRACT The communality of the problem of ‘adoption’ of the ideas and the surrounding notions in a piece of literature can be solved by teaching ‘discourse analysis’ whose fundamentals can be delved into by teaching atmosphere in which a piece of literature was/is written. This paper is set out to examine the image of the Turk and Turkish material culture in Shakespeare’s play in perspective of ‘the historical background’, ‘Renaissance moulding the medium of the era’, ‘rediscovery of the ancient texts’ and ‘the history of emotions’. In order to appreciate the ‘essentia’ of what it means to be the Turk in Renaissance period, the image of the Turk is to be interrogated with the embodiment of historical background that is conflated with Ottoman Empire’s expansion into the lands long owned by the Christians.The prominent factor dominating the Rennaissance era and Reformation was the dichotomy of Catholic Church and Protestants. While unfolding the religious dichotomy, the reader should take cognition of not only the tensions within the Christianity but also the conflicts between what is known as Islam and its prophet and Christianity.It is not a coincidence that the history of emotions and religious difference are the profound motives.The play ‘Othello’ begins with the Ottomans’ preparation for intervening in Cyprus, however it is also pointed out that the Ottoman fleet changes the route to Rhodus. The feature of ‘changability’ is always associated with what is ‘negative’ in Eurocentric literature. Changeability had been associated with the mood of alterity, femininity and african (Mediterranean). Renaissance is the period when the antique (conglemoration of ancient Greek texts) texts were reopened and translated. The association of wisdom and rationality with the God Apollo (West), and the association of emotional explosion, mood, and changeability with Dionysus (East) is what the clasical texts reveal to the literate Renaissance men. All of these images and impressions can be delved into through a deep discourse analysis which should be the first aim while teaching a foreing a piece of literature to the Muslim or other types of audience who do not have/have not had the chance to intervene and breath in within the milieu of Eurocentrism. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1693 Title A name given to the resource The Image of The Turk in Shakespeare’s Plays Author Author CAKMAK, Alper Abstract A summary of the resource. Key words: Images, 'Turks', Shakespeare, Discourse Analysis ABSTRACT The communality of the problem of ‘adoption’ of the ideas and the surrounding notions in a piece of literature can be solved by teaching ‘discourse analysis’ whose fundamentals can be delved into by teaching atmosphere in which a piece of literature was/is written. This paper is set out to examine the image of the Turk and Turkish material culture in Shakespeare’s play in perspective of ‘the historical background’, ‘Renaissance moulding the medium of the era’, ‘rediscovery of the ancient texts’ and ‘the history of emotions’. In order to appreciate the ‘essentia’ of what it means to be the Turk in Renaissance period, the image of the Turk is to be interrogated with the embodiment of historical background that is conflated with Ottoman Empire’s expansion into the lands long owned by the Christians.The prominent factor dominating the Rennaissance era and Reformation was the dichotomy of Catholic Church and Protestants. While unfolding the religious dichotomy, the reader should take cognition of not only the tensions within the Christianity but also the conflicts between what is known as Islam and its prophet and Christianity.It is not a coincidence that the history of emotions and religious difference are the profound motives.The play ‘Othello’ begins with the Ottomans’ preparation for intervening in Cyprus, however it is also pointed out that the Ottoman fleet changes the route to Rhodus. The feature of ‘changability’ is always associated with what is ‘negative’ in Eurocentric literature. Changeability had been associated with the mood of alterity, femininity and african (Mediterranean). Renaissance is the period when the antique (conglemoration of ancient Greek texts) texts were reopened and translated. The association of wisdom and rationality with the God Apollo (West), and the association of emotional explosion, mood, and changeability with Dionysus (East) is what the clasical texts reveal to the literate Renaissance men. All of these images and impressions can be delved into through a deep discourse analysis which should be the first aim while teaching a foreing a piece of literature to the Muslim or other types of audience who do not have/have not had the chance to intervene and breath in within the milieu of Eurocentrism. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available IBU Publishing Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-03 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/8ddb070b3d0d854f537b88ab69e5c7c8.pdf 5d030dbff548df87b04ef04a46d9e16c PDF Text Text The Impact of Ewom in Social Media on Consumer Purchase Decisions Merve Turkyilmaz International Burch University Bosnia and Herzegovina turkylmz@outlook.com Mersid Poturak International Burch University Bosnia and Herzegovina mersid.poturak@ibu.edu.ba Abstract: Marketers define their social media platform as an essential piece to reach their consumers. The flock of web users turning to social media to receive and convey their thoughts, opinions, and suggestions has made social media an integral part of digital marketing. Using traditional media to advertise had restrictions in placement and outcome while, nowadays, social media has liberated this obstacle. It has created a platform which allows information to spread freely and at a fast pace. Using electronic word-ofmouth in social media permits a constant connection to a vast audience. The purpose of this study is to explore the effect of electronic word-of-mouth within the context of social media on consumer purchase decisions. More precisely, how the familiarity of the eWOM source, the way of communication, writer’s expertise and the popularity of a product affects the consumer's purchase decision. The data has been gathered using quantitative research method. The sample consists of students studying in Timisoara, Romania. The surveys were e-mailed to students’ e-mail addresses. Due to the lack of response from e-mails, the responses were gathered using a mixture of door-to-door and online surveys methods. The questions were answered by 200 students within a month. The results will provide the extent of impact eWOM in social media has on the purchase decisions. Key Words: Electronic word-of-mouth, Social media, Digital marketing, Purchase decision Introduction The constant escalation of the internet usage drove companies to mend their marketing strategies to include the digital interactivity of their customer base. Digital marketing is defined as; “a subcategory of marketing which uses digital technology to place and sell products.” It is the marketers’ use of technologies such as; emails, social media, and word-of-mouth to engage with their target group and generate sales. What sets digital marketing apart from traditional marketing is the ability to comprehend the efficiency of the marketing campaigns while they are still being served to the online viewers. The choice procedure and psychosocial movement are involved in the phases of assessing, buying, devouring or requesting any good or service. As the Internet advanced, along with globalization, the buyers started to confront the issue of "perplexity by over-decision". The various brands accessible for a similar item perplexes the customer to make up his/her mind on which brand to choose. Thus, 21 �there is a solid requirement for a medium to slice through the advertising "mess" and help shoppers pick an item that will fit their needs. Electronic word-of-mouth plays the role of this medium. Customers that decide to utilize this method for correspondence may have their buy goal adjusted, particularly by individuals who has had a shopping background with that good or service (Nawaz et al., 2014). The way individuals see data sources influence their process of acknowledging the information being provided (Hu, 2015). By the enhancements in web based shopping the significance of electronic word-of-mouth has extremely increased. When shoppers get recommendations from their closest or colleagues on social media they are able to instantly go to the websites which provide the product or service. If the person thinks about the suggestions given by someone he or she knows, the visit to the website can finish with purchase. This is one of the crucial elements which make eWOM better than traditional WOM (Evans & Erkan, 2014). In other words, ads posted by firms on social network sites is probable to be overlooked by the individuals because these advertisements are created by the firm, and in this way seen as deceitful (Diffley et al., 2011). Consumers are now in the position where they can immediately express their thoughts, give input, acknowledge or question the activity of a brand (Chiosa, 2014). These actions are possible because of the digital world we live in. By participating in web-based social networking, brands can create showcasing techniques that improve customer dedication and carry on the positive picture of the brand. Literature Review Numerous definitions of electronic word-of-mouth (eWOM) have been made throughout literature. Hennig-Thurau et al. (2004) have defined this marketing strategy as “Any positive or negative statement made by potential, actual, or former customers about a product or company which is made available to a multitude of people and institutions via the Internet”. The sole difference between Electronic word-of-mouth (eWOM) and traditional word-of-mouth (WOM) is identified as the platform of communication being the Internet (Sørensen, 2010). It is vital to comprehend the thought processes directing the online influencers to use electronic word-of-mouth. Understanding the motives is fundamental for those seeking to urge the influential individuals to spread messages. Knowing the thought processes in conveying online word-of-mouth can help organizations to create messages that will improve the viral movement and focus on the targeted customers. The work of Hennig-Thurau et al. (2004) demonstrates the factors affecting the number of visits and the frequency of these visits on online platforms. Their findings indicate that the dominant reason for site visits is the social benefit. Furthermore, the number of comments is positively correlated with the social benefit motive. The probability to advise a product based on an online review depends on where the reader has found the comment (Lee & Youn, 2009). Readers are more inclined to suggest the product when they have read it on and independent review website or the brand’s own website. From another perspective, a negative correlation exists between the consumer 22 �expertise and consumer involvement. The consumer expertise has a negative impact, while the consumer involvement has a positive impact on the potential buyers of the product in question (Cheung et al., 2012). Figure 2 shows the motives of word-of-mouth communication identified in the literature. Figure 1Motives of word-of-mouth communication identified in literature Source: Dellarocas, C., & Narayan, R. (2006, December). What motivates consumers to review a product online? A study of the product-specific antecedents of online movie reviews. In WISE. Park et al. (2007) emphasizes how electronic word-of-mouth has two different roles of either becoming the channel for obtaining information or a sign of product popularity. However, the extent to which the consumer is affected by one of these roles is based on the consumer’s intention. Consumers tend to care more about reading the comments which give more clues about the product when their intentions to buy are high. On the other hand, when their buying intentions are low, the quality of the comments is not a priority. In this case, consumers are merely interest in the popularity of the product in question. The confidence of the consumer increases depending on the expertise of the writer and the purpose of the research (Chang et al., 2010). Based on the findings of Hoffman & Daugherty (2013), the communication ties between firm and consumers are not merely up to the content, the delivery effectiveness is just as important. Apparently, customers give their time into creating eWOM via social media since they wish to have any kind of effect by impacting product awareness and choices made by different purchasers. The recommendations among female consumers are more effective when compared to male consumers (Nadeem, Andreini, Salo, & Laukkanen, 2015). Even though users of a certain product or service are unwilling to post their experience, they are likely to be affected by the comments they read on social media sites because these sites are seen as platforms which are effective and valid (Yogesh & Yesha, 2014). 23 �Research Methodology According to the study of Perrin (2015), 90% of the teenagers from the ages 18 to 29 have a social media presence. In this manner, the utilization of university students was considered suitable as the sample group for the study. The aim of this research was to use descriptive statistics and gain an insight on the importance of certain eWOM variables in social media on purchase decision. Sampling Procedure The research was conducted in Timisoara, Romania. At total of 200 students filled out the questionnaire. While 172 of the replies came from Romanian students, 28 of them were attained from international students studying in Timisoara. Female students comprised more than half of the total responses. Questionnaire Design and Data Collection The questionnaire was formed using Google forms. It began with an introductory paragraph explaining the reason for conducting the research and what their contributions meant for the data gathering. Twenty straight forward questions were design and all besides the demographic questions were 5-point Likert scale based. Each question was mandatory to reply while confidentiality was promised. The survey had 6 short sections. The first three questions were asked to understand the demographic background of the respondents; such as their age. The second section was used to measure the impact of commenter familiarity and whether readers see known source as more valuable. The third section focused on comprehending the importance on bidirectional communication. The fourth section comprised of the expertise factor. Knowing that only some of the comments are written by experts this section aimed to analyze the significance of the writer’s background. The fifth section asked the frequency to purchase a product because of its popularity. The final section consisted of questions directed to understand your purchase behavior based on the comments on social media. A title and description for each section were added in order to ease the understanding of the sections. This also helped the respondent clear any questions regarding the aim of the research. The students were reached by using their student email addresses and Facebook groups created by different departments. Additionally, door-to-door survey approach was in order to reach the planned number of responses. The survey was conducted from February 10, 2017 till April 13, 2017. Results Even though a total of 200 responses were achieved in this research, 172 of them were considered to be the targeted sample. The 28 responses obtained from international students were excluded. The three demographic questions asked to gain an understanding about the respondent’s background profile were gender, age and their completed education level. The data was analyzed using SPSS 18.0. The four variables analyzed were the importance of commenter familiarity, bi24 �directional communication, expertise and popularity of the product/service. Since descriptive statistics was the only method for analyzes, the questions related to each variable were compounded in SPSS. This enabled us to present a single descriptive table for each of the four sections. The majority of the survey has been filled out by females with a 60.0% of response rate, leaving the males 40.0% out of the total. 4 respondents are below the age of 18, 161 of them are between the ages of 18-24 and 7 of them are 25 or above. These results lead to the conclusion that most of the respondents were between the ages 18-24, making up 94% of the surveyors. Out of the total 172 respondents, more than half of them have finished high school and are studying undergraduate. 46 respondents have finished undergraduate, 22 of them have finished their master’s degree and only 1 has finished their PhD. The percentages based on the education levels of the respondents are 60, 27, 13 and 0.5, respectively. Descriptive Statistics on the importance of the Familiarity of the Commenter on Social Media The following questions were compounded in SPSS to obtain table 1. • • • • How likely are you to be affected by product recommendations posted on social media? Do you think that you are more likely to purchase a product because it was recommended by someone you personally know? Such as a friend or family member. Do you consider the frequency of the communication between you and the recommender of the product as important? Are you more likely to remember a product recommendation from someone you know? As stated before, the total numbers of surveyors were 172. The mean is found to be 3.747 and the median is 3.75. Out of a 5 point range these results show that the respondents are likely to be affected the familiarity of the commenter on social media. The std. deviation and variance are .5779 and .334, respectively. Table 1 Descriptive results on the familiarity variable Familiarity N Mean Median Mode Std. Deviation Variance 172 3.747 3.750 3.75 .5779 .334 Range 2.50 Descriptive Statistics on the importance of the Bi-directional on Social Media The questions compounded in order to analyze the second variable were as follows: • • Does the online communication with the recommender motivate you to make the purchase? Do you feel the need to contact the person who posted a comment about the product you were planning on buying? 25 �• Do you find all the answers to your questions about a product when going through the comments? Table 2 shows that the mean for the questions related to bi-directional communication is 3.093 and the median is 3.00. Out of a 5 point range these results show that the respondents are quite neutral when it comes to the importance of communication on social media. Meaning that, having the opportunity to communicate with the commenter does now fall under any of the two extremes. The std. deviation and variance are .7319 and .536, respectively. Table 2 Descriptive results on the bi-directional communication variable Bi-directional Communication N Mean Median Mode 172 3.093 3.000 3.00 Std. Deviation Variance .7319 .536 Range 3.67 Descriptive Statistics on the importance of the Commenter Expertise on Social Media The following three questions were used to have a single descriptive table for the expertise variable. • • • Does the level of knowledge the commenter has on a product affect your purchase decision? Do you feel the need to search if the commenter is an expert? Does the level of recognition that the commenter has affect your purchase decision? The mean for the expertise factor (shown in table 3) is seen to be 3.455 and the median is 3.33. Out of a 5 point range these results show that the respondents are more likely to be affected the commenter’s expertise when compared to the communication opportunity. The std. deviation and variance are .6479 and .420, respectively. Table 3 Descriptive results on the expertise variable Expertise N Mean Median Mode 172 3.455 3.333 3.33 Std. Deviation Variance .6479 .420 Range 3.67 Descriptive Statistics on the importance of the Product/Service Popularity on Social Media The questions listed below were used for the last variable which was the importance of product/service popularity. • • How often do you purchase a product because of its popularity among social media users? The popularity could be the number of likes, comments, shares or retweets. How often do you prefer the popular product because of its social media presence? 26 �• Do you find the popularity of a product to ease your decision making progress? The mean of the popularity variable is found as 3.484 and the median is 3.66. Out of a 5 point range these results show that the respondents are likely to be affected the popularity of the product/service on social media. The std. deviation and variance are .7734 and .598, respectively. Table 4 Descriptive results on the popularity variable Popularity N Mean Median Mode 172 3.484 3.666 3.67 Std. Deviation Variance .7734 .598 Range 3.67 Conclusion The descriptive analysis made in the previous section shows that the four variables do not possess the same level of importance. The results indicate that the familiarity variable plays the most important role out of the four. Social media users are prone to rely on comments they read from friends and other acquaintances. Becoming informed by someone who you know by first hand eliminates the doubt of reliability. On the hand, the opportunity to communicate with the writer of the comment is found to be the least important variable. This provides an understanding that Romanian students are rarely the initiatives of communication to gain more information on a certain product/service on social media. When compared with the familiarity variable we understand that our sample takes cognizance of immediately concluding whether or not the comment is reliable and provides most of the information needed without the extra effort of contacting. The other two variables analyzed were expertise and the popularity of a product/service on social media. The results of both variables have shown that even though they are not considered to be as important as the familiarity variable their roles aren’t as small as being able to communicate with the commenter. That is to say, they fall in between the two. The limitation of the study is that it was conducted in a single city and could be broadened to gain a better understanding of the topic. A comparative analysis will be possible when more than one country is involved. This will allow the researcher to comprehend the differences and similarities of variables found to crucial in social media. The sample size can be bigger and number of variables can be extent. Furthermore, certain SPSS analysis can be used to find if there is a statistically significant value for each variable. Companies need to focus on their own needs in order to use their social media platforms to the fullest. The sample of this paper was found to be more concerned about the familiarity of the writer on social media. However, a broader research with an expansion in sample size, variable and geographic location will certainly provide a clearer answer for any future researcher. Conducting an analysis by adding various countries will allow us to see this topic from a wider perspective. 27 �References Chang, L., Lee, Y., & Huang, C. L. (2010). The influence of E-Word-Of-Mouth on the Consumer’s Purchase Decision: a Case of Body Care Products. Journal of Global Business Management, 6(2), 1-7. Cheung, C. M., & Lee, M. K. (2012). What drives consumers to spread electronic word of mouth in online consumer-opinion platforms. Decision support systems, 53(1), 218-225. Chiosa, A. R. (2014). WORD OF MOUTH ON SOCIAL MEDIA. SEA: Practical Application of Science, 2(4). Diffley, S., Kearns, J., Bennett, W., & Kawalek, P. (2011). Consumer behaviour in social networking sites: Implications for marketers. Irish Journal of Management, 30(2), 47. Digital Marketing Definition | Investopedia. (2015, April 6). Retrieved December 18, 2016, from http://www.investopedia.com/terms/d/digital-marketing.asp Evans, C., & Erkan, I. (2014). The impacts of electronic word of mouth in social media on consumerspurchase intentions. Hennig-Thurau, T., Gwinner, K. P., Walsh, G., & Gremler, D. D. (2004). Electronic word-of-mouth via consumer-opinion platforms: What motivates consumers to articulate themselves on the Internet?. Journal of interactive marketing, 18(1), 38-52. Hu, X. (2015). Assessing Source Credibility On Social Media–––An Electronic Word-Of-Mouth Communication Perspective (Doctoral dissertation, Bowling Green State University). Lee, M., & Youn, S. (2009). Electronic word of mouth (eWOM) How eWOM platforms influence consumer product judgement. International Journal of Advertising, 28(3), 473-499. Nadeem, W., Andreini, D., Salo, J., & Laukkanen, T. (2015). Engaging consumers online through websites and social media: A gender study of Italian Generation Y clothing consumers. International Journal of Information Management, 35(4), 432-442. Nawaz, A., Vveinhardt, J., & Ahmed, R. R. (2014). Impact of Word of Mouth on Consumer Buying Decision. European Journal of Business and Management, 6(31). Park, D. H., Lee, J., & Han, I. (2007). The effect of on-line consumer reviews on consumer purchasing intention: The moderating role of involvement. International Journal of Electronic Commerce, 11(4), 125-148. Perrin, A. (2015). Social media usage. Pew Research Center.(n.d.). Retrieved January 21, 2017, from http://www.tezu.ernet.in/~utpal/course_mat/research_design.pdf Sørensen, A. C. (2010). A Process Model of Online Word of Mouth (Unpublished master’s thesis). Copenhagen Business School. Retrieved from Yogesh, F., & Yesha, M. (2014). Effect of Social Media on Purchase Decision. Pacific Business Review International, 45-50. 28 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 3653 Title A name given to the resource The Impact of Ewom in Social Media on Consumer Purchase Decisions (doi: 10.14706/icesos1716) Author Author Turkyilmaz, Merve POTURAK, Mersid Abstract A summary of the resource. Abstract: Marketers define their social media platform as an essential piece to reach their consumers. The flock of web users turning to social media to receive and convey their thoughts, opinions, and suggestions has made social media an integral part of digital marketing. Using traditional media to advertise had restrictions in placement and outcome while, nowadays, social media has liberated this obstacle. It has created a platform which allows information to spread freely and at a fast pace. Using electronic word-ofmouth in social media permits a constant connection to a vast audience. The purpose of this study is to explore the effect of electronic word-of-mouth within the context of social media on consumer purchase decisions. More precisely, how the familiarity of the eWOM source, the way of communication, writer’s expertise and the popularity of a product affects the consumer's purchase decision. The data has been gathered using quantitative research method. The sample consists of students studying in Timisoara, Romania. The surveys were e-mailed to students’ e-mail addresses. Due to the lack of response from e-mails, the responses were gathered using a mixture of door-to-door and online surveys methods. The questions were answered by 200 students within a month. The results will provide the extent of impact eWOM in social media has on the purchase decisions. Key Words: Electronic word-of-mouth, Social media, Digital marketing, Purchase decision Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/834d2f57aaa78554384266c47ca43036.pdf 35c274225608b3326e64f9421004c0bc PDF Text Text 1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo The Impact of Expectations on International Trade: A Panel Data Analysis in the Framework of the Gravity Model Elif NUROĞLU Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, International University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina enuroglu@ius.edu.ba Abstract: The objective of this paper is to investigate bilateral export flows and its determinants between European countries from 1964 to 1972 and from 1973 to 1998 to show how expectations affect the volume of international trade across European countries. This study extends the gravity model of bilateral trade with population and volatility of exchange rates. It is demonstrated that during fixed exchange rate period volatility in exchange rates has a very large impact on bilateral trade volumes, while the same change causes much lower decrease during floating exchange rate period. Keywords: gravity model, panel data, fixed versus floating exchange rate 1. Introduction This study investigates bilateral exports among EU15 countries from 1964 to 1998 by employing panel data analysis. First, the gravity model of bilateral trade which was developed by Tinbergen to explain bilateral trade flows between two countries with the product of their income and distances between them is extended by inserting population of both countries and exchange rate volatility. This augmented gravity model is used in panel data analysis. In this model, real bilateral exports is the dependent variable on the income and population of both countries, distances between them and the volatility of exchange rates. The gravity model has long been used to explain and estimate bilateral trade flows in the international trade literature. The basic gravity model says that bilateral trade between two countries depends on their GDPs positively and distances between them negatively suggesting that higher income tends to increase trade by leading more production, higher exports and also higher demand for imports ( Balogun: 2007; Clark et al.: 2004; Cushman: 1983; Dell`Ariccia: 1999; De Grauwe & De Bellefroid: 1986; Glick & Rose: 2002; Matyas: 1997; Rose et al.:2000). Furthermore, larger distances between countries tend to decrease bilateral trade (Clark et al.: 2004; Glick & Rose: 2002; Rose et al.:2000) by imposing higher transport costs and some other difficulties to trade such as informational and psychological frictions (Huang: 2007). Transport costs are an important barrier to trade and therefore they tend to reduce international trade (Jacquemin & Sapir: 1988; Neven & Röller: 1991). The basic gravity model was extended later with the population of both countries to see how the population of exporting and importing countries affect bilateral trade. In some studies, population is found to have a positive effect on trade and to increase the level of specialization by creating gains from specialization as a result (Matyas: 1997). On the other hand, other studies show that population coefficient has a negative sign, suggesting that imports and exports are capital intensive (Bergstrand: 1989; Dell`Ariccia: 1999). Some studies which analyze the effects of exchange rate uncertainty and/or volatility on international trade find significant negative effects (Akhtar & Hilton: 1984; Chowdhury: 1993; Cushman: 1983; Dell`Ariccia: 1999; De Grauwe: 1987; De Grauwe: 1988; De Grauwe & De Bellefroid: 1986; Ethier: 1973; Kennen & Rodrik: 1986; Kowalski: 2006; Lane & Milesi-Ferretti: 2002; Rose et al.:2000; Thursby & Thursby: 1985; Thursby & Thursby: 1987; Wei: 1999;). Frank and Bernanke (2007) offers one explanation for this negative effect suggesting that uncertainty in exchange rates under flexible exchange rate systems makes exporters` profits less predictable, therefore it makes people more reluctant to export and reduces total trade. On the other hand, there is another side in the literature which claims that there is no significant effect of exchange rate uncertainty and/or volatility on the volume of trade. Some of these studies argue that even if there is some small significant effect of exchange rates on trade, this effect is neither stable nor consistent (Hooper & Kohlhagen: 1978; Gotur: 1985; Bacchetta &Van Wincoop: 2000). One reason for those who could not find any significant effect may be because they have concentrated on the short term measures. Recently, Clark et al. (2004) find a negative association between exchange rate volatility and trade in certain country groupings. However, when they analyze the time of the increase in volatility and decrease in trade, they see that the decrease in trade may not be attributed only to the increase in exchange rate volatility. At crises, for instance, even if volatility in exchange rates increases, the fall in domestic demand is a much more important factor that decreases imports. When they allow time-varying fixed effects they do not find any negative association between exchange rate volatility and trade. 273 �1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo International trade history shows that different exchange rate regimes were preferred at different periods. In the last decades there seems a tendency towards purely fixed or purely floating exchange rate regimes. A survey (Fischer, 2001) indicates that most countries prefer a purely floating or a purely fixed exchange rate instead of intermediate exchange rate regimes. The percentage of fixed exchange rate regimes increased from 16% in 1991 to 24% in 1999 while percentage of the floating exchange rate regimes increased from 23% to 42% in the same years. On the other hand, the number of intermediate regimes declined from 62% in 1991 to 34% in 1999. According to Fischer (2001), this move away from the center is towards currency boards, dollarization or currency unions on the hard peg side, and towards a variety of floating exchange rate arrangements on the other side. He states that the main reason for this change is that soft pegs are crisis-prone and not usable over long periods. Moreover, Bubula and Otker-Robe (2003) provide some support for the proponents of the bipolar view. They find that during 1990–2001, the frequency of crisis episodes has been higher for intermediate regimes as compared with purely fixed and floating ones, although the latter have also not been free of pressures. The choice of exchange rate regime gives a country the freedom to use macroeconomic policies to manipulate the economy and enables it to fight with recessions, crises etc. Furthermore, exchange rates influence the level of international trade. Therefore, the effects of changes in exchange rates and of different exchange rate regimes on the economy and on international trade have been a popular topic among researchers. The main point of this paper is to study the effects of volatility on bilateral exports during different exchange rate periods namely fixed and floating exchange rate regimes. When exchange rates are fixed officially, traders do not expect so high changes in exchange rates and make their plans based on their estimations of a stable economic environment. Therefore, any volatility or fluctuation in the exchange rates during fixed exchange rate periods affect their revenues and future plans deeply and reduces the level of exports. On the other hand, during floating exchange rate periods traders adjust their expectations accordingly and they are ready to any volatility in exchange rates. Thus, their plans are more flexible during floating regimes and volatility in exchange rates does not change their plans and hence the level of exports so much. The structure of the paper is as follows. Section 2 and 3 introduces the data set used and our modified gravitiy model respectively. Section 4 discusses the results of panel data analysis and finally, section 5 concludes. 2. Data The data used in this study is obtained from IMF`s International Financial Statistics, World Bank`s World Development Indicators 2005, and OECD`s International Trade by Commodity Statistics. The sample period covers 35 years from 1964 to 1998. Countries included are EU15 countries where Belgium and Luxemburg are taken as one country because of data availability. The model was estimated using bilateral trade flows among EU15 countries from 1964 to 1972 for the fixed exchange rate period and from 1973 to 1998 for the floating exchange rate period. Nominal exports in the data set are converted into the export volumes by using GDP deflators. Volatility of exchange rates is calculated as the moving average of standard deviations of the first difference of logarithms (i.e. percentage changes) of quarterly nominal bilateral exchange rates (Kowalski, 2006). Vol ( xrijt ) is 5-year (“t-4,...,t”) average of standard deviations from the average quarter-on-quarter percentage change in bilateral nominal exchange rate calculated over the last 4 quarters, given by the following formula: 1 q −19 Volxrijt = ∑δ q 20 q Eq. 1 where q is the last quarter in year t, where: δq = q −3 1 1  de − ∑q 3  q ∑q 4 deq  q −3 )2 Eq. 2 δ q is a standard deviation from the average quarter-on-quarter percentage change in bilateral nominal exchange rate calculated over the last 4 quarters where at the end of quarter q. 274 deq = eq − eq −1 and eq is a logarithm of bilateral exchange rate �1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo 3. The Gravity Model of Bilateral Exports and its Application to Panel Data Analysis According to the Gravity Model, trade flows between two countries depend on their income and on the distances between them as shown in Equation 3. Tij = C × GDPi × GDPj where c is a constant term, income, Eq. 3 Dij Tij is the value of trade between country i and country j, GDPi is country i`s GDPj is the country j`s income and Dij is the distance between two countries (Krugman & Obstfeld, 2006). This original gravity model can be extended with population, exchange rates, common language, common borders, foreign currency reserves etc. to explain the variation in bilateral trade better. We insert population of both countries and volatility of exchange rates into the equation. The modified gravity model of bilateral trade used is given by: Eq.4 ln Expijt = β 0 + β1 Dij + β 2 ln Yit + β 3 ln Y jt + β 4 ln Popit + β 5 ln Pop jt + β 6 vol( xrijt ) + ε ijt where (i=exporter and j= importer) � Expijt represents the volume of exports from country i to country j in year t, � Dij is the distance between country i and country j measured in kilometres, � Yit is the exporting country`s real GDP in year t, Y jt is the importing country`s real GDP in year t, � � Pop it is exporter country`s population in year t, Pop jt is importer country`s population in year t, � Vol ( xrijt ) is the volatility of nominal exchange rate between exporter and importer country in year t, � ε ijt � is the error term. 4. Results of Panel Data Analysis The data set used in this study consists of trade flows, GDPs, population, volatility of exchange rates and distances between EU15 countries from 1964 to 1972 (fixed exchange rate period) and from 1973 to 1998 (floating exchange rate period). For each country pair we have 35 years of data. The objective of this paper is to investigate how trade flows across European countries can be explained by income, population, distance and especially by the volatility of exchange rates under different exchange rate regimes. Since we have cross sectional data, the best way is to conduct a panel data analysis by using equation 4. (Table 1) shows the results of panel data analysis for the fixed exchange period from 1963 to 1972 while (Table 2) gives the results for the floating exchange rate period from 1973 to 1998. The results indicate that as distance becomes larger, bilateral trade between countries tends to decrease. Furthermore, higher income in the exporting country has a positive affect on bilateral trade by leading more production and higher exports. As the tables show, as the income of exporting country increases by 1%, its bilateral exports increases by 0.41% during the fixed exchange rate regime and 0.38% under the floating exchange rate regime. For a very similar reason, higher income tends to increase the level of imports as well. According to Tables 1 and 2, 1% increase in the importing country’s real GDP increases its imports by 1.24% and 0.91% during fixed and floating exchange rate periods respectively. Moreover, population of the exporting country has a positive effect on bilateral exports. This shows that higher population will create opportunities for specialization which will boost production and exports from that country. The last variable of interest is the volatility of exchange rates. Our results indicate that volatility of exchange rates has a negative effect on real bilateral exports. However, exchange rate volatility affects bilateral exports by different amounts depending on the exchange rate regime. As Tables 1 and 2 show, the effect of volatility in exchange rates on bilateral exports is much higher during the fixed exchange rate regimes (8.12) than the floating exchange rate regimes (3.74). 275 �1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Table 1: Panel least squares with period fixed effects, for the period from 1964 to 1972 C Distance Exporter GDP Importer GDP Exporter Population Importer Population Volatility of Exchange Rate R-squared Adjusted R-squared Akaike info criterion Schwarz criterion Number of observations Coefficient Std. Error t-Statistic Prob. 1,64 -16,01 0,00 -26,30 -0,0003 0,00 -5,11 0,00 0,41 0,11 3,83 0,00 1,24 0,08 16,09 0,00 0,42 0,11 3,86 0,00 -0,54 0,09 -6,30 0,00 -8,12 2,44 -3,33 0,00 0,72 0,71 2,66 2,74 804 Table 2: Panel Least Squares with period fixed effects, for the period from 1973 to 1998 C Distance Exporter GDP Importer GDP Exporter Population Importer Population Volatility of Exchange Rate R-squared Adjusted R-squared Akaike info criterion Schwarz criterion Number of observations Coefficient Std. Error t-Statistic Prob. -22,56 0,87 -25,86 0,00 -0,0008 0,00 -30,45 0,00 0,38 0,05 6,95 0,00 0,91 0,04 22,28 0,00 0,43 0,05 7,96 0,00 -0,17 0,04 -3,81 0,00 1,05 -3,56 0,00 -3,74 0,84 0,84 2,03 2,10 2334,00 R-squared given by panel data analysis is 72% for the fixed exchange rate period and 84% for the floating exchange rate period, which shows that 72% and 84% of the variation in bilateral exports can be explained by distance, GDPs and population of exporting and importing countries and the volatility of exchange rates during fixed and floating exchange rate periods respectively. For all variables that are used to explain the variation in bilateral exports, our coefficients are highly significant which makes our model and data set reliable. 5. Conclusion This study compares the results obtained by panel data analysis during fixed and flexible exchange rate periods. Volatility in exchange rates seem to affect the volume of exports negatively but this negative effect is much higher during fixed exchange rate period than the floating exchange rate period. Under fixed exchange rate regimes traders do not expect high volatility in exchange rates. When there is any volatility, the effect of it on the trade volumes is really high. On the other hand, during floating exchange rate regimes all agents in the economy are ready to fluctuations; therefore, the impact of any volatility in exchange rates is smaller. It can be concluded that expectations of agents in the economy should be given special importance to avoid any decrease in the level of trade. Even if there is a high possibility for any fluctuation or unusual movement in the economy, when people are ready to overcome with it, the negative effects tend to be smaller. References Akhtar M.A., & Hilton R.S. (1984). Effects of exchange rate uncertainty on German and US trade. Federal Reserve Bank of NewYork Quarterly Review, 9(1), 7-16. Bacchetta P., & Van Wincoop E. (2000). Does Exchange Rate Stability Increase Trade and Welfare? The American Economic Review, 90(5), 1093-1109. 276 �1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Balogun Emmanuel Dele (2007). Effects of Exchange Rate Policy on Bilateral Export Trade of WAMZ Countries. MPRA Paper, No: 6234. Bergstrand Jeffrey H. (1989). The Generalized Gravity Equation, Monopolistic Competition, and the Factor-proportions Theory in International Trade. The Review of Economics and Statistiscs, 71(1), 143-153. Bubula Andrea, & Inci Otker-Robe (2003). Are Pegged and Intermediate Exchange Rate Regimes More Crisis Prone? IMF Working Paper. Chowdhury Abdur R. (1993). Does Exchange Rate Volatility Depress Trade Flows? Evidence from Error Correction Models. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 75(4), 700-706. Clark Peter, Natalia Tamirisa, Shang-Jin Wei, Azim Sadikov, & Li Zeng (2004). Exchange Rate Volatility and Trade Flows Some New Evidence. International Monetary Fund. Cushman David O. (1983). The Effects of Real Exchange Rate Risk on International Trade. Journal of International Economics, 15, 45-63. De Grauwe Paul & De Bellefroid (1986). Long Run Exchange Rate Variability and International Trade. Chapter 8 in S. Arndt and J.D. Richardson(eds), Real Financial Linkages Among Open Economies, London: The MIT Press. De Grauwe Paul (1987). International Trade and Economic Growth in the European Monetary System. European Economic Review, 31, 389-398. De Grauwe Paul (1988). Exchange Rate Variability and the Slowdown in the Growth of International Trade, Staff Papers – International Monetary Fund, 35(1), 63-84. Dell`Ariccia Giovanni (1999). Exchange Rate Fluctuations and trade flows: Evidence from the European Union. IMF Staff Papers, 46(3), 315-334. Ethier Wilfred (1973). International Trade and the Forward Exchange Market. American Economic Review, 63(3), 494-503. Fischer Stanley (2001). Distinguished Lecture on Economics in Government: Exchange Rate Regimes: Is the Bipolar View Correct? The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 15(2), 3-24. Frank Robert H. & Ben S. Bernanke (2007). Principles of Economics. Mc Graw Hill Irwin. Glick Reuven & Andrew K. Rose (2002). Does a currency union affect trade? The time-series evidence. European Economic Review, 46, 1125 – 1151. Gotur Padma (1985). Effects of Exchange Rate Volatility on Trade. IMF Staff Papers, 32, 475-512. Hooper Peter & Stewen W. Kohlhagen (1978). The Effect of Exchange Rate Uncertainty on the Prices and Volume of International Trade. Journal of International Economics, 8, 483-511. Huang Rocco R. (2007). Distance and trade: Disentangling Unfamiliarity Effects and Transport Cost Effects. European Economic Review, 51, 161-181. Jacquemin Alexis & Andrè Sapir (1988). International Trade and Integration of the European Community. European Economic Review, 32, 1439-1449. Kennen Peter B. & Dani Rodrik (1986). Measuring and Analyzing the Effects of Short-term Volatility in Real Exchange Rates. Review of Economics and Statistics, 68, 311-315. Kowalski Przemyslaw (2006). The Impact of the Economic and Monetary Union in the EU on International Trade- A Reinvestigation of the Exchange Rate Volatility Channel. PhD Thesis, University of Sussex. Krugman Paul R. & Maurice Obstfeld (2006). International Economics: Theory and Policy, Seventh Edition, Pearson Addison Wesley: London. Lane Philip.R. & Maria Milesi-Ferretti (2002). External Wealth, the Trade Balance and the Real Exchange Rate. European Economic Review, 46, 1049-1071. Matyas Làszlò (1997). Proper Econometric Specification of the Gravity Model. The World Economy, 20(3), 363-368. Neven Damien J. & Lars-Hendrik Röller (1991). European Integration and Trade Flows. European Economic Review, 35 (6), 1295-1309. Rose Andrew K., Ben Lockwood & Danny Quah (2000). One Money, One Market: The Effect of Common Currencies on Trade. Economic Policy, 15(30), 7-45. Thursby Marie & Jerry Thursby (1985). The Uncertainty Effects of Floating Exchange Rates: Empirical Evidence on International Trade Flows. in Arndt S. W., R. J. Sweeney, & T. D. Willett, Exchange Rates, Trade and the US Economy. Cambridge, MA: Ballinger Publishing Co., 153- 166. Thursby Jerry G., & Marie C. Thursby (1987). Bilateral Trade Flows, the Linder Hyphotesis and Exchange Risk. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 69(3), 488-495. Wei Shang-Jin (1999). Currency hedging and goods trade. European Economic Review, 43, 1371- 1394. 277 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 220 Title A name given to the resource The Impact of Expectations on International Trade: A Panel Data Analysis in the Framework of the Gravity Model Author Author NUROĞLU, Elif Abstract A summary of the resource. The objective of this paper is to investigate bilateral export flows and its determinants between European countries from 1964 to 1972 and from 1973 to 1998 to show how expectations affect the volume of international trade across European countries. This study extends the gravity model of bilateral trade with population and volatility of exchange rates. It is demonstrated that during fixed exchange rate period volatility in exchange rates has a very large impact on bilateral trade volumes, while the same change causes much lower decrease during floating exchange rate period. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2009-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed HB Economic Theory https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/6ff4c6835b82ffddc226956e35d00231.pdf b419461f7ef0343b63b76efc09fc5437 PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo The Impact of Free Trade Agreements on Economies of Western Balkan Countries Erkan Ilgün International Burch University, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina eilgun@ibu.edu.ba Elvisa Buljubasic International Burch University, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina buljubasicc_e@hotmail.com Globalization and integration are social phenomena that are used to describe the diffusion and connection of production, technology and communication throughout the world. When we talk about integration, one of the things that comes to our minds is international trade. There are certain benefits of this economic cooperation such as: support to economic development and promotion of human prosperity. But, also there are some disadventages: loss of jobs, lower wages, increase in trade deficits etc. The Western Balkan countries have been offered Stabilisation and Association Agreement by European Union. The Stabilisation and Association Agreement represents the structure of relations between the countries of Western Balkan and European Union for the implementation of Stabilisation and Association Process. Also, in 2006, Serbia, Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, Montenegro, Kosovo and Moldova signed the Central European Free Trade Agreement. So the objective of this study is to investigate what impact the above mentioned free trade agreements and relations have upon the economies of West Balkan countries. The comparison will be done among the countries of West Balkan by analyzing macroeconmic factors (GDP growth, GDP per capita, GDP deflator, FDI, etc). Particular focus will be on Bosnia and Herzegovina and its standing in relation to European Union. Beside descriptive statistics we will use time series analyses to investigate whether the gains from free trade are higher than costs. The statistical data that will be analysed is taken form International Trade Center and World Trade Organization. Keywords: Free Trade Agreement, DEFTA, Economic Growth, International Trade 108 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1560 Title A name given to the resource The Impact of Free Trade Agreements on Economies of Western Balkan Countries Author Author ILGUN, Erkan BULJUBASIC, Elvisa Abstract A summary of the resource. Globalization and integration are social phenomena that are used to describe the diffusion and connection of production, technology and communication throughout the world. When we talk about integration, one of the things that comes to our minds is international trade. There are certain benefits of this economic cooperation such as: support to economic development and promotion of human prosperity. But, also there are some disadventages: loss of jobs, lower wages, increase in trade deficits etc. The Western Balkan countries have been offered Stabilisation and Association Agreement by European Union. The Stabilisation and Association Agreement represents the structure of relations between the countries of Western Balkan and European Union for the implementation of Stabilisation and Association Process. Also, in 2006, Serbia, Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, Montenegro, Kosovo and Moldova signed the Central European Free Trade Agreement. So the objective of this study is to investigate what impact the above mentioned free trade agreements and relations have upon the economies of West Balkan countries. The comparison will be done among the countries of West Balkan by analyzing macroeconmic factors (GDP growth, GDP per capita, GDP deflator, FDI, etc). Particular focus will be on Bosnia and Herzegovina and its standing in relation to European Union. Beside descriptive statistics we will use time series analyses to investigate whether the gains from free trade are higher than costs. The statistical data that will be analysed is taken form International Trade Center and World Trade Organization. Keywords: Free Trade Agreement, DEFTA, Economic Growth, International Trade Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-10 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-4564 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/841fa0a692396aa7ce2cd5e346652a1f.docx 4fbbb021c61f00bf32f20ee259f5a65f https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/535e06c9de24567c2839ca39768310c5.pdf 1e504166309efdee04293ecbc6458aa7 PDF Text Text The Impact of Import and Export on Total Factor Productivity in Albania EmirgenaNikolli Epoka University Albania emirgenanikolli@hotmail.com Mergleda Hodo Epoka University Albania mhodo@epoka.edu.al Abstract: The import, according to the board of Albania, isn’t high but also the trade out of country is increasing day by day so both these kind of trade have a large effect on economy of Albania. Total factor of productivity which is one of most effecting elements in GDP, is shown by the technology, capital and labor, or all of the other factors that have large impact on the total factor productivity which is directly related to the situation of the overall economy in Albania taking in consideration years after ‘90s when the transition ended. This paper examines the impact of international trade on the total factor productivity in Albania. According to the results found by the analysis,it is shown that the trade is important for the improvements of economy. Trade must be followed by politics that support the balance of imports and exports. In the case of Albania, trade is becoming main component for the welfare of the economy. Also, it observes how trade in Albania effects the economic growth, focusing on the relation of the exports and productivity and also on the relation between imports and productivity. To conclude, the impact on total factor of production is positive which supports more the exports as an important factor in the increasing of the productivity and the imports that help increasing the innovation and improve the technology, effecting the economic growth also. Keywords: Import, Export, Productivity, Economic Growth, Trade. 94 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2548 Title A name given to the resource The Impact of Import and Export on Total Factor Productivity in Albania Author Author NIKOLLI, Emirgena HODO, Mergleda Abstract A summary of the resource. The import, according to the board of Albania, isn’t high but also the trade out of country is increasing day by day so both these kind of trade have a large effect on economy of Albania. Total factor of productivity which is one of most effecting elements in GDP, is shown by the technology, capital and labor, or all of the other factors that have large impact on the total factor productivity which is directly related to the situation of the overall economy in Albania taking in consideration years after ‘90s when the transition ended. This paper examines the impact of international trade on the total factor productivity in Albania. According to the results found by the analysis,it is shown that the trade is important for the improvements of economy. Trade must be followed by politics that support the balance of imports and exports. In the case of Albania, trade is becoming main component for the welfare of the economy. Also, it observes how trade in Albania effects the economic growth, focusing on the relation of the exports and productivity and also on the relation between imports and productivity. To conclude, the impact on total factor of production is positive which supports more the exports as an important factor in the increasing of the productivity and the imports that help increasing the innovation and improve the technology, effecting the economic growth also. Keywords: Import, Export, Productivity, Economic Growth, Trade. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014-04-24 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-4564 H Social Sciences (General) Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 3383 Title A name given to the resource THE IMPACT OF INFORMAL EDUCATION Author Author Boncescu, Diana Elena Abstract A summary of the resource. Informal education exceeds formal education both in impact and duration; therefore, it is important that educators take it into consideration in their effort to improve school performance. There are numerous activities that occur in a person's everyday life and offer opportunities for informal learning, shaping the individual from the cultural, cognitive and social point of view. The two main sources of informal education remain the family and the mass-media. However, the quality and the quantity of the mass-media intake are directly dependent on the social, economic and educational level of the family, especially in rural areas, where the other sub-environments, friends, community and society, are less productive in terms of influence, due to the strong boundaries that isolate the individual within the nucleus family. The outcome of a limiting environment translates mainly into reduced creative capacity and communication skills, a limited vocabulary and biased information input. Taking all these into account, I conducted a qualitative and quantitative research on students from a rural Secondary School in Romania. Firstly, I performed a number of eight activities in class with the 6th and the 8th graders. Secondly, I applied a questionnaire to the same students in order to establish whether their family environment acts as a stimulus or, on a contrary, as a limit. The findings led me to the conclusion that equal chances to education are possible only theoretically, from the perspective of the formal education. However, informal education open or closes the door to success, leaving it in the hands of the educators to try and fill the gap. The purpose of the present paper is to shift the attention of the educators from the formal and non formal education and to deconstruct the fallacious idea that informal education, consisting of spontaneous influences, does not have a direct impact on the students in terms of knowledge and skills acquisition. Given the challenges brought upon educators by the differences in response and results of children and students with various cultural, economic and social backgrounds, the theoretical, as well as the practical approach on education have to change in order to fit to the realities of the contemporary society. The paper contains two parts, one concerned with a general theoretical framework while the other presents a case study designed in order to establish the impact of informal influences on school performance. The findings are to be considered as possible grounds for further research attempts on a larger national and even international scale. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed PE English